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Intentional Summers Show Notes About the Guest Summertime feels like freedom to kids getting out of school. But a working mom's perspective is a bit different. Tracy Lane describes how she plans to make meaningful memories with her children this summer. Summertime feels like freedom to kids out of school. But a working mom’s perspective is a bit different. Tracy Lane describes how she plans to make meaningful memories with her children this summer. Intentional Summers Michelle: Moms and dads—you live a busy life—you're busy driving from here to there, waiting in the carpool line, talking on the phone, making a business deal. Well, your kids are watching you. They're watching you live out that hectic life, so what are you teaching them about relaxation? Here's Tracy Lane. Tracy:: So why don't you grab those flip-flops, pour some Kool Aid® in that ice cold water bottle, and head outside? We're going to talk about how to relax and share an intentional summer with our kids on this edition of FamilyLife This Week. Welcome to FamilyLife This Week. I'm Michelle Hill. Well, it is mid-summer for some, so, you know, those lazy, hazy days of summer are in full swing. Many homes have popsicles packed in their freezer, and the sprinklers are hooked up to the hose; the sidewalks are covered with chalk, and your kids are bored—or maybe, they're not—I don't know. What does it look like in your house? You know, the question is: “How do you bridle all this endless energy that your kids have from the sun and the Vitamin D? How do you turn that into something worthwhile?” I was talking to a grandmother the other day. During the school break for summer, she has her granddaughters; and she's asking these questions: “Just what does our summer need to look like? We've already had half the summer, but is that really how we're supposed to be spending our time together?” I know that she's not the only one that has those questions. You might be having those questions, too; so I turned to my friend and co-worker, Tracy Lane. Tracy's a writer, here at FamilyLife®. She's married to Matt, and she has two girls: six-year-old, Audrey and four-year-old, Annie. She's had to wrestle with these questions of: “How do I make my summer count?” She's in the thick of things right now. We had a conversation about relaxing in the summertime and how to make it count. [Recorded Interview] Michelle: Talk to us about what you're planning to do for activities this summer or even how you frame your mind around, I guess, how not to waste time in the summer? Tracy: Yes; so I have struggled a little bit as a working mom. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: Because the very first feeling about summer is: “Ugh! My kids!”—like—“What am I going to do when I have this meeting?” or “…when I have this deadline?” and “They're going to be there, bothering me!” [Laughter] And how terrible is that? Michelle: I love how you're so real about/just like, “It's about me!” Tracy: Yes! Michelle: “They're going to be there, bothering me!” Tracy: Right. Michelle: Sorry—sorry to point that out to you; but I just think—I just appreciate how real you are in that. Tracy: Yes; well, that's my first thought; and then, it's like I hear myself think it. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: And then, there's the mom guilt that comes in. Then, I’m like: “Oh, well, what a terrible mother, that I'm going to be bothered by my children.” [Laughter] And then, “I must not have trained them well if they're so bothersome,”—you know?—all of these thoughts. Then, I get to the point of—which is a pretty quick progression—but the point of: “Why would I be bothered by them? Children are a gift. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: “And the days that we have with our children, no matter what family or what situation you're in, those are gifts!”—like: “Who am I to be so bothered by these gifts God has given me?!” [Laughter] It's like this introspective process of planning a summer. Michelle: Yes; well, you still have to get your mind wrapped around: “What do I do with them when I have meetings?” “What do I do with them when I've got to run out and run errands?” Because, right now, they haven't been around; they've been in school. Tracy: Right; they both are in school; yes. “All day, every day” is the way we say it; because that's the first year both of them have been—Monday through Friday, 8 to 3. It will be different when they are home with me for the summer; and it will be different in some ways that are challenging, and it will be different in some ways that are really beautiful. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: We have to plan for both in order to make both work, I think. Our kids are at an age now where we can actually ask them for their opinion on some of the things. We asked them in planning: “What do you want to do this summer? What would make this summer like a ‘win’ for you and special to you if we did whatever?” They've given us some ideas. Michelle: Did you give them options in those, or did— Tracy: We kind of opened it. Michelle: Okay. Tracy: Yes; like: “Let's just throw out the ideas.” We’re starting to think about summer. Lots of family is starting to text and make plans to visit/suggest visiting; so we need to know: “What's top on our priority list?” It's so sweet that our six-year-old—she said: “Bible school! I have to go to Bible school! If we don't go to Bible school, Mom, I'm going to be so sad!” So VBS marked—that’s the very first week of summer. Our five-year-old said, “Swimming”; so—[Laughter] Michelle: —swimming? Tracy: —which, she’s not a great swimmer! [Laughter] Michelle: But she's going to learn. Tracy: Apparently; she is determined to learn; yes. We are members of our local Y,— Michelle: Okay. Tracy: —so we kind of have that as like—that's our day-to-day fall back— Michelle: Yes. Tracy: —like we can take a lunch to the pool. A lot of our friends are also members at the Y; they're planning to spend a lot of their summer days at the pool. I think that's going to be like our go-to activity when people feel crazy at home, getting a little cabin feverish inside. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: So a lot of that; but we also have plans to relax. Michelle: Good for you. What does that look like in your family? Tracy: Yes; we have this amazing yard at the house that we moved to. We have like this fenced-in acre—Matt built a swing set; we have this tree swing—and just all these different types of foliage that we're not used to, because we're living in a new climate now. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: So our kids love to be in the yard. We, also, have these amazing neighbors next door with two little kids. What relaxing is, now, for us is in the backyard, with our neighbors, on the patio. The girls actually like penciled in the days that they want to “relax with the neighbors.” [Laughter] So, at least— Michelle: How sweet! Tracy: Yes; I mean, it's really cool to see them like planning for themselves but, also, planning to include people whom they think should be included. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: I can see their hearts in that, as well. Yes; at least, one day a week, we have, basically, like a “No-plans relax day,” which we all anticipate that being pretty much like grilling in the yard, playing in the yard, hanging out with the neighbors. I'm really looking forward to it! Michelle: Now, in my mind, those three things could take all of three hours. [Laughter] So— Tracy: No; you have to draw them out. [Laughter] Michelle: And so then, a relaxing day—you do draw it out. Tracy: Yes. Michelle: How do you draw it out? How would you plan a day, relaxing with the neighbors, intentionally? Tracy: We do this now that it's warmer— Michelle: Okay. Tracy: —as the spring has brought nice weather and sunny days. It's kind of a go-to for both of our families. We developed a really close relationship with them; but on a Saturday now, we will each eat breakfast in our own houses—just, you know, our kids wake up early. Like you cannot teach a six-year-old to sleep in, apparently; or I have failed, if you can. [Laughter] Our kids are up early, and right after breakfast, we're in the yard—it's like maybe 8:00 a.m., and we're in the yard. The other option would be like kind of fighting over TV, and we don't really do a lot of TV. Michelle: Right. Tracy: So if we can—like push them out to the yard; then they'll quit asking us to watch something, and we have to keep saying, “No.” Michelle: Yes. Tracy: So then, once we see each other in the yard, that's like a two-and-a-half hour process—about—like we're probably not going to come back in until people start getting hungry for a snack or lunch. Michelle: Wow! Tracy: Yes; so we eat the lunch inside at our own house, usually. On occasion, we have done like a picnic lunch together on one of our back patios; but usually, like inside, recover a little bit. But again—like early afternoon/like 1:00-ish—probably back out. Michelle: I want to go back to the beginning of your day, when you said: “We head outside about eight o'clock, because we know that, otherwise, the TV would be fought over.” If you, as a family, are not all that “big into TV,” how did you and Matt work that out? Because I know for me, babysitting, that's always a fallback: “Let's watch TV, kids!” Tracy: Yes; I know. Yes; so we do have a standing rule in our house. They don't watch anything during the week. They're only allowed to watch—we call it—“one show” on the weekends, like one a day. I think Matt and I, early on in our parenting, just decided like, it's really not worth it. We only have so much time with their children, like I was saying earlier, which sometimes can feel like a heavy burden. And when you look at it rightfully, it's really an honor and a privilege. We only have so much time with our children; why are we going to fill that with Peppa Pig?—would be my kids’ choice every time! [Laughter] But why would we?! You know, like it's fine on occasion; we're not going to like throw our TV out the window. We like to watch baseball together, as a family, some nights if it's like the team that we like. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: We'll watch that together, but centering our lives and our entertainment around that is just not something that we were interested in. We feel like the minutes go too quickly there, in front of a TV, and we don't engage with each other in the way that we would like to. Michelle: Yes; well, it's interesting—just as you're talking, I'm remembering a Facebook® post from a coworker, who said that they had been sick; so for the last several weeks, they had been watching TV. As a result, they're better now; but they felt that their mind had sort of went to mush. Tracy: Right; because once you start the TV, you might have started with somewhat pleasant kids—you know, just maybe, kind of the normal morning—that's not the kid that you get back! Because, once it's time to turn it off, So-and-so didn't get to pick their show—you know, whoever picked which one to watch; the other one's mad—or they wanted to watch something else: “You promised this,” or “…that!”—like it does not go well! [Laughter] It never ends well. Like the 30 minutes that you've got with quiet—no!—it is not worth it. [Laughter] They can go play outside for 30 minutes and be quiet. I can see out my kitchen window into our backyard. They’re at ages now, they can play in the backyard; it's fenced. I can have the time doing the dishes, quietly, while they're actually doing something creative and productive together instead of Peppa Pig in my ear. Michelle: Yes; which doesn't end well for them or for you. Tracy: Right. Michelle: So this is just a whole lot happier. Tracy: Yes. Michelle: Sounds like a great day! We need to take a break; and when we come back, I want to talk a little bit more about just how to be intentional with our summers. So stay tuned; we'll be back. [Radio Station Spot Break] Welcome back to FamilyLife This Week. I'm Michelle Hill, and I'm sitting in studio today with Tracy Lane. Tracy, it's so good to have you back on the program. I think it's about once per quarter we invite you in; and it's just so fun. Thank you for joining me today. Tracy: Yes; thank you for having me. Michelle: We're talking about being intentional in our summers. You had talked about how you guys were talking about relaxing days and letting the kids in on your decisions for what the summer is going to look like. I'm just wondering, “Do you set up a calendar and write certain days in?—like: ‘Relaxing day’ or ‘Day at the pool’—or do you kind of map things out that way for your summers?” Tracy: We do—especially this coming summer—because it's our first summer living far away from family. I know I mentioned that we're having several visitors, so we have to have that on the calendar already; so that kind of set our trajectory for summer planning. Along with my work schedule, I do have to plan very specifically around that. There are certain days that I'll be in the office and certain days I'll be working from home, so those mean we can do different family activities on those days. We all know that Mom’s “in the office” days are Monday, Thursday, Friday. So Monday, Thursday, Friday, I try to help Matt come up with some different ideas that may be fun for him and the girls. And then, he also knows—like those are kind of his free-for-all days—like where is he going to need to save more energy on a Tuesday or Wednesday for the Thursday/Friday, together, with the Daddy Day Care? Michelle: Yes. Tracy: We do a lot of planning; yes. I really, personally, just feel like it's the way I'm wired. Planning is really the key to relational success, I feel like,— Michelle: Yes. Tracy: —and being disciplined by finding time for what I want to invest my days in. If I don't plan it out, I look up and it's like noon; and I haven't even eaten that day, and I'm still in my PJs; and I don't even know what happened. [Laughter] I’ve probably scrolled Instagram® for way too long. Michelle: Ah, yes! That's just/that's my life! [Laughter] Tracy: Yes; we have to plan a lot, also, because one of our daughters takes medicine three times a day. Michelle: Right. Tracy: We really do plan, like day to day. We kind of do plan our day in segments, too, based around morning medicine. We call it “lunchtime medi”—I don't know why we say “medi” at lunchtime—but morning medicine, lunchtime medi, nighttime medicine. Those kind of carry us through the blocks of our day. Michelle: Now, why are you having a medicine routine for your daughter? I know you've explained it in the past, and we have some listeners who understand that; but for anyone new, why are you scheduling time around this medicine? Tracy: Yes; so our daughter, Annie, is five. She was born with a severe heart defect, and she's had several open-heart surgeries. She lives a normal life right now, which we're very thankful for! Part of the way that she lives that normal life is—the term would be—she's “medically managed.” In our family, there is always that tension of planning, very hard core, the intentional moments but, also: “How do we balance that with relaxing in the blocks that we can relax?” because that's a lot of stress to carry all the time if you're managing your whole day around the 1:00 p.m. lunchtime medi. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: You have to know how to do both. Michelle: Right. Now, when you were here, at FamilyLife, you worked very closely with Barbara Rainey. I know she talks a lot about summertime and being intentional with your summers and everything. You are talking about blocked days, where you relax. Is that/are we intentional in relaxing? I mean, is that a thing that we need to do to help our kids as they grow and as they mature? Tracy: I think so. We would not be naturally inclined to set aside all the things that we feel like we're committed to/all the people who ask things of us—even the slew of text messages you get, that may or may not really even need to be responded to—like I probably don't need to send a thumbs-up to of planning text message, but we all feel that need! [Laughter]: No; that's right. I feel that, in my in my life—that if I am taking a day off, and relaxing outside, or going for a hike—“That can't last all day! I have other things I need to get done!” You almost feel like this, sort of, you know, kind of like the hyperventilation mode of, “I’ve got to show that I have something that I'm producing.” Tracy: Right; but if you plan for the relaxation to be what you produce, it helps people like me and you, who think we're accomplishing something. Well, we are accomplishing something by relaxing. But if that's the thing you want to accomplish that day, it feels a lot better to achievers, like totally me. Michelle: Right. Tracy: I'm such an achiever, so I do have to shape my mind around that. I do want to teach my children that, because there's so much that God can teach us when we still our schedules/when we still our hearts; and we just enjoy what He's given us and the people He's put right in front of us. Even, like I was saying—we love to be outdoors in His creation—if we're so busy to even stop and do that, we’re missing what He has to teach us. If I can teach myself/model that for my children—and implement that in their regular routine now—I hope that’s something that they can carry into their adulthood, as well. Michelle: And I'm also hearing that, in your relaxing days, you're building relationships as you communicate, as you talk, as you laugh and have fun. You're building your relationship with your neighbors, whom you're inviting into your relaxing day. That's what God is asking us to do: is to build relationship with each other and, also, those around us. Tracy: Yes; it's really hard for me to be person-focused. I'm much better at doing things. I'm a great do-er—like I could do something so good, and so fast, and just right! [Laughter] But if someone wants me to sit—like my five-year-old does, often. and play a game with her—I’m like: “Umm, no! That's a being; I'm great at doing. Would you like me to pick up the cards that you just dropped?—I'll be happy to do that! Sit and be with you and play this game is very difficult for me.” Michelle: Yes. Tracy: So to pull back and require that of myself—it's almost a way to turn the being into doing for someone, like me, who needs to think of it in that way—I don't feel so bad, either, when I plan it. I can look at the blocks in my week—we do a lot of block scheduling, even on our calendar—if I know that, from 9 to 4, I'm going to get my work done—those are my office hours—and from 4 to 8:30 at night, I'm going to be with my kids, I don't feel bad about the work that I've done; because I know my children time/home time—family time was coming. And when I'm with my family, I don't feel like I'm missing out on the work email, because I have the block coming, again, tomorrow: “At 9 a.m., I can open my work email.” If we plan, even like the day of relaxation that we're talking about, I know I'm okay. All of my things to-do have actually been done, because I planned them. [Laughter] Michelle: —and then, truly relax. Tracy: Yes; my relaxing can happen with a clear mind. I can be present with my children and my husband. Michelle: —which I think is important—is that we are present with those who we’re talking with, or having conversation with, or being with. I'm also wondering: “You have this relaxation time. Where do books come in?—activities like chalk on sidewalks or board games? Does that come into the play, at all, in your summertime?” Tracy: I feel like you've been to my house! [Laughter] Yes; so our first grader is just like this crazy book-lover, which is really fun for me, as a writer; because, obviously, like what could be better?! [Laughter] We do weekly library trips. Michelle: Okay. Tracy: That's part of our weekly, penciled-in, and a lot of reading. Our five-year-old can't read, like totally on her own, yet; but she still gets her stack of books. The girls have reading time in their rooms. Most days, especially our first grader—again, like she will be reading in the grocery cart. [Laughter] She has to ride so that she doesn't run into the end of the aisle. But that is all—like you've, literally, been in my house—just things for my children to create—that's really important to me. I do think—at times before, I thought, “I have really creative kids!”—and now, I'm like, “No; I think we're all creative.” I think that we have made the space in our home for our children to explore creativity. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: I don't think that my kids are just like ultra-creative, because I think we all have that in us. We are made in God's image, and He is a creative God; but we've got to give space for that. Michelle: I'm going to throw a little wrench in this. There's a mom, who's listening, right now, who says: “I'm a single mom, and I have to work during the summertime. How can I make it intentional?” Does she look at after hours? Does she look at Saturdays? What kind of advice would you give her? Tracy: Yes; so obviously, as a working mom, there are many days this summer that I will not be the one with my child. Many days and summers before, it hasn't been my husband either; we've had a nanny. If you're the working mom, get a great nanny; and get a nanny, who agrees with your philosophy of parenting, like all of our nannies would be out in the backyard. They have the sprinkler going; the girls are out playing—same ideas as us—that's helpful—you know, someone is supporting you in what you have to do to provide for your family, and your kids are still having the fun you want them to have, like it's not a total miss. It's actually not a miss at all, I realized; because the nanny, a lot of times, has energy and ideas that I would have never had. [Laughter] It was a gift to my kids, really, to have another person in their life. But yes, you're not going to have every minute you want to have with your children. Let go of that guilt; because if that's what you're worried about, you're going to miss the minutes you do have. And so, once you get home: “Yes! You're on!”—it's okay. Michelle: That’s important. Tracy: You're tired, but it's your time. I think understanding the significance of it, too, is helpful for a tired, working mom. Michelle: Yes. Tracy: Whether she's single or married, moms are tired when we come home from work! And the kids are hungry, and they're waiting to attack you; because they've missed you all day. Instead of, like I said, your natural inclination to be bothered by that—if we could just step back for a second, maybe decompress on the drive home—like, sure, it's okay to feel the stress; but if we can decompress for a minute and come to a place of realizing what we're getting with our children, we can approach it from a different heart attitude and be grateful for the moments that God is giving us instead of feel[ing] worn out by them. Yes; make use of your Saturdays/make use of your Sundays. We all have busy schedules—we can be busy from work; we can be busy from what's going on in our own minds; we can be busy for a million things that we make up—sometimes, they feel like excuses and, sometimes, they're legitimate. But realize that, if you are busy, you are choosing something over these moments you have; so make the most of the ones you do have. Don't beat yourself up over the ones that you don't get, because you're probably providing for your family in the moments that you think you're missing. You're, actually, contributing to your family, too, just in a different way. Michelle: And that's a good point; because if we're not—if we're feeling guilty, that's what's on our mind—but if we can let that go, then we have more space for creativity and more space for enjoyment. Tracy: Yes. Michelle: So Tracy, I want to thank you. I know our time is running short. I/oh, I hate that; because I love our conversations. Thank you so much for joining us today. Tracy: Thank you for having me. [Studio] Michelle: Wasn't that some great advice?—and just a great conversation with my friend, Tracy Lane, on how to relax this summer. Make it count and have fun with your kids! Remember, last week, we talked with Arlene Pellicane about how to be connected and how to be calm, you know, with our phones? Next week, we're going to continue that conversation on how to be calm and connected with your kids and their phones. We're going to hear from David Eaton and a couple of other surprise guests. I hope you can join us for that. Thanks for listening. I do appreciate you. I know that this half-hour is valuable time of yours, so thank you for spending it with me and with Tracy today. I want to thank the president of FamilyLife®, David Robbins, along with our station partners around the country. And®,

Deeper Commentary 2Sa 17:1 Moreover Ahithophel said to Absalom, Let me now choose twelve thousand men, and I will arise and pursue after David tonight- Absalom entered Jerusalem the day David fled (2 Sam. 15:37).. Even if we understand a "thousand" as a military grouping rather than a literal figure, this was a considerable number of men to have available. Truly the support for Absalom was not inconsiderable. Psalm 3 refers to this time. "Many" in Ps. 3:1,2 is the same word used for how the people "increased" with Absalom (2 Sam. 15:12). ). 2Sa 17:2 I will come on him while he is weary and exhausted, and will make him afraid. All the people who are with him shall flee. I will strike the king only- This was clearly designed to appeal to what Absalom wanted to hear and to happen. He wanted power over the people; he therefore wanted his father dead, believing that this would mean that his father's supporters would give up and come under his power. 2Sa 17:3 and I will bring back all the people to you. The man whom you seek is as if all returned; and so all the people shall be in peace- The LXX reveals deeper the flattery used here. The idea was that the people with David of course really loved Absalom and had been with him in their hearts, but had just temporarily left him to go with David; and they would very easily return to Absalom without the need for bloodshed, if David alone were to be slain: “And I will cause all the people to return unto thee, as the bride returneth to her husband. Only one man’s life dost thou seek, and unto all the people there shall be peace". 2Sa 17:4 The saying pleased Absalom well, and all the elders of Israel- As noted on :3, it was indeed excellently expressed advice. It appealed to Absalom's pride, and the elders would commend it as designed to avoid mass bloodshed. The same mentality is employed as in the argument to kill the Lord Jesus- it were better one man died at the hands of Rome than many, so went the argument. 2Sa 17:5 Then Absalom said, Now call Hushai the Archite also, and let us hear likewise what he says- "Hear likewise" could suggest that Absalom assumed that such excellent advice would surely likewise be agreed by Hushai also. 2Sa 17:6 When Hushai had come to Absalom, Absalom spoke to him saying, Ahithophel has spoken like this. Shall we do what he says? If not, speak up- The Divine author is as a cameraman zoomed in upon the scene. What might otherwise seem superfluous recording of words is done so that we can enter more fully into the scene, waiting with baited breath, as it were, to see if Ahithophel's smart advice is going to be followed. It was such good advice in the context that it would seem impossible to overturn it. 2Sa 17:7 Hushai said to Absalom, The counsel that Ahithophel has given is not good at this time- "At this time" could imply that the previous counsel, to sleep with David's concubines, was "good" (2 Sam. 16:21). Hushai was willing to go along with that because he knew that this is what Nathan's prophecy had stated would happen. But there had been no Divine word about David being slain by Absalom. 2Sa 17:8 Hushai said moreover, You know your father and his men, that they are mighty men, and they are bitter in their minds, like a bear robbed of her cubs in the field- How to love the unlovely, to live without bitterness, to not be a psychological victim of our past experiences, is absolutely vital for the true child of God. In David and above all the Lord Jesus we see this achieved so supremely. He was at times bitter, as the imprecatory Psalms reveal, and as Hushai commented, David was a man “bitter of soul” (2 Sam. 17:8 RVmg.). But there is also every reason to think that David at this point was not in fact bitter over what he had lost. He accepts he has sinned and is being judged, and throws himself upon God's grace to restore him. But his tendencies to bitterness were well known, and so Hushai's claims about David were absolutely credible to his audience. And he advises therefore not to assume too easily that such a bitter man would give up without there being bloodshed. And avoiding bloodshed was important in order to keep Absalom's demand for loyalty credible. Your father is a man of war, and will not lodge with the people- The idea of attacking the entire group and hoping to thereby get David... was unrealistic, Hushai argues. He likely would not lodge with the people. He would be like Jacob in his night of crisis, fleeing from Laban and meeting Esau. 2Sa 17:9 Behold, he is now hidden in some pit, or in some other place. It will happen, when some of them have fallen at the first, that whoever hears it will say, ‘There is a slaughter among the people who follow Absalom!’- Hushai imagines that Ahithophel leading a band of men to take David will not be a good idea. For Ahithophel was seen as a prophet, a spiritual man, an advisor- and not a military man. By contrast, David and his men were military men; and had a long track record of winning battles against superior forces. Hushai plays on the deep concerns about not causing bloodshed. The image of David hiding in a "cave" (Heb.) naturally recalls his hiding in a cave and nearly having the mastery over Saul. Hushai wishes to recall these classic images of David and warn against thinking that a quick victory over him was possible. 2Sa 17:10 Even he who is valiant, whose heart is as the heart of a lion, will utterly melt; for all Israel knows that your father is a mighty man, and those who are with him are valiant men- The military prowess of David and his close circle was legendary. And everyone wanted to avoid bloodshed and find a way of destroying David alone. Playing on that concern, Hushai started to make huge sense to all present. 2Sa 17:11 But I advise that all Israel be gathered together to you, from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that is by the sea for multitude-;. And that you go to battle in your own person- This was an appeal to Absalom's pride. he was not a military man, but being the figurehead of an inevitable victory by sheer force of numbers was going to appeal to him. And the idea was that the force of numbers would mean that only David and his immediate hard core followers would put up a fight; and it was they who needed to be eliminated and not anyone else. 2Sa is inviting Absalom to act as Saul, using spies and intelligence to track down David to some hiding place and then suddenly come upon him. The idea was to kill not only David but his immediate band of warriors. These were the very men to whom the kingdom of Israel owed its existence. To agree to slay them all was really treason of the worst sort. But jealousy means that all true qualifications and history of the other people are ignored, in the mad obsession with their destruction. The same thing goes on in church infighting today. 2Sa 17:13 Moreover, if he be gone into a city, then shall all Israel bring ropes to that city, and we will draw it into the river, until there isn’t one small stone found there- This alludes to the tearing down of a leprous house. There was the quasi religious claim that Absalom's putsch was in fact his devoted service of Yahweh (2 Sam. 15:8); and this is now accompanied by the suggestion that any supporting David were an unclean, leprous city which must be pulled down stone by stone. 2Sa- When David had prayed for Ahithophel's wisdom to be turned to foolishness (2 Sam. 15:31). In response to this, Yahweh had 'ordained' in the court of Heaven that this was to happen. And He worked upon the psychology of those men and their perceptions, so that Ahithophel's advice was defeated. explains why there are no footnotes throughout the Bible, pointing this kind of thing out; and why the wrong understandings of demons aren't specifically corrected in the New Testament. This explains why there are no footnotes throughout the Bible, pointing this kind of thing out; and why the wrong understandings of demons aren't specifically corrected in the New Testament. 2Sa 17:15 Then Hushai said to Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, Ahithophel counselled Absalom and the elders of Israel that way; and I have counselled this way- Hushai of course was desperately playing for time. He knew that David and his group were not far away, having only left Jerusalem the same day Absalom arrived there. The small group who were loyal to David within the court of Absalom correspond with those within the court of Saul (see on :17). Like all our crises, this one was really intended to allow David to apply all he had learned over the years. 2Sa didn’t want to be seen to come into the city- We noted on :15 the similarities with the time when a minority in the court of Saul were loyal to David. Jonathan and David could not be seen together and had to communicate very carefully; and so it was here. The female servant, the lowest of the low in society, as both a woman and a slave, was the vital and crucial link between the two young men and the faithful priests in the city. This is typical of how God works. 2Sa 17:18 But a boy saw them, and told Absalom. Then they both went away quickly, and came to the house of a man in Bahurim, who had a well in his court; and they went down there- There were clearly a number of faithful supporters. The poor servant woman, the wealthy home owner in Bahurim... and yet they are presented as struggling against the "boy" who noticed and reported things, and Absalom's servants (:20). It was really a repeat of the situation with Saul and David. 2Sa 17:19 The woman took and spread the covering over the well’s mouth, and spread out bruised grain on it; and nothing was known- "The woman" could refer to the servant girl of :17, or it could be as GNB "The man's wife". 2Sa- Literally, 'they are over the water'. And they were over water, because they were hiding in a well just above the water at the bottom of it (:18). Again, as discussed on 2 Sam. 16:16,. Indeed the way the woman lies about two men of God by saying they had gone away over a river is so similar to Rahab's situation. It could be that the woman was inspired by Rahab. 2Sa 17:21 It happened, after they had departed, that they came up out of the well, and went and told king David; and they said to David, Arise and pass quickly over the water; for thus has Ahithophel counselled against you- The implication was that Absalom was so vain and unstable that he might still change his mind and follow Ahithophel's advice. 2Sa 17:22 Then David arose, and all the people who were with him, and they passed over the Jordan. By the morning light there lacked not one of them who had not gone over the Jordan- The crossing of Jordan after the lie of a woman definitely recalls the faithfulness of Rahab in lying about another two men of God; see on :20. All the people passing over Jordan uses the very words of Josh. 3:17, as if this retreat was going to turn into a magnificent defeat through their restoration. It also recalls Jacob passing over Jordan, in the direction David was going, and then finally returning in restoration by God's grace (Gen. 32:10). All this was intended as encouragement to the exiles in Babylon as they read these records. 2Sa 17:23 When Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he saddled his donkey, and arose, and went home, to his city, and set his house in order, and hanged himself; and he died, and was buried in the tomb of his father- Ahithophel's suicide was a kind of answer to David's prayer at this time in Ps. 5:10: "Hold them guilty, God. Let them fall by their own advice; thrust them out in the multitude of their transgressions, for they have rebelled against You". Whilst his suicide was completely his decision, it was also an answer to David's prayer at this point. As believers in the representative nature of the Lord’s sacrifice, we are thereby empowered to break out of the routine of our lives. Life becomes valuable; we number our days with wisdom (Ps. 90:12). We no longer fear failure, for firstly we know there is forgiveness in Christ, and secondly, our focus is upon living the real life of ultimate discovery and adventure, able to live with the fears which this presents to us. Failure is no longer a problem to us; for the aim is ever before us. We will not be like Ahithophel, committing suicide because he ran out of political highway and lost his power to others. true person. 2Sa 17:24 Then David came to Mahanaim. Absalom passed over the Jordan, he and all the men of Israel with him- Mahanaim had at one time been the capital of the Israelite kingdom under Abner and Ishbosheth, during the seven years when Abner had led the opposition to David's kingdom in Judah. And now David found refuge there. He had shown much grace to the house of Saul at that time, and now, many years later, he was finding grace in the one time capital of his opposition. 2Sa- There is much unclarity over "the Israelite", because that seems obvious, unless the point is that he was not of Judah. The texts read "Jezreelite", and 1 Chron. 2:17 has "Jether the Ishmeelite". In this case the idea is that this man was not an Israelite, and had slept with the daughter of the serpent, Nahash. The patriotic, brave and loyal Joab was followed by someone of poorer qualification, even though his relative had slept with this man. 2Sa 17:26 Israel and Absalom encamped in the land of Gilead- The description of Barzillai as a Gileadite (:27) shows that Absalom did not enjoy universal support from the rest of Israel. 2Sa 17:27- As happens in a crisis, all manner of people came out of the woodwork and showed their respects. David had been friends with Nahash but had fought against his son Hanun, Shobi's brother (2 Sam. 10:2). But a theme of this time of crisis is that Gentiles who had once been David's enemies, and whose families and relatives David had slain in war such as Ittai (see on 2 Sam. 15:19-21), now come out on David's side. They could only have done so because they had been converted to the God of Israel by David, their one time national enemy. Rogelim in Gilead likewise may well have been Gentile territory, and his descendants were unable to prove their genealogies (Ezra 2:61-63), although they wished to serve as priests and support the restored Kingdom, just as their ancestor supported David's restoration. Machir was the man who had allowed Mephibosheth to stay with him (2 Sam. 9:4,5), and would have been deeply impressed by David's huge grace to Mephibosheth and the house of Saul. He thereby realized that David was a man of God despite out of character failings. 2Sa 17:28 brought beds, basins, earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans, lentils, roasted grain- "Beds" suggests that they stayed there for some time and were fed by their hosts. This would have been a considerable commitment. David "lay" at Mahanaim (2 Sam. 19:32), suggesting he was sick. 2Sa 17:29 honey, butter, sheep, and cheese of the herd, for David, and for the people who were with him, to eat: for they said, The people are hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness- Psalm 23:5 "You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies" refers to this time. Shimei and other "enemies" were aware of his path. The reference is to the feasts prepared for him in the desert by Ziba (2 Sam. 16:2) and Barzillai (2 Sam. 17:27-29). But the phrase "prepare a table" is that used of the preparation of the table of shewbread (Ex. 40:4), and it is used in a religious sense in Is. 65:11; Ez. 23:41. Perhaps David held some kind of religious ceremony whilst on the run, the equivalent to our breaking of bread meeting; perhaps Barzillai's feast was turned into a religious experience. And his experience of the Lord's table strengthened him with great encouragement, as we also can experience. Psalm 42 clearly has reference to David's time at Mahanaim, which could have been months (2 Sam. 17:24; 19:32), whilst fleeing Absalom. David "lay" there for some time (2 Sam. 19:32), as if he was ill at this time. This was the original context of the Psalm, but David sitting by the waters in exile was obviously relevant to the captives sitting by the rivers of Babylon. Hence the title in the Syriac: "A Psalm which David sung when he was an exile and desired to return to Jerusalem"; the Arabic "A Psalm for the backsliding Jews". Psalm 42 is all relevant to this time in David's life: Psalm 42 is all relevant to this time in David's life: As the deer pants for the water brooks, so my soul pants after You, God- The theme of water in this Psalm (:7 too) is appropriate to David being by the waters of the Kidron and then the Jordan as he fled from Absalom. David sitting by the waters in exile was obviously relevant to the captives sitting by the rivers of Babylon. Psalm 42:2 My soul thirsts for God, for the living God. When shall I come and appear before God?- This reveals David's special longing for the sanctuary in Zion, where he 'appeared before God' to keep the Mosaic feasts (Ex. 23:17). But the application to the Lord Jesus is very clear- His was the ultimate, actual appearance before God in Heaven. Psalm 42:3 My tears have been my food day and night, while they continually ask me, Where is your God?- This would imply that David's enemies had access to him whilst he lay at Mahanaim in exile from Absalom; we recall how Shimei followed David on the route, cursing him as he went. Or perhaps his own supporters were saying this. The exiles were likewise mocked in Babylon; and the Lord Jesus likewise on the cross. Psalm 42:4 These things I remember and pour out my soul within me, how I used to go with the crowd, and led them to God’s house, with the voice of joy and praise, a multitude keeping a holy day- This is David recalling how he used to lead the people towards the sanctuary on Zion on feast days. "God's house" however suggests the temple, and this was not built in David's time. So this may well have been added under inspiration when the Psalm was used by the sons of Korah in the Babylonian exile; see on :1. Psalm 42:5 Why are you in despair, my soul? Why are you disturbed within me? Hope in God!- This kind of self-talk should characterize all of God's true people. For this is the very essence of spiritual mindedness. Psalm 42 has many echoes of the cross, although primarily it refers to David's longing for the tabernacle whilst exiled by Absalom. "Why art thou cast down, O my soul?" (:5 AV) is the same in the Septuagint as Mt. 26:38 "Now is my soul troubled". For I shall still praise Him for the saving help of His presence- Perhaps applicable to a vision of glory appearing to the Lord Jesus in Gethsemane, transferring some of the glory of His countenance to Jesus as He did to Moses, so that the Lord's arresters initially fell down when they saw Him. David spoke of praising God for the health of His face; and then talks of how God is the source of the health of his face (Ps. 42:5,11 RV). It’s as if the glory of the invisible God rubbed off upon David, as it did literally for Moses, whose faced became radiant with the glory of the Angel who spoke to him. Psalm 42:6 Therefore I remember You from the land of the Jordan, the heights of Hermon, from the hill Mizar- This may have been the area of Mahanaim, where it seems David remained whilst in exile from Absalom (2 Sam. 17:24). "The heights of Hermon" is literally 'the Hermons', LXX "the Hermonites", perhaps referring to the mountain range which began at Mount Hermon and continued to the Mahanaim area. "Mizar" is unknown, but could be read as "the little hill" (LXX). However, this interpretation of the geography could appear forced, especially with the reference to "cataracts" in :7. Hence Ray Stedman suggested that David was recalling "an experience that he had when he was in the northern part of Israel near Mount Hermon, at the head of the Jordan River, on a little". Psalm 42:7 Deep calls to deep at the noise of Your waterfalls. All Your waves and Your billows have swept over me- Waterfalls" is better "cataracts", perhaps referring to the spot on the Jordan River where he was sitting as he composed this Psalm. See on :6. David like Jonah feels he has drowned and is in a living death. Psalm 42:8 Yahweh will command His grace in the daytime. In the night His song shall be with me: a prayer to the God of my life- Yahweh's song connects with how the exiles also by the waters (of Babylon) were asked to sing Yahweh's song, the Psalms used in temple worship. David says that he will sing Yahweh's song, the temple liturgy, even though in exile from the temple. For he realizes that God's presence is not limited to the sanctuary. GNB may be correct in suggesting: "May the LORD show his constant love during the day, so that I may have a song at night". "The God of my life" could mean the God who alone could preserve David's life; or the God who was the focus of David's life. Psalm 42:9 I will ask God, my rock, Why have You forgotten me? Why do I go mourning because of the oppression of the enemy?- The prototype of Christ feeling forsaken was in David feeling forsaken by God when he fled from Absalom (Ps. 42:9; 43:2; 88:14); but clearly he was not actually forsaken. Despite these feelings, David was spiritually mature enough to still consider God as his "rock", even though he felt God wasn't coming through for him as he expected. He expresses the same in Ps. 43:2. "Oppression" was what God's later people were to suffer at the hands of their enemies (s.w. Is. 30:20; Dt. 26:7); David's suffering was seen as that of God's later people, and so his Psalms were reused in this context. Psalm 42:10 As with a sword in my bones, my adversaries reproach me, while they continually ask me, Where is your God?- David was sensitive to words; whilst in exile from Absalom, his enemies clearly had access to him and were communicating with him "continually". And he felt those words as swords. The sword that pierced Christ's soul on the cross was the sword of the abuse which was shouted at Him then (Ps. 42:10); and the piercing of Christ's soul, Simeon had said, was the piercing of Mary's soul too. In other words, they were both really cut, pierced, by this mocking of the virgin birth. Neither of them were hard and indifferent to it. And the fact they both stood together at the cross and faced it together must have drawn them closer, and made their parting all the harder. She alone knew beyond doubt that God was Christ's father, even though the Lord had needed to rebuke her for being so carried away with the humdrum of life that she once referred to Joseph as His father (Lk. 2:33). For everyone else, there must always have been that tendency to doubt. Psalm 42:11 Why are you in despair, my soul? Why are you disturbed within me? Hope in God! For I shall still praise Him, the saving help of my countenance, and my God- "Despair" is the word used of David's feelings after the sin with Bathsheba (s.w. Ps. 38:6). It is the word for bowing down, for humility. But nobody likes being bowed down in humility, and David likewise wriggles against it. But we see here the kind of self-talk which is characteristic of all those who are truly spiritually minded. This 'bowing down' was to characterize the sufferings of Judah for their sins (s.w. Is. 2:11; 5:15; 26:5). David was possibly asking himself a rhetorical question- Why was he bowed down? Because God wanted to humble him so that He might restore him. But "help" is the usual word for 'salvation', and "countenance" is the usual word for 'face'. 'Save my face' would be a fair translation. And here again we encounter our concerns as to whether David's repentance was as thorough as it might have been. He did indeed confess his sin and seek forgiveness. But so much of his praying at this time is for God to save him from shame, and to judge and destroy and eternally condemn those at whose hands he was receiving judgment for his sins. And this was the problem with the exiles whom he later came to represent.

Research Article - Imaging in Medicine (2019) Volume 11, Issue 4 Comparison Of Technical Quality And Average Glandular Dose Between Two Tomosynthesis Mammography EquipmentsRenato Caron F1, Thiago Buosi1, Sílvia Sabino SMP1, Martin Eduardo Poletti2 & Adhemar Longatto-Filho3,4,5,6* 1Hospital de Câncer de Barretos-Fundação Pio XII, Barretos, Brasil 2Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil 3Teaching and Research Institute, Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital – Pio XII Foundation, Brazil 4Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM), University of São Paulo, Brazil 5Research Institute of Life and Health Sciences (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal 6ICVS/3B's - Associated Laboratory to the Government of Portugal, Braga / Guimarães, Portugal - Corresponding Author: - Adhemar Longatto-Filho Teaching and Research Institute Molecular Oncology Research Center Barretos Cancer Hospital – Pio XII Foundation, Brazil Abstract Introduction : The tomosynthesis technology, DBT (Digital Breast Tomosynthesis) arises to aggregate information to the exams of mammography and even replace the two dimensions’ mammography. Quality control of these equipments are mandatory, in order to aiming the radioprotection and the optimization of the image acquisitions., mentioned as Equipment A; and the equipment of Hologic, model Selenia DImensions, with 14 equipment installed and in operation, named Equipment B. Image quality evaluation was performed with a dedicated simulator object for 3D exams. The images were analyzed by 4 radiologists with exams experience in DBT mode. The visualization of the images followed a routine visualization protocol, being a blind, prospective and controlled study. Both, the outcome of the assessment of the structures and the mean glandular dose that each equipment employs in 3D and 2D images, were compared and correlated. Results : The quality control tests showed that both devices are functioning according to the recommended by international guidelines. The DGM show that for 2D tests, the equipment B presents a DGM similar to the equipment A; however, then again for thicknesses greater than 3.0cm, we started to increase to a 54% greater difference in the B equipment. Nonetheless, even with this higher value, both equipments presented results below the reference values. For 3D mode, the average difference was 24% higher for equipment B in thicknesses from 1.0 up to 6.0cm. The clinical evaluation showed that the 3D technology is superior to 2D. There was no significant differences between the two devices we analyzed, except for the DG for one of the equipment that presented a lower value. Conclusions : Both equipments confirmed to be accomplished of representing the same amount of structures necessary to be recognized in breast cancer screening. Keywords mammography ■ quality control ■ phantom ■ tomosynthesis. Introduction Breast cancer is reported as the second most common cancer in the world. This type of malignancy accounts 28% of cases each year. The estimate for 2018 is 59,700 new cases of breast cancer [1]. The global distribution of the breast cancer incidence according to GLOBOCAN show a higher rate in developed countries, followed by developing countries. Comparatively, the mortality rate is lower in countries with lower incidence. Such data can be explained by the success of early diagnosis and effective therapies, leading to a survival of 84% in developed countries and 58% in Brazil, specifically [2-5]. For the early diagnosis, the screening of the asymptomatic population to identify those women at high risk for breast cancer development, is mandatory. With the implementation of an adequate screening policy and effective treatment, there is a substantial decrease in morbidity and mortality rates [6]. The efficacy of mammogram examination depends of many variables importantly linked with the skills and training of the professionals operating the entire system, which involves physics, nurses and medical doctors; also, and critical important, the success of screening largely depends on the quality of the mammography equipment [2,6]. However, as the methodology to obtain excellent imaging utilize ionizing radiation, there is a concern with the quality of the equipment, radioprotection and optimization [7]. Conventional mammography, which generates two-dimensional images, Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) presents a well-known tissue overlapping problem. To overcome this image puzzle, the Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) mammary tomosynthesis equipment was developed. The equipment performs an arch exposition of the compressed breast, by generating several images in different planes, there is the reconstruction of these tissues slices generating a three dimensional image [8,9]. The tomosynthesis equipment comes with the proposal to increase detection rate, reduce unnecessary recall, reduce overlap, lower false negative results and, consequently, better diagnosis. The general characteristics of the tomosynthesis comprise arc scanning, continuous or discrete exposure, and high detector quality (implying rapid detection and low distortion) [10-11]. In the Brazilian territory, for the best of our knowledge, there are two brands of breast tomosynthesis equipments: GE equipment, SenoClaire and the equipment of Hologic, model Selenia Dimensions. Consequently, we considered pertinent to analyze such technologies and compare them from a technical and image quality point of view by the exposure of the standard simulator object, specific for tomosynthesis and the analysis of these images by a team of radiologists trained and experienced in the area. From the data of we will be able to also compare the radiation exposure [11-16]. The present work aimed the qualitative and comparative evaluation of two mammary tomosynthesis devices, analyzing the response of the equipment to the quality control tests; also, interpreting the images obtained in DBT mode for each equipment; determine the mean glandular dose in DBT mode and, finally, the agreement and differences between the technologies. Materials and, we will describe as Equipment A; and the equipment of Hologic, model Selenia DImensions, with 14 equipment installed and in operation, we will call Equipment B. Image quality evaluation was performed with a dedicated simulator object for 3D exams. The images were analyzed by 4 radiologists with exams experience in DBT mode [17-19]. The visualization of the images followed a routine visualization protocol, being a blind, prospective and controlled study [20-22]. Both, the outcome of the assessment of the structures and the mean glandular dose that each equipment employs in 3D and 2D images, were compared and correlated. Data collection was obtained from two mammography equipment with DBT technology, one of them located in the Pio XII Foundation in Barretos and another one installed in the Mama Imagem Clinic in São José do Rio Preto county. The characteristics of each equipment are listed in TABLE 1. Table 1. Characteristics of tomosynthesis equipment. ■ Quality Control Testing The mammograms used for data collection were firstly passed by quality control tests. These tests had the function of ensuring that the equipment was responding properly and within the quality standards required. For this task it was used the Quality Control of the Physical and Technical Aspects of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Systems [20,22,23]. The parameters of the tests evaluated are depicted in TABLE 2. Table 2. Quality Control Parameters Evaluated. To perform the tests, kerma and kVp meters were with the follow equipment from Radcal Co (CA, USA): Accu-Pro (model 9096), kVp meter (model 40 × 9-MO) and Ionization Chamber (model 10 × 6-6M). The accessories as aluminum plates, with 99.9% purity, measuring 10 x 10 cm2, five with 0.1 mm thickness and one with 0.5 mm, manufactured by Radcal (CA, USA), were used for the semireductive layer test. For the CNR test, an Al sheet of 2.0 × 2.0 cm2 with the 1 mm thickness, manufactured by Radcal (CA, USA), was used to create the contrast difference. 7 polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates, each with 18 × 24 cm2 and 1.0 cm thicknesses and spacers of dimensions 18 × 1.5 cm2 and thicknesses of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mm were used for the data collection of ki. The Gammex 156 breast phantom, of dimensions 10.2 x 10.8 × 4.5 cm was used to evaluate the quality of the mammographic image [23,24]. The images were analyzed by the ImageJ program of the USA National Institutes of Health. ■ Simulator Object Characteristics The simulator object, CIRS model 020 BRD3D (CIRS, Norfolk, VA, USA) is produced with heterogeneous material, simulating the composition of a breast in the proportion of 50% glandular and 50% adipose. Inserted in one of its 6 plates of 1.0 cm of thickness. On the target slices there are mammographic findings that simulate, fibers, masses and microcalcifications. The other 5 slices of the object are basically heterogeneous material [25]. ■ Exposure Method Exposures occurred in standard auto mode, with 2D and 3D displays on both devices. The simulator was positioned centrally in the bucky, with a radiation field of 18 × 24 cm. The target slice was initially placed in the most superficial region. At each exposure, it was displaced down the subsequent heterogeneous slice, when the target slice was the last layer, one of the heterogeneous slices was removed, decreasing the thickness of the object. This process was done until only the target slice remained [26]. ■ Image Analysis For each device, 21 images were performed in DBT mode, 21 synthesized images and 21 images in 2D mode. The images were sent to a dedicated mammography workstation, with 21.3 inch monitors and 5 MegaPixel resolution. Four radiologists with experience in tomosynthesis examination reports performed the reading of the images following a visualization protocol: first, the caudal and midlateral images were visualized in 2D, followed by the synthesized images, slabs and finally the slices of each projection. They summed 126 images, 504 readings and one n of 1512 structures visualized. Radiologists quantified the structures, microcalcifications fibers and masses. The images were not identified for the radiologists; however, there was no loss of quality, the home equipment sent the images to their respective workstations. ■ Observer Training Before observers start reading the Phantom CIRS BR3D images, the radiologists were sensitized to the Phantom images. For each, 4 images of the simulating object were made available, and the standard of the findings of microcalcifications, masses and fibers were presented. For each image, radiologists had to quantify the structures and a well-trained medical physicist was consulted to settle any difficulties in visualizing the images. ■ Average glandular dose Average glandular dose values were obtained from the DICOM image header. Thus, for each exposition, in both 2D and 3D, each equipment presented a value of that was later used to compare the technologies, equipment and thicknesses of the simulator object. ■ Evaluation of data For the results obtained, the mean, standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the quantitative information obtained in each of the devices to analyze the correlation of the results. For the comparison of the number of mammographic findings between the machines and between the modes of operation, the Mann-Whitney test was used, as well as for the analysis of the dose results, which were compared between the equipment at each stage. The comparison between the operating modes of each technology was performed by the Chi-square test. Finally, the calculations were done with IBM SPSS software v.21.0 and Office Excel 2010. Results ■ Quality control tests The quality control tests showed that both devices are functioning according to the recommended values and the Protocol for the Quality Control of the Physical and Technical Aspects of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis System; thus, ensuring that the mammographies are responding within the expected and guaranteeing the quality of the images and data, it was possible to expose the CIRS BR3D simulator object and collect the data. ■ Analysis of structures in DBT modes TABLE 3 shows the general comparisons between each 2D and 3 along six steps, considering microcalcification, mass and fiber variables. Table 3. Mann-Whitney U test result for comparison of observers results between the equipments in each 2D and 3D models. TABLE 4 shows the comparisons between the equipments A and B analyzed by Mann- Whitney U test. Table 4. Mann-Whitney U test result for comparison of the observer results between the 2D and 3D models for each equipment. With the analysis of DGM, for each incidence and in each step, for the two equipments, it was possible to compare the means of the DGM of the equipments as demonstrated in TABLE 5. Table 5. Comparison of DGM in 2D and 3D models for both devices. The FIGURES 1-3 show the curves obtained with 2D and 3D Hologic and GE equipments analysis. FIGURES 4-6 exhibit the histograms of observers performances. Each histogram has a comprehensive legend to highlight the main findings of the observers. Discussion and Conclusion The comparison we intended to observe between 2D and 3D operating modes for each equipment we used presented results with different values. The comparison, indicates that for equipment A, the 3D mode of operation, results in higher significant values of the structure representation. This was particularly significant for microcalcifications, that is pos s ible in 3D mode. The equipment A was able to represent in 3D mode, in thicknesses larger than 5.0 cm, two more sets of microcalcifications. In general, the observers were capable to visualize a greater amount of figures in 3D mode than in 2D mode. Most of these findings were depicted in tables and figures that illustrate the results obtained in this study. Starting by the comparison of performances achieved by the M a n-Whitney U test methodology, it was evi d enced very promising points to be discussed in the breast cancer prevention strategies. F or example, we demonstrated that of the two t e chnologies, are quite equivalents. However , there were substantial differences, for 3 steps, which did not compromise the overall performances of the equipments. Importantly, the two equipments confirmed to be accomplished o f representing the same amount of structures necessary to be recognized in breast cancer screening. The DGM results show that for 2D tests, the equipment B presents a DGM similar to th e equipment A; however, then again for thicknesses greater than 3.0 cm, we started to increase to a 54% greater difference in the B equipmen t . Nonetheless, even with this higher value , both equipments presented results below the reference values. For 3D mode, the average difference was 24% higher for equipment B in thicknesses from 1.0 up to 6.0 cm. Conford EJ et al. [27] conducted a study of the DBT system with the GE equipment, where he concluded that this system shows satisfactory results for replacement of complementary tests. By evaluating the ability to represent in different ways, separately for each equipment, both showed that 3D technology is a tool that should be explored, since the results for visualizations, mainly of masses and fibers, had significant results (p <0.005 ); similarly, Skaane et al. [25,28], and Meyblum and co-workers 2015 concluded that 3D technology exhibit more satisfactory results when analyzing the significance of the visualization results of the CIRS BR3D phantom [29,30]. Peters and colleagues, performed the comparison of the two equipment we herein evaluated with the same simulator object; nevertheless, only the analysis of microcalcifications was achieved, and the results were considered plenty satisfactory. It is important to notice that the current study involved both the qualitative and comparative assessment between two technologies used in daily routine, aiming the verification of sensitivity of the technical and clinical responses between the two DBT technologies analyzed. The equipment underwent an evaluation of the technical quality control in order to verify its responsiveness with the limit values of operation established by international protocols . Both equipment presented adequate results. The quantitative evaluation of the two technologies presented similarities in relation to the clinical image evaluation inquiries, due to the ability to represent the simulation of mammographic findings such as microcalcifications, masses and fibers distribution. By the statisti cal analysis, there were no significant differences that could segregate one of the two equipments we studied. However, the technical evaluation of the equipment resulted in a difference with regard to DGM, where one of the equipments execute the images acquisition in DBT mo de with expositions to the smaller ioniz ing radiation, consequently to a smaller DGM. The study endorses the necessity to highlight procedures of continued training for those professionals involved in mammography interpretation. 3D technology seems to be important to enhance the skills of improve the interpretation of small calcifications and recognize lesions that merit to be sampled. Further studies can address the performance of professionals in real scenarios of mammography interpretation and design stringent protocols for diagnoses quality assurance. In conclusion, since there is an indication of this new technology for populational mammography screening and, since there is no difference in clinical image quality, the exposure to ionizing radiation should be taken into account for this critical decision. References - Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA. Cancer. J. Clin. 68: 394-424, (2018). - Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK et al. Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353: 1784-1792, (2005). - Lee BL, Liedke PE, Barrios CH et al. Breast cancer in Brazil: present status and future goals. Lancet. Oncol. 13: 95-102, (2012). - - Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL et al. 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Part II. Image reconstruction, processing and analysis, and advanced applications. Med. Phys. 40: 14-17, (2013). - Sechopoulos I. A review of breast tomosynthesis. Part I.The image acquisition process. Med. Phys. 40: 1-12, (2013). - Sechopoulos I, D'Orsi CJ. Glandular radiation dose in tomosynthesis of the breast using tungsten targets. J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 9: 2887, (2008). - Sechopoulos I, Suryanarayanan S, Vedantham S et al. Radiation dose to organs and tissues from mammography: Monte Carlo and phantom study. Radiology. 246: 434-443, (2008). - Cockmartin L, Bosmans H, Marshall NW. Comparative power law analysis of structured breast phantom and patient images in digital mammography and breast tomosynthesis. Med. Phys. 40: 8-13, (2013). - Chan H-P, Goodsitt MM, Helvie MA et al. Digital breast tomosynthesis: Observer performance of clustered microcalcification detection on breast phantom images acquired with an experimental system using variable scan angles, angular increments, and number of projection views. Radiology. 273: 675-685, (2014). - Cornford EJ, Turnbull AE, James JJ et al. Accuracy of GE digital breast tomosynthesis vs supplementary mammographic views for diagnosis of screen-detected soft-tissue breast lesions. Br. J. Radiol. 89: 1058, (2016). - Bouwman RW, Diaz O, Van Engen RE et al. Phantoms for quality control procedures in digital breast tomosynthesis: dose assessment. Phys. Med. Biol. 58: 4423-4438, (2013). - Balta C, Bouwman RW, Sechopoulos I et al. A model observer study using acquired mammographic images of ananthropomorphic breast phantom. Med. Phys. 45: 655-665, (2018). - Meyblum E, Gardavaud F, Dao TH et al. Breast tomosynthesis: Dosimetry and image quality assessment on phantom. Diagn. Interv. 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../templates/revoltlib/view/display_childof_anarchism.php Revolt Library Anarchism Obsessions of Berlin.) Obsessions of Berlin From Partisan Review, Vol.15 No.10, October 1948, pp.1108-1124. Copied with thanks from the Council Communist Archive at web.archive.org/web/20090221055640/. Marked up by Einde O’Callaghan for the Marxists’ Internet Archive.. The Russians are Berlin’s second great obsession. The rape of the city is burned deep into the minds of its inhabitants because it is associated with their greatest disappointment. Long before the fall of the city, refugees from the East told horrible stories about the Russians’ behavior. So did the radio. But wishful thinking discounted these stories as exaggerations and propaganda. At any rate, it could not get worse than it was. The same hope that welcomed Hitler in exchange for the depression welcomed now the Russians in exchange for the bombings. Berliners who had once belonged to the Communist Party, or sympathized with it, looked upon the Russian conquerors as their liberators. Their disappointment was consequently greater than that experienced by the great mass of apolitical people and passive Nazis. Even the less exposed Nazis hoped for a quick fall of the city in order to escape a fight that no longer made sense. The more realistic among them killed their families and themselves. And there were those who had welcomed the Allied bombers in the hope that the misery in their wake would lead to revolt. But the terror-machine of the Nazis proved to be stronger than the despair of the people. The atomization of the masses was sufficiently advanced to allow the organized terroristic minority to control all situations. But with the Russians at the gates of Berlin, defeatism became more widespread. With the Russians within the city, revolt became possible. But the Russians were not interested; they did not look for help but for loot. The loot had been promised to the Russian troops – mostly made up of Mongolians – as the price for taking the city. The women were among the spoils. Despite the disaffection within the German ranks, the fight for Berlin took longer than was expected, the Russian losses were greater than contemplated. The barbarism of the Russian troops is now excused by the ferocity of the Nazi defense that enraged the Russian soldiers. Their rage, it is explained, could not be controlled; it took some time before the Commissars were able to bring order into the chaos and deprive the individual soldier of his right to rape, steal, and kill, in favor of the systematic expropriation executed by the army in the name of the state. The Nazi stalwarts had the choice of dying fighting or committing suicide. They found it easier to get killed. They hated the Russians and they had no love for the Germans. Whoever was not with them in this last battle was their enemy. Unwilling adolescents and feeble old men were forced into the Volkssturm. Those who could not handle a gun, or manipulate a hand-grenade, were kept busy building barricades. Refusal to work or to fight led to immediate execution. Everywhere the defeatists were hanging on the lantern posts. Attempts to cut them down were again punished by death. The luck of battle shifted from day to day, sometimes from hour to hour. The unwilling soldiers of the Volkssturm threw their guns away as soon as the Russians entered their street, only to pick them up again when they were driven back. They would be killed either way: by the Russians if found with a weapon in their hands, by the Nazis if found without their guns. But in the final stages of the battle more and more Germans joined the Russians in the hunting down and killing of the Nazis. They tore down the barricades they had erected to slow the Russian advance. They helped take care of snipers. They recognized the Nazis who had shed their uniforms, and destroyed them. They improvised red flags, reorganized the Communist Party, occupied the apartments of Nazi party-members, plundered and killed on their own account. However, the Russians refused to distinguish between Nazis and anti-Nazis; all Germans were fascists and capitalists. They even outlawed their own German Communist Party, only to allow its legal reorganization at a much later date – with the arrival of Wilhelm Pick and his Moscow-picked retinue – so as to have an additional weapon of control. It would not do in May 1945 to offer a Russian soldier a brotherly embrace. He needed just to see the “luxury” of a radio, watch, or couch to be convinced that he was not dealing with a Tovarisch but with a capitalist. At any rate, as he was out to loot, he was not interested in probing the personal history and social position of his victim. The rape of Berlin was not the aftermath of the struggle but part of it. The fight was less a military affair than a gigantic raid of a million-fold army of bandits. Even the appearance of the Russian soldiers ceased to be military; they discarded filthy and torn parts of their uniforms for German civilian clothes. They wore two and three suits under the military blouses and pants. Hardly able to walk, they advanced from street to street, tommy-gun in one hand and a suitcase of loot in the other. The bayonet broke open closets and drawers; what was removable was taken, only to be lost again to the Commissars who organized the eastward track of the previously westward Nazi caravans of plunder. In great demand, of course, were things that could be carried on the body, such as watches and jewelry of all descriptions. As the victory must be celebrated, schnapps and vodka were also in great demand. Every bottle of vinegar was opened and tasted before the Russians accepted their possessors’ protestation that they contained no alcohol. And with the schnapps the fighting and thievery gained in elan. Those who could not deliver quickly enough were shot down; women, not willing to give in at once, were thrown out of the windows with their throats slit. Fires were set to the houses that yielded too little, their occupants fleeing the basements into the deadly cross-fires of the streets. During the battle, the interval between life and death is the occasion for love. Stopped for days at a particular spot, there was time for enjoyment before the sniper’s bullet found its mark. Women and girls dragged from their basements were lined up on the sidewalks. They tried to make themselves appear old and ugly by smearing their faces with soot and by dirtying the shabby rags they wore in the cellars. But a soldier’s hand would wipe away the filth and discover good looks behind the mask of fear..” The end of the battle is the start of the clean-up period. Groups of Russians began looking for strayed German soldiers; systematically, house by house, block by block. Nights, they returned to be rewarded for their day’s troubles. The dead women, sprawling on the streets with their throats cut from ear to ear, served as a terrible reminder not to refuse the victors. The soldiers took what they found, regardless of age. Years without furloughs, years of war and nothing but war, had given them a great and indiscriminate appetite. Lucky the woman who aroused the fancy of an officer who would take charge of her and thus protect her from the mob. For others there was just the command “stay down .... comrade comes.” It was like in an army brothel; only the experience was missing, and the husband looked on, and the children were not spared. And there was always the fear of death. If the lights suddenly went out, the Russian might start shooting. If the lights suddenly went on, he might also shoot, always suspicious of being trapped, of being tricked, of being surprised by a god-damned German swine. Of course there are also other stories; stories of the kind Russian soldier who stopped in his fight just to help an old lady cross the street. Stories of the crying Russian soldier killing an old couple to end their useless and hopeless misery. Of the baby-lover, forcing a can of milk down the throat of a terrified child. Of those that took from one German to give to another. Of the Commissar killing the rapist on the spot, and the officer belaboring the plunderer with his saber. No doubt, these stories are as true as the cruel ones. But the unpredictability of the Russians’ behavior merely increased the fear. Life and death depended on their caprices; it gave the terror a particularly bitter flavor. And when all is said, there remains the fact that within two months Berlin was thoroughly plundered. What was not securely hidden had been taken, most of the women had been mishandled, and the majority of the population had been reduced to paupers. Apparently it was true that the soldiers had lost their discipline. Long after the battle searching parties continued to look in the basements and ruins. They looked no longer for Nazis but for Russians. And they have been looking for deserters ever since; most of the Razzias that take place in Berlin have as their first objective the hunt for former Russian soldiers. Troops were shifted, the Mongolians retreated to the hinterland; new soldiers arrived. Too late for the great show they were now forced to buy their women with bread and their bicycles with worthless vouchers and German Marks they had picked up in banks and post-offices. But the troops were still living with the Germans. What kind of people were these Russians? Had they been so totally demoralized by years of campaigning, that they forgot all the so-called civilized ways of behavior? Or did they come from Russian regions so backward that any comparison with Western standards was at once unfair and impossible? With surprise and contempt the Berliners watched the attempts of Russian soldiers to drill a hole in the wall in the hope that it would spout water just as the faucet did over the kitchen sink. They were amazed by the readiness of the Russian soldier to exchange an expensive wrist-watch for any old alarm clock just because it was so much bigger. They were disgusted to see their living-room changed into a butcher-shop as the Russians dragged animals up the stairs to be killed on the carpet. They did not understand their persistence of using the bathtub for a toilet and the toilet for washing their faces. They could not help laughing over the disappointment of the Russian who washed his potatoes in the toilet-bowl only to see them disappear as he pulled the lever. They saw with regret the wrecked automobiles and bicycles littering the streets, demonstrating the Russians’ great love and little aptitude for things mechanical. They learned to know the Russian’s great fear of his superiors: to make a misbehaving soldier run, it was only necessary to shout “Commissar” at the top of one’s lungs. They witnessed Russian soldiers marched off to prison, heavy ropes around their bodies, the point of the bayonet between their shoulder blades, like in an old war-picture of a hundred years back. They experienced day by day the wide gulf that still separates the East from the West, as yet unbridgeable by any ideology, crossable only by armed forces, and haphazardly kept together by the permanence of terror. Order was reestablished in Berlin. Russian soldiers had been buried where they had fallen, on the sidewalks, in the center of the streets. Their graves had been lovingly cared for. Little white fences had been placed around them. Flowers, and often the picture of the deceased, were planted on the heap of earth covering them. Their remains were now dug out to restore the streets to their original function, and were placed into mass-graves at more appropriate places. Barriers were placed on every important street corner. Smart Russian women in uniform, white gloves, their bosom pushed up to the neck, regulated traffic by lifting or lowering toll-bars for vehicles and individuals alike. Like other regulations modeled on the Russian village, these traffic disturbances disappeared with the entry of the Allied troops. With order restored, pillage was now directed from headquarters. The factories lost their machinery, the warehouses all they contained. Even the tracks of the city railway were removed, but had to be brought back at a later date. The street-cars were moved to Russia. The Germans repaired previously discarded ones; but they, too, were taken. Only the oldest, most dilapidated ones were left to Berlin. With the entering of the Allied troops about half of Berlin was freed of the Russians. The expropriations were legalized, the removals were now being called reparations. The Russian troops moved into barracks and bunkers formerly housing German troops. Their uniforms seemed cleaner and they began to let their hair grow. But the more well-mannered they became, the less could be seen of them. Their isolation is not complete, of course; they can still be observed guarding the factories and offices that work for them. They have their parades and patrols and also their time off. They still plant their machine-guns on railway stations to check the papers of all who pass. But there is no longer that one-sided “fraternization” of the first months of the occupation. Russia has lost in Germany, most certainly in Berlin, notwithstanding all the apparent “good will” the people show toward the Socialist Unity Party, Russia’s German instrument. It is not propaganda, nor a stubborn refusal to be disillusioned, which explains some of the Berliners’ “enthusiasm” for Russia’s German policy. Behind the “enthusiasm” hides fear, which is kept alive by an invisible terror that may at any day come into the open. On May Day 1948 there were nearly three-quarters of a million people in the Lustgarten demonstration called by the Russian-sponsored Socialist Unity Party. Apparently more than the number of those who attended the Socialist demonstration at the Reichstag building. Only two Russians in mufti, and one in uniform, shared the tribune with Pieck and his staff. Few Russians were seen along the route. The slogans were all related to imagined German needs, and against the Marshall Plan. Hour by hour the demonstrators passed the reviewing stand. Their shoutings, however, had no spontaneity, but were directed by groups of claques near the loudspeaker-system. The Communist-controlled Berlin police formed part of the demonstration and received the loudest applause. Over and over again the loudspeakers burst forth with “Long live the German people’s police.” The Moscow-trained former Nazi officer, Markgraf, at that time Berlin’s sole police president, smiled down to the masses, coquettishly waving a red carnation or clicking his heels in an earnest salute. Berlin’s love for the police and the love of the police for the Berliners seemed boundless and all-embracing. The shabby clothes, torn shoes, and hungry faces of the demonstrators made them appear like an army of desperate beggars, out to invade the reservoirs of the rich. But they yelled for the police, for the often-felt rubber truncheons, for the deadly order of the party-state. Did the bottle of schnapps they received this morning go to their heads? Of course not, for it was sold at once to the black market. The schnapps was not a present but cost more than a weekly wage; by selling it they realized a profit big enough to buy four loaves of bread. Maybe the sight of the large brown sausages sold at various booths near the marching-route made them love the world and all it contained? But taking the sausage meant to part with precious ration-coupons and to face a meatless month. No, the enthusiasm for the police, for the Communist Party, for Russia, was not the result of bribery; it was given absolutely free, it came from the heart, a heart obsessed by fear. The manipulated demonstrations of the “people’s will” are organized through a malignant net of organizations. It is not up to the individual to decide whether or not to go. With others he is assembled at the place of work or at his living-quarters. His trade-union functionary, factory-representative, party-comrade, or house-warden, will know if he missed the call, if he stayed away deliberately; and he may be reprimanded or reported. Reported to whom? That’s just it. Under the Nazis it was clear, but now one doesn’t really know. However, if the Russians should become the absolute rulers, it may be expected that a bad record or a deficiency of enthusiasm will reach the files of a new Gestapo. It is better to play safe, to act and talk as is expected, or not to talk, just nod, and follow the functionary. Communist Party trustees, backed by the Red Army, control factories still working, supervise all available jobs whatever their nature, control the cooperatives and the municipal offices. Although rations are small they must be bought. To live, one must work, even if most work is of the make-believe kind. Some jobs qualify for ration-card Two, others for ration-card Three, the most important jobs, as evaluated by the Russian occupiers, for ration-card One. To get a ration-card a work-card is needed. To keep the work-card, one must not oppose the policy and ideology of the Socialist Unity Party. In opposition to the planned installation of a Western German government the Party called for a German referendum on the question of national unity. That no one is against unity is clear, though there may be some who do not care to show concern. That this is not a German question at all is also clear. What will happen in Germany and Berlin depends on the conflicts or agreements, between the great competing powers. Nevertheless, the propaganda offices are busy on both sides and the referendum is part of the Russian program. And then it starts:– The house-warden knocks on the door: “Have you added your name to the list for the referendum?” He comes back next day with the same question, and the day thereafter. The question is asked at street corners, at the grocer’s, in the factories and offices, everywhere, by a great number of unpaid functionaries in search of ration-card One, until everybody feels sure that he is watched, that his indifference will not remain unnoticed. The list of names demanding the referendum may be kept, checked, and gone over again, as soon as the Allied powers have left, on the day of reckoning when the unreliables are purged. Anyhow, it is not difficult to sign a name, and thus they sign – just in case. Of course nobody is fooled by these expressions of the people’s will. The Party is not gauging its ideological success but the amount of fear it has been able to inspire. By means of the referendum, demonstrations, elections, declarations of all sorts, it measures the degree of its power over the people. It knows that ideological control is of small importance in an age which has devaluated all ideologies, where ideologies are merely labels for the controlling powers of one or another set of politicians who base their rule not on ideas but on an effective organization of terror. Life in the Russian sector begins to resemble life under Nazi rule, including the arrests and disappearances of oppositionists in nightly raids. Although as yet without uniform and with restricted authority, a red “SS” is in formation. Discipline and the leader principle are stressed, the party hierarchy and its system of privileges has returned. With the division of the people into ration-card categories an inexpensive army of functionaries and storm-troopers has been created. Being in possession of a number One ration-card means to keep on living; outside this category there is only slow starvation. The struggle for existence is a fight for the proper ration-card, for the privilege of being used as policeman, propagandist, informer, or executioner by the masters of the party-machine. Russian expansion is based not on consent but on force. It is a military and police affair exclusively, notwithstanding all the doctrinaire concern with ideological issues, for these, too, perform police functions, leading, as they do, to the early discovery of deviations and nascent opposition. It is not the change in the economic structure the Russians may introduce in Germany that causes concern, but the political-social structure of their party-state. For the Berliners the “Iron Curtain” hides no secrets. They have traveled across it, their relatives are living there, visiting them from time to time, either legally or illegally. Uncensored letters reach Berlin. They know that the conditions in city and country do not differ from the miserable conditions in the Western Zones, that Berlin merely reflects the whole of the territory that was once Germany. Furthermore, some of them have been with the Nazi armies in Russia, some returned as prisoners of war, looking like the inmates of Belsen and Buchenwald in their last stages of development. Local experiences are not their only criteria. But because of these experiences all that is Russian takes on a particularly sinister character. The immediate situation, however, calls for duplicity. As long as there is a chance to pledge allegiance to the West, the chance is taken in the illusory hope that this may influence the decision of the Western powers to stay in Berlin. Simultaneously, the Russians are supported wherever necessary, in order not to arouse their wrath, in case the city should be theirs completely. As there are no escapes for the masses, their attitudes change with their masters. Democratic Berlin will be even more “democratic” as soon as the basis for its current democracy – four power competition – is removed. Meanwhile, people can do no more than bewail their reluctance to follow suit at the first great exodus to the Western zones, at the earliest rumors of a possible Berlin crisis. Now they are trapped, to be sold out if so convenient, or to be used in a kind of test-case for the larger issues at stake. Those who do not live by politics will prefer to do as they are told, no matter who does the telling. The Western-oriented politicians will, at best, become refugees. In their majority they will probably crowd still more the already crowded Russian concentration camps. In any case, German preferences do not count; the present flood of brave slogans about the Berliners’ valiant refusal to bow to the new dictatorship is only silly, facing, as Berlin does, an army judged able, in case of war, of overrunning the whole of Germany within a few days. The political issues that seemingly agitate the Berliners only indicate their own impotence. Their interest in politics is waning. They would, no doubt, support any power, and any cause, in exchange for bread and security. They would even try to forget their early experiences with the Russians. But no bread and no security is forthcoming. It is the obvious poverty of the Russians, their strange primitiveness, their crude terroristic methods, their inability to give, and their need to take where hardly anything is left to take, that makes the Germans prefer the West. Even if nothing is to be expected from either side, still there is a greater familiarity with the Western world. There is also the strong suspicion that the Bolshevik colossus rests upon feet of clay and that, notwithstanding possible initial successes, it would not last in a prolonged war. It is not so much hunger for revenge, as the desire to escape the camp of the defeated, which motivates the German sympathies – such as they are – for the West. However, no real turn to the West is possible. Victors behave as such; even where no great gains can be realized the victorious gestures will be maintained. These gestures alone confront the Berliners, removed as they are from the bargain-counter of international diplomacy, where special claims historically and otherwise, are framed in terms of coal and iron. France’s anxiety over a possible German revival is not shared by her occupation troops, who recognize its baselessness merely by looking around. No fear-determined brutality accompanies their rule. Only the French officer behaves as arrogantly in Berlin as did the Nazi officer in Paris. And in the French desire to demonstrate their superiority the Germans may recognize their own behavior of better days. It is not a wise girl who refuses a French soldier a dance in the Amusement Park; she may very well get her face slapped. One must be careful in the use of one’s language when facing the French interrogator, since a real or imagined lack of respect may lead to painful consequences. In general, however, the French behave toward the Germans in Berlin as they would if they met them in Paris. In their persistent enmity they are like all the other Western people who endured the Nazi occupation. Apparently, they are not as yet finished with the war and their previously suffered humiliation still looks for compensation. Only the British soldiers attempt to make themselves inconspicuous, provided they are sober, and so long as they are on their own. But they are forced to do a lot of marching and shouting. Their officers stick to themselves in Germany as once in India. Barbed wire around their compounds, toll-gates, and many guards secure their isolation. They bring their wives and children to Berlin and live their English-way-of-life as if they were at home. The privates turn to German girls, which brings them into contact with the population. They are no longer feared but envied for their better food and happier outlook. The presence of the French and British is largely ignored, however, as it is clear that only two great powers determine Berlin’s status. America means many things to the Berliners. It means relatives and friendly organizations that send food and clothing. It means coffee and cigarettes on the black market. It means work and sales. It means a hamburger with a GI in the Titania Palast, and well-filled garbage cans for the scavengers. For some it provides the unfounded hope for social solidarity and for a turn away from the present trend of totalitarianism and war. For others it means effective opposition to the East and the certainty of war. For most, however, America is only the other side of the coin which, however thrown and however it will fall, spells doom for Europe in general and for Berlin in particular. Although deeply involved in Germany and Berlin, the occupation army knows how to keep its distance from the defeated. The isolation of the Americans is perhaps even more complete than that of the British. They live their American way-of-life in heavily guarded compounds, comprising large territories in pleasant natural settings. They have their own churches, schools, and kindergartens; their own movies, concerts, lectures, restaurants and stores. No German foot is to set there, except on missions of service. As distinct from the British, no program of austerity interferes with the Americans’ pleasures. All less desirable activities are performed by Germans; Polish guards watch over them, their unbombed quarters are inaccessible to all but those with proper papers. Security has been developed both into a great art and a great science. To judge by the weapons displayed and by the red tape employed, the life of each American seems to be in constant danger. Even the Fräuleins need a “social pass” attesting to their physical health, which was in former times required only of prostitutes. From another view however, all this isolation seems not at all queer, for it corresponds to the division of rich and poor that sets up barriers everywhere. The Americans in Berlin may be looked upon as a kind of new bourgeoisie, more sharply divided from the slum-dwellers than the bourgeoisie of old. Of course, business closes the gap; the coffee from the States must be sold, valuables which escaped the Russians must be bought, and the requirements of the elevated social position demand a great amount of German labor. But work is fantastically cheap. Prior to the currency reform the weekly pay for any category of work did not exceed the German Mark equivalent of ten American cigarettes, that is four cents, as the PX sells the carton for eighty cents. Nevertheless, the USA feeds part of Berlin. The Americans never tire of pointing to their deliveries and to the fact that they themselves manage without German-produced foods. Like the nation as a whole, so her citizens separately feel like philanthropists, the more to be admired since it is the former enemy they benefit. The hungry beggars have no choice but to be grateful, and their excessive submissiveness supports the conqueror’s illusion of generosity. But there is no Jove for the Americans. The block-busters are not forgotten. The Americans are preferred because of the crumbs that fall from their tables and because they are businesslike people. They buy where others steal, they sell where others give. And even if the end-result – absolute impoverishment and complete exploitation – should be the same, the process to this end, in terms of personal experiences, seems not as terrible as the lawless past. American generosity brings a bitter smile to the lips of the Berliner. He knows quite well what his rations are, and he knows the black market prices. His bitterness on this point, however, does not differ from his feelings toward his own countrymen, the farmer for instance, or toward the Displaced Persons and the Western businessmen who are engaged in black market activities. He cannot find any satisfaction in the thought that the black market must find its end as soon as Germany is emptied of all the valuables that still command a price on the world-market, for he needs the black market and is by necessity a part of it. The temporary black market depression in the wake of the currency-reform did not help the Berliners much, as the “cold war” prevented them from profiting by the farmers’ and store-keepers’ new confidence in the freshly printed money. The smile released by the propaganda for Democracy, however has no bitterness at all. It can even turn into a hearty laugh if the question of the reeducation of the Germans is raised. It is understood, to be sure, that an army is exempt from democracy, otherwise it could not be an army, and that an occupation army in particular cannot serve a lesson in democracy. It is rather the propaganda in newspaper, newsreel, and radio, that is found so amusing. Every word uttered in favor of democracy is at once contradicted by the facts of life. It is not the Nazi education of the past, having lost its dubious meaning long before the occupation, which explains the Berliners’ obvious reluctance to take the dealers in democracy seriously; it is the close resemblance of their present life to that under the Nazi dictatorship. Of course they are supposed to pay for their sins of the past before being allowed to enjoy the fullness of the democratic life. The propaganda merely contains the promise of rewards for present-day good behavior, just as the flesh-pots of the Nazis had to be earned first by countless sacrifices and terrible suffering. But for too long the Berliners have lived on promises, and no longer do they trust in words. They are not cynical and disillusioned, as the observers say; they are merely sick of phrases totally unrelated to their actual situation. They do not see a choice between democracy and dictatorship but merely hope for the lowest possible degree of the terroristic rule of which they have had so much. It is found increasingly difficult to oppose the Nazi observation that power alone determines who is to rule and live, and who is to be ruled and destroyed. The anti-Nazi cannot help feeling that authoritarianism has survived the Nazi rule and that the difference between oppressor and liberator is rather small. Hate and disgust grows, and dissipates into despair. It cannot lead to a revival of nationalism, as the material base for the latter has been bombed away. To get out of the country, rather than to revive it, is the dream of its ambitious people. They are no longer able, however, to feel embarrassment over the long Nazi dictatorship, and they no longer brood over the atrocities committed. They have grown cold to all but their own misery; and to tell them, as is often done, that they “only got what they were asking for,” causes no anger but only tired gestures of resignation. Whatever they were and whatever they have done, just now they only desire to live and to be left alone. The desire to be left alone has nothing to do with the current issues of self-government, national unity, Western federation, constitutions, or the color of flags. It simply means to be left out of all activities concerned with such matters. It is the desire to escape the manipulations of politicians, profiteers, professional ideologists, and also the pressure of the enchanted minority defending traditional values. It is a vague longing for a new start, unaffected by the past, and an activity with no other issues than those of making bread and of eating it undisturbed. The desire is illusory but it indicates the prevailing state of mind. To be left alone implies also the wish to escape the war now in the making. The anti-war attitude is not based on theories but on direct experience in the bombed cities and on the battlefields of the world. They have learned to place life above all those considerations which are evoked in the justification of war. They are at any rate much too busy trying to keep alive, to be concerned with the larger problems of world politics. They do not really care about the changes of uniforms so long as they are able to use the night for sleep. Sleep is important, undisturbed sleep of even greater importance, as the Berliners found out in the restless nights during the war. To go to bed with the careless assurance that they will rise again in the morning – this ordinary experience became the greatest desire of the bombed sleep walkers. To sleep without the constant fear of death meant more than victory or defeat. Sleep is not just the mind and body at rest, it shortens the days, it helps against the cold, it is a substitute for food, preserves energy, and is the hiding place of misery. Food is another of the Berliners’ great obsessions, and sleep overcomes it only partly and temporarily. The individual awake is the personification of hunger. His mind is occupied with food and the question how to get it. All other thoughts are secondary and rather meaningless as long as the primary need remains unsatisfied. The rationed food is no problem. It is so little, and is sold at stable prices, so that anyone who works can pay for it. The only question it arouses is whether to eat it all at once or to distribute it over the larger part of the week. The answer depends on the individual’s connections on the black market and on his ability to pay its prices. The search for food goes on relentlessly, in and outside of Berlin. For food anything expendable will be exchanged. For a few pounds of potatoes great hardships are endured; hours of standing in line for a railway ticket; the brutal rush for a front place at the gate; the struggle for a place inside the train or even for hanging on its sides; the dodging of the police, and the long marches from farm to farm. Whoever cannot leave the city is busy visiting the grocery stores and black market centers so as not to be late for the last delivery of bread or butter. They are always on the run for food, always asking for information about food, always excited about food, always thinking in terms of food, and all the while hungry to the bones. There are many types of hunger, and the Berliners have experienced them all. There is the hunger for specific commodities that disappear in times of war. There is the desire for a balanced and pleasant diet, instead of stuffing the belly with whatever is on hand. There were the rations during the Hitler regime, which were seldom sufficient, and became hunger rations toward the end of the war. And then came the absolute hunger with the collapse of the distribution system during the siege of Berlin. To survive this period meant to eat whatever was found on the streets, in the ruins, and during frantic searches in abandoned stores. Wounded horses were ripped apart as soon as they had fallen. Most of the people turned butchers; like ant-heaps they hovered over the carcasses. They hunted for dogs and cats, picking from the asphalt what was red and bloody, even the innards of men blown to bits by artillery fire. Only to live through this ordeal, to be alive when the war was over, to enjoy once more a normal life, and to eat as much as one liked. But the hunger remained; it was now organized and categorized. Former class divisions lost their meaning before the food-commissions, only to have their illegal comeback on the black market. The law made new classifications in terms of ration-cards with different numbers of calories, dividing the population into groups that were to live and function, Others that were to die off slowly, and still others destined to die quickly. The counting in calories may be good for the statistician and it may make easy the sociologist’s comparative studies in living standards, but to the hungry it is merely the strangely expressed verdict determining their punishments down to the death-sentence. But the judges are not fair, the sentences are not clear. What does it mean, for instance, to speak of the calories of ten pounds of potatoes if half of them are inedible, or of the calory-content of one pound of sugar if half of it consists of an undefinable dust? What does the rationed meat mean, if week after week no meat at all reaches the market, or if it turns up in the form of ground intestines mixed with flour, or is substituted by a herring nobody knows how to fry for lack of fat? Not even the highest ration covers human needs; it must be supplemented with black market food and self-raised garden products. All other categories are only names for various starvation levels. They not only create new classes but also split the families into feuding units. The permanence of hunger makes sharing impossible. All sociality disappears; everyone holds on to his own, or tries to hold on. Some eat their rations fast, others slowly; envy and hate develop merely by watching people eat. Some men ruin their health quickly so that their children may eat, others starve their wives and children to retain their own strength. Suspicion rules, extras are kept secret, food is eaten in hiding, dragged into a corner to be devoured in animal-fashion. People are nervous, ill-willed, ready to quarrel on the slightest pretext and more than often inclined to kill. Inequality within the setting of general want is the crudest form of inequality, the most corrupting, the ugliest, and the most vicious method of control. If there were a sign that the hunger might end it would lose half of its terror. But the many years of repeated disappointments extinguished all hope. Even if the situation should change suddenly, the people would not believe in its permanence. They would merely eat themselves sick, would hoard what they could not get down, accumulate enormous quantities of food; it would take a long time before food would cease to be an obsession. Abundance, however, occurs only in their dreams; the recalling of the far-off past seems like a fairy-tale of well being. Lucky are the children born into this misery. They do not know about other than the meager rations, the substitutes, the skimmed milk if any, and the black dry bread. They do not know about candies, chocolates and fruits, and often refuse these strange things if they are offered to them. The world of hunger, cold, and want is the only world they know about. With their toes blue in the sharp wind, they run about laughingly like other children. With their bare feet in wooden soles they play their games undisturbed. Their carefree attitude misleads the well-fed visitors to consider the claims of misery to be grossly exaggerated. The doctors know differently, of course; they measure, weigh, and keep records and offer proof that these children are not like other children, for they weigh less, grow to lesser heights, and die sooner when sick. The older children are realists in the world of hunger. Their early life belonged to Adolf Hitler; no other ideas but those of the Nazis entered their minds. No one contradicted their childish empty talk. Theirs was the future – supposedly. And then all this collapsed. What was good became bad, what was once laudable was now cursed; if no one dared to oppose their childish arrogance, now no one seemed to care for them at all. They were either a burden, or a source for additional food, which they gathered by becoming small-time operators on the black market. Some no longer had parents; others who had, no longer cared for them. They needed help which no one could provide; so they tried to help themselves and sometimes they succeeded. Disregarding the ever-present propaganda for the prevention of diseases, girls look for soldiers. They have been raped, why shouldn’t they sell? What is all this talk about morals anyway? Of course, syphilis is not worth a pack of cigarettes. But neither is it good to be healthy and hungry. All is a gamble anyway, the good often die quicker than the bad. There is no love and no romance, it is all business on the barter level. There is little prostitution in the old sense of the word although there are still prostitutes around the Alexanderplatz. If enough buyers were at hand, prostitution would be general. Sex is a way of getting food as good as any other, and often the only way. The escapades of wife and daughter in search of food are disregarded; love completely disarmed, faces hunger. The adolescents are frightfully realistic about the new relationship of hunger and love, of existence and sociality. No values other than material ones arouse their interest. They are practitioners of the empty life. The immediate personal gain in terms of things – edible, usable – is their only concern. Narrow-minded, without scruples, they turn their cold egotistical eyes upon the world of rubble in search for plunder left by the plunderers of yesterday. And since so little is left their selfishness is miserly; not even toward themselves do they know generosity. They calculate, count, ration, hoard, to secure their mere existence in spite of everything and everybody. Hunger shows; it drives the smiles from the faces and tightens the skin on the bones. The flesh turns yellowish-brown and eyes sink into their sockets. There is an irritated tired look in the eyes, and sadness and anger around the mouth. The backs are bent and the steps are unsure as if in hesitation before the grave. When hunger comes, it appears publicly only in its early stages and in some cases not at all. Permanent hunger makes one indifferent, even to the self. The hungry hide like wounded animals in their caves. Starvation is not a street-sight; it doesn’t offer itself to curious visitors. The people on the streets, and particularly on the still comfortable streets, frequented by the even more comfortable visitors, are still struggling against starvation with all the weapons at their command. If they are hungry, they rush about not to get hungrier. They still care about their appearance, dress up brush, wash and mend not to add moral humiliation to the physical dilemma. The starving rush no longer. They do not clutter the streets; they have no shoes to walk in and no reason to be seen. They stay at home, in their rooms, live in their beds, or in the wards of hospitals, apathetically awaiting either a miracle or death. Their peaceful withering away is the triumph of the rationing system. It is always a minority that succumbs first, to make room for another minority, recruited from the large mass of people lighting for their place in the majority. But in the end the various minorities represent a previous majority. This prospect, however, only intensifies the struggle for life and gives the hunger-obsession first place in the minds of the obsessed. Shortly after the end of the Second World War Paul Mattick renewed contacts and correspondence with his previous comrades from the German/Dutch or Council Communist current of the 30s. One of these was Reinhold Klingenberg, whom Mattick had know personally from his youth and who – still living in Berlin – could tell many details from the actual scene of the German capital captured and managed by the victorious Great Powers. In 1948 Mattick himself managed to go to Europe and visit Berlin. There he met his old contacts and was able also to participate in some of the gatherings of the Group of International Socialists, GIS, around Alfred Weiland. From this trip he collected very detailed information about the situation in Berlin – information that was afterwards expressed and communicated in this article on the Obsessions of Berlin. From : Marxists.org

new MonoChrome VST/AU has been uploaded new versions: PLEASE NOTE: MOLAR DOES EVERYTHING MONOCHROME DOES (AFAIK, Molar is the 'replacement'). Monochrome is very old.. but if you just have MIDI needs, here it is.. (contains _40h, _128, _256 AU/VST + config files) (contains _40h, _128, _256 VST + config files) Feb 14 changes: New build Feb 14: -updated to be parallel to changes molar, note PITCH col. does nothing in MonoChrome currently -added pref for TIMER, number of samples per Monome packet. Also note I do appear to get better performance on the Monome LED's if I set CPU->Plug In Buffer size in Live to 32. It always works regardless, just more dropouts when running at fast tempos if this buffersize is huge. - added window collapse button, it might have issues expanding size on OSX in some hosts, it seemd OK in live but it wasn't in Live PC and I had to change things slightly, so the next OSX version will be slightly updated here. Previous Changes: -fixed suspending problem with GUI closed -now displays current pattern when PAT is held down (top row, flashing). Patterns in this top row will (well, should) draw solid if they have active sequences. -must press in the top row to change patterns with PAT now, this is to avoid accidental pattern changes if trying to change instances. -fixed steps not disabling on EDIT -made 4x4 erase currently playing step if you press off of the 4x4 grid -4x4 follows pages (i.e. seqlen > 16 ) prior 'recent' changes: -fixed some multiple instance problems -example patches of 64 steps -row "start step" column of green numbers on left, which nudges rows late. See the presets (seq 2 rows / seq 4 rows) as examples of using this to "link rows together". -collapse now collapses adjacent rows which are ascending in row offset -expand! collapse function now expands a pattern, if your target press is a pad on a "1" (monophonic) row. docs path simplified, same revision docs: !!! whoaaaaaaa. big update. thanks steve_duda! I think I saw my 256 on the front page! The shell of it at least ;) I can't wait to test this Monochrome VST on the 256... Thanks Steve for making this for the community free of charge. You da man. steve_duda - you are 100% awesome. If I were gay, I'd... well, nevermind. ;) When I click on a pad in the 40h version, the pad number changes at the top, but it doesn't change the stepsequencer to reflect what is actually assigned to that pad(edit: unless I hit play in live then click on the pads in monochrome). Rather, it shows the last one I edited. Am I doing something wrong? Also, pressing a pad on the actual 40h doesn't display that pad at the top to edit. I haven't messed with the repeats yet. Still trying to wrap my brain around exactly how that works. Seems like a great feature, though! Finally a dumb question, but the AU version doesn't give me the preset drop down. I rarely use AUs so it might be that I just don't know what I'm doing with it... Otherwise, man this rocks! - Thanks guys.. uploaded a new one (rc12) -row press-mode option (along right edge) for monophonic row behavior (displays "1") -fixed a bug with the SEQ OFF button -displayed Seq. now follows button presses again (and in stopped host) Wow, that was fast! As if it hasn't been said enough, you rock! I haven't got my 256 yet, but I've got a few questions about how this works, if you don't mind: 1) Am I going to be able to configure this to run multiple parts on my Virus TI? The TI setup is finicky; in Live you set one track with the TI instrument and then use multiple tracks with their output set to feed the instrument track for your various parts. I'm assuming I can't configure monochrome to output to separate tracks, but I could configure it to output different MIDI channels for each sequencer row, thus doing multi-part the old school, non-Virus way, yes? Sorry if my question isn't clear, I haven't been able to look at Monochrome yet. 2) Is there any way to configure what buttons work for which function within Monochrome, or in conjuction with MonomeSerial, or what have you? What I'm getting at, is, let's say I want some of Monochrome's functionality for the top half of my 256, but I want the bottom half to send other MIDI messages so that I can assign them to other functions via Live's MIDI learn. Or is the entire 256 dedicated to Monochrome, and the arrangement of functions fixed, when Monochrome is open? Thx guys. (PS: this is totally irrelevant and basically noise but I found it so funny I couldn't resist sharing. I'm so preoccupied with fantasizing about how awesome my 256 is going to be that I dreamed about it last night. In my dream, the monome guys were there, but they looked like Wham!, except with neon blazers and headbands. I was all, "Why are they dressed like Wham!?" even in my dream.) > 1) Am I going to be able to configure this to run multiple parts on my Virus You'll need to send to all channels and use range restriction and perhaps re-transposing (both achieved with the 'pitch' MIDIeffect in Ableton Live). > 2) Is there any way to configure what buttons work for which function yes. The 256 uses 2 MIDI channels by default (as there are only 128 midi notes) which might need testing, I'm sure I'll be updating the 256 version of the plugin once mine arrives! So I hate to always be pointing out problems... but I'm having another problem. All of a sudden my lower right pad is not working with monochrome. As a sequence step or as a toggle to go through patterns. Nothing. AU and VST. I re-downloaded and got the same thing. I downloaded from the resource page (rc11), but it tried to come through as Lucifer. It even looks like Lucifer, but does not function. Am I in the twilight zone, or what? Oh, and the pad works fine on the test patch and with mlr. Thanks in advance, Steve. Is no one else experiencing the same lower right button weirdness? I even changed my cable orientation and the new lower right (formerly upper right) pad still has the same issue... re: Lucifer, sorry I had a macro bug (so much for automating the uploading process). At least it was a plug I wrote :) re: lower-right button, this is intended. It should engage on release, provided that you didn't push a button while it was held. Reason being is it's a pattern change shortcut (hold lower-right, press a button in the top row). New version uploaded, same URL's: CHANGES RC13: - 256 build currently uses ports 9000 and 9080 (as I have a 40h also) - 11 *lowest-row* functions now in development: if you HOLD one of these lowest-row buttons and RELEASE it without pressing another pad, it will function as it used to (just engaging on release instead of on push) if you HOLD one of these buttons and PUSH ANOTHER PAD, the low-pad function will take place, and the 'normal' operation will not happen: LOWEST ROW FUNCTIONS: from lowest-*right* pad, moving *left*, we have: DESCRIPTION || BUTTON TO PUSH TO TRIGGER FUNCTION ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Pattern (pattern change, the current lower-right button function) || top-row (Pattern 1 thru X SIZE) Solo (solo's pressed row) || Any (solo's that row) Mute (mutes pressed row) || Any (mutes that row) Swing (assign swing percentage) || top-row Len (assign sequence length 1-16) || top-row Mult (entire monome draws/assigns the last-pressed seq.repeats) || Any Edit (entire monome draws/assigns the last-pressed seq. steps) || Any Select/Copy/Paste (so you can duplicate sequences mouse-free) || Any (select/copy), then press another (paste). First other-button push is always copy. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ +(below are 256 only for now) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Collapse (takes all active seqs in a row, and condenses to leftmost pad)|| Any (collapses that row) Seq. Nudge (left-right, same as shift-alt-click on Seq) || Any (left half of row = shift left) Velocity Nudge (+/- 5% on all steps) || Any Button So for instance on my 256 I have a label below the lowest row which reads: VELO Collapse Copy Edit Mult Len Swing Mute Solo Pat ... with "pat" in the lower-right corner. I understand how the lower right pad is supposed to function, but it wouldn't engage on release, and wouldn't allow me to pull up the other sequences. Regardless, it works fine now on rc13, so no worries. I did notice that I had to use ports 9000 and 9080 for the 40h build, as well. Could you further explain how to use the length, mult, and edit functions? I also don't understand the row press-mode option for monophonic row behavior. Sorry, my brain is very simple... Thanks! Has anyone on XP gotten the 256 version to work using the 256 router patch? I can get the 256 to interact with mlr using the /mlr prefix, and I tried the same thing with monochrome 256 using the /256 prefix, but there's it's not responding to any button presses. Any ideas? > Could you further explain how to use the length, mult, and edit functions? They're shortcuts to avoid using the mouse. "Length" is press (x,y) 12-16. hold this and press a button in the TOP row. The stepsequencer length for the (visible i.e. last selected) seq is now X. "Edit" is press 10-16. hold this and the LED's now draw the (visible/last selected) sequence. presses to all other buttons will edit this visible sequence. let go to exit. note: if you make no edits (second presses), 10-16 is now toggled as 'normal'. "Mult" is press 11-16. hold this button. The LED's now display the steps like in edit mode, and flash to indicate mults for every step. presses set the amount of mult (repeats, same as shift clicking on Sequencer). > I also don't understand the row press-mode option for monophonic row behavior. Sorry, my brain is very simple... "--" boxes along right, if you raise this to read "1", only one sequence will be lit in a given row. E.g. if you press one, and one is already lit, the old one will be shut off. This makes it easy to have a row of "pattern variations" for instance on a hihat, and switch between them, without having two play accidentally. >Any ideas? ports 9000 9080 (as mentioned above) is my only thought.. I'll recompile soon back at 8000 8080 and post here. -Steve I also haven't gottten the 256 to work on a PC either. Seems the 256patch is only working for Max apps. Any help would be appreciated. I just figured out how to use the 40h with Monochrome VST earlier this week and it ROCKS!! But I can't seem to run 64Step or MLR and Monochrome VST at the same time on two 40h...really frustrating cause that would be my ideal setup right now. Anybody been able to run multiple apps inside and outside Max? I can run two different prefix apps inside Max no problem. Is there a Beta or even alpha of monomeserial to start working with? >I also haven't gottten the 256 to work on a PC either. Seems the 256patch > is only working for Max apps. Any help would be appreciated. TBH I haven't tried the 256 on my PC yet, it *should* work as the code changes are crossplatform. I'm waiting for the MonomeSerial on PC.. it seems my last build flags on PC were set same as 256 on OSX (ports 9000 9080). I'll recompile soon, I've got the code a bit torn apart for some DSP junk I'm adding for my own needs. > Anybody been able to run multiple apps inside and outside Max? I have not with max, though a similar principle to what I've made work: 256 to MonoChrome_256 40h to MonoChrome_40h to do that, I run two separate instances of MonomeSerial application (which is necessary for two sets of OSC ports, e.g. 8000/8080 and 9000/9080). I had to compile the MonomeSerial app twice, each "ignoring" the other device (as there is no device-disable in the app). I'm not sure if Max allows you to establish two pairs of OSC ports however, which should be needed. I'm not sure if you can run two copies of Max at once which would be the only alternative to two pairs of ports. I think Monomeserial/256 is nearing beta stages for Win, but thats probably best kept in another thread. > ports 9000 9080 (as mentioned above) is my only thought.. I'll recompile soon back at 8000 8080 and post here. yeah, that was it. I'm using kid-sputnik's beta monomeserial for XP and it's working with the 9000 9080 ports. this is pretty amazing! one bug (if you want to call it that) I noticed is that if the host is stopped, changing patterns results in a clear monome (the selected pattern rebuilds itself when you hit play). I also got it working last night with the new Beta Monomeseial XP! YAAA One thing I noticed and wasn't expecting was there are two runs of 128 notes top and bottom half. Is it possible to have it during sequencing stretch the entire height? so the bottom is the bass notes and top be the leads? I just dont understand Live enough to figure this out I've been using Reaper as my VST Host and I'm not sure it has that sorta MIDI rangling people talk about Live doing. Please someone step help me set this up my email is kmkennedy at the google mail. Thanks for Monochrome its one of my favorite apps right now! Glad you guys like it. MonoChrome256 has two sets of 128 notes because there are only 128 MIDI notes, and you have 256 pads :) The lower notes send on channel 2, this is more-or-less ignored by Ableton Live. You can use the AudioUnit version if you're on OSX, which sends midi via the last IAC bus in your system, thereby you can have 2 MIDI tracks in Live, one listening to Ch.1 (top half of 256), and one to Ch.2 (bottom half of 256). new build! (same URLs as usual) I've added a config file which allows for the IP, ports, and OSC prefix to be user-settable. There is a separate config file for the 40h and 256 versions of MonoChrome. This config file must go with the .dll(PC) or in Library:Audio:Plug-Ins:VST (OSX). Not well tested but I did manage to get the 256 on OSX/MonomeSerial talking both ways to MonoChrome VST running on my windows machine. here are a few MonoChrome tutorial videos. (part 1, rambling narrative / getting started) (part 2, more narrative and self-indulgent beat fiesta) shorter tutorial: Wow, That tutorial really helps get my head wrapped around some of the features I haven't even utilized. Now I assume you can start layering pads or basslines at the bottom half of the 256? I will have to try out these steps tonight. Thanks for the inspiration.. duuuuude. these vids are dope. i couldn't figure out how to get this plug going at all, i'm dumb. this helps heaps. keep this thing going, it's insane! justt my 256 today. Iam trying to get the monochrome set up right with live. do i need the monome seriall? what the set up in live preference?iam so new and very simple mind as well .. if someone can give me a simple how to set up. I saw the video on youtube, but that didt help, i got the sound out of monome but still no light on it and I cant a ssign anything from monochrome vst. When i download the file there is component as well .. where shoud i put that ? on vst file as well... sorry for my english as well. let me know thanks Thanks, guys glad the videos help! ade, Installation/Configuration: -make sure the VST is in (MAC HD):Library:Audio:Plug-Ins:VST and not a user VST directory. -make sure the MonoChrome256.cfg is also in the above location. -make sure the ports in MonoChrome256.cfg = ports in MonomeSerial (8000 8080) Live Prefs: -there are no settings in live's preferences other than: CPU -> Plugin BufferSize to 32 (suggested, not important in Live 6.0.10+) ...and if you use the AU version: MIDI-> Enable the last IAC Bus in your system as a "track" input (at least) MonoChrome AU: The component is quite similar to the VST (except IAC for MIDI out instead of VSTEvents out). Some people use Logic Audio etc. I favor the VST in Live, as the AU doesn't have sample-accurate MIDI output like VSTEvents allows for. VST MIDI Routing: If you have added the VST, MonoChrome will appear as an "Input Channel" (lower rectangle in MIDI FROM) after you have selected the *TRACK* with MonoChrome as the "Input Source" (upper rectangle in MIDI FROM). Lastly make sure your Live is playing (play button). Hope this helps, Steve Hi Steve, I've seen your 256 videos today and I was wondering if you could port the 'collapse' function back to the 40h. Thanks. ditto on the collapse for 40h. me want, me want. I got everything working properly now ..with vst i switch from the preference of live. From AU to VST. When I did that from the input box still no monochrome sign just IAC in and out ...is that right ? thanks again Wow. Thank you. mine still not showing a monochrome input. Ade, >with vst i switch from the preference of live. From AU to VST. When I did >that from the input box still no monochrome sign just IAC in and out ...is >that right ? I'm not sure what you are asking. AU = No MIDI *within* Live .. so it sends to the IAC bus instead. VST= MIDI routes *within* Live, 6.0.10 recommended for sample accuracy. In order to see "MonoChrome" as a source, you must **first** select MonoChrome's track (e.g. 2-MIDI) as the "MIDI Input" (top rectangle). ________________________________________ SubUnit - >I was wondering if you could port the 'collapse' function back to the 40h. Yes, short-term issue, it actually should work if you wake up and discover an extra pad on the lowest row of your 40h. Seriously though- it was the 9th function I added so just bad luck there on the near-term. My solution to this problem is to give every lowest-row-function a user-definable location. This way 40h users can choose the 8 functions they want, and all users can customize the lowest-row functions. You'll notice I added this to the config file if you open it in a text editor, but it says "not yet implemented". Well, I implemented this last night. Gonna test it a bit and uploaded a new version, will post here once it is uploaded. Best, Steve ok got the monochrome now on my midi track 2 looks good , but another problem now is no sounds... before there were sounds. in live pref should i change it ? thanks > that how it looks like tell which one i did wrong . I don't understand (if that is how it looks, what is the problem?) Here is a picture for VST routing. Hope it helps! > but another problem now is no sounds... before there were sounds. Monochrome does not make sounds. It sends MIDI to another track, therefore sound works like any MIDI works external MIDI keyboard etc). Add an instrument to the destination MIDI track and make sure "Monitor" is set to "IN". -Steve i did exactly like the pictures and from what you told me ..but no sound still. I'm not too familiar with Live, but once I figured out how to send the midi data from the VST to the impulse track it worked flawlessly. I don't really understand how the individual rows get sent to each drum pad - is it something that's just implemented in Live? I ask because most of my stuff is in FL Studio. When I open monochrome there I can choose a midi output port and send it to anything that takes midi in, but the internal plugins (like FPC, their drum sampler) uses an internal protocol rather than midi, and I don't seem to be able to control individual pads. Is there a way to indicate which row gets sent where? Great work, by the way. Between this and monomoserialXP coming out of beta, yesterday felt like a national holiday. New build rc15 posted (same download location, see top of thread)! Ade, Try the new version. I might have made an error building the OSX_40h_VST, sorry! The new version has the ability to user-define the location of all lowest-row special functions (edit MonoChromexxx.cfg in a text editor to change). So 40h users should be able to collapse (I probably shoulda tested that.. edit: it works, I just didn't fill in the 40h config so I just re-reuploaded, collapse is lower-left on 40h by default) > I don't really understand how the individual rows get sent to each drum pad - is it something that's just implemented in Live? >Is there a way to indicate which row gets sent where? No, I decided to make the default notemapping match Impulse, as there seems to be a concentration of Live/Monome users as far as VST usage goes, not to mention me :) You can change the MIDI note output for any pad (by selecting the pad so it is showing, then changing the NOTE OUT value). hold alt(option) while changing the NOTE out value to assign the same NOTE out for the entire row. You're correct about FL, thats a shortcoming in the app IMO. I recall someone made a plugin which will route MIDI to a "physical" port (I know Console VST can, but I think theres a free one as well), so if you really wanted to, you could route MonoChrome->MIDI plug->MIDI Yoke->FL Midi Input. (though this process would lose sample accuracy). It should have been a national holiday, so I could stay home and play with my 256! yessssss ... now its working ... BIG thanks for steve.. iam so happy now... the speacial fucntion should work as well right for mac os and the collapse should be on lower left as well? > BIG thanks for steve.. iam so happy now Great, you're welcome, and glad it's working! > speacial fucntion should work as well right for mac os and the collapse should be on lower left as well? Yes, but it requires the config file. the MonoChromeXXX.cfg file must be in: (Mac HD)::Library:Audio:Plug-Ins:VST it must be this directory location (exact letters except the hard disk name). Also make sure you have the *new* version (in case you grabbed it fast). ____________________________ You can check/verify that MonoChrome is finding this file by editing [40h] in the config to something else (e.g. [mcr]). Then it should not commuincate with the 40h, until MonomeSerial is set to the same prefix (/mcr). With the latest config file, yes, collapse is lowest-left (0). In the The .cfg file it says: ... [999] nudge (999) [999] veloscale (999) [0] Collapse (0) [1] Copy/Paste (1) ... the "[999]" means this function is not assigned. the "[0]" means this function is at x=0 (leftmost pad) so for assigning a lowest-row function, on 40h you would choose between [0]...[7] -Steve Thanks, Steve. I've been putting off figuring out Live, so maybe this is a good opportunity. And I agree - I'd thought of the flstudio/midi yoke thing but figured the latency would make it rough. Thanks, Steve. I've been putting off figuring out Live, so maybe this is a good opportunity. And I agree - I'd thought of the flstudio/midi yoke thing but figured the latency would make it rough. the function in my monome its a bit strange, in my vst library the it should be MonoChromeXXX.cfg or Monochrome256.cfg I have attached a picture of my 256.cfg configuration... let me know what you think Hi Steve, thank you so much for having implemented this user-definable location for every lowest-row-function on the 40h. It makes life much easier! While using the 'collapse' function with SEQ-4x16, I have noticed a strange behaviour when I try to collapse the second row of each sequence : it collapses into the first button which then doesn't play the full sequence anymore but only the first step. It becomes even more erratic when collapsing the lowest row, where random steps disappear. I hope my explanation are not to cryptic. Am I doing anything wrong? Anyway thanks again for this great app! Hang on, couldn't I just run FL Studio as a vst plugin in Live? At the very least I should be able to set up a bunch of samplers, each with a different drum sound, and I should be able to see them in Live. I think. So easy to speculate when I'm in a hotel room 1000 miles from my gear. OK, I've watched, I've read, I've got excited, but I cant get Monochrome to see any 40h presses (I've got a kit that works with all other apps.) Mac OSX 10.4.10, Live 6.0.10, monomeserial 0.17 (set to 40h), latest OSX version of monochrome, pasted into (Mac HD)::Library:Audio:Plug-Ins:VST with the cfg file. Routing in live as described and pictured. Opening MS/Live/MC or Live/MC/MS but to no avail. I'm sure I'm missing something straight forward, anyone help? I've also tried the classic "restart." Thanks ahead. K. PS. Also tried with Live running and alt-selecting Normal for LED Seq. Got this working last night (had forgotten to copy the .cfg) and its great! I'm finding a few bugs though or at least I think they are bugs. The bottom row functions seem to doubled up with the seq. When I try using these functions for editing steps or mutes etc the leds don't seem to revert back the seq view. I'm using this on the 40h. Has anyone else experience these problems. Fantastic package though, looks amazing on the 256. Ade, If things are still "strange", let me see the config (it didn't attach) + maybe explain what strange means. I did notice Mute and Solo flashing (LED) are inverted on the last release, will reupload later today. subunit23, not a bug per se, the collapse isn't as sohpisticated as you'd hope (yet). In the future I'll make the collapse check the next row down as well (if notenumber out matches) Kelvin, thanks for the detailed report. Try shift-clicking a pad on the MonoChrome_40h.vst GUI while Live is playing. (This is the mouse-equivalent of pressing a button, when MonoChrome is in SEQ). It should start flashing that pad on the GUI and the 40h (flash off once a bar). Does the 40h LED flash? Either way, examine the contents of the MonoChrome40h.cfg (prefix, IP address, and ports) compared to the settings in MonomeSerial. Its possible its just not seeing the config - make sure that your host is on "(Mac HD)" as I actually look to the drive name that has the host running. So to be accurate - the config needs to be in "(Host HD):Library:Audio:Plug-Ins:VST". Arp1618, The lowest-row buttons should always return to a normal view when released. Perhaps theres bugs related the user-assigning in the config. I wouldn't mind seeing your assignments in the cfg file. But beyond any unknown bugs, the only "issue" I know of (and its by design, not sure it's a good one) is that if you utilise a lowest-row function but don't press a second button while it is held, this lowest-row will activate (as it is still also a sequence step). Thanks everyone for the nice words! -Steve

Assistant Professor, Program on Negotiations and Conflict Management, University of Baltimore Topics: mass communication, media mediation, large-scale communication, framing, media strategies Interviewed by Julian Portilla — 2003 Listen to Full Interview - The Journalism in South Africa During Apartheid - Media Mediation - The Impact of Media on Conflict - The Ubiquity of the Media Mediation Model - Informal Third Parties - Proximity to a Conflict and Neutrality - Media Frames - Media Journalism and the Coverage of "Events" - The Framing of Governmental Information - Development of Conflict Through the Media - Realizing that a Large Proportion of News is About Conflict - The Media as a Tool for Empowerment - Journalists as Conflict Analysts - Journalists as Parties to the Conflicts They Cover - Journalists as Escalators of Conflicts - Media Oversimplification of Conflicts - Failure of the Media After 9/11 - Must the Media Always be "Neutral"? Q: Jannie, can you give me an overview of your work? A: To give you an overview of my work, I have to sort of go back to my radio and television days in South Africa where I anchored a public television show after first working in radio as a journalist, a public affairs show, which in a sense is similar to the McNeal Lehrer Show here.. When I got to George Mason via a master's degree in journalism at American University, I met up with Jim Laue who when it came time to write a dissertation, I said I'm going to write about business and conflict. To make a long story short, Jim said, "You've got to be joking," he said, "Bring together your background in media and journalism with your new background in conflict resolution." hall hall. Media, I always have to remind people takes a plural of medium from my journalism days which were my school days when it got hammered into me and you have to do a lot of what are more sort of popular, fluff media stories. This includes Nightline which is known as the most serious journalism shows in America, right, even they have to go do that to satisfy the fact that they make a lot more money and attract a lot more viewers on programs of which examples don't jump to my head. But in order to do the South Africas and the Israels and the Chechnyas and the major conflicts in the world and especially to cover them there, and they've been to Israel several times and they followed up in South Africa in 1990 and haven't been back since for any extended periods. In order to do that because it's so costly, they must have to do a lot of other things first.. What's interesting though is that the programs in South Africa had a real impact on the conflict itself. Where I really couldn't show the same in terms of Israel, I could show that in terms of South Africa and the reason that I could show that in terms of South Africa is that I studied three levels of impact. One was the actual shows themselves, the transcripts, what was said on those shows and how do people react to that. Then I did a series of interviews of people with the people who were on the shows and then I looked at all the media coverage on the shows themselves. So media on the media and so having triangulated my research in that way, one of the things that I was very interested was that you could show from all three of those how Nightline, because the one thing that was so important in both of these cases is that in the absence of real third parties, media organizations and journalists become third parties and there was no official ongoing process of negotiation or mediation or facilitation between the parties with a third party at the time. So when people saw this, they said, "My god! If the media can do this, why can't we do this? If somebody can sit here and look like he's mediating this case on television," they didn't use exactly those words. But if the parties can talk to each other on television why can't they do that in real life? Why can't that be arranged? So it became in a sense a model of what should be in South Africa. From that point of view, I think it shows a huge impact, and you could see that in what people said to me in their interviews. You could see that in one or two references that was made on the show itself. And you could see that a lot in what the print journalist wrote about this which became really a television event. And people have said to me, "You know, yeah, but it's Nightline and Ted Koppel. There aren't many examples of that." I really completely disagree with that and the reason I do... I have two reasons. One, the model of the journalist moderator sitting and interviewing two parties in a conflict is repeated a million times a day over the world, on radio, on television and it's also repeated in print in an indirect way. In print, you don't have the people it right in front of you, but in print you go to these people and say, you speak to party A, you speak to party B and then you call party A back and say well party B says such and such. So you can see that same dialectic between party A and B and how in a sense the journalist either pulled comparisons or huge differences between them. Maybe the big difference is that journalists and the media kind of thrive on differences whereas we as third parties and peacemakers and facilitators and mediators certainly thrive on trying to point out points of agreement in the facilitative model. Therefore the reason I think that it is really important to look at that way is that model is repeated everywhere, in small towns, in large towns, in radio, in TV,, and I think the model exists in print as well. So moving just a little ahead, I really don't feel like I'm getting to your question about what do I do now? I am very interested in people that do conflict resolution type work but who are not officially so designated. It spans from mothers, preachers, nurses, policemen, and journalists... I've written in the textbook that I've just shown you a piece on informal third parties and I mentioned journalist in passing and it was really on being managers or bosses in an office that have to be informal third parties all the time. And there's some written on all of this. So, my interests is in the informal third parties and also in the fact that journalists like all those others not by virtue of being formal mediators or formal 3rd parties, but by virtue of their position or profession get thrown into a situation where they are A versus B. Two ideas and two people in conflict. A real dispute, and it could be over an idea or over a bridge being built or a real war; it could be all of those things. At the moment I am ending off a series of interviews and starting to write an article on something that is related to this. I'll give you an idea and that is my series of interviews with public radio specifically talk show hosts that again, find themselves, the Diane Reams of Washington and the Mark Steiners of Baltimore, you find them in every big city and even in smaller cities all over the country. And they do what I deem serious talks over a conflict. Over my interviews with them, I find that most of them agreed that at least for 50% and sometimes for as much as 85% of their time, they agree that what they do is to bring people around to the microphone that disagree about something. Again our definition of news is conflict. So then they have discussions with those people and what I found fascinating, there was one gentleman who I interviewed in Seattle. I actually spoke with him in the Pointer Center down in Florida, but he's from Seattle, his name escapes my mind but he takes his hour-long show and breaks it into 3 pieces. The first twenty minutes are essentially positions; tell me about where you stand, the way you feel, why you feel like that. The second session is sort of talking about that, bringing callers in, its in a sense a reality checking. The third part is, so what are we going to do about this? In a sense, what's the future? What's the common ground? He's in a sense facilitating this conflict. Q: Who's that? A: I've forgotten his name. Q: He does that deliberately? A: He does it deliberately. He's not trained as a mediator or anything like that. He just came up with this as the way he's going to do the show. He came from nowhere; he is barely a journalist. He became a talk show host, and that's how he runs his show. So from interviewing these people, you get a whole range of them involved in sort of third party situations. Many of them say that we want to make people understand the conflict in itself, although they don't see that as the first step towards, what do we do about this? You'll hear that I talk more about radio and television because that's my background but I'm now involved in, one of the things I think we need to do more is we need to look at case studies. There are very few studies of how the media covers conflicts. They are very much written up by journalists in terms of what was the unethical thing to do et cetera and that's important in itself. However one of the things that we never really find a way to do is to look at the impact of all of that, which is hard to do from a research point of view but there are few case studies looking at approaches to conflict and media. The area in which more is occurring at the moment is with war, because that's more interesting. For instance, I've really tried to follow the current Gulf War in terms of what is said about the role of the media, and it's interesting that many of the things that occurred in the first Gulf War got repeated in the Second Gulf War and also got repeated out of 9-11. Q: In terms of reporting? A: In terms of the issues that came out of the role of the media, both good and bad. I will give you one of them. In the first Gulf War, CBS' Dan Rather was criticized for, remember correctly, his saying "We" do this and "We" do that, and then people said, who's this "We?" Are journalists taking the side of the government and then they went to the US government. Which interestingly shows you the whole underlying debate of where are the media supposed to be situated when it comes to a conflict? It's relatively easy to answer that question when you deal with local conflict and with domestic examples but the moment we go over seas, it was no accident that the BBC was much more neutral in it's coverage of the Gulf Wars then was Washington and American journalism, because they were more outside of it... Journalists get forced to a degree to go to where the public mood is. The public mood in the current gulf war was after 9-11, if you will, patriotic. The tough questions and the difficult things that journalists under other circumstances might have pointed out which might have put them in a much more neutral position or a much more critical position, did not occur for those reasons. When you came to 9-11, I'll give you another example, what was interesting was that within 24 hours, it was a huge emotional shock. What you also saw there was that journalists are humans and the conflict impacted them in a very emotional, psychological level. They were impacted very quickly because some of them assisted people who were in horrible situations after 9-11. Some of them saw terrible things and were personally affected by that. And that by the way is an area that we hardly ever study, is how journalists all over the world who cover horrendous conflict who get affected by that, how they leave the profession because of that and how it impacts them professionally in their reporting. It's not written about a lot but they wore flags after 9-11. And after about 48 hours, corporate networks said, remove the flags and it was apart of the same phenomenon of Dan Rather not being able to say "we," because journalists are supposed to be neutrals for lack of a better term. Q: Objective... A: Right, in the middle. No opinion, reporting other people's views, et cetera, et cetera. So if you wear those flags, how can you be objective reporters if you are so associating yourself with a country for the moment? It's natural and understandable that they wanted to do that but that's why it was taken away. Q: Perhaps that's more honest, right, because how could you not want to do that? After them being so affected personally, if you were. A: Right, but the problem with that is you get so sucked in and you become, to use a term that was used in the 2nd Gulf War, you become so embedded, with all the nuances of that word, that you can not be playing your objective and again the word neutral is a bit of trouble for us in the field, but it's also trouble for journalists. Q: I heard the other day, I think it was on the Diane Reeves Show the other day, someone talking about how the French were terrible at covering the conflict in Algeria and the British were terrible at covering the Balkan Islands. A: I heard the same interview. Q: So that's where you're sort of going with that one? A: Here's the theory about that. The closer you are to the conflict as a reporter, the harder it is to be neutral. I saw that also following a parallel again of third party intervention because as someone who did some free lance reporting for Radio South Africa from here it was much easier for me to say the tough straight stuff about things that were happening in America then it was for the American reporters to do so, same with the BBC. I mean everyone agreed, if you wanted the scoop the straight scoop on 9-11, you had to listen to the BBC, because they were not that affected. They were also able to say things because nobody was going to accuse them and this was one of the other big things that has become a huge theme in conflict reporting over the last couple of years, especially after Gulf War I is that patriotism enters the picture. You're not a patriot if you don't report things a certain way. That's where the whole idea of patriotism and journalism is going to have a huge debate. Where people like me would argue that you are actually the real patriot if you do your job as a professional journalist, which is to be a professional cynic. Therefore, professionally, you need to ask all of the difficult question and never accept anything as gospel until you are able to see that it's gospel and see that it's so. Q: Well, you've answered a lot of my second question, which is what's the relationship between journalism and conflict. Are there other points to be made on that question? A: Yes, the reason that I think the relationship between journalism and conflict is so important is because everything that we know about conflict other than the conflicts that we are involved in ourselves, we get through the media. What do you and I know about Northern Ireland unless you've academically studied it or read it out of the media or perhaps know somebody from there. Most people get their information about conflict from the media. That is the first thing for me on the relationship between journalism and conflict. If we then accept that in a democracy, we the people should have an impact on how a conflict is resolved or a say in it or let our elected officials know what we think or lead them somewhere or expect them to do something. All that is based on is our knowledge of the case itself, which we got from the media. So the ideas that we get from the media, how the media frames these issues, and how they for instance get the parties in the dispute; all of that we use to base our ideas of management of transformation. Or how it could be transformed or ended. All that we base on the information that we get from the media, therefore how they report conflict directly impacts everybody because I would go as far to saying that 8 out of 10 times we frame our knowledge from what we got from the media. One thing that I found very interesting was that when I lived in South Africa was that now and then Time magazine would report on South Africa and make a big boo-boo. What scared me was if they got a fact really wrong was not so much that it would change the world, but I said to myself, I got lots of my information about the world from reading Time magazine every week, so if they just make one or two big errors in every story that I read every week, as they make it on South Africa every now and then, how distorted does my view of that conflict become? That was always a fascinating question for me. Q: I have something to say about that actually, I was reading in the Nation the other day and someone was complaining about the correction section in the NY Times because the fact that they have a correction section presumes that the rest of the paper is right! A: I read the same thing. So you know, therefore, ultimately, how media frames conflict, who they talk to, who is defined as the parties, whether they report the conflict only as an event, or as a social process all helps to frame the conflict. Whether they report it as a social process in terms of something that escalates or de-escalates. All those factors, I think play a role and explain to us the importance of the relationship between journalism and conflict because we base our understanding of this on the way they report it. Then the other thing that I think, and I'm sort of going ahead of myself, et c there are a number of other things that we must remember if we talk about the relationship between journalism and conflict. One is that conflict is a commodity; it's something that journalists, for lack of a better term, compete over. I was fascinated a couple of years ago when Somalia occurred and there was this clan fighting. The US government decided to get involved with some troops and also decided that it was going to send and I've forgotten his name now but it was going to send an Ambassador, I have forgotten his name, over to Somalia to basically facilitate, mediate between these clan leaders, early on in the process. But it was announced on something like a Friday night, I might have my facts wrong here, but by Saturday morning, both Ted Koppel for ABC, and I've forgotten whether it was Dan Rather or NBC's Tom Brokaw, were on the ground in Somalia, interviewing those clan leaders, asking them questions. In my mind this framed that conflict for the public even before the real mediators got in there and started framing this conflict, which I just thought was fascinating. The media in essence framed that conflict before the real people who were going to frame it and then tell us about it. Ted Koppel went to the Hill, to Congress and answered much of the criticism of the media and one of the responses he said was, "Gentlemen, it's very simple, either you frame it or we frame it, your choice. If you don't tell us what's going on and we report that or if you leave a vacuum in any situation the media are going to come in and they are going to frame it. And they are going to tell people here's what we think is going on. So if you want things to be framed in a way that you think is right, then you get out there and tell us. If you don't it, then we're going to do it, that's just a natural phenomenon." cetera,. But that's not really answering your question at the moment. Getting back to your point about journalism and conflict and the relationship, I think another part of the relationship is that every conflict that is all-important in a community or internationally are played out in the media. The media becomes the arena and I hate the word but for lack of a better word, battlefield, in which parties play out conflicts. The decisions might be made by Track I or official decision makers in government and elsewhere, but everyone still tries to upward shift or a little power positioning through the media especially because they want public opinion on their side. So one of the important parts about the relationship between journalism and conflict is the fact that every conflict gets played out in the media in some way shape or form Q: Which means that the media actually creates the reality that it's reporting in some sense, it's not just the media reporting on reality, it's sort of a cyclical relationship? A: Well, that gets back to Koppel's point about either you frame it or we frame it. So, as I've mentioned the reason that conflict is played out in the media is that the parties want to reach the public opinion through the avenues that the media offer them. Q: So if I'm a journalist, what should I consider about conflict and conflict dynamics and how should it change my work? A: You know, it's fascinating to me that while we all understand that conflict is news and news is conflict for about 90 % of the time, I once challenged students to bring a story from the paper that's not about conflict. And they always brought me sports. That's stylized conflict. But there is the odd story that's not about conflict in the paper. Q: A reconciliation story? A: Even then, a reconciliation story is post-conflict. Journalists often have the attitude of "I know conflict when I see it." Well, maybe that's true, but that doesn't help you report on it. But what always surprises me, is that while conflict is news and news is conflict and about 90% of what we do is about conflict. When I try to get journalists to give me a definition of conflict, they struggle. They cannot give you a simple definition of what is a conflict. Which has always led me to believe to that there is a huge hole in the education of journalists if 90% of what we do as journalists is cover conflict then shouldn't we understand what a conflict is? Shouldn't we understand the anatomy of a conflict and therefore sort out how people interact, what is contentious behavior, how do conflicts escalate and de-escalate, who tries to resolve it, what is negotiation, and what is mediation? Twenty-five years ago the word mediation hardly existed in the media, and now it still interests me that the odd people, they talk about third party negotiation. They have the term, but they haven't got it quite right, and now and then you see people say mediation when they meant negotiation or arbitration. So that would be my first point about it, is there seems to be a lack of education and a gap that needs to be filled. You know, this is a side issue, but when I came to America for the first time in 1986 and I asked the questions about how journalists are trained, the answer was well, post-war when Dan Rather and the others got trained, when they were young, normally what happens is that journalists got the best social science liberal arts education that you could possibly give them. In other words, they got history and philosophy and political science, and then they went to a newspaper or television station, normally a newspaper and then afterwards to radio and television. Print was the training ground, and then they got hands on training to be a journalist, but they came with something. They came with their social science/liberal arts background. Then in the 70's came communication schools. As you know, there are only so many credit hours in a degree, so what now happens, is in essence and I went through a masters in journalism, was that one half of that was practice, and half of it was theory. Half of it was a course on international relations, and what have you. So as one of the people who I asked that question said to me in 1986, I remember very well, he said, "In a sense what happens now is the journalism schools train people on how to write stories." You get people who come out of places like the University of Missouri, which is a great journalism school, the oldest, if I remember correctly. They teach you how to write, they teach you how to do radio and television. But because they are only so many credit hours in a degree, unless you've got a good liberal arts education somewhere else, you won't get it in that degree. That is because half of the hours are already gone into making you a journalist. This person's point was that the older generation had something to write about. This generation has nothing to write about because they know how to write a story, they know what a story is but they don't have the same background of information depth of the liberal arts, social science, or education to write a story. Q: No context with which to put it? A: Yes, this may be interesting to you but we're going to do that over the phone if you're ok with it. I think journalists are social actors that land in the middle of conflicts whatever they do. They cannot avoid it. They seek it but it's also that they cannot avoid it. And that's why I say journalists provide information and understanding. This might be a controversial point for journalists because they like to say; especially the older school journalists like to say we just report the facts. Whereas I would say, no, journalism is a form of social intervention. And you cannot escape that because the moment you go to somebody and you say tell me about this, and you take that information which you've just gathered and you use that to interview the other side of the dispute or someone with a different point of view, and you listen to the B-side of that and you go back to the A's and you go to other people with that information. Therefore you have in a sense joined that conflict. Now you print it in the newspaper, so you are very much apart of the social intervention and the context of that conflict and other people base their positions very much on what you wrote. To just say, we report the facts, doesn't make sense. It's not that it's disingenuous because people don't try to lie about it, it's just you are a part of a social process and you cannot escape that. There's no escaping it. Therefore journalists cannot escape impact and to talk about just the facts to me doesn't make sense. It also renders the claims of neutrality and impartiality senseless to me. Although as journalists, I do understand the idea of having to strive for neutrality and impartiality. Journalists hate those terms. They prefer to talk about fairness and balance. I think with fairness and balance you have the same problems but at least you have something to strive for. My assumption is that journalists have impacts on all conflicts and they should understand that and try to minimize that impact as much as they can and you see that in the fact that parties act and speak in a way that will either excite journalists or get them to write about it. In other words, we, people who are the fodder for the media, we're not stupid. We understand that we have to present the information in a way that will excite them and get them to write about it. Obviously we try to use them to engage them in a way that will further our side of the dispute. Most journalists understand that but again, it's a form of social intervention. The parties and the actors in the conflict are socially intervening with the media and trying to get them to do something. There are many examples of how the media impacts conflict where this is more visible and that was the case during the Cold War. I believe it was ABC who put cameras on Vesalius Square, which I think is in Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic. More importantly there are examples of journalists who have done things such as, it happened in South Africa too, where you send a TV crew of people somewhere and then an uprising or a riot will occur because they're acting out for the camera. Journalists have said that they've seen this happen in Israel and Palestine, as well as, in South Africa during the apartheid years, and many times during the break up of the Soviet Union. Q: So you're saying where they're wouldn't have been cameras; there wouldn't have been a riot. A: That's right, but sometimes the riots happen and then the cameras come and report on them. But people also understand that to further their side of the dispute to make, for instance, think of Solidarity, part of Solidarity's success is and part of apartheid's success or the end of apartheid or the black movement in South Africa was to get the international media to become part of them and allay their cause. To say here is a social injustice and to keep on saying here is a social injustice and to keep on showing the horrific things that happen because of the social injustice. So in the case of the camera, people then realize, we have to feed this animal. So whenever they come even if there isn't a riot for the moment, we'll create one. We'll start throwing stones just to make sure that we can keep on with this movement of influencing people through the media. I always describe it as being in part the empowerment issue through the media. The media empowers parties, especially when it comes to great issues of morality like apartheid, or communism. That is why I think of Solidarity and the black movement in South Africa because the race issue and the apartheid issue were so successful in getting this. They had to do something because news is something important but they did some things that were very, very risky to them in both cases. We now know what happened in South Africa, how many black people disappeared et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. So there was a lot of risk involved for them. We also know the Soviet Union at the time took people in places like the Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia at the time. So they did things, they were reported on. But what happened in essence is if you see this as two circles that despite their number, the South African government was small in number but they were powerful in having the military, having the coercive force, et cetera, whereas, black South Africans were large in number. If you were to show a diagram in terms of their power at the time, they were much smaller. However, when they started doing all the things that would start through the unions and all the organizations that they created to make their case known, then the international media, in terms of the coverage that they got, helped them. Slowly you can show on the graph how they got bigger in terms of world perception and powerful and how the media assisted in that to the point where the apartheid government was ready to negotiate with them. I'm not saying that that was all done through the media, there were many other factors, but the media was one of those factors, especially in the way that they got to the international public through the media. So. And I think it is your idea, your next question if I remember correctly because you gave me some of these, is what should journalists know or where are we going to now? Q: Whether journalism escalates or de-escalates conflict? A: We, journalists and conflict resolvers, agree that we both have to analyze a conflict and therefore what social science has to offer are lessons about conflict analysis which again can be given to journalists if that kind of material is offered in journalism school and it's not. My argument is that it should be because 80% of what they do is conflict reporting. Q: So that's it then, if I'm a journalist and I'm doing my regular journalism thing without any understanding of this conflict resolution field you would tell me you need to learn about conflict analysis and you need to recognize that you are a party to a conflict or that you at least have an impact on? A: Yeah, I wouldn't say that you are a party to a conflict but you at least have to understand that you are a part of a social process and what you write will have an impact on it. It's like a system that you interact with, you write something and that information gets fed back into the system. The only way that I think it would be right to say we just do the facts is if you were to write about something that happens in DC and you go publish it in another part of the world where the people who you reported the story on do not read the story. Because every thing we do about reporting on something that's a social interaction and we report on that and that information gets fed back into that social interaction. So therefore we have an impact. You et cetera, et cetera. I've seen the same things done by very serious, very good journalists, people like Nightline. I remember watching years ago a Nightline on South Africa where they showed ____ , the Afrika. We always oversimplify because we have problems with space and air time et c et cetera, et c et c? Something else that was in the news for 2 days, 6 weeks ago are the riots that happened in Benton Harbor, Michigan. It became news for a day on the networks and when the police came in from all over Michigan and the riots stopped, nothing more about that was really reported. What was fascinating for me when I talked to people in that area about the reporting about Benton Harbor was how long the national media got the story. People said things like "It's very strange about what's happening in Benton Harbor Michigan because they've never had riots before." There were riots in Benton Harbor in 1960, 66, 67 and 90, four times before. They might not have been for the same reasons but they were there. I think then of course there's the example of the current Gulf War. We've sort of talked about this but the current Gulf War; I think was a great example of where American journalism failed us, the public. In the sense that in the aftermath of 9/11 and we've sort of talked about this, to a degree they deferred to the government on whether this war should occur or not. Now to a degree I think the vehement criticism of the 16 words that should or should not have been in the speech made by President Bush is that American journalism is playing catch up. It's sort of a guilty conscience over the fact that they didn't really do what is a major role of the media in all conflict reporting is reality checking. Is it really necessary for us to go to this war? Are there really weapons of mass destruction? What's the motive behind this? And I think we're slowly coming to the realization that again, the British Press and the European Press did a much better job of this than did the American press at the time because they were further away from the conflict and so they could be less patriotic and more neutral and objective or be forced to be. That is another story in terms of international view, and stories which is the whole argument about "do the media have the strength to go against the main stream public view at the time," which might be abused by politicians? Connected to the business parts of that because the worst thing that can happen to a media organization is to do the right thing but to pay the commercial price for doing the right thing. That's a part of our tragedy of conflict reporting. Then you would ask the question about, what role would journalists have in terms of conflict resolution?, et c? Et c, et cetera. Yes, they should, but they must be aware that what they do has an impact, but you can not ask journalists to be conflict resolvers and to contribute to making peace, et cetera, et c

- - The (un)Book (draft!) - - - - - - - - - - - - Appendix A - The Reputation Framework - Appendix B - Related Resources - - Meta Reputation systems impact your life every day, even when you don't realize it. You need reputation to get through life efficiently, because reputation helps you make sound judgments in the absence of any better information. Reputation is even more important on the web, which has trillions of pages to sort through-each one competing for your attention. Without reputation systems for things like search rankings, ratings and reviews, and spam filters, the web would have become unusable years ago. This book will clarify the concepts and terminology of reputation systems and define their mechanisms. With these tools you can analyze existing models or even design, deploy, and operate your own online reputation systems. But, before all that, let us start at the beginning… Imagine the following conversation-maybe you've had one like it yourself. Robert is out to dinner with a client, Bill, and proudly shares some personal news. He says, “My daughter Wendy is going to Harvard in the fall.” “Really! I'm curious-how did you pick Harvard?” asks Bill. “Why, it has the best reputation. Especially for law, and Wendy wants to be a lawyer.” “Did she consider Yale? My boss is a Yale man-swears by the law school.” “Heh. Yes, depending on who you ask, their programs are quite competitive. In the end, we really liked Harvard's proximity-we won't be more than an hour away.” “Won't it be expensive?” “It's certainly not cheap… but it is prestigious. We'll make trade-offs elsewhere if we have to-it's worth it for my little girl!” It's an unremarkable story in the details (OK, maybe most us haven't been accepted to Harvard), but this simple exchange demonstrates the power of reputation in our everyday lives. Reputation is pervasive and inescapable. It's a critical tool that enables us to make decisions, both large (like Harvard versus Yale) and small (What restaurant would impress my client for dinner tonight?) Robert and Bill's conversation also yields other insights into the nature of reputation. We often think of reputation in terms of people (perhaps because we're each so conscious of our own reputation), but of course a reputation can also be acquired by many types of things. In this story, Harvard, a college, obviously has a reputation, but so may a host of other things: the restaurant that Bill and Robert are sharing a conversation in; the dishes that they've ordered; perhaps the wine that accompanies their meal. It's probably no coincidence that Bill and Robert have made the specific set of choices that brought them to this moment: reputation has almost certainly played a part in each choice. This book describes a formal, codified system for assessing and evaluating the reputations of both people and things. Bill praises Harvard for its generally excellent reputation, but that is not what's led his family to choose the school: it was Harvard's reputation as a law school in particular. Reputation is earned within a context. Sometimes its value extends outside that context (for example, Harvard is well regarded for academic standards in general). And reputations earned in one context certainly influence reputations in other contexts. Things can have reputations in multiple contexts simultaneously. In our example, domains of academic excellence are important contexts. But geography can define a context as well, and it can sway a final decision. Furthermore, all of an item's reputations need not agree across contexts. In fact, it's highly unlikely that they will. It's entirely possible to have an excellent reputation in one context, an abysmal one in another, and no reputation at all in a third. No one excels at everything, after all. For example, a dining establishment may have a five-star chef and the best seafood in town, but woefully inadequate parking. Such a situation can lead to seemingly oxymoronic statements such as Yogi Berra's famous line: “No one goes there anymore-it's too crowded.” A large part of this book is dedicated to defining reputation in a formal, systematized fashion. But for now, put simply (and somewhat incompletely), reputation is information used to make a value judgment about a person or a thing. It's worth examining this assertion in a little more detail. Where does this information come from? It depends-some of it may be information that you, the evaluator, already possess (perhaps by direct experience, longstanding familiarity, or the like). But a significant component of reputation has to do with assimilating information that is externally produced, meaning that it does not originate with the person who is evaluating it. We tend to rely more heavily on reputation in circumstances where we don't have firsthand knowledge of the object being evaluated, and the experiences of others can be an invaluable aid in our decision. This is even more true as we move our critical personal and professional decisions online. What kinds of value judgments are we talking about? All kinds. Value judgments can be decisive, continuous, and expressive. Sometimes, a judgment is as simple as declaring that something is noteworthy (“thumbs up” or a favorite.) Other times, you want to know the relative rank or a numeric scale value of something in order to decide how much of your precious resources-attention, time, or money-to dedicate to it. Still other judgments, such as movie reviews or personal testimonials, are less about calculation and more about freeform analysis and opinion. Finally, some judgments, such as “all my friends liked it,” only make sense in a small social context. What about the people and things that we're evaluating? We'll refer to them as reputable entities (that is, people or things capable of accruing reputation) throughout this book. Some entities are better candidates for accruing reputation than others, and we'll give guidance on the best strategies for identifying them. Finally, what kind of information do we mean? Well, almost anything. In a broad sense, if information can be used to judge someone or something, then it informs-in some part-the reputation of that person or thing. In approaching reputation in a formal, systematized way, it's beneficial to think of information in small, discrete units: throughout this book, we'll show that the reputation statement is the building block of any reputation system. So what are Robert and Bill doing? They're exchanging a series of statements about an entity, Harvard. Some of these statements are obvious: “Harvard is expensive,” says Bill. Others are less direct: “Their programs are quite competitive” implies that Robert has in fact compared Harvard to Yale and chosen Harvard. Robert might have said more directly, “For law, Harvard is better than Yale.” These direct and indirect assertions feed into the shared model of Harvard's reputation that Robert and Bill are jointly constructing. We will call an asserted claim like this an explicit reputation statement. Other reputation statements in this story are even less obvious. Consider for a moment Wendy, Robert's daughter-her big news started the whole conversation. While her decision was itself influenced by Harvard's many reputations-as being a fine school, as offering a great law program, as an excellent choice in the Boston area-her actions themselves are a form of reputation statement, too. Wendy applied to Harvard in the first place. And, when accepted, she chose to attend over her other options. This is a very powerful claim type that we call an implicit reputation statement: action taken in relation to an entity. The field of economics calls the idea “revealed preference” : a person's actions speak louder than their words. Any of the following types of information might be considered viable reputation statements: All of these reputation statements-and many more besides-can be generalized in this way: As it turns out, this model may be a little too generalized; some critical elements are left out. For example, as we've already pointed out, these statements are always made in a context. But we'll explore other enhancements in Chapter_2 . For now, the general concepts to get familiar with are source, target, and claim. Here's an example of a reputation statement broken down into its constituent parts. This one happens to be an explicit reputation statement by Bill: Here's another example: an action, which makes an implicit reputation statement about the quality of Harvard. You may be wrestling a bit with the terminology here, particularly the term claim. (“Why, Wendy's not claiming anything,” you might be thinking. “That's simply what she did.” ) It may help to think of it like this: we are going to make the claim-by virtue of watching Wendy's actions-that she believes Harvard is a better choice, for her, than Yale. We are drawing an implicit assumption of quality from her actions. There is another possible reputation statement hiding in here, one with a claim of did-not-choose and a target of Yale. These are obviously two fairly simple examples. And, as we said earlier, our simplified illustration of a reputation statement is omitting some critical elements. Later, we'll revise that illustration and add a little rigor. By what process do these random and disparate reputation statements cohere and become a reputation? In “real life” , it's sometimes hard to say: boundaries and contexts overlap, and impressions get muddied. Often, real-world reputations are no more advanced than irregular, misshapen lumps of collected statements, coalescing to form a haphazard whole. Ask someone, say, “What do you think about Indiana?” Or “George W. Bush?” You're liable to get 10 different answers from 8 different people. It's up to you to keep those claims straight and form cohesive thought from them. Systems for monitoring reputation help to formalize and delineate this process. A (sometimes, but not always) welcome side effect is that reputation systems also end up defining positive reputations, and suggesting exactly how to tell them from negative ones. (See Chap_1-side_negative_positive_reputation ) Next, we'll discuss some real-world reputation systems that govern all of our lives. Then, the remainder of this book proposes a system that accomplishes that very thing for the social web: for the multitude of applications, communities, sites, and social games that might benefit from a reputation-enriched approach, we'll take you-the site designer, developer, or architect-through the following process: Reputation Systems in Three Steps As we've seen, we all use reputation every day to make better decisions about anything from the mundane to choices critical for survival. But the flip side is just as important and pervasive-a multitude of reputation systems currently evaluate you, your performance, and your creations. This effect is also true for the groups that you are a member of: work, professional, social, or congregational. They all have aggregated reputations that you are a part of, and their reputation reflects on you as well. These reputations are often difficult to perceive and sometimes even harder to change. Many of your personal and group reputations are limited in scope: your latest performance evaluation at work is between you, your boss, and the human resources department; the family living on the corner is known for never cutting their grass; the hardware store on Main Street gives a 10% discount to regular customers. These are local reputations that represent much of the fabric that allows neighbors, coworkers, and other small groups to make quick, efficient decisions about where to go, whom to see, and what to do. Local reputation can be highly valuable to those outside of the original context. If the context can be clearly understood and valued by a larger audience, then “surfacing” a local reputation more broadly can create significant real-world value for an entity. For example, assuming a fairly standard definition of a good sushi restaurant, displaying a restaurant's local reputation to visitors can increase the restaurant's business and local tax revenue. This is exactly what the Zagat's guide does-it uses local reputation statements to produce a widely available and profitable reputation system. Note that-even in this example-a reputation system has to create a plethora of categories (or contexts) in order to overcome challenges of aggregating local reputation on the basis of personal taste. In Manhattan, Zagat's lists three types of American cuisine alone: new, regional, and traditional. We will discuss reputation contexts and scope further in Chapter_6 . On the other hand, a corporate performance review would not benefit from broader publication. On the contrary, it is inappropriate, even illegal in some places, to share that type of local reputation in other contexts. Generally, local reputation has the narrowest context, is the easiest to interpret, and is the most malleable. Sources are so few that it is often possible-or even required-to change or rebuild collective local perception. A retailer displaying a banner that reads “Under New Management” is probably attempting to reset his business's reputation with local customers. Likewise, when you change jobs and get a new boss, you usually have to (or get to, depending on how you look at it) start over and rebuild your good worker reputation. When strangers, who do not have access to your local reputation contexts, need to make decisions about you, your stuff, or your communities, they often turn to reputations aggregated in much broader contexts. These global reputations are maintained by external formal entities-often for-profit corporations that typically are constrained by government regulation. Global reputations differ from local ones in one significant way-the sources of the reputation statements do not know the personal circumstances of the target; that is, strangers generate reputation claims for other strangers. You may think, “Why would I listen to strangers' opinions about things I don't yet know how to value?” The answer is simply that a collective opinion is better than ignorance, especially if you are judging the value of the target reputable entity against something precious-such as your time, your health, or your money. Here are some global reputations you may be familiar with: Again, these examples are aggregated from both explicit (what people say) and implicit (what people do) claims. Global reputations exist on such a large scale that they are very powerful tools in otherwise information-poor contexts. In all the examples above, reputation affects the movement of billions of dollars every day. Even seemingly trivial scores such as online movie ratings have so much influence that movie studios have hired professional review writers to pose as regular movie-goers, posting positive ratings early in an attempt to inflate opening weekend attendance figures. This is known in the industry as buzz marketing, and it's but one small example of the pervasive and powerful role that formal reputation systems have assumed in our lives. Credit scores affect every modern person's life at one time or another. A credit score is the global reputation that has the single greatest impact on the economic transactions in your life. Several credit scoring systems and agencies exist in the United States, but the prevalent reputation tool in the world of creditworthiness is the FICO credit score devised by the company Fair Isaac. We'll touch on how the FICO score is determined, how it is used and misused, and how difficult it is to change. The lessons we learn from the FICO score apply nearly verbatim to reputation systems on the Web. The FICO score is based on the following factors (see Figure_1-1 ): (All numbers are approximate.) Like all reputation scores, the FICO score is aggregated from many separate reputation statements. In this case the reputation statements are assertions such as “Randy was 15 days late with his Discover payment last month” , all made by various individual creditors. So, for the score to be correct, the system must be able to identify the target (Randy) consistently and be updated in a timely and accurate way. When new sources (creditors) appear, they must comply with the claim structure and be approved by the scoring agency-a bogus source or bad data can seriously taint the resulting scores. Given these constraints and a carefully tuned formulation, the FICO score may well be a reasonable representation of something we can call creditworthiness. For most of its history of more than 50 years, the FICO score was shrouded in mystery and nearly inaccessible to consumers except when they were opening major credit lines (as in purchasing a home). At the time, this obscurity was considered a benefit. A benefit, that is, to lenders and the scoring agencies-who, in operating a high-fee-per-transaction business, were happy to be talking only with one another. But this lack of transparency meant that an error on your FICO score could go undetected for months-or even years-with potentially deleterious effects on your cash flow: increased interest rates, decreased credit limits, and higher lending fees. However, as it has in most other businesses, the Internet has brought about a reform of sorts in credit scoring. Nowadays you can quickly get a complete credit report or take advantage of a host of features related to it: flags to alert you when others are looking at your credit data, or alarms whenever your score dips or an anomalous reputation statement appears in your file. On employee credit screening: [In the United States] an employer is generally permitted to [perform a credit check], primarily because there is no federal discrimination law that specifically prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of a bad credit report. As access to credit reports has increased, the credit bureaus have kept pace with the trend and have steadily marketed the reports for a growing number of purposes. More and more transaction-based businesses have started using them (primarily the FICO score) for less and less relevant evaluations. In addition to their original purpose-establishing the terms of a credit account-credit reports are now used by landlords for the less common but somewhat relevant purpose of risk mitigation when renting a house or apartment, and by some businesses to run background checks on prospective employees-a legal but unreasonably invasive requirement. Global reputation scores are so powerful and easily accessible that the temptation to apply them outside of their original context is almost irresistible. The rise and spread of the FICO score illustrates what can happen when a reputation that is powerful and ubiquitous in one specific context is used in other, barely related contexts: it transforms the reputation beyond recognition. In this ironic case, your ability to get a job (to make money that will allow you to pay your credit card bills) can be seriously hampered by the fact that your potential boss can determine that you are over your credit limit.. Over the centuries, as human societies became increasingly mobile, people started bumping into one another. Increasingly, we began to interact with complete strangers and our locally acquired knowledge became inadequate for evaluating the trustworthiness of new trading partners and goods. The emergence of various formal and informal reputation systems was necessary and inevitable. These same problems of trust and evaluation are with us today, on the web. Only… more so. The web has no centralized history of reputable transactions and no universal identity model. So we can't simply mimic real-world reputation techniques, where once you find someone (or some group) that you trust in one context, you can transfer that trust to another. On the web, no one knows who you are, or what you've done in the past. There is no multi-context “reputation at large” for users of the web, at least for the vast majority of users. Consider what people today are doing online. Popular social media sites are the product of millions of hands and minds. Around the clock and around the globe, the world is pumping out contributions small and large: full-length features on Vimeo; video shorts on YouTube; entries (not to mention the challenges faced by the users of those sites and communities). Here are just a few of them. “An approach to the management of information that treats human attention as a scarce commodity” -Wikipedia If there ever was any question that we live in an attention economy, YouTube has put a definitive end to it. According to YouTube's own data, “every minute, 10 hours of video is uploaded to YouTube.” That's over 14,000 hours of video each and every day. If you started watching just today's YouTube contributions nonstop and end to end, you'd be watching for the next 40 years. That's a lot of sneezing pandas! Clearly, no one has the time to personally sift through the massive amount of material uploaded to YouTube. This situation is a problem for all concerned. Sturgeon's Law: Ninety percent of everything is crud. Even in contexts where attention is abundant and the sheer volume of user-generated content is not an issue, there is the simple fact that much of what's contributed just may not be that good. Filtering and sorting the best and most relevant content is what web search engines such as Google are all about. Sorting the wheat from the chaff is a multibillion dollar industry. The great content (see Figure_1-2 ) typically is identified by reputation systems, by local site editors, or by a combination of the two, and it is often featured, promoted, highlighted, or rewarded. The primary goal of a social media site should be to make user-generated content of good quality constitute the bulk of what users interact with regularly. To reach that goal, user incentive reputation systems are often combined with content quality evaluation schemes.. Of course, content on your site does not just appear, fully formed, like Athena from the forehead of Zeus. No, we call it user-generated content for a reason. And any good reputation system must consider this critical element-the people who power it-before almost any other consideration. Visitors to your site will come for a variety of reasons, and each will arrive prearmed with his or her own motivations, goals, and prejudices. On a truly successful social media site, it may be impossible to generalize about those factors. But it does help to consider the following guidelines, no matter what your particular community and context may be. Again, individual motivations can be tricky-in a community of millions like the Web, you'll have as many motivating factors as users (if not more-people are a conflicted lot). But be prepared, at least, to anticipate your contributors' motivations and desires. Will people come to your site and post great content because . . .. Not everyone in your community will be a top contributor. This is perfectly natural, expected, and-yes-even desired. Bradley Horowitz (Vice President of Product at Google) makes a distinction among creators, synthesizers, and consumers (see Figure_1-3 and speculates on the relative percentages of each that you'll find in a given community. Again, understanding the roles that members of a community naturally fall into will help you formulate a reputation system that enhances this community dynamic (rather than fight against it). A thoughtful reputation system can help you reward users at all levels of participation and encourage users to move continually toward higher levels of participation without ever discouraging those who are comfortable simply being site consumers. And then there are the bad guys. Not every actor in your community has noble intentions. Attention as a big motivator for some community participants. Unfortunately, for some participants-known as trolls-that crassest of motivations is the only one that really matters. Trolls are after your attention, plain and simple, and unfortunately will stoop to any behavioral ploy to get it. But, luckily, trolls can be deterred (often with only a modicum of effort, when that effort is directed in the right way.) A (by far) more persistent and methodical group of problem users will have a financial motive: spammers-if your application is successful-will want to reach your audience and will create robots that abuse your content creation tools to do it. But when given too much prominence, almost any motivation can lead to bad behavior that transgresses the values of the larger community. Negative reputation systems are important for saving costs and keeping virtual neighborhoods garbage free, but their chief value is generally seen as cost reduction. For example, a virtual army of robots keeps watch over controversial Wikipedia pages and automatically reverts obvious abuse to articles nearly instantaneously-a task that would cost millions of dollars a year if paid human moderators had to perform it. Like a town's police force, negative reputation systems are often necessary, but they don't actually make things more attractive to visitors. Where reputation systems really add value to a site's bottom line is by focusing on identifying the very best user-generated content and offering incentives to users for creating it. Surfacing the best content creates a virtuous circleFigure_1-4 : consumers of content visit a site and link to it because it has the best content, and the creators of that content share their best stuff on that site because all the consumers go there. Reputation systems are the underlying mechanisms behind some of the best-known consumer websites. For example: User-generated sites and online games of all shapes and sizes face common challenges. Even fairly intimate community sites struggle with the same issues as large sites. Regardless of the media types on a site or the audience a site is intended for, once a reputation system hits a certain threshold of community engagement and contribution, these problems are likely to affect it: Fortunately, a well-considered strategy for employing reputation systems on your site can help you make headway on all of these problems. A reputation system compensates for an individual's scarcest resource-his or her attention-by substituting a community's greatest asset: collective energy. Sites with applications that skillfully manage reputations (both of the site's contributors and of their contributions) will prosper. Sites on which the reputation of users and content is ignored or addressed in only the crudest or most reactive way do so at their own peril. Those sites will see the quality of their content sag and participation levels falter, and will themselves earn a reputation as places to avoid. This book will help you understand, in detail, how reputation systems work and give you the tools you need to apply that knowledge to your site, game, or application. It will help you see how to create your own virtuous circle, producing real value to you and your community. It will also help you design and develop systems to reduce the costs of moderating abuse, especially by putting much of the power back into the hands of your most ardent users. We have limited our examination of reputation systems to context-aggregated reputations, and therefore we will only lightly touch on several reputation-related subjects. Each of these subjects is covered in detail in other reference works or academic papers, see Appendix_B for references to these works. Links to Related Subjects We will not be addressing personal or corporate identity reputation management services, such as SEO, Web PR, or trademark-monitoring. These are techniques to track and manipulate the very online reputation systems described in this book. We've demonstrated that reputation is everywhere and it brings structure to chaos by allowing us to proxy trust when making day-to-day decisions. Therefore reputation is critical for capturing value on the web, where everything and everybody is reduced to a set of digital identifiers and database records. We demonstrated that all reputation exists in a context. There is no overall web trust reputation-nor should there be. The abuses of the FICO credit score serve well as examples of the dangers therein. Now that we've named this domain and limited it's scope, we next seek to understand the nature of the currently existing examples-successes and failures-to help create both derivative and original reputation systems for new and existing applications. In order to talk consistently about these systems we started to define a formal grammar, starting with The Reputation Statement as its core element. The remainder of this book builds on this premise, starting with Chapter_2 , which provides the formal definition of our graphical reputation system grammar. This foundation is used throughout the remainder of the book, and is recommended for all readers.

Book Volume 1 Contributors Page: iii-v (3) Author: Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui Acknowledgements Page: vi-vi (1) Author: Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid-derived Lipid Mediators in Brain Page: 1-9 (9) Author: Akhlaq A. Farooqui PDF Price: $15 Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid are major polyunsaturated fatty acids in neural membrane glycerophospholipids. Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid are metabolically and functionally distinct molecules that have opposing physiological functions. Docosahexaenoic acid is metabolized to docosanoids, whereas arachidonic acid is metabolized to eicosanoids. Like their precursors, docosanoids and eicosanoids are different types of lipid mediators, which play important and opposing roles in modulating inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, neuroprotection, and neurodegeneration. Increase in levels of eicosanoids occurs in acute neural trauma (stroke and traumatic injury to brain and spinal cord) and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and Huntington disease), whereas consumption of DHA increases levels of docosanoids, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Synthesis of docosanoids is an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism against acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochemical Aspects of Inflammation in Brain Page: 10-22 (13) Author: Akhlaq A. Farooqui PDF Price: $15 Abstract Neuroinflammation is a host defense mechanism involved in restoration of normal neural cell function. Most major CNS diseases are characterized by neuroinflammation. Following brain injury, microglial cells are activated and initiate a rapid response, which involves cell migration, proliferation, release of cytokines/ chemokines and trophic and/or toxic effects. Cytokines/chemokines mediate the stimulation of phospholipases A2 and cyclooxygenases. Stimulation of these enzymes results in breakdown of membrane glycerophospholipids with release of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Oxidation of arachidonic acid produces proinflammatory eicosanoids. Lyso-glycerophospholipids, the other products of reactions catalyzed by phospholipase A2, are converted to pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor. Eicosanoids and platelet activating factor intensify neuroinflammation. Lipoxin, an oxidized product of arachidonic acid through 5-lipoxygenase, is involved in resolution of inflammation and is anti-inflammatory. Docosahexaenoic acid is metabolized to resolvins and neuroprotectins. These lipid mediators retard the generation of eicosanoids. Levels of eicosanoids are markedly increased in many neurological disorders. Docosahexaenoic acid and its oxidized products retard neuroinflammation by inhibiting transcription factor NF-κB, preventing cytokine secretion, blocking the synthesis of eicosanoids, and modulating leukocyte trafficking. Depending on its timing and magnitude in brain tissue, inflammation serves multiple purposes. It is involved in protection of uninjured neurons and removal of degenerating neuronal debris and also in assisting repair and recovery processes. The dietary ratio of arachidonic acid to docosahexaenoic acid modulates inflammation in acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Increase in dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid offers the possibility of counterbalancing the harmful effects of high levels of arachidonic acid-derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Suitable Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases Page: 23-38 (16) Author: Fabio Coppedea and Lucia Miglioreb PDF Price: $15 Abstract Free radicals have been implicated and considered as associated risk factors for a variety of human disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, although it is not yet clear whether oxidative stress acts as a causative agent of neuronal degeneration. In human tissues, a condition of oxidative stress can be revealed through searching for specific biomarkers of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Markers of oxidative damage to lipids include 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and isoprostanes, and thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances. Protein carbonyls and protein nitration are common markers of oxidative damage to proteins. The levels of 8-hydroxyguanine, or alternatively 8-hydroxy-2’- deoxyguanosine, can be measured in brain specimens, blood and urines, and are commonly used as a marker of oxidative DNA damage. Besides DNA a growing body of evidence indicates that also RNA undergoes oxidative damage. Studies have been performed also on markers of antioxidant defence such as oxidative modifications of plasma proteins, the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant defence (superoxide dismutase and catalase), the levels and the activity of proteins involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage and the state of components of blood glutathione system. Significant biological changes related to a condition of oxidative stress have been found not only in brain tissues but also in biological fluids such as urine, peripheral blood or cerebrospinal fluid, and in peripheral tissues such as blood cells and fibroblasts of individuals affected by Alzheimer’s disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Kainic Acid-Mediated Neural Cell Death in Brain: Interplay Among Glycerophospholipid-, Sphingolipid-, and Cholesterol-Derived Lipid Mediators Page: 39-49 (11) Author: Wei-Yi Ong and Akhlaq A. Farooqui PDF Price: $15 Abstract In addition to integral proteins, neural membranes are composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol, which provide membranes with structural integrity (suitable stability, fluidity, and permeability). Kainic acid (KA), an excitotoxin, markedly upregulates glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol metabolism resulting not only in loss of essential lipids and inducing changes in neural membrane fluidity and permeability, but also in elevations in glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, and cholesterol-derived lipid mediators. These processes result in depolarization, sustained increase in Ca2+ and stimulation of Ca2+-dependent enzymes including PLA2, PLC, nitric oxide synthase, calpains, and endonucleases. Sustained stimulation of these enzymes, generation, and interplay among glycerophospholipid-, sphingolipid-, and cholesterol-derived lipid mediators along with mitochondrial dysfunction, decrease in ATP levels, changes in redox status of neural cell may be responsible for neurodegeneration through apoptosis and necrosis in KA-mediated neurotoxicity. Other KAmediated neurochemical changes include synaptic reorganization associated with recapitulation of hippocampal development and synaptogenesis following KA-induced seizures. Association of Mitochondrial Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Hypoxia Page: 50-61 (12) Author: Cristina Carvalho, Sonia C. Correia, Renato X. Santos, Susana Cardoso, Paula I. Moreira, Xiongwei Zhu, Mark A. Smith and George Perry PDF Price: $15 Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases, particularly those associated with aging such as Alzheimer’s disease, represent a significant public health concern. The development of effective treatments is, however, hindered by the complex, multigenic nature of these diseases and by their poorly understood molecular pathophysiology. Mitochondria seem to play a primary role in neurodegeneration, due to the high energy demand of the brain. These organelles are the main producers of energy through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and host a high number of biochemical pathways including those involved in storage and maintenance of intracellular calcium levels, cellular homeostasis and survival pathways. However, mitochondria are a double edge sword. In the presence of certain oxidative stimuli, for instance, when oxygen demand exceeds supply (hypoxia), mitochondria can activate several death pathways. Indeed, hypoxia has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. Current knowledge supports the idea that during hypoxic events mitochondrial complex III produces high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a key role in the regulation of the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1 that triggers several death effectors. In this chapter we will discuss the involvement of mitochondria in AD putting focus on the mitochondrial pathways activated by hypoxia, which could eventually lead neurodegenerative events. Dopamine-Mediated Oxidative Stress Associated with Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease Page: 62-71 (10) Author: Tahira Farooqui PDF Price: $15 Abstract Dopamine-mediated neurotoxicity has been speculated as a potential contribution to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD), including a diffuse protein aggregation pathology but relatively selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The dopamine-mediated oxidative stress, produced by dopamine oxidation resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive dopamine quinones, is hypothesized to be the key event in the specific cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD and neurotoxininduced parkinsonism. The cytotoxity in dopaminergic neurons occurs primarily due to the generation of highly reactive cyclized O-quinones, which damage mitochondia by opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, leading to cell death. These toxic quinones conjugate with several key PD pathogenic molecules, such as tyrosine hydroxylase, a-synuclein and parkin, forming a complex of protein-bound-quinone (quinoprotein), consequently inhibiting enzyme/protein function. Furthermore, cyclized dopamine quinones also inhibit proteasome activity, resulting in protein aggregation that may facilitate Lewy body formation in PD. Dopamine quinone formation is also closely linked to other representative hypotheses for PD. However, reductants such as glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) may protect dopaminergic neurons from dopamineinduced toxicity or by various other biochemical insults associated with PD. The chaperone heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) reduces protein misfolding and aggregation in cells, implicating its protective role against a variety of insults including oxidative stress. There are several pathogenic mechanisms possibly involved with death of dopaminergic neurons, but this overview focuses on dopamine-mediated oxidative stress that may contribute to selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Contribution of Complement in Neurodegenerative and Neuroinflammatory Diseases Page: 72-89 (18) Author: Annapurna Nayak, Uday Kishore and DM Bonifati PDF Price: $15 Abstract The complement system is a powerful and vital component of the innate immune system that plays a dual role in neurodegenerative diseases. When present at an optimum level in the normal brain, the complement system plays a neuroprotective role as it is involved in a number of processes like clearance of apoptotic cells, opsonisation of pathogens,etc. However factors such as oxidative stress and age can modify this protective ability can lead to chronic inflammation resulting in neurodegeneration. In a diseased brain, aggregated polypeptides can potentially present their different charge patterns to C1q, which is a vital charge pattern recognition molecule of the complement system. Consequently activation of complement leads to microglial activation which in turn leads to defective clearance of the aggregated polypeptides by macrophages leading to chronic inflammation, especially in age-related neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). The current article aims at discussing the role of the complement system (especially C1q) and its consequences in initiation/progression in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyloid-associated dementias (Alzheimer’s disease, Down’s syndrome), non-amyloid associated dementia (Familial dementia, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease) and pathogen-induced dementia (prion diseases). Evidences point towards the existence of an over-activated complement system in a diseased brain can directly or indirectly lead to neuroinflammation which subsequently leads to neurodegeneration, the effects of which are manifested through the various clinical signs and symptoms. As C1q is the initiation molecule of the classical pathway, C1q-inhibitors that down regulate the complement cascade without negatively affecting the protective functions of complement can pave way for potential future immunotherapeutic approaches. The Roles of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) and its Related Signaling and Metabolism in Neurological Diseases Page: 90-101 (12) Author: Yutaka Hirashima PDF Price: $15 Abstract Platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero- 3-phosphocholine) displays a variety of biological activities in the nervous system. It has been suggested that PAF plays important roles in neuronal physiological function via activation of its specific membranes receptors. Under certain pathological conditions, PAF acts as a potent mediator of leukocyte functions, platelet aggregation, pro-inflammatory signaling and others. Therefore, PAF has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuronal diseases such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, chronic subdural hematoma after head injury, brain tumor and associated brain edema, dementia due to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Prion diseases, and HIV-1-associated dementia. PAF is synthesized in platelet, monocytes/macrophage, neutrophils and endothelial cells in response to physiological and pathological stimuli through the de novo and remodeling pathways from cellular membrane phospholipids. PAF is thought to be a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic mediator and also causes direct damage to neuronal cells. At least three types of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) have been identified in mammals, i.e., intracellular type I and II, and a plasma type. The type I PAF-AH hydrolyzes the sn-2 ester bound in PAF-like phospholipids with a marked preference for very short acyl chains, typically acetyl bound. On the other hand, the type II PAF-AH has its substrate specificity similar to the plasma PAF-AH. Both PAFAHs hydrolyze phospholipids with short to medium length sn-2 acyl chains including truncated ones derived from oxidative cleavage of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups. With respect to atherosclerosis it is not fully understood whether this enzyme plays an anti-atherogenic role or pro-atherogenic role. In this review, the roles of PAF, its signaling and related metabolism including PAH-AHs in a variety of pathological conditions in the central nervous system are discussed. Novel Mechanism for Oxidative Stress in Neurodevelopmental Pathophysiology and Course of Schizophrenia Page: 102-120 (19) Author: Anvita Kale, Sadhana R. Joshi and Sahebarao P. Mahadik PDF Price: $15 Abstract Role of oxidative stress and oxidative cellular deficits have been considered for a long time in the etiopathogenesis as well as in course and treatment outcome of schizophrenia. A large number of reviews and monograms have been published primarily on altered levels of indices of oxidative stress and oxidative cell injury in mostly chronic medicated patients and few in drug naïve early psychotic patients. However, since schizophrenia is now generally considered to have neurodevelopmental deficits that most likely start in utero it is important to have a specific mechanism that can trigger the oxidative stress at the critical developmental time. This lack of information has limited the success in developing effective treatment strategies in amelioration of oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage and improved neurodevelopment and consequent clinical outcome. Furthermore, chronic use of the major antipsychotics worsens the oxidative cellular damage and contributes to the poor clinical outcome by increased negative symptoms and the cognitive and motor deficits. We have here presented a hypothesis that states as, the altered metabolism of key maternal nutrients such as folic acid and B12 and omega-3 fatty acids synergistically will trigger the oxidative stress which will alter the early foetal neurodevelopment and alter later in life the cognitive deficits and psychosis key behavioural symptomatology of schizophrenia. The altered metabolism of these maternal nutrients will contribute to the altered one carbon metabolism leading to increased homocysteine and reduced expression of antioxidant enzyme genes and neurotrophic factors by altered chromatin methylation (epigenesis) that contribute to increased oxidative stress. This novel mechanism will also explain the role of a large number of genetic (e.g., altered expression of antioxidant enzymes and neurotrophins) and environmental (e.g., maternal use of alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, under- and mal-nutrition, and socioeconomic stressors) risk factors reported for etiopathogenesis and course of schizophrenia since all of these risk factors trigger the oxidative stress and cellular oxidative damage such as reported in schizophrenia with and without treatment with antipsychotics. Finally, the mechanism based on altered micronutrients may provide effective specific nutritional supplementation strategies for prevention of oxidative stress-mediated pathologies associated with onset of schizophrenia as well as its improved clinical outcome by conventional treatments. Neuroprotective Actions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Particular Reference to Alzheimer’s Disease Page: 121-131 (11) Author: Undurti N Das PDF Price: $15 Abstract Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are of benefit in Alzheimer’s disease by virtue of their anti-inflammatory actions, ability to modulate neural function, including neurotransmission, membrane fluidity, ion channel, enzyme regulation and gene expression. EPA, DHA, and ω-6 arachidonic acid (AA) form precursors to anti-inflammatory compounds: lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins that suppress leukocyte migration and activation, inhibit NF-κB activation, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, free radical generation, and enhance endothelial nitric oxide generation and augment the healing process. In animal models, the protective action of EPA and DHA against Alzheimer’s disease correlated with increased formation of lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins. EPA, DHA and AA stimulate neurite outgrowth by activating syntaxin 3 that is specifically involved in fast calcium-triggered exocytosis of neurotransmitters. that facilitates neurite outgrowth. These results imply that EPA, DHA, and AA when given in optimal amounts are of benefit in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. PUFAs enhance the concentrations of neurotrophic factors in the brain that may provide additional protection to neurons. Thus, PUFAs by themselves or their stable synthetic analogues could be of benefit in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Future Perspective: Directions for Future Development on Various Aspects of Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Neurological Disorders Page: 132-139 (8) Author: Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui PDF Price: $15 Abstract Neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic diseases is accompanied by excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These processes lead to the generation of lipid mediators. The intensity of cross talk among lipid mediators dictates the rate of neurodegeneration in above neurological diseases. In neurodegenerative diseases cell death occurs slowly (months to years), where as in neurotraumatic diseases, neurodegeneration occurs rapidly (minutes to hours) through necrosis at the core of injury, whereas in penumbral region neurons undergo delayed neurodegeneration through apoptosis. Presence of lipid mediators in biological fluids can be used for the diagnosis of above neurological disorders. Introduction. Indexed In Scopus, Chemical Abstracts, EBSCO.

I just had a chance to watch an advance copy of the new PBS film The Amish: Shunned. I’ve never been, and never will be, an excommunicated Amish person, and so don’t know what that’s like. But I’ve heard enough stories from both sides to know that it can’t be easy. That’s why I was curious about this film. I think this is a difficult subject to do a film about, for various reasons, including doing justice to both the Amish and former Amish perspectives. That’s why I was pleasantly–surprised is not the right word, as PBS and writer/director/producer Callie Wiser have a track record with their previous film–let’s just say pleased to see what the film achieves. Having now viewed it twice, I can share a little bit about it. First I will say that The Amish: Shunned carries a number of the positive elements of the first PBS film on the Amish in 2012, including beautiful cinematography and significant Amish participation. Missing in this one are the expert voices explaining the Amish, which is an interesting choice. This leaves it to each side to tell their story without interpretation by an academic speaker. The film thus feels a bit more raw, though that’s not necessarily a bad thing. You are getting former Amish people’s first-person stories, and whether or not you think the Amish system of church discipline is a good or bad thing, you can see these people have been through difficult experiences. You can also see they are conflicted. Most seem to miss what they’ve left behind even when balanced against the excitement and fulfillment some of them are finding in their new lives. Some of the descriptions of the excommunicated individuals present a harsh picture of their Amish families and churches. For instance, one speaker says that his father told him that if he didn’t return, he’d “cut you off forever”. Fear of dying and going to hell arises more than once. The Amish people they are talking about are not there to rebut or confirm what they say. But Amish voices do appear interspersed throughout the film, giving the general Amish perspective. Three points on “The Amish: Shunned” There are a lot of things one could discuss about this film, but I wanted to touch on three: 1. Freedom vs. Family. As mentioned previously, the film’s “Your Freedom or Your Family” tagline jumped out at me in the original clip. It seemed a particularly bleak way to paint it–for the implication that if you choose the Amish, you forgo freedom in the captivity of Amish society. But for the former Amish participants here, that picture may be close to the mark. Some speakers emphasize the freedom aspect of their decisions. Particularly given their highly traditional backgrounds, the contrasts between Amish life and non-Amish life must have been stark. The film’s Amish speakers also have a chance to discuss freedom. One Amish woman suggests that if you know and respect your boundaries, “it brings a freedom”. Another challenges the formula for happiness of “maximiz[ing] our pleasure and minimiz[ing] our pain”. Home is a huge part of this film. A number of the former Amish suffer from lack of home. Their freedom has been achieved by sacrifice of things they hold dear, like a close relationship with family. Leaving aside the question of how much freedom may be found within and without the Amish, there is a trade-off involved in choosing to be Amish. Though if you’re raised in the society, it may feel like less of a trade-off than if you are someone who joins the Amish. 2. Edwards Family. Which brings us to our next topic. The story of the Edwards is one you may not have heard much of before, though they have appeared in at least one other national news program. The Edwards family, including mother Jan and son Paul, joined the Swartzentruber Amish in Ohio in the 1980s. As Paul admits at one point, “we had no idea what it meant to be Amish”. Though Paul even rises to a position of church leadership, things don’t work out for the family. Their story provides an interesting alternative example, of people who came from the outside, joined the most conservative Amish of all, and are now back outside the church. 3. Balance. How balanced will this be? was a question raised in our previous post. The film features seven former Amish: Anna, Saloma, Naomi, Levi, Joe, Jan, and Paul. There are about the same number of individual Amish voices interspersed among the former Amish stories. However, and as you might expect, there is a lot more speaking and screen time alloted to the former Amish. I counted a total of eight Amish speaking segments, of maybe a few minutes each. But it actually feels a lot more balanced than this might suggest, for a few reasons. Probably the least important reason, though still worth mentioning, is that much of the imagery is of scenes from everyday Amish life. Like the first film, this film is beautifully shot. These attractive and sometimes moving images of Amish families going about daily life do some of the “speaking” for the Amish. Another, more consequential, reason is that the Amish commentary feels more focused–in each segment the Amish perspective on faith, family, and church order is given, concisely and often powerfully by a male or female Amish speaker. Finally, the former Amish voices are not unsympathetic to their Amish pasts. They are still drawn to their former communities, and you can tell in many cases appreciate what they have left behind. On more than one occasion they actually articulate a number of positive reasons why someone might wish to remain Amish. For the most part, they don’t seem so much bitter as aware of loss, while resolved to their current paths. Watch The Amish: Shunned This is not an academic treatment of shunning, but like the first PBS film on the Amish, there is a strong experiential element. You’re hearing seven people’s highly personal stories, and it goes without saying that people have different experiences. Of the seven whose stories are featured, it looks like four or five are from a highly conservative, mostly Swartzentruber Amish, background. All things being equal the people from the most traditional Amish backgrounds are probably the ones who are going to have the more vivid and painful experiences, for reasons including a greater gap between cultures and the stricter form of shunning typically practiced in those churches. To learn more about Amish faith I would still seek information in other sources including reading about it. But I think this film does a very nice job of presenting the general Amish perspective against a collection of former Amish stories, which though they may not represent every former Amish person’s experience, deserve to be heard. Those stories can be very moving, and in particular the final scene of the film. Even if you find your sympathies, for whatever reason, already lie with one side or the other, I’d definitely watch this film if you get the chance. The Amish: Shunned – New Preview Clip We have been given a new preview clip by PBS. In it, an Amish man talks about his time away from the Amish, and both the enticements and drawbacks of life in the city. He also shares the powerful tale of another man’s journey away from and back to his community. The film airs in full on Tuesday, February 4th at 9pm. You might also like: In reading this post and seeing the video clip, I look forward to watching The Amish: Shunned”. Katie Troyer, Miah liebe dich…! Been Waiting I’ll be looking forward to it! Erik, Thanks for the interesting review. You, of all people, would understand both sides of the issue. I wasn’t sure if it was going to be another “Reality” nightmare or if it was something we’d all get something from. I look forward to seeing this, as PBS seems to do pretty well overall with their productions. I hope we can (as a website family) discuss this at a later point. G. As an outsider I don’t know that I can understand both sides more than in an abstract way, but I appreciate the comment Galen. The film is very professionally done and definitely not “reality” in the pejorative sense. And yes I think we’ll have another post which will give a chance to comment after people have seen it. Im looking forward to seeing both of these shows.. If anyone else can not find a listing for the show, try doing a search for “American Experience”. This is how it is listed on U-Verse here in NE Ohio. That is how I finally was able to find it in my TV listings and set to record it. It had listings for both “The Amish” shows.. so I’m recording both so I can have myself a nice tv watching day. Here’s a link to the first film, viewable in full on PBS’s website (may or may not be viewable outside the US): Unfortunately not viewable in Belgium, so I’m guessing also in other countries outside the US. After reading the review above, I’m curious and want to watch it though (both). I’ll have to look for it when I have the time and hope I can find a way to watch it. Thanks for posting that link, Erik. It is an educational and thought provoking documentary of the Amish. Thanks for posting that link, Erik. It is an educational and thought provoking documentary of the Amish, two hours l I am very interested to watch this show. After researching and reading about the Amish culture and beliefs I changed my opinion of their practice of shunning. Unfortunately many people who see this will focus on the seemingly negative stories and not take the time to research and understand yet another way of life different from their own. Or, to realize that each persons experience of the same and/or interpretation of a doctrine is different. I look forward to the discussion of this program. what The bible say about shunning Please read The American Experience–The Amish was just on 2 nights ago, and my children (11, 9, 8, 5) asked if they could watch it (we have strict rules on what they can and cannot watched). After giving my consent, they rushed into the living room and turned the TV on. They were completely fascinated by the show. Whenever words would pop up on the screen, my oldest would quickly read it for the youngest, so she could follow along. I’m planning to DVR The Amish–Shunned, watch it then let my children see it if they want too. Thanks for the review Erik! The Amish Shunned I always look forward to programs on the Amish, I look forward to this one as well. WOW! Thanks for sharing this Erik. I can’t wait to see it. The story of the family who joined the Amish, to leave later, will be of special interest to my family. But I must say, the closing story of this clip resonates with me, and reminds me of what Ed saw in the lives of the Amish. Family life, simple and the way God meant it to be lived (though in a fallen world) seems to be what they will show in an artful and beautiful way. Can’t wait to see it, thanks again! Related Book For those of you who watch the documentary and become interested to find out more about the experiences of one of the women who is featured: you can read Saloma Miller Furlong’s story in Bonnet Strings: An Amish Woman’s Ties to Two Worlds. The book is available here:. The book you mentioned I want to thank you very much for telling us about the book! I just watched the second show this morning and felt a little let down. I shall look for this book now! As for the show itself (both) I was wary of watching at first as I have been totally upset over some recent reality shows and was worried that this would be the same! I am glad now that I got to watch them as I feel they were much more respectful in these shows. There is so much good in the Amish lifestyle and I’ve been unhappy about the other shows! PBS did a wonderful job overall and I’m now happy to find that book you mentioned to read more! In closing, another very respectful book I have treasured over the years is titled “Roseanna Of The Amish” it is based on a true story! The gentleman who wrote it is her son or grandson so it’s true! There was a sequel to it years ago which I also read but have since lost sad to say as it’s not in print anymore! Thank you again! Roseanna of the Amish here are quite a few copies on Ebay if you are interested… Show When is the show on? The Amish: Shunned air time Tuesday, Feb 4, 9-11pm EST on PBS. Shunning seems like bullying I’m looking forward to this program, but right now, let me just say this: we have a grandson with autism. His school is trying to mainstream him as much as possible, but he is ignored by the other kids because he is different. To put it another way, he is being shunned. His grandfather saw this at once for what it is: he said, this is bullying. to forsythia I was a special person in school if you know what I mean I was just a bad kid not want to learn after that No kids would talk to me and just stared at me One kid told me that the teacher told them I was to Dum to be with other. I THINK THE REASON the kids didn’t want to talk to me is they don’t want others to make fun of them. Yes I was SHUNN For Guy Kids can be mean, and I am sorry kids were mean to you. I think you’re right about the reason–they didn’t want to be made fun of too, so they kept their distance from you. Sometimes there’s a kid with the strong personality who does not go along with the others and refuses to be mean to anyone. I wish there was a way to encourage more kids to be brave like that. I am sorry for your suffering. I’m sorry for your grandson’s suffering, but please understand that many children are probably not trying to hurt or shun him. Young children have a hard time playing with one another under the best of circumstances at sometimes, for them, trying to play with a non neuro-typical child can be scary. Perhaps their school can do more to teach their students what autism is and how to interact in a good way with autistic children. My own children have come home with what they explain as “scary” stories about what autistic children have done in their classrooms. We talk about these and how they can be kind and interact with their autistic classmates, but because I don’t know these children, or where they are on the spectrum, the best I can help them with is basic kindness. I hope your grandson will find friends who love him and understand him, but pegging all children as “bullies” because they haven’t been able to to negotiate and engage with a child who may interact very differently (because, perhaps, of fear) is not necessarily intentional cruelty. To Annette Thank you for your kinds words. My grandson’s public school is a good school, with a program for kids on the autism spectrum who come from the northern part of the county. His “team” is trying to address the problem and I have to give them credit for that. One contributing factor could be that he is the only one from the autism homeroom who is more or less mainstreamed in the 5th grade math, science, social studies and language arts classes. This sets him apart, as he comes in from his homeroom and returns there at the end of the day. He has only gradually this year worked up to staying in the mainstream classes for most of the hour. Last year, he could tolerate only about 20 minutes per class, so he is making progress. There Is a Difference Forsythia: I must say that other children deliberately avoiding your grandson is bullying, and should NOT be tolerated. However, this is not religous shunning. The Bible talks on shunning: helps to minimize strife in church (and thus community) life. To KJV Conservative Thanks for pointing out the difference between bullying and religious shunning. I hadn’t thought of that. Years ago, Mom became friends with an Old Order Amish woman who cleaned her house once a week. The woman’s husband had smoked since youth. The day came when Mom’s friend was told by the man/men in authority that she should shun her husband by refusing to eat with him during meals. Mom’s friend said, “I am not shunning anybody.” After the family moved to Indiana, they became New Order Amish. When Mom was 99 and very near the end of her life, her old friend–who had traveled a great distance to attend a wedding–went out of her way to pay Mom a visit. SHe had her Mennonite friends drop her off at our house, where Mom now lived. “E” rang the doorbell at 8 AM. She spent an hour with Mom, talking over old times. I will always remember “E” for her kindness. Shunned Thanks for the post Erik, looking forward to seeing the broadcast. Even more interesting will be the discussions after the show and how each of us interpreted what we saw. Keep up the good work Erik, I always look forward to your posts ! Glad to hear this Brad and everyone else who commented. We’ll have another post up that day for comments from those who’ve viewed it and want to share thoughts. Also, here is an interview from yesterday’s Plain Dealer with Don Kraybill with some comments on shunning in general & other topics. One of the questions he was asked: How do we know that there’s truth in the often-cited figure that 90 percent of the Amish don’t leave the church? Church records. In Geauga alone, there is a 600-page directory of families that includes members and those who left. The number that stays Amish fluctuates by group. In one group it could be 60 percent; in another, 95 percent. Ninety percent is the gross national average. The Swartzentrubers have the higher retention, and, ironically, they’re the most conservative. The “new order” in Holmes has a lower retention rate. The closer you are to the outside world, the easier it is to step over the line. One question about pre-baptized kids . . . I live in the heart of Indiana’s Amish country, but like most of the “English” I have no Amish friends. Certainly I have interacted with the Amish, and have had professional relationships with people who grew up in an Amish family but have not lived an Amish life in many years. In that kind of environment, some things one just picks up by osmosis, but I don’t always know how accurate such ideas are. Can someone tell me if this is correct: I am under the impression that if a young person chooses to leave Amish life BEFORE being baptized, that person is not shunned, and can have relatively normal, if somewhat awkward, relationships with their family; they never were Amish, technically, so they have not “left” the church. The problem is if they leave after baptism. Is that correct, or perhaps correct for some communities and not others? Trish what you describe is how it is supposed to work, though it’s my understanding that sometimes relationships may be more awkward than in others. I guess we have one example of that in this film with Levi, who was actually not baptized as Callie shared in the Q and A. Amish Shunning Just like there are English and there are English, and there is a wide spectrum of ways between them, so are the Amish. You cannot compare the Swartzentruber ways with the New Order ways because they are so varied. I do wish that when people did videos and wrote articles about the Amish that they would distinguish them as being a particular Amish and not lump them all together. I have been witness to Amish whose District has relaxed the shunning rules, and yet viewing the shunning video one would believe that all shunned Amish were treated as many of those in the video and never brought back to family life again. I just watched this. I need to process my thoughts so that I don’t sound rude or insensitive to anyone involved (I believe Saloma reads and replies to Amish America, for instance) or anyone who has a similar situation. I just wanted to tell you that I did sit down and watched this film.

Article Text question of whether the inhibition of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha may increase the risk of malignant disease is still a matter of controversy.1 Our previous aggregate data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) using anti-TNF antibodies for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) showed a significantly increased risk of malignancy in anti-TNF antibody-treated patients compared with control patients.2 3 Etanercept, a fusion protein that is able to bind TNF and is also used in the treatment of RA, was deliberately excluded from this analysis due to differences in its molecular structure and mechanism of action within the anti-TNF class.4 Etanercept is an anti-TNF receptor fusion protein with unique properties that distinguish it from the anti-TNF antibodies infliximab and adalimumab. In contrast to anti-TNF antibodies, etanercept also neutralises lymphotoxin alpha, which has been associated with tumour growth control independent of TNF activity.5 6 The observation that etanercept is not beneficial in Crohn’s disease7 while anti-TNF antibodies are,8 9 suggests distinct biological properties of the two classes of anti-TNF treatment. The potential for assessing the safety of etanercept based on single RCT in RA is limited. These trials are valuable tools to assess a drug’s efficacy but are limited in their assessment of safety. The sample size chosen on the basis of expected efficacy is usually insufficient to detect potential differences in sparse adverse events between treatment arms. Although observational studies offer a valuable approach to assess the risks of approved drugs, widespread use of a drug after approval for a significant amount of time is required to generate data that can be used for analysis. In addition, selection bias may be a limitation to safety assessments based on observational data.10 Meta-analyses of RCT, in contrast, may reveal important safety signals early and mitigate the effect of selection bias.11 12 We sought to explore further a potential association between anti-TNF therapy and malignancies by performing a systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of RCT using etanercept in patients with RA. METHODS This study was performed according to a protocol that prespecified study selection, eligibility criteria, data extraction and statistical analysis. The methodology was developed according to Cochrane collaboration guidelines () and the manuscript was prepared in accordance with the QUOROM13 statement. Search strategy Our search strategy was divided into two major steps: the first step included an electronic database review performed by a librarian who was blinded to the study hypothesis. EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched from inception to December 2006 for RCT of etanercept in patients with RA, using the keyword terms: “arthritis rheumatoid”; “etanercept”; “Enbrel”; “tumour necrosis factor fusion protein”; “randomised controlled trial”; “random allocation”; “clinical trials phase II”; “clinical trials phase III”; “clinical trials phase IV”. The second step encompassed direct communication with the manufacturers of etanercept, Wyeth and Amgen, in order to locate unpublished trials and/or published trials that were missed with the electronic database search. Trial selection Trials were included in our analysis if they met the following criteria: study participants were diagnosed with RA according to American College of Rheumatology criteria,14 patients were randomly assigned to etanercept or control treatment and the study duration was at least 12 weeks. Assessment of eligibility criteria was performed independently by two investigators. Abstracts of all citations retrieved through the electronic database search were reviewed and potential candidates were further evaluated based on final publications. In addition, sponsors were contacted to obtain original trial protocols for in-depth review. Study quality assessment All included trials were reviewed for methodological features most relevant to issues of bias. Two independent reviewers assessed randomisation, random allocation concealment, masking of allocation, intent-to-treat analysis, completeness of follow-up, outcome assessment and attrition using original study protocols provided by sponsors as well as published reports. Disagreements were resolved by consensus-forming discussions. Data extraction The primary outcome of our analysis was (first) incident cancer, defined as a disease characterised by abnormal cells that divide without control and have the ability to invade other tissues. This definition did not include carcinoma in situ. Three investigators independently adjudicated potential malignancies based on a review of adverse event case narratives from which information about treatment assignment had been removed. Disagreements were resolved by consensus-forming discussions. After the assessment of case narratives was completed, study sponsors provided data for every patient who participated in trials selected for the meta-analysis: demographic information; treatment assignment; dose of study drug; date of first and last dose of study drug; time point and reason of premature study discontinuation; date of last follow-up and concomitant disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy. Data synthesis All patients from eligible trials who were randomly assigned and received at least one dose of the study drug were included in the analysis (one patient who was lost to follow-up on the day of the first dose was excluded). The risk window for incident malignancies began with the date of the first dosing of study drug to the date of last follow-up in the respective RCT. A survival analysis of time-to-first-event using a Cox’s proportional hazards model stratified by trial and assuming a fixed treatment effect was performed. In addition, a meta-analysis of study-level hazard ratios (HR) based on a random effects model (an approximation of a Cox’s proportional hazards model using a Poisson generalised linear model) was conducted. Sensitivity analyses entailed omitting cancers diagnosed within 6 weeks of trial entry and omitting all non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) from case definition. To evaluate any potential duration response, we conducted separate analyses for three non-overlapping periods of follow-up time (<6 months, 6–12 months, >24 months). As a secondary analysis, we performed an aggregate data-based meta-analyses using study-level odds ratios (OR). In contrast to the primary analysis, which uses a time-to-event approach, this analysis used the number of randomly assigned patients as the denominator of the incidence measure. For this secondary data synthesis, Mantel–Haenszel methods were used with a continuity correction inversely proportional to the relative size of the other treatment arm for that study.15 All analyses were performed using Stata version 9.2, with the exception of the random effects survival model, which was performed using R version 2.5.0. Role of the sponsor. The current meta-analysis, designed to evaluate the risk of malignancy only, arose in the context of a request to Wyeth from a regulatory agency regarding cancer risk. It was in this context that DM, a Wyeth employee and one of the study co-authors, approached TB and ELM in January 2006. Both companies had the opportunity to comment on the study design and manuscript. However, all final decisions regarding study design, analysis, and reporting and interpretation of results rested with the academic investigators. RESULTS Trials included A total of 82 publications was initially considered, from which 69 articles were excluded based on abstracts and content. Of the remaining 13 citations, eight full-text publications16–23 and five poster abstracts24–28 reported on eight RCT, which met our inclusion criteria. Figure 1 summarises the flow of eligible clinical trials into our analysis. QUOROM-style flow diagram indicating selection of studies for this meta-analysis. RA, rheumatoid arthritis. To ensure complete data acquisition, 30 RCT of etanercept on file with the manufacturers were assessed for eligibility based on a review of original study protocols. In addition to the eight trials already identified through the electronic database search, one unpublished study (study TNR 00102) that was eligible for analysis was identified. Therefore, nine RCT were finally included in our analysis. Trial characteristics The characteristics of included trials are displayed in table 1. Trial duration ranged from 12 to 180 weeks. Four trials extended beyond the observation period reported in the initial publication. For three of these trials (studies 0881309, 0881308, 160012), follow-up data were published in subsequent reports after initial publication. For one trial (study 160009), extension data were not published but were obtained from the sponsor. All but one trial excluded patients with a history of cancer with less than a 5-year disease-free state (except NMSC). Trial 1881300 excluded patients who had a history of cancer at any time (except NMSC). Based on the review of original study protocols, all trials were judged to be of high quality with appropriate randomisation, random allocation concealment and intent-to-treat analysis. Completeness of follow-up and attrition were assessed using IPD: 574 of 2244 (25.6%) in the anti-TNF treatment arms discontinued study treatment early compared with 455 of 1072 patients (42.4%) in the control arms. Common reasons for early discontinuation in etanercept-treated patients were adverse events (31.5%) and lack of efficacy (32.6%). Similarly, common reasons for early discontinuation in control patients were adverse events (25.1%) and lack of efficacy (46.6%). For the majority of patients who discontinued study treatment prematurely, follow-up beyond the date of treatment discontinuation was available: 90.8% in the etanercept arms versus 92.7% in the control arms. All trials were sponsored by Wyeth or Amgen. Patients A total of 3396 participants was randomly assigned in the nine trials we assessed. Eighty individuals were excluded from further analysis, 79 of whom had never received the allocated treatment and one who was lost to follow-up immediately after the first dose of study drug. Our data for analysis comprised 2244 participants who received etanercept (contributing 2484 person-years of follow-up) and 1072 participants who received control therapy (contributing 1051 person-years of follow-up). Dataset validation revealed eight patients who participated in two trials. A total of 3308 separate individuals thus generated a denominator of 3316 participants. None of these patients who transferred between trials had an incident malignancy. Malignancies Twenty-six patients with incident malignancies were identified in the treatment groups (incidence rate (IR) 10.47/1000 person-years) and seven patients in the control groups (IR 6.66/1000 person-years). A detailed summary of all incident malignancies is given in table 2. In three trials (TNR 00102, 160004 and 160014), no incident malignancies were observed. For one trial (study 160012), three additional incident NMSC were identified based on individual case narratives when compared with the original publication, which did not report on this type of malignancy. Data synthesis Combined analysis according to our primary model (IPD survival analysis) yielded an HR of 1.84 (95% CI 0.79 to 4.28) for malignancies in patients using etanercept compared with control treatment. Using a random effects model resulted in a similar estimate, with an HR of 1.82 (95% CI 0.78 to 4.22). For methodological comparison, an aggregate data meta-analysis was performed. When applying Mantel–Haenszel methods, the OR for malignancies in patients using etanercept compared with patients receiving control treatment was 1.93 (95% CI 0.85 to 4.38), using a continuity correction according to Sweeting et al.15 The results of using a random effects DerSimonian and Laird model were very similar (HR 1.71; 95% CI 0.73 to 4.01), using the same continuity correction, reflecting the observation that between-trial heterogeneity using I-squared was 0.0%. Additional analyses Four malignancies were diagnosed during the first 6 weeks after the first treatment dose. As these cancers were likely to be present yet undetected when patients began the trial, we excluded these four patients as part of our sensitivity analysis. With these exclusions, the HR for malignancies in patients treated with etanercept compared with the non-etanercept group was 1.87 (95% CI 0.75 to 4.62). In the light of recent observational data,29–31 which suggest a significantly increased risk of NMSC (but not other solid malignancies in patients treated with anti-TNF therapy), we decided to exclude as events all NMSC from our analysis. Using this approach, the results were essentially unchanged (HR 1.86; 95% CI 0.62 to 5.59). To investigate whether there are any particular time periods in which etanercept treatment is associated with an increased incidence of cancer, the dataset was stratified according to three different time points: 0–6 months; 6–12 months and more than 12 months. This analysis did not reveal a time period in which the risk of cancer was significantly increased. We also performed an exploratory analysis (stratified fixed effects model) of the effect of dose, categorising etanercept dosing regimens into two groups, less than 50 mg/week and 50 mg/week or greater (or 25 mg twice weekly). The lower dosing range accounted for only 21.2% of etanercept follow-up time. Compared with the control arms, the relative risk estimates were similar for each dosing range (HR for the higher dose group was 1.92; 95% CI 0.80 to 4.62), and for the lower dose group it was 1.59 (95% CI 0.49 to 5.09), both using comparator as reference (table 3). Statistical power We used a traditional sample size formula (log rank test, Freedman method)32 for a single study to obtain a statistical power approximation (ie, this ignores stratification by study and differential follow-up times between studies) in this meta-analysis context. With a probability of seven malignancies per 1072 patients in the control group, it would require at least 9305 participants to detect a HR of 2.0 (statistical significance level of 5% and a power of 80%) in a large RCT, assuming 32% of patients are allocated to control—reflecting the situation in the existing studies. The number of individuals in our dataset (3316) was substantially lower. Based on the numbers derived from the existing studies, the probability of detecting a doubling in the risk of malignancy (HR of 2.0) between the two groups, should such a difference exist, was 39%. DISCUSSION Our analysis found a higher incidence estimate of malignancies in etanercept as compared with placebo-treated patients, although the results are statistically not significant. Therefore, this study does not provide sufficient evidence to establish an association of malignancies and etanercept treatment. However, given the wide confidence interval of the effect measure (HR 1.84; 95% CI 0.79 to 4.28), it also cannot exclude a clinically meaningful association. This meta-analysis provides important insight into methodological issues of an IPD meta-analysis of sparse adverse event data. Publication bias is usually viewed as one of the more prominent threats to the validity of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Our approach of obtaining IPD in cooperation with primary investigators and trial sponsors allowed us to review the complete collection of manufacturer-sponsored RCT for etanercept, making publication bias very unlikely. A review of inclusion and exclusion criteria of candidate studies, based on original study protocol review, resulted in a more reliable eligibility assessment. Furthermore, the IPD approach allowed us to include follow-up data that extended beyond the published period of follow-up. Clinical trials of biological use in RA often show imbalances in the percentage of withdrawals between treatment and control groups, as a result of a higher rate of treatment failure in placebo-treated patients. This carries the theoretical risk of false estimates due to a higher loss to follow-up in the control groups and a longer exposure to the study treatment in the active treatment arm. A major benefit of our IPD approach was the ability to perform a time-to-event analysis. This allowed the censoring of patients who discontinued treatment early or were lost to follow-up, thereby removing them from the denominator. Of note, our aggregate data analysis yielded similar results. This strengthens the validity of an aggregate data approach of analysing sparse events in clinical trials of RA. Our analysis was robust to the application of a wide variety of statistical methods for data synthesis, reflecting that our results did not depend upon the assumptions of any one particular method. The major weakness of our study is the lack of statistical power. Assessment of statistical power in a meta-analysis has been suggested but is rarely performed.33–35 Our experience emphasises the importance of such an analysis to estimate the likelihood of missing an association given that it was true. The combination of several underpowered studies can still produce a meta-analysis that is inadequate to detect a clinically important effect size. Nonetheless, our meta-analysis does provide a more precise assessment of cancer risk than those available from the individual RA trials. Comparing our results with published clinical data, the observed excess of malignancies in patients who received the TNF receptor fusion protein etanercept is not inconsistent with the results of a meta-analysis of anti-TNF antibody treatment in RA patients.3 An updated version of this analysis2 including 5788 patients yielded an OR of 2.4 (95% CI 1.2 to 4.8). The risk of malignancies in this study appeared to be more pronounced in patients who received higher doses of anti-TNF antibodies according to a subanalysis that stratified by dose. In the etanercept meta-analysis we did not observe clear evidence of a dose response, although the proportion of patients treated at doses lower than 50 mg per week was small and does not allow definite conclusions. Of note, an RCT of etanercept in Wegener’s granulomatosis36 found a significantly increased risk of malignancy in the etanercept arm. The results of two large observational studies29 31 that included a greater number of patients and had longer follow-up did not replicate the overall increase of malignancies seen with the synthesis of RCT data. However, they did reveal a significantly increased risk of NMSC in anti-TNF-treated patients. Contrasting results of trial data and observational data provides a valuable stimulus to explore further not only the central clinical question of a potential association of anti-TNF therapy and malignancies in particular, but also the methodological strengths and weaknesses of both methods for drug safety assessment in general. Even the best-designed observational studies may produce inaccurate answers, as differences in patient characteristics across treatment groups can seldom be perfectly controlled. In contrast, with successful randomisation in RCT, the baseline risk of a subsequent adverse event should be similar in all treatment groups, and whereas meta-analysis combines data across studies, stratification by study preserves the benefit of randomisation. Given sufficient trial evidence, a meta-analysis of RCT data may be able to detect potential drug hazards early, before observational data become available after a drug is marketed. However, the ability of meta-analysis to assess sparse event data in randomised trials is often constrained by relatively short follow-up periods and finite cumulative trial enrolment, which translate to limited statistical power to detect differences between treatment groups for rare events. Different strategies may be considered to improve statistical power in this context. Several RCT of anti-TNF treatment for indications such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, cardiomyopathy, inflammatory bowel disease and a variety of connective tissue disorders have been performed. Including all these trials in a comprehensive, IPD meta-analysis will have a higher chance of approaching an adequate sample size and delivering more precise estimates. As an additional or alternative step, different agents with a similar mode of action may be combined to improve statistical power, yet this gain may come at the price of validity, if the effects of study drugs are not homogeneous. A large, comprehensive meta-analysis utilising these two steps to improve statistical power by including all three approved anti-TNF agents over a wide range of different indications has been requested by the European Medicine Evaluation Agency and is currently in progress. REFERENCES Footnotes Funding:..

Australia and the American ‘Pivot to Asia’ The ‘Pivot to Asia’ (‘Pivot’ — now called a ‘rebalance’ in the US) refers to a strategic shift in American foreign policy towards a renewed focus on the Asia-Pacific, formally articulated by US President Barack Obama in a speech to the Australian parliament on 17 November 2011 commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the signing of the ANZUS treaty. Obama declared that the US would play a greater role in shaping the future of the Asia-Pacific region in order to ‘preserve our unique ability to project power and deter threats to peace’, emphasising that the US ‘is a Pacific power, and we are here to stay’. Obama pledged a renewed focus on regional alliances, increased engagement with Asia-Pacific multilateral organisations, and the realisation of his signature Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade coalition. Prior to the speech, Obama and then prime minister Julia Gillard announced the first major Pivot initiative: the establishment of a 2500-strong US marine air-ground task force in Darwin by 2017, and an increase in the rotation of both US Air Force planes and US Navy vessels through Australian bases. Despite Obama insisting that the US and Australia ‘have a profound interest in the rise of a peaceful and prosperous China’, the deployment of US marines to Darwin was seen by many observers as aimed at ‘containing’ China. Analysts believe that Australia-based containment strategies are an essential anti-China component of the US AirSea Battle military doctrine, especially given Australia’s strategically favourable geography and mounting local resistance to US bases in Japan and Korea. China reacted icily to the announcement of US marines deploying to Darwin. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs decried the move as reflecting a ‘Cold War mentality’ and added that: ‘It may not be quite appropriate to intensify and expand military alliances and may not be in the interest of countries within the region.’ The state-affiliated Global Times warned that Australia ‘cannot play China for a fool’ and could be ‘caught in the crossfire’ if it joined the US in harming Chinese interests. The then foreign minister Kevin Rudd responded that this was a ‘sovereign matter for Australia’, and declared that China had been briefed on the proposal. The first contingent of 200 US marines arrived in Darwin in April 2012, the first complete battalion of 1150 marines was deployed in March 2014, and the first full deployment of 2500 marines is scheduled by 2017. In August 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott signed a twenty-five-year US-Australia Force Posture Agreement formalising the generational deepening of military cooperation announced in 2011. Long-term Australian defence planning [topic page link: Defence and Strategic Relations] envisages pre-positioning US military equipment in Darwin, basing US Navy warships at Darwin and the Stirling naval base in Western Australia, a US drone base on Australia’s Cocos Islands, ballistic missile defence cooperation and increased US Air Force rotations, possibly including hosting B-1 bombers in northern Australia. Australian support of the US as an ‘utterly dependable ally’ seems assured. But while Obama described the Australian alliance as ‘indispensable’ to the Pivot, many observers have questioned his administration’s commitment to the Pivot over the long-term. Analysts consider current US Secretary of State John Kerry to be more concerned with the Middle East; key proponents of the Pivot such as Kerry’s predecessor Hillary Clinton have left office; and Obama’s failure to attend either the 2013 East Asia Summit or 2013 APEC Summit led to questions over his personal commitment to the region. However, from late 2014, the Obama administration seemed to make a concerted effort to reinvigorate the Pivot: when Obama returned to Australia for the Brisbane G20 meeting in November 2014, he delivered a speech promising to ‘deepen our engagement’ with the Asia-Pacific ‘using every element of our power’; he then used his January 2015 State of the Union address to reframe the Trans-Pacific Partnership as a geopolitical instrument necessary for the US to continue to ‘write the rules’ in the region instead of China; he has heavily prioritised TPP negotiations, which officials say are ‘in the endgame’; and, the appointment of Ashton Carter as Secretary of Defence in February 2015 has brought a harder line against Chinese military expansionism and territorial disputes. Commentators in Australia are divided between those who think the renewed Pivot will improve Australian security by reasserting the US-led regional order, and those who think it will destabilise the region by ratcheting up US-China competition. Links - University of Sydney, The United States Studies Centre, Alliance 21: The 21st Century Australia-United States Alliance. October 2011 - Hillary Clinton, ‘America’s Pacific Century’, Foreign Policy, 11 October 2011. November 2011 - Peter Hartcher, ‘US Marine Base for Darwin’, The Sydney Morning Herald, originally published 10 November 2011. - Laura Meckler, ‘U.S. to Build Up Military in Australia’, The Wall Street Journal, 10 November 2011. - Matthew Thompson, ‘Is a US Marine Base in Darwin Really a Good Idea?’, The Conversation, 10 November 2011. - Max Fisher, ‘5 Lessons of U.S. Plan for a Permanent Military Presence in Australia’, The Atlantic, 10 November 2011. - ABC, ‘US Marines to be based in Darwin: Reports’, ABC News, 11 November 2011. - Peter Hartcher, ‘Ties That Bind Grow Stronger’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 November 2011. - David Nakamura, ‘Obama Visits Australia to Announce Expanded U.S. Military Presence’, The Washington Post, 14 November 2011. - Paul Dibb, ‘US Build-Up No Threat to Peace’, The Australian, 15 November 2011. - Ian Johnson and Jackie Calmes, ‘As U.S. Looks to Asia, It Sees China Everywhere’, The New York Times, 15 November 2011. - Paul Keating, ‘Kowtowing to US Must Stop’, Australian Financial Review, 15 November 2012. - Global Times, ‘Australia Could be Caught in Sino-US Crossfire’, Global Times, 16 November 2011. - Hugh White, ‘Dear Mr President, We Beg to Differ Over the Future of Asia’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 November 2011. - Stephen Collinson, ‘US to Base Marines in Australia: Obama, Gillard’, Defense News, 16 November 2011. - Allison Rourke and Jonathan Watts, ‘China Uneasy Over US Troop Deal in Australia’, The Guardian, 16 November 2011. - Associated Press, ‘Obama Tells Asia US ‘Here to Stay’ as a Pacific Power’, The Guardian, 16 November 2011. - Jayshree Bajoria, ‘U.S.-Australia Alliance and China’, Council on Foreign Relations, 16 November 2011. - James Laurenceson, ‘A ‘Zhengyou’ to China? Signing with Obama on Trade Puts This Friendship to the Test’, The Conversation, 16 November 2011. - Caren Bohan and James Grubel, ‘Obama Boosts U.S. Military in Australia, Reassures China’, Reuters, 16 November 2011. - President Barack Obama, ‘Remarks By President Obama to the Australian Parliament’, Speech to the Australian Parliament, Canberra, 17 November 2011. - Matthew Thompson, ‘Obama’s Speech to Parliament: Experts Respond’, The Conversation, 17 November 2011. - Stephen McDonell and Helen Brown, ‘China, Indonesia wary of US troops in Darwin’, ABC News, 17 November 2011. - Raoul Heinrichs, ‘A Cold and Clever U.S. Base Move’, The Diplomat, 17 November 2011. - David Crowe, ‘US, Australia Hit Back at China Criticism’, Australian Financial Review, 17 November 2011. - Matthew Franklin, ‘Our ‘Indispensable’ Alliance: Barack Obama’, The Australian, 17 November 2011. - Ben Packham, ‘China Reproaches Australia Over Strengthened US Defence Ties’, The Australian, 17 November 2011. - Phillip Coorey, ‘Obama to Send Marines to Darwin’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 November 2011. - John Garnaut, ‘Analysts Say China Stung by Defence Pact’, The Age, 18 November 2011. - Richard Teare, ‘U.S. Marines to Darwin, Australia: Evolution of an Idea’, cogitASIA, 18 November 2011. - The Economist, ‘America in the Asia-Pacific: We’re Back’, The Economist, 19 November 2011. December 2011 - Li Xiaokun and Li Lianxing, ‘US Military Base in Australia Shows ‘Cold War Mentality’’, China Daily, 1 December 2011. - Michael Sainsbury, ‘China condemns US base in Darwin’, The Australian, 1 December 2011. January 2012 - James Curran, ‘The Eagle Down Under’, China-US Focus, 11 January 2012. March 2012 - Craig Whitlock, ‘U.S., Australia to Broaden Military Ties Amid Pentagon Pivot to SE Asia’, The Washington Post, 27 March 2012. - ABC, ‘Coalition Backs US Drone Base on Cocos Islands’, ABC News, 29 March 2012. April 2012 - BBC, ‘First Contingent of 200 US Marines Arrives in Darwin’, BBC News, 3 April 2012. - Peter Leahy, ‘We Must Not Get Too Close to the US’, The Australian, 12 April 2012. May 2012 - Malcolm Moore, ‘Chinese Anger at US Base in Australia’, The Telegraph, 16 May 2012. - Anthony Kuhn, ‘Are U.S. Troops in Australia a Hedge Against China?’, National Public Radio, 16 May 2012. June 2012 - David Brewster, ‘‘Asian pivot’ is really an ‘Asian re-balance’, The Interpreter, 22 June 2012 August 2012 - Ben Potter, ‘US Says its Asia ‘Pivot’ Went Too Far’, Australian Financial Review, 23 August 2012. September 2012 - Graeme Dobell, ‘Australia-East Asia/US Relations: Rebooting the Alliance’, Comparative Connections, September 2012. - Graeme Dunstan, ‘Postcard From…Darwin’, Foreign Policy in Focus, 27 September 2012. November 2012 - Peter Hartcher, ‘PM Had Cold Feet on US Base Plan’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 November 2012. February 2013 - AFP, ‘Australia ‘critical’ to US Asia strategy’, The Australian, 1 February 2013. - Elizabeth Economy, ‘John Kerry on China and the Pivot’, The Diplomat, 28 February 2013. March 2013 - Aubrey Bloomfield, ‘John Kerry: China Happy About His Questioning of America’s ‘Pacific Pivot’’, PolicyMic, 3 March 2013. - Benjamin Schreer, ‘Why the US ‘pivot’ to Asia is sustainable’, The Strategist, 14 March 2013. July 2013 - Malcolm Sutton, ‘Cracks Appearing in US Marines’ Charm Offensive in Darwin’, The Guardian, 29 July 2013. August 2013 - Scott Murdoch, ‘Chinese Unhappy with US Build-Up’, The Australian, 24 August 2013. September 2013 - Donna Miles, ‘Rotational Force in Australia Paves Way for Big Growth in 2014’, American Forces Press Service, 24 September 2013. October 2013 - Stuart Grudgings, ‘As Obama’s Asia ‘Pivot’ Falters, China Steps into the Gap’, Reuters, 6 October 2013. - Kate Lamb, ‘Kerry Defends US Commitment to Asia at APEC’, Voice of America, 7 October 2013. - Rowan Callick, ‘Asian ‘pivot’ losing its edge’, The Australian, 8 October 2013. - Cameron Stewart, ‘US ‘Failing to Back its Asia Pivot’, Says Government Report’, The Australian, 9 October 2013. - Alan Dupont, ‘Pivot to Asia Has Not Fallen Off its Axis’, The Australian, 15 October 2013. - Michael Mazza, ‘John Kerry: Unserious About Asia?’, AEIdeas, 18 October 2013. November 2013 - Jim Thomas, Zack Cooper and Iskander Rehman, ‘Gateway to the Indo-Pacific: Australian Defense Strategy and the Future of the Australia-U.S. Alliance’, Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 9 November 2013. - Max Suich, ‘Australia Pivots to Asia as US Wobbles’, The Australian, 30 November 2013. December 2013 - Deborah Gleeson, ‘Update from the Latest Trans Pacific Partnership Meeting’, The Conversation, 12 December 2013. - Beina Xu et al, ‘What Happened to the Asia Pivot in 2013?’, Council on Foreign Relations, 20 December 2013. April 2014 - Hayley Channer, ‘The pulse in Washington: US analysts’ views on the rebalance and Australia’, The Strategist, 23 April 2014. May 2014 - Stephen Walt, ‘What has Asia done for Uncle Sam lately?’, Foreign Policy, 16 May 2014. June 2014 - Rory Medcalf, ‘Australians back close friendship with America amid China tensions’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 June 2014. - David Crowe, ‘US to extend Darwin marine base as Tony Abbott meets Barack Obama to push G20 agenda’, The Australian, 13 June 2014. - James Brown, ‘Australia-US defence deal: What it means’, The Interpreter, 13 June 2014. - Rory Medcalf, ‘Abbott visit will reboot US pivot towards Asia’, Australian Financial Review, 16 June 2014. - Hayley Channer, ‘The pulse in Washington: Australia’s tools in supporting the pivot’, The Strategist, 17 June 2014. - Paul McGeough, ‘Hillary’s Choice’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 June 2014. July 2014 - Laura Tingle, ‘Turnbull lets loose in China-US critique’, Australian Financial Review, 1 July 2014. - Ali Wyne, ‘Three arguments for strengthening the US rebalance’, The Strategist, 4 July 2014. August 2014 - Interview with Ernest Bower, ‘Military deal with Australia is ‘part of US pivot to Asia’’, Deutsche Welle, 13 August 2014. September 2014 - Vince Scappatura, ‘The US ‘Pivot to Asia’, the China specter and the Australian-American alliance’, Global Research, 10 September 2014. - John Blaxland, ‘So much for the pivot to Asia’, The Drum, 19 September 2014. October 2014 - Alliance 21, ‘The Australia-US Partnership’, Report, 1 October 2014. November 2014 - Hayley Channer, ‘Steadying the US rebalance to Asia: the role of Australia, Japan and South Korea’, Strategic Insights, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 10 November 2014. - Matt Spetalnick and Matt Siegel, ‘In veiled message to China, Obama renews commitment to Asia-Pacific pivot’, Reuters, 15 November 2014. - Lenore Taylor, ‘G20: Barack Obama uses visit to reassert US influence in Asia Pacific’, The Guardian, 15 November 2014. - Susan Harris Rimmer, ‘‘And speaking of China…’ Obama’s hope for Asia’, The Conversation, 15 November 2014. December 2014 - James Dunlevie and Felicity James, ‘Army’s new $125 million logistics facility in Darwin officially opened’, ABC News, 11 December 2014. - James Massola, ‘John Kerry is ‘preoccupied’ with the Middle East and climate change in Asia: Kim Beazley’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 December 2014. January 2015 - Michael Green, Nicholas Szechenyi and Victor Cha, ‘Pivot 2.0: How the administration and congress can work together to sustain American engagement in Asia to 2016’, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 5 January 2015. - Rod Lyon, ‘Assessing the US rebalance to the Asia-Pacific’, The Strategist, 16 January 2015. - President Barack Obama, ‘Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address’, State of the Union Address to the US Congress, Washington DC, 20 January 2015. - Josh Chin, ‘A rare role for China in U.S. State of the Union: Partner’, The Wall Street Journal, 21 January 2015. - Alliance 21 and the Brookings Institution, ‘Looking ahead: next steps for the deepening Australia-US alliance in the Asia Pacific’, Conference Proceedings, Washington DC, 21 January 2015. - Malcolm Jorgensen, ‘Obama’s state of union address reinforces Asian pivot being on bench’, The Australian, 22 January 2015. - Shannon Tiezzi, ‘The State of the Union: Obama’s challenge to China’, The Diplomat, 22 January 2015. - John Kehoe, ‘Pacific trade pact is all about containing China’, Australian Financial Review, 26 January 2015. February 2015 - ABC, ‘US Navy ships look to establish Darwin military base, but China won’t be happy, warns expert’, ABC News, 13 February 2015. March 2015 - AAP, ‘More than 1000 US Marines headed to Darwin’, Seven News, 25 March 2015. April 2015 - Sam Roggeveen, ‘Ashton Carter on the TPP and rebalance’, The Interpreter, 7 April 2015. - John Garnaut, ‘Asia pivots towards the US as China bears down’, The Age, 10 April 2015. - Ruby Jones and Xavier La Canna, ‘Australia ‘not in total control’ of US Marine rotation through Darwin, academic says’, ABC News, 11 April 2015. - Courtney Todd, ‘More than 1000 US Marines arrive in Top End for fourth annual six-month deployment known as Marine Rotational Force Darwin’, NT News, 13 April 2015. - Natalie Sambhi and David Lang, ‘Hillary Rodham Clinton for Asia’, The Strategist, 13 April 2015. - Council on Foreign Relations and the Lowy Institute for International Policy, ‘U.S. rebalance to Asia symposium’, New York, 20-21 April 2015. - Andrew Kwon, ‘Ashton Carter and the evolution of the rebalance’, The Strategist, 23 April 2015. - Nick O’Malley, ‘Crucial trade pact in ‘grabbing distance’’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 April 2015. - Nick O’Malley, ‘‘For the sake of our children’: Japan’s Shinzo Abe argued for Trans-Pacific Partnership’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 April 2015. May 2015 - Michael Vincent, ‘Tony Abbott confirms US has no plans to send B-1 bombers to Australia, says defence official ‘misspoke’’, ABC News, 15 May 2015. - Jared Owens, ‘US bombers in Australia not aimed to counter China: Defence’, The Australian, 15 May 2015. - Tony Walker, ‘Barack Obama faces stiff opposition on Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal’, Australian Financial Review, 15 May 2015. - Angus Grigg, ‘The moment Australia tilted to Beijing?’, Australian Financial Review, 15 May 2015. - John Kerin and Lisa Murray, ‘Australia considering hosting US Air Force airplanes, military analyst says’, Australian Financial Review, 15 May 2015. - Fergus Ryan and APP, ‘Abbott talks down US military boost’, China Spectator, 15 May 2015. - Helen Clark, ‘B-1 ‘misspeak’ highlights Australia’s China-US balancing problem’, The Diplomat, 15 May 2015. - Kerry Brown, ‘Divided loyalties: US bomber comments send unfriendly vibes to China’, The Drum, 15 May 2015. - AAP, ‘Australia military to get a boost as America builds up presence in Asia-Pacific nations’, News.com.au, 15 May 2015. - Philip Dorling, ‘B-1 bombers coming to Australia to deter Beijing’s South China Sea ambitions: US’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 May 2015. - John Garnaut and David Wroe, ‘US official misspoke on B-1 bombers being based in Australia: Tony Abbott’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 May 2015. - AAP, ‘US says no bombers planned for Australia’, News.com.au, 16 May 2015. - Nick O’Malley, ‘Pentagon clarifies statement on US bombers being sent to Australia’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 May 2015. - John Garnaut, ‘Changing face of Australia’s security posture’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 May 2015. - John Kerin and Lisa Murray, ‘US long-range bombers got green light a decade ago’, Australian Financial Review, 17 May 2015. - Steven Schubert and James Purtill, ‘US Marines begin arriving in Darwin in fourth rotation as part of US ‘pivot’ to the Asia-Pacific’, ABC News, 18 May 2015. - John Kehoe, ‘China tests Barack Obama’s perceived weakness on South China Sea’, Australian Financial Review, 18 May 2015. - Lisa Murray and John Kerin, ‘China warns Australia on US bombers’, Australian Financial Review, 19 May 2015. - Greg Sheridan, ‘B-1 supersonic bombers coming to the north after all’, The Australian, 22 May 2015. - Angus Grigg and Lisa Murray, ‘Chinese: US bombers could be ‘a step too far’ for Australia-China relationship’, Australian Financial Review, 22 May 2015. - Rowan Callick, ‘US push-back in Asia gains momentum to reassure partners’, The Australian, 22 May 2015. - Greg Sheridan, ‘US President Barack Obama’s pivotal absence in Asia’, The Australian, 23 May 2015. - Dow Jones Newswires, ‘US optimism for TPP’, Business Spectator, 25 May 2015. - Hugh White, ‘B-1 bombers herald tough choice for Canberra’, Global Times, 25 May 2015. - Iain Henry, ‘B-1 bombers in Australia: Red lines and green lights’, The Interpreter, 26 May 2015. - Benjamin Herscovitch, ‘Will US B-1 bombers damage Sino-Australian relations?’, China Spectator, 27 May 2015. - ‘Secret trials no help to trade and highlight risks of TPP’, Australian Financial Review, 31 May 2015. June 2015 - Fergus Ryan and AFP, ‘China could join TPP: Obama’, China Spectator, 4 June 2015. - Editorial, ‘US forgets free-trade lessons’, Australian Financial Review, 16 June 2015. - Brett Worthington, ‘Growing doubts about Trans-Pacific Partnership if China excluded’, ABC Rural, 16 June 2015. - Rory Medcalf, ‘We’re not the only friends the United States has in the Asian region’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 June 2015. - Greg Earl, ‘Australia seals China trade deal as Trans-Pacific Partnership flounders’, Australian Financial Review, 17 June 2015. - Jared Owens, ‘TPP basis of US regional engagement: Madeleine Albright’, The Australian, 18 June 2015. July 2015 - Editorial, ‘US free trade agreement a building block for the TPP to come’, Australian Financial Review, 2 July 2015. - Adam Creighton, ‘Robert Zoellick defends secrecy during TPP talks’, The Australian, 3 July 2015.

Gertschen Interview: Jon Marvel Interview by Chris Gertschen Jon Marvel is the founder and executive director of the Western Watersheds Project. at the Greenfire Preserve in Clayton, Idaho. The group works to influence and improve public lands management in 8 western states with a primary focus on the negative impacts of livestock grazing on 250,000,000 acres of western public lands. WWP has an annual budget in 2009 of $1,000,000. WWP works in partnership with the Oregon Natural Desert Association in Oregon, WildEarth Guardians in New Mexico, the Center for Biological Diversity in Arizona; and the Larch Company. CG: Were there particular moments, events or series of events that led you to conservation? JM: I would first mention Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” which I read in 1963 when I was 16. Her writing about manmade chemical use was especially informing for me because I was attending a boarding school in Massachusetts where, in an effort to prevent the spread of Dutch elm disease, the spraying of DDT was routine and widespread. I realized from reading Rachel Carson that the probable reason the robins on the campus were dying and acting oddly was because of DDT. In high school I also was first introduced by my mother to Aldo Leopold’s, a “Sand County Almanac” which had an equivalent effect on me as Silent Spring. My mother also was a strong influence on my thinking. She had been a member of a statewide planning commission in Delaware that recommended in the late 1950s against the development of an oil tanker port in wetlands along the Delaware River, something I took to heart. She also introduced me to the writing of Louis Bromfield and his organic farming efforts at Malabar Farm in Ohio. In 1966 I was attending the University of Chicago and became an activist in the anti-war movement, co-founding a draft resistance group. That activism informed my understanding of human induced environmental catastrophes when I learned about the aerial spraying of Agent Orange to defoliate the southeast Asian jungle to simplify warfighting. The dangerous and negative ecological and health impacts of Agent Orange were just beginning to be understood then, and I learned that there was an interrelationship between the military-industrial complex’s assault on people and on the earth. Later I began to refer to this relationship as the “culture of death.” In late 1968 a friend introduced me to the first Whole Earth Catalog and I was completely bowled over by what I read. The focus on natural fibers, natural food, alternative communities and open discussion about the use of mind-expanding naturally available substances was transformational. I could hardly believe such a wonderful publication existed. I immediately subscribed and became a long-term reader of the WEC and it’s following publications, Place Magazine, the Co-Evolution Quarterly and the Whole Earth Review. The writing in the WEC also informed and intrigued me about alternative building techniques including passive solar houses and simpler, less consumptive life styles. When we moved to Idaho in late 1969 one of the efforts we made was to grow as much of our food as possible without chemical herbicides or pesticides, so we had a garden every year even though where we lived near Stanley was not a good climate for most vegetables. To combat the cold climate and short growing season I tried mini greenhouses and early indoors seedling starts, but learned that a warmer climate was needed for a modest level of organic food production for a small family. In the winter of 1970-71 we lived for a few winter months overlooking the Hudson River in Sneden’s Landing in Rockland County, New York where I read Robert Boyle’s very saddening book, “The Hudson River”. Reading Bob Boyles descriptions of the decline and degradation of a great river and all its life forms convinced me like no other book of the need for conservation of all natural systems. These are some of the experiences that helped inform my thinking about the need for a conservation ethic in all human activities. CG: The Western Watersheds Project has grown into a strong organization with considerable impact on conservation in the West. What are some of your greatest successes? JM: While there have been many successes for Western Watersheds Project (WWP) over the last 18 years, there are some that stand out. On one day in April of 1999 Idaho Watersheds Project (the name was changed to Western Watersheds Project in early 2001 to reflect a broader geographic area of work) won an unprecedented victory at the Idaho Supreme Court when the Court awarded IWP with three separate victories on the same day all by unanimous decisions. Those victories changed forever how the State of Idaho administers its 1,900,000 acres of Public School Endowment lands that are leased for livestock grazing. The Court overturned an Idaho Constitutional Amendment passed by the voters of Idaho in November 1998 that would have removed the requirement that School Endowment Lands be disposed of only at public auction. The Court also overturned a statute passed solely to block IWP from competing at auction for expiring grazing leases. The Court also overturned the award of grazing leases to the low bidder in another case. These three precedential court orders have changed the face of Idaho State Lands management and ripples from those three court decisions continue to be felt in related areas of law like Idaho State cabin site leases and the fees charged for leasing state property as well as in other states. In 2005 Western Watersheds Project won an unprecedented victory in federal District Court closing over 800,000 acres of public lands in southern Idaho to livestock grazing. (see: This win changed the whole perception of public lands ranching from the idea of ranching on public lands as a property right to just another federally permitted use subject to compliance with the law. In 2006 WWP won a remarkable court order (see: ) overturning the Bush administration’s rewritten grazing regulations for the Bureau of Land management. This decision was upheld at the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals and in 2011 a final appeal of this decision was denied a hearing by the U.S. Supreme Court. This is the first time rancher-friendly regulations have ever been blocked by the Courts of the United States. In June 2010, WWP reached an unprecedented and innovative settlement (see: ) with Ruby Pipeline LLC and El Paso Corporation that created a new non-profit, the Sagebrush Habitat Conservation Fund. The Sagebrush Fund which will be managed jointly by WWP and Ruby, will be funded over ten years by $15,000,000 to be donated to the Fund over that time by Ruby Pipeline LLC for the main purpose of acquiring voluntarily offered federal grazing permits in order to have them retired by the Forest Service and the BLM. This agreement created a new way to resolve public land disputes with ranchers by enabling a generous voluntary buy-out capability that will serve as a model for conflict resolution on western public lands CG: To set so many precedents in land management law is an impressive feat. Will WWP continue to rely on lawsuits in the future or do you foresee a time when other conservation methods might be employed more often? What other directions would you like to see WWP pursue? JM: Litigation is a tool to catalyze change in public policy. By itself litigation cannot achieve needed changes, but it is an excellent tool for pressuring the status-quo management of public lands. It is significantly more effective than petitions, letter writing campaigns or public events unless those have thousands of people participating as in the Occupy Wall Street movement and the recent White House demonstrations against the proposed Keystone XL oil pipeline from Canada to Texas. As part of our strategic efforts and planning and in addition to administrative actions and litigation, Western Watersheds Project also supports generous voluntary programs to initiate and enable change in the management of public lands. The first example of this side of WWP’s work is the Sagebrush Habitat Conservation Fund created in June 2010 by Western Watersheds Project in partnership with Ruby Pipeline LLC. Ruby is a subsidiary of the El Paso Corp., a major gas and oil pipeline company headquartered in Houston, Texas. The Sagebrush Fund will have $15,000,000 available over ten years for the acquisition of voluntarily offered federal livestock grazing permits by ranchers. These purchases will take place in locations like Owyhee County, Idaho where Resource Management Plans or federal legislation exists that directs that waived grazing permits be permanently retired. The Sagebrush Fund will enable the jump-starting of related efforts to provide for a voluntary process to permanently retire federal grazing permits across the west. The second example is the Rural Economic Vitalization Act (REVA; HR-3432) introduced into Congress in November 2011 by Congressman Adam Smith of Washington State with several co-sponsors. This legislation when enacted into law will authorize up to 100 federal grazing permits per year be retired if voluntarily waived to the permitting agency usually the Forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management. This legislation is a generous and voluntary way to resolve conflicts over the damaging impacts of federally authorized public land livestock grazing in the western United States. Western Watersheds Project staff worked closely with Congressman Smith’s staff on the creation of this legislation. Western Watersheds Project’s efforts provide a well-rounded strategy with both a carrot and a stick in order to challenge the status-quo and help voluntarily resolve what some describe as intractable conflicts over land use. CG: It seems that one sticking point with ranchers is that they can’t support their lives and families without the use of public land grazing allotments. Does WWP have some ideas on how ranching families can afford to stay on the land without using the allotments they’ve come to depend on? The old “Cows not Condos” argument is hard to dispute when we here in the west love our open spaces so much. The issue you raise about ranch families is more complex than your question would suggest. For example, most public land grazing permits (over 60% of them) are not permitted to family ranchers at all. That majority of permits is held by permittees who do not receive the majority of their income from ranching. In other words they are hobby ranchers who mostly live somewhere other than on the ranch i.e. absentee owners. A good example of this non-family ranching is the largest grazing permittee on public lands in Nevada, Barrick Gold Corporation. Barrick is one of the largest gold mining companies in the world and operates a number of large open pit gold mines in Nevada. As part of their gold mining business Barrick bought up several tens of thousands of acres of large ranches in order to acquire their water rights for use in gold mining. Barrick continues to graze livestock on the public lands associated with those ranches as a part of their public relations plan. The largest public land ranching operation in the United States is the Simplot Corporation of Boise, Idaho. Simplot has grazing permits to over 2,000,000 acres of public land in three states and can hardly be characterized as a family ranch operation dependent on public lands for their business. Similarly the largest cattle ranching operation on public lands in central Idaho (the Mountain Springs Ranch north of Mackay in Custer County) is owned by Mary Hewlett Jaffe who is the daughter of William Hewlett, the co-founder of the Hewlett-Packard Corporation. Mrs. Jaffe lives in Portland, Oregon and visits her ranch in Idaho once or twice a year. She is not dependent on her ranch for survival. Right here in Blaine County the largest public land permittee is Lava Lake Land and Livestock a domestic sheep ranch that has public land grazing permits to 750,000 acres of public land in Idaho. The owners, Brian and Kathleen Bean, live in San Francisco where he is an investment banker. Finally one statistic is compelling in this regard: 10% of all public lands ranchers control over 75% of all grazing use on public lands. This concentration of control reflects the fact that public lands ranching is primarily a corporate or rich person’s activity. If we are to consider ranching as a right on public lands, perhaps I might be more concerned about the plight of small ranchers who hold public land grazing permits, but the reality is that fewer and fewer small family ranches exist every year, and grazing permits are not rights but permits that do not carry a guarantee of use for anyone. The Cows versus Condos argument is also specious because a very large majority of all ranches in the west have little or no pressure for subdivision in to small or even medium size lots. The pressure for subdivision exists in specialized places in the west with scenic qualities, rivers and streams or proximity to resort areas with amenities that attract development like Aspen, Jackson, Steamboat Springs, the Gallatin Valley and Sun Valley. There is little or no subdivision risk in rural Owyhee County, Idaho or south of Burley, Idaho to give two examples. In places where subdivision is a real concern, county land use policies and zoning can reduce the risk of inappropriate subdivision remarkably. Blaine County recently increased the minimum rural lot size to 40 acres in much of the County. In Washoe County, Nevada the most rural parts of that county have a minimum lot size of 90 acres. In areas with critical landscapes needing protection, public funds can be used, and often are used, to buy the land at risk and keep it from being developed. Conservation easements are also a good way to prevent subdivision. Simply keeping ranchers in business fails all tests of preventing development and subdivision of private lands in the west. Keeping ranchers ranching only owrks as long as individual ranchers decide to continue to ranch. Often factors beyond their control intervene to force of influence private land sales including death, divorce, family squabbles, sickness, drought, insects, livestock disease and a miriad of other events that can and do occur that cause ranchers to sell their land. The final reality is that ranching has not prevented the high level of subdivision we experience in desirable parts of the west. Public land ranchers can make more money by selling their land in those locations, and they have done so in large numbers notwithstanding the heavily subsidized nature of public land grazing permits that enable them to be ranchers in the first place. I have attached an excellent article by George Wuerthner that further explains the false premises behind the Cows v. Condos argument. One final thing I suggest it is important to remember is that “open space” is not necessarily healthy wildlife habitat or a healthy ecosystem. Farming and ranching simplifies landscapes in ways that eliminates or greatly reduces biodiversity, so it is a good idea to ask ourselves if simply keeping land in “open space” actually benefits other values than just the landowner. CG: Thank you so much for helping me to better understand this issue. I wish that all conservationists (and western ranchers) had the opportunity to consider the valid points that I believe you and George make. That’s why I got involved in these interviews: there is a great need for more communication – and education across the board about ecological issues and conservation. Most conservation organizations conduct a certain amount of outreach but I wonder if there isn’t a way to better collaborate in supporting conservation education efforts. Do you see a place for education in conservation? JM: Of course, education at all levels is an essential part of conservation efforts! I have spent many days over the last twenty years speaking to college and high school classes in Hailey, Boise, Twin Falls, Pocatello, at the University of Idaho in Moscow, at Bard College in New York State and to Whitman College students through their terrific Semester in the West program ( ). All of these educational efforts are important, but the fact is that a very small percentage of the students attending will follow up in any way. This is not surprising since student priorities are rarely focused on conservation issues at all. One of the most challenging aspects of all citizens’ understanding of conservation issues is what they believe and accept as received wisdom. Many Americans receive their understanding of conservation issues as word-of-mouth from family, friends and especially from popular culture media like films, television, social media and the internet. Those sources vary greatly in having even simple factual information and may not fully inform anyone. Another problem conservation educators face is that many ideas about the natural world are derived more from folkloric beliefs than from factual understanding. A good example of this conservation education gap and the power of folklore can be found simply by asking a random sample of westerners whether sage brush is a non-native species or not. My experience suggests that at least half of all adults in western states believe sage brush is a non-native plant and therefore even more worthless than it is routinely perceived to be. I have good friends who grew up in Idaho who believe sage brush is a non-native species and that tumbleweeds are native (tumbleweed, as you know, is a non-native exotic annual plant from the Ural Mountains in Siberia also known as Russian thistle). Perhaps many people are still informed by that well-recognized ballad of the west “Tumbling Tumbleweeds” as performed by Roy Rogers and the Sons of the Pioneers: . Another very difficult reality facing all educators on natural resources conservation issues is the power of mythology. There are many myths that inform American society. They are of varying strengths, but any educator embarking on an effort to inform and update societal myths is in for a hard time. The realm of myths is a non-rational world where facts are not welcome unless they can be massaged into fitting the mythological context. Two excellent example of myths we face in our work are the cowboy myth and various myths about wolves. The cowboy myth has to do with an imagined cowboy with an imagined state-of-mind: a straight talking, riding-for-the-brand, right-thinking, respectful-to-the-little-ladies, don’t cross that line keeper-of-his-word in a charming and colorful costume who will save us from city-slickers and card-cheats with a six gun or a quick and righteous punch to the jaw ! Unfortunately this mythological person never existed in the first place, and while he seems to be fading away, his myth continues to inform public policy as if it were meaningful. The mythology of wolves that informs most wolf-haters is based on atavistic ideas from many millennia of human existence but again that have little basis in fact. As we know, wolves are sociable creatures forming large family groups very similar to many human families. While they are apex predators, they are not dangerous to humans except in the rarest of circumstances, yet opponents of wolves repeatedly make public statements based on an unshakeable belief that it is only a matter of time before children waiting at school bus stops will be dragged off and eaten by the wolves. Education can change society as the 50 year shift away from accepting tobacco smoking of any kind shows and education will always be an important part of conservation work. We do need to keep in mind that it is a slow and uncertain process that may or may not succeed. In the meantime, we can pursue parallel and possibly more powerful ways to influence public policy while never abandoning educational outreach. CG: So I am coming to see the importance of taking people from ecological knowledge to activism. Environmental education is thought to promote the ecological knowledge but I think activism only comes with passion for nature. Any ideas on how we might help to inspire that passion? JM: This is a very good question, and I don’t think I have a good answer for you. All the people I know who have chosen to actively work for change in public lands management to better protect wildlife and wild lands do so because they love the outdoors and wildlife and because they have had specific experiences in the outdoors that have shown them the good and bad outcomes of human intervention in the environment. I don’t really know why some people become more active than others, but I think everyone’s personal situation in life informs those sort of decisions. For most people their family and their job come first and political activism is pretty far down their to-do lists ! CG: Yes, the lives of young people are so wrapped up in the need to keep body and soul together. But in thinking about new audiences for conservation and EE, I am seeing a vast supply of folks who are retiring and are looking to become more actively involved in conservation than just sending in that yearly check. (I am one of those!) I dream about a new network of volunteers who are active in teaching and learning about the land and its critters. Environmental education, at least in Idaho, is focusing on K-12 but in my dreams, I think there is so much more that EE or CE (conservation education) could be doing on the community and regional level. What does your most hopeful view of the future of conservation look like? JM: I think my answer depends on what I am feeling any particular day. Some days I think that there is a chance that we humans will start acting as if our relationship with life on earth is important and merits our full attention; other days I think we will get what we deserve, an almost uninhabitable planet with the loss of most living species. Still I am, generally speaking, an optimist and I think that people are capable of changing their attitudes and ways of thinking. Having individuals assisting in bringing about those changes in lots of important ways is essential to achieving needed cultural change and educational outreach is one of those important ways. I am hopeful that in the next few years there will be a new understanding of the importance of our environment and all living things, unfortunately, I also believe that it is only hard lessons leanred from shocking experiences that brings about change and then only for limited time frames. The 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami is a good example of shock therapy in regard to nuclear power and its perils, but even now one year later we see that the impact of that experience on most people is fading. Our American culture is capricious and ephemeral in its attention span and pays more attention to the mental and physical state of George Clooney and Lindsay Lohan than whether we will still have fish in the ocean and water in our rivers, so making any shift in our cultural obsession with celebrity is a very very big challenge. I remain hopeful, but I sometimes think that my hopefulness may be just as delusional as someone basing their clothing choices on what they see on American Idol ! # # # #.

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Oasis Academy Coulsdon - Audrey Cooper - 4 years ago - Views: Transcription 1 School report Oasis Academy Coulsdon Homefield Road, Old Coulsdon, Croydon, CR5 1ES Inspection dates 4-5 March 2015 Overall effectiveness Previous inspection: Good 2 This inspection: Good 2 Leadership and management Good 2 Behaviour and safety of pupils Good 2 Quality of teaching Good 2 Achievement of pupils Good 2. 2 Inspection report: Oasis Academy Coulsdon, 4 5 March of 9 Information about this inspection Inspectors observed 35 lessons and parts of lessons: 18 of these lessons were conducted jointly with senior leaders. Inspectors undertook focused walks around the school with senior leaders. Inspectors analysed a wide range of students work in lessons. They also scrutinised a range of students work in more detail. Meetings were held with the principal, senior leaders, teachers, governors and representatives from the academy chain. Inspectors met with four groups of students, in addition to observing students behaviour at break and lunch times. A range of the school s documentation was scrutinised, including the academy s own checks on its performance, the academy improvement plan, minutes of governing body meetings, and documentation about the academy s arrangements to keep children safe. Inspectors analysed the 54 responses from parents to Ofsted s online questionnaire, Parent View and looked at results of the school s own survey of parents views. The 40 responses to the staff survey were analysed. This inspection was part of a focused inspection of academies in the Oasis multi-academy trust. Inspection team Chris King, Lead inspector Matthew Shanks Hayley Follett Lynne Thorogood Additional Inspector Additional Inspector Additional Inspector Additional Inspector 3 Inspection report: Oasis Academy Coulsdon, 4 5 March of 9 Full catch What does the school need to do to improve further? Ensure that the quality of teaching always meets the high standards of the best in the school, particularly in relation to: ensuring that work is hard enough to enable all students to be challenged ensuring teachers maintain the highest level of students interest. 4 Inspection report: Oasis Academy Coulsdon, 4 5 March of 9 Inspection judgements The leadership and management are good The principal, supported well by his senior leaders, provides effective leadership of the academy. He has a clear view of how to improve student achievement still further. Detailed arrangements for monitoring standards and teaching mean that the academy s action plans are based on reliable evidence and that the impact of initiatives is checked regularly. The resulting subject action plans are implemented with increasing effectiveness because line management meetings are regular and offer a high degree of challenge to subject leaders. Subject leaders are successfully taking responsibility for improving teaching in their areas and the progress students make in lessons in their subjects. They are supporting well the school s strong ethos of ensuring that teaching can flourish. The academy sets demanding targets for students and tracks their progress regularly so that underperformance is quickly identified and appropriate support is put in place. Well-directed training for teachers is helping to improve the quality of teaching, and checks on teaching ensure that only teachers who demonstrate strong performance over time can move up the pay scale. Effective use is made of pupil premium and Year 7 catch-up funding to support relevant groups of students. As a result, the skills, understanding and progress of these groups of students are improving. For example, those students receiving reading support in Year 7 quickly improve their reading ages. The curriculum meets the needs of students well. Extra-curricular provision is popular. Information, advice and guidance are good and students value the support they get in ensuring they continue into further education and training. The curriculum promotes the development of students spiritual, moral, social and cultural understanding exceptionally well, particularly through the personal, social and health programme. As a result, students develop respect for and understanding of different faiths, cultures and lifestyles and are very well prepared for life in modern democratic Britain. The academy is an inclusive community where everyone is considered important. Good relations are fostered and discrimination is not tolerated. All, including parents, are aiming for the same thing: a strong community that promotes tolerance, understanding, trust and respect for difference. Community cohesion is exemplary. The academy has effective systems to ensure that students behave and attend well. There is good provision for disabled students and those who have special educational needs. Leaders have a clear commitment to equality of opportunity and to making sure that students feel confident that there is no discrimination. The leadership of the school s specialist autism base is good. Leaders are ensuring that students with complex additional needs are successfully accessing mainstream educational provision. The academy s sponsors have high expectations of what leaders should be able to achieve, ask searching questions and, at the same time, provide leaders with good support. The sponsors are continually looking for ways to develop support for the academy. Safeguarding procedures and policies are thorough and child protection arrangements are robust throughout the academy. There is excellent liaison between the school and external agencies when required. The academy works effectively with parents and strategies to engage hard-to-reach parents have been successful. Overall, parents are supportive of the academy and its work. A small number of students follow courses at a local alternative provision. They study a range of courses, including GCSEs, that match their needs. These students are monitored closely to ensure they achieve, behave well and attend as well as those on courses in the academy. Leaders capacity to improve the academy further is good, as indicated by their record of improvements to date. It is also shown by the increasing confidence potential parents and students show in the academy, for example the increasing number of students wanting to join the academy in Year 7. The governance of the school: The range of skills and expertise of governors enables them to ask academy leaders searching questions and be effective. Governors are well supported by a professional team from the academy sponsor and, as a result, have a very good understanding of the strengths of the academy. They understand how good teaching is, how well students achieve and those areas that still require improvement. They are fully informed about the use and impact of pupil premium funding and have a clear understanding of targets set for teachers and how these contribute to improving teaching and achievement. Governors are aware of what support has been provided to improve teaching and the 5 Inspection report: Oasis Academy Coulsdon, 4 5 March of 9 difference this has made. Governors ensure that all national safeguarding requirements are fully met. The behaviour and safety of pupils are good Behaviour The behaviour of students is good. Students, parents and staff all agree that behaviour is good. Students and staff share a strong sense of belonging to a community. A new behaviour policy is being successful in ensuring that students learning is rarely disrupted in lessons. Students say that they like the new policy because of the greater consistency it brings and the benefits they have seen in their lessons and around school. Positive attitudes to learning are evident and students are friendly and courteous towards one another. Behaviour around the academy, as seen during the inspection, is orderly and calm. Break times are well supervised and students interact responsibly with each other. Students are proud of their school, wear their uniform with pride and treat visitors with respect. Attendance is improving. Students said that bullying is rare and any aggressive behaviour is dealt with immediately. They have a good understanding that racism or any form of discrimination is not tolerated, and say it does not happen. They are equally clear on homophobic and cyber-bullying. Those students that face difficult circumstances receive good academic, emotional and social support. The help and guidance for disabled students and those with special educational needs are very good. The academy works well with external services to provide additional support for students where this is appropriate. The behaviour and safety of those students attending alternative provision are regularly checked by leaders and are in line with those of their peers. Behaviour is not yet outstanding because attendance still needs to be improved further and reductions in exclusions need to be maintained. Safety The school s work to keep pupils safe and secure is good. Students understand risks and know the school rules. They find teachers very approachable and say it is always easy to talk to them. Students say they have always felt completely safe at school and know exactly who they would turn to if there were a problem. The academy meets safeguarding requirements well. Staff and governors have child protection, safeguarding and safer recruitment training relevant to their responsibilities. The quality of teaching is good Effective teaching over time leads to good achievement. Teaching is usually good and some is outstanding. Students literacy, reading and mathematics are developed well across a range of subjects. Literacy is particularly well developed across the school. Lessons typically involve a wide range of resources and approaches. Students are encouraged to be creative and adopt an enquiring approach to their learning. They are often enthusiastic learners. Relationships between students and with their teachers are positive. When these characteristics are fully in place, students are engaged and enjoy their work. This was seen in a Year 11 physics lesson, where students were engrossed in their work and developed their learning through thorough and challenging questioning from the class teacher. However, on occasions, teachers do not maintain students interest and their progress slows. Students good behaviour and the fact that students are keen to learn contribute to the good progress they make in lessons. They have a pride in the academy and this is reflected in their work, which is generally neat and tidy. Students responses in lessons indicate that they develop knowledge, skills and understanding that prepare them well for the next stages in their education. Inspectors saw examples of very effective marking, where students were expected to respond to detailed comments on their work. Marking supported students learning well because comments are detailed, focused on the most important points, and followed up by students. Very good use is made of teaching assistants to support students. Teaching assistants receive good 6 Inspection report: Oasis Academy Coulsdon, 4 5 March of 9 training to enable them to understand their role and the students they support. While learning in most lessons is good, sometimes students became a little restless and not sufficiently challenged, for example when they had to wait until others completed a task. Occasionally, tasks set were a little easy for the students. This limited progress, particularly for the most able. The achievement of pupils is good Students enter the academy with prior attainment that is sometimes significantly below the national average. The proportion of students that achieved five GCSEs including English and mathematics was above the national averages in 2012 and In 2014, a lower than expected number of students gained this measure as a result of unforeseen changes to staffing and a small group being marked down in their English coursework. The school s own records show that this is unlikely to be repeated again in 2015 and performance in all key figures is set to rise. Despite this, the proportion of students in 2014 that achieved 5A*-G in their GCSEs was above the national average. Scrutiny of students work shows that the quality of achievement in the academy is good for most groups of students at Key Stage 4, including disabled students and those with special educational needs. These students are provided with support in mainstream classes and also appropriate individual programmes. Progress for this group of students is good and in line with that of other students. Those students from minority ethnic groups were also seen to be making good progress in line with their peers. The academy helps students to develop good basic skills in reading, writing, speaking and numeracy. There are regular opportunities for students to read simply for pleasure in the day as part of a range of programmes, such as an accelerated reader programme and paired reading with older students to support literacy in the school. Year 7 catch-up funding has helped provide additional support, through a transition group, for students who have fallen behind. In discussions, students who had received extra help were very positive about how their reading was improving and were confident when reading aloud. The academy enters some students early for GCSE mathematics and science. This policy is not limiting the potential of the most able students. Students who attend off-site courses at Educational Excellence follow a range of qualifications matched to their needs, including GCSEs. Their progress is closely monitored. Reports are produced regularly, showing that they are making good progress. The achievement of disadvantaged students in the school is improving. They are quickly closing the gap with other students in the academy. In 2013, the gap was one third of a grade below other students for English and mathematics. In 2014, this gap reduced to a quarter of a grade. The gap between disadvantaged students and all students nationally between 2013 and 2014 increased from half a grade to three quarters of a grade and they made slower progress. However, progress has now accelerated and these gaps are set to narrow in The achievement of most able students is improving. As a result, the numbers of students gaining the EBacc is improving. Those students attending the school s specialist autistic provision are making good progress, considering their starting points. 7 Inspection report: Oasis Academy Coulsdon, 4 5 March of 9. 8 Inspection report: Oasis Academy Coulsdon, 4 5 March of 9 School details Unique reference number Local authority Croydon Inspection number This inspection of the school was carried out under section 5 of the Education Act Type of school School category Age range of pupils Gender of pupils Secondary Academy sponsor-led Mixed Number of pupils on the school roll 665 Appropriate authority Chair Headteacher The governing body Sue Raynor Andy Booth Date of previous school inspection March 2011 Telephone number Fax number address 9 , or , or You may copy all or parts of this document for non-commercial educational purposes, as long as you give details of the source and date of publication and do not alter the information in any way. 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Piccadilly Gate Store St Manchester M1 2WD T: Textphone: E: W: Crown copyright 2014 Newlands Girls School School report Newlands Girls School Farm Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 5JB Inspection dates 02-03 October 2012 Overall effectiveness Previous inspection: Good 2 This inspection: Good 2 Achievement of St Philip Howard Catholic School School report St Philip Howard Catholic School St Mary's Road, Glossop, SK13 8DR Inspection dates 4 November 1 December 2014 Overall effectiveness Previous inspection: Requires improvement 3 This inspection: Putnoe Primary School School report Putnoe Primary School Church Lane, Bedford, MK41 0DH Inspection dates 20 21 May 2015 Overall effectiveness Previous inspection: Outstanding 1 This inspection: Good 2 Leadership and management Oasis Academy South Bank School report Oasis Academy South Bank 75 Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7HS Inspection dates 24 25 June 2015 Overall effectiveness Previous inspection: Not previously inspected This inspection: Allington Primary School Inspection report - amended Allington Primary School Inspection report - amended Unique Reference Number Local Authority Inspection number Inspection date Reporting inspector 8855 Kent 3269 9 November 2008 Kevin Hodge This inspection Archdiocese of Birmingham Archdiocese of Birmingham INSPECTION REPORT THE GIFFARD CATHOLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL WOLVERHAMPTON Inspection dates 25 th -26 th June 2013 Reporting Inspector Paul Nutt Inspection carried out under Section: Plans for Pupil Premium Spending Plans for Pupil Premium Spending September 2016 August 2017 Impact of Pupil Premium September 2015 August 2016 Mission Statement All Saints Multi Academy Trust, Birmingham God s Love in Action Our children St Matthew s RC High School St Matthew s RC High School Teacher of Mathematics with TLR Application Pack - 1 - Appointment of Teacher of Mathematics The Governors are keen to invite applications from successful and enthusiastic qualified Pupil Premium Grants. Information for Parents. April 2016 Pupil Premium Grants Information for Parents April 2016 This leaflet covers: The Pupil Premium The Service Premium What is the Pupil Premium? The Pupil Premium was introduced in April 2011. It is additional Initial teacher training in vocational subjects Initial teacher training in vocational subjects This report looks at the quality of initial teacher training in vocational subjects. Based on visits to the 14 providers that undertake this training, it Inspection report British International School British International School Riyadh Saudi Arabia Date Inspection number 20141102 Contents page 1 Purpose and scope on the inspection 2 Compliance with regulatory requirements 3 Overall effectiveness of Head of Maths Application Pack Head of Maths Application Pack Application Forms Furze Platt Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6 7NQ Email: [email protected] Website: Tel: 01628 625308 Fax: 01628 782257 Head of Maths, Teacher of English. MPS/UPS Information for Applicants Teacher of English MPS/UPS Information for Applicants Start date : Easter or September 2018 Weavers Academy Striving for success, focusing on learning Dear Applicant Thank you for showing an interest in Thameside Primary School Rationale for Assessment against the National Curriculum Thameside Primary School Rationale for Assessment against the National Curriculum We are a rights respecting school: Article 28: (Right to education): All children have the right to a primary education. INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS INSPECTORATE INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS INSPECTORATE BRITISH SCHOOLS OVERSEAS INSPECTION REPORT ON NORD ANGLIA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL HONG KONG Independent Schools Inspectorate Effective from January 2011 INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS: Job Advert. Teaching Assistant. Early Years Foundation Stage Job Advert Teaching Assistant Early Years Foundation Stage We have an exciting permanent term-time only, opportunity for an enthusiastic Teaching Assistant to join our Early Years Foundation Team in our Upper Wharfedale School POSITIVE ATTITUDE TO LEARNING POLICY Upper Wharfedale School POSITIVE ATTITUDE TO LEARNING POLICY REVISED APRIL 2015 EXCELLENCE FOR ALL Upper Wharfedale School aims to promote the virtues and qualities of self-respect, tolerance, understanding, Pupil Premium Impact Assessment Pupil Premium Impact Assessment 2015-16 Overview The Pupil Premium was introduced in April 2011. The eligibility criteria and the sums allocated often change each year. In 2015-16 it was given to schools Idsall External Examinations Policy Idsall External Examinations Policy Sponsorship & Review 1 Sponsor Mr D Crichton, Deputy Headteacher 2 Written and Approved October 2014 3 Next Review Date October 2016 This policy should be read in conjunction CARDINAL NEWMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOL CARDINAL NEWMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOL Equality Information and Objectives Updated: April 2015 Page 1 of 18 School policy statement on equality and community cohesion Our school is committed to equality both Inspection report Transylvania College Cluj-Napoca Romania Cluj-Napoca Romania Date : 11 th 13 th April 2016 Inspection number: 20160411 Contents page 1 Purpose and scope on the inspection 2 2 Compliance with regulatory requirements 3 3 Overall effectiveness of Sixth Form Admissions Procedure University of Birmingham School Sixth Form Admissions Procedure September 2018 University of Birmingham School Sixth Form Admission Procedures Review Frequency Review date Governing Committee Approved Local offer aspect. a) General information. Admission arrangements to schools, settings or FE Colleges Local offer aspect a) General information Admission arrangements to schools, settings or FE Colleges Provision In accordance with Regulations, the Academy Trust of Freebrough Academy has determined the Information Pack: Exams Officer. Abbey College Cambridge Information Pack: Exams Officer 1 To be a community energized by a love of learning and the pursuit of outstanding achievement for all Each individual student achieves excellence by achieving significant Special Education Needs & Disability (SEND) Policy Document No. PP8 Issue No. 12 Issue Date: 2017-06-27 Renewal Date: 2018-06-27 Originator: Chris Bailey Responsibility: Assistant Principal 1. Introduction Special Education Needs & Disability (SEND) Policy APPLICANT S INFORMATION PACK APPLICANT S INFORMATION PACK C O N T E N T S 1. Letter from the Headteacher 2. Application and Selection process and timescales 3. Whalley Range 11-18 High School Profile 4. The Education and Leadership Guide for primary schools Guide for primary schools An education charity raising attainment of disadvantaged Year 5 and Year 6 pupils in English and maths through volunteer tutoring. Who we are Action Reviewed December 2015 Next Review December 2017 SEN and Disabilities POLICY SEND Reviewed December 2015 Next Review December 2017 SEN and Disabilities POLICY SEND Bewdley Primary School is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects Equality Policy Committee Responsible Human Resources Last review: 2015/2016 Next Review: 2016/2017 1 Equality Policy Committee Responsible Human Resources Last review: 2015/2016 Next Review: 2016/2017 1 EQUALITY POLICY School Mission Statement Empowered by the example of Christ, St Peter s Catholic School Effective Pre-school and Primary Education 3-11 Project (EPPE 3-11) Effective Pre-school and Primary Education 3-11 Project (EPPE 3-11) A longitudinal study funded by the DfES (2003 2008) Exploring pupils views of primary school in Year 5 Address for correspondence: EPPSE PUPIL PREMIUM REVIEW PUPIL PREMIUM REVIEW 2015-2016 Pupil Premium Review 2015/2016 Ambition The school aims to provide pupils with a consistently good quality of provision for all pupils. We aim to maximise the progress, INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS INSPECTORATE INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS INSPECTORATE BRITISH SCHOOLS OVERSEAS INSPECTION REPORT ON THE BRITISH SCHOOL IN THE NETHERLANDS INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS INSPECTORATE The British School in The Netherlands Full Name of SELF-ASSESSMENT EXTREMISM & RADICALISATION SELF-ASSESSMENT AND RISK ASSESSMENT SELF-ASSESSENT 1. Clear leadership and accountable structures are in place an visible throughout the organisation There is an identified strategic PREVENT lead within each school The strategic lead understands Head of Music Job Description. TLR 2c Head of Music Job Description TLR 2c This job description forms part of the contract of employment of the successful applicant. The appointment is subject to the conditions of employment of Teachers contained THE QUEEN S SCHOOL Whole School Pay Policy The Queen s Church of England Primary School Encouraging every child to reach their full potential, nurtured and supported in a Christian community which lives by the values of Love, Compassion and Summary results (year 1-3) Summary results (year 1-3) Evaluation and accountability are key issues in ensuring quality provision for all (Eurydice, 2004). In Europe, the dominant arrangement for educational accountability is school Apprenticeships in. Teaching Support Apprenticeships in Teaching Support Apprentices: a class act Apprentices can make a real difference in educational settings. College has been winning top marks for its approach to training a new generation East Riding of Yorkshire SACRE Report 2012/13 East Riding of Yorkshire SACRE Report 2012/13 Introduction from Chair It is my pleasure to present the annual report of the East Riding SACRE. This report summarises my first year as Chair and I would BILD Physical Intervention Training Accreditation Scheme BILD Physical Intervention Training Accreditation Scheme The BILD Physical Intervention Training Accreditation Scheme (PITAS) has long been seen as an indicator of quality and good practice for those providing About our academy. Joining our community Hethersett Academy is part of the Inspiration Trust, a not-for-profit charity whose mission is to transform the lives of young people in Norfolk and Suffolk through education. Led by nationally-recognised Exam Centre Contingency and Adverse Effects Policy Exam Centre Contingency and Adverse Effects Policy Contents 1. Aims of the Joint Contingency Plan 2. Communications 3. Background and ownership 4. 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Natural Resources Vol.4 No.6(2013), Article ID:37950,12 pages DOI:10.4236/nr.2013.46052 The Enduring Fundamental Framework of Forest Resource Management Planning School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, USA. Copyright © 2013 Robert D. Tew et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received August 9th, 2013; revised September 11th, 2013; accepted September 28th, 2013 Keywords: Forest Resource Management Plan; Forest Resource Management Planning; Sustainable Forest Management ABSTRACT Forest resource management planning began in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century with an emphasis on timber production, sustained yield, and maximum timber growth. A set of well-documented procedures, philosophies, rules, and understandings developed within the forestry profession on the reasons for and requirements of a professionallydeveloped forest resource management plan. For most of the next decade, this framework controlled the development of timber-oriented forest management plans. In the late twentieth century, the forest resource management plans became stewardshipor sustainability-oriented. A broader expansive framework that stressed sustainable forest management developed. However, the framework of both types of plans is fundamentally the same. The natural resource being manipulated is still timber and that is the variable the management plan still focuses on. The set of fundamental underpinnings to the forest management plan has not changed. We describe these underpinnings in terms of both types of forest management plan, as they have remained unchanged over time. Also addressed are the questions of who are the forest owners that plan and what are the differences in the type of forest management plans they prepare. 1. Introduction Forest resource management planning began in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century [1-3]. The earliest American foresters received their training in Europe and this classical training strongly emphasized timber production, sustained yield, and maximum timber growth [4-6]. Sustainability was always part of American forestry, but the early concept was one of sustained timber yield. Not only did sustained yield center on one product, but it usually meant sustained maximum yield of timber over time [7]. Foresters were concerned with “normal” forests that possess optimal stocking to produce the maximum amount of timber over time (called maximum mean annual increment) and even used normal yield tables [8]. Early American forest management planning consisted of measuring, inventorying, and projecting forest stands in terms of this optimum normal forest. The earliest management plans were developed for large private forest holdings and national forests [9-12]. The idea of sustainability slowly changed over the nineteenth century from one of timber to recognition of other forest products in terms of optimality [13]. Wildlife, in particular, gained importance [14]. By the late twentieth century, multipleuse (management of an array of natural resources, not just timber) and forest stewardship (of all natural resources) were the norm [15-17]. In the last few decades the concept of forest sustainability or sustainable forest management has moved to the forefront [18]. The concept of forest stewardship was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service as a model for forest sustainability on family forests in the United States [19]. Forest stewardship management plans are required before family forest owners can apply for federal cost-share funds to aid in forest management activities; this, and that the plans are usually free or produced at low cost, make the forest stewardship management plan very attractive to family forest owners [20]. The USDA Forest Stewardship Program was managed at the state level by the state forestry commission or division with federal funding [21]. This made the program have a “grass-roots” level of appeal. Forest stewardship required family forest owners to develop and implement a broad multiple resource forest sustainability-type forest management plan [22-24]. Most of the states developed guidelines and management plan standards that were tied to a general set of federal guidelines [25]. In the early twenty-first century forest stewardship management plans were one of the most widely accepted forest management planning tools of family forest owners in the United States. A second influence was driving forest sustainability at the same time. Forest certification has become a major factor driving forest resource management towards a forest sustainability foundation [26-28]. Loss of biodiversity was a main concern at the start of the movement and the early focus was on deforestation of tropical rainforests, but the focus quickly became global [29-31]. A labeling process to identify tropical wood managed under sustainable forest management principles was developed by the International Tropical Timber Organization in 1988 [32-34]. This process is called eco-labeling and is a means to label products that indicated their environmental characteristics. In this case, the specific environmental characteristic is having been managed under sustainable forest management [35-37]. The idea is for consumers to then direct their purchasing power towards firms that manage their resources in an environmentallyfriendly manner [38-40]. Europe and North America had strong environmental regulations at the same time, and they generally covered both public and private forestland [41-43]. This did not satisfy some environmental groups and pressure developed for forest certification programs worldwide [44,45]. Pressure from different groups (like trade associations, environmentalists, and family forest owners) resulted in multiple forest certification schemes [44]. Examples are the Forest Stewardship Council, the American Tree Farm System, and the Sustainable Forestry Initiative. These are all widely-accepted programs and are examples of consumer-driven quasi-regulation [46-48]. That is, no government regulation gives these organization powers; their powers are fundamental and derived from the pocketbooks of consumers. They are destined to be a major contributory factor in the continuing acceptance and demand for sustainable forest management. Today there are templates for proper construction of the various types of contemporary forest resource management plans. Many states have suggested outlines of items necessary to produce an acceptable forest stewardship management plan. The USDA Forest Service also has manuals on writing forest stewardship management plans. Certification bodies have produced forest management plan templates. One reason templates are necessary is the increasing complexity of forest management planning. Sustainable forestry requires a much broader, more complex plan [49]; at the same time the framework of the management plan has changed little [50]. The older timber-oriented forest management plan has always had a framework based on forest management and most always follows the process of describing the forest resource, measuring the forest resource, analyzing the resource, and allocating the resource [51,52]. The forest management plan always had a silvicultural basis, as silviculture was the tool used to manipulate the timber [5,8], and, since timber is an asset, there was an expectation of forest economics also being a factor [53,54]. Also, expectations of forest resource management planners have not changed for key preparers of these plans, like consulting foresters [55], timberland investors [56,57], and family forest owners [58,59]. This identical basis can be seen from the earliest publications on management plans [60] to the most current publications on sustainable forest management [61]. Over time the traditional timber management plan evolved to include strong multiple-use foundations. Close observers will note those management plans are actually quite similar to contemporary sustainable forest management-type plans. Forest resource management plans, from the beginning, were subject to a strict set of expectations or requirements that were taught to foresters as rock solid fundamentals of the forest management planning process [62]. These have not changed over time and all forest management plans show evidence of these expectations. They often go unstated in the current template-based environment with computer-driven models spitting out results to fill tables in the plans. We discuss the long-standing requirements and framework for a forest resource management plan below. They are still crucial to the development of successful forest management plans. 2. Reasons for Forest Resources Management Planning Forest resource management planning is a process that usually produces a written management plan. Forests are by nature long-term enterprises and the forest owner’s expected future outcomes, like the forest condition 25 years from today, require actions today and over time to ensure these outcomes actually occur. The forest owner may have goals that do not involve timber directly, but virtually all forest resource management goals are achieved by manipulation of the timber resource. Thus, the silvicultural framework of the plan often is the engine that creates change and future outcome [63]. Without proper planning the forest owner can find future forest conditions that do not meet his or her goals. Planning ensures that timber products that are expected to be marketable are produced and, if profitability is a goal, that the timing of thinnings and harvests is optimal. It can ensure wildlife habitat develops to encourage selected wildlife species and it can ensure that the forest has recreation potential. Proper planning can even minimize the income and capital gains taxes paid at harvest or provide for a forest estate that spans the generations. The silvicultural prescriptions of today will determine the forest of tomorrow and without proper planning this forest cannot be expected to meet the forest owner’s goals [64]. Forest resource management plans can vary from very complex and detailed written documents to a broad scheme stored in the forest owner’s mind. Of course, there is no reason the mental plan cannot accomplish what a forest owner desires. However, the process involved in developing a written management plan greatly increases the likelihood that the forest owner will achieve the goals he or she has for the forest and allows for continuity of management when the owner passes away [65]. Planning starts with data gathering. Stand conditions will be determined. Resources will be identified. Problems will arise in this process and be identified (like improperly marked boundary lines or insect infestations). Once the forest information is collected it must be analyzed. This process may force the forest owner to reevaluate his or her management goals. This analysis will allow the planner to develop alternatives for managing the forest. The forest owner is the decision-maker and will select the alternatives that will be the basis of the plan. At this point the written document, the forest resource management plan, is developed. It details the activities that will occur on the forest: what activities, when they occur, and what is expected to occur as a result of the activities [66]. Foresters often use the words “goals” and “objectives” loosely. Most foresters will agree that the foundation to forest resource management is the forest landowner’s management objectives. But sometimes the forester means landowner’s goals when making that statement. What is the difference between goals and objectives (in a strategic planning sense)? Goals are broadly-focused and objectives are narrowly-focused. Goals can be abstract, while objectives must be solid. Goals can be stated as general intentions, while objectives need to be explicit. In planning, goals are general directions that can be ambiguous, while objectives must be specific and measureable. A goal will define what the organization is trying to accomplish and an objective will be a measurable result that supports the completion of a goal. Forest resource management planning is not free. It involves time and money. A forest owner needs only the amount of planning necessary to achieve his or her goals. As long as the management goals of the forest owner are being met, the management plan is suitable. Detail can vary from the mental plan to a precisely written bound document. Like the goals for management, the scale of the plan is derived from the forest owner’s needs [67]. Why plan? Why is forest resource management planning necessary? Plenty of forests receive no planning and end up fine. Some people are lucky and end up with good results in life without planning, but most people are not that lucky and need to plan for results. In Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Alice comes to a fork in the road and asks the Cheshire cat in a tree, “Which road do I take?” The cat asks her where she wants to go and Alice replies she does not know. “Then it doesn’t matter”, says the cat. If you don’t have a plan you will never end up with the exact results you hope to achieve, except by pure luck. Achieving a specific outcome requires a specific goals and objectives; only then are you likely to end up where you hoped to be. Without this type of planning, the Cheshire cat is correct, “Then it doesn’t matter.” 2.1. Eleven Reasons for Forest Management Planning Reasons forest owners need forest resource management planning are: 1) Planning requires collection of data on the forest and subsequent analysis of this data. It requires the forest owner to view the forest in terms of the stated goals and objectives. It can result in adjustment to the goals and objectives. This is, it requires an analytical look at the forest. 2) Planning identifies the opportunities and limitations on the forest. It identifies productive capacity and the incremental cost to utilize the capacity. It helps identify problems on the forest and forces the forest owner to consider addressing them. 3) Planning identifies the resources necessary to carry out the objectives of the forest owner. What are labor and capital needs? How are these needs likely to change over time? This analysis may require a change to goals and objectives. 4) Planning focuses on the long-term nature of forest management. Alternatives may have implications that impact the forest well beyond the lifetime of the current forest owner. The planning process forces the forest owner to think beyond his or her current problems in forest management. 5) Planning provides evidence of forest stewardship. The existence of a plan provides tangible proof that some sort of planning process has taken place. Another natural resource professional can determine this level of planning and attest to it if forest stewardship is ever questioned. 6) Planning provides the framework of forest sustainability. The plan will contain projected outputs and address the issue of sustainability of these outputs over time. For example, forest certification programs require sustainability of the forest and a management plan is the document certifiers look at to determine if this sustainability exists. 7) The planning process allows the forest owner and planner to understand the trade-offs between goals. The process identifies alternatives and then forces the forest owner to evaluate each alternative. Planning enhances the decision-making process. Planning can identify conflicting goals and encourage the forest owner to resolve the conflicts. 8) Planning allows for ensuring compliance with local, state, and federal regulations. Identifying all relevant regulations is part of the planning process, as is ensuring compliance with each regulation. If errors are made in conforming to regulations, the plan will provide evidence of a good faith effort for compliance. 9) Planning allows for the efficient scheduling of forest activities. A large forest can have a multitude of regeneration, harvesting, and silvicultural practices occurring simultaneously and continuously. Without a schedule these activities can hardly be performed on a costeffective basis. Scheduling can also point out equipment or labor shortfalls before they occur. 10) Planning allows for outputs to be matched to expected markets. Planners will have some expectation of future prices and markets. These expectations can lead to having outputs timed to take best advantage of markets. 11) Forest resource management plans allow for continuity of management. Forest owners or heirs may change foresters and the new forester needs to know what planning took place before his or her arrival. Forest owners change; management plans show where the former owner was trying to “take the forest”. Forest resource management plans are continuous documents; dynamic not stable; and lead to management over the long-term that can exceed the lifetime of an individual forest owner or forester. 2.2. Silvicultural Decisions Usually a forest resource management plan results in a “management regime” or schedule of silvicultural activities that are expected to take place on the individual stands in the forest [68]. If a forest stand is to be managed to produce outcomes consistent with the forest owner’s goals, decisions must be made on how the silvicultural system and activities will be manipulated to produce desired outcomes [69]. In terms of basic silviculture these types of decisions involve: 1) Evaluation of the forest owner’s management objectives and the future stand conditions expected. What does the forest owner expect the future forest to look like? What are the outcomes specified in the forest owner’s goals and objectives? 2) What silvicultural systems will best achieve meeting the forest owner’s objectives? Did the forest owner specify the use or nonuse of certain systems? Even-aged, uneven-aged, and group selection systems will certainly produce different future stand conditions. 3) Does the landowner favor certain tree species? Should the management regime encourage regeneration of these species? Thinning and regeneration methods will impact the future species composition of the forest. Shade-tolerance will determine future species mix to a degree and the silviculture applied will need to take this into account. Fundamental silvicultural practice is a foundation of a forest resource management plan. 4) Vegetation management can be used to release desired species and control undesirable species. This is an expensive option, but under the right conditions increased forest yield can make the investment attractive. 5) Fertilization is a second expensive option that can increase future yields. Depending on the financial expectation of the forest owner this can or cannot make sense. 6) Thinning is part of most management regimes. Some thinning is precommercial and is an expense to the forest owner. All thinning impacts the future stand conditions. What does the forest owner expect the future stand to look like? What forest products is he or she expecting? 7) Some forest owners specify conditions that require special actions. Wildlife objectives might require scattered food plots, snag trees, or a preference for mastproducing trees. Recreation objectives may require certain tree species or vistas. 8) Site preparation will have a huge impact on the resulting forest stand. Practices prior to timber harvest or during timber harvest can impact the future forest stand [70]. Site preparation is one of the crucial decisions; it is expensive and it has great impact. 9) How is the forest going to be regenerated? Planting controls species and density. Natural regeneration requires more skill to obtain desired species and density. Cost is a factor. Planting can be very expensive, while not planting can be expensive in terms of poor regeneration if nature does not cooperate. 3. Who Prepares Forest Resource Management Plans? Forest management objectives, planning intensity and complexity, public participation in the planning process, and even standard management plan formats for forest resource management plans differ by the type of ownership. Different owners have different planning needs and resources (both on the ground and in their pockets to pay for the planning) [8]. Some planning processes, especially for public ownerships, stress public participation; some are financially-oriented and stress cash flow; and many are oriented to one natural resource (and not necessarily timber). In some respects they are very similar, in other aspects they can differ greatly [5]. Some of the differences come from regional aspects of timberland and others from differences in landowner management objecttives. The pattern of ownership, by region and owner type, gives interesting insight into these management plan differences [3]. There are 304 million ha of forestland and 208 million ha of timberland in the United States. The total land area of the country is 916,115,685 ha. That means the United States is one-third forested and nearly a quarter of the nation is timberland. So, just over two-thirds of forestland is timberland [71]. What is the difference between forestland and timberland? Forestland is at least 10% stocked by forest trees of any size, or land formerly having such tree cover, not currently developed for a nonforest use. Timberland is forestland producing or capable of producing in excess of 1.4 cubic meters per ha per year of wood at culmination of mean annual increment. Therefore, timberland is a subset of forestland capable of growing commercial timber. There are two other categories of forestland: reserved forestland (land permanently reserved from timber production through statute or administrative designation, like wilderness areas and national parks and monuments) and other forestland (land not capable of producing 1.4 cubic meters per ha of wood annually under natural conditions). Reserved forestland occupies 30 million ha and other forestland occupies 66 million ha. This means timberland is 68% of forestland, reserved forestland is 10%, and other forestland is 22% [71]. Forestland is fairly evenly distributed between the eastern and western US. In the East, it is fairly evenly distributed between the North and South. Nearly half of the public forestland is in the West. The North has just of over a quarter of public forestland and the South just under a quarter. Overall, 44% of the US forestland area is publicly-owned. This creates a clear difference in management by regions, since forest management intensity and timber production differ between private and public forestlands. Seventy percent of the western forestland is publicly-owned, while only a quarter of northern and only 13% of southern forestland is publicly-owned [71]. Public forestlands tend to receive public scrutiny, especially when forest management activities like timber harvesting and road construction are planned. The last few decades have seen the general public, environmental groups, forest industry, state governments, and other vested interests demand a greater voice in how publiclyowned forests are managed. Both legislative and judicial actions have impacted the planning process for these forests. Probably the federal forestlands are subject to the most scrutiny and they tend to have the most detailed, researched, documented, and complex forest resource management plans. Public participation is a requirement for the planning process and adaptive management is commonly used in plan implementation. In general, public input into the planning process is a hallmark of forest management on public forestlands. Of course, public lands are subject to changing government regulations over time, as courts, Congress, and the public interest interact over forest management issues. Some states (e.g., California, Oregon, Washington, and Maine) have very strong state-level forest practices acts that can impact reforestation, harvesting, aesthetics, water quality, and wildlife habitat. Many states without formal forest practices acts have adopted best management practices (BMPS) that serve as a minimum set of recommended forest practices. All of this involves forest resource management planning [3,5]. Timberland distribution in the US follows the same pattern as forestland except the trends are more pronounced (Figure 1). This is because much of the less productive forestland is in the West and does not meet the productivity standards to be classified as timberland. While the East has just over half the forestland area, it has over 70% of the timberland (Figure 2). However, over half of the timberland is public in the West, while just over 20% of the timberland is public in the East (Figure 3). The more productive timberland tends to be in private hands. These trends follow federal land ownership patterns and differences in regional timber types and productivity [71]. Most of the timber volume is in the East, especially the South, with the productive timberlands. But some regions of the West have very productive timberland and correspondingly high timber volumes. Forest resource management planning will reflect these regional differences. In the East the percent of timber volume tends to be less than the percent of timberland, while the opposite is true in the West [71]. 3.1. Who Owns the Forest? About 30% of America’s timberland is publicly-owned (Figure 4). Public ownership trends by region follow the general trends already discussed. Due to federal land ownership being concentrated in the West, most of the public timberland is in the West. Regionally, larger percentages of the western timberlands are publicly-owned. Likewise, the opposite holds true with private lands. They tend to be concentrated in the East. This is especially true when noncorporate private land is considered; this ownership group includes family forests and they tend to be in the East. Recent shifts in forest industry land ownership deserve discussion [72]. Private forestland and timberland owners are commonly broken down into forest industry owners (these are corporations and other private groups that own forestland and own and operate primary wood-processing facilities) and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners (these are families, individuals, corporations, and other private groups who own forestland, but do not own and operate a primary wood-processing plant). Family forest owners are a subset of NIPF owners [73]. Over the last three decades, forest industry divested itself of much forestland. Timberland investment management organizations (TIMOs) purchased these properties to be managed for timber production and investor financial returns. Many of the forest industry firms that did not divest themselves of timberland instead restructured themselves so that ownership and control of their forestland was in a real estate investment trust (REIT), separate from ownership and control of their manufacturing facilities. This was a major transition in private timberland ownership in the United States and these lands are now included under private corporate owners. How does all this affect forest management planning by the three organization types (forest industry, TIMOS and REITs)? How does this shift of ownership types impact future timber supplies, management behavior, and the foundations that control the planning process? First, in terms of forest management practices and intensity all three ownership types practice about the same level of forestry. All three are investment-oriented; all three have shareholders or investors who expect returns. TIMOs may have a shorter planning horizon, but still need to invest the capital to have a viable forest at the end of the investment term. TIMOs and REITs do have more flexible timber harvesting options than forest industry. Second, all three exist primarily to produce timber. All three manage for multiple objectives and make huge efforts to protect the environment, but all three are primarily profit-oriented. Third, TIMOs, with their shorter planning horizons, do have higher turnover of forestland and this has led to forest fragmentation. Fourth, TIMOs and REITs don’t have the mill supply requirements of forest industry, so may be more willing to convert some of their holdings to non-forest uses. However, TIMOS and REITs also seem to be willing to protect environmentally-sensitive lands with conservation easements. This sometimes makes timber harvesting easier in areas with high public concern over the environment. Fifth, TIMOs and REITs appear to provide less funding for forestry research than forest industry did. Sixth, TIMOs and REITs seem less concerned with the general forestry community than forest industry was, based on involvement in professional organizations and contributions to the forestry profession. Another USDA Forest Service ownership category is private noncorporate timberland, owned by individuals, partnerships, clubs, trusts, and Native Americans. Almost 90% of private noncorporate timberland is in the eastern United States, divided nearly equally between the North and the South. This category is mainly the small family forests. There are over 10 million family forest owners in the United States and their forest management objectives vary widely. At any point in time some family forest timberland will be unavailable for harvest, but these owners change over time and so do ownership objectives. Thus, timberland that is unavailable for harvest today may prove to be available in the future [73]. Publicly-owned timberland is mainly in the western United States, and the private timberland is mostly in the eastern United States. Major timberland regions are the South, Northeast, North Central, Pacific Northwest, and Intermountain regions. Private corporate (forest industry, TIMOs, and RIETs) are mainly in the South, North, Pacific Northwest, and North Central regions. Most private noncorporate owners (mainly family forest owners) are in the eastern United States [73]. There are about 35 to 40 million ha of forest industry, TIMO, and RIET timberland. In the past five years about 11 million ha of forest industry timberland changed hands in the United States. Another 4 million are predicted to change hands in the next decade. Family forest owners control about 100 million ha of timberland. Over 90% of the private noncorporate timberland is family forests. This is a huge portion of the private ownership with over 10 million owners with diverse management objectives. Family forests are crucial to the nation’s timber supply and are another rapidly changing ownership category [73]. There are 171 million ha of private forestland; 56 million ha are corporate and 115 million ha are noncorporate (Figure 5). As a subset of forestland, there are about 144 million ha of timberland; 43 million ha are corporate and 101 million ha are noncorporate (Figure 6). Family forests are often small tracts, as nearly threequarters are less than 8 ha in size. However, over a half million family forest owners control 40 ha or more. Plus, about 20,000 owners have tracts of over 400 ha in size. Seventy-two percent of family forests are in the eastern United States, where the productive timberland and private ownership is located. The states with the great- est area of private forestland, each with more than 6 million ha, are Alaska, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Maine, Texas, North Carolina and Arkansas. The states with the greatest number of private owners, each with more than 500,000 owners, are New York, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Seventy percent of American timberland is in private hands. Just over 20% is in private corporate hands. This is mainly forest industry, TIMOs, and REITS. These lands are managed intensively for timber management, usually under strong forest certification standards and environmental controls. The big player is the family forests at 35% of all forestland. These owners have a variety of management objectives and timber production does not top the list, at least when they are surveyed. Actual practice shows more timber harvests than surveys of intentions would indicate. These family forests play a crucial role in protection of America’s forest lands and sustainability of long-term timber goals. Efforts to educate these family forest owners are important to forest sustainability and efforts to encompass these lands under forest certification programs would contribute greatly to forest sustainability goals [73]. 3.2. Who Does Forest Management Planning in United States? The intensity, management objectives emphasized, public participation levels, depth of analysis, plan structure, and management philosophy differ by the type of organization preparing the plan. Management plans can vary from simple to very complex documents. Public forestland and timberland are managed by government agencies and, thus, these public lands represent the largest single entity forestland managers in the nation. The public owns and controls almost 40% of the nation’s forestland and nearly 31% of its timberland. The federal government controls 76% of the public forestland and 71% of the public timberland. The USDA Forest Service manages 45% of the public forestland and 63% of the public timberland. This is 19% of total timberland, making the Forest Service the nation’s largest timber manager. The Bureau of Land Management manages 15% of the public forestland and 4% of the public timberland. Both agencies prepare some of the most comprehensive forest resource management plans in the country [71,73]. There is a strong regional pattern in public ownership of forestland (Table 1). National forest and Bureau of Land Management forestland tends to be in the West. State, county, and municipal forestland is concentrated in the North. The USDA Forest Service manages 60 million ha of forestland and, as subsets of that, 40 million ha of timberland, 11 million ha of reserved forest and 9 million ha of other forest. These lands undergo some of the most intense forest and natural resource planning activities of all forestlands in the nation. In terms of management plans, these are highly-developed, complex, and very public participation-oriented. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administers about 104 million ha of land area. These public lands make up about 13% of the U.S. land area and more than 40% of land managed by the federal government. Most of these lands are in the western United States. The BLM manages about 23 million ha of commercial forests and woodlands. It also manages significant grazing permits and rangelands. Federal regulations require complex multiple-use management plans developed with high levels of public participation. The BLM is in the United States Department of Interior [71,73]. There are other major agencies in the Department of Interior that manage land. The Fish and Wildlife Service manages about 37 million ha, the National Park Service manages about 34 million ha, the Bureau of Reclamation manages about 4 million ha, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs manages about 28 million ha. Natural resource management objectives on these lands will center on agency priorities. For example, National Parks are reserved forestland, so management plans will stress nontimber resources and recreation opportunities. The Department of Defense manages about 11 million ha of land. Obviously, land management is not its primary function. However, given the location of many of its holdings (bases in remote areas), it does manage much ecologically significant land. Some of its holdings have tremendous biological diversity. Thus, natural resource Table 1. Regional distribution of forest land in United States by ownership type (percent), 2007 [71]. management planning is an important function for maintaining these lands. Complex planning takes place on these lands. State governments administer about 28 million ha of forestland and about 14 million ha of timberland (as a subset of forestland). Much of this land is managed in state forests or similar arrangements and involves detailed management planning, often with significant public participation. County and municipal governments manage about 4.5 million ha of forestland and about 4 million ha of timberland (as a subset of forestland). These forests are usually well-managed and a well-developed management plan commonly exists. These are public lands and management plans are usually subject to significant public participation [71,73]. Forest industry has been divesting itself of timberland over the last two decades, but still owns and controls significant forestland area. Most forestland owned by forest industry is timberland, as this owner group has strong timber production management and financial returns objectives. Most of this timberland is managed under a detailed, comprehensive forest resource management plan. While timber production is the reason most of forest industry owns forestland, most companies make a strong effort to practice professional forest stewardship and these forests tend to be managed for multiple-uses. Many forest industry companies have made strong environmental commitments. It is not unusual for environmentally-sensitive lands to be protected from timber harvest. At the same time, forest industry purchased these forestlands with shareholder funds and they represent assets on a balance sheet. Often forest management planning will emphasize cash flows and rates of return. Thus, the planning process and resulting written plan often emphasize financial analysis concerns. The forest resource management plan will be a component of a larger business management plan and will be expected to contribute to overall company objectives. It is also likely to be detailed in terms of operational planning in order to achieve these objectives. The nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners control over half again as much area as forest industry. So their importance is great. But who are they? The “p” stands for private, and the “n” means they are not forest industry lands, and they are not family forest owners. That leaves corporate private owners who are not part of forest industry. These are the corporate owners without timber processing facilities. Many corporations own land as part of their operations. Much of this land is managed with a profit motive, usually with strong environmental considerations, to enhance overall corporate returns. The TIMOs and REITs discussed earlier are major components of this ownership category. TIMOs and RIETs have traditionally been included in the NIPF category, but are now classified as part of the private corporate ownership category [71,73]. As forest industry started to divest itself of timberland starting in the early 1980’s, much of the land was purchased by investor groups to be managed for timber production and investor financial returns. Management planning and management intensity was similar to the forest industry that sold the land; TIMOs had the same type of financial objectives, so the forest was managed about the same as forest industry. TIMOS manage about 10 million ha worth about $30 billion [72]. Examples of TIMO’ are Hancock Timber Resource Group, RMK Timberlands, The Campbell Group, Resource Management Services, and Forest Investment Associates. REITs were also discussed earlier. The three largest publicly-traded REITs are Plum Creek, Rayonier, and Potlatch. These three REITs own about 4.5 million ha of timberland. Plum Creek is the largest private landowner in the US at over 3 million ha. Generally these forestlands are managed with a profit motive for timber production. The firms tend to be environmentally sensitive and most planning considers multiple objectives. While public participation in the planning process is likely to be low, the firms will be sensitive to local management concerns and adjust their planning accordingly. Family forests are the lynchpin to long-term sustainability of the nation’s forests and a sustainable timber supply. About 11 million private forest owners control 56% of America’s forestland. Family forest owners account for over 10 million (or 92%) of these private forestland owners. That means family forest owners control 62% of the private forestland in the country, or 35% of all forestland. Over 10 million family forest owners equates to a huge population of owners and forest properties. Sixty-one percent of family forest owners control tracts of less than 4 ha in size. Management of tracts that small is challenging. However, just over half of family forestland is in tracts of 40 ha or more. So, many of the family forests are small and difficult to manage, but many are large and often owners are active forest managers. Family forest owners receive advice, technical assistance, and financial assistance in managing their forest resources. Society can’t ignore this huge portion of the nation’s forestland. But which forest owners should the focus be on? Most of the family forests are small and the cost of managing many small forests would be high. But would it be fair to concentrate assistance on the forest owners with larger properties (the same ones who likely have better financial positions than the owners of smaller properties)? Family forests have been a forest policy concern for over 100 years. Some family forests can be quite large. The Land Report identifies the 100 largest private individual or family landowners in the country. Many of these holdings are ranches and used for grazing and hunting. Some are timberland holdings. Ted Turner owns over 800,000 ha and tops that list, but number two is a timberland holding. The former Sierra Pacific timberland holdings are owned by the Emmerson family and totals 688,000 ha. Number four is the Irving family timberland holdings in Maine of 486,000 ha. Four other families own over 200,000 ha of timberland. Over 2.8 million ha of timberland was owned by 15 of these families. Not all family forests are small [74]. The area controlled by family forest owners is huge. The type of management plan these owners have varies from none to detailed plans that consider financial, silvicultural, conservation, and operational issues. Only 4% of family forest owners reported having a written management plan. Those same owners controlled 17% of the family forestland. Owners of larger family forests are much more likely to have a forest management plan than those with smaller forest area [73]. The lack of a management plan does not mean those same family forest owners do not receive professional forest management advice. Fourteen percent of family forest owners received forest management advice; those same owners controlled 37% of family forests [73]. The forest management plans prepared for family forest owners vary by management objectives. Plans prepared by forestry commission foresters, service foresters, stewardship foresters, and the technical advice supplied by other natural resource professionals (water quality, wildlife, recreation) tend to be multiple-use oriented, stewardship-focused, and stress forest values of the state agencies that prepared them. Consulting foresters and forest industry landowner assistance foresters prepare forest management plans for landowners with a financial interest. These plans tend to stress forest management and often are timber production and profit-motivated. These large family forest holdings illustrate the challenge of forest management planning for this ownership. The family forest owners are a diverse group of people, with very diverse management objectives, and very diverse financial resources to accomplish these objectives. Forest certification systems that manage to accept this diversity will prove to be a huge asset in achieving higher levels of forest management planning on these family forests. Private property rights give family forest owners huge choices in management direction and forest regulation is limited in achieving enhanced forest sustainability. Financial incentives, technical assistance, and education programs have been shown to influence these forest owners; other incentives, like forest certification, have provided better markets for timber products and have produced this same influence. The management objectives of the forest owners determine the type of forest management planning that will take place on any forestland. Public agencies tend to have complex, detailed procedures, planning processes, and plans. Public participation is a hallmark of the public forest planning process. Private forestland is managed with vast differences in forest owner’s objectives and forest planning on private lands varies vastly, from very complex to none at all. Again, management objectives control the process. Forestland and timberland ownership patterns across the country give valuable insights into the type of forest management planning practiced, as there are clear differences in planning across these ownerships. 4. Conclusions Forest resource management planning in the United States began in the late nineteenth century. It had a framework that emigrated into American forestry from Europe. Early American forest management plans were highly structured documents with a well-established framework. The forest planning was based on the sustained yield model that also emigrated in from Europe. This meant that a set of expectations or requirements were integral to the planning process. 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Pathophysiology of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Role of Immune System Article Information Kalsoom Abidi Malik, Zunaira Hameed*, Marvah Qiass Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of Punjab Lahore *Corresponding author: Zunaira Hameed, Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Received: 22 March 2022; Accepted: 05 April 2022; Published: 01 June 2022 Citation: Kalsoom Abidi Malik, Zunaira Hameed, Marvah Qiass. Pathophysiology of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Role of Immune System. Archives of Microbiology and Immunology 6 (2022): 188-204View / Download Pdf Share at Facebook Abstract Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a disease which originates from white blood cells that are known as lymphocytes. It is primarily mutation of B lymphocytes, it has a special ability to cause deficiency of immune system and also give immune escape process to avoid from self-destruction. In this article we will discuss Hodgkin’s disease and its relation with immune system and also evaluate the function of regulatory B cells in Hodgkin’s disease, origin of HRS and HP cells, role of stains and down regulation of B cells. Epstein-Barr disease (EBV) is the vitally powerful expert that dependably has been connected with HD, EBV-encoded RNA is recognized in the HRS cells more than in 40% of cases. Keywords Lymphoma, lymphocytes, cytokines, tumor cells, HRS and HP cells, EBV, chemokines, interleukins Article Details 1. Introduction 1.1 Hodgkin’s lymphoma: It is the cancer of immune system that is identified by cell type called the Reed-Sternberg cell. 1.2 Lymphoma: The major types of Lymphoma are given below - Hodgkin Lymphoma - Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Hodgkin’s lymphoma was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832 perhaps earlier reference was provided by Marcello Malpighi in 1666. It is discovered as disease of lymph nodes and spleen that was fatal. Lymphoma begins when lymphatic system’s healthy cells change and grow uncontrolled. This uncontrolled growth involves many parts of lymphatic system and spread in various parts of body. Hodgkin’s lymphoma mostly attacks the lymph nodes of neck and area of lungs. It also affects the lymph nodes of arms, groin and pelvis or abdomen. If Hodgkin’s lymphoma spreads in body it effects bone marrow, lungs, spleen or bones but this is not usual. It effect mostly people ranging in any age but it is mostly seen in those between 20 and 40 years old and mostly those over 55 [1]. 1.3 The lymphatic system: To know the Hodgkin’s disease it is important to be aware of lymph framework that is otherwise called lymphatic framework. The lymph framework is significant component of defense systems, which help to battle against illnesses and diseases. This framework additionally controls the progression of liquids through the body. The lymphatic framework is basically made of cells called lymphocytes. There are two fundamental kinds of lymphocytes: 1.4 B lymphocytes (B cells): B cells made antibodies which protect the body against germs. 1.5 T lymphocytes (T cells): T cells protect body from all types of germs that harm the body and also protect from mutant cells. T-cells also help the body to enhance activity of immune. This is major role of T-lymphocytes. Usually HL start in B lymphocytes [2]. 2. Start and Spread of HL: Lymph tissues are available in many parts of the body for that reason HL may start from any part of the body. Significant destinations where lymphoid tissues are available: 2.1 Lymph nodes: Lymph nodes that are present everywhere in the body. They are bean size collection of immune cells and lymphocytes. They are found in chest, abdomen, groin,neck . They are connected with each other through lymphatic vessels. 2.2 Lymphatic vessels: This is network if small tubules that connect lymph nodes and carry lymph. They collect lymph from body parts and put it into the blood stream. 2.3 Spleen: Spleen is part of our immune system and is organ present under lower ribs. It makes cells of immune system and also filters germs and those bacteria that are harmful to body and also generate new healthy cells. 2.4 Bone marrow: Bone marrow are spongy tissues present inside the bone where blood cells are made. 2.5 Thymus: Thymus is small organ present infront of heart. Thymus is necessary to develop T lymphocytes. 2.6 Tonsils and adenoids: Adenoids are small collection of lymph tissues present throat’s back side. It make antibodies which are necessary to kill germs. 2.7 Digestive tract: Digestive system has various organs which contain lymph nodes such as stomach and intestines. That is why Hodgkin’s lymphoma start from every where usually start from upper segment of the body i.e under arms, neck and chest. Hodgkin’s lymphoma usually start and spread from nodes to nodes by lymph vessels. It reach the blood stream and invade to other parts of the body [3]. 3. Types of Hodgkin lymphoma: Some major and different types of HL that spread in different ways and treated in different ways are: - Classic HL - Nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL HL is classified in to more than 9 to 10 classes. 3.1 Classic Hodgkin lymphoma The cancer cells of cHL are called Reed-Sternberg cells. They are type of mutant B lymphocytes. Those people who got cHL have small number of Reed-Sternberg and have many numbers of immune cells. These immune cells cause Protuberance in lymph nodes. cHL has futher four major types: - Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma or NSCHL: Most common type in developed countries of HL is NSCHL. 7 out of 10 cases are of NPHL. It started from chest and neck mostly and most common in teen age but it may also occur in people of any age. - Mixed cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma or MCCHL: This type is considered as second most common type of HL. This type has 4 out of 10 cases. It is seen in mostly those peolpy who are already infected with HIV infection. It is seen in adults as well as elders. It can start from lymph nodes and invade in . It also occur in upper half of body. - Lymphocytes rich Hodgkin: This subtype is not very common, that is why it is rare in people. It usually occur in upper half portion of body. This type is seldom found as compare to others. - Lymphocytes- depleted HL: This form is very rare and seen mostly in old age people and those that are infected with Human immuno virus. It is most belligerent form of Hodgkin lymphoma and it is now advanced from being discovered. It is found in spleen, abdomen, and Liver. 3.2 Nodular predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma: Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma has mostly about 5% cases, and the cancer cells of this type are known as pop corn cells because their shape is like pop corn. These cells are also known as histolytic or lymphocytic. It usually occur in lymph nodes and in neck. This type is most common in men then women and this type grow more slowly and is treated differently [4]. 4. Epidemiology: - Lymphoma account for 0.53% of cancer diagnosed each year and 0.23% of deaths due to lymphoma each year in U.S. - Incidence of Lymphoma case is less than 3 per 100,000. - It is male predominance disease(1:1:1). - It has peak of bidominance occur in age from 25-30 and > 55. - This disease is rare in children attack usually those less than 10 years [5]. 5. Symptoms of Lymphoma: Some common symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma are: - Enlarged lymph - Chills - Weigh loss - Chest pain or pressure - Shortness of breath or cough - Feeling full after small amount of food - Fatigue - Swollen abdomen - Severe itching - Night sweats 6. Reasons of lymphoma: The major cause of HL is change in make up of DNA of white blood cells called B lymphocytes. The proper reason of HL is not known . DNA gives cell a basic commands for its survival. Any change in DNA instruction keep the cell growing uncontrollably. Due to uncontrolled division of cell abnormal lymphocytes begin to produce and got multiply in one or more lymph nodes in particular body parts. Many types of hodgkin lymphoma exists but disgnosis is based on the type of cell involved in cell. When cell type is diagnosed it determine the treatment option [6]. 7. Cure of Hodgkin Lymphoma: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are major treatment of hodgkin lymphoma. Depending on the case of HL treatment should be given to patient. Cancer patients mmayb treated with immunotherapy or transplansment of stem cell. Surgery is very rarely used for HL and biopsy and staging is not used. 8. Risk Factors: Risk factors that increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: - Family History: Any history in Family or blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increase risk factor of having Hodgkin lymphoma . - Past Epstein- Barr infection: People who had been ill by Epstian barr virus are more prone to have Hodgkin lymphoma. These infections are mononucleosis and more likely to cause disease. - Being male: Males are slightly more prone to Hodgkin Lymphoma as compare to women. The other factors that are included, one of them is age HL attack ar certain age.(7) 9. Cellular origin of HRS and HP cells: Two Main components of Hodgkin lymphoma are first one is Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells HRS and the second one is lymphoma predominant HP cells. Cellular origins of Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells were not clear for many years. The reason the HRS cells have phenotype in immunological aspects that did not match with the phenotype of any normal cell of immune system. The complicated expression of markers of different type of cells of hematopoietic system was shown by the HRS cells.[8] Altered B cells were confirmed in HRS cells when isolated HRS cells are genetically analyzed, as they contain V gene having rearranged immunoglobulin Ig heavy and light chain specifically for B cells.[9] In IgV gene, the somatic changes have observed that verified their origin from the GC-experienced B cells, so hyper somatic variations have mechanism which produce variations occurring in GC B cells. Secondary lymphoid organs have germinal centre that are histological structures where humoral immune response depending on T cells occur. The production of mutations in gene IgV in HL demonstrate HRS cells which are produced by the early apoptosis in GC B cells. As variations in GC B cell normally perform apoptosis [10]. As HRS cells are huge in size, having many nuclei (multi nuclei) with two identical shaped nuclei that are present inside the reactive background of cell. For CHL, RS cells are considered pathognomonic. Most of the isolated Reed Sternberg cells have rearranged Ig gene. 10. Immunohistochemistry stains: RS cells have immunohistochemistry stains that have positive values for CD15 and CD30 and they have negative values for CD20 and CD45, which have positive value just in NLP-HL cells. Moreover these stains are also positive for PAX5, CD25, CD95, CD86, CD40, HLA-DR. Contrarily, RS cells are not preset in NLP-HL but they have lymphocytic cells that are large in size, have many lobes in their nuclei and their nucleus contain nucleoli which are basophilic and their size is smaller than those observed in RS cells. When single isolated LP cell is observed, rearranged immunoglobulin genes are appeared. These cells have positive value for CO20, CD45, CD75, EMA, OCT2, BCL6 and J chain [11]. The steps included in the process in which transfer of malignant GC B cells (pre apoptotic) to the HRS cells is not known properly however, get away from caspase-mediated cell death appears to be the initial and important step. Well in this situation, it is interesting perception, that all the instances with threatening variations that inhibit BCR to express were observed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive. [12] So most cases almost 30% are occurred because of this EBV viral infection with HRS cells. In cases that are positive for EBV, some viral genes involved such as membrane proteins LMP1 and LMP2a are produced. As LMP1 imitate a functioning receptor that is CD40 and LMP2a copy the signaling of BCR. These were primary endurance signs for GC B cells. Without a doubt, LMP2a can protect BCR-disabled GC B cells against programmed cell death. In this way, in some of the cHL instances, EBV seems to assume a crucial part in initial steps of the change cycle toward HRS cells [13, 14]. 11. Down regulation in B cells: In HRS Cells, the B cell down regulation process is not clearly known. Although the quantity of those factors that are taking part is clear. This incorporates down regulation of transcription element for the genes of B-cell (such as OCT2, PU.1, BOB1), up regulation of transcription element which represses the appearance of B-cell (such as ID2, ABF1), and genetic quieting of the genes of B-cell [15]. In NLPHL, phenotypic appearance of LP Cells demonstrated their beginning. The B cell indicators such as CD19, CD20, CD79 are produced by them. Ig V genes that have somatic variations are carried by LP Cells. Respective BCR are produced by LP cells and the change design shows choice for articulation of a useful BCR [16]. 12. Outlook of hereditary lesions in HRS and LP cells: CHL is the lymphoid abnormality having biggest degree of irregularities in chromosomes. Aneuploidy observed practically in every instance, underlying distortions, acquires and misfortunes are additionally normal. These occasions can likewise be sub clonal, demonstrating that HRS cells have great hereditary unsteadiness [17]. Movements influencing the Ig position are observed in around 20% of instances. Yet the movement accomplices are assorted, and Ig positions were quieted in cells of Reed stern berg, part performed by these movements to set up lymphomal clone remains generally hazy. Explanations behind the continuous mathematical and underlying chromosomal deviations were for the most part obscure. Telomere malfunctioning is associated with these mechanisms [18]. The quest to study about the somatic variations in specified HRS cell genes was hindered by the requirement to get single separated uncommon HRS cell for histological examination by the dissection of histo segments or stream cytometric cell arranging in solution containing living cells [19]. Subsequently, moderately couple of genes were read up for variations, and earlier the principal entire study of exome sequencing started to give extreme top to bottom image how hereditary sores in HRS cells observed. A principle discovery of various examinations is that a transformation in individuals from the NF-κB pathway is a primary element of HRS cells. This incorporates gains and intensifications of the genes encoding the NF-κB factor REL and BCL3 [20]. Less recurring are hereditary sores in other negative controllers of NF-κB, in particular in operating changes or excision of CYLD and TRAF3. Prominently, TNFAIP3 and NFKBIA transformations have greater repetition in EBV-uninfected cHL, showing that in instances in which EBV cause infection the viral LMP1, a solid NF-κB activator, can restore the requirement to in operate TNFAIP3 or NFKBIA. The altered NF-κB pathway elements catalogue showed that the sanctioned and the non-accepted NF-κB pathways also impacted by transformations in HRS cells. Chiefly found from investigations of HL cell lines, it appears to be frequently different of such elements producing changes in similar HRS-cell clones. This recommends that more than one sore is frequently required to dysregulate the NF-κB pathway adequately [21]. 13. Identification of genetic lesions: Additional frequent hereditary lesions will be recognized in additional examinations, various decisions have already been taken. First of all, no hereditary sore is viewed as in basically the cases as a whole, so an illness characterizing injury is absent. Secondly, as it is obvious that these are not specified genes which are fundamental for HL pathogenesis, however the down regulation of specific mechanism, that could happen via transformations influencing different elements of mechanism. The hereditary sores in individuals from the NF-κB and JAK/STAT mechanism are the extreme noteworthy models in such manner, possible influencing essentially all instances. Thirdly, broadening earlier perception of TNFAIP3 and NFKBIA changes generally in EBV-negative instances, two exome sequencing investigations demonstrate that the clones of HRS-cell are contaminated with EBV, have a considerably lesser variation than EBV-negative instances. This shows that the appearance of genes of virus replace the requirement of numerous oncogene and variation in cancer repressor gene. Fourthly, up to this point, no continuous hereditary injury has been recognized which could clarify deficiency of the B-cell gene articulation program of HRS cells. Fifth, none of hereditary lesions have recognized which are explicit of HRS cells. Practically all the genes often changed in the cells of Reed stern berg have likewise appeared transformed in further B-cell. May be it is the mixture of hereditary changes that are explicit for cHL. Additionally, one might hypothesize that the personality of HRS cells and the peculiarity of cHL isn't exclusively characterized by the scene of its hereditary injuries, however by the way that the changing occasions (mostly) happened in an exceptional cell, in particular a pre-apoptotic GC B cell [22]. 14. Hodgkin's disease and Immune System: All the patients throughout the world exhibit a defect in their cellular immunity persistently when suffer with this disease. Those patients who left untreated show depressed natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. Because of the increased sensitivity to the suppressor monocytes, T-suppressor cells, and the abnormal production of interleukin-2, the defects in cellular immunity appear. In advanced disease, patients show defect in inherent T-lymphocyte [23]. 14.1 Hodgkin's Disease and EBV: EBV stands for Epstein-Barr virus which is the main irresistible entity that is related with Hodgkin’s disease. In about 40% of cases, Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells were found to have RNA encoded by Epstein-Barr [24-26]. An enormous number of people suffering from Hodgkin disease have high EBV neutralizer titers, proposing that EBV contamination might go before the advancement of HD, and clonally the studies showed that EBV disease went before the extension of growth cell population [27]. The rate of HD that is related to EBV fluctuates by age, gender, nationality, histological subtype, monetary level and also by genetics [28, 29]. The host’s hereditary helplessness has brought about a faulty insusceptible reaction permitting expansion and harmful change of EBV-tainted cells. 14.2 LMP-1 and NF-kappa B (Nuclear factor kappa-B): The Epstein-Barr virusal gene expression of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1), latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) - (type II inactivity) is the sign of EBV-positive Hodgkin’s disease. LMP1 which is the inactive one is a protein of epstein-barr (a viral protein) and an individual from the TNFR (Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor) super family that enacts NF-kappa B and balances developmental and apoptotic pathways [30]. The initiation of nuclear factor kappa-B and the related record bring about directing numerous exercises including the resistant framework, cell expansion, cancer metastasis, irritation and viral replication [31]. Various examinations showed the abnormal expression of p50/p65 (RelA) heterodimer, a type of nuclear factor kappa-B, by threatening Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells, which is basic for cell endurance [32-35]. 14.3 Tumor Immune Escape Mechanisms in Hodgkin Disease: The tumor cells secrete cytokine and chemokine and contribute its part to get away from the immune system. For instance, the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) is secreted which represses the development of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTLs), as well as the T cells, while interleukin-13 (IL-13) straightforwardly advances the development and let the HD cell lines to survive. Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) and IL-10 contrarily influence CTL and the action of antigen presenting cell, prompting the deregulated development of cancer cells of Hodgkin’s disease. HRS cells shed CD30 meddles between the working of antigen presenting cells, lymphocytes, and the cytokines. The FasL pathway’s activation by the tumor cells is a component by which they show FasL getting away from the destruction of FasL by the immune system. PGE2 (prostaglandin E2- a molecule responsible for the development and production of cytokine of immune cells that have a role in the innate immunity [36]) secretion by monocytes overexpress IDO (Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase - enzyme which is responsible for the essential amino acid’s degradation such as of tryptophan in either dendritic cells or other cells of immune system [37]), prompting the depletion of tryptophan, which is viewed as a defensive mechanism instigated by IFN-γ, and in result suppressing the division of T-cells [38]. 14.4 FasL pathway: For the regulated death of the cells (apoptosis), there are two molecules that are Fas and the Fas ligand, the members of TNF family. Their proper ligation results in the caspases cascade leading to the apoptosis [39] as shown in the figure [40] below. What is the Caspases cascade? So basically caspases stands for the class of proteases mainly of cysteine which transfers the signals for apoptosis in the form of cascade (proteolytic) and caspases cleave and activate other caspases to carry out the degradation process that leads to the apoptosis [41]. 14.5 Confined Pattern of Ags: HD due to EBV is a perfect model in which the person's immunity fails to destroy the HD growth cells (tumor) even after the tumor cells have expressed the antigens of virus. The limited exhibition or expression of viral antigens could be a reason for that. The expression of the viral genes on HRS cells is restricted to the immunodominant LMP 1 and 2, EBNA 1 (it have gly-ala repeating units hat restrain HLA class I antigen’s working), and little non-polyadenylated RNAs named EBV early RNA (EBER) 1 and 2, that can be transcribed however not translated [42-44]. A recommendation is that the peptides of LMP1 and LMP2 are not a match for other EBV LMPs for binding to the person’s HLA antigens; accordingly this brings about a poor signal to CTLs which is LMP specific. This little gene expression that is quite a weak target for the activity of CTL thus allows the cancerous cells to avoid the immune response [45]. 15. Contribution of cytokines: 15.1 Changing Growth factor- Beta: Many malignant cells release cytokines as their safety mechanism to avoid the immune response of the host. The cells that are engaged with HD include T lymphocytes and the cytokines that are responsible for the proliferation of the tumor cells. [46] TGF-β is the potent immunosuppressive cytokine that has an anti-proliferative and anti-cytotoxic result on Tc cells [47]. Therefore, the release of this cytokine by the tumors can affect the immune response. 15.2 Interleukins: Reports from the past have showed that few cytokines are showed in biopsy material by the cell lines of Hodgkin disease and by Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells. These cytokines include interleukins (1, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10), TGF-β and others [48]. Due the imbalanced production of these cytokines, the symptoms of HD appear [49]. Moreover, IL-10 can repress the growth rate of T-lymphocytes [50]. IL-10 is found in HRS cells (EBV-positive) [51]. 15.3 Interleukin-13: Interleukin-13 is a Th2 cytokine which is similar to interleukin-4. Combined they show a significant part in the humoral immunity by means of their exercises on B cells [52]. Interleukin-13, because of its affects on macrophages and B-cells, show anti-inflammatory effects [53-57]. IL-13 also acts as an autocrine development factor in Hodgkin’s disease and has a major contribution in the enactment of STAT6 ( driving force for the differentiation of Th2 cells [stat 6 immunology] ), that has an association with the multiplication of typical T & B-cells [58]. 16. Contribution of chemokines: Chemokines are same as cytokines and differ only at one point that is the initial one has properties of attracting specific substances by releasing chemicals. Chemokines that are released by HRS cells show an essential part in the trafficking of leukocytes. This provides the favorable environment inside the cells (HRS). It was proposed that in HD, the maximum makeup of the tumor cells is by the infiltrate that is reactive. This infiltrate is produced due to the chemokinal and cytokinal secretions by the malignant cells [59-61]. Studies have shown the presence of IL-8 in the sera of patients suffering from HD [62, 63]. Interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) is a chemoattractant for enacted T-cells communicating the CXCR3 chemokine receptor [64]. Past investigations of the disease have also revealed a relationship between this IP-10 and HD [65]. Additionally, these examinations likewise have revealed that the expression of IP-10 in patients that are positive for EBV is far stronger than those that are negative for EBV in HD [66-68]. Thus, it is reasonable to think that the expression of LMP1 can play a part in the production of IP-10 in the HRS cells. 17. Down regulation of Fas-ligand: Fas ligand (FasL) is activated by T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells [69, 70] and also by some non-lymphoid cells. FasL which is bound to the membrane incites cell death of the target after engaging its receptor that is Fas and thus shows an important role in the down regulation of immune system as well as in the cell-mediated immunity [71]. Therefore, the activation of Fas/FasL pathway leads to the fact that those tumors that express this FasL can easily avoid the host’s immunity. 18. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase's secretion: One more way by which malignant cells can avoid immune response is by the production of PGE2 and IDO. The dysfunctional of monocytes in HD patients is due to the over production of PGE2 which in turn increases IDO production by monocytes, tumor and dendritic cells. The activation of IDO restricts the accessibility of tryptophan, a basic amino acid for the synthesis of protein. These decreased levels of tryptophan make T cells to be captured in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This shows an escape mechanism of malignant cells. 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Bien amables.dora b. | Premières impressions Customer Reviews for U-Haul Moving & Storage of Wesconnett Location en tout temps | U-Haul Truck Share 24/7© Location Pour nous contacter Jacksonville, FL 32210 (@ Tampico between the public library and Walmart).Suhas P. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Patrick m. | Online Move In Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Maurice B. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Paulo L. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Clarissa M. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Tammie T. | Premières impressions Falto luz dentro de mi garaje rentadoanileys r. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Charles R. | Premières impressions Could never contact Storage personnel by phonejake f. | Expérience générale U-Haul needs a better computer system.Cynthia C. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Yarievy R. | Online Move In Great service by the representative who helped me did everything great I really appreciate what also really put me in a great unit didn’t know about the rodent boxes that be in the unit and it looks like a dead small frog was in there that I have to get out besides that everything else was goodMaurice B. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Katrina H. | Premières impressions Was not provided the access code to my unit for almost a week along with calling the store with no reply which coast needed out of pocket the staff was unprofessional along with the fact they provided me a vehicle on empty after being told it was on 1/8th.Shawn B. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Anwar M. | Expérience générale Easy check in. Questions answered on up coming rental reservation. Very fast.THOMAS C. | Expérience générale Always a different staff each month,at one point they cut my lock off after mistaking me for another Tennant that was moving out.when th mgr told me not to worry about paying my rent for that month they penalized me for not paying.of course when I went back in to resolve,that guy was no longer there to confirm what had happened the previous monthPATRICK G. | Expérience générale This site will work with you very helpful and kind peopleTiffany D. | Expérience générale Always get great service.frances w. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.MICHAEL W. | Premières impressions nadanora c. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.NICHOLAS D. | Expérience générale My unit became roach infested when calling office i could rarely talk to local office staff when reporting and resolving the issue national staff would take a msg and i never received a return call had to go to the office there i was given ins number to call and was told uhaul dont do pest control i lost my key i wasted time calling uhaul for help to no avail went to office someone was to meet me with fogger for me to use as the ins agent advise them to do the pest control no one showed went back to office next day young lady met me and gave me the foggers i set the off in the unit my unit door was stuck calling uhaul call goes to national as usual they took my number msg surpise i got a call back only to get stood up someone was to meet me at my unit they didnt show i had to go to office and they did show up this time sadly i threw away all my clothes and other items and moved the remaining things to a different storage place uhaul facilty and customer service was awful i would expect this company to provide pest control and check unit doors condition and great customer service these units are not cheap.i struggle to pay im on a fixed income but i wanted a safe clean secure and kind people to assist.when neededpaula j. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Charlotte L. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.William F. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Dana F. | Expérience générale Rented RV storage the last6 years. Convenient and cost savings. Location is Florida. Minimal winterizing, not necessary to drive 1000+ miles home which saves on gas and less wear and tear.THOMAS C. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Sam B. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.emmanuel r. | Premières impressions A truck parked next to our camper covered our camper in mud and debris. The truck hit two cars in the space on the other side and U-Haul did nothing. This place smells like cat urine. Staff at the neighboring facility and over the phone are virtually useless if you can get them at all. Staff should be present at the Wesconnett facility but U-Haul cuts corners so no one is present on site. You have to drive a couple miles down the road to get anyone. I would definitely not recommend this storage facility to anyone.Stuart B. | Expérience générale Zero communication.Kevin A. | Expérience générale I had to go to 3 different U-Haul to finally get my storage. No one told me this location had no office after I sit there 45 minutes waiting in someone to return like customer service told me to do. I was late getting to my moving appointment that I hired movers through y'allKallia S. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Linda B. | Expérience générale When I got to the location the code that your company had provided me didnt work, there was no one on grounds to help me at all. I called the number for the location and it was a corporate number and I had to go the blanding site to cancel my reservation because they couldnt do it over the phone i ended up having to walk all the way to blanding just to get a refund. The website says no where on there that its a hub location or 2nd entaty that the main hub is 6100 blanding blvd and there will be no one on the westconnect location and that it isnt 24 hrs when it clearly says it is 24 hrs. So i am waiting for the 72,1 to be put back on my card. I will not recommend ur company for storage.Lauren G. | Online Move In Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.DAVID F. | Online Move In Storage was great no issues I will surely recommendSharon B. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.william b. | Expérience générale I tried to call the office number several times no answered. I wanted a closed in unit not a parking spot. i would like a refund for the money I spent. I cant even find out if anything else was available because no one answered phoneErika G. | Online Move In The staff at u-Haul have all been very helpful and nice. Even though there is no one physically present at the U- Haul right now, they are not far away.Linda J. | Expérience générale This I-haul place served me amazingly Always willing to work things out with me when financial times got rough Only bad thing was the rat droppings in the storage unit constantly However I would definitely return and recommend using for others Thank youLamar I. | Expérience générale Easy and fastZANTAVEON M. | Online Move In The truck had a huge hole which damage a few boxes and my fur bench🤦🏾♀️🥺🙄 but the helpful gentleman started a damaged insurance claim.Chanel R. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.robin g. | Premières impressions Fob didn't work from day one. And several weeks after. No one ever answers the phone locally.Joseph H. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Meltonia E. | Online Move In Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.ULYSSES B. | Expérience générale Missing the building letter on instructionMartha A. | Online Move In This was a better experience although my last experience was never compensated or ever addressedKEVIN E. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Kevin C. | Expérience générale Worst customer service GM sheena was really rude would never recommend this storejanice r. | Expérience générale The general manager at this store name Sheena is very rude person no customer service i would never recommend this storejanice r. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Barbara S. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.ALEX I. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Nise W. | Online Move In Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Kimberly W. | Premières impressions Always good service! I don't think I have ever spent more than about 10 minutes there which is very nice for my hectic schedule.John P. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Autricia G. | Premières impressions Remote to open gate did not work.Thomas C. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Joshua S. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Sandra D. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Lorna D. | Premières impressions Customer service was excellent i needed a storage also didn't have one there took his time to locate one for me at another facility, as business began to get busy he was courteous to others as they waited. All of them seem to enjoy customers and accomplished serving themDEBRA M. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Barbara S. | Premières impressions Clean inside unit.Lee E. | Premières impressions Storage had rats droppings. Roaches and spiders everywhere there in all my stiffWhitney M. | Expérience générale I reserved my space on line. A lot of questions were repeated at the checkin. Process seemed to take longer than I thought it should have. Gate clicker did not work.Thomas C. | Premières impressions Great Team, they go above and beyond to assist you, the office was full and they manage to greet you and make everyone feel welcomeRicardo R. | Premières impressions Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Paquita L. | Expérience générale Needed to be refunded and was not after being told I would be called in 20-30 minutes by the manager to actually assist me but he never called or reached out. Still awaiting over a week.Brielle W. | Online Move In Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.ramon c. | Expérience générale Great service thankyouAnthony P. | Expérience générale Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Eric W. | Premières impressions Friendly staff and secure facility. We had our camper stored there on and off for almost two years, the last time, it was there for almost a year straight. It was dusty when we finally came to pick it up, but there were no rodent or insect infestations which were our biggest concern leaving it for so long. We would recommend this location and will definitely use them again in the future.Gordon K. | Expérience générale 871068-00108219 is my account number. I am trying to add it and have not been successful. Called 800 number and they stated it would be taken care of. How am I to pay when I have no verifying account? I also need a remote for access to gate.Voronica B. | Online Move In AwesomeEdward S. | Premières impressions The actual storage location on 103rd does not have an office. I found out about it through the 6100 Blanding, Super Center.Andrew B. | Expérience générale We pulled up not scheduled to turn in a car transport, and find a large storage unit, and Charlotte was able to help us. I was very grateful!Andrew B. | Premières impressions Sign out was easy and fast.THOMAS C. | Expérience générale Thank you for helping with great customer service hassel free.Jamie W. | Premières impressions Multiple times their was people jumping the fence and sneaking in, I never once felt safe with my motorcycle stored at that facility. Need bob wire on top of the fence and LED over every storage unit.AKEEM P. | Expérience générale UHaul is good for my time of needs very easy to get to. So of there workers know what they are doing.Brenda T. | Expérience générale I enjoyed the facility for so many years. Communication between client and storage mgmt should be easier! I tried numerous times nvr got called back. This is bad service! I'd use another company nowDAVID G. | Expérience générale Highly recommend! Great serviceApril R. | Premières impressions Great job. Was easy and worked with me when my reservation was canceled due to the hurricane.BRIANNA B. | Premières impressions The facilities are very clean. The first time I went to my unit it was before daylight. I had trouble finding it and a lady met me, directed me to my unit and had a pair of scissors to open my lock.Steve P. | Premières impressions Luke was excellent. Great employeeGREGORY H. | Premières impressions Storage area was very secure. ThanksERIC S. | Expérience générale I appreciate your kindness during my rental time with yoour company.Irene S. | Expérience générale Ample size and a reasonable price combined with a helpful staff and a great location made for the great experience. Will def use again .Steven M. | Expérience générale Workers were very nice and knowledgeableGwendolyn B. | Premières impressions Meagan is the best!Jennifer C. | Expérience générale Thank you for helping me with every thing.Lisa S. | Expérience générale Staff bnbis awesome.irene s. | Expérience générale the staff at the storage location it self was great...I moved out before 02/11/2019 ...however I was not advised prior to renting the storage that my rent would not be prorated so I am upset that I waciarica m. | Expérience générale Everything was ok.jim c. | Premières impressions GREAT employees.Laura B. | Premières impressions I still would like to see people on sight the automated thing is okay but I would still like to see people on sightchristie l. | Expérience générale Room for improvementShantrel D. | Expérience générale The call service is very poor. The ladies would require giving them a lot of identifying information and then no one would call us back. This happened several times. Very frustrating.david t. | Premières impressions I have used the storage for about two years and I have no complait I have enjoyed it. MerciIRA H. | Expérience générale They need to get the way they handle payment fixed. I was under the impression payment was automatic to come out of my bank account but instead I was hit with a hefty "late' fee. Ridiculous.Cindy H. | Expérience générale This is absolutely the worst UHaul facility I have ever been to! I have moved many times and can say that using U-Haul. Recommend mananagment change and facility refurbishment. Storage unit leaked.Christopher W. | Expérience générale I am very disappoint with UHaul furniture got messed was paying insurance and you all refuse to reimburse me...awful letting everyone know what UHaul did to meBrenda W. | Expérience générale Staff was extremely friendly and helpful. Great price for vehicle storage.Joseph M. | Expérience générale Worst experience as a customer with any entity. My calls were transferred numerous times and no one had an answer for any of my questions. Rude CSR lady. Overall experience was horrible at best.Joaquin S. | Réservation My 1st experience wasn't quite what I thought it would be but after I went in the next day I had a wonderful experience with the management and staff I definitely recommend this place as a 5 star ...danny m. | Réservation couldn't find our reservation upon arrival, collected another credit card number to create a new account for the remtal and tried to charge For the free rent. Then placed a lock on unit for nonpaymentJUNE G. | Réservation Could not speak with on site personKelvin P. | Expérience générale Great service providedzhaquasha w. | Réservation The staff was very knowledgeable and helpful at all time.John H. | Expérience générale My name isn't Mitchell Lee, I made that clear numerous times. The gate card never worked, they were aware and did nothing. The gate acknowledged me as some lady named Amanda & nothing was done. ThanksMitchell L. | Expérience générale Location says 24 hours & we got there around 5pm & no one was there. The online check in would NOT let us check in. Had to find another storage since U-Haul was just not cooperating.David H. | Réservation There is no office at this location making it necessary to drive to Blanding Blvd.ALAN F. | Expérience générale N.D.Allen G. | Expérience générale Excellent customer service representative found me a shed at the last minute. My reservation was at the wrong part of the city. Which wasn't convenient for me at all.deborah e. | Expérience générale Thank you for you impeccable customer service. If I ever need storage again I will be using you all and this location.SHANDRA S. | Expérience générale My experience was excellent, the employees were friendly, helpful, and knowledgeable.Ethna L. | Expérience générale The whole "leave your lock on an empty unit otherwise it'll be kicked out of the system and future access will be denied" is ridiculous. Rent is paid monthly thereby access should be monthly.JOSHUA S. | Expérience générale Drop off was a nightmare. The GM Paul screamed at me in front of other customers.Tina F. Told clerk miles were off from contract.... I guess she forgot to change it and I was still charged for 2 miles. Yeah only 2 miles but uhaul wants their money for only 2 miles. Other then that a great experience.DENITA D. Very satisfiedFrances D. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.marta G. The agent was amazing!!JAMESY R. ???????Carlos M. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Alisha W. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.florence T. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.ALEX B. Offer them a free beer after there userobert B. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.dan L. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.timothy N. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.gerald M. The experience was great and employee was very accommodating keep doing what you're doingantonio T. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Mary W. Very helpful and friendly peopleCharles D. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Maddison S. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Taylore C. My significant other was recently diagnosed with a terminal illness and our lives sudden changed! We made a decision to move out of town closer to his family as he receives treatment. I was so worried about moving our belongings to a new city and still managing his care. Donyell was overly amazing in eliminating my stress of moving!!! She demonstrated excellent customer service skills and professionalism! Donyell was with me during our entire moving process...from choosing packing supplies, reserving our storage unit, booking the U-Haul truck, and even providing kind words of love & encouragement! If I could come to her store EVERY time I needed to move...I totally would! I would overly recommend anyone moving to or from the Jacksonville area to stop by and see Donyell! Never has my moving experience been so carefree and smooth! Thank you Donyell for your awesomeness!!Jasmine H. The truck I drove had an issue with a break light. The light beeps and throughout the entire time driving. I even called roadside assistance thinking there was an issue with the truck but they cleared it to drive. Apparently management at his location knows about the issue and still decided to put me though the unbearable experience of driving with a loud beeping noise. I am not exaggerating, I rented a 26 foot truck and the beeping was loud.luis C. They reserved on my account twice as much as they said and I had a different payment go thru because of it.Melissa W. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.daryl B. Thanks alot for the help.This location is the BESTLashameka M. The manager, Donyell, helped me with a tire issue that we had during our rental and made it a smooth and easy transaction overall. She was fantastic!!Tammy F. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.david A. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.KEITH W. I got charged for fuel when I put the gas tank at exactly the same place as when I got it and I got an extra charge for using the dolly because of the paper thin zip tie they use broke. And the dolly never once got used. the box truck was falling apart interior wise. and could barely get out of its own way running like crap.Alexander L. Went to one location asked for a truck with the price 19,95$ they ended up getting me scheduled for a 29,95$ truck that I didn't ask for only needed a small truck for a washer and dryer. Got upset but the location I was at to pick up fixed the problem. Wish I would have known I was spending $100 for truck miles and gas because I would have paid someone gas to use there truck and not a uhaul. I could have saved so much more money instead of being broke now due to all the fees and crap for a uhaul truck. Never will I do that again.Amanda M. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Victor W. Very smooth I have rented from uhaul several times. I recommend to check in on line it cuts the time in half or more at the location I have never spent more than 15 mins after i reach the counter.Clifford F. My experience with them was GREAT!lacourtney L. You have the most friendlist of staff there. There really isnt anything that i could suggest doing differently sines they are the best. The manager i think her name is Donelle was so nice and took her time to explain everything. You have the best staff Aloha Debbie HiroseDebbie H. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.ERNEST W. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Tonya W. Donyell Crews was professional, courteous, and extremely hard working. It was a pleasure conducting business with her.RICHARD B. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.dwight S. Your representative was professional and courteous . Would recommend her for promotion.CLIFFORD L. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.ifeyinka H. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.DAVID B. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Kayla M. Excellent customer appreciation by management and staffclausell R. Great customer service!! I was in and out quickly.Kristian B. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.angelia B. I was thankful for help I receivedKenya M. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.MERCEDES O. Donyell was great and very helpfulTiffany F. I think Donyell is the best!!! Great customer service at this location!!!KRISTIAN B. Nothing everything was outstanding.GLORIA W. When we walked into thw office we were greeted by a smiling face! I believe her name was Donray, not sure, i know the first part was Don. She was peppy and very professional and nice. That girl needs a raise!!!! Then when we dropped the truck off we were greeted by another very nice lady. It only took about five minutes and we were gone. We live in Brevard County and it was so nice to have everything ready as soon as we walked in. Thank you UHaul!!!Robin L. Both women that helped me at this location were great! The one who initially rented my van was pleasant and prompt, I did not get her name. When I returned the van, Brenda was incredibly friendly and accommodating; she offered to take care of a rental day because of an issue I had with the vehicle... Something not even entirely the fault of uhaul! (stuck). Thanks again for the great service ; highly recommended!Michael M. Extremely poor phone etiquette. Transmission and battery were bad. We were accused of theft because we needed extra days.June L. I had left my granddaughter ipad in the cargo van and when I drop the van off after hours I contact the office which I though I was talking to the office direct office to inform them to put it up and the very next day I went to pick it up the didn't have it and II track the ipad there. Very upsetLisa M. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Tonya W. This was the best U-Haul experience my wife and I have ever had. The representative was polite, articulate, and overall had great customer service, explaining and answering in detail every question we had. Definitely will be using this location again!Lloyd F. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.sandra S. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Louise R. S.O.lisa H. The manager Donyell is great!! She is very patient has A very good attitude bout her job she is a good asset to y'all company.. KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK!!! I WILL ALWAYS USE THIS LOCATION AND I WILL SPREAD THE WORD TOO ALL MY FRIENDS!!! Thanks Donyell for your work..jerrod H. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.carol M. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Lisa R. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Felicia M. Very good experience!?SHANTELL B. Just keep providing excellent customer service..RERA W. Staff was a pleasure to work with!Jennifer G. Keep doing what your doing. Also if possible...the trick return area needs to be better.ZACHARY H. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.ALICIA J. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Leslie G. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Mark S. very satisfied customer.. Thank you very muchErlinda Santos G. Store front does not give you the idea it is a full service U-Haul distributor. I have lived here for 15 plus years and thought it was only a storage unit facility. Now that I know I can rent the normal U-Haul items, this locale is much more convenient than the one further away I have used in the past. 2 great employee's, very helpful who supported me in my rental process. Thankswilliam R. Keep up the good workJulie S. This moving experience was great with the great service ..Picking up and returning the truck was quick and easy..Many thanks RSROBERT S. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Paul R. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.chahone R. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.mikiesha R. The clearance height wasn't announced anywhere. I don't know if it was because it was a van but it's a nice thing to have. Also, the last time we rented a van there was no partition between the cargo part and the cab. This rental's van had a cage between the cab and cargo space which meant that we couldn't leave the ac on while we were organizing in the back without risking vehicle theft. As this is Florida, ac availability is quite key. These are suggestions, not complaints, we love this company and will readily choose you again.LAURA L. The drop off went very smooth and quick. The young lady was very efficient and pleasant to deal with.Elaine R. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Susan A. I love the whole team i told the people next door who was also moving bout them and they went there as well and GM she is awesome and i think her so much for the help and friendlinessKI'BRELLE W. This is the second time this year I have rented a unit from this U-Haul location. Staff has always been very friendly and helpful.Barbara H. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Otmar G. This particular location was fine. Its the reservation department that I had problems with. Samuel was very nice and knowledgeable about the business.Ashley F. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Carl O. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Ericka R. Been dping business here a long time.. Will always use this location..Vickey F. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Stephanie M. The lady (Donyell) that serviced me in the morning with the pick up was outstanding. However, the man that serviced me that afternoon when I returned the product was very rude and degrading. He had absolutely no customer service skills, or people skills, at all, for that matter.mariah H. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.SHARDAI J. They are always very nice and very professional here!! THE GENERAL MANAGER is awesome!!Shiquala B. The Staff was Amazing!! Very Friendly and Extra Polite!!brigett B. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Wilber G. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Patrick M. The service at this uhaul location was above and beyond excellent. The manager provided me with the rental truck that morning. Upon returning the vehicle I was greeted by another young lady that was smiling and very polite. The manager is setting a very good example of what excellent customer service looks like and her employees are following it.TARNEISHA S. All goodMARK S. Easier access for turning Truck into aislesdavid L. Change the name. It's not even close to the street it's named after. Makes it confusing to it location. Maybe Uhaul by the library 103rd. But overall good people working there.Steve K. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.booker A. Thank you for excellent service!GEORGE S. Le client n'a pas laissé de commentaire.Marshonne D. We ordered a dolly, however it was not in the van. We did not realize this until we had made it all the way to the furniture store and thus we had to drive all the way back since it was needed in order to move the furniture.Michelle!

Samuhik सामहू िक पहल Pahal A Journal of Our Collective Action July 2022 | Vol 2 Issue 10 The Learning Journeys of Fellowships 1 CONTENTS Editorial 03 Thinking About Fellowships Samuhik Pahal Editorial Collective Reflections & Opinions 05 08 14 19 A Case for Greater Research on Education Fellowships in India Tanushree Sarkar Social Transformation through Small Heroic Acts Stories of Fellows and Fellowships Hitanshi Gandhi Journey of i-Saksham to Build Local Women Community Edu-leaders A Reflection Ravi Dhanuka Teach For India: A Path of Learning Shaheen Mistri and Manasi Jain Interview 25 Exploring the Self, Serving Communities The Journey of Gandhi Fellowship Vivek Sharma in Conversation with the Samuhik Pahal Team Ground Zero 31 The Learning Journeys of Fellowships Aastha Maggu Editorial Thinking About Fellowships Samuhik Pahal Editorial Collective F ellowships are increasingly becoming an important mode of intervening in the social sector. This is especially true in the case of the domain of education. Wipro Foundation itself runs three different fellowships – the Wipro Education Fellowship (for founders of early-stage educational NGOs), the Wipro Organizational Development Fellowship and the Wipro Media Fellowship. We also support many organizations who run fellowships and see them as an important part of their organizational toolkit. Because of their burgeoning popularity and wide usage, fellowships now mean many things to many people. For the purpose of discussions in the present issue of Samuhik Pahal, by fellowship we mean the following. A fellowship is a specific kind of organizational intervention in the education sector, with the help of fresh talent, which the organizations try to get and groom in cohorts through a structured program. Such a program provides the fellows opportunities to engage with school/classroom level teaching-learning processes - with children and/or teachers and/or school leaders for a specified period. Fellowships are increasingly a popular way of structuring educational interventions due to many reasons. They are a relatively effective way of attracting new talent, with arguably low costs. Some organizations also see it as a way of getting potential employees without any formal commitments for the relationship at the beginning. For young people, it can be a good way to build their capacity, get exposure, and source opportunities for networking and exploring long-term career opportunities with a relatively short commitment – a year or two. A well-chosen mix of fellows opens up their minds to the world, can change perceptions, and can challenge long held prejudices, through peer interactions and learning. For the system as a whole, it facilitates the entry of more people into the ecosystem and provides frameworks for new entrants to become educational/social entrepreneurs. For the education ecosystem, it also works as a broader advocacy tool. When organizations in rural areas and small towns take fellows from communities, it creates opportunities for capacity building for local people. At large, fellowships can also potentially increase sensitivity among young people about various social issues and diverse realities. However, as with everything else, fellowships have a flipside. There is the possibility of fellows being financially exploited. In the new positions, they are often expected to play the role of experts, sometimes with only a few weeks’ training. The challenges that such situations create for fellows are many. Some are willing to take it on, but for some others it might be intense and overwhelming. Organizations start fellowships with multiple objectives. Some of these goals may become sidelined over a period of time. How easy is it for organizations to mediate between the various competing objectives – e.g., attracting talent to the social sector vs. intervening effectively in a chosen domain of work - of fellowships? The idea/concept of fellowships, as dominantly operational in India now, is often premised upon the understanding that we have figured out how to work in specific domains, and fellowships can be used to expand/multiply the work. 3 Editorial The dominant paradigm of fellowships is based on certain assumptions of which some of the smaller NGOs who have started fellowship programs might not be aware. These assumptions include, amongst others - scaling as being only an organizational/ operational issue, the ease with which capacities may be built, etc. Large-scale social experimentations often have high social costs. In the case of fellowships, do we have a way in which we can even begin to assess these costs, especially with those fellowships that have a large geographical and social spread? unsplash.com/Rishi Mohan Is the fellowship process equitably beneficial for everyone involved? Does the teacher or the school leader gain as much from the process (in terms of skills, social capital, identity etc.) as a fellow? However, one observes that often organizations starting fellowships in specific thematic areas themselves are nowhere close to solving the problems they have chosen to work on. Therefore, scaling up through fellowships at this stage may only upscale confusions and problems. One might also argue that even if one has figured out solutions, scaling these is not necessarily going to work because of the very context dependent nature of social issues. Those who want to work in the social sector perhaps must also do their own thinking, imagining and experimentation. How much do the present crop of fellowships in India in the education sector are able to do this is an important question to consider. Our interactions with a number of potential grantees as well as existing partners reveal an important fact. Many of them are not quite clear about why they are running or plan to run a fellowship. Perhaps it is time to relook at fellowships as a way of structuring work and as a tool of intervention in the domain of education and unpack certain assumptions that might have been made uncritically? Perhaps we need to examine anew what it takes to solve a social/education problem, what is entailed in building the capacity of fellows to deliver what they are supposed to (e.g., being a teacher or a teacher trainer), and what it means to work with people in the system to improve their practices. We hope this issue of Samuhik Pahal is a step, even if a very small one, in starting these conversations. 4 Opinion A Case for Greater Research on Education Fellowships in India Tanushree Sarkar I was tasked with writing an article to provide a research-based view of fellowship programs in the Indian context. I came up short. Instead, this article presents a case to invest in research on fellowship programs. Before I begin, I must state that I have not participated in any fellowship programs. But, as an education researcher, the influence of fellowship programs cannot be understated. NGOs that run fellowship programs have a tremendous influence on education policy, pedagogy and practice. Yet, as I will explain below, it is difficult to understand this influence, globally and in India. Fellowship programs in the social sector are flourishing in India. The Indian Development Review (IDR) lists 97 fellowship programs in its social sector database. Eleven are categorized under education. This is not an exhaustive list. It indicates the range of options for those interested in pursuing fellowship programs. The ‘fellowship model’ is an increasingly popular intervention design in the education sector. Fellows constitute a critical mode of action and impact for several organisations. Examples include Asaadharan Foundation in Gujarat, Gramurja Foundation and Apnishala in Maharashtra, and Saksham in New Delhi. These fellowship models cover a range of issues and geographies, including socialemotional learning, STEM education, education governance and leadership, and foundational literacy and numeracy. Fellows are not the primary mode of intervention for all organizations. There is immense diversity in how education fellowships are operationalized. There is immense diversity in duration, design, geography and domain across fellowship programs. This means, it is quite difficult to define what makes up a fellowship program. Overall, fellowship programs can be seen as contractual positions aimed at professional development or contributing to a cause within a limited duration. Besides, there is a focus on recruiting talented youth across education fellowship programs. There is a widespread critique of the idea that recruiting ‘the best and the brightest’ is a credible solution for complex social problems. First, is the assumption of energy and commitment to work in low-paying and gruelling circumstances. Second, is the notion that young, smart, talented individuals need to be sensitized toward pervasive social problems. This is done by exposing fellows to ‘low resourced’ and ‘grassroots’ India, which allows them to carry this sensitivity to future endeavours. It is difficult to think about education fellowships without examining the influence of Teach for India (TFI), Teach for America (TFA) and Teach for All (TFAll). The first is because of their enormous scale. As per TFI, “1 in 10 Indian children is now reached by a Teach for India Alumni”. The TFI program is part of the larger TFAll network; founded by Wendy Kopp, who established TFA in the early 1990s. Currently, TFAll represents a global network operating in 55 regions. The second reason one cannot ignore their influence is because of the existing research focus on this program. For instance, TFA emerged as an alternative teacher certification program in the United States. Research suggests this undermined teacher engagement with sociocultural and political aspects of teaching. 5 Opinion In the Indian context, TFI approaches to teacher education contradict the ethos of teacher education policy in India. Scholars critique TFA for promoting deficit-based perspectives of children belonging to marginalized communities. Further, TFA is unable to support fellows to cater to children with disabilities. TFA is charged with promoting standardization and a rigid focus on measurement. It is difficult to make similar claims in the Indian context. But, evidence indicates that NGOs promoting fellowship programs support market-oriented reforms in education. Market-oriented education reforms exist in tension with equity and social justice. At the same time, the intention is not to present a generalized picture of fellowship programs. Fellowship programs can serve democratic and social justice goals. They can provide crucial access to employment for those at the margins, serve as affinity networks for minoritized communities, and promote engagement and participation in decisionmaking within one’s own communities and contexts. An example of this is the NCPEDP – Javed Abidi Fellowship on Disability, which is a three-year fellowship for disabled youth to conduct grassroots disability rights advocacy. As I previously noted, research on fellowship programs, especially on their growth in the Indian context, is scarce. It is difficult to provide an overview of how fellowships influence education. In this vein, I offer more questions than answers. There is a need to examine the influence of fellowship in classrooms and schools, and in the lives of fellows who choose to take part. How do fellowships influence policy and practice in schools and classrooms? How do teachers view their fellow counterparts in schools? The presence of fellows in schools is likely to reshape and reconfigure how teachers view their professional development, how they think about teacher education, and how particular teaching practices are taken up. This is not to say that teachers are not critical of fellows’ teaching practices. Instead, we must examine how fellowship programs influence beliefs, pedagogy and the curriculum. Further, how do fellows influence the lives of students they interact with? How do young people perceive fellowship programs? What are the trajectories that alumni follow? It is important to note that alumni and fellows do not take up uncritical stances toward fellowships. They develop nuanced perspectives on school reform and educational inequities. Yet, there is likely to be continued influence of the fellowship ‘networks’ in their newly founded organizations. Alumni networks are likely to be important forms of social and network capital. These networks provide access to credibility, funding, knowledge, opportunities, human resources and support. Crucially, what visions of quality, equity, and inclusion are envisioned within these fellowships? The regions where fellowships operate are marked by poverty and exclusion. But we know little about representation and diversity within fellowship programs. Who is recruited and who can afford to take part? Another set of unanswered questions focuses on the ‘why’. Why are fellowships gaining immense popularity as an intervention design? Is it because of a lack of skilled human resources in the education non-profit sector? Is there systemic support for new founders to develop fellowship programs? For instance, TFIx mentors and incubates TFI alumni to develop their own fellowship programs. It would be helpful to examine how many fellowship programs are founded or supported by alumni of fellowship programs. Is it attractive to funders as an established model in the education sector? At what point will we saturate the field of fellowships? Why are these programs attractive to young people? What are the socio-cultural and 6 Opinion political circumstances that allow for the proliferation of fellowship programs? Is there expansive demand in a time of competitive and inaccessible higher education and labour market precarity? What we currently know is based on reports from established organizations running fellowship programs. The lack of research is not limited to India but is a global concern. Given the rapid growth of fellowships, research is urgently required to promote critical examination of these programs. References Anderson, A. (2013). Teach For America and the Dangers of Deficit Thinking. Critical Education, 4(11). Ball, S. J. (2016). Following Policy: Networks, education policy mobilities and glocalisation. Journal of Education Policy, 0939(July), 1–17. 2232 Ball, S. J., & Thawer, S. (2018). Nodes, Pipelines, and Policy Mobility. The Wiley Handbook of Global Educational Reform, 71– 86.. ch4 India Development Review. (n.d.). Fellowships. Retrieved June 6, 2022, from NCPEDP – Javed Abidi Fellowship on Disability. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2022, from Subramanian, V. (2020). Parallel partnerships: Teach for India and new institutional regimes in municipal schools in New Delhi. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 29(4), 409–428.. 1080/09620214.2019.1668288 Thomas, M. A. M. (2018). “Good Intentions Can Only Get You So Far”: Critical Reflections From Teach For America Corps Members Placed in Special Education. Education and Urban Society, 50(5), 435–460.. org/10.1177/0013124517713604 Thomas, M. A. M., Rauschenberger, E., & Crawford-Garrett, K. (Eds.). (2021). Examining Teach for All: International Perspectives on a Growing Global Network. Routledge. https:// doi.org/10.7577/njcie.4189 Vellanki, V. (2014). Teach For India and Education Reform: Some Prelimary Reflections. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 11(1), 137–147.. org/10.1177/0973184913509759 Tanushree Sarkar is a doctoral candidate in Community Research and Action at the Peabody College of Education and Human Development, Vanderbilt University. Her research interests include inclusive and social justice pedagogy, disability, schoolNGO partnerships and education policy. Email Address: tanushree.sarkar@vanderbilt. edu unsplash.com/Faisal Qureshi Rizvi, F., & Lingard, B. (2010). Globalizing education policy. In Globalizing Education Policy. Routledge.. org/10.4324/9780203867396 Subramanian, V. (2018). From Government to Governance: Teach for India and New Networks of Reform in School Education. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 15(1), 21–50.. org/10.1177/0973184917742247 7 Reflections Social Transformation through Small Heroic Acts Stories of Fellows and Fellowships Hitanshi Gandhi W hen I started to write my experience and understanding about fellowships and their impact on the ecosystem and stakeholders, there were multiple questions that arose. Questions like “What is a fellowship?” “Who are defined as fellows?” “Why do we need structures like it?” “How do we define education?” “How do we define leadership?” And so on... There are fellowships in every sphere now - be it medicine, entrepreneurship, education, self growth, etc. Fellows usually are individuals who are working towards a particular vision by building a movement of leaders in the ecosystem. Here we are largely talking about educational fellowships. In Teach For India’s context we believe that there is a huge deficit of leadership in education. Hence, our fellowship model has a two-fold theory of change. In simple terms, it brings a short term and a more long term shift at different levels. In the short term we see a shift in the learning outcomes of students at a classroom level and some behavioral changes. In the longer term, we see how Fellows become leaders and advocate for educational equity choosing different puzzle pieces in the ecosystem to bring shifts at a higher level. An alumna of the TFI Fellowship myself, I taught nearly 40 low income private school children in an under-resourced community in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. My understanding of the structure evolved every single time we spoke about leadership and exposure to challenges in the education space. From being a class teacher to becoming a ‘didi’ for them was a journey which helped my students grow in every aspect, be it learning outcomes or shifts in them individually. This helped me build an awareness of the puzzle pieces in education and ground realities of the ecosystem as well. Incubating Fellowships Largely, the fellowship experience helped my students and me in becoming more aware individuals with a better understanding of the need for leadership on the ground. Now that is where TFIx - Teach For India’s incubator and growth model comes in. It was launched because Teach For India operates in eight major cities in India with a distant vision of reaching all children. The rationale for launching TFIx was to reach all children by collaborating with other education organizations on the ground and together designing a contextual teaching fellowship model. Through the last six years I have experienced different fellowship models in our country by visiting organizations on the ground to immerse in the needs of their context. One clear realization is that for any region to be empowered, self sustenance is fundamental. Moreover, self sustenance comes with people of the community taking ownership of their processes of growth and empowerment. 8 Reflections Gary Lawrence, a Sociologist has said, “Sustainability is a political choice, not a technical one. It’s not a question of whether we can be sustainable, but whether we choose to be”. From multiple conversations, what is strikingly true is that sometimes this choice is not even known. For us to be aware and let communities own their development, there needs to be a start, a strong start! In my experience, fellowships have proven to be that ‘zariya’ - medium - to channelize the potential of a region through education. The undivided focus of TFIx, hence, is to enable edupreneurs launch, sustain and strengthen contextual teaching fellowships by building local leadership in their region. Over the past five to six years, we have worked with nearly 42 education organizations, collectively reaching close to 2.5 lakh+ children across the country. We have predominantly discussed the depth vs. scale in models and have always believed that a balance of both is essential to create impact. Let’s talk about some fellowships in action that have impacted individuals and communities at multiple levels - some through scale, some through depth, and some through both. Experiences and Voices of Fellows One of our 2019 cohort entrepreneurs, Sajida Vadgama works with Ummeed, an organization based in Mumbai with a vision of creating inclusion in every sphere. They run a Fellowship named Ummeed Inclusion Fellowship Program, where the focus is to start with mindset and approach. At Ummeed, language is their tool to express their mindset. Through the fellowship they are trying to reimagine how we look at neuro-diverse children, how we cultivate the language which includes everyone, how we move from addressing ‘children with special needs or developmental disabilities’ to ‘children being diverse learners’ or ‘children who are neuro diverse’, etc. The moment we say ‘special needs’ it means the children need something else, something which is not otherwise normal. The fact is that, “All children are diverse learners.” Through some very close examples, through our fellowship model we have realized how people who have lived these experiences feel excluded. Ummeed Inclusion Fellowship currently has 6 fellows across 3 schools where they work with children from nursery to 4th grade. One good thing with a fellowship model is that we see the impact at multiple levels, since it caters to multiple stakeholders at scale. A challenge however is that it takes a long time to see this impact at all these levels. Their fellows are working with teachers, students, parents and leaders of the schools. According to Sajida, their fellowship is modelled to lead to shifts at three layers. For their fellows, it has been a personal transformation journey. They have reflection as a daily component and explore the way they see a problem, solutions they come up with, and build on their evolving understanding of inclusion. For the schools they work with, there is change needed at grassroots to really see a shift. Lastly, for the ecosystem as a whole, it is important to have dialogues on how inclusion is possible, to see what it looks like in action, and to contextualize inclusion to India. It is important for every educator to think, “How do we contextualize inclusion for children in our region?” Through this fellowship, they see the learning outcomes of children shift in the short term, along with delivery of pedagogy in the classrooms. In the long term, they envision to see mindset shifts in the larger society with respect to inclusion. Their fellows work towards inclusion through facilitating social emotional learning and mental health spaces for all stakeholders, supporting teachers in the classrooms for pedagogy that is inclusive with a focus on functional literacy and 9 Reflections numeracy. Sajida says, “Inclusive education is not parallel education. It rather needs to be mainstreamed.” rates being reduced to 5-7% and a 20-25% increase in learning outcomes of children. All of this in just one year! Let’s look at another example of fellowship which is a perfect example of scale and depth. Surender Yadav, our 2018 cohort entrepreneur who runs Self Reliant India in Rewari, Haryana, focuses on building sustainable communities to bring historically under-resourced families out of poverty. Surender envisions a village to take the ownership of the school there. ‘One Village One School’ is what he calls it. Through his Fellowship, there has been a shift in the leadership of his fellows. They are more aware of class structure, more confident in communication, more proactive in leading themselves and others. His ultimate goal is to bring families out of poverty and help them lead sustainable lives. His fellowship ‘Nanhe Kalam’ is a two year intervention initiated with the goal to increase the number of students from historically under-resourced schools to get admitted in the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV)/Sainik Schools. For this they select local youth who aspire to become future teachers and equip them with the latest teaching pedagogy and skills. These youth prepare government school students for the entrance test of different model schools. In the last 5 years, they have assisted 125+ such children get into JNV with a success rate of 10% which is five times the national success rate. When students from government schools clear the entrance exam of a model school, it builds the credibility of the school and through this they motivate influential and resourceful members to enroll their children in the government school. This eventually motivates the community to invest resources and time in the management of the schools and hence, encourages the community to own the school. They have successfully implemented this model in a few schools in Haryana where the community invested in their government school and have taken ownership of the school. They are currently working with 22 schools through 44 fellows and are planning to start with a few more this year. The impact of the fellowship has been quite prominent and they have seen a 10-12% success ratio of students getting into Navodaya, dropout Surender says, “At Self Reliant India, we believe in building the capacity of the youth from the communities who would lead the transformational change in the communities. For us, the fellowship model has played an effective approach in summarizing all the learnings/skills/exposure required by the rural youth to become future effective teachers. It has given us the right amount of time with our fellows to build their understanding, provide them with enough hands-on experience, and give them realtime feedback on their learnings. Secondly, understanding of the ecosystem which they are part of in that district versus the different avenues they have to go to, helps us build solutions and define skills that would help the fellows in their development.” Adwait Dandwate, an entrepreneur from the 2018 cohort of TFIx, runs Vardhishnu in Jalgaon, Maharashtra. Adwait shares about the importance of having local leaders to bring a shift. Through the Anandghar Fellowship, they work with ragpicking children in Jalgaon. He says, “For nearly the first five years of Vardhishnu we only had local people joining the organization. We now have fellows from different parts of the state with diverse qualifications (from engineers to MSWs to B.Ed.s to commerce graduates). This has brought a lot of diversity in the team and the 10 Reflections culture, as they bring their own experiences and perspectives. We continue to have fellows from the community which has largely helped build grassroot level leadership and to ensure lasting impact within communities.” Ashita Nath co-founded The Good Harvest School (TGHS) in Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. Through TGHS they are working towards every girl child in rural Uttar Pradesh to be empowered to reach their full potential, break the multi-generational discriminative mindset and lead happy, fulfilled and dignified lives. They envision the girls to steer the community towards growth and development by being role models and advocates of gender equity through education. According to the NCCE report, it is estimated that for every 100 girls that enroll in school in rural India, 40 will reach grade 4, 18 will reach grade 8, 9 girls will reach grade 9 and only 1 will make it to grade 12. ASER (Rural) 2016 Report suggests that in UP, 9.9% of girls in the 11-14 age group are out of school. This rate is the highest in the country. The proportion of girls out of school in UP are almost double the all-India rate of 5.2%. To address this issue, TGHS runs the Good Harvest Fellowship (GHF). Aspiring girls, preferably from rural communities, are selected as fellows, where they are trained to co-create an inclusive, engaging and effective learning experience for girls in schools and communities. The goal is to achieve academic and holistic growth and excellence. GHF aims at the fellows getting a deeper understanding of the discriminative mindset, challenges and gaps existing in the rural school system and in the community, which hampers the girls from reaching their full potential. It hopes that the fellows would become advocates of change for gender equality through education. In the long term, fellows and student alumni are expected to steer this movement by engaging in diverse roles in the system, and by working towards impacting various stakeholders in the community. Hopefully, fellows and student alumni will work as role models and enablers for other girls to follow suit and lead more equitable lives. This would lead to gender equality through education by breaking multigenerational, discriminative mindsets. TGHS started the fellowship with four fellows through a school and community intervention. The niche is that they have a curriculum which is integrated with agriculture. These are people who grow food (farmers largely). Hence when men migrate, women can still grow food and take care of their nutrition. Farming is a way of life here. Hence, they made sure that the curriculum is integrated with the core activities of these communities. Ashita, when asked why GHF is a great intervention for them to reach their vision, say, “We are working in the community. Till the time the community is not involved, it will be difficult to bring shifts. The fellowship allows the community to be a part of the larger model, and it is important to hear the voices from the ground. It creates a ripple effect. When one or two girls from the community come and pariticpate, it attracts more girls. So that is how impact is being created in the community and change is happening. We are envisioning that girls get opportunities to make their choices and leadership develops at grassroots. We envision our fellows to inspire girls to dream big.” Let’s now look at a sports-based fellowship and see what works similarly and differently there. Abhijeet Barse, our entrepreneur from the 2021 cohort runs Slum Soccer in Nagpur, Maharashtra. The organization runs the Playmaker Fellowship with the idea to fill the gap of physical education in primary schools. The Playmaker Fellows work in municipal schools. Through football they try to build language skills, 21st century skills, math, etc. 11 Reflections One fellow works with around 25 children and that is how they work in depth with each child. When Abhijeet was asked why he believes that the fellowship model is an effective intervention for their organization, he shared, “Program outcomes aside - a structure gets created about evaluating outcomes, communication channels, and sequencing the systems that are already in place. More importantly - aligning the local youth to the vision of the organization and for the region also takes place. One of my key learnings has been to leverage the existing network, that is the strongest tool and a critical one to the start of a fellowship. I have realized how the young (fellows) of today can become absolute changemakers of tomorrow, hence building a cadre of leaders in the ecosystem.” Abhijeet is now working towards replicating the same model for children and adolescents with hearing difficulties. All of these, and many more of such educational fellowships, have set examples of what building a movement of leaders might look like. So largely, there are fellowships running across diverse domains from sports to STEM, to fellowships in regional languages to those running as a part of the government system, from music-based to civic education focused. The best part is how each model can be as contextual and meaningful for the audience they are catering to. There are fellowships running throughout India - from Kashmir to Karnataka and from Gujarat to the North East, covering regions with conflict, regions with the least literacy rates, regions facing child labour, child trafficking and early child marriages as major challenges. How the Fellowship Model Works These are just some of the fellowships we have co-designed with education organizations. We have realized how this model has enabled our entrepreneurs in different ways. Some are discussed here. Scalability: More Fellows you have, more children and stakeholders you reach. Some are also easily replicable in other regions. Some partner with other organizations in the network and scale through partnerships. Strong Partnerships: The education ecosystem is decently big now and hence many organizations know many strong players here. Most are part of multiple incubators together, or have worked on some projects together. Some have partnered with local champions or government sector to have a strong hold on the ground. This has resulted in strong and meaningful partnerships which has also helped in leveraging funds for the program. Grassroots Leadership: People from local regions going through a rigorous fellowship model and learning about self and others through the process has helped build grassroots leadership. This facilitates the process of people of the community staying in the community to make it grow. Shift in Mindsets and Perspectives: Working with young people who understand the context of their regions and their needs, our entrepreneurs have been able to shift lenses for self and communities. Sustainability: Once the model is set and the program has stakeholders invested, this is an enabler in the region as a whole. All these fellowships are reaching vulnerable children across the country to create a cadre of leaders in the education sector who can then reach more such children. What Makes Running Fellowships a Challenge With all these highlights there are definite challenges too. The concept of fellowships is still growing and hence people’s understanding is limited as of now. At times this leads to missing out on good talent investing themselves in such models. 12 unsplash.com/amol sonar Reflections The impact of education fellowships generally becomes visible only in the long term. Hence, it becomes challenging to procure funds for such a model when impact may not be immediately visible. Another challenge with funding is that there are quite a few fellowship players now. Hence, funders investing in your fellowship becomes critical. It takes efforts to sustain the model year on year. With the passage of the years, the model should scale, and with scale there is a need for more resources. With time, the term ‘fellowship’ has seen multiple forms. Today TFIx has enabled nearly 25+ fellowships running across the country. Some more are in their pilot phase. In Conclusion To bring it all together, from a personal fellowship experience to working with multiple other edupreneurs on the ground, a core learning has been that this sector thrives on collaborations. Collectively working with others, and going back to the stakeholders you are reaching, is crucial. Any fellowship model will be proactively nurtured if the stakeholders are invested in the idea and investments happens when there is the slightest of impacts seen. The fellowship model is a perfect example of what Howard Zinn, an American historian, playwright, philosopher, socialist thinker and World War II veteran, shares, “We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions to participate in change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people, can transform the world.” Many like Sajida, Surender, Adwait and Abhijeet are trying to bring the change through their acts so that we move towards reaching all children. This is their story of bringing shifts and changes. What is yours? Hitanshi joined the TFIx team in 2018 post her Teach For India Fellowship. Before that, she worked as an HR professional for a few years. She is an animal lover and enjoys watching Animal Planet or Nat Geo in her free time. Website: Email Address: [email protected] Connect On: 13 Reflections Journey of i-Saksham to Build Local Women Community Edu-leaders A Reflection Ravi Dhanuka N eelima: I want to go to Patna to write an entrance test. Parents: But why would you want to do that? Younger brother: You will not go alone. Neelima: I wish to go to good colleges in the country, be self-reliant. Younger brother: You will not go. That is all. This is a real-life incident that took place in Jamui, Bihar around 2016-17. The name has been changed to maintain confidentiality. The story of Neelima is not her alone. As we surge forward as one of the fastest growing economies in the world, young women in the country, especially from marginalized communities, continue to be vulnerable. The denial of opportunities to be yourself, to realize your potential, and to gain respect for who you want to be, often compel them to lead a life of unacknowledged identity and unexplored aspirations. During our stint in the Prime Minister’s Rural Development Fellowship between 2012 and 2015 in the hinterland of Bihar, we witnessed numerous such instances and asked ourselves, “Can the foundation of a vibrant democracy be laid when the potential of 10 million young women in Bihar alone (100 million in India) remains untapped to contribute to the socio-economic growth of their communities?” young women, giving batons into their hands to bring change in real life, and showcasing how they can lead their communities from the front. We chose early-grade education as an area of intervention because: a. It is the best investment to generate longterm human capital in backward communities b. It puts children on a solid foundation to be lifelong learners c. In the process, our young women would learn group facilitation skills, communicate assertively, set goals and gain confidence. Hence, the i-Saksham fellowship program was started to build local young women as ‘Leaders of Change’ to leverage education to bring personal and community transformation. We call them ‘edu-leaders’. Fellowship Program’s Objective The objective of the fellowship program is to enable edu-leaders to grow across these three integrated leadership tracks: a. Personal Leadership: Grow as female role models, and inspire other young women to pursue their dreams. Early Thoughts b. Educational Leadership: Develop a learning foundation in children by teaching in local government schools for two years and transform learning norms. In the process, edu-leaders learn to lead as champions. We envisioned that the solution lies in mainstreaming the contributions of local c. Community Leadership: Enhance parental engagement and build networks to 14 Reflections become local community change agents in the long run. Principles This articulation of the basic principles of the fellowship program draws from the USAID Framework of Positive Youth Development. a. Building relationships of care and challenge for growth: The journey of leadership starts with the self and with the ability to form meaningful relationships with others. A ‘buddy’, peer mentor (mainly an eduleader alumnus) is assigned to an edu-leader fellow to be that best friend we all need. They provide non-judgemental spaces to share vulnerabilities, push them to take the plunge, and celebrate achievements. The tools used are monthly coaching calls, onsite classroom-level support, regular goal setting, and performance reviews. “I was scared to do parent meetings all alone. I never thought I could do it, but my buddy Sakshi didi and my school teachers supported me. Today, parents did come and resolved that they would encourage their children to go to school daily. I am very happy.” -Shrishti, Edu-leader, Munger b. Imparting edu-leaders with relevant technical and social skills: We strongly believe in building domain expertise, and that leadership is as much about setting examples as inspiring others. With 200 hours p.a. of training and followup support structures, we ensure that eduleaders engrain relevant pedagogical and community facilitation skills. c. Giving real-life opportunities to bring change: Edu-leaders intervene for 10 hours per week to transform learning norms in schools. They enliven classrooms with charts and print-rich materials. They create an inclusive learning atmosphere by sitting with them on the floor and interacting with them respectfully. Through activity-based methods, children show improvements in their commitment to learning and grade-level outcomes. And edu-leaders demonstrate what community Current Status Since 2017, i-Saksham has grown from 15 edu-leaders in two blocks to a cadre of 200+ community edu-leaders working across 100 government schools and impacting 7,500 children. This has achieved success in four backward districts of Bihar including Gaya, Jamui and Munger. A recent Third-Party Party Assessment shows the following significant achievements: a. The edu-leaders scored 80% on a self-efficacy scale. With their enhanced confidence and assertive communication skills, they negotiated for their dreams. b. Almost 100% of edu-leaders enrolled for undergraduate degree courses while the state average is just 12%. c. 40% of the children taught by edu-leaders could learn to read in 2021, despite COVID constraints. d. Fellowship alumni have become role models, professional mentors (‘buddies’), run community learning centres, improved parental participation and joined NGOs. e. Edu-leaders have formed cluster-level collectives to network for change and provide mutual support. Around 50% reported delays in their own marriage and raised voices on social issues such as early marriages and student drop-outs. 15 Reflections participation can achieve and how women’s potential can unlock value in and for others. d. Developing a sense of agency: In the process of bringing educational change, we encourage edu-leaders to reflect on their true calling, and realize the power of their selfworth. Once this sense of self-determination is stimulated, no one could stop her from pursuing her life goals and raising her voice against injustice. We do monthly reflection check-ins where edu-leaders share progress against their broad life goals. e. Creating an enabling environment: Supportive relationships are very critical for success. We encourage this by showcasing edu-leader’s achievements and learning progress in children before the wider community. We conduct regular interactions with parents, school teachers and other immediate stakeholders. Reflections a. Is a two-year period enough for building lifelong leadership? i-Saksham’s idea is to make this two-year fellowship one of the best periods of their lives wherein they experience just being themselves, experiment without fear, share with trust, realize their strengths and contribute to the betterment of their communities. This sense of achievement, competence, and belongingness is not ephemeral. Once tasted, our edu-leaders will always strive to live and negotiate for the life of their dreams. As Kanak (an edu-leader of the 2018-20 batch, currently serving as ‘buddy’ to a new cohort of edu-leaders from her community) says, “Eduleaders will not be able to hold themselves back if they see injustices around.” “Previously I used to think that my presence in school did not matter much. But it has now begun to change. My teachers do ask about my whereabouts if I am absent. What to say of my kids! They barge into my house and fight with me saying, ‘What happened? Why didn’t you come? Now you will have to feed us rice and daal as well.’ I just fumble and smile. My mother feels very proud of me and blesses me.” - Isha, Edu-leader, Munger Edu-leaders do feel very sad in the last quarter of the fellowship. Like all beautiful relationships in life, they do not want to let it go. The real challenge for i-Saksham would be to nurture their peer-driven collective so that they continue to provide the same sense of security and opportunity to edu-leaders to push themselves. i-Saksham b. Contributions to strengthening the system: We take Robert D. Putnam’s (1993) comment “Through participation, citizens influence the institution and make it more effective to their needs” - very seriously. National Education Policy 2020 sees enhanced community engagement as critical for the universal achievement of 16 i-Saksham Reflections Foundational Literacy and Numeracy and improved accountability of the public education system in the long term. Leadership is contagious. We have ample evidence of edu-leaders’ good work triggering positive reciprocal actions from Head Masters and School Teachers. These range from unlocking resource materials from the closet, using activity-based pedagogy methods in classrooms, shifting mindsets, and organizing parents’ meetings. The next steps are enhancing collaborations between government teachers and eduleaders to achieve the common educational goals for their communities, and replicating the learnings with other teachers in the system through the work of the ‘Knowledge and Research Centre’. c. Integration of leadership and education: How do we balance the goals of enhancing the learning experiences of children with that of building a community leader? Fundamentally, we don’t see a conflict here. Enriching the learning of children becomes a cause for edu-leaders. Thus, it becomes an important marker for them in the journey of achieving credibility as leaders and for actualizing their sense of purpose. d. What is education for? Conditioned with assessing the ranking of colleges with average job placement packages, it took us almost half a decade to experience in action the unleashing of the conscious self and building of a sense of community through education. Social capital and empowerment are the two most important aspects of education based on which the fabric of civilization is created. Way Forward Having stimulated the sense of purpose in edu-leaders, the self-belief that they can achieve, and a network of relationships that is accommodative of their aspirations, i-Saksham has the following options: a. Not do anything additional and trust that edu-leaders will find their way: We have been following this strategy since the graduation 17 Reflections b. Act as a conduit for partner expert organizations and enable them to leverage the cadre of edu-leaders to deliver lastmile services: i-Saksham started working on this strategy at the beginning of this year and received a phenomenal response from other organizations. They are keen to enter or expand in Bihar and trusted local human capital would be valuable. This would create more structured opportunities for eduleaders and deepen the fellowship program’s impact on the community. c. Facilitate a collective of edu-leaders: i-Saksham is currently exploring this initiative where power shifts to their hands and in the long run they become a conduit to partner with other organizations. It can become an institution, by them and for them, to enhance young women’s participation in various spheres of socio-economic life. d. Institutionalize the learning of edu-leader’s efforts: i-Saksham is curating coaching resources and learnings of the half-decade of building local human capital to enable an open-source movement of grassroots leadership. We envision that marginalized communities must not always be on the receiving side of services of the government and the market. Young women from these communities have the potential to lead from the front as representatives of society to build the Saksham (capable) society of our dreams. Two years after the incident mentioned at the beginning of this article, Neelima went on to pursue an M.A. in Women Studies degree from TISS, Mumbai. Ravi Dhanuka is a founder and CEO of i-Saksham. He has more than a decade of experience across government, NGOs, and multilateral institutions in education, poverty alleviation schemes, financial inclusion and livelihoods. He is an ex-PMRD Fellow and completed his post-graduation from Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA). Website: Email Address: [email protected] Connect On: i-Saksham of the first batch of edu-leaders in 2019 and experienced that they indeed tried to find their own ways as reflected in increased enrolment in higher education, working with other NGOs, and delays in their age of marriage. 18 Reflections Teach For India: A Path of Learning Shaheen Mistri and Manasi Jain I ndia, with 250 million children enrolled in 15 lakh schools, has the largest school system in the world. Over the past decades, we have made strides in enrollment for all grades across rural and urban areas. However, we have failed to see a rise in student outcomes with the vast majority of our students not building grade level competencies. According to National Education Policy 2020, over five crore students in elementary grades do not attain foundational literacy and numeracy. According to UNICEF, more than 80% of our children fail to receive the foundational academic skills and 21st century skills required to succeed. Post-pandemic, UNESCO estimated that our children have lost two months for every month they have not attended school. This amounts to more than 30 months of learning loss. This educational inequity has lasting implications on individual happiness, fulfillment and well-being. It has the potential to further perpetuate the cycle of poverty as well. Teach For India (TFI) believes that all children can and must attain an excellent education, and that collective leadership is the path to that vision. With the scale and diversity of India, and the depth needed to truly unleash an individual’s greatest potential, we see that it will take a movement of leaders - teachers, students, parents and others - to educate every Indian child. Our Journey The Teach For India Fellowship is for bright, committed young people, recruited to teach full-time in low-income schools for two years. In 2009, Teach For India began with the conviction that every child had the right to an excellent education, and that developing leaders committed to educational equity was the single biggest thing we could do to realize that conviction. Since then, our journey has seen three distinct phases. Phase 1 (2009 - 2013): We started with 87 fellows spread across 34 schools and 2,400 children in Mumbai and Pune. The team faced multiple challenges in the first few years. The first was finding high need schools that also met the basic criteria for success - classrooms, blackboards, bathrooms - for fellows to teach in. In India, career and life choices are largely family decisions. The TFI team had to ensure that the strongest young people - those with the most options available - actually chose a two-years long Teach For India Fellowship. By 2013, the idea of Teach For India had gained momentum. We had expanded to Delhi, Hyderabad, and Chennai, and were in Teach For India Why We Do What We Do: The Crisis 19 Reflections the process of opening an Ahmedabad site. Our fellow count had increased from 87 to 500 and the student numbers had increased by 10x to 23,500. Phase 2 (2013 - 2017): As the model got validated, we started asking some hard questions - what was our vision of student and fellow impact? How could we go beyond the curriculum, and find ways to create a deep impact on our students? In 2013, we established a ‘Student Vision’ which defined The ‘Maya Musical’ Transformation Maya is a musical, collaboratively developed by TFI, with an original script, that tells the story of Princess Maya’s journey. Maya Musical took 30 children on a life-changing journey of self-discovery. The Maya children traveled across the country, performed at conferences and public spaces, did acts of kindness to practice their values, and spread happiness in 100 ways through the arts. It culminated in ten shows across Mumbai and Pune. Maya was a demonstration of what is possible for low-income children with no previous exposure to the arts. It was a symbol of the kind of education all children deserve – one that integrates academics, values and mindsets, and exposure and access. Priyanka started as a student at Epiphany High School, Pune, and was raised by a single mother. Before Maya, Priyanka dreamed of being a housewife. However, the musical experience showed her that she had the courage to take risks and achieve much more than she imagined. She went on to secure her diploma from UWC, Italy. She later studied psychology, theater and the Italian language at Franklin and Marshall College in the US. She has returned to her community in Pune, and is currently teaching 4th and 7th Grade students as a TFI Fellow. three components of an excellent education: academic achievement, values and mindsets, and access and exposure. Our hypothesis was that these were the most effective when they were seamlessly and consistently integrated. Our student vision was accompanied by three commitments for fellows: commitment to personal transformation, collective action and educational equity. In this phase, along with deepening our impact, we expanded our fellowship program to our seventh city - Bengaluru. By 2016, our alumni had outgrown the number of fellows each year. We began thinking about what it would mean to accelerate the potential of our alumni as we infuse the system with more leaders. We launched InnovatED, a nation-wide education incubator for early-stage alumni entrepreneurs. We also launched Firki, an online teacher education platform, that houses carefully curated teaching resources and teacher development courses to change how teachers teach. Phase 3 (2017-2022): In this phase we laid out the goal of helping one million children attain an excellent education by 2022. Two years into Phase 3, tensions started to emerge against the ambitious goals that we had set for ourselves. How do we maintain quality in our recruitment, programs, and everything else we do, while scaling significantly? Are we here to build teachers or lifelong leaders for educational equity? After a year-long exercise aimed at strengthening the organizational backbone, the team made some hard choices. We stabilized the fellowship size for a few years, while bringing consistency in the quality of the program across our regions and supplementing it with innovations that would help us scale our impact beyond the fellowship. We embarked on our first attempt at capturing the impact of our alumni over the last 10 years. 20 Reflections As a part of Phase 3, we launched TFIx, an incubator to support entrepreneurs to start fellowships across remote parts of India that serve the most vulnerable children. We set up the platform ‘Kids Education Revolution’ with the goal of making India’s children partners in reimagining education. In 2020, we released our Leadership Development Journey 2.0. We also evolved a version of the 2013 model of student and fellow impact. We laid down three commitments to Self, Others, and India, for students, fellows, alumni, and anyone else who is on the path towards educational equity. When the pandemic struck, we expanded our work to relief and rations, holistic support for our children and communities, and pivoted to a new blended form of education. Today, we are a movement of 1,000 Fellows teaching 32,000 children and 4,200 alumni who are collectively reaching 33 million children across India. Our students have a graduation rate of 96%. We are the largest fellowship in the country working with 270 schools across the nation. 99% of the principals in the schools where we work believe that we are having a positive impact. 77% of our alumni continue to work in the social sector across a multitude of roles. Our community is thriving with entrepreneurs who have founded 150+ organizations working towards different problems in the puzzle of educational inequity. We have recently launched our eighth site - Kolkata! such as Lady Sri Ram College, St. Xaviers College, Fergusson College, and New York University. We have professionals from companies like Citigroup, American Express, Amazon, ZS Associates, KPMG, etc. applying as well. Our fellows impact schools and communities: Fellows work as full-time teachers in government and low-income private schools. They receive training at induction, and are supported with on-going training throughout the two years. Our fellows and students not only work towards ambitious academic outcomes, they also impact their schools and communities through targeted initiatives. A longitudinal study by Columbia University over a period of 4 years (2012-2016) showed that Teach For India students grew 5 times in English and 2.5 times in Math, as compared to students in non-TFI classrooms. In their second year, fellows undertake a ‘Be the Change’ project to solve the pressing problems they see in their The Magic of Pencilbricks Rehan and Basit are two 9th graders from a Teach For India classroom in Ahmedabad. Four years ago, they started an organization called Pencilbricks with their Fellows that works towards providing quality education to the children of their community. They run 10 mini learning centers through which Teach For India students teach the younger children in the community. Our Model Teach For India We find promising leaders: We recruit and select high-potential candidates to serve as fellows who commit to teach for two years, full-time, in India’s low-income schools. The selection process is highly selective. Only 6-8% of applicants make it through. Over the past 13 years, over 120,000 people have applied to the Fellowship. Our applicants are fresh graduates from reputed institutions 21 Reflections communities. Many of these projects have gone on to become social organizations in the future. policy and training teachers. Many of them continue to serve in classrooms, non-profit organizations and corporate institutions. We cultivate life-long leadership: We believe that great teachers do what great leaders do. Our fellows face diverse challenges in their classrooms and communities. Throughout the two years, they are supported with training, a dedicated program manager, and exposure to organizations exploring solutions to problems they see every day. At the end of the two years, the fellows graduate as leaders committed to working relentlessly towards realizing educational equity. Our Innovations “Objectively, none of this would have been possible without the fellowship. Would I have thought of building a career in the edsector (forget actually doing it)? Would I have gotten the opportunity to contribute towards building a solid NGO? Would I have met the people who have inspired me to stick around? No.” - Tanvi Metre, 2015 Fellow, Senior Manager, iTeach Schools We help match our alumni across the education sector: Our alumni create impact through positions of leadership and influence, at all levels of the education ecosystem. To enable this, we incubate alumni entrepreneurs, create platforms to foster connection and collaboration, and support growth of alumni-led projects and learning initiatives. Till date, we have infused the system with 4,200 leaders. These leaders are running their own schools or organizations, designing Over the last 10 years, we have launched and sustained three innovations - Firki, TFIx and KER (Kids Education Revolution). Firki is Teach For India’s online teacher education platform, which was envisioned as a way to share best practices in teaching with all teachers in the country, free of cost. The platform offers learning experiences in the form of courses, webinars, learning paths, online learning circles, and curated resources in partnership with several organizations. Over the last 8 years, Firki has garnered over 120,000+ users. It hosts 250+ courses translated into regional languages, and 2,500+ resources across grades I-XII on topics including science, math, social science, English, computer science, wellbeing, general pedagogy etc. TFIx was envisioned as a growth model that will spread our impact beyond urban areas and English medium schools, and reach the vast numbers of marginalized children who are out of school in remote areas of the country. TFIx supports entrepreneurs to build their own fellowships based on the TFI model in their own geographical and social contexts. Today, the program has led to 25 Fellowships The Anubhuti Fellows’ Story Sakshi Srivastava is a TFIx 2021 entrepreneur who works towards achieving life skills for children from Uttar Pradesh slums. Through a two-year fellowship, they work with fellows to improve student learning outcomes and build leadership skills. Anubhuti fellows are exposed to the ground realities of the education system and work with different stakeholders to drive change at the local and systemic levels. The fellowship has enabled them to reach 25,000 Children. 22 Reflections across states such as Bihar, Assam and Kashmir. Collectively, these Fellowships have brought in 3,800 fellows and are reaching more than 200,000 children. “Being part of Firki’s Teacher Coach Development program was truly amazing and one of the best learning experiences. I am thankful and grateful to all the individuals over here that helped me to operate with courage, confidence, collaboration and compassion, which in turn supported me to be the best version of myself.” - Sonali Khanna, Program Manager, TFI Kids Education Revolution (KER) is the result of the stark realization that an excellent, equitable education for all children cannot happen without students as our partners in this mission. Today, KER functions as a collective of schools and educational organizations working to reimagine education through the approach of love, and the following three principles: Safe spaces for voice; Kids and educators as partners; Kids as change makers. Every year, KER identifies 100 Students who are running projects for change in their communities and brings them together at a national summit where hundreds of students and educators experience what student voice, partnership and changemaking looks like in action. Till date, KER has engaged and spread this idea among 80,000 students and educators through conferences, musical productions, and finding innovations that are reimagining education. In 2021, it was selected as a part of the 100 most impactful innovations in K12 education by global education nonprofit HundrED due to its unique approach and potential to create sustainable impact in education. Our Future In the next decade, we have big dreams. Scaling our impact beyond the TFI Fellowship, we plan to launch programs that build more leaders across the system among students, teachers, government officials, volunteers and entrepreneurs, etc. Our alumni will work in careers across three areas: in transformational schools or direct work with children; in enabling transformational outcomes; in policy and governance for educational equity. We hope that these leaders will take on careers that impact education, bring more people into the movement, and act collectively for educational equity in partnership with TFI. Our ten-year plan proposes to create 50,000 leaders, and by working collectively with love, transform the lives of 1 in 10 children from low-income families in our regions through an education that unleashes the potential of self, others, and India. This reflects our belief that every child deserves to live in an India free of poverty and filled with love. The best route to get to this India is through an excellent, equitable education. What struck me most was the notion that at the heart of revolution, must be love. If we put love at the centre, then we can embrace everything in the right spirit. - Wendy Kopp, Founder & CEO, Teach For All 23 Teach For India Reflections The first advertisement designed to invite applications for the Teach For India Fellowship Shaheen Mistri is the founder and CEO of Teach for India, a nonprofit that addresses educational inequity at scale. Shaheen also founded Akanksha Foundation in 1989 and led its operations until 2009. Manasi Jain works as the Chief of Staff at Teach For India. She is passionate about collective action and finding solutions to the biggest problems in the social sector. Email Address: manasi.jain@teachforindia. org Website: Connect On: 24 Interview Exploring the Self, Serving Communities The Journey of Gandhi Fellowship Vivek Sharma in Conversation with the Samuhik Pahal Team Vivek Sharma is a co-founder of Gandhi Fellowship. S amuhik Pahal: Please share with us the story of how Gandhi Fellowship began and what it was like in the first few years. What have been the thinking, inspiration and objectives behind the fellowship? Vivek Sharma: What is interesting is that two great fellowships to emerge from India started at the same time, in the same year – Teach For India Fellowship and Gandhi Fellowship. Both these fellowships have been transformational for India. Fundamentally, we believe that a sector, an industry or a domain grows on the basis of the talent that is available. We believed that the social sector required a new kind of a push, so far as talent was concerned. The pedagogy of classic, old schools of social work needed to change. “These days in the social sector, community aspirations and our theories of change are not in any degree of synchronization.” We wanted to create a group of social professionals who have a fundamental orientation of seva or service – service of the community. If you have to serve the community, you have to live among the community. Therefore, we thought of embedding Gandhi Fellows in communities. Government missions, NGOs need talent. So one of our goals was to meet this demand for quality talent. Another objective was to facilitate the creation of new kinds of organizations by social entrepreneurs. Our challenge was attracting the brightest talent for the social sector who would have seva bhav and would contribute to the public system’s change - that is in the government sector, besides the social sector, media and academia, and a small proportion going into the corporate world. The hope was that this network of people would, in the future, contribute towards reimagining India. Therefore, we believed that investing in young people was the key. Gandhi Fellowship was visualized as a self-exploratory journey after which young people would take the decision of deciding what they would want to devote their lives to. Because if you love what you do, you would hammer away, chip away at it, for 365 days a year. If you are chipping away at a problem 365 days a year for ten years, then you would end up making a dent. Therefore, we wanted to create this pause between college and university. We read the millennials well. We thought young people do not want to lead boring lives; they probably want to take some risks and expect more out of their lives. We read the future in the sense that, young people would not necessarily want to read texts alone, that they would want to do things with their own hands. We worked with this adult learning principle, which we call action-reflection pedagogy. 25 Interview Samuhik Pahal: How is the fellowship structured? What is the logic behind this structure? Vivek Sharma: The structure of the fellowship is very simple. We selected our fellows from the Indian higher education system. In the first years, we did not have many people from engineering and sciences backgrounds. So initially, there were some arts people, some law folks, some education guys; but this has changed now. Now we get a good number of fellows from engineering and science backgrounds and a fair number from professional courses. The four semesters were very simple. We thought if we create these cohorts of five Gandhi Fellows in a small block town, give them laptops and dongles and a scooty and they live in the community, and these five fellows along with the supervisor become a last mile micro team and springboard into the block, can they cause significant influence? Each fellow used to work with five government school headmasters, almost as executive assistants. That was during 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. The time period from two p.m. to eight p.m. ended up becoming community time around the school. Therefore, that became a personal learning lab for the fellows, wherein they experimented with a whole range of ideas - from menstrual health to science education in the community. They tried to work with headmasters and teachers from a position of collaboration rather than expertise. These collaborations ranged from sprucing up walls in classrooms and playgrounds to making school assemblies and meetings more effective. These young people ended up facilitating many different types of interventions in the schools in both classrooms and nonclassroom contexts in a nonthreatening way. That is how they made a dent. We were also thinking about how to place rigor at the center. The supervisor was not a mentor. He just ensured that the fellow did not sham through the 14 hours of the day. What was non-compromisable was sitting for debriefs in the evening. These debriefs became important learning opportunities. These showed fellows from privileged, metropolitan backgrounds, how it is that folks from smaller cities and towns, especially women, became successful at their work with a much more compassioned and nuanced understanding of the state of affairs. Through these debriefs, the fellows learnt what works, and what does not work. These debriefs happened six days a week. Every six weeks the fellows sat together with the supervisors for 2-3 days over a long weekend and consolidated. People shared work and learnt from each other’s initiatives. So that’s how the intellectual property, the library of solutions – micro solutions, not grand ones – got created. “If markets can scale, why can’t social processes scale? It is an organization design issue. It is not a pedagogic issue.” Another important part of this process was that of community immersion – one month of living in the community without a laptop, a mobile phone, even any money. The fellows were inventive. They found homes, did errands, did things useful for the community. They were humble in the community, because they had to figure out food and shelter there. This process rewired the young person. An upper caste Hindu kid experienced a Muslim woman, because only an elderly Muslim woman was willing to let him inside the house. For the first time, he experienced living in a Muslim household and realized that “They are just like us.” All these processes - going to the school everyday, going to the community everyday, 26 Interview and then a mandatory Vipassana course, and forcing silence upon oneself – continued across the four semesters. universities and nuclear families, we have all become self-obsessed. However, we need to work in teams to move the mountains. There was so much of noise that these young people experienced. Good ideas and inventions are a product of silences. It requires a certain quietude and deep thinking through the microcosm of the problem to figure out solutions. How do you build teams? How do you learn from the other? How do you build relationships? How do you narrate the problem? How do I get you interested in the project that I am trying to create? Therefore, vipassana was just for your own selves’ sake, and for the sake of social change as well. It is still an important feature of the fellowship program. Gandhi Fellows do feel that here is a tool, a practice, which is so good, it is gold standard. We used a whole set of such design elements in the fellowship program. Then fellows had their sandboxes to make their own experiments. We also organized master classes for them. The higher education system is teacher-led and centered around examinations. Here we were firing different neurons. These days in the social sector, community aspirations and our theories of change are not in any degree of synchronization. Communities have their own jugad solutions. Replicating them is the problem, not invention itself. Therefore, community orientation was one of the logics of the fellowship’s structure. We wanted this community focus to become a paradigm for everyone else – that is, for the government and the market as well. We were also thinking about facilitating a young person who is 20-25 years old to explore herself and figure out what is it that she is good at. The structure aimed to create rigor excellence models, to create empathy before you started seeking solutions, to first have listening skills, to understand the needs of the communities. We also wanted the fellows to imbibe a culture of teamwork. In our schools, colleges, Moreover, you are not a leader in all seasons. Sometimes you are a leader; most times, you are a follower. How do we build rigor into our following? Therefore, the fellowship was structured around these elements. The total amount of time envisaged was 10,000 hours under supervision and involved building rigor, creating lasting friendships, discussing and learning from people with a diverse set of backgrounds, working together and figuring out something that is bigger than individual possibilities. Because we were sure that if the orientation was technical, it was not going to solve anything. What is unique about India, what is unique about Mahatma Gandhi, is service leadership. Therefore, the fellowship aimed to foster seva and empathy and tried to discourage any tendencies towards technical solutions. The buck stopped with the program leaders. The fellows could not be given orders; they had to be inventive. Therefore, the program leaders were constantly listening to the fellows, the program manager was listening to the program leaders, and the program director was listening to the program managers. As a result, we became a listening organization. This produced an interesting organizational architecture. It is rare that the last mile person is transformational to the organization. Because the fellow was learning non-violent communication, we were also learning nonviolent communication. Because the fellows 27 Interview were learning to be empathetically listening, we learnt to empathetically listen as well. Listening to the fellows, we realized that so many transformational possibilities exist in our communities. Samuhik Pahal: What have been the key milestones in the process of growth of the Gandhi Fellowship? What are the key challenges that you have faced in this journey? Vivek Sharma: The key challenge involved the adults. Adults did not believe that young people could do something useful in the first place. The headmasters did not believe that young people could help them. Education administrators did not believe that 22-year olds could help 55-year olds transform. Parents did not believe that if young people stepped out of the comfort zones of their houses, this would be an appropriate decision for them. “If you are looking for new ways of engaging with communities, for things to emerge bottom up, for becoming a more compassionate and listening organization…then you stand a chance to run a valid fellowship program.” Nevertheless, some adults also believed in us. Some parents trusted us. However, the challenge was that parents fought us. They fought their children as well. We lost a lot of beautiful talent as a result. There was the young woman from rural Rajasthan who thought joining this fellowship would help her fight the patriarchy she was experiencing. She felt this experience would be extremely useful for her. Her professors supported her, but her parents did not. Once the headmasters found that here was this nonthreatening person helping her find her own meaning, learning, joy, pride, then it became a game changer. Then our fellows were going to the houses of these headmasters and teachers. They were feted by the sarpanchs. These were good hearts, putting in their rigour and toil creating small artefacts in the community, with the community, for the community. So that challenge of adults not believing in us was short lived. Samuhik Pahal: Has the design of the fellowship changed over the years? If yes, then in what ways and what has informed this evolution? Vivek Sharma: Initially the fellows worked with the headmasters. Later the fellows started working at the district level, with DEOs, with DMs, with Collectors – helping them bring convergence around education. It became a district level fellowship. Later it even became a state level fellowship. The fellows support the government design their organizations and help them with learning, development and technology; basically assisting the government in building the wireframes of a design. So that is what the fellowship has morphed into, working more at the district and state levels. This change happened when six to seven years ago we launched our district level program and four years ago when we started our state level interventions. The fundamental features of community engagement and having one’s own personal project and vipassana etc. have not changed. However, the school visit is not available to the fellow who is working at the state level. The fellow working at the district level goes to the schools, but not as actively as she is engaged with the district administration. The design of the processes and the functionalities have changed. Nevertheless, the underlying principles are similar. We try to 28 Interview create competencies like the older ones, but using the district toolkit. program. I think we could have been far more efficient in issuing yellow cards. At the district level the fellows are organizing district PMUs, ensuring that the district administration listens to the headmasters, etc. We became a listening organization and now we are trying to ensure the creation of listening organizations within the educational administration and the state-government level bodies. Samuhik Pahal: How do you think nonprofits in India, especially those working in education, can use fellowships as an intervention tool in furthering desirable social change? What are some of the key mistakes to avoid and important markers to keep in mind? The first seven years involved deep headmaster level work. The headmasters could not succeed if the district administration was not compassionate and functional. So building that organizational capacity is a task at the district level. Similarly, the state also needs to support the districts. Therefore, you have to do a host of things at the state and district levels. The headmaster level fellowship is now confined to territories where we are doing deep school-based work. Before we can advocate for whole child development models at the state or district levels, we ourselves need to be convinced about what works and what does not. For that, we have a school level fellowship program. It is the size of the old fellowship. Those numbers have not increased. The expansion has been at the district and the state levels. Samuhik Pahal: In retrospect what were the things that you would do differently, when you look back at any stage of the fellowship’s journey? Vivek Sharma: We could have launched the district and state level programs earlier. Organizationally we were experimenting as well. It took us some time to move from that organic model. Introducing seva bhav as a concept, as a central theme, early on in the first semester, as a part of the induction, could have been done better. When you are driving rigor, often there are discipline issues with young people. It took us a while to figure out the ideal mix for the Vivek Sharma: The statutory warning is that nonprofits should not launch fellowship programs unless they are in love with young people. Nonprofits are very focused on the change that they are trying to make. Moreover, nonprofits sometimes believe that a fellow equals to cheap labour. Which is not true. Therefore, I always tell my friends who have launched fellowship programs or want to launch fellowship programs, and heads of NGOs, that fundamentally young people are disruptive. You have developed a theory of change. If you need to distribute that theory of change, why do you need a fellowship program? You need a staff. Moreover, if you think fellows are a cheap staff, that is an incorrect hypothesis. “The statutory warning is that nonprofits should not launch fellowship programs unless they are in love with young people.” If you are looking for new ways of engaging with communities, for things to emerge bottom up, for becoming a more compassionate and listening organization, looking for error margins – and error margins can be from 10% to 100% - then you stand a chance to run a valid fellowship program. Samuhik Pahal: In periods of expansion, things tend to come into sharp focus. So if you could please reflect a little more on Gandhi Fellowship’s expansion process ? 29 Interview Vivek Sharma: The expansion phase is past us now. We expanded in a particular era. The first three batches were all of fifty. When the fourth batch was starting, all the adults in our life told us, “Look! You guys have created a human lab. It is not scalable.” We have been able to simplify processes. The program leaders and the program managers are able to run the fellowship program. The senior staff stopped running the fellowship 7/8 years ago. It is the younger people and exfellows who are running the fellowship now. We thought that if it cannot be scaled, then what is the point of creating a boutique program? We did not want to create an elegant program for 30-40 people. Today the issue for me is not of scale anymore. That question has been answered. Young people will learn if you create the right ecosystem for them. That ecosystem is a little bit of a bubble. Inside that bubble, it is for them to explore their selves, to explore social issues and universal concerns that are connected to the self and the social issues… We wanted to create a program where the adult was not required for learning. In India, where would you get good teachers? In India we do not even have teachers, forget about good teachers. However, can adults learn on their own? Yes, adults can learn on their own. That is the possibility we created with the Gandhi Fellowship Program. The first scale up was the fourth batch, which was 110 people or so. We said we will scale up and if it were not possible, then we would probably not pursue it. If markets can scale, why can’t social processes scale? It is an organization design issue. It is not a pedagogic issue. unsplash.com/Haseeb Modi In the early batches, we were personally involved. Now we are hardly involved in running the fellowship program. I do not even get to see the fellows. My sense is, that is a scalable model. That can be done on scale. Human processes are scalable. Quality education is scalable. We are headed there, so far as state level processes are concerned. The district program has stabilized. Different programs are going through different life cycles, so is the fellowship as a whole. 30 Ground Zero The Learning Journeys of Fellowships Aastha Maggu “W hy do nonprofits choose a fellowship model?” “How do nonprofits develop fellowship models that are suited for their context?” “How do nonprofits make fellowship a meaningful learning experience for an individual?” Universe Simplified Foundation In the last decade, there has been a surge in fellowships launched by nonprofits. In this piece, we speak with four organizations working in varied contexts to understand their rationale and approach to designing and implementing fellowship programs. Universe Simplified Foundation Universe Simplified Foundation (USF) is a nonprofit working to make inquiry-driven, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) education accessible to all. The team envisions creating a world where hands-on, inquiry-driven STEM education empowers students and communities to find innovative solutions to real-life challenges. USF is working in the outskirts of Mumbai, in villages along the Kalyan-Murbad road. The parents of most of the students are farmers. About twenty percent of the children belong to Adivasi communities and their parents are daily wage labourers. In 2017, the Teach For India team piloted the yearlong TFIx incubation program where they partnered with eight entrepreneurs from across the country, supporting them to adopt Teach For India’s Fellowship Model and launch contextual teaching fellowships in their own geographical and social contexts. With the support of TFIx, USF began its journey of developing a STEM fellowship in 2018. Henna from USF shared, “With the help of the TFIx team, we got access to resources such as courses, webinars, etc. and networks that helped us design our fellowship model. Peer learning sessions and mentoring from domain experts were also an integral part of the fellowship. As an alum, you can reach out to the TFIx team and network for support. For instance, I was speaking to the team recently and they shared some helpful resources. The team is also helping us secure funding for running the fellowship. Their support has been integral in the fellowship design.” The USF team hosted two fellows in the inaugural cohort. In 2020, with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent 31 Ground Zero travel restrictions, it got difficult to host fellows from other parts of the country. The team pivoted to hosting local youth for the STEM fellowship. Henna shared that the involvement of local youth deepened USF’s community ties. Through the STEM fellowship, USF envisions to capacitate young educators with the skills and knowledge required to drive inquirydriven STEM learning. The team wishes to create a holistic thriving ecosystem for STEM in rural areas. They chose to not limit themselves to working with children and through this fellowship expanded to involve the village youth. She added, “Since the youth hail from the communities, they were aware of the context and the needs of their children. The fellows knew that the learning of children during the pandemic had stalled, and it was heartening to see them speaking with parents and encouraging them to support their children with their lessons.” The USF team had hosted interns before, and they found the freshness in the perspectives of the fellows to be valuable. The team is open to having fellows join the organization as employees. Henna shared, “Since we operate in rural areas, we find it challenging to recruit people. Another advantage that we initially had not imagined was that the fellowship allows us to prepare a pool of prospective employees who understand our program and are attuned to the culture of the organization. We want the fellows to become STEM educators. We are also happy to offer opportunities to fellows that help them grow within the organization. Sujata, one of our fellows has a remarkably high sense of ownership. In the second year of her fellowship, we are giving her additional responsibilities. We want her to join our team after the fellowship ends.” The two-year fellowship program has a hands-on inquiry-driven approach. With each project that is introduced, the fellows are never given a set of instructions. They are encouraged to figure it out and design it themselves. For instance, if a balloon car project is being introduced then the fellows will design it independently. After a few days of designing projects, the team starts discussing if the fellows were to take this project to a child, how they will plan it. The fellows come up with session plans where they are made to think of examples to explain concepts. Each fellow is required to conduct mock facilitations for varied projects. Other fellows engage as any child would do in the session and share feedback with the facilitator. When the fellows start taking lessons, they get support for each session from the USF team where the team continuously shares their observations and feedback. Universe Simplified Foundation The USF team is hopeful that local STEM educators will be able to facilitate an ecosystem where communities can leverage inquiry-driven learning to solve problems. Recognize Rise and Empower Association (RREA) RREA is based in Kamjong district, Manipur. The organization strives to provide opportunities to learn inside and outside the classroom for children from at-risk communities in and around the troubled peripheries for North East India. It runs programs on early literacy and numeracy, 32 Ground Zero and sports, which strengthens the overall development of students in three schools in Kamjong. In 2018, the team launched the RREA Fellowship, a six-month pilot fellowship program where two volunteers were inducted. The team identified Kamjong High School for intervention. Mathanmi Hungyo, founder of RREA shared that in the school, the RREA team with the volunteers started taking classes in Math, Science and Languages and bridge remedial classes for children enrolled there. Bridge remedial classes were conducted to bring the students to grade appropriate learning levels. After six months, they sat for the board examinations. It was the first time in the history of the school that a student got more than eighty marks in math. Most of the other students secured good marks as well. Mathanmi added, “Before the pilot, parents and teachers were of the opinion that the students are not serious and are not performing well. In the six-month pilot program, we got evidence of what was possible. We saw a huge shift in the mindset of the community and the teachers. They understood that our children are not at fault, but that they have not been provided with the right set of opportunities.” In 2019, the team reached out to TFIx and it helped RREA revamp the earlier fellowship. With a vision of every child in the region one day having access to quality education, RREA launched ‘Teach for North-East’ in 2020. Rohit Agarwal from the RREA team shared, “The earlier launched RREA Fellowship was born out of the immediate need to provide remedial bridge support to students in science and math. There was not any rigorous program design for the fellowship in place. The year-long TFIx incubation program helped us in developing a structured program design and a monitoring and evaluation framework for launching the Teach For North-East fellowship program in 2020.” Through the two-year Teach for North-East fellowship program, the RREA team, with committed and passionate young people, plans to work towards transforming underresourced government schools. The fellows, in the two years, are made to develop an understanding of the ground realities of the education system in the North-East and they work towards improving the learning outcomes of students. In the two-year teaching fellowship, the fellows work in under-resourced government schools with school headmasters, students, full-time teachers, and with the community. The fellowship begins in June wherein during the orientation the fellows are trained to become reflective practitioners. They learn lesson planning, executing these, and using social emotional learning tools to connect better with children and their parents. In the first year, a retreat is also organized where all the fellows share their learnings and experiences, and resource people are brought in to augment learning. The fellowship runs only in government schools in Kamjong district, Manipur. The fellowship began during the pandemic. It was difficult to get people from outside the state. Currently, for each cohort, the team is open to having 50% of the fellows from the state and 50% of the fellows from outside. The second year focuses on preparing fellows for opportunities after the fellowship. The fellows are encouraged to look for internships during the month-long summer break where they can get involved with organizations working on development issues in Manipur. The RREA team is trying to search and streamline post-fellowship opportunities. Mathanmi shared, “It made us happy that four fellows from the first graduating cohort were recruited by System Transformation and Revitalizing (STAR) Education. This is the flagship program of the Government of Manipur to transform the education system of the state by transforming physical 33 Ground Zero infrastructure, excellence in teaching and ensuring strong learning outcomes for children. The candidates applying for the roles are required to have formal training in education. However, they made an exception for our fellows. These fellows will now work with the government and create impact on a bigger scale. I am sure more such opportunities will emerge for them.” networks and resources so that they can effectively contribute to the progress of the state and the country. In the recently held Punjab state elections, two of the fellows from earlier cohorts worked with the teams of candidates contesting elections. We want these two years to help the youth to reconnect and solve the problems that plague our state.” Mathanmi shared that the team does not want a parallel system running with government schools. They do actively think about making schools sustainable in their functioning, and phasing out the involvement of Teach for North-East fellows from the schools. At the beginning of the fellowship journey, Sanjhi Sikhiya conducts a four-week long orientation where the fellows, through discussions and field visits, are made to understand the context, policies and relevant institutions in the education ecosystem. Sanjhi Sikhiya Set up in 2018, Sanjhi Sikhiya has set out on the path of bringing systemic reforms in the public education system of Punjab. It presently operates in Patiala, Ropar and Fatehgarh Sahib where the team implements the Cluster Transformation Program (CTP) through its flagship Punjab Youth Leaders Program (PYLP). The team believes that to make the public education system a top priority for all stakeholders, they need many more advocates and champions. This led to the inception of PYLP, a two-year-long fellowship program that inducts individuals with societal concerns and passion for working with underserved communities, who are eager to learn about the education system, and develop leadership capacities. Ishpreet Kaur, founding team member of Sanjhi Sikhiya shared, “We call each fellow a young leader because we believe that the state of Punjab needs the youth to solve complex problems, such as lack of employment opportunities, high migration, poor education levels, drug abuse, etc. we are mired in. We have designed the program to develop leadership capabilities of young individuals and provide them access to The team facilitates theatre workshops that help the fellows express themselves better. Simultaneously, the Young Leaders learn about the cluster transformation model and visit their own clusters to get familiar with the community. Under the Cluster Transformation Program, each fellow works intensively in one cluster, i.e., with 9-10 schools. The fellows get an opportunity to work with the Department of Education and other stakeholders in the primary schools – teachers, school administration, school leadership at the block, cluster, district and state levels, and community members. Ishpreet shared that the fellows focus on enhancing the knowledge, mindset and competencies of stakeholders across the ecosystem. For instance, the fellows help the cluster head teachers with facilitating monthly meetings to discuss academic issues, strategies for better school performance, etc. As the fellows start working with the stakeholders, the Sanjhi Sikhiya team remains connected with fellows through weekly in-person reflection meetings, checkins, etc. There are workshops and learning sessions frequently organized with resource persons from their network. At the end of 34 Ground Zero the first year, the fellows are also given the opportunity to intern in an organization outside of PYLP. The fellows are encouraged to choose an organization that is not restricted to the education ecosystem. For instance, in the past, fellows have interned with organizations such as Delhi Commission for Women, Itisaras, and Chalo Chalein, among others that work in the domains of safeguarding women’s rights and historical and architectural heritage perseveration etc. The alumni have found meaningful roles with Slam out Loud, Mantra4Change, Haryana Chief Minister’s Good Governance Program, Language and Learning Foundation etc. Two fellows from the inaugural cohort are now part of the Sanjhi Sikhiya team. Ishpreet added that the team is consolidating its learnings from the past cohorts and is focusing on building strong alumni engagement processes. Aavishkaar Aavishkaar is based out of Palampur, Himachal Pradesh and the team strongly believes that a hands-on experiential mathematics and science program is important. The unique and innovative modules used by them help children to truly engage with these subjects. The Aavishkaar team had previously interacted with a few Teach for India fellows and were impressed how young minds with new ideas and passion are working to eliminate educational inequities across the country. The team felt that to address the lack of good STEM educators, young minds must be capacitated with relevant knowledge, skills and mindsets. The Aavishkaar STEM Fellowship is a twoyear program created for motivated scholars who aim to create a change in the science and math education landscape. The fellows are encouraged to learn and use hands-on experiential ways to make math and science a visual and non-abstract process. In the first year, the fellows are expected to become comfortable in engaging with all stakeholders, and gain proficiency in making lesson plans and teaching children with experiential learning methods. Sandhya Gupta, founder of Aavishkaar shared, “In the first year of the STEM fellowship, the fellows start taking lessons in nearby primary and middle government schools. They get an opportunity to understand the context of government school systems in the Kangra district by engaging with key stakeholders – students, parents, teachers, principals and the government administration. The Aavishkaar team also involves the fellows in creating and delivering residential and online sessions to students, teachers and educators.” Sandhya shared that recently a team member had gone to Assam to conduct training for government school teachers. The team felt that a STEM fellow could lead that training session and they encouraged them to do so. Sandhya added, “We wish to create opportunities for our fellows that give them Aavishkaar In 2017, under the TFIx incubation program, Aavishkaar started its journey of designing and launching a contextual Teaching Fellowship. The Aavishkaar team inducted the first cohort in 2018. 35 Aavishkaar Ground Zero hands-on experience in teaching children and training educators.” Babli is part of the Aavishkaar team. She graduated from the STEM Fellowship and now manages the Aarohan Fellowship Program. As a part of the Aarohan process, young women from rural India are prepared to become mathematics educators in a year-long residential training program. abli recounted her STEM fellowship experience and shared that she was impressed with Aavishkaar’s experiential approach. The first time she saw Sandhya conducting a class for students in a nearby government school, and explaining multiplication through a story of goats, was when she realized that teaching these subjects could be joyful. She soon embarked on the two years long journey of the fellowship. In the second year, the fellows learn about the work of a different organization of their liking. This exposure helps the fellows expand their knowledge and skills in this space. The fellows are expected to interact with the organization’s members to understand their approaches and methods and they share their learnings with their peers. Some of the graduating fellows are pursuing higher education. A few others have opted for roles with organizations such as Mantra4Change, UpGrad, among others. Sandhya shared that the fellowship gives young educators the chance to understand the extreme disparity that exists in STEM education. It also provides learning opportunities in communities that have not been able to access quality education. In Conclusion These fellowships give youth an opportunity to make a foray into the education ecosystem. The fellows get to explore different roles as educators and facilitators. Non-profits are keen on making these journeys a meaningful learning experience. Fellowships could pave the future of learning and development. You can reach out to the organizations featured in the story at: info@ universesimplified.org (Universe Simplified Foundation), [email protected] (Recognise, Rise and Empower Association - RREA), [email protected] (Sanjhi Sikhiya), and [email protected] (Aavishkaar). 36 Wipro Foundation is a public charitable trust set up for corporate citizenship and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives of Wipro. Send your comments or feedback on [email protected] To read previous issues of Samuhik Pahal please visit: Aavishkaar For more information, visit: Cover Photo Credit: Universe Simplified.

The role of anatomical repair of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament in acute ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury: A systematic review How to cite this article: Hantouly AT, Toubasi AA, Samhouri JF, Morrissey P, D’Hooghe P, Salameh M. The role of anatomical repair of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament in acute ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury: A systematic review. J Musculoskelet Surg Res, doi: 10.25259/JMSR_20_2022 Abstract The management of syndesmotic injury in ankle fractures is still controversial. Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) primary repair is considered essential to reduce the risk of syndesmotic malreduction. This review examined the available literature on primary AITFL repair in ankle fractures. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched up to July 15, 2021, for articles reporting on the repair of AITFL in acute ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Studies that investigated isolated syndesmotic injury without ankle fracture, reviews, cadaveric studies, case reports, and studies not published in English were excluded from the study. The search yielded 588 articles, of which three studies were included, with a total of 229 AITFL primary repairs. The articles were excluded due to different design, foreign language, irrelevancy, or no syndesmosis injury, including patients with isolated syndesmosis injury or used methods of repair other than anatomical repair. Early functional outcomes were found better after AITFL repair compared to syndesmotic screw fixation alone. Moreover, time to return to play/work was significantly lower in the anatomical repair compared to temporary screw fixation. Anatomical repair of the ankle syndesmosis is an effective and safe method with good functional outcomes and return to activity. However, the future prospective studies are required to assess the efficacy of the anatomical repair of the syndesmosis and its superiority over other treatments. Keywords Ankle Ankle injuries Fracture Interosseous membrane Repair Syndesmotic injury Tibiofibular ligament INTRODUCTION Historically, syndesmosis injury incidence was reported as low as 1–18% of all ankle sprains. However, with the growing evidence and understanding of the syndesmosis biomechanics, it is reported that such injuries range between 17% and 74% of all ankle sprains.[1] The treatment options for syndesmosis injury are non-operative and operative. The non-operative management of syndesmosis includes immobilization and physiotherapy, whereas the operative management includes screw fixation or suture button fixation, especially when the ankle is unstable. The current standard of care for ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury includes reduction and screw fixation without syndesmotic repair. This practice, however, leads to hardware complications requiring screw removal in 10–15% of cases or, in some practices, necessitates obligatory screw removal after healing.[2] Several factors contribute to syndesmotic screw complications, such as heterotopic ossification, malreduction, screw breakage, implant irritation, and limitation of ankle dorsiflexion. These complications are, to some extent, unavoidable with screw fixation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the rate of syndesmotic malreduction reaches up to 50% regardless of fracture pattern or surgeon experience.[3-6] Moreover, the importance of anatomical syndesmotic repair in rotational ankle fractures is unclear. Still, there is no consensus on the role of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) repair in such injuries.[7,8] Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review the available literature on primary AITFL repair in acute ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Search strategy PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched up to July 15, 2021, using the following terms and their related MeSH terms; tibiofibular AND Anatom* AND ankle AND fracture. We included articles that reported acute ankle fracture with injured syndesmosis that underwent open reduction and internal fixation and anatomical repair of the AITFL. In addition, included studies reported post-operative radiological and/or functional outcomes. The exclusion criteria were isolated syndesmotic injury without ankle fracture, reviews, cadaveric studies, case reports, and studies not published in English. Screening The search results were uploaded on Rayyan-Intelligent Systematic Reviews software (). In compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the search results were screened and tested against the inclusion criteria by two independent investigators (AT and JS) using the title, abstract, and then full-text method.[9] Any controversy between the two reviewers was solved after a discussion with the senior investigator (MS). Data collection process and data items A standardized collection form on Microsoft Office Excel containing the variables of interest was used for data extraction. Two independent investigators performed data extraction and then crosschecked the data. Any discrepancy was solved by a discussion between the two reviewers and the senior author. The following variables were collected; study demographics (author name, publication year, country, and study design), patients’ demographics (sample size, type of injury, and type of repair), radiological and functional outcomes, and complications. Risk of bias in individual studies Two independent investigators used Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess the included studies’ quality. Any discrepancy between the two authors was solved with the guidance of the senior author. The NOS consists of three domains: Comparability, selection, and outcome. The total NOS score ranges between 0 and 9 and the maximum scores that can be achieved for each component are two, four, and three for comparability, selection, and outcome, respectively.[10] RESULTS Study selection The search yielded 588 articles, of which 168 articles were duplicates. The remaining 420 articles were screened using the titles, abstracts, and full text when needed. Four hundred and eleven studies were excluded due to different design, foreign language, irrelevancy, or no syndesmosis injury. The lasting nine articles were reviewed in their full-text form and six of them were excluded for including patients with isolated syndesmosis injury (without ankle fracture) or using different methods of treatment other than anatomical repair. The PRISMA flowchart is displayed in Figure 1. Study characteristics All included studies were conducted during the past 5 years (2016–2021). The studies’ total number of participants was 229 and all of them had ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury. Fifty patients had OTA-44C, 43 had Weber Type B, and 10 had Weber type C ankle fracture, while the remaining patients were not classified. In the studies that provided data about gender, 61.2% were male. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the included studies. Table 2 summarizes the outcome measures used by the included studies. *Did not classify the type of the fracture Quality assessment The quality assessment results for the included studies are summarized in Table 3. As per NOS, a study with a total of nine stars is considered the study with the highest quality. NOS: Newcastle–Ottawa scale Surgical technique All included articles provided descriptions of the performed surgical intervention. Anatomical AITFL repair with temporary screw fixation was used in 143 patients (62.4%), while anatomical AITFL repair without screw fixation was used in 27 patients (11.8%). In addition, reduction with screw fixation was performed in 59 patients (25.7%). The study by Zhan et al. included 53 patients, 23 underwent reduction with screw fixation, while 27 underwent reduction with an anatomical repair.[11] Moreover, all the 126 patients in Steinmetz et al. study underwent reduction with anatomical repair and temporary screw fixation.[12] In Del Balso et al. study, 17 patients underwent reduction with anatomical repair and temporary screw fixation, while 23 patients underwent reduction with screw fixation only.[13] Functional outcomes All included studies reported functional outcomes for their patients. The study by Zhan et al. showed that the Olerud-Molander ankle score (OMAS), plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion were significantly higher in the open anatomical repair group compared to the screw fixation group at 3–6 months.[11] However, only plantar flexion remained significantly higher in the open anatomical repair group at 12 months of follow-up. Moreover, the study by Steinmetz et al. reported that the range of motion among its patients was 95 ± 10% of the contralateral uninjured side and 93 ± 10% of the contralateral uninjured side for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, respectively.[12] Moreover, at the end of follow-up, the patients’ mean of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 93 ± 9, while the mean OMAS score was 93 ± 10. Del Balso et al. study showed no significant difference in the total of Maryland foot score at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months between the anatomical reduction group and the screw fixation one.[13] Similarly, there was no significant difference between the groups in all the Maryland foot subscores except for cosmesis and shoe subscores. Accordingly, a significantly higher Maryland foot score (cosmesis) favoring the screw fixation group compared to the anatomical repair group was observed at 6 weeks, while this difference was diminished at 3, 6, and 12 months. In addition, the anatomical repair group had a significantly higher Maryland foot score (shoes) at 12 months compared to the closed reduction group. Furthermore, there were no differences between anatomical repair and screw fixation at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months in the AOFAS hindfoot score. Likewise, apart from the quality-of-life subscore, there were no differences in the Foot and Ankle Orthopedics Score (FAOS) subscores detected between the groups at all follow-up points. The quality-of-life subscore was significantly higher in the anatomical repair group compared to the screw fixation group at 12 months. Zhan et al. study reported no difference in the pain measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) score between the two groups at 3, 6, and 12 months.[11] Steinmetz et al., in which all their patients underwent ATFL repair with temporary screw fixation, reported that the mean VAS was 0.8 ± 1.3.[12] Return to work/play Two studies reported the return to work/play in its outcomes. Zhan et al. reported that the time to return to work was significantly lower in the anatomical repair group compared to screw fixation only.[11] Furthermore, among the athletes in the study by Steinmetz et al., the mean time away from sports was 10 ± 6.7 weeks.[12] Most of them (82.6%) returned to play similar to their pre-injury level, whereas 16.4% reported a reduction in participation and 1% reported no return to sports. In terms of long-term performance, Steinmetz et al. found that 82.6% of athletes return to pre-injury levels. Furthermore, after a 5-year follow-up, there were no signs of degeneration.[12] Radiological outcomes Zhan et al. study showed that although the stability of the syndesmosis was achieved in all the patients who underwent screw fixation as well as anatomic repair, the syndesmotic screw did not restore AITFL structure integrity and changed the contact between the ruptured ends.[11] Furthermore, the same study reported no significant difference in malreduction between the open repair and screw fixation group. Steinmetz et al. reported two cases of poor reduction and after 5 years of follow-up, no signs of degeneration were detected.[12] The study observed eight patients with osteoarthritis, 14 with osteophyte, and seven with secondary diastasis. In comparison, Del Balso et al. reported that no cases of malreduction were detected on plain films.[13] In addition, this study reported that a significantly higher translation difference between the injured and non-injured ankle was detected among the screw fixation group that was not detected in the anatomical repair group. Complications All the studies reported complications that occurred among their patients. Zhan et al. reported that significantly higher overall complications occurred in the screw fixation group compared to the open repair one.[11] However, none of the complications were significantly different between the two groups; reduction loss, wound complications, implant failure, or foreign body reaction. Steinmetz et al. study reported that 19 complications occurred postoperatively during the study period.[12] Six of these complications were considered serious and five were infections. In addition, significant ankle stiffness that required arthrolysis occurred twice. Twelve cases of complex regional pain syndrome were reported and all were resolved. Moreover, only one deep vein thrombosis occurred during the study. Furthermore, Del Balso et al. reported two cases of screw breakage in the anatomical repair with screw fixation group, while this occurred in seven patients in the screw fixation group.[13] In addition, one case of incomplete ossification of the syndesmosis occurred in the screw fixation group. According to Zhan et al., the difference was not statistically significant even though screw fixation patients had more malreduction than the AITFL group.[11] In contrast to closed reduction, Del Balso et al. demonstrated that AITFL repair before screw helps to avoid rotational and translational malreduction.[13] DISCUSSION This systematic review of three studies (229 patients) showed that the anatomical repair of syndesmosis is superior to temporary screw fixation in terms of OMAS, plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion but not total Maryland foot score, AOFAS score, or FAOS score. However, all these superiorities in terms of function were diminished at extended follow-up periods except for plantar flexion. Moreover, time to return to play/ work was significantly lower in the anatomical repair compared to temporary screw fixation. Furthermore, this study showed that almost all the patients who underwent anatomical repair returned to play with a level similar to the pre-injury level. Radiological outcomes were similar between the anatomical repair and screw fixation groups in terms of stability and risk of malreduction. In addition, the anatomical repair was significantly associated with lower complications compared to temporary screw fixation. Similar to our results, the previous studies showed that using anatomical repair in treating ankle fractures with AITFL injury restored the stability of the ankle mortise, improved bone repair stability, and allowed for early return to activities and exercise.[14] Furthermore, two of the included articles showed that anatomic repair of the syndesmosis had better outcomes regarding functional outcomes and complications. Moreover, the use of open repair could solve the considerable controversy surrounding the idea of whether to keep the screw or not in metallic syndesmotic screw fixation.[15] A study showed that screw removal was associated with a high risk of complications and should be done only in selected cases.[15] However, another study showed that the removal of screws was associated with favored functional outcomes compared to retained screws.[16] It was estimated that there are about 6445 syndesmotic injuries in the United States annually.[17] Even though this type of injury was not common compared to other injuries, syndesmotic injuries could lead to severe complications, including ankle arthrosis.[18] Malreduction was proven to be the single modifiable factor for the occurrence of ankle arthrosis.[18] Our study showed that trans-syndesmotic fixation and anatomical repair were similar in the risk of malreduction; hence, none of these interventions offers more protection from ankle arthrosis than the other. In contrast, some studies demonstrated that open repair of syndesmosis was associated with a substantial risk of malreduction, but this risk was lower than closed reduction.[19,20] In addition, the ability to visualize the quality of reduction in the open repair technique was associated with decreased risk of malreduction by 15–50%.[5,20,21] It was illustrated that the quality of reduction considerably impacted the prognosis and functional outcomes. Thus, it is important to detect any case of incorrect reduction.[22] Some studies showed that this could be done using CT scanning techniques. However, the decision of surgical revision could not be made based on imaging due to the significant anatomical variations among individuals.[6] In addition, arthroscopic techniques could help in the syndesmotic reduction and could be integrated with the use of a flexible stabilization construct.[23,24] Limitations Although this is the first systematic review of the anatomical repair of syndesmosis injury with an ankle fracture, the study had several limitations that should be acknowledged. The low number of the included studies limits the generalizability of the results of this review. In addition, the high heterogeneity between the included studies limited the ability to conduct a meta-analysis. Another limitation is that not all the included studies were comparative, making it difficult to know which treatment methods were superior to others. Moreover, the included studies use different tools and methods to assess the functional and radiological outcomes. Consequently, more prospective studies with a larger sample size are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of the methods to treat syndesmotic injuries with ankle fractures and compare different treatment methods. In addition, consensus methods to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes after treating syndesmotic injuries to be used in the future studies are required. CONCLUSION This systematic review shows that the anatomical repair of syndesmosis is superior to temporary fixation in terms of return to play/work, early functional outcome, and complication. However, there is no difference between the two methods in terms of late functional and radiological outcomes. The future prospective studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of this method and its superiority over other treatment methods. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS AH reviewed the literature, designed the study, collected, organized and interpreted data, and wrote the article. AT collected, analyzed data, and participated in writing the manuscript. JS reviewed the literature and collected data. PM edited the manuscript. PH edited the manuscript. MS reviewed the literature, participated in writing the manuscript, and supervised data collection and interpretation. All authors have critically reviewed and approved the final draft and are responsible for the manuscript’s content and similarity index. ETHICAL APPROVAL This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. DECLARATION OF PATIENT CONSENT Patient’s consent not required as there are no patients in this study. FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SPONSORSHIP This study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST There are no conflicting relationships or activities. 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You really get to know a motorcycle when you ride it all day, every day, for an entire week. Long hours in the saddle give you plenty of time to contemplate what works and what doesn’t. After two days of riding the new BMW K 1600 B in the mountains and foothills near Asheville, North Carolina, during the press launch, I spent the next five days riding it through 14 states on my way home to California. Riding the K 1600 B from sunrise to sunset for several days in a row made its virtues and faults abundantly clear. During that weeklong, 3,500-mile odyssey, the impeccable smoothness of the K 1600 B’s perfectly balanced, turbine-like in-line six-cylinder engine was indeed a virtue. With cruise control set at the 75 to 80 mph speed limits that prevail on Interstate 70 across wide-open stretches of Kansas, Colorado and Utah, the mirrors remained crystal-clear, there was barely any vibration and the bike felt as stable—and as fast—as a bullet train. I was grateful that, with the windscreen set at just the right height, airflow around my head was smooth and quiet, the seat was all-day, day-after-day supportive and the riding position created no pain points. I also enjoyed the convenience of thumbing buttons or spinning the Multi-Controller wheel to change riding modes and suspension settings, dial up heat for the grips and seat, check tire pressure, raise or lower the windscreen and much more. And every time I toe-tapped rapid-fire, clutchless upshifts while accelerating hard out of a corner, I almost forgot I was riding a bagger. Wait—a bagger wearing the BMW roundel? That’s right. Inspired by the Concept 101, a 2015 design study by Roland Sands and BMW Motorrad, the K 1600 B is a bagger based on the K 1600 GT sport tourer that won Rider’s Motorcycle of the Year award in 2012. Alas, the Concept 101’s wooden accent panels didn’t make it into production, but much of the K 1600 B is faithful to the original. Compared to the GT, the B has a shorter windscreen, a tubular handlebar, longer, narrower saddlebags with integrated LED taillights and howitzer-like chrome mufflers that are horizontal instead of angled upward. To give the K 1600 B the appropriate bagger profile, the rear subframe and passenger seat were lowered by 2.8 inches, and a new rear fender folds up for easier removal of the rear wheel. The rider’s seat height is 30.7 inches vs. 31.9/32.7 inches on the GT, and a no-cost optional seat is just 29.5 inches. Suspension travel is also lower on the bagger, but there’s still 4.5/4.9 inches front and rear. Beneath the Black Storm metallic bodywork is the same liquid-cooled, 1,649cc in-line six-cylinder engine with DOHC, four valves per cylinder and a 12.2:1 compression ratio that powers the K 1600 GT. With a narrow 72mm bore (stroke is 67.5mm) and cylinder sleeves spaced just 5mm apart, the engine isn’t much wider than an in-line four. Perfect primary and secondary balance eliminates the need for counterbalancers and the cylinders are canted forward 55 degrees to lower the center of gravity, put more weight on the front wheel and allow the rails of the aluminum alloy bridge-type frame to pass over rather than around the engine. Even though the K 1600 platform (which includes the B, GT and GTL) has been made Euro4 compliant, BMW claims that engine output is unchanged from previous model years: 160 horsepower at 7,750 rpm and 129 lb-ft of torque at 5,250 rpm in Dynamic and Road modes, and 147 horsepower and 122 lb-ft of torque in Rain mode (measured at the crank). When we put the K 1600 B on Jett Tuning’s dyno, however, it produced lower than expected horsepower and torque at the rear wheel with irregularly shaped dyno curves, as compared to the last K 1600 GT we tested in 2013. Some motorcycles electronically limit engine output when the front wheel is immobilized but the rear wheel is spinning rapidly, as is the case during dyno runs, and such a restriction may have been incorporated into the K 1600’s engine management software. We contacted BMW Motorrad to inquire about this, but we did not receive a response before going to press. We’ll follow up in the near future. Out of the dyno room and on the road, on the other hand, the K 1600 B feels unimpeded, spinning up rapidly and sending ample power to the rear wheel through a 6-speed transmission and shaft final drive. Lots of torque is on tap even at low rpm and response from the throttle-by-wire is precise, though there’s some lag on inital throttle opening that takes some getting used to. Other than a supercar-like, high-revving whine under hard acceleration, the engine and exhaust are very quiet—too quiet, really, for a bagger (BMW should have had the same engineer who designed the R nineT’s growling exhaust take a crack at this one). There’s some heavy engine braking in lower gears, but otherwise this big in-line six feels like the heart of a thoroughbred. Being based on a high-tech, high-performance sport tourer, the K 1600 B is likewise laden with state-of-the-art technology. Standard equipment includes riding modes (Dynamic, Road and Rain) that automatically adjust throttle response, torque output and intervention by the lean angle-adaptive Dynamic Traction Control, and ABS Pro is similarly optimized for cornering. Dynamic ESA (Electronic Suspension Adjustment) has two modes—Road for all conditions and Cruise for softer compliance—that automatically adjust damping. Other standard features include self-leveling xenon headlights, heated grips and seat, cruise control, the Multi-Controller, an onboard computer and dual power sockets. Our test bike also included the Premium and Touring packages, adding central saddlebag locks, auxiliary LED lights, an anti-theft alarm, a tire pressure monitoring system, the Adaptive Headlight that points into corners, Hill Start Control, Gear Shift Assistant Pro for clutchless shifting up and down, Keyless Ride, Bluetooth, an audio system and GPS preparation. There’s also Reverse Assist, which uses a worm gear that runs off the starter motor to provide low-speed reverse to assist with parking (up to a maximum gradient of 7 percent). That may sound like a lot of bells and whistles, but everything is nicely integrated with an intuitive bike-rider interface. In terms of infotainment, the Sirius satellite radio subscription hadn’t been activated, and I didn’t bother pairing my iPhone via Bluetooth. Listening to music blaring out of external speakers while I’m going down the freeway at 75 mph wearing earplugs isn’t my thing. But I’ve used the audio system on the K 1600 GT and it works fine. Our bike also did not include the accessory BMW Navigator VI GPS ($999), which drops into a slot on the top of the dash and is easily controlled via the Multi-Controller, which works great on other BMWs we’ve tested. Not surprisingly, the K 1600 B attacks corners like a sport tourer. In the hollers and gaps of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains, the big bagger felt nimble and well planted, its Bridgestone Battlax BT022 sport-touring tires providing tenacious grip. Despite my best efforts, on only a few occasions did the peg feelers scrape the ground. The massive brakes scrub off speed easily yet also provide subtle feel at the lever. And the Dynamic ESA keeps the chassis stable and the tires in contact with the ground, absorbing the worst of beat-up back road pavement and even the whoop-like frost heaves around Summit Lake on the road up to the top of Colorado’s Mount Evans. Two of the K 1600 B’s features are strokes of genius, both of which debuted on the K 1600 GT/GTL in 2012. One is the Multi-Controller wheel on the left hand grip, which makes it so easy to scroll through menus and make changes that riders are much more likely to take advantage of the many available settings. The other is the air deflector winglets on either side of the front fairing, which can be rotated outward to direct airflow into the cockpit. These are the sort of details that elevate a motorcycle from good to great, making the lives of touring riders much easier. On cold mornings, I kept the winglets closed, raised the windscreen and used the Multi-Controller to turn on heating for the grips and seat. As the day warmed, I turned off the heating, rotated the winglets outward to allow more airflow and lowered the windscreen. The windscreen, which has stepless height adjustment, caused no buffeting though in the lowest position there’s quite a bit of wind noise. The accessory floorboards, which replace the small locking storage compartments on the K 1600 GT and require the accessory engine protection bars for installation, also won me over. They’re really “highway boards” since they provide a second, more forward position for your feet, which must be on the pegs to use the foot controls. With long hours in the saddle, the floorboards allowed me to stretch out my legs, change my knee and hip angles, and move around on the seat. For my cross-country ride, I loaded both saddlebags and strapped a big, waterproof duffel to the passenger seat. The K 1600 B’s saddlebags are not removable, and they have shallower lids but are longer than those on the GT, offering the same 37 liters of storage but with a different shape. Inside the left bag is the release lever for the seat, and inside the right bag is a removable pouch and a USB port/micro jack for plugging in a smartphone or other media devices. Also good for touring is the big, 7-gallon gas tank. My fuel mileage wasn’t the best because I either had the hammer down or was scuffing the sides of the tires on tight curves. Both of my complaints about the K 1600 B have to do with temperature. The part of my view that never changed was the cockpit. The 5.7-inch, full-color TFT display has crisp, easy-to-read graphics, and what information is shown is customizable. I always like to see the ambient temperature gauge, but I’m not sure why the K 1600 B (and other BMWs we’ve tested) shows temperature in tenths of a degree when temperature changes are given in odd, 0.9-degree increments. Riding across the Mojave Desert, the temperature crept up from 112.1 to 113.0 to 113.9 degrees, where it stayed for a while, and then finally topped out at 114.8. Minor, I know, but long hours of riding encourage such nitpicking obsessions. The other complaint was an isolated incident. On the first day of the press ride we got stuck in bumper-to-bumper traffic for over an hour on a hot, humid day, and after a while my feet started to roast and the engine temperature gauge spiked, changing from white to red and flashing a warning symbol. The bike never overheated, but it was uncomfortably hot until we got moving again. After that, engine heat was never an issue, even after riding in 105-plus degree temperatures for six straight hours while crossing the Mojave, often going slowly through Vegas-to-LA traffic on I-15. Subjected to a 3,500-mile torture test in a wide range of conditions—including 14,130 feet of elevation at the top of Mount Evans and hours of scorching temperatures in the desert—the K 1600 B passed with flying colors. There are so many ways in which riding a motorcycle this far in such a short amount of time could have made me miserable, but there was nothing about it that made me want to get off before the day was over or dread the next long day in the saddle. If you want rumble and heritage, then the K 1600 B clearly isn’t for you. But if you want a bagger that will ride circles around every other bagger, has class-leading performance and technology, and has all the comfort and convenience you need for the long haul, then your stallion awaits. 2018 BMW K 1600 B Specs Base Price: $19,995 Price as Tested: $24,390 (Premium and Touring packages, engine protection bars, floorboards): Varies, computer monitored Fuel Delivery: BMS-X EFI, 52mm throttle bodies x 6; cast-aluminum Paralever single-sided swingarm Wheelbase: 63.7 in. Rake/Trail: 27.8 degrees/4.2 in. Seat Height: 30.7 in.; optional low seat: 29.5 in. Suspension, Front: BMW Duolever w/ Dynamic ESA, 4.5-in. travel Rear: BMW Paralever w/ single shock & Dynamic ESA, 4.9-in. travel Brakes, Front: Dual floating 320mm discs w/ opposed 4-piston calipers & ABS Pro Rear: Single 320mm disc w/ 2-piston pin-slide caliper & ABS Pro Wheels, Front: Cast, 3.50 x 17 in. Rear: Cast, 6.00 x 17 in. Tires, Front: 120/70-ZR17 Rear: 190/55-ZR17 Wet Weight: 770 lbs. (as tested) Load Capacity: 465 lbs. (as tested) GVWR: 1,235 lbs. PERFORMANCE Fuel Capacity: 7.0 gals., last 1.0 gal. warning light on MPG: 89 PON min. (high/avg/low) 33.8/37.7/43.5 Estimated Range: 264 miles Indicated RPM at 60 MPH: 2,750 Greg’s Gear Helmet: X-Lite X-1004 Jacket: Tour Master Intake Pants: Firstgear HT Air Boots: Tour Master Epic Air These bikes are so lame! I’m sure they come equipped with a neon yellow riding suit. Everyone laughs at these clowns whenever they see them! Everyone, Nason? The only “clowns” I know are those who judge others because they like different rides than I do. I wouldn’t buy the Bagger, but for what it is it offers a lot of value. You keep going on your scooter, though. Pretending no one’s laughing at you! 🤣 Exactly! Stupid is as stupid does. Got a mirror? You probably ride a Harley Anthony 🙂 Probably better than 75% of us riders do ride Harleys. And the other 25% percent include all other baggers combined. Here’s the difference. I could buy one of these baggers, but I would always have at least one Harley if not 3 in my garage, and I seriously doubt I’ll ever have one of these baggers and not have a Harley in my garage, and here’s why. These ultra smooth bikes are a complete bore to ride even 20 mph above most posted speed limits. I’ve owned over 75 maybe 100? bikes of all brands and styles. Something Harleys don’t do is bore us to death. So unless I am going on a 1500 mile trip which is the least of my travels, this bagger would not leave my garage very often and when it would, I’ll just about guarantee I come home with one ticket. Yes, I have with Harleys too if you count going 55 in a 35. (Twice the same ticket…hmm, just realized that.) But the test rider really put the final nail in the coffin on this bike when he stated it is quiet, too quiet. That is what will keep this bike in the less than 10 % range of all bagger owners. Same thing for the new R baggers. A great bike if you can amplify the engine through the $2000 speakers! That was a joke for all you that can’t take a little ribbing. And I seriously like the R1200B, but there isn’t one in my garage because (1) too quiet, (2) no bags, (3) no on-off trip trunk and I’ll may as well add one that is seemingly unfixable, even by BMW. Realistic Cruising Pegs! Now that’s a Beemer Bummer! Laugh away Nason. I see nothing wrong with being visible. But if you and you ” look at me I’m Different like everyone else” Riders want to laugh with your Antiquated and inefficient machines that’s okay. I hope you don’t classify yourself a biker Mr. Keith Christensen. Maybe you think you can cause you just kicked me in my 63 year old nut sack. Antiquated ( a 38 Knucklehead that is still running to the last of my awareness) and inefficient (72 mpg sportster?) But hold my tongue, I surely didn’t just offend you, did I? Well if I didn’t it’s coming! AND for you BMW, as I am sure you are going to read this, if you want to seriously compete in the top selling and best value holding H.D. Street Glide craze, first thing you got to do is please the biker crowd who is buying 75% of this type bike, not build bikes for yellow raincoat riders. Not singling out Keith here, but there are plenty enough of those bikes already being sold and they aren’t baggers. And how about placing the engine size in cubic inches on the freak’n bikes instead of CCs. Heck you are not selling Honda VTXs. After all, this is America, not Europe or anyplace else. Dang, who is your manager in marketing/design/ or common sense? LOL Sometimes it’s that simple little detail that makes the buyer put his money where his heart is. I am one of those. Keep laughing as the 1600 spanks the Milwaukee 8……milwaukee ate the dust own and ride both BMW and Harleys. For years now. Both bikes have their own appeal and are as different as the people who ride them. It’s all about enjoying the sport, getting out with friends and being safe. Ignorant comments such as Nason’s exist with all cultures and followings and are just that…ignorant. Ride safe All, no matter what’s between your legs! Greg, the odd decimal increments for ambient temperature result from converting degrees Celcius (used practically everywhere) to Fahrenheit (used in the US). Good point, Bones. Assuming that the ambient temperature gauge shows Celsius readings in tenths of a degree, then, given the Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion formula: Temperature (F) = [Temperature (C) * 1.8] + 32 the Fahrenheit readings should be in 0.18-degree increments (rounded to 0.2-degree increments). But if the temperature gauge’s sensitivity is limited to 0.5-degree Celsius increments, then the conversion to Fahrenheit would be in 0.9-degree (0.5 * 0.18) increments, which gives the same readings I saw while riding across the Mojave Desert: T(C) T(F) 44.0 111.2 44.5 112.1 45.0 113.0 45.5 113.9 46.0 114.8 (HOT!) I thought it was obvious, knowing the formula for F-to-C degrees is 32 + 9/5. Now if you could explain why fuel sellers insist on adding 0.9-cents to the price of a gallon of gasoline. (Yes another USA thing gallons not liters.) Hi Greg, thanks for the review! I thoroughly enjoyed the K16GT test ride at the MOA Rally last year. This B version looks great! Can you give approximate height and inseam measurements to give a better idea of how the bike compares to you, the rider, in your pics? Thanks much. Dave, I’m 6 feet tall with a 34-inch inseam. The optional low seat didn’t work for me (and it’s less comfortable, since the 1.2 inches drop in seat height is due to less foam), and I found the floorboards to be essential for the long haul.. Wow Greg. You really put it to a full on touring test! Good for you… sounds like a great tourer. I rode my R1100RT from Maine to California and back.. This new machine had obviously taking that older design to new heights.. I know this is trivial, but I think it’s the best looking bike BMW has done with the brick engine.. I do like the new Scrambler as well.. great article and pictures..many thanks.. Rod Welles Nice review Greg. A buddy and I are looking to purchase a couple of these gorgeous baggers after labor day weekend here in Texas. We did the adventure bike thing for a year riding weekends in Texas and vacations in Ouray Colorado. There is not a better 24 mile ride on this planet than Silverton to Ouray on the million dollar highway. My ride is a 2013 Ducati multistrada gran turismo. His a KTM 1190 adventure. Both bikes are dual sport and awesome. We learned that long distant traveling was ok, but a bit grueling if we went over 300 miles a day. So we’ve decided if we want dirt, we’ll ride dirt bikes. If we want the highway, we’ll ride luxury road bikes. Neither one of us like the big touring boats like the 1600 GTL, or Goldwings. With the huge fairings you feel like you’re riding in something than actually driving/riding a motorcycle which is why we ride. I want feedback and control when I ride. Unlike that clown Nason who is about riding to be cool, I ride because I love performance, comfort, and in this case, looking pretty cool while exploring our beautiful country. My buddy and I were locked in to getting the BMW 1200rt. The more I looked, the more I realized we were trading for a bike real similar to what we were already riding. I would be giving up 25hp, and a huge tour pack for a bike that had a sticker of $23,510. Didn’t make sense. If I’m laying down that kind of money then I want POWER AND LUXURY!!! Your awesome review convinced me that the BMW 1600 BAGGER is the prescription for a power hungry, corner carving, endless horizon, all day comfort, conversation piece, and next adventure bike for my buddy and I. After I passed on your review to my friend, he texted back and simply said…..Let’s do this!!!! Thanks, James of Arlington Texas. The 1600B is supposed to be going after the touring market. But… If that’s the case why would they leave off a backrest AND a tour pack for luggage behind the passenger seat. If my wife is not comfortable than obviously I’m not. Wanted to buy this machine but they quit too soon. I’m out. Any word if there will be an optional trunk? There’s no trunk on the K 1600 B accessory list, and the trunk from the K 1600 GTL won’t fit (there’s no luggage rack to attach it to). If the bagger sells well, then more accessories are likely to be added, but only time will tell. There’s a guy on the K1600.com forum that custom mounted a GTLE too case on his bagger. The top case doesn’t really work well with the bagger’s side cases and he canted the top case forward. Bought a K1600B Sept 5, 2300 miles today Sept 18, talked to the BMW rep Saturday and BMW is in the process of designing a top case to be out this year. Are there any disappointments with the bagger so far? I’m so close to buying one. Your feedback would be appreciated!! No, we haven’t had any issues, problems or concerns. It has been great, but we’ve only put about 4,000 miles on it. Regarding ownership issues, I recommend getting on some of the K 1600 forums to find out what sort of maintenance or service problems are common. It is a BMW, so parts and service, when needed, are not cheap. – Greg Drevenstedt, Senior Editor Thanks Greg i think this is quite a machine. Most BMWs from the get go are. I however will not own another one unless I can afford to put a whole lot of money in a repair and maintenance account and have a personal mechanic. When they run, which is usually they are quite fine, when they don’t it is miserable. Unfortunately road tests are rarely at 30,000 miles. If they were I think a lot of reviews would be quite different. Thanks for the article. I think you can say that about all bikes Great looking bike. Nice job BMW. I can live without a top case but the sposal unit demands a backrest now! Any news on that front? Why not get the k16 gtl and ditch the top case and or the side bags any time they are not needed? Takes less than 5 minutes and looks like a totally different bike in each configuration. The first comment made about the bike being laughed at was made by an immature rider. I’ve a HD Softail Slim S murdered out and bad ass. But I personally think the HD Baggers are ugly. For a bagger this BMW is a superior bike in every way. On Horsepower and Tourqe alone HD has nothing not even the former Vrod that could compare. This BMW is anything but ugly. It is a beautiful machine and will fit nicely between my FLSS and VRSC and while I’m riding it I’ll wear whatever suites me at the moment. Could be leathers and boots or shorts and flip flops. Same thought as many, did a demo ride on one, best bike I’ve ever rode and I am on Wing now — BUT — I can’t buy it without a trunk or at least a backrest for wife, how can they call it touring bike ??? Come on BMW , finish the bike !! BMW already finished the bike–years ago. Its called the GT/GTL. The Bagger is for a different purpose. The bagger is advertised as a Touring bike, thus it will need more storage for Touring, also when Touring it is normal to bring a passenger that will need to be comfortable, the GTLs are nice but they don’t fit the bill for me, sounds like BMW might have a backrest or trunk coming out in November, also the Bagger has a pigtail to plug something in, like a trunk. Distinguish between “advertised as” and “categorized”. The Bagger falls under “Touring” in BMW’s nomenclature, but will never be classified as a long distance tourer. Doesn’t mean you can’t use it for that; a Suzuki 125 can get you across the country if you’re willing to live with the compromises. I find it interesting how many manufacturers don’t think about side bags for various motorcycles. There have been a few bikes that I considered but decided against after realizing no bags would be available. I also thought it was odd that Harley never made a V-Rod tourer. That is/was a great engine. And therein lies the central problem for HD: Any innovation is a dead end given their demographic. Evolution (ie the “new” 8 adjustments) is the only avenue, and they’re arguably now at the end of that road. Oh, well. Current management, shareholders, and owners will be gone when this run ends. Ive ridden nothing but HD for years. But this bike, I will purchase next spring. People that are, lets say, disgustingly loyal to HD, are people I identify as soon as possible and keep away from. HD maintenance costs as much as any bike. I have ridden in many clubs including 1%er clubs, and I guarantee that many guys like me who put in 20k miles yearly, would love to ride this machine.?! I am looking forward to riding and purchasing a K1600B Grand America. This will be my fifth k bike. The GA is the bagger with a top pannier which will give my life lean against, thereby making it a complete bike!

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If other Countries don't want them we don't either they have killed our people . They deserve the rope hang them and get on with it .STOP the waist of money much needed for good human needs . Romney vs. Frankenstein (Obama) Put simply, better the devil you don't know. Vote Romney. Covetousness is a sin. Translation: Tunisia only has received proper remuneration during the so-called Arab Spring because they are an original. All the rest i.e. Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain and yes Syria, are all covetous copycats. Syria is one of the few conuntries that said it would take inmates from gitmo, but they don't have the security to keep them under wraps. I'm proud of obama for keeping us safe. I can't imagine what he thought once he was briefed on the real situation down there. For everything we know, there's 3 we don't know about. BTW, this isn't jobs going over seas, the radar station will be manned by the US military. (LOL at the thoughts of cubans running our radar). All you people taking up for these fools locked up in there haven't had a friend wounded or killed in combat. Put them pants on then say you want to release these IED producing idiots. Might as well start dropping C4 all over pakistan and afghanistan for them to pick up. Releasing gitmo as a whole would be like establishing an explosives vest factory at this point, people would be going off everywhere. By the way, these so called "suicide bombers" don't push their own buttons. They are pawns, want proof? My best buddy found a car bomb, what condition was the driver in? He was beat up and chained into the car. Yea, we're one big nation full of heartless tyrants. You fools. Ihr habt in den USA vielleicht einen heuchler als Präsidenten und lasst Euch die Lügen auch noch gefallen. Super, man muß Euch echt loben, denn so wenig Rückgrat ist kaum auszuhalten. Friedensnobelpreis für Kriegstreiberei, die Abschaffung von Guantanamo bedeutet dann Ausbau... Einen tollen Präsidenten habt Ihr da – da war ja selbst Richard Nixon ehrenhafter. Im FOCUS-Interview 2007 (sic) kündigte der aussichtsreiche Bewerber um die Präsidentschaftskandidatur der Demokratischen Partei an, er werde als Präsident veranlassen, dass das umstrittene US-Militärgefängnis Guantanamo Bay auf Kuba umgehend geschlossen werde.... Jetzt ist ja auch erst 2012 Humanitarian aid base – das die das nicht mal in Anführungszeichen setzen ist schon unglaublich! Ach ja jeder wehrfähige Mann, der jetzt von amerikanischen Dronen umgebracht wird, ist ein militant Es bleibt einem wirklich die Spucke weg! If you do not know who Smedley Butler is, look him up RIGHT NOW and educate yourselves. Yea yea that's a grandiose idea, lets close gitmo right now. Problem is theres a fundamental problem with that. Nearly 50 people there are deemed "unsuitable for transportation in any form". There are a number of people we want to release but no country will let them step foot on their soil. They won't walk free on American soil, but when no other country wants them what do you do? Dump them in the international area of an airport and never let them cross customs? Some of these people helped wound and kill your family members, but we fight for their rights? If they wanted our rights, they could have attempted to become US citizens. House them in prisons on US soil where other prisoners will want to kill them for the notoriety. The primary problem is everyone wants to run their friggin mouth without really rationalizing what could come of it. It would be a violation of the rights of a US citizen, THESE ARE NOT YOUR NEIGHBORS, they are prisoners of war, even if it means for the rest of their life. There's all kinds of ways to give your life for a cause, these guys managed just that. We could have shot the idiots and made everything easier and cheaper. They seem to enjoy shooting each other enough that I really don't think it matters. It's all propaganda, let them rot in their cells. If you want to let them out, put them against the wall. Wow i'm amazed at the pure ignorance people can use to come up with some kind of reasoning for doing unjust things. You realize the majority of issues you list, are the direct result of locking these people away on shacky grounds in the first place? Their branding as "terrorists" that in many cases had been based on nothing more then just "knowing somebody who knows somebody"? Or your sheer naivety in believing that everybody there is there for a reason beyond doubt. And because of their unjust treatment and the complicated situation all this created in the frist place, the best solution is to just keep acting like everything that happened had just been fine and should continue to go that way. Don't get me wrong here, i'm well aware that many of these inmates by now probably have a pretty big grudge against the US and (depending on their level of education, a general anti-weste tendency) and as such could pose a threat. But it's just narrowsighted to shrug away that many only started to develope these tendencies after being locked away and treated the way thay have been treated. If the goal is really to spread and teach the ideas of democracy and freedom then the least that should happen is acknowledging that errors have been made and innocent people have been treated unjust. Pretending otherwise and continuing this disgracefull facade will only serve as great examples for teaching even more anti-western/US/democratic sentiments all around the world. Actually they are not prisoners of war under the geneva convention. There are very specific definitions of what a prisoner of war is and the people being detained fit none of them. They are exactly what they have been called. unlawful enemy combatants. But by US law, if they are not to be treated as prisoners of war and subjected to military courts then they must be dealt with in federal courts. If we don't want to try them in a court of any kind then we need to release them. Saying no country will take them is BS. No country we have approached will take them but these are not our citizens and can be returned to their country of citizenship. Once you hear the details of the "concealed" Gitmo photos or see them you'll feel alot differently about the place. I've seen all there is to see, is it pretty? No it's not, I feel no humility for these people. Look at one of your friends or family in a casket, be the person that recieves the flag and get's told "thank you for your loved one's sacrifice for God and Country", something changes in your blood. We should send them back to THEIR familes in pieces. And he looks kind of….whispering….Jewish.Ignore that Jim, we all know the miracle of his birth inudcled pure Aryan genes supplanting his mother and fathers genes. His conception was so immaculate he didn't get no dirty genes from none of those middle eastern types at all.(sarcasm off)Of course he's 100% Jewish unless Mary fooled around with one of the Roman occupiers .. Upgrade... wait, wasn't that the election promise of Obama.. to CLOSE Gitmo? $40 m in renovations doesn't sound like CLOSING to me.... If innocents are held at Gitmo....let's release them in your neighborhood and keep the peacekeepers you call terrorists from saving you and yours! If innocents are being held at Gitmo, it violates everything we ostensibly stand for. Or do they not teach that in Flag-Waving-Jesus-Loving-Gun-Toting class? It's really sad to see your disregard for innocent people. We have no credibility or honor when we detain people who do not deserve it. I suppose you consider yourself a Christian? With that said, anyone plotting to kill innocents should be executed. major humanitarian aid base in the region... yeah, right it still hurts to remember realizing, that even the 'good' guy obama is worse then bush ever was.. total fail. I was born in 1939 and grew up hating Hitler, the most celetrabed. aiyeezh September 16, 2009 seryoso?!?! adik ung boss mo!!=) meron din akong boss berofe Talk about a waste of money. Romney will balance the budget so this up grade will never happen. Peope time to start thing like true conservatives. The story for the future is paying off our debt not wasting money. I don't think any president will ever close Gitmo. They just want us to think they will. It's like saying they will close Area 51 or some other government area that serves whatever purpose they need it serve. Is this Obama's definition of closing it down? Jesus, he has spo many other lies anyway. Does it matter? And we need Gitmo to house those infested Muslims as well. I agree! this does not look like a mission of closing Gitmo. Also, new radar?? Why not have that radar in Florida so that it can create jobs??–it is radar isnt it? Or better yet, why not have the radar in USVI or Puerto Rico... again, US territories. Instead we plop $40M in another country other than our own. Im not too happy about this and taxpayers shouldnt be either. Only 40 million? Has our billion dollar sacks sprung a leak? I guess they are just beefing it up in preparations for our next war. We can't go long without a war or conflict can we? Humanitarian? Sure, spin the lies while the Military machine increases it's presence. Our military is actually at less strength right now. You really need to work on that idiot-factor thing. Great counter! Too much koolaid for some consumers out there! Actually – Barrack promised to close Gitmo his first year in office ! The guy promised a lot – and ain't delivered on any of them ! Not to defend the President too much since he and I disagree on a great many things, but candidate Obama didn't know everything that he thought he did. I'm sure his eyes became very wide as the major security briefings started giving him the real details. You're an idiot... Do you even bother to do any research outside of your bias? If it doesn't fit into your world view that means it's all a conspiracy? What a joke... and a waste of educational dollars... rather than complain and whine about the global situation why don't you try to actually do something instead of just blathering on? seems you are too....just blathering on. idiot Blathering to you, but at least I can string a sensible sentence together. With everything that I wrote this was the best you could come up with? At least I didn't sleep through my college courses... Yes, we are still unable to solve the problems that "good ole George W." and his sidekick Dick caused! These two wrecked havoc on our country in the name of OIL. Their combined efforts resulted in one disaster after another. Tell me, why is George W. so silent today? He does not even endorse the current GOP candidate for president. Mitt would be destroyed by any endorsements by these two! Even Dick has finally shut up, leaving his wonderful legacy for his gay daughter to defend! What? Because that is tradition. The first president to ignore this long standing "understood" rule was Clinton. Surprised you did not know this. Do some research! You have lived in a basement alll you life, apalpentry. I am blond and hazel eyes. I live in the buckle of the bible belt. I find many Jews, Persians, Indians from India, Islanders, Italians, as well as many others who are darker than I that I find stunningly attractive. You people who promote these laughable stereotypes about right-wingers' are really drinking some one's kool aid laced with hate of the other. Because you lie about people like me and you just make stuff up out of thin air.I spend the vast majority of my time with a muslim fellow, two Persians, and several asian Indians. When I get home my neighbors are white, black, and hispanic. I know each of my immediate neighbors as we have a watch group.This silly little characterization of right wingers as idiot racists is a lie you have taught too parrot. You have learned your lessons well but now you live in a fantasy. Hey, while you are blaming George W. the time has come to say Obama thought the cure for everything was to buy our way out of everything....guess what....that isn't leadership Oil? I never understand this oil for war thing. We can easily buy oil, but somehow poeple think we can't and must go to war to get it? Silence. I think it's honorable in a "turn the other check" kind of way. Watch Syrianna on Netflix and the few brain cells you have left might be able to put it together. Most of those dirty dusty countries would rather sell to chinese or european markets at higher prices. We use the military to persuade them to sell to us. Like saudia arabia, kuwait.....we either line up to defend them and our oil interests. or invade if they house mythical weapons of mass destruction. Supply-Side Jesus never turns the other "check" - he's afraid it might bounce. let me try to understand your post without bias....you blame Bush for a buch to summarize. All done for "oil" as you say, but yet you are maligning his lack of a public face or voice now. Though contradictory, I suppose you are missing someone to the and blame other than our present king and his kingdoms. Step away from the koolaid for a bit and analyze current policy and decisions rather than blame those who are relinquished to a position that will be defined better as historically evaluated over time without bias. What does Gitmo and spending money on it now have to do with George W. please focus on today and the future when you and I go to the polls in November. Some of those behind bars at Gitmo are terror suspects, but many are not. Of those not behind bars at Gitmo, almost all are known terrorists. words from the moral wasteland. Things a parasite, protected by a great country can say. Out with the old plasma TVs and in with the new LED TVs for the inmates. For a startrer when BHO became president he has a majority in BOTH houses of congress. If the Democrats wanted it closed they had the votes. Truth be is that none of the Democrats or Republicans wanted these guys in our backyards. And once they set foot in the US the lawyers would flood the courts with habeas corpus writs to free them for lack of evidence of committing a crime in the US. Also having spent 5 years at GTMO before the detainees arrived I can assure you that it has many other purposes than housing a bunch of guys who want to kill us. With the closure of Rossevet Roads in Puerto Rico it is the Navy's only deep water port in the Carribean. Obama was closing this place on his first day in office. Man Americans have a short memory and never hold their elected officials accountable Accountable? When a nation of You-Tube idiots elect a Junior Senator with no experience or citizenship, how do you even think that there will be results? You're more naive than those who think he's legitimate. Really...you want to talk about inexperience. Cocaine using slacker.....gets married and finds god. Failed at every turn in business until some texas rangers (baseball) find he has a thing for talking other god fearing yokels into giving the team a new stadium. Gets elected govenor of the texas. Now if you don't know texas history...had it in college and high school....the texas govenorship is the weakest of all fifty states....the speaker of the house in texas has more power then the govenor....so you tell me. Was he more experienced....just cause its the second lardgest state and he can see mexico from his ranch does not make him experienced. I imagine he played checkers with his reflection most of the time he was govenor and lost. JOJO answer me this, has your life improved any in the past 4 years because of the current administration? I think everyone on every economic level would give a resounding NO to that questions! JoJo clearly needs an intervention of reality. Two terms of W and almost a complete term for BHO and he/she is still ranting about cocaine? Is JOJo still driving a pacer with a water bottle full of the koolaid? C'mon. Can these posts whether pro BHO or other be based in some way in reality or current affairs? Love the suggestion about illegals – and I don't want to pay for cell phones, cable, etc. Bread and water with a bucket and one hour a day outside. Don't like it? Leave the U.S. Where's Obama's birth certificate? One was made after he became Prez. Didn't you hear? soetoro signed the bill that prohibited federal money to be spent on relocating the gitmo prisoners. heard he used his very own pen. Let's use Guantanamo as a transitional housing place for illegal aliens from Mexico to stay prior to reintegrating them back into Mexican society. Make certain that there are plenty of musical instruments, play mariachi music from the speakers, and serve tortas and burritos in the lunch hall. If we are going to have this facility there, why not make the best use of it that we can. Think of the cultural exchanges that would be ongoing! The USA communicated with detained terrorist on a level everyone understood until obama said no and than a couple of years later repeatly said sorry , Earlier this week obama said sorry to pakistan for the second time along with handing over millions upon millions to those that aided and protected Bin laden . Three months ago obama said sorry for the burning of books , which resulted in many American deaths . obama is WEAK 40 million to update gitmo yet we can't find a means to better fund our schools. wow Wait just a minute... believe me, schools ARE funded. The ugly truth is that the money is so badly used or wasted, education is not the focus or priority. Money is used to feed children of welfare homes two meals a day – someone please tell me how that's my responsibility? you are right..its not your reaponsibility....assuming you are also godless as well as being heartless....end all your troubles ...put the barrel up to your temple and pull the trigger You're right, the money is being poorly managed. The better we have funded our schools the worse they have become. Dollars are obviously not the answer. If dollars were the answer our public schools in Washington DC would rate as one of the best in the nation. We know not what the answer might be, but having more intelligent students would be a great help. I thought they were closing this place! Now they're giving it a $40 million upgrade? Um...ok... Obama ordered it closed, Congress refused to 'fund' the closing. Thank the Republicans for this ongoing PR disaster! PR disaster? How so? Where would you put hundreds of terror suspects? I am willing to bet that if a detention center was proposed to house these animals in your hometown you'd be the first one to protest. The first two years of Obama's presidency blessed him with a Democrat House and Senate. Gitmo was not closed. Would it cost more than $40 million to close it down? The only difference between terrorists and many of the crazies locked up in penitentiaries is....their citenzenship Wait a minute here. President Obama could have easily shut it down. He had total control over the house and senate. You can't blame republicans for his lack of effort on this matter. More than likely, he realized that he was wrong to demand it be closed. Obama said close to the prison; he didn't say anything about closing the base. The Navy still needs to operate in the Carribean Like the USA doesn't border on any water. Try finding another hair brain thought! LOL Let's see, yes the US does border a bit of water but how many of our deep water ports can boast that 6 miles off shore they are in 13,000 feet of water. Great for conducting anti-submarine exercises. Also there are no chapters of Green Peace or PETA, or Save the Whales to protest these operations. The base at Roosevelt Roads PR was closed because of the many protests. Also the area off shore doesn't have the commercial traffic that US deept water ports have. At GTMO an hours steaming gives enough depth for ASW exercises, the US has a considerable, relatively shallow continental shelf. Also some may begrudge this, but GTMO sits at the entrance to the Windward Passage one of the major drug routes from South and Central America to the US. So besides holding a bunch of baddies, GTMO has many other uses. It is well worth the $5000 in gold which is payable to the Cuban governement each year for the yearly lease payment. HC01 once you are 12 nautical miles off shore you are into international waters. PETA nor Green Peace or any other agency be protesting out there. Once you're that far out, 13,000 depth is not an issue. If you wanted to be in the gulf, you could do that in international water, or even off any coast of Hawaii. It is clear this has nothing to do with the navy, it has to do with the millions of dollars about to be spent on GITMO. Greenpeace regularly protests whaling in the Pacific. And yes once you are 12 mile out you are in international waters. The Gulf is impractical for most Navy training because of the oil rigs and the heavy shipping traffic. And while the waters off Hawaii are used for training the Pacific fleet, the training for the Atlantic fleet has a nice warm water port at GTMO. As for spending $40 mil to improve the conditions for these terrorist that is wrong. Give them a bare cell, a bucket for personal use, no soccer field and play Christian and Jewish music over the loudspeakers. a million dollars wasted on those muslem toilet lickers, stick them in a hole in the ground and pour gasolene over them and be done with it. america needs to man up and stop listening to liberal pussballs trying to bankrupt it and bringing it down. Step up, princess, if you think your internet bravado will carry you that far. Like you think we don't own guns too! Too bad Barry can't see that socialism and the nanny state make poor sense just like his plan to close GITMO. Reblogged this on Marinchek-Marn. Kareena December 31, 2008 I am preparing for the sarecfolse certification exam, and have gone through your blog post. Thank you for taking the time to create this! Are many of the questions in the certification exam case study or scenario based? Or is the emphasis more on definitions and technicalities? But wasn't one of Obama's many campaign promises that he would CLOSE Gitmo? Right, just another broken promise. Its easy to make promises on the campaign trail to voters, especially when you have very little actual Government experience (*cough cough*) But once he actually got into office, he probably saw just how vital the base and its operations were, and that he didn't really have much of a choice but to leave it open. Then he's either 1) too stupid to be President for not realizing he shouldn't make promises that he should've known he couldn't keep or 2) too wussy for not being man enough to come out and say – clearly and directly – "I made a mistake. It was my belief at the time that the best course for the U.S. would be to close the Gitmo detention facility but I now know this is not the case because ____________ (and give us good reasons)." Don't get me wrong. I'm not just some Obama-hater. I pretty much hate all politicians and know that they all lie and cheat and manipulate and steal. Uh, NO. He signed an order for it to be closed. CONGRESS overrode it by 'defunding' the shutdown. Obama kept his promise, the GoTP stabbed him in the back to get their way. The President will tell you anything you won't to hear. Going to shut down Gitmo...yeah. Nobody wants Gitmo in their back yard, not going to shut down Gimo, going to spend 40 million to spruce it up. Going to bring troupes home. Became Presidnt...wups not going to bring them home. Anyone who thinks for a minute that Romney "understands" any of this is a fool! What is his position on GITMO? Nobody knows! Think about this! I agree that Obama did not know all the facts and made statements he could not later back up. However, Romney knows even less! Gee? Really? No experience... no kidding! Obama was elected after a brief stint as a Junior Senator by a bunch of kids watching You Tube. He did all he could as President, and Congress (with its 16% approval rating) blocked his attempt because the GOP told people it would mean more terrorist attacks. Pick up a newspaper from time to time. You might actually learn something about the issues you comment on. If he really did all he could do then he definitely needs to be replaced. Really Dean? What more could he do WITHIN THE CONFINES OF THE LAW? Let's see he had bothhouses run by democrats and controlled by them but the GOP prevented him form closing the prison? Yet the GOP has done nothing according to the left ( but Reid is sitting non most of their bills offered to make it look like they are doing nothing)and folks say Fox is bias Thank goodness to whovever is responisible for keeping it open. He Fred Evil......are you implying that O and his admin. have been working within the confines of the law or that they even care about the law??? WOW!!! He only promised to close the prison facility not the base. He promised to shut down the whole thing. @Dean: You should really check your facts before you demonstrate your ignorance publicly. The President only promised to shut down the prison. See the excerpt from the 3 July 2012 ABC story below, I've also included the source url so you can get better informed by reading the WHOLE story.. (Source:) A 'broken promise'? Or a LIE from an internet poster? Obama ordered Gitmo shut down DAYS after he took office. So why isn't it closed? Because REPUBLICAN CONGRESSMEN BLOCKED IT! No lie, just stabbed in the back by conservatives, AS USUAL. Ordered it closed. It was an Executive Order that required no legislative approval from the GOP. He just didn't follow through. Instead he started pointing our drones at American citizens with no due process of law. That's about a thousand times worse than anything happening at Gitmo. Any thoughts about that one? Obama knew going in he wouldn't be closing Gitmo and the Democrats controling and with majority in both houses knew they could blame the GOP and media wouldn't question them on it- seems any time this mis-admistration doesn't keep a promise they blame the GOP and the media backs them up nothing like having vccontrol and not being responsible for what you do or don't do Terrorism is only going to get worse when Iran is attacked, we had better accept these detention camps as a sign of the times. You can if you like, I'd prefer to fight the Nanny State punks that occupy the GoTP! Then everyone can blame you when another attack occurs... Oh wait, your legacy doesn't matter, or you don't care. Maybe the president cares, and realizes that our safety might require these facilities. Personally, I'm glad he is not taking chances with my life. You're projecting Fred.........get a shrink.

Hourly surface meltwater routing for a Greenlandic supraglacial catchment across hillslopes and through a dense topological channel network - 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, 01002, USA - 2School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China - 3Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA - 4Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA - 5Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China - 6Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA - 7Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 93106, USA - 8Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA - 9Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA - 10Department of Geography, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Correspondence: Colin J. Gleason ([email protected]) Recent work has identified complex perennial supraglacial stream and river networks in areas of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) ablation zone. Current surface mass balance (SMB) models appear to overestimate meltwater runoff in these networks compared to in-channel measurements of supraglacial discharge. Here, we constrain SMB models using the hillslope river routing model (HRR), a spatially explicit flow routing model used in terrestrial hydrology, in a 63 km2 supraglacial river catchment in southwest Greenland. HRR conserves water mass and momentum and explicitly accounts for hillslope routing (i.e., flow over ice and/or firn on the GrIS), and we produce hourly flows for nearly 10 000 channels given inputs of an ice surface digital elevation model (DEM), a remotely sensed supraglacial channel network, SMB-modeled runoff, and an in situ discharge dataset used for calibration. Model calibration yields a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency as high as 0.92 and physically realistic parameters. We confirm earlier assertions that SMB runoff exceeds the conserved mass of water measured in this catchment (by 12 %–59 %) and that large channels do not dewater overnight despite a diurnal shutdown of SMB runoff production. We further test hillslope routing and network density controls on channel discharge and conclude that explicitly including hillslope flow and routing runoff through a realistic fine-channel network (as opposed to excluding hillslope flow and using a coarse-channel network) produces the most accurate results. Modeling complex surface water processes is thus both possible and necessary to accurately simulate the timing and magnitude of supraglacial channel flows, and we highlight a need for additional in situ discharge datasets to better calibrate and apply this method elsewhere on the ice sheet. The study of supraglacial streams and rivers atop the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is an emerging subfield with implications for the physical understanding of ice sheet subglacial hydrologic systems, ice motion, and sea level rise (Irvine-Fynn et al., 2011; Rennermalm et al., 2013; Chu, 2014; Flowers, 2018; Pitcher and Smith, 2019). When the GrIS surface melts, meltwater that is not evaporated, stored, or refrozen moves through what is now understood to be a complex perennial hydrologic system distinct from terrestrial hydrology (Yang et al., 2016; Pitcher and Smith, 2019). Recent advances in mapping (Lampkin and VanDerberg, 2014; Rippin et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2015, 2017; Yang and Smith, 2016), modeling (Banwell et al., 2012, 2016; Clason et al., 2015; Karlstrom and Yang, 2016; Yang et al., 2018) and measuring (McGrath et al., 2011; Legleiter et al., 2014; Gleason et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2017) supraglacial channel networks have revealed numerous similarities to terrestrial watersheds, but their scale and remoteness have limited the number of field studies. This new appreciation for supraglacial hydrologic processes has emerged at a time of increasing accuracy and sophistication of surface mass balance (SMB) modeling of the GrIS. SMB models use regional atmospheric forcing to simulate GrIS surface mass balance components, including the amounts of meltwater production and of liquid water in excess of evaporation and retention and refreezing (termed “runoff”) available for hydrologic functions (Fettweis et al., 2020; Vernon et al., 2013). SMB models here refer to any global and/or regional circulation model (G/RCM) or reanalysis that explicitly simulates ice sheet surface runoff. These models are grid-based and operate at pan-GrIS scales, producing a single runoff value for a given model grid and time step. Note that the terrestrial hydrology community commonly uses the term “water excess” to represent the volume of water available for routing after hydrologic processes, while the glaciology community uses the term “runoff” to represent this same quantity specific to ice sheets. Most existing SMB models do not route this runoff and instead assume that all runoff not refrozen in snow or firn leaves the ice sheet as soon as it is produced (Fettweis et al., 2020). In reality, observations of the GrIS surface indicate that lake impoundment (e.g., Arnold et al., 2014), flow through weathering crust (e.g., Cooper et al., 2018), and transport through supraglacial stream and river networks modify the timing and magnitude of excess water reaching moulins or the ice sheet edge (Smith et al., 2017). Modeling these processes is precisely analogous to the use of land surface models in terrestrial hydrology, whereby a land surface model (SMB model here) produces gridded water excess (runoff here) and then routes this water with a coupled routing model. Coupling surface water processes to SMB models, loosely or tightly, is thus needed for a fuller representation of GrIS supraglacial hydrology to align this field with practices in terrestrial hydrology (e.g. Bates et al., 1997; Beighley et al., 2009; Wood et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2019). Previous studies have begun to stich these two research avenues together. For example, Banwell et al. (2012) used Darcy's law to describe meltwater flow routing through snow and Manning's equation to describe lateral runoff transport across bare ice and then later used this meltwater to fill supraglacial lakes or supply surface meltwater to moulins (Banwell et al., 2013, 2016). Leeson et al. (2012) similarly used Manning's equation to transport water in a 2D grid-based routing scheme, assigning all grids a uniform Manning's n while not explicitly defining flow differences between flow in channels and flow over bare ice. Liston and Mernild (2012) also applied mass conservation at the grid cell level to route runoff between grid cells and did not account for the presence of channels that convey this runoff with distinct hydraulics. Smith et al. (2017) attempted to address this channel routing via the classic empirical Snyder synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH) model (Snyder, 1938) to calculate discharge hydrographs for the terminal moulins of 799 internally drained surface catchments in the southwest GrIS. Yang et al. (2018) used a similar classic empirical model, the rescaled width function (RWF; Rinaldo et al., 1995), to partition the ice surface into slow-flowing interfluvial (i.e., hillslope) and fast-flowing (open-channel) zones and calculated moulin discharge while improving the physical realism of the supraglacial routing process. Importantly, Yang et al. (2020) demonstrated the likelihood of subsurface unsaturated zone flow even through bare glacial ice, a phenomenon confirmed by field (Cooper et al., 2018; Irvine-Fynn et al., 2011; Munro, 2011) and theoretical (Karlstrom and Yang, 2016) studies. Yang et al. (2020) recently compared several of these empirical models and found they introduce significant variability in diurnal moulin discharges and corresponding subglacial effective pressures. These previous efforts demonstrated successful meltwater transport modeling on the GrIS ablation zone and its necessity, but their relative simplicity allows space for the application of sophisticated routing models from terrestrial hydrology to be applied to ice sheet surfaces more generally. For instance, Lin et al. (2019) used gridded estimates of water excess (analogous to runoff) to simulate daily flows in nearly three million river reaches between 1979 and 2013 with fully conserved mass and momentum in realistic river networks globally. This undertaking was the first demonstration of this capability at global scale following years of well-established theoretical work and advances in hydrologic representation for big data. This routing approach is suitable for representing GrIS surface water transport processes as gridded runoff on ice sheets must be routed through supraglacial rivers, lakes, and hillslopes (which include firn atop the GrIS), as on land. Building and calibrating models to route water through landscapes and channel networks while obeying fundamental principles of mass and momentum conservation is an established practice in terrestrial hydrology that may readily be applied to ice sheet surfaces as well. There are several barriers to applying such routing for the GrIS at the catchment scale. First, routing models require a well-defined channel network with explicit and continuous topology. There have been demonstrations of network mapping (Yang et al., 2016) and topology generation (King et al., 2016), but to our knowledge no automated, large-network-scale (i.e., catchments with thousands of channels or more) coupled extraction and topological connection work exists for the GrIS. Existing terrestrial routing models like the hillslope river routing model (HRR; Beighley et al., 2009) stand ready to route runoff “off the shelf”, yet these cannot be applied until a generalizable automated extraction and topological connection process is available. Applying a model such as HRR could also further understanding of GrIS river networks, which is currently underdeveloped (Pitcher and Smith, 2019). For instance, the relative importance of hillslope flows and channel density on runoff transport have not been explored on a first-principles basis at network scales, and model parameters controlling hillslope friction, channel friction, and runoff reduction and augmentation could reveal how these physical processes interact to produce channel discharges. In this paper we use HRR to advance the physical understanding of GrIS supraglacial meltwater transport processes as follows. (1) We automatically generate spatially explicit topological networks of varying drainage densities for a supraglacial catchment for which a brief (72 h) in situ record of outlet channel discharge is available. (2) We route water runoff generated by four different SMB models through these networks at an hourly timescale. (3) We constrain and calibrate the routing via hourly in situ discharge measurements and previously published field measurements of supraglacial channel frictions and velocities. Our initial routing results immediately revealed a mismatch between modeled and routed runoff and measured channel flows, so our philosophy for this study is to assume that measured discharge at the outlet is correct and calibrate SMB runoff volumes and channel properties to match discharge observations as mediated through the physics of the routing model. (4) To advance understanding of hillslope processes and channel density on meltwater transport, we design an experiment to test how the representation of hillslope processes and network density (as derived by our automated network generation process) affects the routing model. We ultimately route meltwater through thousands of supraglacial channels every hour, and we solve (via conservation of mass and momentum inherent to routing) for the roles of channel friction, hillslope delay, and network density in controlling the magnitude and timing of water fluxes through supraglacial channels and ultimately moulin injection in our test watershed. These procedures and results form a blueprint for the general coupling of runoff modeling, water transport, and channel processes atop the GrIS. We develop our routing model for Rio Behar, a previously studied, internally drained supraglacial river catchment in southwest Greenland. First introduced by Smith et al. (2017), the Rio Behar catchment is approximately 63 km2 and centered at 67.04∘ N and 48.55∘ W with a highly developed perennial and well-drained supraglacial stream and river network during peak flow periods of late summer. Smith et al. (2017) report that the basin elevation spanned approximately 1200–1400 m in 2015, with air temperatures in the summer measurement period ranging from −3 to 2 ∘C and net radiation ranging from approximately −100 to 300 W/m2. Previous work in the basin includes (i) a comparison of SMB runoff and field-measured discharge using a simpler routing method (Smith et al., 2017), (ii) a study of subsurface water storage in bare-ice weathering crust (Cooper et al., 2018), (iii) albedo mapping (Ryan et al., 2017), and (iv) satellite and uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing work to map the catchment's supraglacial channel network (Ryan et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2018). Readers are referred to these published works for more information on the physical setting of the basin. Here we use the Rio Behar specifically because it is the only known large GrIS supraglacial river catchment with an hourly in situ record of channel discharge (see Sect. 2.2). Other discharge records exist, as, for instance, McGrath et al. (2011) who provide hourly discharge records for a small (1.1 km2) catchment, while Chandler et al. (2013) give hourly moulin (fed by a channel) discharge for another small catchment, but the size of Rio Behar and the wealth of previous work therein makes it an ideal setting for this study. Using high-resolution remote sensing, the watershed is delineated to an in situ streamflow measurement point (Sect. 2.2) that defines the outlet located less than 1 km upstream of the catchment's terminal moulin. Because all meltwater runoff passing out of our watershed penetrates the ice sheet via a moulin, accurate modeling of this water flux is important for studies of GrIS subglacial hydrology and ice dynamics (Chu, 2014; de Fleurian et al., 2016; Banwell et al., 2016; Flowers, 2018; Davison et al., 2019) 2.1 Remotely sensed and SMB model data A high-resolution remotely sensed supraglacial stream network for the Rio Behar catchment, mapped from a 0.5 m resolution panchromatic WorldView-2 satellite image acquired on 18 July 2015, was obtained from Smith et al. (2017), and this scale is sufficient for capturing the smallest streams in this region (Yang et al., 2018). The stream network product of Smith et al. (2017) was combined with a seasonally simultaneous portion of the 2 m resolution ArcticDEM digital elevation model (DEM) obtained from the Polar Geospatial Center (Porter et al., 2018) to produce two distinct supraglacial stream networks, as described in Sect. 3.2. The ArcticDEM has been widely used in GrIS hydrology studies and performed reasonably well in representing drainage patterns in previous work (e.g., Moussavi et al., 2016; Pope et al. 2016; Yang et al., 2020). GrIS runoff was simulated by four models (HIRHAM5, MAR3.6, RACMO2.3, and MERRA-2). Data and detailed descriptions of these SMB models are provided in Smith et al. (2017), but in brief each of these models solves a local surface energy balance from meteorological forcing to produce some amount of runoff produced after physical processes of melting, condensation, retention, and refreezing. This excess water is spatially gridded, and for a given grid cell the models each produce hourly runoff, which we assume is topographically constrained and transported exclusively via surface/near-surface transport. We take the average runoff in all grid cells intersecting Rio Behar (ranging from one to eight SMB grid cells for the four models) to arrive at a single hourly runoff value for each SMB model following Smith et al. (2017). We therefore have four different runoff forcings available for routing that cover from 1 month before the in situ measurement period through the end of the measurements (Sect. 2.2). Our goal for this paper is not to interrogate these models. Rather, we hope to highlight the nuances of supraglacial meltwater routing across a range of forcings. 2.2 In situ data Two sources of field data are available for this study. The first source is an hourly acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) discharge record published by Smith et al. (2017). An ADCP is an instrument that measures river flow depth via sonar ranging and vertical velocity profiles using Doppler shifts in the water column. The instrument is transited orthogonal to flow and makes its measurements in discrete bins which are then summed to arrive at the mass flux of water in the channel. ADCP outputs are thus correctly labeled as “estimates” of discharge rather than “measurements” as the measured quantities are depth and velocity and discharge is derived. However, the ADCP provides the most trusted and accurate method for estimating discharge used in hydrology, and its discharge estimates are frequently labeled as measurements (Gleason and Durand, 2020). Further reading on ADCP estimates of discharge and measurement protocols can be found in Turnipseed and Sauer (2010). Smith et al. (2017) obtained hourly measurements of discharge via ADCP at the outlet of Rio Behar from 13:00 UTC on 20 July 2015 to 12:00 UTC on 23 July 2015. Smith et al. (2017) give a detailed description of measurement protocol for collecting and processing these ADCP discharges, and readers are referred to that publication for more information. ADCP estimated discharges ranged from 4 to 26 m3/s, revealing that large supraglacial rivers do not de-water at night and can sustain peak flows comparable to streams of moderate catchment size in terrestrial hydrology. These ADCP discharges form the core HRR model calibration dataset for our study. The second source of in situ data used here is a broad set of observations of supraglacial channel hydraulics collected in summer 2012 across 64 supraglacial streams and rivers of the southwest GrIS (Gleason et al., 2016). These in situ measurements consist of instantaneous supraglacial channel flow widths, depths, water surface slopes, and velocities collected using traditional surveying, radar velocimetry, and an ADCP. These measurements in turn yielded derivative estimates of discharge, stream power, Froude number (a classic index of flow velocity in open-channel hydraulics), and roughness coefficient (Manning's n) at 64 sites, representing the largest known empirical dataset of supraglacial channel hydraulic properties currently available in the literature. Site locations ranged from 502 to 1485 m elevation and up to 74 km inland from the ice margin, and instantaneous discharges ranged from 0.006 to 23.12 m3/s in actively flowing channels 0.20 to 20.62 m wide. These observations are used to constrain our modeled roughness coefficients to produce realistic parameters and velocities. Section 3.3 describes this process fully. Note that we cannot use these observations to validate our routing model and instead use them to inform it. These point measurements could in theory be reproduced by our hydraulic model, but to do so would require measurements of channel properties and runoff upstream of each point for several hours/days before each hydraulic measurement was taken, and such data do not exist. 3.1 Experiment design Our overall goal for this study is to improve the current understanding of supraglacial hydrological transport processes by classically modeling hillslope and channel routing. We test two experimental settings (inclusion/exclusion of hillslope flow, coarse-/fine-channel network densities) on four different SMB models to produce 16 experimental runs (4 runs per model; Fig. 1). These runs are labeled as either “fine” or “coarse” and “hillslope” or “non-hillslope”; so, for example, an experiment using a fine-network density and excluding hillslope processes would be labeled “non-hillslope fine.” For each run, we calibrate 11 parameters: a global runoff correction coefficient (1 parameter), a spatially explicit channel roughness coefficient binned by channel slope (9 parameters), and a global hillslope roughness coefficient (1 parameter) to optimize modeled and measured discharge at the basin outlet (Sect. 3.3.2 gives full details). Model calibration statistics were used as indicators of the physical realism of each experiment, and we seek to identify robust, cross-SMB model parameter trends in our factorial experimental setting. Thus, we calibrate HRR 16 separate times to produce a set of results that vary by runoff forcing, channel density, and inclusion/exclusion of hillslope process. Note that in all configurations (Fig. 1), we calibrate a runoff correction coefficient (Rcoef). Previous work comparing SMB runoff to ADCP discharge at our field site reveals that the SMB runoff is frequently greater than observed discharge leaving the watershed (Smith et al., 2017). We therefore created a multiplicative runoff correction coefficient to either reduce or augment SMB runoff that is calibrated within HRR without changing the timing of production. Previous routing studies have forced model runoff to equal the cumulative measured river discharge before further routing (Smith et al., 2017), yet this restrictive assumption amounts to an empirical ad hoc mass conservation rather than explicitly relying on hillslope and channel mass and momentum conservation across thousands of channels. Thus, we calibrate Rcoef, together with the traditional HRR parameters (i.e., channel and hillslope roughness coefficients; Table 1; Sect. 3.3.2), for each model run to learn the total volume of excess needed in each case to simultaneously match both hydrograph timing and mass conservation. This allows our results and routing framework to guide our conclusions on the total volume of water needed to generate the outlet hydrograph as this volume might differ between network and hillslope configurations. Further, the use of a single Rcoef allows us to accurately model discharge without allowing the attribution of errors in runoff production: these could stem from SMB errors, unaccounted for refreezing, storage, or lake filling, surface transport that violates topographic constraints, englacial draining, or ADCP measurement error. Our framework is unable to apportion any gaps in runoff production and routed discharge to any of these sources, and thus our treatment of runoff as a bulk reduction/augmentation is faithful to our experiment design and article goals. Figure 1Schematic diagram of our experimental design and modeling procedure. Hillslope river routing (HRR) model inputs, processes, and outputs are labeled. This workflow yields 16 independent hydrographs by considering fine vs. coarse supraglacial channel network densities and inclusion vs. exclusion of hillslopes in addition to open-channel flow. 3.2 River network extraction Although Smith et al. (2017) provide a topologically connected channel network for our study area (i.e., they explicitly defined how every channel is connected to every other channel throughout the entire network to allow water to flow from the headwaters to the outlet to obey observed channel connections), we are interested in generalizing the process of water routing in cases when preexisting channel network maps do not exist. Further, we must generate different river networks to test the effects of network density on the routing model. Therefore, we introduce a process to create models of complete river networks as defined by topography that can in theory be applied to any area of the GrIS with a high-quality DEM and a remotely sensed image. This topographically defined flow is a classic practice in terrestrial hydrology, and since all open-channel flow is gravity-driven, this practice applies for flow routing through any medium without substantial pressure forces. Topographically defined flow has therefore been applied/invoked for a variety of surfaces, including Mars (e.g., Dohm et al., 2001; Rodriguez et al., 2005; Fassett and Head, 2008) To generate our river networks, (1) we first “burned” (i.e., lowered the pixel elevations) the remotely sensed stream map of Smith et al. (2017) into ArcticDEM, a standard hydrologic practice (e.g., Lindsay, 2016). This process ensures that channels are lower than surrounding topography as remotely sensed DEMs cannot “see” channel bottoms and therefore create smooth surfaces where surface water features exist. Since we know that a river or stream channel is abruptly deeper than its surrounding banks, artificially lowering elevations where we observe channels ensures that these locations are the lowest feature in the surrounding terrain and therefore collect topographically driven water. In DEM processing for hydrology, a depression is an area where water pools as the flow direction is always downhill as in the sides of a bowl. These depressions typically need to be artificially “filled”, that is, their elevations need to be raised, as otherwise the topography indicates that water cannot leave once it enters the depression. Because we “burn in” stream locations to the DEM, standard sink filling is not required for this analysis (we lower streams rather than raise depressions), but two large topographic depressions in the DEM of our catchment required further processing even after burning in streams. Standard DEM preparation for network generation dictates that upstream depressions are filled, while outlet depressions are preserved, yet this assumption generated unrealistic parallel drainage channels upstream and no channels in the outlet depression for our data. To address this problem, (2) a priority-flood algorithm (Lindsay, 2016) was applied to breach the two depressions and to create a continuously flowing, realistic drainage network for the catchment (Fig. 2). Finally, (3) the parameter that drives network generation and ultimately channel density is the channel initiation threshold: the minimum area needed to form a free-flowing channel. This concept stems from the fact that above river headwaters, water simply flows through the soil and not on the surface until the water table elevation exceeds the soil elevation in a spring. We observe an exact analogue on the GrIS: channels dwindle in size until they become indistinguishable from wet firn and/or ice near topographic divides (Gleason et al., 2016). To estimate the impact of drainage patterns on meltwater routing, we tested both a large (104 m2) and a small (103 m2) channel initiation threshold to create a “coarse” and a “fine” supraglacial drainage network, respectively, from the DEM (Fig. 2). These two modeled stream networks both follow the channel map from Smith et al. (2017), with the key difference that the coarse network does not produce the narrowest streams we know to exist. This enabled us to test the effects of including or excluding very small tributary streams on surface water routing. We assign channel widths to each DEM-derived channel from the channel map of Smith et al. (2017), and since the DEM process begins with burning in these streams, there is always a 1:1 assignment of channel width from imagery to network model. Our fine-channel network produces streams with a minimum width of 0.5 m, matching to the correct order of magnitude the reporting by Gleason et al. (2016) of channels as narrow as 0.2 m. The coarse network produced streams with a minimum width of 0.7 m, suggesting it is excluding the smallest streams in the remotely sensed map. GrIS supraglacial channels incise and meander over time, yet HRR cannot represent this behavior and instead assumes that channels remain fixed in space and time. It would be possible to derive expected erosion and incision (and additional meltwater) due to frictional heating of the channels, but without including a radiation budget and ice property data we could not model how the stream network changes in time nor satisfactorily model this additional meltwater with commensurate sophistication to the SMB runoff forcing (i.e., tight coupling with SMB models). Instead, we model these network snapshots with HRR loosely coupled with SMB runoff (as opposed to tightly coupled, when SMB runoff would be an input into network generation), which is reasonable for our 1-month experiment (Sect. 3.3.1). Figure 2The 1044 segment “coarse” network and the 8095 segment “fine” network were automatically extracted from a DEM and remotely sensed data. These river networks represent different channelization area thresholds, and test how assumptions of network density control hydrologic process. Our river network extraction produced two topologically connected networks of 1044 and 8095 channels (coarse and fine, respectively; Fig. 2). The coarse network has six stream orders (the smallest streams on the landscape are defined as order 1, and every junction of stream produces a new stream of higher order) and the fine network seven orders. Stream orders are a shorthand for the hydraulic complexity of a network as the number and length of streams in a given order both increase geometrically (Horton, 1945). Therefore, our finding of almost an order of magnitude more channels in the fine seven-order network than the course six-order network matches theory. The networks are topologically complete (i.e., all channels are explicitly connected to one another and preserve their hydrologic hierarchy), allowing for successful routing without the need for further correction of network connections. The main trunk streams only are visible in the coarse network, and lakes connected to the channel network (i.e., have an inflow and outflow) are represented by wide, shallow “throughflow” river segments as all are non-terminal with outflow channels. Lakes on the GrIS evolve seasonally; they begin pooling water in the early melt season until an outlet elevation is reached, and then they begin to spill downstream. Our data come from peak melt season when lakes are full, and thus any lake connected to the network will behave fluvially, that is, it will spill according to its slope, volume, and lateral input via the conservation of mass and momentum. Further, Fig. 2 indicates that there are likely no lakes in the watershed that are disconnected from the channel network – our drainage density is sufficient to ensure that lakes of any appreciable size would be captured as a throughflow segment. 3.3 River routing 3.3.1 Model setup HRR routes water excess over the land surface and through channels. In channels, it follows the Muskingum–Cunge equation, a kinematic wave approximation of the 1D St. Venant equations (conservation of mass and momentum in an open channel; Cunge, 1969). HRR uses an explicit kinematic wave for hillslope transport as non-channelized overland flow (Li et al., 1975). HRR requires inputs of channel widths and lengths, which are assumed to be invariant and derived from remote sensing (Sect. 2.1), channel slope, and each channel's subcatchment area and total upstream area, as derived here from the DEM, in which bed slope is assumed to equal the free surface flow, consistent with Manning's equation. In addition, the network topology derived in Sect. 3.2 is required so that HRR can conserve mass and momentum in a downstream direction and across channel junctions. HRR is one of several routing models that classically conserve mass and momentum designed for large-network applications. Our choice of HRR is based on familiarity, model speed (written in FORTRAN and called from the RStudio software package here), and its rigorous representation of network routing and classic open-channel flow hydraulics. HRR routes time-varying runoff onto existing flows, commonly onto a baseflow in terrestrial hydrology. We “spin up” the model by routing a constant forcing of median observed ADCP flow through the model rather than attempt to define a minimum baseflow. This steady forcing allows all channels to fill with water and accurately transfer runoff from the SMB models through the system. We used a 3-month spin-up period then temporally varied flows beginning on 1 July from SMB forcing. Our experiment begins on 20 July, and thus the model has time to adjust to runoff forcing and mitigate the impact of this spin-up flow before we begin to validate the model. Figure 3The hourly in situ ADCP hydrograph at the basin outlet (in black) clearly shows the necessity of delaying and reducing SMB modeled runoff (“instantaneous”, brown lines) to match field observations. Even after coupling SMB models with HRR routing models, most simulations underpredict low flows. Peak flows are relatively well modeled, although ADCP peak recession is only modeled correctly by RACMO2-forced routing. 3.3.2 Model calibration Nearly all hydrologic models require calibration to function well. To calibrate terrestrial routing models, hydrologists typically iterate parameters until hydrographs at one or more reaches match a stream gauge in that reach. Here, we have calibration data available only at the basin outlet, so we calibrate our routing model to outlet discharges despite producing discharges in thousands of reaches. A very large amount of literature on hydrologic model optimization and calibration exists, and interested readers are referred to Kirchner (2006) and Gupta et al. (1998) for broad overviews of the subject. We perform calibration using an established evolutionary algorithm (EA; NSGA II; Deb et al., 2002) as EAs are efficient estimators in large parameter spaces that can achieve near-optimal results (Gleason and Smith, 2014). This calibration ensures a heuristically optimized outlet hydrograph but does not explicitly calibrate upstream reaches. However, since outlet flows are the sum effect of the routing delays and volumes of all upstream reaches, and since we explicitly conserve mass and momentum, a well-calibrated outlet should satisfactorily model upstream flows, but we cannot validate these upstream reaches. Therefore, we constrain allowable parameters in upstream reaches (and therefore their discharges and velocities) using the in situ observations of Gleason et al. (2016). We calibrate 11 constrained parameters (Table 1) which represent three physical concepts: channel friction (here expressed as Manning's n and binned by upstream area into 9 separate parameters), hillslope friction, and a water excess adjustment coefficient. Channel friction is represented by Manning's n, and the EA solves for a single n per bin and assigns that n to all streams falling within that drainage area threshold. Manning (1891) generalized open-channel flow into a simple equation in which all flow resistances are lumped into a single empirical parameter n, and over a century of subsequent research has related n to landscape variables, channel form, and other geomorphic controls. Our binning of Manning's n follows general hydraulic correlations between channel size, slope, total discharge, and n (Brinkerhoff et al., 2019). Hillslope flow is modeled as an explicit kinematic wave for non-channelized flow (Li et al., 1975), which requires a surface roughness coefficient (i.e., hillslope friction), and we limit hillslope friction to between 0.05 (non-dimensional; a hillslope with friction equivalent to a rough channel) and 25 (a hillslope with extreme friction to approximate slow interflow through weathering crust). For context from the terrestrial hydrology literature, McCuen (2004) provides a reference table for watershed surface roughness with hillslope friction values ranging from 0.01 to 0.8. Kalyanapu et al. (2010) developed another reference table based on the National Land Cover Database, and their values range between 0.01 and 0.4, while Hergarten and Neugebauer (1997) suggest friction up to a value of 1. Thus, we allow GrIS ice surface hillslope frictions to vary up to 2 orders of magnitude greater than typical terrestrial reference values to allow for potentially unique supraglacial processes ranging from fast flow over smooth bare ice to slow porous-media flow through weathering crust. Finally, we bound Rcoef to range between 0.3 and 2.0 to allow for both the over- and underproduction of water excess without imposing mass (e.g., runoff) production. For each of our 16 experimental trials, the EA thus solves for the optimal combination of hillslope and channel friction in tandem with runoff production to best match the ADCP record measured at the outlet. Recall we do not run the SMB models directly. Table 1Field-based constraints on HRR routing model parameters (from the literature and Gleason et al., 2016). n/a: not applicable. Download Print VersionDownload XLSX We parameterized our EA as follows. Crossover probability and distance were set to 0.7 and 5, respectively, and mutation probability and distance were set to 0.2 and 10, respectively. These parameters control the degree of change in one parameter set to the next. The objective function for the EA was the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) at the outlet, calculated between the in situ ADCP record and the model discharge. NSE is a standard hydrology metric for hydrograph analysis which is optimal at a value of 1. An NSE of 0 is equivalent to modeling a hydrograph as the true mean flow, and negative NSE values indicate that the mean outperforms a given model. Finally, we set the population size and number of generations (parameters that control how many different solutions the EA tests, in tandem with crossover and mutation) based on the model configuration (e.g., fine networks with hillslope processing take much longer to run and therefore used less generations; see below) due to runtime. Even though we ran our tests using parallel computing on a powerful modeling machine (Intel Xeon Gold 6126 3 GHZ CPU with 96 GB of RAM and 24 logical processors), a single fine-network hillslope HRR run took approximately 2 min to complete. Thus, we used a population size of 40 for the non-hillslope tests, 16 members for the coarse hillslope test, and 12 members for the fine hillslope test. EA length was set to 2500 generations for the non-hillslope tests and 1000 and 500 generations for the coarse and fine hillslope tests, respectively. The total number of tested parameterizations is equivalent to the number of generations multiplied by the population size, so we tested between 6000 and 100 000 parameter sets across our calibration runs, equivalent to approximately 6 d of computing time for the longest calibration. We saved globally optimal results as they occurred within the EA as a single objective problem, and these results were obtained well before the end of the EA in each run, so we are confident that the length of the EA was sufficient in each case. 4.1 Basin outlet hydrograph We first analyze our model results at the basin outlet (Fig. 3). In aggregate, two major results are immediately apparent across our 16 model configurations. First, the fine river network generally outperformed the coarse network across models and hillslope choices (as seven of the eight fine networks appear in the top 10 performing models; Table 2). Second, the top three performing models all include explicit hillslope kinematic wave routing, with the best outcome (a RACMO2-forced fine-network hillslope configuration) having an excellent calibration RMSE of 1.85 m3/s. Model calibration statistics show high skill (defined here as NSE >0.8) in 5 of the 16 cases and moderate skill (NSE >0.5) in all 16 cases, with RMSE ranging from 1.85 to 4.55 m3/s (observed flows ranged from 4.6 to 26.7 m3/s, for context). Note that RMSE and NSE do not track perfectly given the differing nature of their assessments. RMSE is a total mass error that is influenced by the scale of variation in the hydrograph, while NSE compares to the mean. There is no universally acknowledged threshold for model calibration goodness of fit, but the models presented here meet a traditional gauging station expectation of 5 %–10 % error in matching ADCP flows (Turnipseed and Sauer, 2010). All 16 calibrated HRR model configurations match daily peak flow magnitude and timing, regardless of input runoff or hillslope/density controls. This occurs despite runoff forcings from each model that are out of phase with the peak recession observed in the ADCP outlet hydrograph. While all calibrated models match peak magnitude well, only RACMO2-forced models capture the peak recession seen by the ADCP. All instantaneously routed SMB runoff incorrectly shows zero flow in the overnight period, and many of our calibrated models also approach near-zero flow overnight, but the fine-network models do correctly retain some water regardless of forcing. RACMO2-forced experiments are successful at matching both peak and low flows for all experiments except the coarse non-hillslope case and indeed achieve NSE scores of up to 0.92 and a corresponding RMSE of only 1.85 m3/s. Post-routing total cumulative discharge is relatively consistent across all models (see Fig. 4 where total discharge is shown for hillslope models). Rcoef varied from model to model but little within each model and ranged from 41 % to 88 % retention (Table 2). Despite indicating that reduced input runoff is required to route flows accurately across all models, overall routed cumulative discharge was lower than in situ measurements for this time period (Fig. 4). Finally, we calculate routing delays for each of our 16 calibrated routing models by noting the difference in ADCP peak and the unrouted SMB runoff peak. Routing delay is a function of both time of day and discharge, but it is easiest to interpret at daily peak flow. This peak delay is the shortest for MERRA2 (1–3 h) and longest for MAR and RACMO2 (5–6 h). These values represent an estimate for daily peak flow delay between runoff forcing and the calibrated HRR model and represent the total travel time for water to pass through the system from runoff production to the outlet. Our routed flows are non-zero in many cases despite a zero water excess forcing at night (Fig. 3), signifying that the network architecture and HRR-modeled routing delays are sufficient to introduce physically realistic (i.e., non-zero) nighttime water discharges atop the GrIS, consistent with in situ ADCP measurements in Rio Behar. Table 2Calibrated parameters for all 16 coupled SMB–HRR model experiments. Table is ranked by NSE per row, with the top performing model in the first row. Download Print VersionDownload XLSX 4.2 Lower-order hydrographs While we cannot verify flows at any network channel besides the outlet, we have simulated hourly flows for all 1044 and 8095 channel segments in the coarse and fine networks, respectively. If we assume that accurate model performance at the main basin outlet indicates physically realistic upstream flows, it is profitable to report results for upstream flows during the calibration period. To analyze these large datasets, we summarize flows in the 72 h validation period by stream order, with Fig. 5 presenting results for 1st–3rd order streams and Fig. 6 presenting results for 4th and 5th order streams. In each figure, we plot the mean hydrograph for the order with 1-standard-deviation shaded area to represent variability around the mean. Geomorphic theory predicts a geometric decline in the number of streams per order (Allen et al., 2018), and thus orders with fewer streams are more homogenous by definition in these plots. Figure 4Total cumulative discharge for hillslope-enabled scenarios for the 72 h ADCP measurement period. Total water export is relatively consistent across all four SMB models but substantially different than input runoff (i.e., instantaneous routing) for all models but MERRA2. The ADCP represents a measured cumulative export, while instantaneous routing assumes that SMB runoff immediately leaves the watershed as soon as it is produced. Calibrated models underpredict water export due to the underestimation of nighttime low flows. Figure 5Mean and 1-sigma shaded variability for channel segment hydrographs by order for 1st–3rd order streams for the validation period. Non-hillslope process flows are dashed. Note the increase by a factor of ∼10 in flows between fine and coarse networks and the difference in peak timing between hillslope and non-hillslope models. There is a large difference in flow magnitude across fine and coarse models regardless of SMB forcing or inclusion/exclusion of hillslopes (Figs. 5, 6). For 4th and 5th order streams these flow differences span roughly a factor of 2, while in the lower orders flow differences span almost an order of magnitude. This signifies that smaller streams are more sensitive to their hillslopes, as expected. We also note that the networks have different total orders (six for the coarse network, seven for the fine network). Therefore, the 2nd order fine streams loosely correspond to 1st order coarse streams, but this correlation is not a 1:1 match. Peak timing also differs between hillslope and non-hillslope models in the lower orders for coarse networks. This effect is more pronounced in the lowest 1st–3rd orders, in which, e.g., RACMO2-forced models show a peak delay of almost 5 h between hillslope and non-hillslope models. This delay in peak timing when explicitly modeling a hillslope process at smaller streams is intuitive and stronger in coarse models, which have larger individual hillslopes via their larger channel inception area threshold. Turning to the calibrated model parameters, mean n values (across either 1044 or 8095 channels) ranged from 0.006 to 0.055 across all 16 calibrated models (Table 2). The standard deviation of n varied considerably and was often the same order of magnitude as its mean (Table 2). Figure 7 summarizes channel friction across the inclusion/exclusion of hillslope (e.g., hillslope/non-hillslope) process and across coarse/fine networks. Channel friction is given by calibrated n, and recall that we calibrated channel friction in nine discreet bins based on upstream area such that all channels within the area bin receive the same n. Upstream area loosely tracks stream order, and thus the larger the area, the higher the order. Figure 6As Fig. 5 but for 4th and 5th orders. Note the increase by a factor of ∼2 in flows between fine and coarse networks and the reduction in variability in coarse network flows. As before, the shaded areas represent variability, not uncertainty. Figure 7Mean Manning's n for all rivers binned by area, in which bin refers to an area threshold given in Table 1. Bins are bounded by the maximum value indicated on the x axes and a minimum value equal to the maximum area of the next smallest bin. There are eight values per each boxplot: these represent the mean Manning's n for all channels in that area bin for each of eight experimental trial configurations. Our experiment design yields, for instance, eight models that include hillslopes (four of which are coarse, and four of which are fine), and these boxplots plot the mean n, per bin, of those eight models. Boxplots are standard and show median, interquartile range (IQR), and outliers. Non-hillslope trials require substantially more friction than hillslope trials in the largest channels, suggesting compensation for lack of hillslope process representation. Non-hillslope large channels in the three highest orders require a substantially larger Manning's n value than these same channels with a hillslope process included, indicating that the non-hillslope models necessitate higher friction in large channels to match outlet flows. For the second and third largest bins, this resulted in extreme friction in those channels just before the basin outlet in order to provide enough friction to conserve mass and momentum. For the lower order streams with upstream areas less than 1.260 km2, channel friction decreases with increasing upstream area. This pattern repeats when analyzing across coarse/fine networks, but there are less clear patterns in n when analyzing the coarse vs. fine network for the three largest bins. This suggests that the dominant control on modeled channel friction is whether or not water first enters a channel via a hillslope. Finally, channel friction values in Fig. 7 fall well within our physically realistic constraints until the three largest bins. These largest channels for non-hillslope models in particular require friction near the upper limit of plausibility (particularly the second largest bin) to satisfactorily conserve mass, and the worse validation metrics for these configurations might be traced to this effect. We have successfully calibrated a hillslope river routing model capable of simulating hourly flows through thousands of supraglacial channels atop the GrIS while conserving runoff mass and momentum. The most accurate models to emerge from our experiments were those that employed a fine-channel network and/or inclusion of hillslope flow routing. We assert that our results support the inclusion of realistically fine river and/or stream networks and hillslope-enabled routing models for supraglacial runoff modeling applications that require the realistic representation of runoff timing and magnitude. While we cannot validate in-channel flows upstream of the outlet, this level of hydrological simulation could, for instance, be coupled with SMB models to calculate hourly moulin discharge rates, lake fill-and-spill volumes, channel incision rates (e.g., following Karlstrom and Yang, 2016, or Koziol et al., 2017), and supraglacial contributions to subglacial water pressures (e.g., following Banwell et al., 2016 or Yang et al., 2020). These processes have important implications for GrIS surface hydrology, surface mass balance, and subglacial hydrological systems. We believe this work represents a promising step toward coupled SMB-routing modeling that can be used to generate more realistic predictions of these processes and their sensitivity to changing surface meltwater forcings or surface topography. The goal of this study was not to interrogate individual SMB models or suggest one is better than another. A recent synthesis (Fettweis et al., 2020) showed that SMB models vary considerably given the same forcing, and readers are referred to this and other literature for further information on why these models might disagree. Smith et al. (2017) and Mankoff et al. (2020) have both explored what these differences mean for water exiting the GrIS, but our purpose is to demonstrate the importance of coupling SMB model output with a surface flow routing model to understand runoff transport before it enters the englacial system. This enables rigorous estimation of supraglacial flow accumulation and routing delays to moulins atop the GrIS that route meltwater into a dynamically varying subglacial hydraulic system that influences ice sheet acceleration in response to the timing and magnitude of input discharges, which is imperative to accurately estimate diurnally varying moulin discharges using climate models. Second, this work advances the physical understanding of ice sheet surface hydraulic properties, for example, our finding hillslope friction values (Table 2) well outside typical terrestrial values of 0.01 to 1 (Hergarten and Neugebauer, 1997; McCuen, 2004; Kalyanapu et al., 2010). Yang et al. (2018) similarly estimated slow transport of meltwater on ice interfluves (similar to the hillslopes studied here) some 2–3 orders of magnitude slower than open-channel flow ( m/s). Observations of ice density and saturation in shallow ice cores within the Rio Behar catchment indicate that substantial subsurface meltwater is stored within the upper decimeters of bare-ice weathering crust and was anecdotally observed to percolate through the crust (Cooper et al., 2017, 2018). If so, this unsaturated flow would move orders of magnitude slower than bare-ice overland flow. These convergent findings are consistent with conceptual models of unsaturated subsurface porous media flow and support the very slow lateral transport we observe here (on the order of 10−5 to 10−1 m/s) to the channel from the ice surface, but we cannot make any further conclusions on physical processes or mechanisms given our experiment design and model setup. That is, since we lump all flow over and through the ice, firn, snow, and crust before it reaches channels into a single “hillslope” flow with a single friction, we can be confident in the speed of this transport but not its flowpaths or mechanism. This result highlights the need for further basic research on the supraglacial hydrological process to further understand the importance of these velocities. The importance of including hillslope process is also clearly manifested through calibrated channel frictions generated in model experiments that exclude it. There are discernible changes in channel friction when hillslopes are or are not modeled, and the results are intuitive: channels lacking hillslopes have much higher friction, especially in large channels (Fig. 7). Further, for the largest channels (i.e., upstream areas greater than 1.260 km2), models without hillslopes take channel friction values almost uniformly at the maximum of the realistic constraints we set (Fig. 7) while at the same time having a poor match to observed flows (Table 2, Fig. 3). HRR is not a glaciological model, and therefore it is agnostic about sources of friction and can trade off channel and hillslope friction to produce correct outflows if unconstrained. We have constrained the channel friction to match literature field observations closely and allowed hillslope frictions to vary over a much wider range of values given the longer history of study and larger databases of Manning's n values for ice channels relative to transport through the crust and/or bare ice. Therefore, non-hillslope models would likely improve only by including physically unrealistic channel frictional values given the results in Fig. 7. This is in line with mass conservation, as without hillslopes to slow water upstream, HRR needs to slow water using extreme friction near the outlet in order to match the hydrograph. This pattern is observed across both coarse and fine networks. Ideally, we would have enough data to calibrate and validate the model over separate time periods and at more locations than the outlet. HRR produces an individual hourly discharge at each of our thousands of channels, but we can only verify these at the outlet. However, we believe that model calibration statistics at the outlet indicate the physical realism of the process we are attempting to model: since we modeled an accurate outlet hydrograph, the fully mass- and momentum-conserved physics of HRR mean that upstream flows must be realistically represented or we could not have produced a quality outlet hydrograph. Our results show that HRR is capable of matching outlet flows extremely well (calibration Kling–Gupta efficiency, KGE, as high as 0.96 and NSE as high as 0.92), and thus we believe this assumption well-founded. Recall also that the ADCP data were collected from July 20 to 23, but we model hourly flows for the entire month. We focus our evaluation only on this 72 h calibration period to discuss our experimental results without discussing the rest of the month's unverified results. Results for these other times are of course an ultimate end goal of future GrIS water routing as we look toward future coupled SMB-routing models that can be used to study interactions between surface hydrologic routing processes and subglacial processes. While we have here only reported flows during a verifiable 72 h period, in theory our model parameters should be able to accurately route water in similar areas of the GrIS with similar network drainage patterns in similar seasons. Our results also support earlier assertions of the mismatched timing and magnitude of SMB runoff and observed discharges entering the Rio Behar terminal moulin (Smith et al., 2017). The routing model is unable to assign glaciologic process to mass gaps, so we can only suggest plausible mechanisms for closing that mass balance gap. Mass gaps could perhaps result from subsurface retention and/or refreezing in bare-ice weathering crust (Cooper et al., 2018), a process not currently well-represented in SMB models, or the mass imbalance could come from transport processes: filling lakes, drainage through fractures (there are no crevasses in the study area), or the breach of topographic divides are all plausible transport process gaps. Topographic breach is unlikely given that we use an observed (via image) channel network, and thus if breaches did occur, they are accounted for. Further, total depression storage (including true lakes and DEM artifacts) was 6.92×106 m3, which is 2 orders of magnitude less than the observed ADCP flux during this time (integrated into a bulk volume, 241×106 m3) and 1 order of magnitude less than the maximum runoff deficit (obtained by subtracting the ADCP from the largest SMB input, 17.5×106 m3). Therefore, if all depressions were dry at the start of routing and were completely filled by runoff before beginning to flow in the channel network, this would still only account for roughly one-third of extra runoff production mass. Given that we know lakes are full during this time period, we assert that this lake filling effect is not the cause of mass imbalance. Further, errors in our outlet hydrographs are dominated by the underestimation of nighttime low-flow periods as peak flows are modeled well across nearly all 16 trials. These nighttime low flows are particularly important for mass balance in the Rio Behar watershed as a large driver of mismatches in total mass balance (Fig. 4) comes from these low-flow periods. Error could come from the ADCP itself, and this instrument is generally less certain at lower flows. However, the ADCP record here is taken from Smith et al. (2017) and represents a well-documented procedure carried out by expert field personnel, and thus we are confident that ADCP errors are too small to explain Rcoef. We affirm that all SMB models examined here produce too much excess water relative to ADCP observations (at least at peak times, Fig. 4 shows MERRA2 total runoff is less than the ADCP total discharge but still requires Rcoef<1 to reduce the peak daytime volume of water) and do not model nighttime flows without routing, consistent with Smith et al. (2017). Our results suggest that hydrologic process modeling (i.e., routing) can correctly reproduce these nighttime low flows. The workflow presented here is repeatable for any supraglacial stream and river network on the GrIS, but the in situ discharge datasets needed for calibration are not readily available. Future studies attempting to repeat this model setup elsewhere need an in situ discharge record (ideally longer than our 3 d record and ideally collected at multiple locations across stream orders), a high-quality DEM, and a fine-scale remotely sensed image. Modeling is efficient with these data in hand, yet the collection of in situ discharge in particular presents a major hurdle for widespread application to the GrIS. It is possible to use assumed discharges for calibration, but as our results clearly support a difference between predicted and measured fluxes, we believe measured calibration data are best. We suggest that the collection and publication of a repository of supraglacial channel discharges and hydraulic properties atop the GrIS would be an invaluable resource and that future studies should explore the transferability of key parameters (e.g., channel and hillslope frictions) to other locations on the ice sheet. We confirm earlier assertions of the importance of terrestrial hydrological processes, specifically hillslope water transport and open-channel flow, on GrIS surface meltwater routing. Unlike previous studies routing meltwater, our results are generated using the hillslope river routing model (HRR) which uses an explicit kinematic wave to conserve water mass and momentum in hillslopes and channels and represents hourly flow in nearly 10 000 individual channels in a fully topological network. This first-principles investigation shows that observed supraglacial river discharges (and thus moulin hydrographs) cannot be accurately simulated without both reducing the volume of surface runoff generated by SMB models and accounting for hydrologic transport processes. We investigated two process-level controls on this modeling – modeling coarse- vs. fine-scale channel networks and inclusion/exclusion of hillslope process – and found that incorporating fine-scale channel networks and hillslopes yields superior results. Calibrated model parameters are intuitive and align with field observations and theory. The automated methods developed here could readily be deployed elsewhere atop the GrIS bare-ice ablation zone but require in situ supraglacial discharge data for calibration. More of these data should be collected if GrIS surface hydrology processes are to be fully understood. All data and models used in this study were previously published and are accessible via their original publications as cited in the text. Code and data to reproduce the figures in this paper are archived at (Gleason, 2021). CJG and KY conceived of the idea and designed the study. KY and KL extracted river networks. CJG and DF set up and calibrated HRR. CJG designed and created the figures and drafted the text. All other authors participated in fieldwork to collect the ADCP record, and all authors wrote the text. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. We thank Ed Beighley of Northeastern University for developing and sharing HRR source code with us. Kang Yang was supported by the National Key R&D Program (grant no. 2018YFC1406101), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41871327), and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University (grant no. 14380070). This paper was edited by Nanna Bjørnholt Karlsson and reviewed by Sammie Buzzard and Ian Willis. Allen, G. H., Pavelsky, T. M., Barefoot, E. A., Lamb, M. P., Butman, D., Tashie, A., and Gleason, C. J.: Similarity of stream width distributions across headwater systems, Nat. Commun., 9, 610,, 2018. Arnold, N. S., Banwell, A. F., and Willis, I. 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Server Outage Notice: TheSeed.info is transfering to a new Server on Tuesday April 13th * As a matter of courtesy please advise Rev. Reuben Bredenhof, if you plan to use this sermon in a worship service. Thank-you. Beloved, back in the days before COVID, we sometimes found ourselves in big crowds of people. Maybe at a concert or a sporting event, or celebrating a national holiday with many thousands. In a way, that is what this life is like, even on a daily basis: we’re surrounded by many people. There is a tight circle right around us: spouse and children perhaps; parents and grandparents; our close friends. But then there are other friends, and more distant relatives. Add to that fellow members from this congregation, and nearby churches, and elsewhere. There’s classmates, colleagues, and clients. Then our neighbours from next door and across the street. Plus the people we meet at the shops and the library and school—neighbours everywhere! It’s a lot of people, a whole crowd that you have contact with, one way or another. For God has made us creatures of relationship, social beings. And this means we need instruction in how to treat all these people in the right way. How do we deal with the many hundreds or even thousands who surround us? How do we maintain these relationships in the proper manner? God gives much needed guidance in the sixth commandment of his law. And Christ fills this out this command with his words of “commentary” in the Sermon on the Mount. Let’s then listen to God’s Word on this theme and points, Christ teaches us to love all the people around us: - with an active love - with an urgent love - with an extensive love 1) an active love: Christ’s pattern of teaching in his Sermon is unique. For the sixth commandment, it’s as if He looks at his audience and asks, “Anyone commit a murder lately? Any serial killers in our midst?” Everyone looks around, smiling. They don’t really expect to see anyone putting up his hand. Of course not. Christ simply confirms what they all knew, “You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not murder, and whoever murders will be in danger of the judgment’” (Matt 5:21). For that was in God’s law, in black and white: murder is evil. That’s why there were no killers out there listening to Jesus’s sermon. But then Christ does his signature move. He turns upside down all the things they thought they knew. He tells the crowd that keeping God’s commandments involves more than just refraining from certain outward activities. For instance, not murdering involves much more than just putting away your gun. Like the Catechism asks, “Is it enough, then, that we do not kill our neighbor in any…way?” (Q&A 107) No, and this is Christ’s message, “I say to you that whoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment. And whoever says to his brother, ‘Raca,’ shall be in danger of the council. …Whoever says, ‘You fool!’ shall be in danger of hell fire” (v 22). Christ has taken the whole idea of murder a lot further, has applied it more broadly, and his words are suddenly uncomfortable. He first puts our anger in his sights. That is a hard thing to do, because anger is so often unseen. It’s an emotion, a feeling you have towards someone else on account of what he said or did, or maybe didn’t do. Anger is bad for your blood pressure, but is it really bad for your neighbor? She might never feel your anger’s heat, never even realize you had a problem with her! But that’s not the point: Christ is searching the hidden depths of our hearts. This commandment is about not even wishing to hit someone else in the face, or not giving any oxygen to that bitter feeling against him. For even these things are offensive to the holy God! For Jesus’s audience, this knocked the smiles off their faces. It rattles us, too. Because it’s pretty easy to be angry with the people around us. Friends can let us down. The elders or deacons can be insensitive. Children can be infuriating. Customers can be ignorant. Parents can be exasperating. Just like that, you feel your anger on a low boil, quickly rising. But Christ says, “Be on guard against anger. Walk away. Be slow to become angry.” Next Christ tackles insults. Say you call someone “Raca.” That doesn’t sound bad to our ears. And as an Aramaic word, it’s almost untranslatable. But Jesus’s listeners knew exactly what message this word sent. “Raca” is basically a tone of voice—it’s the kind of word that you spit out with contempt. You can’t stand someone! Centuries later, the word has changed, but we still know how to express these feelings with a few well-chosen words. These are serious crimes, says Christ. They should be tried before the council; they might even land you in hell! This was another shock: the Sanhedrin didn’t even listen to murder cases—now they’re going to convict people for being mean? Murderers were killed by stoning, but someone who harms the reputation of another will face eternal death? Is it really so bad to hurt someone with our words? Sometimes we need to put a person in their place, don’t we? And why is looking down on others so evil? It’s a favourite pastime: we sometimes call it “people-watching.” We see brothers and sisters at church, we regard our neighbor next door, we encounter strangers at the shops—we look them over, and we’ve quickly made an assessment of their worth, their intelligence or importance. We look at their looks, their clothes, their social position, and we might despise them, just a little. Christ knows that so often it’s a secret thought. It could blossom into gossip or it could erupt into an insult. Or we could just keep it to ourselves. But already by our thoughts, we assert that we’re better than they are. Made public or kept private, these things attack our neighbour’s God-given life. There’s more we could say about breaking this commandment. The Catechism sums it up: “I am not to dishonour, hate, injure or kill my neighbor by thoughts, words, or gestures, and much less by deeds” (Q&A 105). As we stand in that crowd of people, every one of us is mass murderer. We’ve got a long list of victims. And isn’t it true that the people who stand closest often receive the worst treatment from us? Our family in the faith, like our fellow church members. Or the people we live with from day to day, like children and husband and wife and parents. These poor souls bear the brunt of our violence, in word and thought and deed. Should all of us killers go to prison, or worse? By God’s grace in Christ Jesus, we walk free. So now the question isn’t whether we spare our neighbor the worst, but if we wish him the best. For like all the commandments, this one is meant in a positive way: God also requires you to act righteously. Instead of scorning someone, avoiding or criticizing someone, love places you right beside someone. There you can actively show your love. That’s the lesson of the images in verses 13-16: salt and light. First, “You are the salt of the earth” (v 13). We’ve all heard how in Bible times, salt was valued so highly. On one hand, it was a good preservative: you’d use salt to keep various foods from going bad. So we must be, says Christ. Love gives us a preserving and sanctifying effect. No matter who we are, there are people in our life we can influence, for better or worse. There’s a tone that we set. You know that when you’re in the company of some people, the conversation can start to go downhill into nastiness, and morals can start to slide into the muck. But when you’re with others, somehow it becomes easy to do good, easy to speak of better things. There’s this atmosphere of godliness and grace. We should all have that positive effect! We can be salty by our good example to our friends, our children, and our co-workers. We can be salty by not delighting in evil deeds or unloving conversation. We can be salty by noticing what is good in others, and encouraging it. Salt is also precious for its flavour. We’ve all tasted food without the right measure of salt. It might look fine on your plate, but when it’s in your mouth, you know at once that it’s missing something. That’s what a life without love is like. You can outwardly appear good—like if you talk grandiosely about Scripture at Bible study, and you always conform to expectation—but if there’s no heart for others, no affection, it’s empty. Then you’re salt without flavour. But when we treat others in love, there’s a vitality about us. Few things are as refreshing as an unexpected kindness! A small gift, out of the blue. An upbuilding comment, just when you needed it the most. Maybe it made a lousy day into one that seemed a lot better. We’ve surely tasted what love can do! So be salty to others and flavour their lives with goodness. Christ also says, “You are the light of the world… [People don’t] light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on a lampstand, and it gives light to all who are in the house” (vv 14-15). In his time, houses were very dark, with one or two tiny windows. So the necessary light had to come from a lamp—basically a saucer filled with oil, and a wick floating in it. It wasn’t easy to rekindle such a lamp, so the light was always kept burning. When people left the house, the light was put under a cover, so it continued to burn safely. But once you got home, you removed the cover at once. The light of the lamp was meant to be seen. That’s what you must be like, says Christ. “Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works” (v 16). There can be no secret Christians, no secret love. The great crowd of people around us needs our light! By our good deeds—our sharing, our helping, our visiting, our serving—by our good deeds, they’ll see our love, and they’ll glorify the Father. Such love won’t only be visible in the church. Christ says, “You are the light of the world.” For the greater part of every week, that’s where we are: in the world. And there too, our love can’t have a protective basket over top. It should be visible in how we treat servers and cashiers; in the way we treat our boss, and how we treat our students. Love has to be visible in the way we play a game or how we deal with adversity. “May they see your good works!” Beloved, you are salt, and you are light. Salt and light are different, but here’s what is the same: they both exist for their surroundings. Their value is the greatest when they’re in contact with their environment. That’s us! Christ calls us to fulfill our purpose on earth, “to show patience, peace, gentleness, mercy, and friendliness” toward all those around us (Q&A 107). 2) an urgent love: Every day we deal with our fellow humans. Because we’re sinful, there’s always the possibility that in relating to others, we’ll hurt and be hurt, that we’ll sin and be sinned against. Human relationships can easily get wrecked. What do we do with this? Just brush it off, and under the carpet? The command to love is also an urgent command. So if there’s conflict, we must aim at reconciliation, and as soon as possible. Christ says, “If you bring your gift to the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift before the altar, and go your way. First be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift” (vv 23-24). This is the scene: A man is at the temple, about to present his offering to the priest, who goes and places it on the altar before the LORD. All of a sudden, the worshiper remembers something. His brother! They had harsh words last Tuesday. They parted ways angry, and that’s how it stayed. Hadn’t much thought of it again… until now. Christ says to the man at the temple, “You better go and make things right. That’s your God-given duty. And it’s urgent. Why, it’s better to let the priest stand waiting at the altar, than to let your brother wait for your confession of sin!” Notice that true reconciliation has two parts. In the first place, we’ve got something to say to our neighbor. It might be a confession of sin, an apology, or simply a more peaceful discussing of the issues. But it’s not an optional exercise. It needs to happen. Before you offer that sacrifice to God, Christ says, go and speak with your brother! For we can’t really hope for peace with God until we’ve honestly tried to right our wrongs—until we’ve confessed our sin, not only to the LORD, but also to others. We sometimes wonder why there seems to be a separation between us and God. We wonder why our prayers feel empty. Perhaps we’ve put up a barrier by refusing to be reconciled to someone. But if you’ve made amends with someone, then “come and offer your gift.” For after sinning, we’ve also got something to say to God. We need to restore that relationship, too. We need his forgiveness and mercy, his grace to help us carry on in the right way. Christ gives another example of the urgency of love: “Agree with your adversary quickly, while you are on the way with him” (v 25). Find reconciliation, even if you have to do it while en route to court. Otherwise when the judge has his say, you might end up worse off. We’re not likely to take our neighbors to court, but here’s an important lesson. Loving one another calls us get our troubles sorted out. Get them sorted out, especially before they get worse. It’s a common experience that a quarrel that isn’t healed will go on festering. It won’t get better on its own, but like a nasty mold, it multiplies. A conflict between two people can spread into entire families, even get inherited by future generations. Christ says that a lot of grief could be spared with quick action. If the two sides have the grace to apologize, to admit fault—or to receive these things in a humble spirit—a lot of the ugly mess just might be avoided. So do we wait for the other person to approach us? May we demand that conditions be met before we forgive? Tough questions, but what if God had done that to us? What if God had waited for us to come to him? But God looked for us. While we were still his enemies, Christ died for us. In the same way, we should be ever-ready to receive the person who has offended us. And Christ’s sacrifice shows how far this goes. “Forgive one another,” Paul says, “even as God in Christ forgave you” (Eph 4:32). We don’t pretend that we can simply “forget” those past wrongs. We don’t say that an apology will magically return everything to how it was before. There is sometimes a brokenness that can’t be mended—there are scars that do not fully heal. Yet the urgent call of Christ is to live a life of love. Listen to God’s Word in Romans 12 about the command to love, “If it is possible, as much as [it] depends on you, live peaceably with all men…Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good” (vv 17-18, 21). 3) an extensive love: In that big crowd around us, there’s all kinds of people. There’s more than just the persons we like to get along with, together with those we can tolerate. Lurking here and there are enemies. People who don’t like us, who insult us, who even ridicule us for our faith. So what about them? Again, Christ starts with the familiar, “You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’” (v 38). That was the Old Testament law, the law of retribution. It sounds harsh, yet it is wise. For violence can so easily spiral out of control, as people pursue vendettas and hold grudges. But if there’s fair punishment, an offense can be considered finished with. That’s justice: dealing with crimes according to their seriousness. Yet Christ proposes a new way, “But I tell you not to resist an evil person” (v 39). He upholds justice, of course, but He says that in our personal relationships, we shouldn’t let someone else’s aggression lead us to act aggressively. Jesus gives an example: “Whoever slaps you on the right cheek, turn the other to him also” (v 39). Someone might slap us with his hand. Someone might just as well slap us with the words she writes online, or by his actions against us at the office. The easiest thing is to get nasty in return But a Christian strives to rise above it. We look the other way. And why? Because we rest ourselves in God. He knows every heart, and He’ll vindicate all who fear Him. Christ says that in love, we’ll put others first. In love, we’ll be willing to take the lower position, even if we lose face and lose the argument. “Accept the pain and insult,” He says. “Accept the shame. Do it for me.” This kind of love goes way beyond the expected limits. Jesus again: “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy’” (v 43). Yes, that was the Old Testament way of thinking, and understandably. They were a nation with enemies, and God called Israel to deal with them, even severely. But things have changed. Christ says, “I say to you, love your enemies” (v 44). For we still have enemies. Satan still wants to divide and conquer the kingdom of God. He’s busy trying to do that, every day. We hold fast to the truth, but we counterattack not with hatred, but with love! Because we know the struggle has already been decided. We know the gates of hell cannot overcome the church. Doesn’t this show our confidence in Christ, then? We show our confidence in Christ by daring to love those who oppose us. We show our confidence in him by reacting to opposition with patience, peace and gentleness. Such love even resembles the love of God! “Do this,” Christ says, “that you may be sons of your Father in heaven; for He makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust” (v 45). The point is, God bestows his love without limits, and He shows no partiality. Even wicked people receive their daily bread. Even atheists and people ‘on the left’ feel the warmth of the sun. Even Muslims and Buddhists enjoy times of prosperity. It’s always easy to draw safe little circles around ourselves. We might love only those who can bring us some kind of return. Even in the church, we might have our preferences and our favorites, while others are left out. But true love doesn’t discriminate. We’re called to love people without regard for what we know about their past, or for a person’s skin colour, or their appearance, or even their religion. And when we love widely, people see in us a faint reflection of God’s own love, for He makes his sun to rise on the evil and the good. When we love, Jesus says, we’ll be seen to be sons and daughters of the loving Father in heaven. For the glory of God’s Name, let’s then love all the many people in that big crowd around us, those who are coming and going in our life every day and every week. Let’s love them, with an active love. With an urgent love. With a wide-reaching love. Let’s love them with a love like God’s love! Amen. * As a matter of courtesy please advise Rev. Reuben Bredenhof, if you plan to use this sermon in a worship service. Thank-you. (c) Copyright 2021, Rev. Reuben Bredenhof Please direct any comments to the Webmaster

Shiur 12: Cooking With Solar Heat, Fire, and Their Derivatives: Different Types of Heat Sources Used for Cooking ֠Part I The Laws of Shabbat Yeshivat Har Etzion Shiur 12: Cooking With Solar Heat, Fire, and Their Derivatives: Different Types of Heat Sources Used for Cooking Part I by HaRav Baruch Gigi Translated by David Silverberg The Mishna states in Masekhet Shabbat (38b): "One may not place an egg alongside a kettle for it to cook, and one may not wrap it in garments [that had been heated]; Rabbi Yossi allows this. And one may not bury it in [hot] sand or dust from the roads to roast it." The Talmud Bavli explains this Mishna as follows: The first clause "One may not place an egg alongside a kettle" refers to a kettle that had been heated over fire, and all opinions agree that cooking with a derivative of fire constitutes a Torah violation. The Mishna's second clause "one may not wrap it in garments" deals with garments that were warmed by the sun, and this issue, of cooking with toledot ha-chama the heat of items that were warmed by the sun is subject to a dispute between Rabbi Yossi and the Chakhamim. This is the sugya's conclusion on 39a: Rav Nachman said: In the sun all agree that [cooking] is permissible; in derivatives of fire all agree that [cooking] is forbidden. When do they argue? With regard to [cooking] in derivatives of the heat of the sun: this one holds that we issue a decree regarding derivatives of the sun out of concern for [the possibility that one might cook with] derivatives of fire, and the other holds that we do not issue such a decree. The Yerushalmi, by contrast, explains the Mishna differently, claiming that the Chakhamim and Rabbi Yossi argue with regard to cooking with the derivatives of fire, and they both agree that one may cook on Shabbat with derivatives of solar heat. In this shiur we will assess the principles underlying the different views taken by the Bavli and Yerushalmi. Cooking with Fire The primary mode of cooking proscribed by the Torah is cooking with fire. Strictly speaking, there is no difference in this regard between an open or covered flame, so long as it has the capacity to cook. The Tanna'im distinguished between open and covered fire only in the context of various rabbinic enactments, as we will iy"H discuss in future shiurim. This category of cooking with fire includes as well cooking with electric appliances with heating elements that become very hot, because fiery hot metal has the status of fire, and heating it on Shabbat constitutes a violation of the melakha of mav'ir. This halakha emerges from the comments of the Rambam in Hilkhot Shabbat (12:1) and of the Maggid Mishneh. Some scholars do, however, interpret the Rambam to mean that mav'ir applies only when one heats the metal for the purpose of refining it. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach zt"l addresses this issue at length in Minchat Shelomo (1:12). He concludes that one indeed violates the Torah prohibition of mav'ir by heating metal, and one violates bishul by cooking with electric appliances that operate with metal heating elements. In this same responsum Rav Shlomo Zalman addresses the issue of heating water with an immersion heater: I find it appropriate to mention that when I was once with our rabbi the Chazon Ish zt"l, I told him that if one boils water on Shabbat with an immersion heater, whose two edges are distant from one another, and the circuit is created only through the water, as a result of which the [water] becomes hot and boils, this is, in my view, only a rabbinic prohibition. For since an electric current is not fire, it turns out that this is like cooking with a derivative of solar heat, for which one does not bring a sin-offering. And I said that in my view, this matter should be publicized in hospitals and the like. But he responded unequivocally that just as one who cooks with hot water, which is a "derivative" of fire, is liable to bring a sin-offering, the same applies when one cooks with an electric current; since this is generally a process that creates fire, it is considered like the "gestation" of fire. And just as one is liable for the toleda [derivative; literally, the "offspring"], so [is one liable] for the gestation, since generally it ultimately becomes fire, even though practically it only heats water without any fire being created. I was amazed to hear such a thing But even today I find this very difficult, especially since the current itself merely rubs against and heats the cord that opposes it until it becomes light and burns, and it is called "fire"; but it is not possible at all to say that the current itself is fire, neither at the beginning [of the process], nor at the end. The Prohibition of Toledot Ha-or It emerges from the Talmud Bavli that according to all views one may not cook on Shabbat with toledot ha-or, derivatives of fire meaning, anything that received its heat from fire, such as blankets that were warmed through exposure to fire. The Gemara clearly refers to a Torah prohibition, as the Mishna holds one liable for a chatat (sin-offering) for cooking an egg alongside a kettle. According to many Rishonim, the sugya's primary chiddush is that even though this involves cooking not with fire itself, but rather with a derivative of fire, a Torah violation is nevertheless committed. Indeed, the Rambam writes, "One who cooks with a derivative of fire is the same as one who cooks with fire itself."[1] The Yerushalmi (3:3), however, maintains that the status of cooking with toledot ha-or is subject to a dispute between Rabbi Yossi and the Chakhamim. According to the Yerushalmi, Rabbi Yossi allows cooking with derivatives of fire because "ein tavshilo tavshil barur" it does not cook completely. The Yerushalmi gives no indication here as to whether the Chakhamim forbid cooking with toledot ha-or on the level of Torah law, or by force of rabbinic enactment. The Yerushalmi in Masekhet Pesachim (7:2) comments, "Rabban Gamliel does not equate derivatives of fire with fire, and the Rabbis equated derivatives of fire with fire." The context of the Yerushalmi's discussion is the requirement that the paschal offering be roasted over fire. The Tanna'im argue as to whether one may roast the korban pesach over a derivative of fire, or if it must be roasted only over fire itself. This issue applies as well to the category of nega'im (skin infections) affecting areas on the body that had been "burned by fire" (mikhvat eish Vayikra 13:24), where the question becomes whether the Torah refers also to burns caused by derivatives of fire. The discussion there in the Yerushalmi perhaps relates to our issue, as well, as to whether one violates bishul by cooking with derivatives of fire. If so, then this issue is subject to a dispute among the Tanna'im. Alternatively, however, one might differentiate between the two contexts. Perhaps only with regard to the korban pesach, where the Torah specifically requires tzeli eish ("roasted by fire"), and nega'im, where the Torah speaks of mikhvat eish ("a burn by fire"), the Tanna'im dispute the status of fire derivatives.[2] When it comes to the prohibition of cooking on Shabbat, however, the discussion focuses on a different question; as the Yerushalmi in our sugya indicates, the question relates to whether or not cooking with derivatives fire can be considered bishul barur complete cooking. As for the final halakha, the accepted view is that cooking with derivatives of fire constitutes a Torah violation of bishul. The Shulchan Arukh (318:3) rules, "Just as it is forbidden to cook with fire, so is it forbidden to cook with a derivative of fire, such as placing an egg alongside a pot or roasting it by breaking it on a garment that was heated by fire." The Magen Avraham and Mishna Berura explain that the Shulchan Arukh here refers to a Torah prohibition. The Implications of Allowing Bishul Through Solar Heat As mentioned earlier, both Rabbi Yossi and the Chakhamim allow cooking in the sun. We will now turn our attention to the concepts underlying this halakha: 1) Rashi explains, "Because this is not the usual means of cooking." The Acharonim understood Rashi as referring to the notion of ke-le-achar yad (that a melakha is not violated if it is done in an unusual manner; see Iglei Tal, and Kovetz Shiurim, Ketubot 202). The Kovetz Shiurim explained that this principle applies to all laws in the Torah, and establishes that one violates Torah prohibitions only by performing the given act in its usual manner. The Iglei Tal, however, raised the question of why cooking through solar heat would not be forbidden mi-de-rabbanan (by force of rabbinic enactment), given that Chazal forbade performing melakha in a manner of ke-le-achar yad. We may suggest two answers: A) Chazal forbade performing a melakha with a minor deviation from normal procedure; significant deviations, however, would be permissible. We find, for example, that the Gemara (Shabbat 141a) as codified in the Shulchan Arukh (321:7) allows crushing pepper in a bowl using the handle of a knife. Halakha permits crushing pepper in this manner because it involves two deviations using the handle of a knife, and doing this in a bowl, rather than a mortar.[3] If one implements only one of these two deviations, the rabbinic prohibition would obtain. In our case, then, cooking with the heat of the sun is considered a drastic deviation from the norm and is therefore permitted. B) The Iglei Tal distinguishes between two different types of deviation. In some cases, one deviates only in the mode of action, and that deviation has no impact upon the final result; this type of shinui (deviation) is proscribed by Chazal. Other deviations from standard procedure, however, cause a difference in the final product, and in these cases the act is permissible. In the view of the Iglei Tal, such is the case regarding cooking with solar heat: a food cooked in the sun will have a different taste than the same food cooked through fire. This approach is far from simple and requires further clarification. 2) We find amongst the Acharonim a different explanation for why bishul does not apply to cooking with the heat of the sun, namely, that no cooking of this sort occurred in the Mishkan. The Noda Bi-yehuda (Tanina, Y.D. 43) writes, "This is due to the fact that for Shabbat we derive [the categories of forbidden activity] from the work in the Mishkan, and we [therefore] require a derivative of fire." Rav Moshe Feinstein (Iggerot Moshe, O.C. 3:52) similarly writes: Rather, they mean to say that although this cannot be considered [cooking], because it is not the standard procedure to cook in the sun, for [only] if one does not have wood and the item can be cooked in the sun he will then cook it in the sun, nevertheless, since one cooks in the sun only when he has no wood, this cannot be extracted from the cooking through fire that occurred in the Mishkan, to consider it a toleda [a derivative of bishul] because it does not resemble the cooking that occurred in the Mishkan.[4] Rav Feinstein's approach is novel in that he believes that this factor alone that cooking by the sun did not occur in the Mishkan is insufficient. Had it been standard procedure to cook in the sun, one would liable for this kind of cooking on Shabbat despite the fact that cooking was not done this way in the Mishkan. It is only because people do not customarily cook with the sun that this kind of cooking does not resemble the cooking that occurred in the Mishkan. According to this view, if nowadays the practice has become to cook in this fashion, then this type of cooking would constitute a Torah violation despite the fact that it did not occur in the Mishkan. If, however, even nowadays people do not cook in this manner, then the fact that this was not done in the Mishkan would render it permissible. 3) The Noda Bi-yehuda, in the responsum referred to earlier, cites an additional consideration from the one who posed to him the question: "Because it is forbidden on Shabbat to heat or add heat only with the derivatives of fire, and all these [forms of cooking] are not derivatives of fire." Some pointed to a verse in Sefer Divrei Hayamim II (35:13), "Vayevashelu ha-pesach ba-esh" ("They cooked the paschal offering with fire") as a possible allusion to this theory, that the term "cooking" in the Torah, unless indicated otherwise, refers only to cooking with fire or a derivative thereof. Rav Kook zt"l elaborated upon this notion in Iggerot Ha-Re'iya (vol. 1, p. 183): Everything in the Torah refers to the standard manner among the majority, and since most cooking is done with fire, then certainly the plain meaning of bashel in the context of Pesach means this. The same is true regarding Shabbat and the Mishkan itself, for we follow the manner of the majority of people.[5] This easily explains why Halakha permits cooking with solar heat. And Chazal did not legislate against it because cooking with the sun will not be confused with cooking through fire. 4) The Meiri, in explaining the halakha permitting cooking in the sun, writes, "Because the sun does not have the status of cooking." His intent appears to be that the sun is a natural force, and it cannot be said that the human being harnessed it for his needs and cooked with it, given that the sun works as an independent force. If it cooks an item, we must attribute this cooking to the sun, and not to the human being, just as it is assumed that drying wet clothes in the sun entails neither bishul nor libun (laundering), because this is a natural process, whereas drying clothing through exposure to fire is forbidden. Only cooking through fire can be attributed to the individual, because it can then be said that he has harnessed the fire for his needs, as part of man's control over natural processes. The sun, by contrast, is not subject to human control, and its effects are those of nature, and cannot be considered the actions of a human being. The Or Samei'ach (Shabbat 9:2) develops a similar idea in a slightly different context, regarding the halakha permitting cooking in a keli sheni, which he perceives as the ko'ach-kocho the result of the result of fire: Just as ko'ach-kocho is not considered the original entity, the same is true regarding a derivative of fire: by virtue of the distance of its relationship to the [original] fire it loses the status of fire, and its heat is a natural heat that is not caused by fire, like the hot-springs of Tiberias. It seems to me that this is also Rashi's intent when he wrote that people do not customarily cook with the sun; he refers not to the concept of shinui, deviating from the normal manner of performing melakha, but rather to the fact that human cooking does not occur through the means of solar heat. With these concepts in mind, let us now discuss the status of cooking through various means that do not involve fire in the simplest sense, and determine whether or not they would violate the Torah prohibition of bishul on Shabbat: A) Cooking with metal heating elements and immersion heaters was addressed above, in the first section. B) Microwaves Microwaves clearly do not involve fire, and therefore the question becomes whether the halakha permitting cooking with the sun applies to microwaves, as well. Some of the reasons mentioned above would, indeed, apply equally to microwaves: "bishul" refers specifically to cooking through fire, and this type of cooking did not occur in the Mishkan. (According to the Iggerot Moshe, however, even though this method of cooking was not used in the Mishkan, it would still be forbidden since it is used as a primary means of cooking.) The other reasons, however, would not apply to this form of cooking: deviation from common practice, solar heat is a natural force that does not entail human ingenuity. This issue is therefore at least subject to debate and uncertainty, and thus one should treat cooking in a microwave on Shabbat as potentially a Torah violation. However, in situations where we would allow cooking on Shabbat to save a life, we might prefer using a microwave over fire, since according to some views it would not constitute a Torah prohibition.[6] C) Cooking with chemical fire Certain materials can emit heat as a result of various chemical reactions, such as in the case of peat made from olive peels. These materials are mentioned in the Mishna at the beginning of the fourth chapter of Masekhet Shabbat as items that increase the heat of foods embedded within them. From the Rambam's remarks in his commentary to the Mishna it emerges clearly that cooking with this heat does not entail a Torah violation, since this heat does not originate from fire. It would seem that those who explain the halakha of solar heat based on the fact that this method was not used in the Mishkan would similarly permit cooking with this chemically-generated heat. There is some question as to what the status of this type of cooking would be according to the reasons of deviation from standard practice and the fact that solar heat is a natural force. The straightforward implication of the Rishonim and poskim is that this does not constitute a Torah violation of bishul.[7] In the next shiur we will discuss whether this would fall under the category of toledot ha-chama (derivatives of solar heat), cooking with which is forbidden by force of rabbinic enactment. D) Cooking with plaster The Gemara (Shabbat 39a) cites a Berayta that records Rabban Shimon Ben Gamliel's comment, "One may cook on egg on a boiling hot roof, but one may not cook an egg on boiling hot plaster." Rashi explains that hot plaster is a derivative of fire, and thus cooking with its heat constitutes bishul. It appears that people would boil plaster in fire. The Meiri (39a s.v. ha-sid) likewise considers plaster a derivative of fire, and claims that it is therefore subject to the Torah prohibition of bishul. He then adds: This "plaster" can be explained [as a reference to plaster] while it is still boiling as a result of fire. But if it cools and is then heated with the water that extinguished it, some are lenient. But this is incorrect, because even after it has cooled it boils its location and the boiling that resulted from the fire has not left it; it rather intensifies after the moment of extinguishing. The Meiri maintains that even when plaster cools, and water was poured on it and it regains its heat, this is not merely a chemical reaction, for the initial boiling that occurred as a result of the exposure to fire "has not left it." (It seems that the lenient position that he cites maintains that the initial boiling is indeed negated once the plaster cools.) In his view, there is a foundation of fire-generated heat that is strengthened by the water and the chemical process. Since the basis of the heat is caused by fire, the plaster retains its status as toledot ha-or. The Shevitat Ha-Shabbat (Mevashel, 17) and Be'er Rechovot (44) cite the work Even Yekara (12) as equating plaster that was boiled in water with toledot ha-chama (derivatives of solar heat). According to the Shevitat Ha-Shabbat, this view is identical to the lenient position cited by the Meiri. The Shevitat Ha-Shabbat therefore wrote regarding the Meiri's comments, "I do not understand what he wrote, that they are lenient, for even if it will have a status of toledot ha-chama, it is likewise forbidden; there is no difference other than with regard to liability [meaning, whether one has violated a Torah prohibition]." It seems to me, however, that the view expressed by the Even Yakara differs from the position cited by the Meiri. The Even Yekara considers plaster a derivative of solar heat, cooking with which is forbidden mi-de-rabbanan, whereas the view cited by the Meiri perhaps considered plaster the same as solar heat itself, cooking with which is permissible.[8] As for the issue of whether plaster that was boiled in water constitutes a derivative of fire, we might draw evidence from the Rambam's commentary to the Mishna (Shabbat, beginning of chapter 4). The Mishna introduces the prohibition of hatmana burying a pot of food in a substance that will increase it heat, and it includes plaster in the list of substances that increase the heat of food embedded within them. The Rambam comments: "Logic dictates that hatmana with these items is permissible, even on Shabbat, because they forbade on Shabbat adding heat or heating initially only with derivatives of fire, and these are not derivatives of fire." The Rambam thus clearly did not consider plaster a derivative of fire, and presumably disagrees with the Meiri in this regard.[9] He indicates that Chazal forbade using plaster only for hatmana, out of the concern that "one might say that just as increasing heat through hatmana is permissible, so is it permissible [to cook] over fire, and he will thus come to heat [food] over fire on Shabbat." It seems that in his view, there is no prohibition against heating with these materials in a standard manner, since they are efficient in food preparation only when used for hatmana; only in cases of hatmana, then, were Chazal concerned that people would be misled. All this requires further clarification. The Shevitat Ha-Shabbat and Rav Avidan (Shabbat U-mo'ed Be-Tzahal, pp.117-119) appear to rule in accordance with the Meiri's position, which considers plaster a derivative of fire.[10] E) Cooking with fire from a magnifying glass The Halakhot Ketanot (1:189) writes: There is no fire for which one is liable other than the natural, essential fire that is attached underneath by the element of air that is ignited; thus, fire that comes into being from a stone as a result of striking, which is the absorption of the air around it this is essential fire, and one is liable for it and all its derivatives. But that which comes into being through glass, when a ray of the sun becomes round and is kindled this is a derivative of the sun, as is the case regarding that which emerges from the glass lantern, such that one who cooks with it on Shabbat is exempt [from punishment]. This contention is very difficult to understand. The Shevitat Ha-Shabbat (ibid.) explains that once fire is kindled, there is no difference between fire that comes into being through the rubbing of stones, fire that results from striking a match, and fire that comes about from the sun's rays. True, if one does not light a fire, but rather concentrates the sun's rays and cooks through this concentrated heat, this would, indeed, constitute cooking with the sun, as it is the sun that heats the food. The Shevitat Ha-Shabbat deliberates as to whether this should qualify as a derivative of solar heat and thus be forbidden mi-de-rabbanan. The explanation of these comments might arise from the perspective discussed earlier, which claims that cooking with the sun is permitted because it constitutes a purely natural force. In this instance, one manages to harness this natural force for his purposes, and this type of cooking should be deemed toledot ha-chama, rather than cooking directly in the sun. In my opinion, however, we should consider this cooking with the sun itself, such that it is permissible on Shabbat. For purposes of practical halakha, this issue requires further analysis. The Shevitat Ha-Shabbat himself concludes, "It would seem that one may be lenient [and allow this kind of cooking] through a gentile in situations of minor illness." F. Heat generated as a result of rubbing pieces of wood or metal against each other has the status of a derivative of solar heat. This emerges from one of the explanations given to the Gemara's comment (39a) that one should not bury a pot of food in "the dust from the roads." According to one view, this refers to dust that was heated as a result of the carriages traveling on the road. (Shevitat Ha-Shabbat, ibid., and Be'er Rechovot, 45) In the next shiur, we will bs"d discuss the prohibition against cooking with derivatives of solar heat and the status of solar boilers (dudei shemesh) in this respect. Notes: 1. In an earlier shiur about the status of cooking in a keli rishon, we noted the difficulty in explaining the view that this constitutes merely a rabbinic prohibition given the sugya's conclusion that cooking with toledot ha-or is forbidden by Torah law. The reader is referred to our discussion there for further elaboration. 2. See the parallel discussion in the Bavli, Masekhet Pesachim 75a, as to whether items heated by fire qualify as "fire" for purposes of roasting the korban pesach. 3. The Beit Yosef there, citing the Shibolei Ha-leket, identifies the two deviations as deviating from a stone pestle to a wooden pestle, and then from a wooden pestle to the handle of a knife. 4. In his view, the factor of shinui, deviating from normal practice, would not apply; since one who does not have wood does cook in the sun, we cannot consider this form of cooking a deviation from normal practice. 5. The novelty in Rav Kook zt"l's comments is that the concept of "cooking" in the Torah is to be understood on the basis of the standard practice of most people, rather than the etymological meaning of the term. 6. It should be emphasized that using a microwave entails additional prohibitions related to the activation of the device, even before we even come to the cooking aspect, but we will not elaborate on these issues in this context. 7. The poskim discuss (as we will soon see) the issue of whether plaster that had been heated and then cooled is to be considered toledot ha-or; this discussion presumes that if we do not consider it toledot ha-or, then cooking with it would not entail a Torah prohibition. 8. In the next shiur we will address the precise definition of toledot ha-chama and what this category includes. 9. The question remains how the Rambam would understand the Berayta (39a) that forbids cooking an egg on boiling plaster. He might explain it as referring to plaster that had been boiled by fire, or understand the prohibition differently from Rashi, who wrote that this is forbidden because plaster is a derivative of fire. 10. They make no mention of the proofs we brought from the Rambam, but in any event one should be stringent in this regard.

ELENA: So when it comes to being super hot, and killing supernatural creatures, like it’s your job, you both get A’s. But as far as reading comprehension and following directions go? YOU TWO FAIL . . . MISERABLY! DAMON: I am so Hot for Teacher, right now . . . STEFAN: Is this going to be on the exam? Because I’ve been in high school for 140 years. And I’d really like to graduate some time within the next century . . . It’s not often that you get a supernatural teen television drama, that also stresses the importance of careful READING. And yet, that’s exactly what this week’s installment of The Vampire Diaries taught us. Though the hour arguably ended “happily” unless you are Elijah, of course (I MISS MY ELIJAH ALREADY!), what happened to our Mystic Falls Scooby Gang this week should serve as a cautionary tale to all of us. And the moral of the “story” is this: Terrible things happen to people (and vampires) who fail to READ BETWEEN THE LINES . . . or, in some cases, the LIES. In other news, all those fans out there who complained that Elena Gilbert is a “wimpy” / “whiny” heroine — who refuses to fight for herself — are currently enjoying “dessert,” right now . . . Mmmmm . . . crow . . . yummy! Let’s get on with the recap, shall we? Dark Stefan – The Prequel (A Jonathan Gilbert Story) Dear Diary, Today I OWNED every vampire and human on this show. So, if anybody EVER compares me to Bella Swan again, I will shove my Original’s Killing Dagger SO FAR UP THEIR ASSES, they will wish they were NEVER BORN . . . Hugs and Kisses, Elena When the episode begins, believe it or not, Stefan and Elena are STILL on their “Romantic Getaway” at the Gilbert Lakehouse. Even after a fun-filled evening of being stalked, shot at, and held at gun point by a bunch of rabid and drooling werewolves, Stefan and Elena somehow still remain under the assumption that they can salvage their “vacation.” Their idealism is either really inspiring, or incredibly disturbing. I’m not sure which . . . Then again, it’s entirely possible that the only reason this couple is sticking around the Lakehouse, is that they dread sharing a car with one another, for the long ride back to Mystic Falls. After all, tensions have been high, and interactions icy, ever since Stefan found out that Elena plans to kill herself (via Santa Klaus-icide) to save the rest of the Scooby Gang from further harm. In other words, there has most certainly been NO SEX in the Lakehouse Champagne Room! This would probably explain why I found THESE in Stefan’s underwear, last night . . . “Scientifically” speaking, I’m not even sure THIS can happen to vampires. But if it CAN, it probably happened to Stefan at the Lakehouse . . . Anyway, after their fight, Elena and Stefan are keeping a safe distance from one another. As for Stefan, he is out on the dock, gossiping, like a little school girl, with his Big Bro Damon . . . DAMON: “And that Dorky Werewolf was like, ‘I’m going to kill you.’ And I was like ‘Ow, my neck hurts,’ and then Elijah was like ‘RIPPPPPP, hey Damon, wanna eat some were-hearts with me?’ And I was like ‘Cool! I still want you dead though.’ And Tyler was like ‘I’m outtie 5,000.’ . . .” STEFAN: “Yeah, I know, Damon. I watched the episode on ITunes, last night . . .” Meanwhile, Elena is camped out on the couch, reading the “exciting” tale of how her boyfriend once ate all her ancestors, thereby almost preventing her from EVER BEING BORN! “W TF, Stefan! I better be getting a REALLY expensive anniversary gift, if you want to make up for this one!” You guys have met Dark Stefan, right? You know . . . he was the guy from the “Miss Mystic Falls” episode, that aired last season — the one who ditched his girlfriend at the local beauty pageant, so that he could suck on one of her competitors. Well, he’s BAAAAAACK! (And I mean WAY BACK . . . like, 1864 . . . back.) (By the way, my personal apologies go out to the over 550 people who searched for “Stefan Salvatore Fist Pumping Gif” this morning, and were mistakenly directed to my blog by WordPress, even though I didn’t actually “own” this GIF until about two hours ago. Oops!) Thanks to Jonathan Gilbert, and his compulsive need to write EVERYTHING DOWN, we are whisked back in time, to 1864, along with Elena. Once there, we witness Jonathan Gilbert enjoying a nice “Dinner Party” (Ahhhh . . . parallels! Gotta love em’!) with the other so-called “Founding Families” of Mystic Falls. Suddenly, there is a rustling in the trees, outside . . . So, the “Brave” Jonathan, and another random Town-Founding Dude, head outside to investigate. Jonathan immediately whips out his trusty Cereal Box Toy Vampire Detector Watch, to determine if EVIL is truly afoot. It’s not afoot (YAY!) . . . and then, suddenly, it is (BOO!). Within seconds, Founding Dude 2 becomes a Vampire Happy Meal. So, does Jonathan, for that matter . . . Or DOES HE? As it turns out, in addition to being the owner of cheesy Vampire Detector Watches, Jonathan also wears an Ugly Ass Ring of Immortality. And so, he returns to life, after being eaten. This enables Jonathan to ID his killer in his diary. And I bet you can’t guess who it is? (I’ll give you a hint: His name rhymes with Mefan Malvatore.) “Oh, Stefan! You have some ‘splaining TO DO!” Back in Present Day, Stefan saunters back into the lake house. Apparently, his fun little conversation with Damon has done little to improve his mood. The Dude still has a MAJOR stick up his ass, over the whole “Elena Suicide Pact” thing. (Poor Schuck! He has NO IDEA of the massive sh*tstorm he’s about to walk into.) “Still mad?” Elena asks her beau slyly. I won’t recap for you EVERYTHING Stefan says in response, because he basically details all of last week’s episode, in his speech. However, I WILL tell you that he was dumb enough to end his monologue with “That’s the understatement of the century.” *facepalm* “YOU would know!” Elena snarks. (Silly Stefan! You walked right into that one . . . or should I say “that pun”!) Stefan admits that he ate the founding families because he was really hungry because he was pissed at them for what he THOUGHT they did to Katherine. He hadn’t expected Jonathan for to survive, and finger him (OK . . . that sounded dirty) for the murders. Stefan then reluctantly agrees to tell Elena all about the fabulous life / redemption arc of 1864-era Dark Stefan. After all, better she find out all the bad stuff from HIM, than from her half-chewed wackadoo ancestor! We are then treated to a fun little 1864 taste of what it would be like if Paul Wesley was cast as DAMON SALVATORE, and Ian Somerhalder as STEFAN. (PERISH THE THOUGHT!) We see Dark Stefan chilling in his mansion (La Casa de Rich and Awesome — MY HAVE YOU CHANGED!). Evil Steffy apparently fills his days by screwing the townie girls’ little peabrains out, and then EATING THOSE BRAINS, once he’s finished screwing the bodies attached to them . . . Enter Cockblock Damon (I can’t even BELIEVE I am using those two words in the same sentence!) with his Adorably Curly 19th Century Hair, and Judgy McJudgerson Puppy Dog Eyes . . . Good Damon compels all Stefan’s little tartlets to leave La Casa de Rich and Awesome immediately, and never come back — thereby, effectively saving all their lives. Damon also tells his brother, in his Stefan-iest voice, that the latter’s “appetites” are going to get them both killed, if Dark Stefan is not careful. Having grown tired of Dark Stefan, and his tendency toward emotion free screw-killings, Damon has decided to skip town ALONE. Upon hearing this, Dark Stefan shows emotion, for the first time during this flashback. Clearly, desperate for companionship, he begs his brother to reconsider . . . “If you stay, I’ll let you eat the girl behind the Piano’s boobs!” But Damon is far beyond putting up with his Brother’s B.S. He has already made up his mind . . . So, a dejected Stefan heads out to a Civil War Battlefield for more Human Snacks. He comes upon a blonde chick in a hood, and tries to gnaw on her. The only problem is, she’s a vampire. In fact, she’s a vampire who WE ALREADY KNOW! The Awkward Moment when you try to eat a girl (non-sexually, of course), and she ends up being dead . . . ish. OMG! It’s LEXI! Remember her from the 162 Candles Episode? If not, she was Stefan’s bestie . . . who celebrated his birthday with him . . . Then, DAMON KILLED HER to cover his ass for murders HE COMMITTED! GOOD TIMES! Anyway, as it turns out, it was Lexi who crashed with Stefan during those dark 1864 days. And it was Lexi who taught Stefan that turning off your feelings isn’t the “right” way to be a vampire. After all, vampires with NO feelings can’t get horny FALL IN LOVE! And “love conquers all!” (OK . . . that whole speech was nauseatingly cheesy! But we like Lexi, so it’s acceptable from her . . . I guess.) Perhaps, the most poignant moment of the flashback is when Lexi and, her future murderer, Damon, meet on the stairwell of La Casa de Rich and Awesome, as he is heading out of Mystic Falls, en route to becoming the SUPER HOT, but also DEEPLY wounded and tormented, vampire he is today . . . Lexi prophetically warns Damon that the day will come when the anger he is feeling toward his brother for depriving him of his human life, will consume him, and lead him toward darkness. In return, Damon asks Lexi to promise to take care of Stefan, because he clearly needs it. And Lexi keeps that promise . . . well . . . until Damon kills her, of course. You know . . . you’ve really gotta hand it to Stefan. Here’s a guy who LITERALLY murdered his girlfriend’s entire family. And, yet, he somehow manages to turn the story of how he did it into a GUILT TRIP against his girlfriend for being willing to die to SAVE HIS LIFE! At the end of the flashback, Stefan tells Elena that HE never gave up on life, despite having once been a Sociopathic Mass Murderer, so she shouldn’t give up either. Ummmm . . . How sweet (?) “It was a solid effort. But you are still not getting laid this weekend, you Gilbert EATER!” Speaking of relics of the past, let’s talk about BONNIE’S POWERS! From Bewitched to Un-witched “When I said I was looking for a new ‘Choker,’ this wasn’t exactly what I had in mind . . .” Oh, Bonnie! You didn’t really think you’d be able to Mind Rape Luka — . . . son of the Big Bad Jonas Brother from Another Mother — and NOT suffer any consequences, as a result, did you? Awwww, YOU DID, DIDN’T YOU? That sucks! When we first see Bonnie, her and Jeremy are alternating between eye f*ckery, and dancing around the issue of their little makeout session from last week . . . After THAT KISS, and weeks and weeks of these two circling one another like dogs in heat, I REALLY can’t believe that Bonnie is STILL yammering on with her whole “What will Elena think, if I start boning her brother?” nonsense. It’s annoying! Jeremy obviously thinks so too. But, fortunately, for Bonnie, he unlike ME also finds it endearing. For this reason, Jeremy plans to woo Bonnie by planning a not-date / date — one that expertly masquerades as “Witch Practice.” “Damn, I’m SMOOOOTH!” That being said, I did have a teensy weensy bit of an issue about Jeremy using thousands of friggin candles as “date decoration.” Not only is that a MAJOR FIRE HAZARD (Honestly, doesn’t the Gilbert Household have enough PROBLEMS, without you trying to BURN IT DOWN, Scrappy Doo?), it also kept reminding me of the LAST TIME Bonnie and Jeremy found themselves surrounded by similar “date decorations” . . . Yeah . . . ummm . . . Jeremy? Last I checked, kidnapping, mind rape, and spell-induced seizures? Not exactly romantic! Fortunately for Jeremy, Bonnie isn’t bothered by the candles nearly as much as I am. And, within moments, her and Jeremy are dry humping “channeling eachother’s energies” on the floor. (So, that’s what the kids are calling it, nowadays! ;)) Then, suddenly, THIS HAPPENS . . . *sings* “Ooh, what a feelin’! When you’re dancin’ on the ceiling!” That’s right, boys and girls! As it turns out, Papa Warlock is not too keen on the whole “Mind Rape of his Son” thing. So, after throwing Jeremy AGAINST THE WALL OF HIS OWN HOUSE, and MAKING HIM STICK THERE, like a Giant Human Spitball, Jonas turns his attention to Bonnie, who he strangles, while chanting gibberish. “This is for your own good,” he tells her. When Jonas finally lets Bonnie go, and Jeremy can peel himself off the wall, the latter rushes to his new gal pal’s side, to make sure she’s OK. “He took my powers,” Bonnie gasps, as if unable to believe that this is really happening to her. (OH, BELIEVE IT HONEY! BECAUSE IT”S TRUE! A guy like Jonas, who can murder dozens of werewolves with a Headache Spell, can SURELY take away YOUR lame-ass powers, in a heartbeat.) “I’ll get you my, Bonnie! And your Mini Gilbert too!” All kidding aside, I actually think there is something to be said for Jonas’ seemingly throwaway comment to Bonnie that he took her powers away, for her own good. After all, we all know that WITCHES are extremely important to vampires, particularly ORIGINAL vampires like Santa Klaus, who are intent on breaking the Moonstone Curse. We also know that Jonas’ daughter is being held captive by Klaus BECAUSE of her powers. If Bonnie is just boring and annoying normal, she will no longer be at risk to be targeted by dangerous supernatural creatures with ulterior motives. Just sayin’! Uh Oh! Bonnie didn’t seem to like that comment. I really hope she doesn’t give me . . . Oh wait, that’s right, she can’t do ANYTHING to me anymore, can she? Because she doesn’t have powers! HAHA! 😉 Now that we’ve gotten all THAT out of the way, on to the GOOD STUFF . . . *ahem* Good “stuff” indeed! Elijah Does His Best Impression of Kenny from South Park Oh My GOD! You killed ELIJAH . . . and un-killed him . . . and killed him again! YOU BASTARDS! When we last saw Damon, he was a bit . . . indisposed . . . But now, our sexy vampire stud is BACK, and READY FOR BUSINESS! And this week, that “business” involves killing Elijah (TO SAVE his future girlfriend ELENA . . . WHO HE LUUUUUUVES, of course). To do this, Damon plans to use a Special Dagger, coated with dust from a White Oak tree . . . According to Creepy Uncle / Father John, only THIS type of dagger can kill an original vampire. But Damon (wisely, as it turns out) doesn’t 100% trust Creepy Uncle / Father John. And so, to corroborate the legend, our Lonely Lothario decides to pay a little visit to the tomb-trapped Katherine, who, admittedly, has been looking a bit, worse for wear, of late . . . SOMEONE needs to moisturize! Oh . . . and that Bottlecap Nose Ring of yours? Not cute . . . AT ALL! Katherine perks up a bit, when Damon feeds her some blood. However, that happiness appears short-lived, when Damon starts discussing how he plans to kill Elijah. “If you kill Elijah, I will be stuck in here forever!” Katherine lies through her fangs exclaims! This FACE = HILARIOUS! Damon immediately takes Katherine’s faux frightened response as confirmation that John was right. Originals CAN be killed! And this dagger is the way to kill them! With the murder weapon confirmed, Damon begins to put Phase Two of his plan into motion. He does this by compelling his new Stepford Sex Toy Andie to invite Elijah, Jenna, and Alaric all over to La Casa de Rich and Awesome for a Dinner Party . . . “Just because I’m planning to kill you, doesn’t mean I don’t have a Massive Boy Crush on you, Elijah . . . you heartbreaking, hair-flipping stud, you!” (Speaking of homoerotic, did anybody else notice the MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF MASCARA AND GUYLINER Alaric was wearing, this week? What was up with that?) Don’t even TRY to tell me that’s natural! It’s NOT! As for the Dinner Party itself, it is probably one of the most awkward, bizarre, and hysterical social events of the ENTIRE SERIES! I mean, first you’ve got Elijah . . . . . . who’s alternating between flirting shamelessly with EVERYONE in the house (male AND female) threatening Damon and Alaric that he will KILL the entire guest list, if they try any “funny stuff” (like . . . say . . . trying to stab him with an oak-coated dagger), and spouting off lame, and incredibly BORING, historical tidbits about Mystic Falls . . . Then, you’ve got Guyliner Alaric . . . . . . who spends most of the dinner pouting in the corner, because (1) he’s jealous of the attention Elijah is paying to Useless Aunt Jenna (though, admittedly it’s unclear WHICH of these two people he is actually jealous OF); and (2) he is certain that his bromantic buddy Damon is lying to him, when he says that the Dinner Party is nothing more than a “fact-finding mission.” (The only FACT Damon is interested in “finding” is how much an Original BLEEDS when he dies.) Then, there’s Useless Aunt Jenna . . . zzzzzzzzzz . . . nd Stepford Sex Toy Andie, who Damon has probably compelled so many times that the entire frontal lobe of her brain has turned to cottage cheese . . . *crickets chirping* And . . . WAIT A SECOND . . . who the heck invited Creepy Uncle / Father John? When it comes time for “dessert,” Damon coyly separates Elijah from the pack so they can have AWESOMELY HOT VAMPIRE SEX he can stab his MASSIVELY OLD guts out. And he is just about to do so, when, conveniently enough, Alaric gets a frantic call Stefan at the Lakehouse . . . “Can you hear me now? GOOD!” As luck would have it, Jonathan Gilbert wrote about KILLING ORIGINALS in his diary. There’s even a picture of that dagger John gave Damon in Jonathan’s writings. And under the picture it says . . . THE DAGGER CAN ONLY BE USED BY A HUMAN . . . BECAUSE IF IT’S USED BY A VAMPIRE, THE VAMPIRE DIES TOO! OH NO! Creepy Uncle / Father John TRIED TO KILL MY DAMON by getting him to KILL MY ELIJAH! THAT BASTARD! Could someone remind me again WHY they put THIS GUY’S FINGERS BACK ON, afte Katherine CHOPPED THEM OFF in the season one finale? Just imagine how much TROUBLE could have been prevented, if these “little piggies” had gone into the trash compactor, like they were SUPPOSED TO! Now, it’s important to note here, that AS SOON AS ELENA read the passage about Damon possibly dying, Stefan RUSHED RIGHT OFF TO CALL ALARIC, without reading the additional “rules” about the dagger. Granted, this might have been necessary, because, Damon was just MOMENTS AWAY from stabbing Elijah, when Alaric ran in to hand him THIS . . . (Not that any of you care, but I have TERRIBLE handwriting, myself. So, the fact that Alaric ALSO writes like a toddler, makes me like his character SO MUCH MORE!) Needless to say, Damon is not pleased AT ALL . . . But then, just when you think Damon might do something rash, like murder Creepy Uncle/Father John (DO IT! DO IT! DO IT!), or start pummeling Elijah with his bare hands (which, admit it, would be really hot!), THIS HAPPENS . . . And then Elijah starts to look like this . . . . . . which is SO NOT A GOOD LOOK FOR HIM. And it’s a TOTAL SHOCK, because, really, this is NOT the way you would expect a BAMF like Elijah to go out. I mean, he wasn’t even standing when it happened, he was SITTING DOWN, TALKING ABOUT DULL ASS MYSTIC FALLS HISTORY, for crying out loud. He didn’t even have time to do his trademark hair flip! It would have been a travesty for Elijah to have died this way. Notice, I said “would have been” . . . So, while Team Bad Ass members, Damon and Alaric, are giving eachother manly backslaps . . . . . . and Alaric is whining to Damon, about how he’s his only friend (NOT TRUE!), so he should be more honest with him (well . . . THAT part is true!) . . . Stefan has finally decided to let Elena read the REST of Jonathan’s entry about the dagger. And get this: it turns out, an Original is only dead for as long as the DAGGER STAYS IN HIS BODY. ONCE YOU . . . . . . ahem . . . EXTRACT IT . . . The Original Vampire COMES BACK TO LIFE! So, let me get this straight . . . “pull IT out” = nothing happens “keep IT in” = DEAD VAMPIRE FOR ALL ETERNITY In other words, this is The Rhythm Method of Vampire Murder. . . and Alaric, who has always been a “pull it out” kind of guy . . . . . . didn’t exactly DO IT correctly, if you catch my drift. So, we cut back to Damon, who, after promising his BOYFRIEND that he won’t “lie to him anymore,” has returned to the basement to collect his Original Vampire Trophy. Oh yeah, Elijah is SO ALIVE and SO MIA! (And I hate to say it, but I’m kind of glad.) I bet you can’t guess where our Undead-undead BAMF-pire went next? That’s right, Fangbangers! A gentleman until the very end, Elijah WALKED his beautiful butt ALL THE WAY TO THE LAKE HOUSE, so that he could PERSONALLY tell Elena that, in light of recent events, all promises he originally made regarding Scooby Gang protection were hereby waived. “You have nothing left to negotiate with,” Elijah explains, with what I detect is a genuine note of sadness. (I really think the Old Vamp had a soft spot for our Elena. And why not? EVERYBODY ELSE DOES.) But Elena DOES have a bargaining chip. “Promise me you won’t harm anyone I love, even if they harmed you. Otherwise, I will stab myself to death with this dagger. Then Stefan will turn me. And I will become a vampire. Just like Katherine did. And you will have nothing.” Elijah smiles, clearly enjoying this. “I’m going to have to call your bluff,” he explains. Then THIS HAPPENS! Now, the usually calm Elijah is FREAKING THE F*&K OUT! “Yes, yes, you have the deal . . . LET ME HEAL YOU!” Elijah exclaims. And it’s awesome seeing him unhinged like this. Somehow, Elena, has managed to get the upper hand over an original vampire, in a way that nobody else has been able to so far. HE NEEDS HER. After securing Elijah’s word that he will not harm the people she loves, a dying Elena moves toward Elijah . . . and . . . STABS HIM IN THE STOMACH WITH THE ORIGINALS KILLING KNIFE! Now, Elijah is dead . . . for real this time . . . which, actually saddens me. I’m going to miss THIS . . . And so will DAMON, I think! Speaking of Damon, it is at this moment that he MAGICALLY APPEARS . . . “Just a tip. Don’t pull the dagger out,” Big Bro Salvatore notes wryly. (OH DAMON! How I love you, let me count the ways!) Speaking of people of I love, HOW AWESOME IS ELENA! Then, after singlehandedly saving the day, our girl impresses me even further by giving her vampire men the WHAT FOR, for WRONGLY ASSUMING they knew better than she did how to handle this whole “Doppelganger” THING. “You want me to fight? I’ll fight, but you can’t keep things from me anymore. From this moment on, we do things MY WAY,” Elena demands, in a surprisingly KATHERINE-LIKE TONE. The boys AGREE! And I’ll say it again, ELENA RULES! Oh . . . to be in the middle of this Salvatoreo Sandwich right now! In other news, Useless Jenna sort of /kind of dumped Alaric for being dishonest to her about TWO SEASONS WORTH OF VAMPIRE DIARIES EPISODES ex-wife Isobel and her undeath. Maybe she’s not so useless after all . . . (Wait . . . did I just say that?) Then, Alaric surprisingly relented and gave Creepy Uncle /Father John the UglyAss Ring of Immortality he TOTALLY DOESN’T DESERVE, warning him, “After what you did to Damon, you are going to need it more than I am.” Be afraid, ASSHAT! BE VERY AFRAID! Back in the AWESOME SHOWER fo La Casa de Rich and Awesome . . . Just reminding you why it’s awesome . . . that’s all! Damon walks in on THIS . . . And my TEAM DELENA heart starts doing this . . . But, of course, it’s not’s Elena . . . It’s KATHERINE! That’s right, Damon! Killing Elijah didn’t TRAP the Sexy Vamp in the tomb forever, it FREED HER FROM the Original’s Compulsion! Remember how earlier in the season Creepy /Uncle Father John promised Katherine that he had set plans in motion to get her out of the tomb, so that SHE could help protect Elena from Klaus? Well THIS was exactly what he meant . . . killing Damon was probably just be an added bonus for HIM. However, it happened, KAT IS NOT ONLY BACK, SHE IS MOVING IN TO LA CASA DE RICH AND AWESOME? Does this mean us Kefan fans will FINALLY get the sex scene we were so RUDELY denied a few episodes back? Here’s HOPING! Something tells me, Elena is NOT GOING TO BE PLEASED! Let the Doppelganger Hijinx ENSUE! You can check out the EXTENDED version of next week’s promo, “The House Guest,” right here. Do I sense some HOT Delena moments in our near future? I SURE DO! (Who cares if it’s a case of mistaken identity? They ARE RUBBING UP ON EACHOTHER. AND I’m HAPPY, DAMMIT!) It’s only a matter of time! And that’s all I’ve got folks. Feel free to sound off in the comment section about “The Dinner Party,” and/or your thoughts on “The House Guest.” Are you sad Elijah’s gone for good? Are you psyched for Katherine’s return? What is the most AWFUL TORTUROUS death to which Damon can subject Creepy Uncle / Father John? My vote is for something that involves leeches . . . and private parts. But that’s just me ;). See ya next week, Fangbangers! [][Fangirls Forever]

We've got another interview for today's Minor League Monday, this time with Mets minor league outfielder Jason Pridie. For those who forgot, Pridie was acquired by the Mets last February off of waivers from the Twins, was assigned to Buffalo out of camp and after a strong April (.280 with 3 homers and 9 sb's) that had him on the verge of a call-up (in the wake of the GMJ disaster), he unfortunately suffered a right hamstring tear that ultimately cost him over 100 games. However, he's rehabbed and ready for camp this Spring and with little true center field depth in the Mets organization, Pridie has a very good chance to start the season as the Mets fourth outfielder. Click the 'Play' button below or follow this link to hear the interview. Read on below the break for a transcribed version: Rob: For anyone that doesn't know, you had a right hamstring injury this season that caused you to miss actually over 100 games. First, it happened in May unfortunately right around the time it sounded like you might be getting a call from Buffalo. Caused you to miss a couple months, you rehabbed, you got back in early July and then of course, you end up reinjuring it right on your very first ground ball. Now I can't even imagine how disappointing that must have been for you, do you think maybe you were pushing it too hard to get back on the field or was it just a freak thing? Jason: I think it was just one of those things that just happened. I had been rehabbing, I had been doing everything that I was supposed to do. We took it slow to start and I had played in 3, 4, 5 extended Spring Training games prior to playing in Buffalo. So I went in there feeling real good, everything felt good but I think what happened was that first ball I hit up in Buffalo was a bouncing ball up the middle, but the second baseman actually made a diving play to stop it. And I think subconsciously I stretched myself a little too hard, at the time maybe trying to beat the ball to first and I think that might have factored into me retearing it. Overall I think it was kind of a freak thing that unfortunately in the situation I was in, the ball I hit wasn't the best ball for me to hit on my first [one] back. Rob: Yeah talk about bad luck, starting off with a ground ball like that... Jason: Yeah it was pretty disappointing and disheartening at the time, especially like you said after my first injury I had kind of been waiting for that call-up with what was happening with the roster. I was kind of waiting and that happened and Feliciano ended up getting called up which, is great for him because I love him and he definitely deserved it. It was a little disappointing for me...but you know, it's part of baseball. Rob: The impressive part is that you still led the Bisons in stolen bases in 2010. And now as a player whose games is so much about speed and speed in your defense, is that something you're worried about going forward to really let it loose? Have you done that yet? Is your injury something that's going to be going through your head the first time you have to dig for a ball in the gap or the first time you steal a base or something...? Jason: I've been rehabbing, I've been getting back; we've been taking it a little slower since I've had the whole offseason to recover. I haven't gotten into the real strenuous sprinting and running yet. But I'm feeling strong, I'm feeling good with everything. I think about that too, that first time I'm gonna have to stretch it out and I think it'll definitely be in the back of my mind. Just like anytime you get an injury you think 'What if?' and especially with the history of what happened last year which was kind of an unfortunate year for me. I think it'll definitely be in my head - in the back part - but I feel like I'm a good enough competitor, I've been playing long enough and you know what? I put trust in the people who I'm rehabbing with. I put trust in the Mets and everything they've been doing for me and that they're gonna get me back and that I'm gonna be back and help the Mets out in 2011. Rob: Fortunately - or unfortunately, depending on how you look at it - the Mets have had a lot of experience with this particular injury, most famously with Jose Reyes the last season, season and a half. So hopefully they'll have the right technique to get you back on the field and healthy. Jason: Yeah absolutely and like I said I talked to Dr. Pearle three times when this happened and he wanted to reiterate that a hamstring is - for lack of a better word - a funky muscle where you just never know. Sometimes they're OK and sometimes people just tear them like that. It just happens. But he reassured me that it obviously isn't a career-ending type thing. And I know some friends I've played with who have had hamstring injuries and it's just one of those things where you've got to be patient, take a little time and get healthy which was unfortunate because last year I didn't have much patience. I feel like I've been patiently waiting to get to the big leagues for five years now so when it happened last year it was even more of a blow. But to tell you the truth, I think overall it actually helped me to grow and mature into the player I really wanted to be and should have been. Because of the adversity I've gone through mentally, to stay positive and stay up and stay with it and everything and trying to get healthy, it was pretty tough especially at the start. But overall I think the experience is gonna end up helping me in my future. Rob: You kind of mentioned that you've been patiently waiting to get up. You've had kind of a tstep-by-step climb through the minors. Originally you were drafted in '02 out of high school where you were actually a second round pick in what turned out to be a pretty talented class. I think the Braves ended up drafting Brian McCann the pick just before you, the Reds got MVP Joey Votto just a couple of picks after you. Now does that make you feel any additional pressure to get to the big leagues. Like you said, soemtimes you can be kind of impatient to show your ability. Does that kind of thing give you additional pressure or do you just kind of ignore that? Jason: I try to ignore it. I wouldn't say pressure but it's one of those things where it's kind of been disappointing for me becuasue I know how good of a playuer I am. And I know I can play with any one of those people in that draft. I played against all those guys coming up, Votto, McCann, Francoeur, Kazmir, I played with [BJ] Upton. I was actually the other talking to my dad and we looked at the list, the All-American list from my high school senior year. And every single one of them pretty much has significant big league time but me. I kind of thought to myself 'That kind of sucks' but that's been the thing. It's not the pressure trying to live up to that class, it's frustrating for me to konw the kind of player I can be. Unfortunately in baseball sometimes you need that opportunity, you need that injury or you need that person behind you. And I didn't really ever have it, coming up through Tampa and then with the Twins, I was always kind of cut back and that's another long story that we can have for another time. And then last year, being with the Mets we have Gary Matthews Jr. I just always felt like I've been sitting in the minors but like I said I don't think the pressure of the class...I think it actually makes me feel good I was part of a class with so many excellent, excellent big league players and I'm just still hoping to be a name in there that they said 'Oh Pridie. Pridie and Votto and Kazmir and McCann' instead of just all the other guys. Rob: Like you said, you've kind of grown that patience. If anything, last year kind of helped you develop that ability and the good thing for you is that going forward, the Mets are kind of light on the speedy center field-type player that you are. So hopefully that'll give you that leg up going into 2011. But specifically, what are your expectations for next season, as far as maybe with Buffalo or with the Mets? Are there any personal goals that you want to reach? In general, what are your expectations for 2011? Jason: Well my first goal - I'm 27 now and it's getting to that time - my goal is to make the team next spring. That's it. Whether I'm a starter, whether I'm on the bench, helping the team out, coming in defensively late, running a base from the bench, anything. My main goal is to make the team out of Spring and help the Mets get back to where we should be, at the top of the NL East and the top of baseball, like I know from my time last year that I know we have. Especially coming up through the minors we've got a lot of great players. I played in Buffalo and last year, you saw, it was kind of a tough year with the record, and people getting called up. But the vast majority of people from Buffalo - the young players that got called up - they really held their own weight with Ike and Thole and those guys. So my main goal and my only goal is to make the team and to help us win. Hopefully I'm past the minor leagues. I felt like I put my time in, but you know what? If I don't make the team and I do get sent back to Buffalo or I get sent back wherever, my goal is to get back there and help whatever team I'm with win. Because to me that's the most important thing. I've been playing - this'll be my tenth year - and it's fun, you always want to hit .300 and everything but I'm to the point where I want to win. That's the biggest thing for me. I like winning. I like being on a winning team, it's a lot more fun to play the game when you're winning. Like I said, that's my goal to just get to the big leagues and help the team win. Rob: You mentioned that you spent some time in Buffalo last year where your manager was Ken Oberkfell. What are your thought sbaout Obie being recently named the Mets new Bench Coach? Can you give us some insight about his style as far as managing the clubhouse? Jason: Yeah when I heard that I was ecstatic because I love Obie. He was definitely one of my favorite managers to play with. We would talk here and there during the season when I was there, just about our team. And last year with that team we had in Buffalo - I don't know if you knew the team - but we had a pretty dang good team and if that team would have stayed together there was no doubt that we would have won the International League. I don't think anybody had a doubt. We had Hessman, we had guys like Cervenak out there, we had Green; our whole lineup was a mixture of young and old guys who were just great players. Obie was a very good manager because he fit right in, he let us play. He knew that we're professionals, we're in Triple-A, a lot of those guys were big leaguers at times. So his style, it was very laid back. He let us play, he let us do our thing, but I liked it because when there were times to get after us, he would. And to me that's the sign of a good coach, to be able to get on your guys, yell, tell them to get in shape and when things are going bad get them together. But when things are going good, you have fun and you let the guys play. Because when it comes down to it we are professionals and at a high level - especially at the big leagues - if you don't how to play the game by then you shouldn't be playing there. So I think he's gonna fit in very well. Obviously, he has big league time, he has big league experience. He knows what it's all about and so I was definitely extremely excited when I heard he was up there. Rob: So we discussed the bench coach now I've got to ask you about the big guy, the Mets hiring of their new Manager Terry Collins. I don't know if you had a chance to work with Terry at all last season in his role as the Minor League Field Coordinator but whether you did or not, what were your impressions of him at least as a teacher during Spring Training? Jason: Yeah, I have nothing but great things to say about him and nothing but great experiences. He was actually with me quite a bit this year due to my rehab down in Port St. Lucie trying to get healthy. You know he was around looking at the extended [Spring Training] guys coming in and out. He saw me play in Buffalo, we had some good talk and I think he's a great fit. To me, he seems kind of like that more old school - you work hard, you do the small things right, you get in there and you just play hard-nosed baseball. And I think that's kind of what's missing a little bit lately, not with the Mets but in all of baseball, the little parts of the games. The hustling and the bunting, the hitting and runs, the stealing, and I'm thinking just from him talking that's the kind of ball we're gonna get back to. But I'm not quite sure as far as that but as far as him as a person, he's a great person, a great teacher, very patient but like I said, he will get after you if you need it. I know he was with the Dodgers, he was the Minor League guy with the Dodgers and I played them coming up all through the minors with Kemp and Loney and Billingsley. And he spearheaded that whole draft class and you see those guys in the big leagues. So I think he's a pretty good fit, he's a great guy, he's going to be a great guy to lead this team. Rob: Absolutely and I've had a chance to speak with him a little bit and I think you're right, I don't think he's going to hesitate to get after you guys when he needs to (laughs). Jason: No and like I said, it's a fine line as a manager, I believe, to toe that line especially because when it comes down to it, a lot of pressure is on the manager even though they're not playing. So knowing that, you can't screw around and you can't just be collecting your paycheck. You want to win and I think he's a winner. I think that's a big key. I think you've got to start with a winner and I think he's a winner. Rob: You mentioned that 2010 was your first year with the Mets organization, originally back in '02 you were drafted by Tampa Bay, you played with them for a few years and the Twins ended up drafting in the Rule 5 Draft, you were returned to Tampa Bay, then back to the Twins in '08 as part of that big Matt Garza deal. So have you treated swapping hands so often early in your career as a negative, are you kind of down about it? Or do you kind of look at it as a positive, where it's like 'Hey look somebody wants me. Somebody is willing to go all the way to acquiring me.' How do you see it? Jason: You always got to think of the positive. There's always that ability or that chance to think negatively, to think 'This team doesn't even want me, they drafted me, I've been playing with them, I've been moving up, blah blah blah. And now they just want to get rid of me.' But I think in baseball especially, if you think negatively, it's gonna kill you because you fail so much and it's in that same sense when you get traded. I thought 'At least the Twins want me.' It's like you said, at least there's a team that wants me. There's a lot of guys out there who no team ants and they're just trying to get a job. So you got to think positively, there's plenty of teams out there and not everybody is going to like everybody and not everybody is going to be a good fit. So as long as a team wants me and believes in me, that I can help them win, then I'm happy and I'm playing baseball. And just like when I found out I got claimed on waivers by the Mets, it was a shock, it was about a week before Spring Training but I was excited because you know I got a team that obviously wants me more than the team I was with. It was going that way, it was going good and then I got hurt, unfortunately. But like I said, not just in trading but in this game, if you don't stay positive it'll bury you. So I definitely took it as a positive. As long as somebody wants me, I'm happy to play. Rob: Ok now for the lightning round of personal questions where we get to know you guys a bit better off the field. So I'll give you quick questions, you give me quick answers. Ok so what is your favorite TV show? Jason: The Office. Rob: The last movie you saw and how was it? Jason: The last movie I can remember was Inception and it was one of the better movies I've seen in a long time. Rob: If I turned on your iPod right now what would be playing? Jason: Either Avenged Sevenfold or The Beatles. Kind of a weird combo but I love them both. Rob: Who was your favorite ballplayer growing up. Jason: Got to be Ken Griffey Junior. I grew up right when he was big and hot. I was never an outfielder when I was young but just defensively and everything he's still one of my favorite players. Rob: Ok so I've got one more serious question I've got to ask you, how would you feel about a return of [your unofficial fan club] 'Pridie's Pack' out in center field at Citi Field in 2011? (laughs) Jason: (laughs) Nothing, nothing would make me happier than to see those shirts. In fact, I was actually going through my closet yesterday hanging some stuff up and I happened to come across the old 'Pridie Pack' shirts they gave me back in Durham. Even now I've got a huge smile on my face because that was one of the greatest experiences. I know it's the minor leagues and everything but to get called up to Triple-A, do well, and I can still remember the day running out to center field, seeing six people up with 'Pridie Pack' shirts. It was just like...even right now I've got the biggest grin on my face because it was just a real cool moment, it made me feel kind of big league to have a little fan club. So if I could see them out there, that would make it that much more sweeter. Rob: Well we're going to have to shoot for that in 2011! (laughs) All right well Jason, I think that about wraps it, thank you so much for chatting with me today, I really appreciate the ime. Enjoy the rest of your offseason, good luck with the rest of the rehab and going into camp and hopefully we'll get a chance to maybe catch up in Spring Training.

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Communicate Frequently Alexey Kutsenko, Head of Marketing at DDI Development To maintain a High-Performing Virtual Team while working remotely, we use a lot of approaches. The most important of them are listed below. Team members fill in Excel with hours worked every day, if they get paid an hourly rate. Before the weekend, I get reporting on tasks completed, and ask colleagues clarifying questions. Daily communication with colleagues via videoconferencing or by phone is a must to maintain their involvement in the overall process. It is inappropriate to lose contact for more than one day. In particular, attention and the most gentle attitude needs to be given to the newcomers to help them adapt. Create a general chat room for employees to make it easier for them to get to know each other closer. This lets them exchange professional tips, news, jokes, and even pictures of their fluffy pets that interrupt team individuals as they work at home. Use a Kanban-based task board. Thanks to the to-do list, each team member can plan their working day more flexibly, taking into account household chores and family time. And one more thing. The less we will distract each other from the workflow, the higher will be the productivity of each specialist. It is crucial to reduce the number of required meetings; they should be organized only when called upon. 11. Give Honest Feedback Tihana Drumev, Senior Content Marketing Executive at Best Response Media The one thing that can improve remote team collaboration is mutual trust. Being honest with your team leader and team members increases efficiency and collaboration as well. E.g., everyone has a bad day occasionally – the days you can’t concentrate, and your head is in a different place. Why wouldn’t you share that? If you were in an office, you would probably say something about it. Talking honestly about work issues and blocks, as well as sharing small victories, is crucial to increasing collaboration in a remote team. We have daily team video calls to discuss our work life and to chat about our personal lives a bit, as well as different topic Slack channels where everyone can post a message. 12. Utilize Digital Tools Ashton Newell, Lead Digital PR Strategist at Directive To be successful with my team remotely, I over-communicate and utilize digital tools, like Asana, to keep my team’s expectations visually available. Using this tool helps my team understand what is expected of them at all times and when the most important items are due. It also encourages collaboration as multiple people work on a project. If I don’t hear from my team, I check-in. When I’m not in the office with them, I can’t just glance over at them and make sure they understand. I must go out of my way and see how they’re doing. Asynchronous communication is essential throughout the day and also required; however, I make sure to set up at least one “face-to-face” digital call weekly on the calendar. There is power in reading body language and having a “real” conversation with your colleagues. If I have further questions, I’ll set up more video calls. Remote Team Collaboration Tools Various remote communication and collaboration tools help organizations and agencies work with internal and remote teams. I’ve mentioned a few of these web-based tools that have become increasingly popular among professionals who communicate and collaborate daily with internal and external teams. By the way, if you’re interested in knowing about some of the best tools that are being used today, have a look at these articles. - 40+ Agency Tools You Need To Have in Your Tech Stack - 20 Best Web Design Tools for Design Agencies to Help Win Clients 1. G Suite This is a popular office suite that combines collaborative productivity apps, administrative control, and cloud storage features to help improve team synergy. Applications: - Send and receive emails through Gmail - Share Calendars with your team members - Work together on Docs, Sheets, and Slides - Save copies of files on the Drive and share with ease - Connect and Meet with your team members from your laptop, tablet, or mobile device 2. Microsoft Teams This is a reliable tool that organizations or agencies can use to collaborate and communicate with internal and external teams. Microsoft Teams helps keep communication in internal and external meetings organized, easy follow up on and improves the effectiveness of collaborative work. - Create a shared space for the team - Integrates with all Microsoft’s Suite products - Compatible with iOS and Android platforms - Notifications and alerts on changes in documents reduce the need for sending out emails - Encrypted communication with external and internal teams 3. Cloudways Team Feature This feature is for professionals who develop, design and manage websites for multiple clients. The Cloudways Team Feature helps distribute the workload among team members. Through this Cloudways platform feature, adding team members is simple as adding email addresses of the team members and granting permission right from the platform. - You can easily add, update, and delete team members using the Cloudways Team option. - You can give permission to the team member(s) to access Billing, connect with the Support team, and give custom access to the Cloudways Platform. Billing Access: Gives team members access to options where they can view, add/update payment details, download/pay invoices, and manage funds. Support Access: Gives member access to the support area to help resolve a platform issue Console Access: Gives members customized access to the Cloudways Platform 4. Slack Slack is a popular remote communication and messaging platform built for interdepartmental and cross-functional teams. Instead of going through multiple threads of emails and sorting out email clutter, Slack makes it easy to connect, share relevant files, and sort out teams according to specific channels. - Simple and easy Interface - Makes sorting out groups easier - Compatible with Android and iOS platforms 5. Zoom Agencies and organizations that operate at a large scale may find it frustrating to find a communication platform that can include all internal and remote teams in a single meeting room. Zoom overcomes this hindrance as meetings can have upto 1000 participants. The basic tier allows 40 minutes for a meeting; however, there’s no limit to the number of meetings. - Integrate Zoom meetings with your Calendar - Creating a Waiting Room to allow specific participants to access to the meeting - Interactive backgrounds to hide messy rooms 6. Hubstaff This project management tool helps manage teams efficiently. Hubstaff helps identify gaps by monitoring and analyzing team activities such as clocking in attendance, assigning team members to specific tasks, and assessing the overall contribution of team members towards a specific task/project. - Get alerts and notifications about your projects - Monitor idle team members to ensure team efficiency - Track invoicing of team members that work on a contract, such as freelancers and external teams. 7. Trello When it comes to setting up individual boards and team boards, look no further than Trello. This tool is especially helpful when monitoring the overall team’s performance. It’s intuitive to understand, easy to set up, and customize. - Easy to organize and label tasks and projects - Customizable cards - Easy to include internal and external teams in project cards In a Nutshell I’ve covered and highlighted basic ideas for improving the effectiveness of communication and remote team collaboration. For instance, it’s important to keep communication and clear so team members get precise, realistic, and constructive feedback. This helps them improve their workflow and contribute more effectively to the team goal. When collaborating with a remote team, an agency or organization gets the benefit of working with a diverse pool of talented people. With the help of collaborative work, projects get more attention, and roadblocks are easily bypassed. The end result is a healthier work environment and better output from internal and external teams. Besides sharing tips from business experts, I’ve also covered a number of remote team collaboration tools that help improve workflows. These tools help streamline daily tasks so team members can look at their progress holistically and at an individual level. For example, you can use Sparkbay while working remotely. It’s an excellent tool to communicate with your employees and quickly understand their needs and feelings through different surveys.!

English 2300: Advanced Composition (Honors) "I really did not know much about writing before this class, mostly how to write one specific type of essay, and what I have learned through this class has shown me that there is much more to writing than I initially thought.” – Erik Westegaard "Without taking this course, I don't think my writing skills would have improved as much or as quickly. Thank you for guiding me to realize that there is no perfect way to write a paper, by giving me the tools to succeed in writing the best way I can.” – Amanda Burke "I have confirmed that I really enjoy learning about and using rhetorical skills. I am surprised that I have really taken to this thing that I didn't know anything about a year ago." – Andrea Hamler "I never really learned about composition theory in this way before, actually studying the theory intensively rather than just having teachers mention a technique when we're preparing to write a paper. I think I prefer this method.” – Katherine Odell "I've noticed so many great strides in my writing abilities, just from a semester's worth of time. This is why I took your course. I knew that I loved having you as a professor previously, and I knew, regardless of the challenge, I'd come out a better writer, and thinker, particularly.” – Lina Gebhardt “By far, the most meaningful aspect of this class was learning how to contribute my own ideas to academic discourse. This was the first time entering the parlor conversation and writing to scholars at eye-level. Although I was initially nervous about whether or not my ideas would hold water, I’ve gained a lot of confidence in my abilities as a rhetor. I’ve always liked writing, but this semester I discovered how much I enjoy arguing and persuading.” – Meghna Israni “Before this course, I did not really consider composition theory as a topic in general. I just viewed composition as writing; I didn’t think about the theories that surround it. However, I believe that one of the main ideas that we learned about composition theory is how to distinguish composition from rhetoric.” – Ariana Bylykbashi “Looking back, I don’t think of this class as what we read or what we wrote, but I view it as what we discussed. That is where I think the importance of the class shines. It is not a place where we just sit and are told what conclusions other people got to and who did it and what year it was in and what was going on at the time. Instead we take our readings as a jumping off point and talk about it to come to conclusions that, sure other people already got to, but we got to on our own, as a class.” – Jake Fondel “I understand writing very differently now as it includes far more than I first believed it to. I personally am a creative writer and plan to write works of fiction so I never really put a lot of thought into how rhetoric can impact one's writing. Now however, I can look and pick out countless historical documents alone that are loaded with rhetoric.” – Jenna Pederson English 2200: Argumentative Writing “I think one of the best things I gathered while taking this course was applying the technique that Rogers discussed. He really helped me figure out how to have conversations with other people, especially people who do not share my same views, and taught me the importance of understanding the perspectives of others and having respect for those perspectives. […] I would like to be, in my own small way, a force of change in the way I communicate with those around me.” – Abdulrahman Abu Isha “Among all of the classes I’ve taken at College of DuPage, I’ve found this one to be the most useful (by far). I feel that I’ve picked up life skills that many others won’t have the chance to. This class has made me into a better writer, and an exponentially better arguer.” – Ryan Hasa “This class transformed not only my skills at arguing, but my writing skills as a whole. I can now identify and use the rhetorical practices we learned about, and they only strengthen the arguments I will make in the future. I am sure my dad will not be happy with my newfound powers of persuasion.” – Sean Morrison “I’ve learned enough about argumentative writing to know that I can see myself having a rewarding career using skills I learned this semester. I will be exploring what that looks like next semester [in Advanced Composition] and what additional education would be most beneficial for me in pursuing that career.” – Andrea Hamler English 2115: Writing for Nonprofits “I was expecting to just learn about nonprofit organizations and how to write for them. When I found out on the first day that we would be writing for an actual nonprofit organization I got a little nervous because I have never done anything like it before. In the end, it was an amazing experience and a class I really enjoyed.” – Mya Kahan “This entire course and opportunity to work hands-on with a real-life nonprofit organization has been eye-opening and expansive.” – Taylor Godfrey “The thing I loved most about working with a community partner is that the work and research I put into my school work felt worthwhile. I remeber working on a recommendation report for a different class. It was a group project, but I still put a crazy amount of time and effort into the project. After it was all done, we got our grades back and it felt so meaningless, like, I put in all this effort for our work to just sit there. It all felt so pointless. That is why I was excited that we would be working with a nonprofit so our hard work would go beyond the confines of a classroom.” – Elizabeth Herwaldt “One of my favorite parts of this class was learning about rhetoric. It was a word that I had heard before, but it was not a word that I was familiar with.” – Carrie Brockie “At the beginning of this course, I had no idea what a nonprofit organization was or what they do, or what type of writing I would be doing that would be useful for an organization at all. This course opened my eyes.” – Elisa Contreras “I was familiar with writing for nonprofits prior to this course as I am responsible for writing sponsorship letters and press releases. However, this course truly strengthened my skills in both of these area.” – Sheri Potter “Before this class, I had never collaborated with anyone to write, and I had hardly given rhetoric or arguments a second thought. With our projects and discussions on audience, interviews, and rhetoric, I feel much more prepared to write professionally. I believe this class has taught me how to be more effective with both my writing and arguments.” – Joshua Reed “I think I learned a lot from this class this semester, especially in terms of working with other people. There were some things that were difficult, like the success stories, purely because timing was extremely difficult. Fundraising, too, because it was hard to come up with something fitting that would work, and I didn’t know fully what I was doing. But I think my technical/professional writing skills improved a lot, and I know a lot more about how to write things for/with different audiences. It was a good and challenging experience, overall.” – Emily Sinn English 2105: Writing in the Professions “When I signed up for this course I expected to learn about how to write more professionally. […] Never would I have thought that I would get to experience researching the writing taking place firsthand in my future profession. Through writing multiple research papers, I can confidently say that I grew as a writer and researcher. Being able to design my own research project was very eye-opening. I gained many insights through interviewing professionals as well as observing and collecting written artifacts that I will someday be writing when I am a teacher.” - Haley Kalchik “This is my final course in the Professional Writing Certificate. Throughout the program, I have learned invaluable information that I will continue to use in any career that I choose. In fact, the professional writing courses have inspired me to enroll in additional courses at the College of DuPage. I will then transfer to Western University to complete a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Anthropology.” – Robyn Eib “Before I enrolled in this course, I expected that I would learn about the different types of documentation that different professionals have to create in their respective fields. I did not expect that I would learn about how professionals in a specific field communicated and prepared their documentation. I also expected that I would be able to create some writing samples for my [professional] writing portfolio. Overall, I am glad that I learned more about the Volunteer Services department, its staff, and its communication practices. This course met my expectations because it allowed me to create writing samples for my portfolio.” – Shanna Taylor “For every type of writing that I undertook this semester, simplicity and clarity were emphasized over excess and complexity. Oftentimes I would spend all this time writing a sentence and then go back later during the revision process and change it to something much shorter and more basic. I think this is especially true for the type of professional writing I was observing in the company I studied. When writing is for a specific purpose, adding anything else that doesn’t relate to the subject is simply a distraction from more valuable information contained within. Whatever I end up doing professionally, I need to remember to keep my writing simple, clear, and to the point.” – Zachary Pearson English 1115: Digital Writing “Through this class I have a better understanding of how to be conscious of my purpose while composing work for the digital world and to be mindful of the message I am trying to convey while keeping my audience in mind. Rhetoric was a word that I had heard in previous English classes but I never gave it much thought or understood its use. After doing multiple reviews involving rhetoric and using it for my own podcast, I finally have a better understanding of what rhetoric is.” – Giana Mingilino English 1110: Technical Writing “When I signed up for this course, I expected it to be helpful in regard to my future career field which is in the computer science industry. This field requires a lot of explaining of how the code you create works; there are times where you have to explain it to someone that does not know much about computer science and this class has made me more comfortable explaining code to someone that knows nothing about it. The different discussion boards and projects each gave me more insight on how to correctly explain something to an audience.” – Lazar Marinkovich “I was required to take this course as one of my prerequisites to completing my undergraduate degree. I dreaded taking this class because I have never been a fan of writing and always dreaded the prompts I was given in school. It is safe to say that coming into this course I was not looking forward to it and was expecting to procrastinate every paper as long as possible. To my surprise, I genuinely enjoyed what I had learned in this course. Technical writing is actually interesting and I enjoyed it.” – Annie Bielinski “The reason I took this course was because it is a prerequisite for some occupational therapy schools that I am applying to this fall. Technical writing is a necessary skill that I would need to know for my future career in occupational therapy especially when I work on case studies or research projects. Before taking this course, I was not an effective writer. Now, I feel that my technical writing style has improved due to all the feedback I received from my peers and professor. Technical Writing with Dr. Accardi is an excellent English course, and I would recommend it to all new students.” – Ken T. “I am not planning to take any further technical writing classes in near future but will definitely use learning from this class for various work projects like preparing process documentation, step by step guide for reports and preparing training material for new employees. At first, the class schedule seemed overwhelming but it was very well structured. I liked that many of the project steps were broken out and had separate deadlines, which helped me to meet all the deadlines without trying to finish all at once.” – Anisa Laliwala “[In this course], I learned a lot of fundamentals of technical writing. […] I think that audience analysis and usability will both help me a great deal in my career. I am going into public accounting and so I will often have to explain certain processes, theories or regulations to clients. Recognizing that clients do not have the same understanding of these topics that I do will help me break down the topics more. Also realizing that the clients will not need to have the same understanding of these topics will help me be concise and to the point. […] I recently encountered a situation at work where the person I was working with had significantly less technical knowledge than I assumed they had. Once I was able to analyze their level of expertise and knowledge I discovered that it was much easier for me to explain the concept to them.” – Abigail Fischer English 1105: Workplace Writing “I can honestly say, this Workplace Writing class exceeded my expectations in many ways. As my first college class after a many year break, I was terrified about fulfilling the workload and expected many research papers. I am so pleasantly surprised to see that I was wrong in all my assumptions. [...] The workplace description project really forced me to take a deeper look into a profession I am working towards. [...] The professional portfolio project, however, will be the assignment I use for the rest of my life. [...] Thank you for your straightforwardness and for putting together a class that includes beneficial skills and material that all working people should know." – Amy Veltum “I have learned from taking this course that I may have been close-minded to how important a good writer really is when it comes to the professional world. I think that I incorrectly assumed that if your field doesn't have to do with writing specifically, that it is not important. This course had proven me wrong on that. [...] I am very grateful for this class and I feel that I am a lot more knowldegable and prepared for the professional level writing that I will need to do in the near future." – Ana Schisler “Overall, this course was very fun and also very interesting. I had the chance to interview a real-life cybersecurity analyst and get a sneak peak of what it's really like working as one. I would 100% recommend this class to my friends who are doubltful of taking it, and I would most absolutely recommend Dr. Accardi as the teacher. He has been really understanding and helpful the entire course." – Nuwaira Noor-Ul Ameen “I am glad that this course was part of the 3+1 program that I am currently completing. It has allowed me to shape and enhance my skills in workplace writing and see how important it is in the field that I want to work in after I graduate." – Salvador Guillen Jr. "My expectations going into this course was to only be in it long enough to drop it, boy was I surprised. I could tell the class was very well organized which laid the kind of groundwork I appreciate most as a student. Although, I expected to learn some things, I learned much more." – Erica Jenkins "I knew that the course was an 8-week course, so I figured that this course was going to involve a lot of fast-paced writing assignments. In some other 8-week courses that I have taken, there were a lot of assignments piled on top of each other, so that was somewhat of an expectation for this class. Once I began the class, the class was definiately at a much better pace than expected. We were able to work at a good pace, and I believe that allowed us to put out the best work as possible. This was a great benefit to my writing experience" – Dominick Aiello “This course met my expectations of a business writing course, helped grow my communication skill set, intensified my writing, taught me the importance of professionalism, and overall, just helped me as a writer. This is all thanks to Dr. Accardi, for being a positive professor, who taught me well, and if I ever had any questions or concerns, was very understanding, and there to help me out." – Talha Ahmed “The ultimate question most students ask is 'When am I going to use this information?' I asked myself that a lot throughout my education at College of DuPage and after taking English 1105 I can truly say I will use the information taught for the rest of my business career. Professor Accardi, you have exceeded my expectations as a professor. Your class was organized, clear and concise. The information taught was relevant and interesting. Every class I have taken before I have wanted to pull my hair out...they were so boring. I came into your class having little workplace writing experience; the only experience I had was exchanging emails for work. After this class, I can apply for jobs now that I have a resume and exchange emails in a more concise manner. I found our final paper to be the most helpful. I have never written a resume or cover letter before. This assignment allowed me to see why each are done in a way to appeal to potential employers; again, a topic relevant for myself in the future. My parents told me they have never heard me speak so much about a class in such a positive way. I learned a lot about myself during this class and I even changed my major along the way, because of the assignments. This class made me branch out and actually think unlike many of my previous classes. Professor Accardi, you have been a treat to work with. Professors like you inspire students to chase their dreams and reach goals they thought were impossible. I have my head on my shoulders as I attend DePaul University in January and I owe you for that.” – Kimberly Posadzy “I was really impressed with the excessively straightforward, clear, and easy to understand instructions for every homework and writing project that are designed to walk you through every step of the assignment and it made the course really easy to follow. It is really hard to say which assignment I found the most helpful because I enjoyed doing them all. […] This course became one of those courses with the solid standards that I was missing for so long but now have found.” – Andrey Romanovich “As someone who writes every day for work, I never considered genre and rhetoric to be a part of workplace writing. I’ve always considered these as qualities of creative writing or persuasive papers. I see now that cover letters and resumes are a form of persuasive writing. No matter where I end up, I think I will keep genre and rhetoric in mind whenever I write.” – Kevin Donovan “In the digital era, in which we live in, it is increasingly important for a person to be able to write professional documents for the workplace. In the multitude of classes offered at College of DuPage, Workplace Writing is at the top of the list a professional should take to improve his or her writing skills. In this class, a student’s expectations will be met by learning how to compose professional documents and how to think critically, all the while gaining confidence.” – Mike Liszewski “Overall, I think this class was a good experience. I learned more in this class than I was expecting to. This class was not like the other useless English class I took in my freshman year of college, but instead in this class we actually did something that will help me in the future.” – Sunny Vasty “Before I took English 1105 I thought of myself as a below average writer, but now I feel that I am a very well-rounded writer. I plan to keep applying the key skills I learned from this course to all my other courses. Even while in this class I always noticed myself applying things I learned from English 1105 to my other classes and since then I have seen a boost in my grades on all my papers.” – Maharshee Patel “Overall, this was the most beneficial English class that I have ever taken because I always felt like writing essays on books were a waste in the long run, but this class forced us to learn about the professional writing in the workplace which I think will be very useful for me in the future.” – Travis Bjerga English 1102: Composition II (Honors) “Writing is one of my passions and my interest in it has always been dampened through classroom English experiences. This time in Comp 2, I was challenged and gained a lot - not just writing skills but knowledge about rhetoric and how to collaborate.” – Zaira Khan “Overall, this course developed a lot of new writing skills as well as rhetorical skills that I could potentially use in the future. My biggest takeaway from this class, honestly, is that there are a lot more interesting aspects of writing than just fiction and research. I learned that writing can be used in ways to persuade people, but, while rhetoric can be used for bad, it can always be used for good.” – Angela Lopez “A typical English course might look something like this repetitive pattern of a stagnant structure: ‘Here’s a mainstream writing prompt; write a 1,000-word essay about it.’ It deters students to fully express their writing skills and knowledge. However, Dr. Accardi's English 1102 course demonstrated the opposite approach to your typical English course. He provided the opportunity for students to not only learn and build upon their rhetorical knowledge and skills, he utilized the opportunity to drive creativity through a compelling, engaging, inquiry driven research project that students were able to propose and choose.” – Julia Delnero “I really enjoyed taking this class because it was interactive, and it allowed me to apply what I learned in various ways whether it be in the project we did as a class or to projects I had in different classes. If I had just taken notes from a textbook, I know that I would probably just forget everything I knew about rhetoric the moment the class ended. However, the way Dr. Accardi structured the class has allowed me to be more aware of rhetoric and how it is used in the real world. It also cleared up any misconceptions I had about rhetoric and how the media doesn’t really understand the definition of rhetoric (they should be required to take this class).” – Belem Oseguera “I was pleasantly surprised to find that we, as individuals, were free from the rudimentary expectations often laid down in English classes - tight rules and restrictions on our expression of ideas - and instead were empowered with rhetorical tools that clearly made our arguments more effective. On top of this progressive approach to learning, the professor created a group-oriented environment intended to model the professional workplace, where individuals collaborate instead of competing as individuals on individual projects. As a result, my class was able to develop a grand final product, engaging all of us in various roles from beginning to end, culminating in two major presentations with the opportunity to make a widespread impact outside class. Needless to say, the level of involvement in this class is undeniable and uniquely impactful.” – Aurora “Overall, this class really changed the way I view and utilize rhetoric. I can now understand why some political debates are constantly issues in our society, in particular why these arguments are not effective in creating change. For myself, I know now how to persuade others (my parents hopefully) by appealing to their interests to actually make progress in a situation (instead of just yelling at each other all the time). Being able to understand an audience is vital when applying for schools, internships, jobs, etc. While this was only an English class, the things I learned can certainly aid me in being successful in the future.” – Adellin Fernandez “Going into this class I expected it to be a challenge and it lived up to that. For the most part a lot of the assignments were something I had never done before. And anytime you do something for the first time it can be challenging, not to mention it was graded harder than I was used to. For example, I had no background knowledge on rhetoric before this class. But now I have learned just how influential it can be in persuading someone. Before this class I thought the best way to convince someone was through facts. But, now after taking this class, I found that facts aren’t as factual as you think, and that not everyone can be persuaded by the exact same thing. You really have to understand the audience and who you are talking to and use things that will persuade them.” – Alex Schuchardt “I expected this class to be a typical English class; reading, analyzing, and synthesizing other authors’ work. I did not expect the class to be so project-based, but in the end, I feel that the class was better because of it. […] As a writer, I will continue to look for ways to apply rhetoric in my arguments. Whether it’s describing a chemical reaction or writing an essay in economics, rhetoric can be applied almost anywhere, and as long as it's not overused or misused it can be effective.” – Matas Lauzadis English 1102: Composition II “Going into this course, I expected the same thing I have gotten from every English class in the past. A teacher tells you what to read and do, and you do it. However, having an individual project that was worked on throughout the semester made the class seem less like an English class and more related to the real world. I was happy to find that the assignments felt more like checkpoints and aid to assist with the project, so the class was not what I expected, and that is a good thing.” – Lucas Jackson “I must admit, I underestimated this class. Feeling that most of it would be a thorn in my side, I expected nothing sort of gratuitous. But, I was wrong, so very, very wrong; and I’m happy I was. You’ve become one of my favorite professors here Dr. Accardi. I don’t think I have ever met an English professor like you. Everything was explained and brought to attention. I enjoyed the class this semester.” – Alex Katona "I have done a lot of research for a lot of classes over the years, but never where I actually could influence something. I never thought I could. I just thought that it was out of my hands. With this class I have done more research and went more out of my way than with any other class. To my surprise I was able to use my rhetorical knowledge from this class at my work and it not only worked on my office manager when I presented it to him but he created a last minute meeting for the following day for me to present it to the staff managers. The positive feedback and the respect that I have gained in the last two days was just breath taking for my young self in this office, where most people are twice my age. […W]hat I have learned about this is to never underestimate myself again.”– Jessica Fedorowicz, English 1102 “To be honest the best part about this class was the realization that I can effect social change. I do have the power through words and the practice of rhetoric to make the world a better place (as I see it) and that was truly life changing. I will take that lesson with me everywhere I go.” – Noah Carroll “Having a real life project to apply the course material made this class all the better. Early on, I decided to do my project on the Christian church’s apathy toward racial injustice in America. This project made me realize that even as a young African American adult, I have the power and ability to speak out against injustices in the world in a professional and articulate way.” - Jewell Allen “Overall, I cannot express enough how amazing and eye-opening this course was. It was really refreshing to see a teacher that was passionate about our own passions. I really enjoyed how we applied everything that we learned in class to a real-world problem. It was a great experience and a great opportunity to be able to work on something I’ve been so emotional about.” - Claire Simari “I didn’t think this class was going to be anything like this. I figured it was going to be more like my English 1101 class, do a little bit of different writing styles/types of papers or maybe focus on just a few of them. Obviously this class was way different from that. When we first started talking about rhetoric I thought it would be like high school where we would kind of talk about it for maybe a week and move on. But we talked about it for a week, and the next, and the next.” - Nikki Reinke “A really significant thing that I realized while taking this class is that it takes a lot to change something in the world, but it is possible. I wasn’t able to achieve any significant progress at all but I see now that there is a way to really make a difference. If you gather the right information and present it to the right people in the right way it can make a change in the way we live. Some problems feel too big for one person to change but one small act can lead to bigger things. I feel like after doing this project writing isn’t just about getting a grade or persuading someone about a rhetorical situation and stopping there; writing has the potential to have people take action.” - Ben McMahon “All past English courses focused around the class five-paragraph essay format. Each assignment in the past was either an essay composed on giving a response to a book we read in class or a research paper. Same format every time, same monotonous layout. Unlike other English classes, this class was the first time I have ever had to write something that related to real life problems I was experiencing. Connecting my ideas to paper and being told to act on them was a first.” – Rachel Giordano “I definitely feel that I am able to use my rhetorical knowledge we learned in my day-to-day life. I think I did a very good job using rhetorical skills to get my point across to the mayor. The mayor seemed to be pretty convinced that my plan could be a good idea for the community. The mayor said he would bring up my problem and solutions at the next city council meeting. I am not sure if I made an impact on the community as of now because the city council has not met. I do believe that it is very possible that there could be change made in Wheaton. This project gave me a lot of confidence in the power of rhetoric, and my ability to use it.” – Nick Roskuszka “Coming into this class when I found out that we have to make this big project and use it in real life, I thought it going to be very hard because I’m used to those easy English courses and I even thought about dropping out and taking it with another teacher. But then I decided to stay because I think it will help me to actually learn something useful that I can use in real life. At the end, I didn’t regret my decision. I really enjoyed the class and I think this class helped me to become a better writer and make good arguments in the future.” – Ming Chen English 1101: Composition I (Honors) “I expected to have to read books like in all my previous English classes. Of course, we had some reading, but the English course was so much more focused on the composition process. I did not expect that we would talk a lot about what our writing processes are, and I did not expect to be talking about musicians and artists in an English course.” – Leah Haft "I have always considered writing to carry a lot of weight. However, I was discouraged through school writing being more concerned with mechanics, the MLA format, and proper citations, rather than the content of the text. This course has taught me how to look at the meaning behind the information, to always be curious, and focus on the process of composition." – Zaira Khan English 1101: Composition I “First of all, my expectations for the course were set very low. I didn’t look forward to taking an English class because I have never really had an English teacher that pushed me to get better and work on my writing. My expectations were blown away. I really enjoyed the class and I did not expect that it would become one of my favorite classes. This class changed a lot about the way I write.” – Ben McMahon “I expected this class to be just like the other ones I had before. I didn’t know that there was another way. Dr. Accardi took us outside the box. I could not have hoped for a better way of learning.” – Anna Stelmasiewicz “I wholeheartedly believe that this course has really helped me write even more fluidly and helped me look at drafts in a different light. Dr. Accardi’s English class in particular is taught in a way that I love because he expects his students to do it on their own, but the help is there if you choose to take it up. I think all college courses should be taught this way because it shows what people are really there to learn and what people are just there to get the work done and I think that is a very important concept. All in all, by far one of my favorite courses to take during my college career especially with such a great and knowledgeable instructor.” – Ivana Koledin “The workshop groups were my favorite part of the class. I had never received actual criticism on papers in high school; the teachers would just give you the grade and never talk about it again. The workshop groups gave me a chance to see what other people think of my writing and make revisions based on those critiques. I also enjoyed critiquing other people’s papers because by seeing their mistakes it made me go back to my own paper and see if I made those same mistakes.” – Chris Hasty “I used to absolutely dread writing papers because all I would do is get criticized on them. So my senior year of high school I kind of gave up on writing. My thought was that if I am going to try my best and have my teachers not see that I am trying then why would I even attempt? But this first semester at College of DuPage has taught me that there is not one right or wrong way to do something. And that I will take with me forever. Now I know that I have improved as a writer. This has been the best experience in an English class by far.” – Dean Driggers “I look forward to taking another class with Dr. Accardi and becoming a better writer with his help because to put it simply, he’s awesome, and he made an educational requirement class an enjoyable experience, and I learned a lot with him.” – Andreja Mrkajic “As a recent high school graduate exhausted from prehistoric rubrics and repetitive assignments, the last thing I wanted was another boring English class. However, my expectations were exceeded and then some from the class environment to the assignments. Dr. Accardi created a fun and inviting learning environment, but with this amusement came a good amount of work. This was never really an issue though as Dr. Accardi provided reasonable deadlines, interesting assignments, and extensive help.” – Patrick Anderson “I definitely learned more about communication, specifically digital communication, which is always something I enjoy learning about. After watching our finished video it was really great knowing that we were able to build our arguments and back them up the best we could, especially after we had struggled with structuring the video for a long time. Viewing the finished project definitely gave use a sense of accomplishment.” – Molly Muriby “While I enrolled in an English class my first semester of college, I was expecting to learn about literature of a past time and how to properly write an essay with boring repetitive topics. Although we spent the majority of the time on one particular project, and it may seem like we did not cover a lot of material, looking back at the start of class with these ideas, I think it surpassed my expectations. That one project has taught me more about being a writer and about the world around me than what I have been taught in past years. We got the opportunity to expand our knowledge and challenge our opinions on extreme issues that have actual meaning.” – Angelica Panzarino “When I registered for this course, I was expecting the typical English class where you read a book, write an essay expounding on one of the themes of the book, and how it contributes to the meaning of it as a whole. Along with that, I was expecting excruciating discussions about Shakespeare or The Iliad and I would have to pretend to know what is going on but in reality, I have no clue. Thankfully, those expectations were not met. […] I am glad that my expectations were not met; I actually enjoyed an English course for the first time in 4 years. […] Throughout this course, I learned a lot about myself as a writer and a thinker. I discovered that my style of writing was hindered by previous teachers and I was forced to dial down any creativity and just follow the pattern. This course didn’t set any barriers when it came to my writing and I realized that my writing is a mixture of formulaic and free. […] After this course, I will continue to improve on my writing. I want to completely move on from the traditional 5-paragraph nonsense and try to formulate a well-developed piece that is effective.” – Rosanna Martinelli “This class is not at all what I expected it would be. First semester in college and I was required to take this English class I automatically thought I was going to get some old guy as a professor and have 100-page readings a day. I thought I was going to be bored out of my mind! I surprisingly wasn’t. This class was actually fun to be in. There was no long lectures or heavy assignments. I liked the group circle talks, and liked how Dr. Accardi talked to us. He didn’t lecture. He conversed with us. He wanted our thoughts, questions, comments; rather than reading slides off a Power Point for the full 50 mins we were in class.” – Natalie Nino

MP and former Cabinet Minister S.B. Dissanayake told a senior monk in Kandy on Monday (5) that President Nandasena Gotabaya Rajapaksa was perplexed by his plunging popularity in the country, and had recently gathered secretaries to government ministries to demand reasons for the steep decline in support. , Dissanayake told the prelate, narrating that the room was filled with secretaries from various government ministries. The MP tried to explain the Government’s failures placing the blame squarely on the shoulders of officialdom, insisting that the President’s orders were simply not being carried out. “I pointed out to the President that his instructions were not being followed. The thing is hamuduruwane even though instructions are being given they are not being carried out,” Dissanayake claimed. “But all their own things get done,” the priest snapped back. Dissanayake was paying tribute to the Chief Incumbent of the Gatambe Rajovapavanaramaya Ven Kappetiyagoda Siriwimala on the occasion of his 90th Birth anniversary. The Chief Incumbent was scathing in his criticism of the Gotabaya Rajapaksa Administration, insisting that “time had run out” for the Government to fulfill its promises to the people. Ven. Siriwimala criticised the decision to put military personnel in positions of authority. “Soldiers know how to fight in a war. They don’t know how to run a country,” the chief monk insisted. “In all honesty, we are totally disillusioned. We don’t do politics here and in fact look at what has become of us for getting involved in politics,” the priest complained. Dissanayake tried to explain that the Government was facing a major cash crunch because the country’s main sources of revenue had taken a hit during the pandemic. “Well that has happened to the whole world,” Ven. Siriwimala retorted. Dissanayake replied: China has told us to take whatever money we need and give it back whenever we can. The Government has been given a clear message from China that they can give us any amount of money we need, returnable when the country can do so.” The Gatambe priest’s grievance is particularly telling because he was a staunch supporter of Gotabaya Rajapaksa’s candidacy. The priest actively campaigned for Rajapaksa’s victory in 2019, telling his Sinhalese devotees that the country was in dire need of a strong leader to pull it back from the brink of destruction. “This is our country’s last chance” he told candidate Gotabaya in August 2019 as he blessed the SLPP nominee for President. See transcript of the exchange between Dissanayake and Ven. Siriwimala and translation below. Watch exchange (8.40 onwards) Ven Siriwimala: ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම අපි කලකිරිලා ඉන්නේ. අපිට ඕනෑම නෑ කියල හිතිලා. මම මෙහෙ දේශපාලනය කරන්නෙත් නෑ. ආයේ කරන්න ඕනත් නෑ. කරලා වෙච්ච හැටි පේනවා නේ. [We are truly disillusioned. We feel like we don’t want any of this. I don’t engage in politics. There is no need to get involved again. See what has befallen us now for doing politics.] SB: පහුගිය දවස්වල ජනාධිපති තුමත් කිව්වා ඇමෙරිකන් ජනාධිපතිතුමා තාම හොඳට ඉන්නවා ජනප්රියත්වයේ. මං හොඳටම වැටිලා ඉන්නේ. මොකද කියල ඇහුවා. දැන් මෙහෙම සේච්ට්රටරීස් ලා සේරම හිටිය. ලේකම්වරු හිටිය. ඒ පාර මම කිව්වා ජනාධිපතිතුමා ඔබතුමා කිව්වා කිසි ම දෙයක් කෙරිලා නෑ කියල. ඇයි එහෙම කියන්නේ? කෝ මං කිව්වා දැන් ඔය ඉස්සරහම ඉන්නේ අධ්යාපන ලේකම්. දැන් ඔබ තුමා කිව්වා ජාතික පාසැල් දාන්න දැන් අහන්න කීයක් හදල තියෙනවද කියල. අවුරුදු එකහමාරයි තාමත් ලැයිස්තු හදනවා. හැම එකක්ම හාමුදුරුවනේ කිව්වා ට වෙන්නේ නෑ. [Recently the President said the American President is still doing well in terms popularity. But my popularity is really falling. Why is that, he asked. Now all the secretaries to the ministries were in the room. Then I said, Mr President, nothing you have ordered has got done. He asked, “why do you say that?” I said look, right in front is the secretary to the Ministry of Education. You said build national schools. Ask him how many have been built so far? It’s been 1.5 years and they are still compiling lists. The thing is hamuduruwane even though instructions are being given they are not being carried out] VS: හැබැයි ඒගොල්ලන්ගේ වැඩ වෙනවා. [Well but their things are getting done.] SB: අනේ මං දන්නේ නෑ. අධ්යාපනයේ GL කිසිම දෙයක් කරන්නේ නෑ [I don’t know. As Education Minister GL is not doing anything.] VS: මට නම් හිතන්න බෑ ආයේ කරයි කියල. කාලේ පැන්නා [I can’t imagine that anything will happen now. Time has run out now.] SB: ගැටළුවක් තියෙනවා අපේ ප්රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ග කඩාගෙන වැටුනා. හැබැයි එහෙම වුනා කියලා….. [There is a problem, our main sources of revenue were wiped out. But just because of that…..] VS: මුළු ලෝකෙටම වෙච්ච එකයි [That happened to the whole world.] SB: ඔව් මුළු ලෝකෙටම හැබැයි චීනේ අපිට කියලා තියෙනවා ඕන ගානක් . ඕන තරං සල්ලි පණිවිඩේ ආණ්ඩුවට කියල තියෙනවා. [Yes, to the whole world, but China has told us take whatever amount you need, pay it back some day when you can. The Government has been given a clear message from China that they can give us any amount of money, to pay back whenever we can.] (By Janakie Mediwake) Latest comments Ashan / April 7, 2021 When you implement racist and nationalistic policies, divide the country, listen to extremist monks, and make our country look like a pariah in the world, can you expect the population to adore you. You cannot intimidate and threaten the media and expect to be loved. Trump is supposedly popular only within his party, the majority in the country never supported him,, his poll numbers never went about 50 percent, and he was rejected by the majority when he lost. Nanda does not seem to be very bright. / leelagemalli / April 7, 2021 Like Soldiers know how to fight in a war, or disaster, but to govern a country the leaders should come with ” Fingerspitzegefühl” -sure instinct”. Who in that MEDAMULANA family is to have SURE INSTINCT ? They have sure instinct to : . 1) Embezzelment of Tsunami funds 2) Using STATE funds to build few hundreds millions worth monuments of their late parents 3) Killing journalists of Lasantha Wickramathunga nature 4)Killing and murdering those youth such as THADUDEEN WASSIM, former Rugby player murdered and planted in the passenger seat .. but SRILANKEN justice system has not yet work on serving the justice to the victimized family 4) Forced cremations of COVID DEATHs of Muslim srilankens 5)Sell out srilanken property for their DISCOUNTs from CHINESE or any PARIAH states 6)Abusing SRILANKEN BUDDHISM for their POWER gaining tactics. / Simon / April 8, 2021 LLM: Could I add No. 7? Pass “20A” to the Constitution and “Acquire” the “Power” to appoint Judges to the Judiciary, so that all the court cases filed against the “Cohorts” of Rajapakse & Co. could either be “Withdrawn” or get judgments “Nidos Kota Nidahas”. / Mallaiyuran / April 7, 2021 “Distraught Nandasena Asks Officials Why His Popularity Is Plunging” You cannot intimidate and threaten the media and expect to be loved. I believe sacrificing of another 150,000 by a war without witness and killing another 200-300 media personnel will make him hero again. Damn the idiot is not asking if & why was he popular within the Modaya crowd one time” Then the answer to the question of why his popularity is sinking is in that answer. Chandraperuma and Thero De Silva delivered Soniya’s kill on Kings plate. Now the UNHRC has delivering the Soniya’s punch to King. Let him take it. In Tamil they ask a question “Drying paddy on the mat is yours; eating chicken is yours; why do you bother me for that? / nimal fernando / April 8, 2021 Gota is just a hospital orderly who had been pushing trolleys who by Lankans renowned wisdom got appointed as the head surgeon. Only Lankans and imbeciles – well, come to think of it Americans too – believe that an untrained man can perform complex surgery. – The people who brought this clown to power knew exactly what they were doing. They have all vanished with their bags of money before he performed his first surgery. His biggest supporter Native Vedda is MIA …… enjoying his ill gotten loot on a beach somewhere. – SB is coming up with his usual BS …… all what China has to do to release us from the debt-trap is to cut the interest rate to near zero – the prevailing interest rate around the world – for the money the economic-Einsteins the Rajapakses borrowed at above commercial rates from China to build all the non-productive crap in Hambathota. Can’t blame the Chinese they are doing what’s best for them ……..It’s for our Einsteins to do what’s best for us: not China. – If Gota has an ounce of brains he would put the army to better use by getting them shoot crooks like SB ……… that would put Lanka on the right track. – But, no matter what ……. Lankans will always be Lankan. – What do you expect? / nimal fernando / April 8, 2021 When it comes to talent/intelligence Gota doesn’t even come close to good ol’ Prabakaran! …….. Prabakaran shot all the crooked Tamil politicians and hung them from lampposts. – Prabakaran wasn’t a Hitler………. just in name. – To call Gota a Hitler is an insult to Eva Braun …….. and Prabakaran. / Sinhala_Man / April 8, 2021 The economy, stupid! . I don’t understand much of this abstruse subject – Economics . However, its importance is clear to all of us. I, therefore, read the occasional article on the subject, but most never read writing on Economics. . Here’s the latest article by a Sinhalese man who seems to be writing all too many articles. Sometimes there are no comments at all. . . I even listened to an hour long video featuring Dr. Gideon Gono to which a link has been provided. . Reading it hasn’t made me all that much wiser about the subject. Why don’t wiser people look at it. Perhaps the more racist-minded Sinhalese will read it if I tell them that “a Tamil fellow” has dared to say this: . ” . . . poor show. . Gono like Mugabe is a nut case. Discussing him is a waste of time.” . There actually are eight comments by now. . The unpleasant fact about the people of our country is that it is only when food prices soar that they throw the fellows out of power. That doesn’t mean that any of us will be happy with inflation. / leelagemalli / April 8, 2021 Nf@ Spot on 😍😍 “But no matter what lankens will always be lanken” . It is high time society experts, sociologists, and various experts to analyse it. . Dogs tail would nt be straightened even if u put it in a bamboo sheath. My elders repeated this 😎😎😎 / Eagle Eye / April 8, 2021 Ashan, Ashan, “Nanda does not seem to be very bright.” —- President Rajapakshe is certainly brighter than those dumbos who failed to eradicate LTTE Tamil terrorism and dong keys in ‘Jadapalana’ Government that allowed the Muslim terrorist attack to go ahead while having prior warnings. Now the security situation is much better, drug menace has come down, underground mafia has been curbed, a large number of Muslim extremists have been arrested and several former LTTE carders with explosives have been arrested. / Burt / April 8, 2021 The jokers the Sinhala Buddhist elected. In a way I am loving it. Its fun. / Sinhala_Man / April 12, 2021 Shocking, Burt – the performance of the oldest of the Rajapaksa siblings. . All must see this, to understand what sort of thug this ex-policeman is. Somehow, the impression had been formed that he was more decent than the younger fellows. . I wonder what the words that were expunged were; the crude gestures provide a clue. In a sense, it’s sickening, but we must know what sort of kakistocracy we are. / Fool / April 8, 2021 Wonder why the comparison with US President. / chiv / April 7, 2021 “Mirror , Mirror on the wall why am I not so popular as Trump” ? “Hey dumbo , ask that monk who called you HITLER. / Ajith / April 7, 2021 “Monsters cannot run the country. Country is with humans, not with wild animals.” The result: 6.9 Million Buddhist Sinhala made a choice to sell this island to China and Chinese. China telling that they can give any amount of money to Gota and to give back later. We cannot forget that China gave money to Mahinda later they got the Hambantota for 99 years lease. China may get the whole country for 1000 years lease outrightly. / Ashan / April 7, 2021 Yes indeed. I would call that selling your country to the only bidder. China owns large chunks of other countries through their trojan horses loans, buildings, bridges, ports etc. We are now putty in China’s hands, and are indebted to them in ways we still have no clue about. It seems the Rajapaksa’s made a hue and cry about Western nations trying to take over this country, but easily handed it over to China. How ironic. You can bet the Rajapaksa’s and their cronies have benefitted in many ways too. / GATAM / April 7, 2021 Gota can easily turn around his unpopularity to massive popularity if he puts the damn 13A to a referendum and then remove 13A. Easy. / Mallaiyuran / April 7, 2021 Who was the one asked “Why my popularity is going down?”. Is that the reality’s representation War Criminal, Hyde or the election myth, War Hero Dr. Jay-Kill, DSc? Donkey King is only worried about the dropping of his popularity. How this donkey can do surgical operation like actions and bring back the British Administration left behind systems? Remember, if one Sinhala or Tamil London Mapillai needs to be trained in Oxford or Cambridge, parents have to spend in cores in Lankawe money. In that calculation, how many billions Lankawe owe to Britain for having trained a whole government and have made it the best in Asia in that time? This Donkey King was he one compared to Singapore’s Lee to Modayas’ consumption. Dreaming of Singapore in elections only can make North Korea out of Lankawe and provide imported Benz-es to Bold Heads but poisonous fertilizer, sugar, oil, Chinese non approved injections………. Instead, dreaming of Malaysia – Singapore only can make three time meals for average Buddhist Sinhalese. / Naman / April 7, 2021 Your Highness You have to see the Articles and comments posted in the Colombo Telegraph to see where you are going wrong since you became the President. The SL female employee of the Swedish Embassy was threatened and harassed; Shani Abeysekara who was investigating very important CRIMES was arrested and jailed; Appointed the LA friends who are NOT suitably qualified to top posts; Sugar/oil/ Fertiliser mess ups; Dissolve the Constitutional Council: replaced 19th Amendment with the 20th with the support of Muslim MPs; Ecoside; building buddhist temples where theren’t buddhists residing; No talk about justice to the ruggerite & Editor of the sunday leader family / Thiru / April 7, 2021 It is the economy, stupid: The country is begging for money internationally even from poor Bangladesh. China is lending money like Shylock and getting their pieces of land in return. Letters of credit from Sri Lankan banks are not accepted abroad for imports. Imports of several goods are banned for lack of foreign exchange. Substandard – even goods dangerous to health are being imported. Most important of all the cost of living is increasing together with inflation. Poor people are hit – cannot afford three square meals a day. Corrupt racist military administration with no expertise does not know how to run the economy. Cronies of the regime are filling their pockets and getting rich – even causing harm to the environment. Sri Lanka is on the way to overtake Zimbabwe. Gota promised the Moon to the idiotic Sinhalese Buddhist racists who voted for him believing that he will deliver the goods: Even his white vans cannot deliver the goods! He can only deliver mass killing! / AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / April 7, 2021 The question “I Am So Unpopular”: Distraught Nandasena Asks Officials Why His Popularity Is Plunging” should be asked by Gota himself. / Dilshan / April 7, 2021 How can a war criminal who raped and killed civilians indiscriminately run the country. Monks and 6.9 million idiot’s did not understand it. Of course! LTTE finished off people capable of leading the country. There are capable people, but they do not want to come forward because of country is ruled by thugs. Until such time majority understands and elect people from alternate political groups other than SLPP/SLFP UNP/SJB JVP and alternate political groups unify themselves under common front leaving their individual who behind, country will be first of the worst countries in the world. I have seen some organizations of Majority community who work for minority interest, but we may have wait for a decade for people to understand them to make an impact in the political arena / Simon / April 7, 2021 Rev. Keppitiyagoda Siriwimala Thero: First, please let us know whether this “Rouge” – S..B.Dissanayke was wearing any “CLOTHES” when he appeared before you. He told you that the present Minister of Education is not doing anything. Why didn’t you ask him what he did when he was holding that Portfolio? I can tell you one thing he did. A Philanthropist lady (she was a Tamil lady) who owned a luxury bungalow donated, with its contents of very valuable “Antique” furniture to the Colombo University. Overnight this “SBD” the then Minister of Education transported all that furniture to his house. This was questioned in Parliament and no action was taken to recover those valuable pieces of furniture. He is also a criminal and a rouge. So why, Rev. Sir, you “Associate” and entertain these types to your temple? You being a “Leader” of a very sacred “Teaching” should never, never “Promote” these types including the present President. I say this to you, because, you are one among many other “Clergy” who told the “Sinhalese Devotees” the country was in dire need of a “Strong Leader” (I will tell who a Strong Leader is in the continuation of this comment) to pull it back from destruction. I continue….. / Cicero / April 7, 2021 interesting to see one goat, SBD blaming the other goat, GLP. Both jumped from party to party, epitome of dishonourable men who live for themselves by stooging those in power. The secretaries blamed are military men who are supposed to carry out orders. Is the fault with the person giving the orders? As the Hamuduruwo says, there work gets done but not the work of the people. They have amassed wealth at the expense of the people while corruption is rife with the Viyathmaga guys making money with sugar scams, coconut oil scams and fertilizer scams. The Buddhist priests can stop all of this if they set their minds to it. But they probably are gifted enough benz cars to buy their silence. the 6.9 will vote for another bunch of crooks at the next elections. / SJ / April 7, 2021 The story makes a mountain out of a mole hill, especially one created a politician of much disrepute. * GR has much to worry because he is starting to lose his grip on the parliamentary group. WW’s outburst in support of GR had actually hurt him. The poor performance on the pandemic front is not yet a disaster as in other countries, but still a challenge to credibility. The economy is the challenge. * Unpopularity does not deter moves towards dictatorship; if at all it is more likely to encourage. Thus the matter needs serious study and action, rather than indulging in cheap broadsides to the fury of the blindly faithful and joy of desperate opponents. / Lester / April 7, 2021 SJ, There was no “poor performance” on the pandemic front. Only 588 deaths:. That is less than 0.5% of the population (21.8 million). Yes, the economy is the challenge. After 30 years of civil war, a “brain drain” exists. Important industries – IT, engineering, technology, mining – etc. remain underdeveloped. The challenge is upgrading these sectors while repaying lenders for money borrowed during the war. / SJ / April 8, 2021 L Let us look at the way it was controlled. There was mismanagement. The case-morbidity ratio was less than 0.1% until mid-2020. How did it shoot up to over 0.6%? Even one avoidable death is one too many to me. * We are better located than most countries as there is only one port for immigration. We have a good literacy rate and a good public health service, despite all efforts to wreck it. So comparison has to be with countries with similar conditions, if our aim is to perform well. * I agree that it is no disaster as claimed by cynics who wish a disaster. But the public is disappointed, in the context of the claims made even as late as October last year. / leelagemalli / April 11, 2021 Dear SENSITIVE Readers, Please look at hitherto statistics compared to other countries /islands/peninsulas etc : SLGO could contain COVID-19 much better if BPs in POWER were wholeheated, but they were busy with making the hay while the sun shines. They the media mafia stay mum so long their commercial gains are fulfilled. Today look at also how they interpret it about PALM oil, although it is almost everywhere (what matters should be the quantity). I THINK IT IS HIGH TIME the specialists in that field to educate the MYTH guided majority srilankens. – To our bad luck, ALPHA PEOPLE born to medamulana jungles ruined it for not having a heart for the nation, but to their family. If RAJAPKSEHS WERE EDUCATED ENOUGH, and HEARTED ENOUGH THEY COULD DO LOT MORE TO PROTECT OUR NATION. SRILANKA (PUNNAKU eaters dominated SINHALAYA filled, but naturally beatiful our motherland) – Coronavirus Cases: 94,848 Deaths: 595 Recovered: 91,456 ****** Vietnam: 100 mio population (not an island) . Vietnam Coronavirus Cases: 2,692 Deaths: 35 Recovered: 2,429 ****** Thailand (population 69 mio, peninsula ) . Coronavirus Cases: 32,625 Deaths: 97 Recovered: 28,214 ****** Taiwan ((population 25 mio, island) Taiwan Coronavirus Cases: 1,056 Deaths: 10 Recovered: 1,020 ****** Austraila (Population: 25 mio, Island) – Coronavirus Cases: 29,402 Deaths: 909 Recovered: 26,356 ****** New Zealand (Population: 4,8 mio, Island) – Coronavirus Cases: 2,574 Deaths: 26 Recovered: 2,440 / Simon / April 7, 2021 In doing so, you, Sir, completely forgot or ignored the “PATH” to “Enlightenment”, at least “Three” of it. (1) Samma Ditti (Right View) (2) Samma Sankappa (Right Thought. (3) Samma Vayama (Right Effort). Because you “Failed” to follow at least this minimum, you are presently “Suffering” mostly with “GUILT” of “Misleading” the People. You are “90” years “YOUNG” and has time to correct the course. Wish you all the “Courage”, “Wisdom” and “Strength” to get back to the “ATTHANGIKA MAGGA” (EIGHTFOLD PATH). “I am So Unpopular,” asks Distraught Nandasena. Mr. Nandasena Gotabaya Rajapakse – the President: I am happy that you raised this question, but my only worry, you asked the “WRONG” bunch of people – your Officials”. My advice to you is: Please retreat to “Isolation” (be alone) and ask for “Yourself” – “Why I am so unpopular”? If you are “SINCERE” to yourself, I bet, your “Conscience” (the Inner Energy) will provide the “TRUTH” and an “INESTIMABLE” answer. You are the “PRESIDENT” of the COUNTRY and ALL its PEOPLE. In my opinion, you were not “FIT” ( ill-equipped) “Qualitatively” and “Quantitatively” to hold such a position of HUGE RESPONSIBILITY. I say “Qualitatively” because it is an accepted fact that: “CREDIBILITY IS THE FOUNDATION OF LEADERSHIP”. / leelagemalli / April 8, 2021 Simon @ What if credibility is bought by cheating gawky ignorants, stupid people using gobell a theory to is best? . I see something like a big disaster ahead of Rajapakshes, but I really dont know what it is. Ll be more or less like the end of lybian coubterparts. . The day people start hating , throwing stones at their every appearance is no t far away. 😎😎😎😎😎😎😎 / Simon / April 8, 2021 Dear LLM: “Credibility” is a Virtue that one must develop with “Quality”. I described this “Quality” as an “Affair of the Heart”. But that has been “deleted” from my comment. Well looking at what you said, “Credibility”, if “bought by cheating”, there is absolutely something wrong with those who “Believed” him/her to be “Credible”. Yesterday, I was watching the TV program “SATANA”. The two participants, a “Lawyer”, the other a “Doctor” from “GR’s” “Pohottuwa” proved to be the very point in your question. Thank you for the question. / leelagemalli / April 8, 2021 Bro SIMON, . PUBLIC perception is made in favour of them only. This has been a long term achievement of MEDAMULANA rascals. Just look at the manner, former Speaker of the same parliament,/Chamal Rajapakse behaved himself in that chamber, his was comparable to street monger in Negombo. I think fake self adulations built up that kind of society, …. any criminals would protect them… Sinhalaya ballo wela. Yet today with sky high price hikes of essential items, people dont yet protest against…. it is all because of being scared by RAJAPKSHES CRIME tactics. / KP / April 7, 2021 “China has told us take whatever amount you need, pay it back some day when you can. The Government has been given a clear message from China that they can give us any amount of money, to pay back whenever we can.” ~ Such poppycock. Only in the unreal world money grows on trees and Santa comes down a chimney to leave free gifts! ~ In the real world, the Sri Lankan economy may have just entered a phase of economic paralysis with foreign debt crisis becoming critical in 2021: 1. Rating agencies have already downgraded Sri Lanka’s sovereign credit ratings. 2. Contraction of trade as a percentage of GDP. 3. Low tax revenue. 4. Lack of foreign direct investment. 5. Over 50% of the country’s foreign loans were commercial borrowings, most of them are International Sovereign Bonds. ISBs have a short payback period, high interest rates (over6% and to be paid biannually) and no grace period. When an ISB matures, foreign debt repayment requirements skyrocket, resulting in a large foreign currency outflow. Expect increased important controls to mitigate the outflow. 6. Sri Lanka’s foreign debt problem leading to serious balance of payment issues. 7. Further devaluation of the Rupee. / a14455 / April 8, 2021 kp if uk or us said the same thing you would be swooning right . shows your stupidity / leelagemalli / April 9, 2021 a14455 / April 8, 2021 – U would never see it right. – how stupid you should be ? : Get well soon. / Tamil from the north / April 7, 2021 Nandasena, yes you are unpopular because you are an uneducated mass murderer whose family plundered the wealth of this country. / cugan / April 7, 2021 All of us from all corners regardless with late Ven.Sobitha thero worked hard and united for betterment for whole Sri lankans we all united but the clue less grama sevaka ruined the good hope of our country how he betrayed the country the 56.days topple and form the illegal govnt Who is running ,still repatriation going on why do have to leave this.Buddha’s bless land Our head couldn’t even fought his country but greatful for US lottery migration / Rajash / April 7, 2021 he thinks that by visiting every village and sitting in a purpose built thatched cottage and addressing the villagers his popularity will shoot up ! on the contrary the villages are getting fed up with his boru show / leelagemalli / April 9, 2021 This is where he lost. His is far away from any achievements. His is definitely lacking the basics. Self adulations have kept them above together with Jacksgiven by pinguththarayas, akin to a fake person tricks with levitation. But u cant fool the very same nation very sane manner again and again 😎😎😎😎😎😎😎 / Punchi Point / April 7, 2021 CT: ” …” Really CT, did the president DEMAND to make him popular? Reading this kind of reporting is like reading a badly written novel, where the story teller lays the ground to paint the villain in the story. The subtle introduction of the word DEMAND instead of ASKED is wilful distortion of what actually happened and it is forceful way of painting a wrong picture and making the reader believe the worse of the president. I personally didn’t like the president at all, and was extremely disappointed when he was elected, but this president has shown that he genuinely want to do the best for all the people in the country. Cheap media is proving what the actual problem is. Further down in the article the conversation is translated and it says: “But my popularity is really falling. Why is that, he asked.” So, actually he didn’t DEMAND but ASK. I hope the so-called journalists at CT know the difference between DEMAND and ASK. / Momentous20 / April 7, 2021 DIS. NAN. Coming to know one’s failure and consequent unpopularity is astute self-knowledge. Great. Greater still is to understand that a people fallen from poverty to penury will brace for revolt. Greatest is to avoid it. Dr. Wijewardene is the most competent Economist, coming out with the most practical courses of action,for redemption. The nation should be grateful that his pen still has ink. Even today the ‘Lamenter’ can appoint a “Competent Five” just to read Dr. Wijewardene’s writings of the last 7 years and to draw up the priorities. The First One can commence action thereon without waiting for the last syllable of recommendations. / paragon / April 7, 2021 Mr.president there is an easy way to get back your popularity among singala modays. 1)set up some bomb blast in north using your KARUNA AMMAN AND HIS BOYS. 2)Follow up with arrest of SOME TAMIL BOYS AND SHOOT AND KILL THEM AS LLTE GUYS. 3)Arrest some muslim boys in the EAST AND KILL THEM and say that they are connected to APRIL BOMBING and try to flee when trying to arrest. 4)you can do this after making arrangement with HIRU AND DERENA and they will go to town with the news every 05 seconds. 5)you go in front of media and say you have saved singla modayas from tamil and muslim terrorist group. next day the 69 million will eat kiribath and will dance on the streets of south.you can arrange some of them free hand to loot tamils and muslims shops in the south. YOUR POPULARITY IS BACK AGAIN 100%-JAYAWEEWA. / a14455 / April 8, 2021 if I were him If not care about cheap popularity. 1 Reform the govt service. 2 bring in as much investment from china as possible 3 complete the long-overdue infrastructure projects. if you do these things people will call your name forever. / leelagemalli / April 9, 2021 a14455 / April 8, 2021 All these are not easy tasks in srilanka. Look at the updated HM notification produced by them 06.04. 2021, still lacks all the facets. All because they have no an ounce of wisdom though wearing academic titles behind name labels. 😎😎😎😎😎😎😎😎😎😎 / Black Lankan / April 8, 2021 SB, one of the so well known crooks and a rogue. He has no place in any civlised society. It is a shame he met the clergy and if so for what. Regarding popularity all what he has done is to make minorities as enemies and criminals and non citizens. He played with the honor of the minority to hoodwink the foolish sinhala buddhists to win election. And then he got surrounded by a bunch of brainless cronies including even the shamless nariya GL Peries and many more and thoght hre can run the country with these bunch of fools. UN fiasco is a good example. Dinesh another clown claiming he won the vote in the UN. Colombage was branded as a fool and a liar by Tim Sebastian, oh deiyane he is the secretary to the minstry of foreign affair. Gotta cant go on surviving by destroying the minorites, taking their places of worship, their lands, their rights and identity. Now the foolish mass has realised that they were well and trult taken for a good ride, but too late. How many are having three meals a day. While majority starve they have Mrs lanka pageant and what a shame that was, an additiona feather to the country. Soon there is going to be Mrs world contest, another fun ahead. /

INTROToday's guest is the lovely Christie from Christie Hawkes.com - her blog asks the question in its header - So What? Now What? and I love the concept behind the title. I've really enjoyed getting to know Christie over the last year - we have a lot in common (except that she likes running and I am a useless runner!) but you can't have everything! It's such a pleasure to introduce you to Christie (if you haven't met her already). Today she's talking a bit about herself as she asks some quite interesting questions that I hope you leave an answer to in the comments section before you go. GETTING TO KNOW YOUWhen Leanne invited me to participate in her new guest series, I was thrilled, but unsure what to write about. Leanne suggested something fun that people would like to read on a Saturday—along the lines of visiting over a cup of coffee. So I thought, what would we talk about if we were meeting for the first time? We’d probably ask each other getting-to-know-you questions. And that’s what I decided to do. I’ll ask and answer five questions, and I hope that you will respond by answering at least one of the questions in the comments — more if you’re willing. WHEN DID YOU LAST SING TO YOURSELF? What song was it? I know it’s a cliché, but it was in the shower this morning. I know it’s a cliché, but it was in the shower this morning. In the Leafy Treetops. Words and music: Anon. Arr. © 1989 IRI WHEN WAS THE LAST TIME YOU DID SOMETHING THAT FRIGHTENED YOU?What was it? I recently rode a bike for the first time in more than 20 years. It was part of a team building activity at work, and I was literally terrified, but I did it. I was afraid of falling and afraid of looking vulnerable (foolish) in front of my coworkers; both of which I did, by the way, and survived to tell the tale. WHAT IS ONE THING YOU ARE PASSIONATE ABOUT?Over the past couple of years, I have developed a real passion for wellness—physical, mental, and spiritual. I’ve been studying—and practicing—healthy eating, physical fitness, meditation, mindfulness, essential oils, nature time, even a little Buddhism, just to name a few. WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE FAMOUS?In what way? I don’t necessarily want to be famous, but I would love to have a book published. If that book became a best seller, I wouldn’t be sad. If that led to speaking opportunities, all the better. So maybe I do want to be famous. WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU WON THE LOTTERY?The first thing I would do is hire an accountant and an attorney. I’d pay off my children’s houses. Then travel—a lot! Christie and where you can find her: Twitter: Instagram: Pinterest: To keep up to date with my posts, feel free to add your email into the spot especially for it on my sidebar and I'd love you to share this post by clicking on a share button before you go xx Fun questions Christie! My Last Frightening Thing was this week... standing up on my StandUp Paddle Board in choppy water. I do not have the best sense of balance and it's really hard to get back on the board for me in deep water (poor upper body strength), so I am terrified of falling in and not being able to get back up. Standing up when the water is calm is easy.... the water was not calm the other day & I stood up (for a while). I think it was because of your race running blog - you pushed yourself and I thought, I can too. And then, I was proud of myself! Congratulations Pat! You had mentioned you were struggling with the choppy water. You're so kind to give me credit for inspiring you. I have a similar issue with lack of upper body strength. When I went on a mud run with my daughter a couple of years ago, I literally could not pull myself out of one of the pits without help. I swore I would work on upper body after that, but so far I haven't accomplished much in that department. I have useless upper body strenth - really poor shoulder sockets (one repaired from multiple dislocations and the other managed to get frozen for a year or so) I'm really tentative about anything that needs me to rely on shoulder strength - so good on you Pat for pushing through - you have my absolute admiration! I didn't know that about you Leanne. My husband has joint problems as well. I've lost count of the number of shoulder surgeries he's had. He also has a knee replacement, which has to be repaired this Wednesday. I pretty sure we've paid for one wing of The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital (TOSH). Hi Christie, I sing in my head all the time, sometimes to the point of annoyance as the song gets stuck for ages!! Usually they're praise and worship songs, as that's what I listen to most. I tend to stay away from things that frighten me, I don't need the adrenaline rush!! I'm definitely not interested in being famous, and if I won the lottery I'm sure I'd be very boring and pay off the mortgage, put a whole lot into my superannuation, and donate to some worthy causes. If I still had leftovers for a bit of travel that would be a bonus! Great to read your guest post and learn a little more about you xx Thanks for playing along, Sue. I'm not a big adrenaline junky either. I only rode the bike because it was a team-building activity. More often the fears I conquer are related to mental or emotional accomplishments. Now that I've read your responses, I definitely want to amend my lottery answer. There are a couple of worthy causes that I donate smaller amounts to now; I would give them a big chunk for sure. I think practical use of lottery winnings makes a lot of sense Sue - and it would reduce the number of people who are worse off a couple of years after their win because they blew it all on stupid things. And I also get songs stuck in my head - I have a worship CD on in my car (to calm my road rage!) and some of those songs are in my head morning, noon and night! Hi Christie, lovely to have some fun questions as a way to get to know your better. Some of your answers would be identical to mine - health & wellness I'm passionate about, we both like running and I would love to write a book and expand my public speaking. My last thing that frightened me was my first time as an MC and Guest Speaker but like you with the bike (which I can't ride by the way), you give it your best shot and most times you can conquer the fear by facing it head on. If I won the lottery, I would leave it there for a while. I definitely would help my children and of course travel, but I would also like to help those less fortunate and that would need some thought. Thanks Leanne for Social Saturday and I hope you and Christie have a fabulous weekend xx Sue from Sizzling Towards 60 & Beyond Yes, Sue, I would find MC-ing an event to be a frightening, but exhilarating (I think), experience. As you said, one of those that you just have to prepare the best you can and then push forward through the fear. I imagine you had a great sense of accomplishment. As soon as I started reading these responses, I immediately wished I had mentioned sharing part of my lottery winnings with my favorite charities. Of course, in order to win the lottery, I'd actually have to buy a ticket. They don't even sell them in Utah--gambling is illegal here. Have a lovely weekend! I don't buy lottery tickets either - but it's always fun to think about what you'd do with a million dollar windfall isn't it? And I still envy both of you for your running skills - and the fact you actually enjoy the whole running thing (my husband runs twice a week but says he's never had a runner's high - but it's always good when he stops!) Interesting about your husband Leanne. I actually wouldn't claim to get a runner's high either. I love the feeling of accomplishment when I've done a long run, the fitness it provides, the thrill of an organized race, the camaraderie among runners, and the beautiful trail I run on; but I wouldn't say I love the actual act of running. And yet I continue. :-) Hi Christie, it’s great to read your post here on Leanne’s blog. I love the idea of your getting to know you questions and your answers. The last song I sang (or hummed) was a nursery rhyme to a baby, and the last time I did something that scared me was the zipwire where I flew super man style for what seemed like ages but in fact was only about 40 seconds. I actually enjoyed it!! I'm so glad that zipline pic is getting included in your guest post next month Deb - it looked like a blast and you would have had such a sense of elation from overcoming your fear and for the experience itself. It's on my bucket list :) Singing to babies is the best. Our youngest grandchild is almost nine years old, so there's not as much singing as there used to be--sometimes we still do it though. I've done a zipline before, but sitting up in a harness. I've never done the Superman style. I think that would be a little scarier. I'm glad you enjoyed it! Thanks for stopping by and playing along. hello christie, pleased to meet you. I used to sing a lot - making up songs of gratitude as I was walking - seem to have misplaced that as well - last song was 'the ants go marching two by two hurrah hurrah ' to the grandbaby in the car when she was grizzling. the last frightening thing I did was a month ago - leave my home and my partner and move into a tiny house in a village - it was such a huge gulp after 30 years ...it is going well and not necessarily permanent but shocking to the core and very very good for me and my growth. passionate about the earth about creation about writing and sharing my love of earth and heart and spirit..no need to be famous but if I won the lotto I have family and friends a plenty to share with ... Hello Sandra. Pleased to meet you as well. That's what I love most about these guest posts--getting to know new people. I will be stopping by your blog shortly. I remember the ant song, but haven't sung it in awhile. I might have to try that one out on the grandkids. Wow, leaving your home and partner to move into the village is a big, frightening step. I'm glad it is going well for you. Thanks for taking the time to answer these questions and share a little of yourself with us. Hi Sandra - I hope things are going well for you through this separation stage - fingers crossed that things work out for you - 30 years is a long time and maybe it will be salvagable - I'll keep you in my thoughts and prayers while you figure stuff out. So glad you've kept up with your blogging and commenting - I'd miss you if you stopped x Hi, Christie. Fun questions. I'll take number 1. There's always a song in my head, and sometimes ones I haven't heard or thought about for years and years. The last time I remember singing out loud though was in Hobby Lobby yesterday. "What a Friend We Have in Jesus" was being playing on the loudspeaker and I was humming along. The saleslady in fabrics heard me humming and said "If you know the words, feel free to belt them out!" I loved that attitude. Hello Laurel. It's so nice to meet you. I will be stopping by your blog soon. I love that the clerk encouraged you to sing out. I love music and that kind of friendly attitude. Laurel I want to go to Hobby Lobby now and sing with you! I can't carry a tune but I make up for it with great zeal and gusto! How fabulous to be somewhere they encourage you to let go and have some fun - definitely my kind of place! Nice to meet you, Christie. ☺ I would have the same answer to the lottery question, substituting close relatives and friends for children, since we don't have any. Travel is a huge passion! ♥ This is a nice idea, Leanne. Thanks for introducing us to your friend. Wishing everyone a good weekend! Hello Debbie. It's nice to meet you too. My thanks also to Leanne for giving me this opportunity to connect with her friends. I'll be stopping by your blog soon. Wouldn't it be so much fun to just be able to shower our lottery winnings on those we love and even strangers? I hope you are having a lovely weekend. Hi Debbie - I missed you in this year's AtoZ! Lovely to see you stopping by and cheering Christie on. It's been a great series so far and July is already locked in. And now we just all need to win Lotto! What a great interview! Love this! Thanks Margot. It's been fun for me too. Would you like to choose one question and answer it? I'm off to visit your blog now. Hi Margot - I loved how Christie gave us her answers and threw it into the ring for anyone to add their's - the Lottery one was very popular :) Oh, my! Your questions did make me think! My fears all tend to swirl about my grandkids. I'm passionate about my writing and would love to be famous for writing something uplifting and worthwhile! And BTW: That is one of my favourite songs! I sing it all the time! Yes, this next generation have so much longer on this earth than we do and I hate it when I see things getting worse - I want them to live in a good, happy, healthy world and not one that is slowly ruining itself! I worry for my grandchildren too, but they are such bright, loving children, I trust that they will figure it out and hopefully contribute to making the world a better place. How fun to find someone else that knows that song. It always makes me feel happy. Great to read a fun post on the weekend Christie and Leanne, last time I did something that frightened me was earlier in the year when I was interviewed for an item on TV news. You probably know I'm passionate about health and fitness. Loved all the questions I didn't know you were famous Jennifer! I knew about your passions - but not about your brush with fame. Glad you've enjoyed Christie's post :) I've done a couple of television interviews related to my work, and it was scary! Of course, a passion for health and fitness is something we share. Thanks for playing along. Christie - loved reading your Q&A. I totally relate to the 'famous' answer! I don't usually sing in the shower, but I love singing. I appreciate focusing on wellness also -- but am not very consistent with any of my practices. I lived a quite scheduled life for years -- and then my children's needs and work consumed me for years. So I'm trying to live more intuitively for the time being. I'm glad you enjoyed it, Janet. This is an interesting time of life, isn't it. We have an opportunity to catch our breath and check in with ourselves in a way that is not often possible during the child-raising, career-pursuing years. Thanks for playing along with our Q&A. Have a lovely day! I think we all lose ourselves a little during the motherhood stage Janet - keeping all the balls in the air leaves very little time for self awareness and growth. Midlife is the perfect time to start pulling all those loose ends back together again and recreating ourselves. HI Leanne and Christie I like this theme. Getting to know each other. Great questions, Christie Here are answers to a few of them. I have the voice of a frog so I don't sing often. I do hum. I caught myself humming while in traffic the other day. I think the vibrations were calming me I share Christie's passions for health and wellness. I don't necessarily want to be famous, but I would like to do something extraordinary. What? I've not a clue. Good morning! My voice isn't great either--and I come from a family of singers. Maybe that's why my singing happens in the shower or the car. I love it that so many of us have a passion for wellness. Good luck with finding your something extraordinary. Or perhaps it will find you. It was nice meeting you. Your comment did not include a name, so I'd love it if you'd stop back and tell us who you are and if you blog. I sing completely out of tune - but with great gusto! I love singing in the car with the music up loud (I can kid myself that I sing a lot better that way!) It's lovely to have you stop by - and I hope you'll pop back again and read some more - I love the engagement and connection that blogging brings with it and would love you to be part of our community x If I won the lottery I would immediately be on a plane on a trip somewhere. Probably Europe. I know I should have a bunch set aside for retirement but I'm impulsive that way. Hopefully, I'll have some left when I return. LOL Good morning Rebecca! I love travel too. I think my first stop would be Australia, then Italy, then who knows where! Thanks for playing along with our getting-to-know-you Q&A. Yay!! Christie is coming to Australia when she wins Lotto! And Rebecca I'd be in Europe for a prolonged visit if I won too. Australia is soooo far away from everywhere that I need a chunk of time to recover from the jet lag - and that takes serious winnings :) I really enjoyed this guest post! It has me thinking now, I need to try something scary, ha! My hubby (he wants the lottery badly!) wants to do a zip line, that may be a good place to start. Thanks, Leanne - nice to meet you Christie! Hello Lori Jo! Nice to meet you as well. I will be stopping by your blog shortly. Doing a zipline with your husband would be a great place to start with something scary--and if you win the lottery, you can do it somewhere exotic. My husband and I went zipining in Costa Rica, and it was amazing. I nearly went zip lining in Singapore - changed my mind at the last minute - and now definitely have to do it. I have a guest post from Debbie in a few weeks and she includes a pic of herself ziplining and overcoming her fear of heights at the same time - it sounded amazing. Hi Christie and Leanne, A refreshing theme for a post. The last song was in the shower this morning. Yet to do something that frightened me. Passionate about travel. Not keen on being famous. Lottery? Will go and watch the Wimbledon final and the Australian Open, and a Test match at Lord's and MCG. - Pradeep I think everyone needs to win Lotto so we can all visit each other Pradeep - you could pop in to see me when you're at the Australian Open :) I love that we can all daydream about winning the lottery but we're not wasting our time waiting for it to happen :) Is it because you aren't afraid of anything, Pradeep? :-) Good point, Leanne, that we are all doing things that we love now, even without the Lotto. I certainly don't plan to wait for a big windfall to come to Australia--just a little more time. I can't wait to meet you, and see your beautiful country, in person. Always fun to get to know other bloggers! Thanks for sharing with us at The Blogger's Pit Stop! Roseann from This Autoimmune Life Thanks for visiting my guest post, Roseann. I always enjoy the Blogger's Pit Stop. I'll be stopping by your blog soon.

From: Terry Reilly Sent: Thursday, September 20, 2018 8:28:38 AM (UTC-06:00) Central Time (US & Canada) Subject: FI Morning Grain Comments 09/20/18 PDF attached Weather and crop conditions ・ 6-10 day is drier for the northern Plains and northwestern Midwest. 11-15 day is slightly wetter for the southwestern Plains and west central Midwest. ・ One more day of much warmer-than-normal temperatures and dry conditions will occur in most of the lower and eastern Midwest. ・ US harvesting delays will occur in a few parts of the US this week. ・ Frost and freezes may eventually develop in the northern most Midwest and a part of the northern Plains in late September. ・ HRW wheat country will see rain delaying plantings of winter wheat but the precipitation was welcome. ・ Canada’s Prairies will be cool and wet this week, delaying harvesting efforts. ・ Australia’s precipitation will remain limited this week. ・ Russia’s Volga River Basin could see additional rain will fall this week. ・ Europe will see limited rainfall through Thursday. ・ Brazil will see good rain this week from Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay to southern Minas Gerais, Parana, Santa Catarina and Parana. ・ Argentina will see a mixture of rain and sunshine. SIGNIFICANT CORN AND SOYBEAN BELT PRECIPITATION EVENTS WEST CORN BELT EAST CORN BELT -Thu 80% cvg of 0.40-1.65” and local amts to 3.25” from east S.D. and NE Neb. to central and north Ia. and central and NW Wisc. with up to 0.75” and local amts to 1.20” elsewhere; far south driest Thu-Fri 70% cvg of up to 0.35” and local amts to 0.75” Fri-Sat 15% cvg of up to 0.50” and local amts to 1.0”; SE Mo. wettest Sat-Sun 20% cvg of up to 0.40” and local amts to 1.0”; mostly south Sun-Tue 85% cvg of up to 0.75” and local amts to 1.75”; far NW driest Mon-Sep 26 85% cvg of up to 0.75” and local amts to 2.0” Sep 26-27 55% cvg of up to 0.35” and local amts to 0.85” Sep 27-28 60% cvg of up to 0.35” and local amts to 0.65” Sep 28-29 Up to 20% daily cvg of up to 0.20” and locally more each day; some days may be dry Sep 29-30 Up to 20% daily cvg of up to 0.20” and locally more each day; some days may be dry Sep 30-Oct 2 60% cvg of up to 0.70” and locally more Oct 1-3 70% cvg of up to 0.70” and locally more U.S. DELTA/SOUTHEAST SIGNIFICANT PRECIPITATION EVENTS -Thu Up to 20% daily cvg of 5-20% daily cvg of up up to 0.30” and locally to 0.30” and locally more each day; some more each day days may be dry Fri-Sun 85% cvg of up to 0.65” 10-20% daily cvg of and local amts to 1.30”; up to 0.50” and locally wettest north more each day; north and west wettest Mon-Tue 80% cvg of up to 0.75” and local amts to 2.0” Mon-Sep 26 80% cvg of up to 0.75” and local amts to 1.75” Sep 26-28 80% cvg of up to 0.75” and local amts to 2.0” Sep 27-Oct 1 Up to 20% daily cvg of up to 0.25” and locally more each day; some days may be dry Sep 29-Oct 1 10-25% daily cvg of up to 0.30” and locally more each day Oct 2-3 40% cvg of up to 0.35” and locally more Oct 2-4 35% cvg of up to 0.40” and locally more Source: World Weather and FI ・ Registrations are unchanged Macros. ・ US stocks are higher, USD lower, WTI crude higher, and gold lower, at the time this was written. ・ China plans to impose import tariffs as soon as October. (Bloomberg) ・ Corn futures are higher on follow through short covering. ・ USDA export sales for corn were better than expected of 1.384 million tons. ・ Baltic Dry Index was up 23 points or 1.7% to 1396. ・ Reuters: CIF corn bids for September barges were bid 4 cents lower at 24 cents a bushel above Chicago Board of Trade December futures CZ8. Spot FOB offers held at around 43 cents over futures. ・ EU corn (futures) hit a 2-month low. ・ Ukrainian corn hit a 9-month low (Platts) of $168.50/ton. ・ USDA’s Attaché estimates Egypt will import 9.5 million tons of corn, up from 9.4 million a year earlier. ・ Weekly US ethanol production increased 31,000 barrels per day to 1.051 million, higher than trade expectations, 1.7 percent above the comparable period a year ago but 2.1% below 4 weeks earlier. US ethanol stocks decreased 148,000 barrels to 22.746, about in line with expectations. ・ The USDA Broiler Report showed eggs set in the US down 2 percent and chicks placed down slightly. Cumulative placements from the week ending January 6, 2018 through September 15, 2018 for the United States were 6.81 billion. Cumulative placements were up 1.4 from the same period a year earlier. ・ China sold 2,999,788 tons of corn at auction of state reserves at an average price of 1,559 yuan ($227.65) per ton, 75.45 percent of total corn available at the auction. ・ China will sell another 4 million tons of corn on Friday. ・ China sold about 83 million tons of corn out of reserves this season. USDA Export Sales Text ・ Corn: Net sales of 1,383,700 MT for 2018/2019 were reported for Mexico (344,600 MT, including decreases of 100 MT), South Korea (204,300 MT), Peru (148,900 MT, including 72,600 MT switched from unknown destinations), Japan (145,200 MT, including 44,900 MT switched from unknown destinations), and Costa Rica (135,900 MT, including decreases of 3,000 MT). For 2019/2020, net sales of 9,700 MT were reported for Mexico. Reductions were reported for El Salvador (9,000 MT) and Israel (700 MT). Exports of 1,077,700 MT were primarily to Mexico (398,900 MT), Japan (96,000 MT), Taiwan (86,900 MT), Saudi Arabia (73,800 MT), and Colombia (73,300 MT). Optional Origin Sales: For 2018/2019, new optional origin sales were reported for South Korea (69,000 MT) and unknown destinations (55,000 MT). The current outstanding balance of 1,089,000 MT is for South Korea (481,000 MT), unknown destinations (353,000 MT), Vietnam (130,000 MT), Saudi Arabia (70,000 MT), and Malaysia (55,000 MT). ・ Barley: No sales were reported during the week. Exports 100 MT reported were to Taiwan. ・ Sorghum: Net sales of 20,200 MT for 2018/2019 were reported for unknown destinations (10,200 MT) and Japan (10,000 MT). Exports of 1,700 MT were reported to Mexico. ・ Beef: Net sales of 15,900 MT reported for 2018 were up 47 percent from the previous week, but down 16 percent from the prior 4-week average. Increases were reported for Mexico (3,600 MT, including decreases of 100 MT), Hong Kong (3,000 MT, including decreases of 200 MT), South Korea (2,900 MT, including decreases of 300 MT), Japan (2,500 MT, including decreases of 1,200 MT), and Taiwan (1,600 MT). For 2019, net sales of 300 MT were reported for Japan (200 MT) and Taiwan (200MT). Exports of 17,300 MT were up 10 percent from the previous week and 3 percent from the prior 4-week average. The primary destinations were Japan (5,500 MT), South Korea (4,200 MT), Hong Kong (1,800 MT), Mexico (1,800 MT), and Taiwan (1,300 MT). ・ Pork: Net sales of 22,900 MT reported for 2018 were up 22 percent from the previous week, but down 2 percent from the prior 4-week average. Increases were reported primarily for Mexico (7,700 MT), Colombia (4,000 MT), South Korea (3,000 MT), Japan (2,700 MT), and Hong Kong (2,000 MT). For 2019, net sales of 2,500 MT were reported for Australia (2,400 MT) and South Korea (100 MT). Exports of 20,800 MT were up 11 percent from the previous week and unchanged from the prior 4-week average. The destinations were primarily Mexico (8,700 MT), Japan (3,900 MT), Hong Kong (1,600 MT), South Korea (1,600 MT), and Canada (1,500 MT). Soybean complex. ・ Soybeans are slightly lower on Thursday as traders seek fresh news. ・ USDA export sales for soybeans were better than expected although we don’t see Argentina in the summary text. Soybean meal was on the lower end and soybean oil within expectations. Shipments of both products were ok. ・ Reuters: Soybean barges loaded this month were bid at a 7-cents-per-bushel discount to CBOT November futures SX8, 3 cents firmer than Tuesday. Spot soybean export premiums held at about 10 cents over futures. ・ Elevators out east could take North and South Dakota soybeans, if elevators are in fact turning some producers away. ・ JCI warned reducing animal feed may disrupt China’s pork supply. Reduction of soybean meal in animal feed rations by 2-3% could extend the growing period of hogs. JCI also mentioned China will continue to take previously booked US soybean cargos, crush it, and export the soybean meal. This does not make sense to us. In a Bloomberg article, it was noted about 400,000 tons out of 700,000-800,000 tons booked have been shipped and some cargoes have already unloaded for crushers including plants in Shandong, Guangdong and Guangxi. ・ The European Union reported soybean import licenses since July 1 at 2.817 million tons, above 2.543 million tons a year ago. European Union soybean meal import licenses are running at 3.580 million tons for 2018-19, below 4.464 million tons a year ago. EU palm oil import licenses are running at 1.278 million tons for 2018-19, down from 1.457 million tons a year ago. ・ The market share for soybean exports to the EU has increased, but it’s a small total relative to the global trade balance. ・ India officials met with Chinese officials on Wednesday about opening exports to China, specifically soybean meal and other feed stuff. ・ Malaysian palm oil fell to a 3-year low. ・ Cargo surveyor SGS reported month to date September 20 Malaysian palm exports at 1,095,554 tons, 469,735 tons above the same period a month ago or up 75%, and 217,132 tons above the same period a year ago or up 25%. ・ AmSpec reported palm exports up 73% and ITS up 79%. ・ Malaysia December palm oil was down 12. Malaysian cash palm oil was down $5.00. ・ A Reuters survey showed Indonesia palm oil production was seen at a multi-year high for August of 4.006 million tons, up from 3.897 million tons in July and compares to 3.587 million tons in August 2017. ・ Rotterdam oils were mixed and SA soybean meal when imported into Rotterdam higher. ・ China cash margins were last 109 cents/bu on our analysis, and compares to 101 cents late last week, and 96 cents last year. ・ China January soybean futures were down 14 yuan or 0.4%, meal up 10 or 0.3%, soybean oil down 18 or 0.3% and palm down 52 yuan or 1.1%. ・ Offshore values were suggesting a higher lead for US soybean meal by $3.60 and were lower lead in SBO by 10l. ・ Iran seeks 30,000 tons of sunflower oil on September 24. ・ China sold about 2.38 MMT of soybeans out of reserves this season. USDA Export Sales Text ・ Soybeans: Net sales of 917,600 MT for 2018/2019 were reported for Mexico (165,600 MT, including decreases of 1,300 MT), Indonesia (90,500 MT, including 83,600 MT switched from unknown destination and decreases of 1,400 MT), Costa Rica (70,300 MT), Spain (66,900 MT, including 65,000 MT switched from unknown destinations and decreases of 200 MT), and Iran (66,500 MT, including 65,000 MT switched from unknown destinations). Reductions were reported for unknown destinations (28,000 MT) and China (4,000 MT). Exports of 800,900 MT were primarily to Mexico (140,900 MT), Spain (126,900 MT), Indonesia (119,600 MT), Iran (66,500 MT), and the Netherlands (65,200 MT). Optional Origin Sales: For 2018/2019, the current outstanding balance of 63,000 MT is for unknown destinations. Export for Own Account: The current export for own account outstanding balance is 61,600 MT, all Canada. ・ Soybean Cake and Meal: Net sales of 59,600 MT for 2017/2018 were up 71 percent from the previous week, but down 19 percent from the prior 4-week average. Increases were reported for Canada (12,300 MT), unknown destinations (10,300 MT), Indonesia (9,700 MT, including decreases of 100 MT), Colombia (9,600 MT, including 8,000 MT switched from unknown destinations and decreases of 800 MT), and Guatemala (5,700 MT, all switched from unknown destinations). Reductions were reported for El Salvador (1,700 MT) and Honduras (1,600 MT). For 2018/2019, net sales of 77,800 MT reported for the United Kingdom (30,000 MT), the Dominican Republic (16,000 MT), Israel (16,000 MT), Peru (15,000 MT), and Canada (10,800 MT), were partially offset by reductions for unknown destinations (13,200 MT) and Panama (9,600 MT). Exports of 224,200 MT were up 9 percent from the previous week and 11 percent from the prior 4-week average. The primary destinations were Mexico (53,300 MT), the Philippines (50,600 MT), Guatemala (24,100 MT), Canada (20,600 MT), and Colombia (20,400 MT). ・ Soybean Oil: Net sales of 9,600 MT for 2017/2018 were up noticeably from the previous week and 27 percent from the prior 4-week average. Increases were reported for Guatemala (6,000 MT), Mexico (3,300 MT), and Canada (200 MT). For 2018/2019, net sales of 8,600 MT were reported for the Dominican Republic (5,900 MT) and Mexico (2,700 MT). Exports of 10,000 MT were up noticeably from the previous week, but down 43 percent from the prior 4-week average. The primary destinations were the Dominican Republic (4,500 MT), Colombia (2,500 MT), and Mexico (2,300 MT). Wheat ・ US wheat is lower following EU wheat. ・ USDA export sales for all-wheat of 468,400 tons were within expectations. ・ From Matt Pierce: “Weather in Australia remains a real issue moving forward with persistent dryness hampering wheat during key production cycle. Overnight temps in Victoria and NSW was below zero again but not expensive enough to cause new freeze chatter. The focus remains on dryness. AWZ traded +3.75 to $280.00 so far this morning via 100 lot block at 1.33 CST. This adds to yesterday’s 1.25 gains. Market continues to gain on cash price surge, technical hold of the 50-day MA and continued weather woes. Black sea wheat basis DEC settled +2.00 sitting at 248.50. Basis March gained 3.50 to 255.00. Looks like the Z/H spread is starting to follow the model from V/Z which is currently sitting at 15 bucks. . Nov has traded via blocks at 241, showing +1.25 from yesterday’s settlement. Black sea Corn continues to tumble -.50 yesterday at 168.00. The lifetime low of the contract is 165.50.” ・ USDA’s Attaché estimates Egypt will import 12.5 million tons of wheat, up from 12.3 million a year earlier. ・ The European Union granted export licenses for 163,000 tons of soft wheat imports, bringing cumulative 2018-19 soft wheat export commitments to 2.881 million tons, well down from 4.844 million tons committed at this time last year. ・ The EU granted import licenses for 25,068 tons of wheat under import quota. ・ Ukraine 2019 winter grain plantings are at 20 percent, 1.4 million hectares, out of the projected 7.2 million. 7.24 million were planted in second half 2018. ・ China sold 2,631 tons of imported 2013 wheat at auction from state reserves at an average price of 2,231 yuan ($325.42) per ton, 0.3 percent of total wheat available at the auction. ・ Results awaited: Ethiopia seeks 200,000 tons of milling wheat for shipment two months after contract signing. Ethiopia got offers from 7 firms. Lowest offer was for 100,000 tons at $272.05/ton, c&f. ・ Japan bought 149,586 tons of wheat. Original details as follows: ・ Japan in a SBS import tender seeks 120,000 tons of feed wheat and 200,000 tons of barley on September 26 for arrival by late February. ・ Results awaited: Algeria seeks 75,000 tons of feed barley for November shipment. ・. ・ Jordan seeks 120,000 tons of feed barley, optional origin, on September 26. ・ Jordan seeks 120,000 tons of feed wheat, optional origin, on September 27. ・ Iraq seeks 50,000 tons of wheat on September 23, with offers valid until September 27. Iraq needs wheat for four after Turkey restricted flour shipments. ・ Morocco seeks 336,364 tons of US durum wheat on September 28 for arrival by December 31. Rice/Other ・ Mauritius seeks 9,000 tons of rice for delivery between Nov. 15, 2018, and March 31, 2019, set to close is Sept. 27. ・ Iraq seeks 30,000 tons of rice from India on October 9 for LH October / FH November shipment. USDA Export Sales Text ・ Wheat: Net sales of 468,400 metric tons for 2018/2019 were up 21 percent from the previous week and 32 percent from the prior 4-week average. Increases were reported for the Philippines (80,000 MT), Indonesia (70,000 MT), Vietnam (61,000 MT), Thailand (55,100 MT), and South Korea (48,600 MT, including decreases of 1,500 MT). Reductions were for unknown destinations (27,200 MT), Costa Rica (4,000 MT), Peru (2,400 MT), and Honduras (1,900 MT). Exports of 315,100 MT were down 27 percent from the previous week and 20 percent from the prior 4-week average. The destinations were primarily to Japan (150,600 MT), Mexico (49,900 MT), Malaysia (43,500 MT), Ecuador (25,000 MT), and Honduras (17,700 MT). ・ Cotton: Net sales of 97,800 RB for 2018/2019 were up 20 percent from the previous week, but down 24 percent from the prior 4-week average. Increases were reported for Vietnam (25,500 RB, including 900 RB switched from Taiwan), Mexico (18,500 RB), Pakistan (15,300 RB), Bangladesh (13,100 RB, including decreases of 100 RB), and Thailand (8,700 RB). Reductions were reported for Taiwan (900 RB). For 2019/2020, net sales of 32,900 RB were reported for Thailand (23,300 RB), Mexico (8,400 RB), Guatemala (800 RB), and China (400 RB). Exports of 148,900 RB were up 10 percent from the previous week, but down 7 percent from the prior 4-week average. Exports were reported primarily to Vietnam (43,700 RB), Indonesia (19,200 RB), China (16,200 RB), Mexico (16,100 RB), and Pakistan (8,800 RB). Net sales of Pima totaling 3,300 RB for 2018/2019 were down 42 percent from the previous week and 61 percent from the prior 4-week average. Increases reported for Peru (1,800 RB), India (800 RB), China (600 RB), and Vietnam (300 RB, switched from Japan), were partially offset by reductions for Japan (300 RB). For 2019/2020, net sales of 400 RB were reported for Peru. Exports of 8,700 RB were up noticeably from the previous week and 50 percent from the prior 4-week average. The primarily destinations were India (3,500 RB), Thailand (2,400 RB), and Pakistan (1,200 RB). Optional Origin Sales: For 2018/2019, the current optional origin outstanding balance is for Vietnam (1,800 RB). Exports for Own Account: The current exports for own account outstanding balance is 7,400 RB, all China. .

Transcript of the Talk The question is. Is it really that important? If all the Niqaabs in UK, let's say, were to be removed and banned completely: - Would any of our problems be solved? - Would it reduce youth crime? - Would it reduce the poverty that we find in our inner cities? - Would it make people happier? - Would it stop any wars? So why, one piece of cloth seems to dominate people's minds and arouse passions so much? Let's for arguments sake say we removed all the Niqaabs from the whole of the UK, not a single one of our major challenges and problems would be solved. We'd be exactly in the same place we were. So it is my strong belief, that there are interests within this society, people of influence, who wish us to be polarised. Who wish us to be arguing about these things, who wish us to be looking inwards. Pointing the finger at each other instead of questioning. What is the reasons behind some of the deeper social issues which are facing our society? Unemployment, the gap between the rich and the poor, the behaviour of the city and the banks. It is my strong belief that there are powers at be that want us to be preoccupied with these issues - rather than focus on the major challenges which face our society. Because you can be sure, if there are non-Muslim critics, who are pre-occupied with attacking the face-veil, there will be Muslims who will be preoccupied with defending the face-veil. And so the merry-go-round, goes round and round and round. Now one of the first misconceptions is of course, as many have mentioned, is that the face veil is something which is imposed by husbands on their wives in Muslim families. I remember watching this week which was presented by Andrew Neil a few weeks ago. And he said that the face veil was being forced by their husbands. How do we know that's not true, he questioned? He had a Muslim guest. Now I don't know Andrew but I've got a revolutionary idea why don't we ask them? Why don't we ask the women who wear the face veil, why are you wearing the face veil? Well that's rarely done. In fact, when they speak up in defence of their right to wear this face veil. We dismiss them. Oh no, no no that's not the reason you're wearing it. Look at the arrogance. You take intelligent, articulate self-resolved women who know their rights. Who've made a conscious decision. And you tell them what they should be wearing and what they can't wear. And when they express their own views, you dismiss it. Now you tell me, who's oppressing who here. Is it the Muslim husbands who are oppressing their wives, or is it in fact you, through your arrogance who are dismissing these Muslim women and their life choices. Do they look like frail, brutalised women? Their coming on TV, their coming on shows. Their articulating themselves, their giving lectures. Their engaging with their society. Do they look like frail, brutalised women? I don't think so. There's been some discussion that perhaps the face-veil is an Arab custom. Some think from thousands of years ago, 1,400 years ago. Which Muslims have kind of adopted without realising it's only a cultural practice and they've confused it with their religion. Now, over the weekend, sorry on Monday, I visited one of the voluntary aided schools in Blackburn which is called Tawheed Al-Islaam, quite a famous school most recently been in the news. It was in the news for 2 days for the same reason. Number one, it achieved the highest progress measure in the UK for a school. It came number one according to a criteria which looks at 20 aspects of a school. Including attainment, attendance, punctuality.....And they came number one in a deprived area of Blakburn. The other reason they came in (the same school) came on the same day was that some of the girls in the school wear the face-veil and they were being attacked for that reason. Now most of these girls, in fact almost all of them - if anybody knows Blackburn - are from an Indian-Gujarati background. Nothing at all to do with any Arab country. Similarly, you'll find in the UK Muslim women of white-English background of Afro-Carribean background, you go to Malaysia, in the Far East. It's something spread across the Muslim world. It is a very tenuous assumption to say it's something which is an Arab custom, far from it. (We find) different countries, different cultures practicing it. What I found fascinating was that even some Jewish women are adopting the face-veil in compliance with Jewish law. A growing group of women consider face-covering to be halakah I think, (halaacha) which is Jewish law and these women can be found in Baych-shemech, Jerusalem and Ilaad. And this was reported in 2010. And here's the irony, that some of their husbands have gone to the religious courts in Jerusalem to try and force their wives to remove the face-veil. So look at the irony. Here we have Muslim men, accused of forcing their wives to wear the face veil and I am yet to come across a single case where a woman - a Muslim woman - is so intimidated, is so brutalised by her husband that even when she walks outside in the streets, she's wearing a face-veil purely for him. I'm yet to come across that case... maybe there are, but I'm yet to across it. And here you have at least 20 cases in 2010 of Jewish men in Jerusalem, who are trying to take their wife to court to forcefully remove the face veil. So its practice root spans different Muslim cultures and in fact spans different religions. So why do women. Muslim women where the face-Veil? Now first and foremost, it's an act of worship. It's an act of venerating God. It's an act of glorifying God. That is its primary purpose. And we could in theory, stop my little rambling here right now. And all of you would go home fairly well-versed in the purpose of the face-veil. Primarily, it's an act of worship, an act of veneration of God. By recognising, that the creator. His legislation, his guidance, is to be applied in his dominion. It actually has very little to do with the Muslim husband. Yes, you could argue it is one of the acts of modesty, the wife, you know she only shows her face to her husband. You could argue that. But if you spoke to most Muslim women who wear the face-veil their husbands come relatively little in the picture. It's primarily an act of worship for God. Now, this can be a confusing idea for many people who are not familiar with the Muslim traditions and Islaamic traditions. For Muslims worship is based on scripture, and it is sourced in scripture. It's not purely something which is personal in the heart which has no external manifestation. No. That faith which you have in the heart, and belief you have in the heart, has many external manifestations. Now that doesn't mean that you can look at some of those external manifestations and guarantee that persons a good person. Women who wear the face-veil are like women who don't wear the face veil. You'll find some of them are good and some of them are not so good. That's not the point. But in Islaam, worship is based on scripture and it not only has an internal dimension but it has an external dimension which is manifested. Now let's, take examples to illustrate the point. The five daily prayers, primarily an act of worship. Yes, through the remembrance of God, Muslims learn to turn back to their Creator and it has many wisdoms to make-up your day into manageable chance.... But primarily an act of worship. Let's look at fasting, yes, o.k., it can increase your empathy for the poor. But primarily an act of worship. Let's look at Zakaah (the obligatory charity). Distribution of wealth, primarily though an act of worship, recognising that God is the true owner of that wealth and he has ordered you to give a section of it to charity. Not actually just give a section of it to charity, but the poor have a right on that wealth. It's not even actually your wealth. Apart of your wealth, is not your wealth. That is the ultimate recognition that that supreme God, that creator, he's the own who owns your wealth. So let's take the example of the Niqaab. In the Qur'aan. Allaah (swt), Allaah being as you know the Arabic word for God, which denotes THE GOD - A unique God. Who has no gender, who is eternal. Allaah says in the Qur'aan - And I will read first the Arabic, then the English, I think there's some use in that - Allaah says in the Qur'aan: 'O prophet tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers. To bring down over themselves their outer garments. That is more suitable, that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allaah forgiving and merciful. ' The Arabic word used in this verse is Jalabeeb which Is the plural of Jilbaab, which is the loose outer garment that covers a woman's body. Now follow me, the Prophet (p) said in an authentic narration reported by his wife Aisha: When this verse was revealed the ladies cut their waist sheets at the edges and covered their faces with the cut pieces. This happened in the time of the Prophet Muhammad (p). When the verse was revealed it is also reported, the women of the Ansaar which was a tribe in the city of the Prophet Muhammad (p) came out as if they had crows over their heads, by wearing outer garments. This gives you a picture that in the time of the Prophet Muhammad, when this verse was revealed. The practice of the women at that time was to wear a type of outer garment or a type of face veil. Ok, so here's two sources of Islaam. One is a verse from the Qur'aan and one is a statement of the Prophet Muhammad (p). Let's go to a third source. In the books of Tafseer (which are the explanations of the Qur'aan). One of the most illustrious books of tafsir which Is Ibn Kathir, says: Allaah commanded the Muslim women to cover this sheet on top of them. To cover their bodies except their eyes, when they come out of their homes. Now you might be finding that this discussion is getting a little bit technical but I'm trying to illustrate a point which will become clear to you soon. Historically the scholars of the Islaam had only differed whether the face-veil was highly recommended or whether it was an obligation is Islaam. There has never been a disagreement historically amongst Muslim Scholars, that does the face-veil have any place in Islaam. From the time of theحprophet Muhammad (p) it has already existed. Now whether you wear the face-veil, don't wear the face veil, whatever your personal feelings are about the face-veil - there is a golden methodology here, which will give you a good appreciation of how things work in Islaam. We have the sources of Islaam, we have the understanding of those sources and we have the application of those sources. So in this scenario, we have the verse of the Qur'aan, we have a statement of the Prophet Muhammad [p]. Those are our sources, all are acts of worship derived from these sources. It is not left up to the liberty of an individual to say 'right, my act of worship today is to do this and that.' Yes there's flexibility, but within the parameters of the authentic sources. But maybe me, being a teacher, thinks I know it all, I'm gonna go to the sources and come up with my own ideas. So we have the correct understanding of those sources and we have that through the application of the Prophet Muhammad [p] himself, who explained the Qur'aan and through the books of Tafseer which explain historically, from the earliest sources, from the companions or disciples of the Prophet Muhammad [p], what do these verses mean. So once I have my source, I have the correct understanding of that source. We also have the correct application of that source, which is through a mechanism which we call Ijmaa' or consensus. Historically, it is not possible that all of the Muslim scholars at any particular time will all agree on something incorrect. So what we have is of a historical consensus that the Niqaab, the face-veil is either something recommended or something obligatory. So it's not an Arab custom, it's not something inherited from the dark ages. It's a pure act of worship which Muslim women have been performing for centuries. And that illustrates to you how we do our rulings in Islaam, and how we can say with confidence what is right and what is wrong. So when we see, deplorable acts like the killing in woolwhich, like the bombing of civilians we have this golden methodology by which to compare and say 'right that's wrong, that's not right.' And if somebody just comes along and says 'Oh yes in the Qur'aan it says this, and the Prophet Muhammad says this.' We question is that the correct understanding if the sources. Is this to be found in the classical books of tafsir, of explanation of the Qur'aan? Did the prophet Muhammad practice verse the way you're practicing it. And we have the correct application, did the consensus of Muslim scholars ever understand that this is the way to understand this verse. Did they practice what you practice? Did they go around on the streets, running people over and stabbing them to death, did they do that? No, so what you are the only one who 1400 years later worked out how to practice Islaam. So if nothing else, I want you to appreciate that methodology that we have. And why sometimes we become quite ......, yes we are going to practice it. It's not because we want to be isolated, it's not because of a sense of arrogance, it's not because we don't want to interact or engage - we have a legacy which we will continue to follow. From the time of the Prophet Muhammad (p) and it applies to us whether were living in the U.K., in the U.S., in Saudi Arabia, in Makkah. And it's flexible enough, we believe, to accommodate different cultures. Different styles. But there are some parameters which we don't cross. Now, I mentioned that primarily, this Niqaab is a act of worship, for God. For Allaah (in Arabic) and I think it's worth dwelling on it a little bit more. What is this relationship with the creator that we have? The Qur'aan, majority of it and I don't know if you picked up on this, the verse which I mentioned about the face-veil ends with 'God is Oft-Forgiving most Merciful'. Almost every verse of the Qur'aan is describing the attributes of that creator. And when you ponder and reflect, on the attributes of the creator it becomes actually quite easy to understand why Muslims are so devote to some of these acts of worship, why the connection with the creator is so strong, and why, at times, they appear ardent or stubborn or perhaps even to a person who doesn't understand: isolations. In the Qur'aan it says, and I again I think it's useful to mention the Arabic: 'He is Allaah, other than whom there is no deity, the Sovereign, the Pure. The Perfection, the Bestower of Faith, the Over-Seer, the Exalted in Might, the Compeller, the Superior, Exalted is Allaah alone above whatever they associate with him. He is Allaah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner. To Him belongs the best Names and Attributes. Whatever is in the heavens and earth is exalting him and he is the Exalted in Might, the Wise.' This is our relationship with the creator. Our other source which is the sayings, approvals and actions of the Prophet Muhammad (p) preserved through generations and written in oral form. You can consider it as the application of that blueprint, which is the Qur'aan. So you'll often hear Muslims talking about 'The Prophet Muhammad said this'. They'll often start with a verse of the Qur'aan and then 'the Prophet Muhammad said this', 'The prophet Muhammad did this', he being the embodiment of the application of the Qur'aan. Now, that's not to say misinterpretations don't happen. They do happen, and they sometimes happen with ordinary Muslims, they sometimes happen with Muslim scholars, they sometimes happen with Muslim leaders. But the point is, these misinterpretations do not last very long, they are quickly ejected because it doesn't stand up to that golden methodology. It doesn't stand up to comparison to the practice of the Prophet Muhammad (p). It doesn't stand up to those classical books of Tafseer. And it certainly doesn't stand up to the consensus of the Muslim scholars. So it's quickly ejected, it doesn't last very long. But human beings, being human beings, we make mistakes. We err and we sometimes purposefully confuse and misguide. Now as we draw to an end, let's just consider a few scenarios regarding forcing the removal of the face-veil. Many of the critics of the Niqaab have claimed they would like to see the face-veil done away with in the name of liberation of women. So I just can't get over that example of Jack straw. I just can't get over it because he was one of the first people to do this. To bring it to public attention, it had always been an issue. Now I remember just being flabbergasted when he said this. Not because of what he said but because what happened afterwards. His brother, William Straw, was almost immediately after he made this public announcement and this moral ground standing. He was convicted. Does anybody know what he was convicted for? And it just stuck in my mind, and just left me speechless. He indecently assaulted a fifteen year old, who was the daughter of one of his close friends. Now I know that's not Jack, that's his brother. He forced his way into her house, he went to her bedroom and he indecently assaulted her. And he was convicted and he pleaded not-guilty, and he was convicted. Now do you know what his punishment is? A £750 fine For abusing the dignity of a fifteen year old girl. Now you tell me whether Jack Straw needs to worry about women wearing a face-veil in his constituency, who've plucked up the courage to come and see him and he's kicked her out. Or whether he needs to worry about his brother, who's indecently assaulting fifteen year olds. And you tell me whether we need to worry about the face-veil or we need to worry about the fact that a fifteen year old girl, who's indecently assaulted by a friend of the family, in her own bedroom. Is worth £750 fine? That's the kind of issues we need to thinking about. And that's the kind of questions we need to be asking. Not whether this piece of cloth should be removed, shouldn't be removed, should it be removed in schools, should it be removed in hospitals, oh o.k., how about, they allowed it in certain places and not in other places. Aren't we wasting our time? Aren't we turning in on each other? Aren't we imploding them? Now the critics are demanding laws are introduced to specifically target this dress code. Now you imagine how it feels, for a religious minority, for women. To know that there are laws targeting them specifically, such as France. How does it feel? To know a law has been passed, just to condemn you. Not to condemn a general practice, or a moral principle. But just to condemn you personally. How does that feel? I'll tell you how it feels. First of all it de-humanises them. It demonises them. In breaking the law, their criminals. And once you de-humanise and demonise people, it becomes very easy to attack them verbally. Attack them through the media, physically attack them. Why? Because their breaking the law, their criminals. The language used for them sometimes, 'ninja's, crows, bats' all of them imply a de-humanisation. So the poor mother walking down the street, taking her children to school, she faces that every day. Even more laughable, lets prevent them from public institutions like hospitals, schools. Right, so your liberation of women's answer is, right let's keep them at home. Your answer to liberating women, your strategy is to imprison them in their own homes. Because they'll be too afraid to walk the streets, and they know they're not welcome in schools and hospitals and other public institutions. How ironic, how hypocritical? And what a message we give them that they have no place in British society what so ever, they have no place. And what's worse, we're going to cut off essential services to them. Because if they're not welcome in education, they're nor welcome in the health sector. What are they gonna do in their homes, when they need support when they need to access essential services. Now there are also misconceptions amongst Muslims, many Muslim women, those that are wearing face veils, they become quite passionate and say 'right, I wear this because it's my human right.' Right, so before human rights legislation, nobody wore it? Yes, it is a human right, in the sense that the human rights act does protect religious freedoms. But that's not the reason you're wearing it. It is an act of veneration of God, of glorifying God and worshiping God. Remember that. Now if those human rights acts, were to be repealed, would you remove the face-veil? Of course not, so be careful of that agenda, Human Rights. Yes, it's true to some extent, but it's not your motivation, it's not your source. Now I've mentioned this many times about venerating God, Glorifying God, worshiping Him alone, and not associating partners with him. This is the essence of the Muslim creed and belief in Islaam. And when we do this as Muslims, we believe we are fulfilling the purpose of our creation. A verse in the Qur'aan says: 'I have not created men and Jinn, except to worship.' So we believe that we are coming to terms with the purpose of our creation through fasting, through praying, through all the acts of worship in Islaam. Now at times, Islaam can seem very action-driven. Very legalistic almost, we've just got rules and laws and there's no spirit there. Nothing could be further from the truth, and I hope that through those verses of the Qur'aan, you got a bit of a taste of that relationship with the Creator. Also, by following the guidance of the Prophets, I hope we've managed to explore what Muslims believe our relationship is with the Prophets. We have a deep respect, for our prophetic tradition. Starting with our Messenger, the Prophet Muhammad (p). He is one, of a family of prophets. A legacy of prophets. And you'd be surprised to know, that many of those great personalities that you believe in, we believe in them also. And you'd be surprised to know also, that much of their guidance is crystallised and capsulated in Islaamic law. The Prophet Moses, Abraham, we also believe deeply in the Prophet Jesus, Isma'il, Ishac, a list going back thousands of years, of Prophets who we respect and we follow the remnants of the message can still be found within our practice. So for example, many of the laws of personal hygiene in Islaam date back to the Prophet Abraham, many of the laws and guidance with regards to political interaction. Many lessons can be found in the message of the Prophet Moses and much of that spirit of forgiveness and over-looking, being better than retaliation and revenge can be found in the message of Jesus. It's still alive and kicking in our faith even if we don't acknowledge it. Or even if we don't articulate it very often, or maybe we use Arabic names without other communities realising that were talking about the same people. So with this, I'd like to conclude the essence of the message of Islaam. It's crystal clear, simple belief in one unique God, that he created us. And simply He alone deserves to be worshiped. His dominion, His creation, there's nothing outside of it. There's nobody that takes part in it, that classical religious imagery of God and the devil being involved in some kind of internal struggle doesn't exist in Islaam. It is His dominion, God alone, without partner and the devil Satan, he is given permission to create mischief as a test. And in the Qur'aan, he asks Gods permission, and in the Qur'aan it's given to him for a limited period of time to test human beings. The trial of life, the whole drama of life, in competing ideas, competing influences and man and woman having to choose the straight path. But he's not an opponent to God, and we believe that on the Day of Judgement, he will plead his innocence before God and say 'I only whispered to them and I only tried to convince them, but it was there decision to follow.' With this I thank you for your patience, I thank you for your time - for giving me this honour to come and address you, and I'm very humbled by the fact that you came and listened.

MARCH 28, 2022 VICTORIA CHANG: It was so hard to select just three first poetry books to write about because there are so many wonderful first books every single year. I think it’s important to note what we talked about during this selection process, which is that we aren’t even “reviewing” books really, but that we’re having conversations about poetry, poetics, writing, and the writing life while we’re discussing these books. The idea that we’re somehow arbiters “selecting” books or “recommending” books is what can be problematic about book reviews to begin with, in my humble opinion. I don’t know if you have any further thoughts on this, but I wanted to put this out there first. DEAN RADER: I’m glad you articulated this in the manner you did. I don’t want these discussions to feel like we are coronating some books and disregarding others. All the books we discuss are interesting, but there are numerous other interesting first books that deserve attention. In fact, to me, all first books of poetry deserve attention. There should be a special website spotlighting all first books! Speaking of, despite the hundreds, thousands, of hours we’ve devoted to talking about poetry — both ours and others — I’m not sure we have ever really opened up to each other about our first books. I ask because I think for both of us it is one of the most common questions we get. So, what was the process like getting your first book published? How long did you work on it? Did you send it to a lot of different places? Was it a good experience? VICTORIA: Great question! I don’t actually get asked this question anymore because I am old (but you are older!), but I used to. Even though this feels like eons ago, I still remember certain things about the first book process that it feels like yesterday. Things have changed a lot since then, but in some ways, they haven’t changed at all. I’m not a goal-oriented person (which might surprise many), but I did have one goal in life which was to publish one book of poems. When I first started thinking about a book, I didn’t see many publishers that were publishing books by BIPOCs and hardly anyone was publishing books by Asian American poets. I went back and counted and it looks like I sent my manuscript to 47 presses or contests over a two-year period (amazing that I still have that information in my computer). Incidentally, our current press, Copper Canyon Press, was in there twice over that period as rejections. In that list included all the usual presses one might imagine but also a lot of smaller presses. The place my first book, Circle, landed was Southern Illinois University Press where I had received the Crab Orchard Review Open Book Prize. That was one of the only journals that I could see, at the time, that was regularly publishing a wide variety of poets of color on a consistent basis. Jon Tribble and Allison Joseph were visionaries and I am so grateful to them for making that commitment back in 2000 and 2001, the years I was submitting my first book manuscript, which incidentally, wasn’t a very strong manuscript but was the best I could do at the time. Was it a good experience, you ask? Is it ever a good experience? No! It was an awful experience. In retrospect, I may have started sending out my first manuscript a little too early. My friend, just the other day, said that he felt like my first two books, while “okay,” didn’t really have my own voice or style yet. Looking back on it, I might agree, but I don’t regret writing them or sending them out. Everything happened the way it needed to, and I needed to write those books before writing my other books. How about you? I don’t know your story and would love to hear it. DEAN: Fascinating! In many ways, we had similar experiences; in some ways, quite different ones. It took me a long time to put together a manuscript of poems I thought would make a compelling first book. I think a couple of the poems in that collection went back to graduate school — probably a span of 12 years? I remember in late 2008 looking at the various poems I’d published. I knew I had enough poems for a collection, but I felt like the manuscript could be stronger and more cohesive. So, I spent most of 2009 writing poems and obsessing over the organization of the book. I think the first contests I sent it to that October were the Miller Williams Prize and the T. S. Eliot Prize, and by some stroke of luck, it won the T. S. Eliot Prize, which, like the Crab Orchard, was sponsored by a university press in the Midwest. The judge was Claudia Keelan, which thrilled me. I remember I got a phone call from the press’s editor informing me that I won the contest and then 15 minutes later received a call from my doctor informing me that I had pneumonia. Somehow, those two events coalescing seemed apropos. In retrospect, I probably waited too long to send out the book. I think I worried too much about everything. Most people coming out of an MFA program now already have a book in the hopper, if not two, if not one already in print! That was not me. I labored on my book for an extraordinarily long time, which feels increasingly unusual. But I also had extraordinarily good fortune getting picked up by the first or second place I sent it, which is also increasingly unusual. What both of our stories illustrate is just how hard it is to get a first book to a place where it is ready to be published, which, by the way, I think all three of these books are. VICTORIA: That’s also a great story! These stories are all so easy to describe, but probably hard to have lived through. I always wish that someone could just tell us what’s going to happen or not so we don’t have to spend our lives living in anguish. I had trouble placing my second, third, and fourth books too, so those are whole other stories and so I’ll stop. On to the books … I love how each of these books is unique in so many ways, yet I can sense that they all grapple with the challenges of first books. Maybe talking about each one separately might be a good way to organize our discussion. You selected Amanda Moore’s book, Requeening, to include in this batch. What about this book caught your attention? DEAN: Well, I might go back to my own story. I don’t know how old Amanda is, but she is probably in her 40s. She is a wife and mother and full-time teacher. I was reading the acknowledgments section of her book, and she has clearly been working on these poems for a long time, despite all sorts of life setbacks. I guess I feel an affinity for those writers who take a slightly unconventional route (and timeline) to their first book. It feels like we are in a moment when the writers who get the most attention occupy the extreme ends of the spectrum — either the very young or the very accomplished. I was attracted to this first book because it is somewhere in the middle. It is full of poems that reveal a full life. But, more importantly, Requeening is a compelling read. It is not overly lyrical, though there are gorgeous lyric moments. It is not overly narrative, though she can tell a gripping story. It is not overly confessional, though there are moments of intense personal vulnerability. There is a controlling metaphor of bees, but it does not dominate or overpower the poems or the book. In fact, as I’m writing this, I’m thinking that the poems function a bit like worker bees — they work in service to the larger project, the whole community. They keep the hive of the book alive. Here is an example of the kinds of things I’m talking about. The final two stanzas of a poem called “Confession,” in which the speaker is talking to her daughter: It might be a comfort, the way my whole world spins on the tip of your smallest toe, but you will learn to be a woman from the way I am a woman in this world and this is the litany of my mistake: I did not know what I was doing. I was happy to be a martyr. This won’t be the last time I will say it. Daughter, I was wrong. This reminds me a little bit of some of Plath’s mothering poems. The self-indictment. The need to come clean. The acknowledgment of shortcomings. Basically the poem says: You will learn from me, and I did things wrong. Ouch. That is poignant. And what parent has not felt this? I also thought about your poems to your daughters in OBIT. Those poems are so beautiful, so heartbreaking, so honest. What I admire in your poems I admire in Moore’s: they are vulnerable without being manipulative. Their lyric insight is a sublimating force. VICTORIA: Oh my, here we go! Already so many interesting insights and we just started. To me, this book was interesting because of the multifaceted ways the poems and the book are complicated — there’s the obvious bee frame/poems that are sprinkled throughout, there are the various forms such as haibuns, there are the various subject matters from parenting to illness to beekeeping to marriage to womanhood to place-based poems, and more. None of these elements dominate, like you say. In fact, they zigzag between bees, family, illness, parenting, back to bees, in the way bees might fly around a hive (sorry for the bad bee metaphor — it’s just too easy). But I don’t think it’s their lack of domination that is interesting, but the ways in which they leave chasms for the reader figuratively that help the book. Moore doesn’t hand the connections of these disparate elements of the book to the reader on a platter; rather, she just scatters them around and trusts the reader to leap. And the bee frame is absolutely essential to this book — in fact, I would go so far as to say, it is the element that makes the book interesting. I found myself most engaged in these poems when the storytelling was deft and authentic, and the takeaways (sorry, that feels like a corporate word) about parenting and life were so realistic and true. For example, “Morning Haibun with Tween” describes a parent’s love (and a scowling tween) so well that it’s hard not to follow and ride along with the poem’s irrefragable truths: … Sometimes I can’t help it — I climb in the bed, look at the unguarded face, so ancient and dear and dangerous. Like looking at fire. And her hair, the feel of it as a I brush, push it back from the sleeping countenance I have watched her whole life. When her eyes flutter open, it is to scowl at me, but when she rides again toward the crest of sleep, she burrows toward me: her first comfort … Any parent of a tween girl can probably identify with the infamous “scowl” and the quick switchbacks of parenting a tween girl that can go from deep love and sentimentality to complete hatred within one millisecond. There’s humor too in this poem where the haiku part of the haibun takes over as the speaker describes a scene where a tween is disgusted by sharing a towel with the mother by accident: Deadheading spent blooms. We once shared a body now not even a towel. I’ve thought this myself many times — that these children came from my own body, and I stared at and cleaned and clothed daily for more than a decade, and then one day, like a light switch, it’s all over. I never see the body again because the children grow up and the bodies become their own bodies, no longer mine. It can be jarring when confronted with this juncture. There are numerous other examples of parenting truths captured in these poems: a teen slamming doors during a fight, how the child “split our / marriage neatly in half — before and after,” the speaker pulling over and sobbing from the difficulty of parenting a young child, and more. Ultimately, these poems risked sentimentality and often went right to the edge of sentimentality, sometimes falling over the cliff, but when the poems teetered right on the edge of sentimentality, and then added some hot sauce of truth, was when I found them to be most interesting. This book, ultimately, for me at least, was fun to read because it seemed to document a life, like you said. These are lived poems, this speaker has lived a full life. Robert Bly in his essay, “What the Image Can Do,” published in 1981, pointed to three energy sources in a poem: “[T]he image, that carries both the dark and light worlds, the music of pitches that makes its effect on the musical lobe, and an adult grief that makes the poem feel heavy, as if it were living on the earth.” Admittedly, I myself am biased toward poems that are philosophical and/or acrobatic in language and/or deploy strange imagery. Bly then goes on to say that it takes a “young poet ten years or so” to develop the image well, “perhaps five more to grasp the idea of spoken language and embody it, perhaps five or ten more to make the changes that will lead to weight.” He contends that the whole process can take an American poet 20 to 25 years to develop these things, adding that some “European poets go through it more quickly,” which made me chuckle and scoff at once. I naturally push back at such arbitrary assertions, but what I do take away from Bly’s thinking is that writing poems is an act of asynchronous patience. Sometimes poets have immediate gifts in one or more areas, but the last one (or two or three!) might take a lifetime. Anyway, sorry for the small tangent — talking about Moore’s book made me think about patience and poetry. Now I want to switch over to Paul Tran’s book, All the Flowers Kneeling. This is another book that feels like it is successful and thoughtful as a first book. I just want to say it right away — that I really liked this book. The writing was so strong and powerful at the language level. I have so much to say, but I’m going to toss it to you first. What did you think of the book? DEAN: I feel like you just handed me a cornucopia! I don’t know where to begin. Bly? Bodies? Bees? Tweens? Tran? I’m intrigued by your observations about patience. I do think Moore’s is a patient book, and I might also say the same about Tran’s. Both Moore and Tran turn to poetry to address, to process, to reflect, and to name. That concept of naming — What can we name? What should we name? What are we called to name? What must or must not be named? — plays as a quiet soundtrack across Tran’s poems. But nowhere is it explored more than in the stunning, “Incident Report.” I had a form. The form said Name of victim. The form named me. The form was a form of naming. Naming gave me form. The form said Time of incident. Time could be measured. The Incident could be defined. Both had a form. Both were a form of naming. This is a powerful poem on many levels, but its directness — its litany of declarative statements — lends it a detachment that is at variance with its content. That disconnect makes for a jarring but effective reading experience because of its astonishing restraint. We want rage. We want anger. We want the poem to scream. We want to scream. We want to rage. But, the poem neither incites nor invites those reactions. The poem sears us not for what it says but for what it does not say. We are shaken by what the poem does not do. Tran’s poem made me think of a great poem by the Diné poet Esther Belin called “Ruby’s Welfare”: I smile place my forms in the box marked LEAVE FORMS HERE black black and bold welfare is a luxury place your form in our box play by our rules Both texts play with the double meaning of form — a form one fills out and poetic form — in order to raise larger questions about how “official” bureaucratic forms delegitimize or disenfranchise people of color (much the way, perhaps, “official” poetic forms disenfranchise people of color). Is one given a chance to name one’s own identity? Or is one’s race, one’s gender, one’s personhood pre-populated? A companion piece to “Incident Report” is the equally fierce “Progress Report,” which comes much later in the book. This form talks to the previous form, both of which talk to the limits of what procedural documents are able to quantify, to name. I had a new form. The new form said Name of survivor. The new form renamed me. The new form was a form of renaming. Renaming gave me a new form. The new form said Relevant history. History could be relevant. History could be irrelevant. History had a form. History was a form of renaming. That little leap from Relevant history to “History could be irrelevant” is genius. Such a smart move. That line and the line after it not only work within the context of the two poems, but they also enter into conversation with a larger concern of Tran’s book — the Vietnam War and the trauma of history (or the history of trauma). I see these poems as performing work the forms were unable to do. The poem is the new form. This form allows the author to name. The poem allows the naming of the form; the forming of a name. VICTORIA: So smartly said! I like what you are pointing to here when you say: “This is a powerful poem on many levels, but its directness — its litany of declarative statements — lends it a detachment that is at variance with its content.” I really couldn’t have said it any better than you just did. When referring to “Incident Report,” you also say, “We want anger. We want the poem to scream. We want to scream. We want to rage,” and that’s exactly right. Who is the “we” in the end? The “we” includes the reader, the institution, the government, and the bureaucratic systems that oppress us. What I love about “Incident Report” and many of the other poems in this book is that they lie in that liminal space between rage and beauty, pain and beauty, as if to say that these aren’t mutually exclusive — they can coexist. Ultimately this is a book about reclamation, about agency in the face of abuse (at the individual level of relationships, but also at the systemic level), yes, but it’s also a book about beauty, written in beautiful language. One of the things I’ve been thinking about lately (mostly because I have to write a talk on putting together a poetry book) is structure. Tran’s book intrigued me in terms of structure — I found the book to be quite a masterful book. It feels like Tran was thoughtful in a smart way about structure. Even the two poems that you pulled out are an example of structure. “Incident Report” is in the first section of a four-section book, while “Progress Report” is in the final section. This frames the book, as well as allows certain themes to echo across the book, as well as creates a kind of arc of agency/reclamation. Something you and I have talked about ourselves as poets/writers is that we’ve called ourselves “correspondence poets,” a phrase you actually coined. I’ve been thinking a lot about correspondence and how so many poets and poems are responding in some ways to the spiritual world or the other-worldly (think Rilke’s “Duino Elegies”). I find this phrase useful when thinking about Tran’s book structure too — namely Tran’s use of science and art as ways to press against, dismantle, and investigate trauma. In sections one, two, and four, there is a poem titled, “Scientific Method,” for example. Other poems related to science are “Hypothesis,” “The First Law of Motion,” “Endosymbiosis,” “Galileo,” “Copernicus,” and more. Tran also corresponds with visual art in poems such as “The Nightmare: Oil on Canvas: Henry Fuseli: 1781,” “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus: Oil on Canvas: Pieter Bruegel the Elder: 1560,” and “Judith Slaying Holofernes: Oil on Canvas: Artemisia Gentileschi: 1620.” These poems are in the first, second, and fourth sections of the book and are all gorgeous poems. I think the writing is beautiful in all of them, and they correspond to the paintings as a way to navigate and understand the self, but each is slightly different in structure and point of view. “The Nightmare” is in the voice of the figure in the painting, while “Landscape” begins with the speaker: “Given that the door had to be opened and closed, / the jeans unbuttoned and unzipped, the right hand placed over my mouth / while the left hand held me, held me / …” and then the poem weaves in the painting, and finally, “Judith” is in the voice of Judith who beheads Holofernes. These three poems exhibit the range of Tran as a poet. The first is written in short clipped lines and mini-lists (Tran loves lists). The lists alter the rhythm of the poem, adding a kind of pointed urgency to the lyricism: … Who can deter- mine what’s inside another? What is risked when we enter? Caliper. Forceps. Scalpel. Oculus. The second is in tercets and longer lines, and the story of Icarus isn’t introduced until the sixth stanza: “from the rest of their suffering, confused for and eclipsing / that suffering, the way the story of sunlight melting wax wings / is confused for the story of hubris and eclipses the story of the child.” And the final poem is in staggered couplets and stays within Judith’s voice the whole time. I point to these three poems because I think this book is strong as a first book because of the complications even within connections — on the surface, these are three ekphrastic poems within a book that tie the sections, themes, etc., together, but if we delve below the surface, each ekphrastic poem not only adds to, but also complicates the other ekphrastic poems, as well as the book as a whole. All of which to say, this poet’s toolkit is quite remarkable, especially given that this is a first book, and it gives me such high hopes for future work by Tran. I know we could spend a lot more time on this book, but I feel like we should move on to the final book, which is Devon Walker-Figueroa’s Philomath. What do you think about this book? DEAN: Wow! So much here. And so well said. I love that you acknowledge the ekphrastic element of this book. I fear that might get overlooked, but for me, it is a source of real power. I agree that we could just keep talking about this book and its many strengths, but as always, you are correct. Plus, your response provides perfect closure. Onward to Philomath. By the way, every time I read “Philomath,” I think of that R.E.M. song, “Can’t Get There From Here,” and the line: “If you’re needing inspiration / Philomath is where I go.” Somehow, that seems appropriate. Speaking of appropriate, I don’t know if you are aware of this, but both Philomath and Requeening were National Poetry Series selections for 2020. Ocean Vuong selected Moore’s book, Sally Keith, Walker-Figueroa’s. I did not realize this when we decided to discuss these collections, but in retrospect, I’m not surprised. Both are smart but accessible. They are confessional, but never solipsistic. And, they hold together as books. Philomath is a beguiling collection of poems in that they are at once super narrative and also super personal. It is full of poems in which a lot is revealed. You and I have been emailing with a mutual friend who asked us to recommend books of poems in which the speaker-poet does not appear very often in the poems themselves. That would not be this collection. There is a great deal of the first-person singular here. “I” often appears in the first line and sometimes even as the first word. However, that speaker, who I assume is the poet, is always contextualized in fascinating ways; cleverly embedded in various communal settings, like towns, schools, classes, and road trips. The poems, many of which feel and read like short shorts, meander their way to moments of great insight. One senses that the speaker experiences these epiphanic moments not through isolated contemplation but through relation. As we established in an earlier version of this column (to your surprise and derision), I never begin at the beginning. I just open the book and start wherever the poetry gods place me. In the case of Philomath, the first text I landed on is a seven-page stichic poem entitled “Beginning Wax to Bronze at Chemeketa Community College,” a descriptive, and as it turns out, accurate title. The poem opens with an explanation that the speaker is making cast pig hearts (I want one). She wants to make sure they’re big enough to hold a hand- ful of pencils or fresh cut orchids. Our teacher, Calvin, tells me I could make good money selling these at Saturday Market, but I’ve no desire to share my early attempts. “Sometimes I think I’m pro-eugenics,” my friend Susan whispers, her eyes fixed on our pregnant classmate who’s seated in the corner, naked from the waist up, slathering her breasts & belly in plaster of paris. “I mean,” who get their boobs inked with barbed wire & flaming dice?” “Maybe she’s religious,” the guy next to us suggests as he eases his pin tool along the surface of a tiny victory brown wax gladiator whose chest plate, he assures us, is completely accurate. You don’t see a lot of conversations like this in contemporary American poetry. It’s refreshing. The clever line breaks do a nice job of breaking anticipation and delivering a little surprise. One risk in conversational poems is the loss of a sense of line. The reader starts to lapse into reading as though the text is prose. Walker-Figueroa is skilled; she lets us know in subtle ways we are reading a poem. But a poem that is always in conversation. VICTORIA: I like what you are saying here about the first-person “I.” I just scanned a new manuscript I’m working on for pronouns, thinking more consciously about the perspective of the speaker. It’s a useful exercise. And I did notice that we picked two NPS books, but only after we had already decided to discuss these. The nice thing about the NPS is that each year the jurors rotate off so as a reader, at least, I’m never sure what I’m going to get and that’s exciting in terms of offering a wider chorus of voices. Walker-Figueroa’s book reminded me of several recent books that I’ve read and enjoyed. I think not coincidentally, these are also first books of poems: William Brewer’s I Know Your Kind, which explores the opioid epidemic and poverty in rural Appalachia, and John McCarthy’s Sacred Violent Like Horses, which explores the Midwest and McCarthy’s childhood. Paterson by William Carlos Williams also came to mind, as well as Frank O’Hara’s New York–centric poems, as I began to think about place-based poems and books and our relationship with landscape. So much of one’s childhood memories and coming-of-age memories are often tied to place so that the place and the landscape become a character in a book. I also can’t help thinking about Dickens and London or Dostoyevsky and St. Petersburg. And we haven’t even talked about visual art yet. But back to Philomath. I found that the technical skill in these poems to be strong in terms of the use of caesuras, interesting line breaks, attention to language and aphorism, and also the flotation of mini-narratives in and out of poems. I could open to any random page and find interesting writing, this passage from “Next to Nothing”: I subtract myself from the shadow of an ash tree, knowing well my life is not yet right- fully mine, nor is it what I’d deem old, though it has moved the meat of me beyond the beginning. I press my ear to my father’s field, the one he’s turned, the one he’ll be ceding to the unappeasable — no matter. To talk about line breaks again, many of the lines throughout Philomath have multiple possibilities such as this first line: “I subtract myself” and “I subtract myself from the shadow of an ash tree…” and again at “moved the meat of me” can stand alone but becomes additive with “beyond the beginning.” In another poem, “Golden,” line breaks also work hard to add layers to the poem: We are a kind of sick that takes saving up for, every day another deposit in a bedeviled account of history, the devil being my father’s blood brother who’s driven … Note the “bedeviled account” and “bedeviled account / of history” or “being my father’s blood” and “father’s blood / brother…” In “After Birth,” there’s another example: “My mother once rubbed moonshine on my gums to numb the pain,” or, “My mother once rubbed moonshine on my gums to numb the pain / appearing inside me.” In this same poem, a caesura also serves as an opportunity for further possibilities: “I / am the first to admit I’m kind of a poster sometimes.” I think these line breaks, the mini-narratives, the sparkling language, serve important roles in this book, which to me at least, feels like one long poem versus individual poems. In fact, I felt like the poems had an ahistorical feeling to them and sometimes they felt like the poems were navigating similar subject matter, characters, landscapes, objects, and concerns. And because of this, the poems relied more heavily on their own composition and making. Unlike the other two books we’ve looked at, I felt like this book relied the least on some kind of overarching figurative elements, but instead dazzled at the microscopic level. DEAN: That is an astute observation about the poems feeling like one long poem. Formally, the poems vary enough from one to the other to stand on their own, but thematically, you are spot on — they do feel like one long poem or at least one sustained salvo. I’m glad you mentioned Brewer’s book. Last time we talked, you and I both found similarities between Philomath and I Know Your Kind. I would not say that Philomath is “about” socioeconomic class, but issues of class permeate the book. Class haunts these vignettes like a little ghost. Consider the opening poem, “Philomath,” which sets the stage for the entire collection. It references timber mills, what store has the lowest price on feed, the best place to buy tire chains, the hardware store that “boasts all the sturdy / dead bolts for when the back door’s gone / busted again,” the best friend who “is still giving out / blow jobs to mechanics & drinking / red cough syrup until she doesn’t / care about her step- / dad walking around, covered in nothing / but sweat and dirt.” This opening poem does important work — it preps readers for the landscape they are about to enter. The difference between this landscape and Brewer’s is that the poems of Philomath lack the dread lacing I Know Your Kind. For some reason, I’m thinking about Wallace Stevens’s “Description without Place.” There is a Calvin in that poem too, but that’s not what brings it to mind. It is this couplet: In a description hollowed out of hollow-bright, The artificer of subjects still half night. I don’t get the sense there is much artifice in Philomath. Her descriptions do not hollow out anything; rather they animate it. Put another way, these poems have settings. They are located in actual places. We see people live and work and shop and struggle — people who live a bit on the edge, who don’t always make ends meet, where dysfunction is just part of the fabric of the town. Setting is another technique Walker-Figueroa deploys to make Philomath feel like a short story. But, it also humanizes her poems. I never get the sense she is exploiting the characters that populate her book. In this way, Walker-Figueroa sort of reminds me of early William Carlos Williams. Great call out by the way on Paterson — I totally agree. I think about these things a lot. Many of my own poems are set in rural Oklahoma in similar socioeconomic conditions. I have a poem called “Labor” about being a carhop at a Sonic Drive-In. Several about the Dust Bowl. Several about farming. It is a tough tightrope to walk. To me, Walker-Figueroa does it well. When I wrote Wallace Stevens’s name above, it made me think of Harmonium, maybe the most impressive first book of poems by an American poet, well … ever. He was 44 years old when that book was published. Even older than me! I recently wrote a blurb for a wonderful first book of poems that just came out, called Bone Seeker, by Chris Haven, who is in his 50s. Like Requeening, Bone Seeker feels accomplished and mature, even though it is a first book. And that made me think about first books in general and what characterizes them. As we both stated earlier, so much is riding on the first book. Or at least it feels like everything is riding on it. There is such anticipation. There really is no feeling like seeing your first book in print, on a shelf, in a store. It is a remarkable moment in a writer’s life. I still remember opening up the box that held my books. Do you have any closing thoughts on the firstness or bookness of first books? VICTORIA: I love how you describe Brewer’s book as having “dread lacing.” I keep wanting to read that as “dread icing,” perhaps because my mind is currently on sheet cake. Forty-four years old sounds so young now! I can’t think of anyone who might say the first book isn’t exciting. I think it can also feel like the whole world is riding on the first book, but now that I’m as old as I am, I can look back and honestly say that it really depends on the poet and a poet’s personal growth. Sometimes a first book is the strongest book. More often than not, it’s just the beginning of an exciting journey, much like life, full of ups and downs. I think most people probably want their first books to be spectacularly received, but I think that can sometimes debilitate a poet, whereas a more quietly received first book, which is most books, can give a poet and a person freedom and space to grow at their own pace, out of the public eye and that can be a beautiful and quieter thing. Whatever happens or has happened to these lovely first books in terms of reception, I’m excited for them and their authors and I’m so glad to have had the chance to talk with you about them. ¤ Victoria Chang is the author of OBIT, which received the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the PEN Voelcker Award, and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. Her latest book is Dear Memory: Letters on Writing, Silence, and Grief. She lives in Los Angeles and is a faculty member within.

On November 6, 1996, petitioners, Mary Williams et al., I. Was [respondent] Officer Colbert divested of discretion and mandated by [Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl.Vol., 1999 Cum.Supp.),] Article 27, § 798(B)(2) and [Baltimore City] Police Department General Order 10-93[ II. Did [respondent Officer] Colbert's affirmative actions and specific promises of protection to Mary and Valerie Williams, which were reasonably relied upon by them, to their detriment, create a special relationship between [respondent] and Mary and Valerie Williams which created a duty of protection on the part of [respondent] Colbert? III. Were Officer Colbert's actions at 622 Melville Avenue protected by either statutory or common law immunity? I. Facts The facts and circumstances of the present case are tragic. By July of 1995, eighteen-year-old Valerie Williams had been involved in an abusive relationship with Gerald Watkins for approximately four years. The record indicates that Watkins began beating Valerie Williams when she was around fourteen years old and that the beatings continued while she was pregnant with his child. On numerous occasions, the Baltimore City Police Department was notified and responded to these incidents of domestic violence. On the morning of July 19, 1995, Mary Williams arrived at work as an office manager for Multi-Specialty Health Care, at approximately 8:45 a.m. Just before her lunch break, she received a frantic telephone call from her daughter, Valerie Williams. Mary Williams immediately left work and drove to her home at 622 Melville Avenue, in Baltimore, where she found her daughter sitting on a sofa with a swollen eye and holding a compress to her mouth. After Valerie Williams told her that she had been beaten by Watkins, Mary Williams telephoned the police via 911. Officer Colbert responded to the call. Upon arriving at the scene, Officer Colbert took statements from both Mary and Valerie Williams, during which he was informed of the history of abuse suffered by Valerie at the hands of Watkins. Valerie proceeded to inform Officer Colbert that Watkins was a known drug dealer and provided the officer with a photograph of Watkins and his home address. While the officer was talking to the Williamses, Watkins telephoned the household two separate times and talked with both Mary and Valerie. Valerie answered the first telephone call. After she hung up, she told Mary, in the officer's presence, that the call was from Watkins and that he had threatened to come back to the house. When Watkins called a second time, Mary Williams answered the telephone. Upon realizing that the caller was Watkins, Mary Williams briefly expressed her anger to him and then hung up the telephone. The Caller I.D. box indicated that he had called from the Alameda Liquor Store. She reported that fact to Officer Colbert, whereupon he requested a police car to be dispatched to that location. From this point forward, the parties' versions of the events diverge dramatically. We review the depositions of both Mary Williams and Officer Colbert. According to the deposition of Mary Williams, after Officer Colbert dispatched a police car to the Alameda Liquor Store, he then stated to Valerie "You stay here, I've got to call for a camera, we have to wait for a camera." Mary Williams returned to the house and did not lock the front door. Approximately two to three minutes later, Valerie informed Mary that Watkins had recently been threatening to kill her. Upon hearing this news, Mary panicked and went to the front door to tell Officer Colbert. Mary arrived at the front door to discover that Officer Colbert was no longer parked in front of her house. Instead, she saw Gerald Watkins running up the steps to her home. She tried to shut the door and lock it but Watkins kicked the door open. Carrying her grandson, Mary made it past Watkins and started running down the steps in front of her house. Watkins shot her in the leg, which caused her to fall down the steps. Watkins then put the gun to Mary's head, said "What have I ever done to you?" and pulled the trigger, shooting her again. Watkins then shot and killed Valerie Williams before killing himself. Mary Williams survived the attack but remains partially paralyzed. Myreq Watkins was not injured in the course of the shooting. Officer Colbert's version of the events is similar to Mary Williams' up until when Mary Williams came outside of her house and had a conversation with the police officer. According to his deposition, when she approached his police car and asked, "What's next?," the following events occurred: According to Officer Colbert, it was only after this exchange that he drove off to go pick up a camera. He was approximately 6-7 blocks away when he received a call about a shooting at 622 Melville Avenue. Upon his return he found Mary Williams laying face-down on the ground in front of her home and the bodies of Valerie Williams and Gerald Watkins down the street. On November 6, 1996, petitioners filed a complaint based in negligence in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City against (1) the State of Maryland under Maryland Code (1984, 1999 Repl.Vol.), Title 12, subtitle 1, of the State Government Article (the Maryland Tort Claims Act); (2) the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore City under Maryland Code (1973, 1998 Repl.Vol., 1999 Cum.Supp.), Title 5, subtitle 3 of the Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (the Local Government Tort Claims Act); and Baltimore City Police Officer Edward Colbert. The complaint specifically alleged that Baltimore City Police Department General Order 10-93 divested Officer Colbert of any discretion in carrying out his statutory duty to protect Valerie and Mary Williams and Myreq Watkins and mandated that he do so. In later pleadings, petitioners added that Maryland Code (1957, 1993 Repl.Vol., 1995 Cum.Supp.), Article 27, section 11F, Petitioners appealed to the Court of Special Appeals challenging the orders of the circuit court. II. Discussion The threshold issue before this Court is whether respondent, Officer Colbert, was entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. In reviewing a grant of a summary judgment, we are first concerned with whether a genuine dispute of material fact exists and then whether the movant is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. Hartford Ins. Co. v. Manor Inn of Bethesda, Inc., 335 Md. 135, 144, 642 A.2d 219, 224 (1994); Gross v. Sussex, Inc., 332 Md. 247, 255, 630 A.2d 1156, 1160 (1993); Beatty v. Trailmaster Prods., Inc., 330 Md. 726, 737, 625 A.2d 1005, 1011 (1993); Arnold Developer, Inc. v. Collins, 318 Md. 259, 262, 567 A.2d 949, 951 (1990); Bachmann v. Glazer & Glazer, Inc., 316 Md. 405, 408, 559 A.2d 365, 366 (1989); King v. Bankerd, 303 Md. 98, 110-11, 492 A.2d 608, 614 (1985). "A material fact is a fact the resolution of which will somehow affect the outcome of the case." King, 303 Md. at 111, 492 A.2d at 614 (citing Lynx, Inc. v. Ordnance Prods., Inc., 273 Md. 1, 8, 327 A.2d 502, 509 (1974)). "[A] dispute as to facts relating to grounds upon which the decision is not rested is not a dispute with respect to a material fact and such dispute does not prevent the entry of summary judgment." Salisbury Beauty Schs. v. State Bd. of Cosmetologists, 268 Md. 32, 40, 300 A.2d 367, 374 (1973). This Court also has stated that "[t]he standard of review for a grant of summary judgment is whether the trial Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Lane, 338 Md. 34, 42-43, 656 A.2d 307, 311 (1995); see also Dobbins v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm'n, 338 Md. 341, 344-45, 658 A.2d 675, 676-77 (1995). As we said in Ashton v. Brown, 339 Md. 70, 660 A.2d 447 (1995): Id. at 79, 660 A.2d at 452 (quoting Clea v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 312 Md. 662, 677, 541 A.2d 1303, 1310 (1988)). The purpose of the summary judgment procedure is not to try the case or to decide the factual disputes, but to decide whether there is an issue of fact, which is sufficiently material to be tried. See Goodwich, 343 Md. at 205-06, 680 A.2d at 1077; Coffey v. Derby Steel Co., 291 Md. 241, 247, 434 A.2d 564, 567-68 (1981); Berkey v. Delia, 287 Md. 302, 304, 413 A.2d 170, 171 (1980). Thus, once the moving party has provided the court with sufficient grounds for summary judgment, the non-moving party must produce sufficient evidence to the trial court that a genuine dispute to a material fact exists. See, e.g., Hoffman Chevrolet, Inc. v. Washington County Nat'l Sav. Bank, 297 Md. 691, 712, 467 A.2d 758, 769 (1983). With these considerations in mind, we turn to the instant case. A. Article 27, section 798(b)(2) and BCPD General Order 10-93 Petitioners allege that Officer Colbert was divested of discretion and mandated by Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl.Vol., 1999 Cum.Supp.), Article 27, section 798 and Baltimore City Police Department General Order 10-93 to protect Mary and Valerie Williams and Myreq Watkins. We disagree. We commence our analysis of these two provisions by shedding light on the legislative intent behind Article 27, section 798. As we said in State v. Bell, 351 Md. 709, 720 A.2d 311(1998): .... This Court recently stated that "statutory language is not read in isolation, but `in light of the full context in which [it] appear[s], and in light of external manifestations of intent or general purpose available through other evidence.'" Stanford v. Maryland Police Training & Correctional Comm'n, 346 Md. 374, 380, 697 A.2d 424, 427 (1997) (alterations in original) (quoting Cunningham v. State, 318 Md. 182, 185, 567 A.2d 126, 127 (1989)). To this end, Kaczorowski, 309 Md. at 514-15, 525 A.2d at 632-33 (some citations omitted). Id. at 717-19, 720 A.2d at 315-16 (some alterations in original). Section 798 was originally enacted in 1979 as Maryland Code (1957, 1976 Repl. Vol., 1981 Cum.Supp.), Article 27, section 11F. The implementation of section 11F originated in 1979 Maryland Laws, Chapter 307 (House Bill 53). The original title to House Bill 53 outlined its purpose: Throughout the bill file to House Bill 53 there were several letters and written testimony supporting the passage of this bill. The general theme of these documents is an intent by the sponsors and supporters of this bill to alleviate the plight of the spousal assault victim by broadening both the obligation and the authority of the police to intervene. Nearly everyone involved acknowledged that in many instances of spousal abuse, although the violent episode may have subsided prior to the arrival of the police, the situation frequently remained a dangerous and possibly deadly situation. Delegate (now Senator) Ida G. Ruben of Montgomery County, sponsor of House Bill 53, clearly explained the purpose of the Bill: .... A number of other people testified in favor of House Bill 53. On February 22, 1979, Katherine Foss, of the Prince George's County Department of Social Services, testified: Cynthia Anderson, Supervisor of the Abused Persons Program in Montgomery County testified on February 22, 1979: Elizabeth Fischer, Executive Director of ASSISI, Inc., also testified on February 22, 1979: On April 4, 1979, Carol Lane, President of the Board of Directors of Citizens Against Spousal Assault (CASA) of Howard County testified in support of House Bill 53: In addition to the testimony outlined, supra, the bill file also included several letters that provide us with further information presented to the Legislature when it was considering House Bill 53. In a letter dated February 16, 1979, Annette Flower, President of the Baltimore County Commission for Women, wrote to Delegate Joseph E. Owens, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, in support of House Bill 53: As evidenced by the original title as well as the supporting testimony and letters, the initial goals of House Bill 53 initially had a much greater scope than what was ultimately enacted by the Legislature. This is primarily due to the reaction of Maryland's police organizations. In response to the initial version of House Bill 53, a Joint Police Committee Subsequently, House Bill 53 was amended to scale back the list of police responsibilities. The original version of the bill provided that a law enforcement officer would: (1) advise the victim with respect to available sources of shelter, medical care, counseling, and other services; (2) transport the victim to such facilities where appropriate; and (3) accompany the victim back to the family home to retrieve clothing and other personal effects. However, the only provision that survived the amending process was that, upon request, a police officer was to provide protection to a spouse who needed to return to the family home for the exclusive purpose of retrieving necessary personal property. In its final form, the title to House Bill 53 read as follows: This final title clearly states the express purpose of House Bill 53 and limits its scope: to provide the authorization for certain police activity that otherwise may well have been beyond the scope of traditional police authority. The Legislature made a conscious decision to amend House Bill 53 to limit its scope to only two precise sets of circumstances. The first was a duty already encompassed by a police officer's traditional role: to protect the victim of a crime occurring in the officer's presence. The second was newly created by the statute. In final form, the statute provided protection for victims of spousal assault and assistance in removing certain personal property from the family home. As originally enacted Article 27, section 11F provided: As indicated by both the express wording of the statute and the evolution of House Bill 53, as initially enacted, the exclusive concern of Article 27, section 11F was to authorize a law enforcement officer to render assistance to a victim of spousal abuse. The Legislature was very precise in defining what the "assistance" was limited to, because subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2) expressly direct what the officer shall do in "responding to the request for assistance." Section 11F clearly dealt with two very narrow and limited situations. As we have indicated, the first one protecting complainants from harm during the officer's response legislated what was always an 1994 Maryland Laws, Chapter 728 (the Domestic Violence Act of 1994) provided the first significant change to Article 27, section 11F by expanding the class of persons who were entitled to the assistance of the law enforcement officer. It is evident from reviewing the legislative history of section 798, that in the context of domestic violence, two closely related sets of circumstances were of great concern with respect to the responsibility of the police to take some action and the authority of the police to take action. The two sets of circumstances that were primarily addressed were: (1) when the feuding parties were still inside the family home, but someone had called for assistance and (2) where one of the parties had left the family home and re-entry was desired, but risked potential peril. An officer, of course, could always make a warrantless arrest for a crime, including an assault or abuse, committed in his presence. Beyond that, however, the police authority to intervene in a family fight was highly problematic. Unless an officer had probable cause to believe that a felony had been committed, once the violence had actually subsided, the aggrieved party, out on the street or otherwise, was generally left with no recourse but to go to the District Court and apply for a warrant of arrest. The police officer was powerless to help. The first mandate of section 798, as we have noted, simply authorized the police officer, under the protection of immunity, to provide protection in a domestic violence situation where both parties are present. In the present case, when Officer Colbert answered a domestic call at the victims' home, the alleged attacker was not present. Thus, the first requirement of section 798 is inapplicable to the facts of the case sub judice. As we have said, it is clear that the intent of the Legislature in enacting section 798 clearly was not to create a duty to protect the victim for an indefinite amount of time: it was only to provide protection while responding to the request. When Officer Colbert responded to the request for assistance, he was not initially put in a situation where it was necessary to provide protection to Valerie Williams because Gerald Watkins was not present at the time. The argument that once Officer Colbert arrived on the scene, he had an affirmative duty to protect Valerie Williams from all possible threats of domestic violence for an indefinite period is incorrect, and not supported by the plain language of the statute or by its legislative history. It is clear from the statute that it is limited to an officer who is responding to a complaint of domestic violence where the violence continues in the officer's presence, and an officer who is accompanying a person to recover personal effects. Only in those two limited capacities is there a duty to protect created by the statute at issue. It was not the intent of the Legislature to create a permanent personal bodyguard for any person who claims abuse. Officer Colbert was neither divested of discretion nor was he mandated by section 798 to protect petitioners forever. Even looking in a light most favorable to Mrs. Williams, section 798 is inapplicable to the facts of the present case. Concerning this issue, there is no genuine dispute of material fact; therefore the trial court's granting of summary judgment as to petitioners' claim concerning section 798 was appropriate. Petitioners also contend that Baltimore City Police Department General Order 10-93 divested Officer Colbert of discretion, and mandated that he protect petitioners. We disagree with this assertion as well. Baltimore City Police Department General Order 10-93 states in relevant part: RESPONSIBILITIES B. Immunity For the sake of organization and clarity, we shall save our discussion of "the special relationship exception," until after we discuss statutory and common law immunity. Therefore, we now jump ahead and address petitioners' third question: Were Officer Colbert's actions at 622 Melville Avenue protected by either statutory or common law immunity? We start our analysis by addressing whether Officer Colbert's actions were protected by statutory immunity. Maryland Code (1974, 1998 Repl.Vol.), section 5-507(b) of the Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article codifies the immunity provision for Maryland municipal public officials, including law enforcement officers. It states in relevant part: As we discuss, infra, Officer Colbert, as a law enforcement officer, was an official of a government entity who, as we discussed, supra, was acting in the scope of his employment. Petitioners present no evidence that Officer Colbert acted with malice. Additionally, Maryland Code (1974, 1998 Repl.Vol.), section 5-610 of the Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, referenced in Article 27, section 798(c), see supra, states: As we discussed, supra, section 798 was inapplicable to petitioners' claim in the case sub judice; however, section 5-610 is still relevant to our analysis as it demonstrates the Legislature's intent to preserve a law enforcement officer's immunity under this new authorized duty. Turning our attention back to House Bill 53, it is evident that the Legislature intended to insure that law enforcement On February 22, 1979, Baltimore County Assistant State's Attorney Stephen Montanarelli, testifying before the House Judiciary Committee in support of House Bill 53, specifically addressed the problem that there was no legal basis at the time for the police to accompany a spouse back to the family home and that such an action might, therefore, be beyond the scope of police authority: [It is] discretionary for police in Baltimore County to accompany [a] spouse to get [his or her] clothes. This bill would give [the] spouse a right to have police accompany [him or] her. The February 2, 1979 letter from the Joint Police Committee to Delegate Owens, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, similarly referred to the lack of statutory authority for the police to provide certain types of assistance to spousal assault victims: "Some of the services set forth in the bill to be performed by police are at the present time being performed despite the lack of specific statutory authority." (Emphasis added.) Similarly, in her February 22, 1979 testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, Katherine Foss, of the Prince George's County Department of Social Services stated: We also note an important change in the title clause, and in House Bill 53 itself. The original title to the bill made no mention of the immunity provisions contained within the proposed legislation. That immunity provision would have cross-referenced another immunity statute already codified in Article 27: "(e) The same provisions regarding immunity and costs under Article 27, § 35A shall apply to assistance rendered to children or a victim of spousal violence pursuant to this statute." See 1979 Md. Laws, Chap. 307. Apparently, after the law enforcement community expressed its concerns to the General Assembly, proposed subsection (e) was stricken (along with the rest of the original proposed statute) and a new, self-inclusive immunity provision added in subsection (b) of the new proposed statute. In addition, the title was amended to reference that immunity provision specifically: "[For] the purpose of ... providing immunity from liability for officers carrying out the provisions of this Act." From the start, this legislative history reflects that, although the Legislature intended to expand police duties, it by no means intended to create any statutorily based liability. The We agree with Judge Moylan's conclusion in the Court of Special Appeals opinion: Williams, 128 Md.App. at 28-29, 736 A.2d at 1098-99 (footnote omitted). In keeping with this conclusion, we hold that mere negligence, i.e., not acting in a reasonable manner, does not defeat public official immunity in the context of section 798. Because Officer Colbert has demonstrated that he is generally protected by statutory immunity for his actions at 622 Melville Avenue, we now turn our attention to a discussion of the general immunity from civil liability that police officers are granted by common law. This grant of immunity is often referred to as "the public duty doctrine," "the no-duty rule," or more precisely as the "duty to all, duty to no one doctrine." See J.C. McMillan Jr., Government Liability and the Public Duty Doctrine, 32 Vill. L.Rev. 505, 509 (1987); Police Liability for Negligent Failure to Prevent Crime, 94 Harv. L.Rev. 821, 822 (1981). This doctrine provides "that a municipality's duty to provide police protection ordinarily is one owed to the public-at-large and not to a specific person or class." Kircher v. City of Jamestown, 74 N.Y.2d 251, 256, 544 N.Y.S.2d 995, 543 N.E.2d 443, 445 (1989). It applies to the discretionary actions of public officials. It does not apply to public officials' ministerial acts. As early as 1856, the United States Supreme Court, in a case on an official bond, recognized that, although law enforcement officers have a general duty to protect the public as a whole, they are not liable for failure to protect specific individuals. See South v. Maryland ex rel. Pottle, 59 U.S. (18 How.) 396, 15 L.Ed. 433 (1856). In that case, the initial plaintiff was allegedly imprisoned for a four-day period and not released until he paid $2,500.00. This declaration ... assumes as a postulate that every breach or neglect of a public duty subjects the officer to a civil suit by any individual who, in consequence thereof, has suffered loss or injury; and consequently, that the sheriff and his sureties are liable to this suit on Id. at 401. The trial court found for the plaintiff but the Supreme Court reversed, concluding: Id. at 403. Maryland's public duty doctrine also has its origins in the nineteenth century. In 1898, this Court first recognized the need to protect a law enforcement officer from civil liability where a negligence claim arose out of the judgment and discretion needed to perform that job properly. Cocking v. Wade, 87 Md. 529, 40 A. 104 (1898). In that case, Joseph Cocking had been indicted by the grand jury of Charles County for the murder of his wife and sister-in-law. He was placed in the custody of Charles County Sheriff George A. Wade. Due to fear of mob violence against him, Cocking was moved several times, first to a jail in Baltimore City, then back to Charles County into a dilapidated building, that had previously been used as a jail. Cocking's request for a change of venue to St. Mary's County was granted and caused an increase in the civil unrest in Charles County. Despite repeated requests by Cocking and his counsel, Sheriff Wade refused to relocate the prisoner to a safer jail. A short time later, a group of unknown men attacked the jail, took Cocking from his cell, and hanged him. Cocking's children proclaimed their father's innocence and brought a claim against Sheriff Wade for his negligence in performing the basic duty of protecting a prisoner. We held that they did not have a cause of action. Relying in large part on the Supreme Court's decision in South v. Maryland, we said: Id. at 541, 40 A. at 106 (emphasis added). This general rule has evolved into a standard, "which we have applied to Once it is established that the individual is a public official and the tort was committed while performing a duty which involves the exercise of discretion, a qualified immunity attaches; namely, in the absence of malice, the individual involved is free from liability. The rationale underlying this grant of immunity "is that a public purpose is served by protecting officials when they act in an exercise of their discretion." [Citations omitted.] Maryland case law has affirmatively established that, while performing their duties, law enforcement officers are public officials and, thus, fall within the scope of qualified immunity as to their discretionary acts. They have no immunity in respect to ministerial acts. Clea v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 312 Md. 662, 672, 541 A.2d 1303, 1308 (1988) ("In Maryland, a limited category of governmental personnel, including police officers, are entitled under certain circumstances to qualified immunity from tort liability for their negligent conduct." (emphasis added)); Bradshaw v. Prince George's County, 284 Md. 294, 302-03, 396 A.2d 255, 260-61 (1979) ("We have held that a police officer is a `public official' when acting within the scope of his law enforcement function. As a `public official,' a police officer is protected by a qualified immunity against civil liability for non-malicious acts performed within the scope of his authority." (emphasis added) (citations omitted)); Cox v. Prince George's County, 296 Md. 162, 168-69, 460 A.2d 1038, 1041 (1983) ("[A] police officer would not be personally liable for negligent conduct committed within the scope of employment due to his public-official immunity."); Brewer v. Mele, 267 Md. 437, 444, 298 A.2d 156, 161 (1972) ("Some jurisdictions make the immunity of the law enforcement officer absolute, provided only that he be acting within the scope of his official duties. Others, including Maryland, condition the immunity upon nonmalicious conduct." (footnote omitted)), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Shoemaker v. Smith, 353 Md. 143, 725 A.2d 549 (1999); Robinson, 262 Md. at 346-47, 278 A.2d at 74 ("In Maryland governmental immunity is extended to all non-malicious acts of public officials * * * when acting in a discretionary * * * capacity.... It is clear that policemen are public officials." (quotations omitted) (emphasis added)). The next issue we must address is whether Officer Colbert was acting in a discretionary manner. As indicated by our analysis of section 798 and the Baltimore City Police Department General Order 10-93, supra, he was not divested of discretion. As we said in Ashburn, 306 Md. at 623, 510 A.2d at 1081: In addressing the difference between discretionary and ministerial actions, our predecessors noted in Schneider v. Almost any action, however, may involve the use of discretion. Thus, we noted in James, supra, 288 Md. at 327, 418 A.2d at 1180: To summarize, there are three prongs that must be satisfied in order for a government representative to qualify for immunity: (1) he or she must be a public official: and (2) his or her tortious conduct must have occurred while performing discretionary acts in furtherance of official duties; and When Officer Colbert responded to the domestic violence call at 622 Melville Avenue on July 19, 1995, he indisputedly was a government official exercising a portion of the sovereign power of the State. He indisputedly was acting within the scope of his employment and, therefore, performing a discretionary act. There was, moreover, no remote Williams, 128 Md.App. at 19, 736 A.2d at 1094. C. Special Relationship Petitioners also contend that Officer Colbert's affirmative actions and specific promises of protection to Mary and Valerie Williams, which, they assert, were reasonably relied upon by them to their detriment, created a special relationship between him and Mary and Valerie Williams that eliminates his right to immunity. We, at the very least, agree that under the peculiar circumstances testified to by Mary Williams, there may be a genuine dispute of material fact concerning whether a special relationship existed between the two parties, thereby creating a duty of protection on the part of Officer Colbert. Concerning this issue, the granting of the summary judgment motion was inappropriate: the issue as to whether a special relationship existed, when there is a dispute of material fact, is a decision for the finder of fact. It is important for us to remember that petitioners allege that Officer Colbert was negligent in the performance of his duties in responding to this domestic complaint. Under the circumstances of this case, a claim for negligence will only stand if Officer Colbert actually owed petitioners a legal duty to protect, which he breached. As we noted in Ashburn, 306 Md. at 626-29, 510 A.2d at 1082-84: As evidenced in the wording of Ashburn, Maryland recognizes that liability for failure to protect an individual citizen against injury caused by another citizen, where the officer is performing a discretionary act, does not lie against an officer, absent a "special relationship." In the presence of a "special relationship" liability may lie and immunity may not survive. Thus, "[t]he public duty doctrine ... is not an absolute bar to recovery." McMillan, supra, at 514. As we continued in Ashburn: A proper plaintiff, however, is not without recourse. If he alleges sufficient facts to show that the defendant policeman created a "special relationship" with him upon which he relied, he may maintain his action in negligence. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 315(b). Ashburn, 306 Md. at 630-31, 510 A.2d at 1085 (emphasis added). Maryland has considered what was meant by the term "special relationship" on several occasions. In Ashburn, an Anne Arundel County police officer noticed an intoxicated man sitting behind the wheel of a truck with its engine running, in the parking lot of a 7-11 convenience store. The parties agreed that the man was driving the vehicle and that the officer could have arrested the man for drunk driving. Instead of charging the man, the police officer told him to pull his car to the side of the lot and to stop driving for the evening. Once the officer left the scene, the man drove off and proceeded to hit a pedestrian, John F. Ashburn, who lost his leg in the collision. Ashburn sued the Anne Arundel County Police Department alleging that the officer had a special duty to protect Ashburn. We disagreed, saying that Ashburn "alleged no facts which show that [the police officer] affirmatively acted specifically for [Ashburn's] benefit or that [the officer's] actions induced [Ashburn's] reliance upon him." Ashburn, 306 Md. at 631-32, 510 A.2d at 1085. In other words, no special relationship ever existed between the officer and Ashburn. Prior to Ashburn, this Court considered whether a special relationship existed between the parents of a child seriously injured by a drunk driver and the drunk driver's probation officer who had failed to report previous alcohol related driving offenses to the supervising court. Lamb v. Hopkins, 303 Md. 236, 492 A.2d 1297 (1985). In that case, the parents argued that the probation officer owed them a duty, which he breached, under the theory that he had taken charge of an individual with dangerous propensities and, therefore, had a duty to use reasonable care in preventing the individual from doing such harm. See Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 319 (1965). Looking at other jurisdictions, we have discovered that, although courts have found special relationships under a variety of circumstances, a court is generally more likely to find such a relationship when the police have taken some affirmative action. A number of our sister states have developed a series of questions in order to determine whether a special relationship exists. Id. at 260, 513 N.Y.S.2d 372, 505 N.E.2d at 940. In 1983, the Superior Court for Pennsylvania similarly created a test for determining whether a special relationship exists in Melendez v. City of Philadelphia, 320 Pa.Super. 59, 466 A.2d 1060 (1983). In that case, a young boy was shot in the left eye by his neighbor during a racial confrontation. The victim and his parents sued the City of Philadelphia alleging that a special relationship existed because it had failed to protect sufficiently citizens from racial violence. That court initially noted: Id. at 64, 466 A.2d at 1063. Melendez had argued that the city had created such a special relationship because it had given assurances of protection to the residents of the neighborhood. The Pennsylvania court rejected his contention and then noted: Id. at 65, 466 A.2d at 1063-64 (some emphasis added). In Chambers-Castanes v. King County, 100 Wn.2d 275, 669 P.2d 451 (1983), the Supreme Court of Washington also outlined a set of questions designed to determine the existence of a special relationship. This case involved a police department's failure to respond to repeated emergency calls to 911 to report an assault in progress. The court implemented the following test: Id. at 281 n. 2, 669 P.2d at 456 n. 2 (quoting Evangelical United Brethren Church v. State, 67 Wn.2d 246, 407 P.2d 440 (1965)). We believe that the intent of the "special relationship" doctrine is better addressed by our general standard outlined in Ashburn: Ashburn, 306 Md. at 631, 510 A.2d at 1085. Under Ashburn, a determination of whether a special relationship exists is to be done on a case-by-case basis. Because it is evident, when a dispute of material fact exists, that the determination as to whether a special relationship exists lies with the trier of fact, we refrain from resolving whether such a relationship exists in the present case. We have, however, determined that, in the case sub judice, there is a genuine dispute of a material fact. Officer Colbert stated in his deposition that he told Mary Williams that he was waiting to see if anybody was available to bring him a camera, and that, at that time, he called again and learned that there was nobody available to bring him one. He stated in his deposition that he then told Mary Williams that he had to go get the camera himself, and she responded by saying that was fine. That is substantially different than Mary Williams' account of what happened. According to her deposition, Officer Colbert told her that he had to write his report and that she was to go in the house, because he was going to remain outside. While the officer may have had no duty to remain, if in fact he told Mrs. Williams that he would remain to protect them, he may have created a special relationship further creating a duty either to remain or to inform them that he was leaving. Whose story is more accurate is an issue of credibility and is a responsibility best left to the trier of fact. We do not mean to suggest an appropriate resolution of this dispute. We merely acknowledge that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to the stories of the witnesses and based on those differences a finder of fact could find that a special relationship did exist between the parties. Therefore, the granting of respondent's summary judgment motion was inappropriate. Accordingly, we reverse the holding of the Court of Special Appeals, vacate the motion for summary judgment granted by the Circuit Court for Baltimore City and remand this case back to that court for a trial. III. Conclusion We hold that Officer Colbert was not divested of discretion nor mandated by Article 27, section 798(b)(2), and Baltimore City Police Department General Order 10-93 to protect petitioners under the specific circumstances that evolved in this case. We also hold that, generally, a police officer has immunity from civil liability for negligence when he is performing a discretionary duty (although not while performing a ministerial act), absent a special relationship; however, we hold that Officer Colbert's affirmative actions and specific promises of protection to Mary and Valerie Williams, if in fact they occurred, are sufficient to have created a special relationship between himself and Mary and Valerie Williams. This special relationship, if it existed, may have created a duty of protection on the part of Officer Colbert. If so, his actions at 622 Melville Avenue may not warrant protection under either statutory or common law immunity. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Special Appeals and remand to vacate the order of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City granting Officer Colbert summary judgment. FootNotes Williams v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 128 Md.App. 1, 6, 736 A.2d 1084, 1087 (1999). In DeLong v. County of Erie, 60 N.Y.2d 296, 469 N.Y.S.2d 611, 457 N.E.2d 717 (1983), a special relationship was found based on a caller's reliance on promises of help from a 911 operator. On the morning of October 25, 1976, Amalia DeLong dialed 911 from her home in Kenmore, New York for emergency police assistance because a burglar was breaking into her home. She lived only blocks from the police station and the 911 operator told her the police were on the way. As a result of this assurance, Ms. DeLong elected to remain in her home. Unfortunately, the operator had misrecorded Ms. DeLong's address. After officers informed the 911 operator that they could not locate the house, the 911 operator told officers to disregard the request. The perpetrator then broke into her home and brutally murdered Ms. DeLong. The Court held that a special relationship may have existed based on two factors: (1) that the local government had encouraged her (and all victims of crime) to call 911 for emergency help; and (2) by saying that police were on the way, the operator made a promise, upon which Ms. DeLong relied. "Under similar circumstances it has been held that a special relationship was created so as to require the municipality to exercise ordinary care in the performance of a duty it has voluntarily assumed.... Whether a special duty has been breached is generally a question for the jury to decide." Id. at 305-06, 469 N.Y.S.2d 611, 457 N.E.2d at 721-22. These cases indicate that in circumstances when a person relies on the actions of a police officer, a special relationship may be found that eliminates a law enforcement officer's immunity and renders him or her civilly liable. Comment

Baseball - Mercyhurst College will conduct a youth baseball camp July 18-21 at the Mercyhurst baseball field. The camp is for kids in grades K-8 and runs 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. daily. Cost is $100. To register, contact Joe Spano at 824-2441 or e-mail [email protected]. - The Eastside Family YMCA will host a youth baseball/softball camp from 6-8 p.m. July 18-22 for children ages 6-12. The camp will focus on individual and team skills as well as incorporating the Y's core character values. Each participant will receive a camp shirt and snack each day. Fee is $10 for members and $60 for non-members. Registration ends July 15. Forms can be downloaded at. For information, contact Paul Ebert at (814) 899-9622, ext. 254, or [email protected] - Penn State Behrend's coaching staff and players will conduct two boys baseball camps. The first camp will be July 25-29 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. for boys ages 6-11 years old. The second camp will be Aug. 1-5 for boys ages 11-16 years old. Cost is $160. For information, or for a camp brochure, call Paul Benim at (814) 898-6838. - The Millcreek Summer Sizzler baseball tournament is looking for all-star and travel teams for upcoming tournaments. An eight-team 14U tournament will be played July 30 and 31 at the Walnut Creek fields. Entry fee is $400. An eight-team 10U and eight-team 11U tournament will be played Aug. 5-7 at the David Long Complex at Walnut Creek School. Entry fee is $275 for the 10U and $300 for the 11U. A 16-team tournament for 12U will take place Aug. 12-14 at the Long Complex. Entry fee is $300. For information, call Rick Rohan at (814) 464-3393 or e-mail [email protected]. - Franklin Little League is looking for boys baseball and girls softball teams for the Bob Porter Memorial tournament Aug. 5-7 in Franklin. There are four divisions for baseball for ages 7-15 and seven divisions for softball for ages 10 and under to 21. Entry fee is $150 per team for the 10U division and $250 per team for all others. For information, contact Natalie Desko at (814) 657-5154 or by e-mail at [email protected], or Chris Porter at (814) 437-7396, (814) 758-7754 or by e-mail at [email protected]. Basketball - Blessed Sacrament School is looking for coaches for the junior varsity and varsity boys and girls basketball programs. For information, call Rick Demski at 392-0814 or Rich Galla at 459-4110. - The Mercyhurst Prep boys basketball camp will take place July 11-16 for boys entering grades 5-9. Cost is $95 and includes a T-shirt. For information, visit mpslakers.com or call Sean Baer at 323-5968. - Penn State Behrend will be conducting girls basketball day camps for players ages 7-15 July 11-15 and Aug. 1-5 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cost is $120. For information, or a camp brochure, call Roz Fornari at 898-6425. - The Achieve Your Dreams Basketball Academy Big Man Camp for boys and girls in grades 7-12 is scheduled for July 11-15 at Mercyhurst Prep High School, all evenings from 6 to 8 p.m. The camp is designed to educate participants with a broader knowledge of what it takes to be a good post player. Camp director is Bob Amendola, along with Edinboro assistants Pat Cleary and Terry Thompson, Ryan Eller of Grove City College and Sean Baer of Mercyhurst Prep. Cost is $100. For information, call Amendola at 835-2310, Thompson at 572-4746 or Baer at 323-5968. - The inaugural Marsh Madness 3-on-3 boys basketball tournament will take place July 16 at Waterford Elementary School. Games begin at 8 a.m. Maximum four players per team. It is a double-elimination tournament. There will be five divisions: grades 3-4, grades 5-6, grades 7-8, grades 9-10 and grades 11-12. Cost is $44; deadline is July 13. For information, call Kevin O'Connor at 490-7121 or Steve Proctor at 464-7790. - Girard girls basketball coach Larry Seneta will host the Girard girls instructional basketball camp for players entering grades 4-9. The camp costs $60 per session and will take place from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. at Rice Avenue Middle School. The first session is for girls entering grades 7-9 and will take place July 18-21. The second session is for girls entering grades 4-6 and will take place July 25-28. For information, call Seneta at (814) 774-4704. - Penn State Behrend's men's basketball coaching staff and players will conduct various boys basketball camps this summer. The boys basketball day camps will be July 25-29 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. for ages 7-15. Cost is $120. There will be a "Little Dribblers" basketball camp July 18-21 for ages 4-8 from 9-11 a.m. Cost is $50. For information, call Dave Niland at 898-6398. Football - Anyone interested can register for the Presque Isle Flag Football League. Registration fee is $300 per team. For information, call (814) 440-4050. - MYAA Football will conduct registrations July 12 and 19 from 7 to 9 p.m. at the MYAA building, 2614 Colonial Ave. The league is for players age 10-13 as of Oct. 31 with a weight between 85 and 135 pounds. Cost is $50, and $40 for additional players in the same family. For information, call John Stockard at 882-9472 or visit myaasports.com. - Mike Mischler's Rambler Football Skills Camp will take place July 18-21 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. at Cathedral Prep's Event Center for players in grades 2-9. Cost is $125. For information, call 453-7737 (ext. 2277). - The Tri-Boro Little Gridders football program sign-ups will take place July 23 and Aug. 4-6 from noon to 2 p.m. at the Lake City Municipal Building. Cost is $55 and the program is limited to children in grades 4-7 in Girard, Lake City and Fairview. Sign-ups also will take place at Dan Rice Days in Girard but the cost will be $75. For information, call John at 450-5614 or Matt at 504-5732. - The Eastside Family YMCA is accepting registrations for its NFL Flag Youth Football Program, a fundamental program for boys and girls ages 6-12. Each participant receives an authentic NFL Flag game jersey as well as official NFL Flag flags. Weekly 45-minute practices will begin Aug. 10, and Saturday games begin Aug. 20. Registration ends July 23. Y members pay $20 and non-members pay $75. Forms can be downloaded at. For information, contact Corey Wolff at 814-899-9622, Ext. 250, or [email protected] - Family First is taking registrations for its youth football program for the fall session. The session runs eight weeks and is played outdoors. Two divisions pee wee (7-8-year-olds) and mighty (9-10-year-olds). Fee is $95. For information, e-mail Mike Mischler at [email protected], or go to our website to register: familyfirstsportspark.com Golf - Mercyhurst at the Masters tickets are available for $100 each for a chance to attend the 2012 Masters golf tournament for one day April 6-8 in Augusta, Ga. Winner will receive a Masters badge for Friday, Saturday or Sunday at Augusta National, one night at the Clarion Suites and access to the VIP corporate pavilion near Gate 9. Only 100 tickets will be sold. For information, contact Ruth Alberstadt at 824-2161 or e-mail [email protected]. - Bradley H. Foulk 2nd annual memorial scramble, Wednesday, Lake Shore. Shotgun start, 1 p.m. Registration 11:30 a.m. Cost $125. Benefits Bradley H. Foulk Children's Advocacy Center of Erie County. Laura Guncheon, 451-0202 Ext. 224, or [email protected]. - Erie National Fallen Firefighter Foundation fourth annual tournament, Friday, Green Meadows. Shotgun start, 9 a.m. Cost $75. Deadline Wednesday. Greg Laird, 323-4410. - John Kanzius Memorial tournament, July 11, Lake View. Shotgun start, 1 p.m. Supports John Kanzius Cancer Research Foundation. Steve Crane, 725-9561. - Our Lady of Peace outing, July 15, Whispering Woods. Shotgun start, 10 a.m. Cost $100, for first 128 golfers. Paul Vojtek, 836-0951; Cynthia, 833-7701. - Eighth annual Dustin Fortin Memorial tournament, July 16, Country Meadows. Shotgun start, 8 a.m. Cost $65. Proceeds benefit Dustin Fortin Memorial Scholarship Fund held with the Fort LeBoeuf Foundation. Donna Fortin, 796-2451 or [email protected]. Running - The O'Neal Memorial Run, a 5K, will be run July 16 at 9 a.m. at Gibson Park in North East. Registration starts at 7:30 a.m. All proceeds will benefit the North East High School Scholarship Fund in memory of Debbie and Lauri O'Neal and the high school cross country team. Prizes will be awarded to the overall 5K walk and 5K run winners in both the male and female divisions. Registration is $15 and participants can register up to the date of the race. For information, call Halli Reid at (814) 725-1017. - The Waterford 5K Race and Fun Walk will take place July 14 at 7 p.m., with the start and finish on the Square. Early registration, due by Thursday, is $16 with a T-shirt and $10 without. Race-day registration is $21 with a T-shirt and $15 without. Awards will be presented to the top male and female runners in each age group. Checks should be made payable to Fort LeBoeuf Cross Country and mailed to Fort LeBoeuf Cross Country Boosters, P.O. Box 1046, Waterford, Pa. 16441. - The fourth annual Wooly Mammoth 5K cross country race is scheduled for July 16 at Shadyside Campground in Harmonsburg. Entry fee is $20 and registration begins at 7:30 a.m., with the race to start at 9 a.m. Entry forms can be downloaded at. For information, call Jane Smith at (814) 337-6377. - The sixth annual Cambridge Springs Volunteer Fire Department 5K run/walk will take place July 23 at 9 a.m. Registration will begin at 7 a.m. at the carnival grounds. All proceeds will benefit the volunteer fire department. Awards will be presented to the top male and female runners in each age group. Advance registration, which guarantees a T-shirt, is $12 and race-day registration is $15. For information, call Jim Reagles at 720-7016 or Kerri Fleet at 398-1972. - The Asbury Woods Ridge Run, a 5K race and one-mile fun walk/run, will take place July 30 at Brown's Farm, 5774 Sterrettania Road. Proceeds from the second annual event will go to help support Asbury Woods' trails, programs and events. Cost is $20 if registration is completed by July 23, $25 after. The 5K race will start at 9 a.m., and the one-mile fun walk/run will start at 10 a.m. For information, call (814) 835-5356 or visit. - The Oil Creek Biathlon (cross country running and target shooting) will take place Aug. 13 at Oil Creek State Park. Check-in is 7:30 a.m. For information, call John Sims at (814) 354-2802. - The UPMC Hamot 10K/Mayor's Cup will take place Aug. 21 at the UPMC Hamot campus at Second and State streets in Erie. The 10K/Mayor's Cup will start at 8 a.m., followed by a 5K walk/run at 8:15 a.m. and a toddler trot at 9:30 a.m. Registration before Aug. 12 is $15, $18 after. Family discounts are available. Awards will be presented to the top male and female finishers in each age group. Checks should be made payable to Erie Runners Club and mailed to UPMC Hamot 10K/Mayor's Cup, c/o Erie Runners Club, 1903 W. Eighth St., PMB 296, Erie, PA 16504. For information, call (814) 881-0060. Soccer - Penn State Behrend will conduct a youth soccer camp for players between the ages of 5-13 Tuesday-Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cost is $130. For information, or for a camp brochure, call Patrick O'Driscoll at (814) 898-7569 or Dan Perritano at (814) 898-6296. Softball - The National Softball Association will conduct a tournament July 15-17 in Edinboro with the age groups 18U, 16U, 14U and 12U. For information, call Bob Sydow at (814) 572-8696. - Penn State Behrend will conduct girls softball camps July 18-22 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. for ages 6-16. Cost is $120. For information, or a camp brochure, call Stacy Pondo at (814) 898-6240. Swimming - Penn State Behrend will conduct a Little Lions swim camp for ages 7-10 and a Technique swim camp for ages 11-16. The Little Lions camp will take place July 11-15 from 9 a.m. until noon and the cost is $80. For information, call Jen Wallace at (814) 898-7147. T-Ball - The Eastside Family YMCA is accepting registrations for its coed 4-5-year-old T-Ball program. Registration ends July 23, with practices (45 minutes once a week, Monday or Tuesday) running Aug. 8-23 and Saturday games beginning Aug. 20. The program is free to Y members and costs $58 for non-members. Forms can be downloaded at. For information, contact Corey Wolff at (814) 899-9622, Ext. 250, or [email protected] Volleyball - The 24th annual State Champs volleyball day skills camp will take place Wednesday-Friday and from 9 a.m. until 3 p.m. at Penn State Behrend. Cost is $90 for girls in grades 7-12. For information, contact Gerry Vensel at [email protected] or 881-7544 or 838-9300. Phil Pisano can be reached at 898-6235.; successive requests can be directed to the Times-News classified advertising department, (814) 456-7021. Please submit notices no later than the Friday before publication is desired. Billiards Valley National 8-Ball Association International Championships May 26-June 4 At Bally's Resort, Las Vegas Men's regular 8-ball singles: 33rd-48th place, Mark Garrett; 97-128 place, Shawn Fitzimmons. Men's regular 9-ball singles: 25th-32nd place, Brian Thompson; 65-96 place, Fitzsimmons. Men's intermediate 9-ball singles: 9th-12th place, Shayne Morrow. Men's classic 8-ball singles: 2nd place, Bruce Mowery. Women's sports 9-ball singles: 2nd place, Heather Weed. Men's 8-ball regular 8-ball teams: 33rd-48th place, Cornerstone (Bruce Mowery, Mark Garrett Shawn Fitzsimmons, Greg Priest, Roger Sarginger), Warren, Pa.; The "O" (Eric Cardy, Scott Heckathorn, Steve Snyder, Brian Thompson, Mark Merritt), Oil City, Pa. Men's intermediate 8-ball teams: 9th-12th place, Boonie's (William Van Guilder, Stormy Flick, John Barbale, Shayne Morrow, Charlie Reed), Titusville, Pa. Sportswomen's 8-ball teams: Owl's Nest (Melena Thompson, Jennifer Shaw, Heather Weed, Lucy Gallagher, Tatia Brown, Melody Weaver), Meadville. Junior International Championships June 16-19 At Verizon Wireless Center, Mankato, Minn. Minor male 8-ball singles: 7th-8th place, Larry Simmons Jr. Minor female 8-ball singles: 7th-8th place, Sarah Hastings. Minor 8-ball teams: 9th-12th place, 8-Ball Hustlers (Josh Davis, Kyle Zeigler, Myles Simmons, Dustin Koszarek), Erie; 13th-16th place, Dead Stroke (Sarah Hastings, Austin Zeigler, Hannah Zeigler), Erie. Minor scotch doubles: 2nd place, Dustin Koszarek-Myles Simmons. Minor artistic pool: 3rd place, Dustin Koszarek. Major male 8-ball singles: 2nd place, Justin Himes. Major 8-ball teams: 4th place, PA Express (Larry Simmons Jr., Buddy Skrutsky, Justin Himes), Erie. Major scotch doubles: 1st place, Buddy Skrutsky and Larry Simmons Jr. Major speed pool: 1st place, Justin Himes. Major highest-placing all-female 8-Ball team: U Got Served (Emily Skrutsky, Lindsey Reiner, Alyssa Krise, Jesinda Reiner), Erie. Softball leagues S. Montgomery Slow Pitch Harborcreek Youth Services 7-0 Stairways Behavioral Health 7-0 The Browns 6-0 Hertel & Brown 6-1 Champion Ford 5-1 Specialty Products 6-2 Serenity/Appletree & Kern 4-4 Community Resources for Independence3-4 U-Pick-6/Sebald & Hackwelder 3-4 Parkhurst 2-3 Sarah Reed 2-3 Lakeshore Community Services 1-4 Family Services 1-6 Sky's the Limit 1-6 Ardus Medical 0-5 City Mission 0-5 Vets Outreach 0-6 ------ Greater Erie Men's Slow Pitch East Rack-n-Roll/PPI 12-2 Haggerty's 12-4 Sandbar 4-8 Connecto Electric 0-14 West Burton Funeral Home 13-3 Ralphie's 12-6 Crooked i/Mid-town Tattoo 8-4 Mattson's Auto 5-9 Girard Alliance 0-14 ------ Millcreek Co-ed Slow Pitch Oasis Pub 6-0 Bayrats 5-0 Sandbar 5-0 Greengarden Lanes 5-2 Complete Marketing Inc. 4-2 Strive for 5 3-2 Badgers 3-3 Labatt Blue Light 3-4 3B's 1-3 Specialty Products 0-4 Hosford International 0-5 Lakers 0-5 Sherlock's/Park Place 0-5

Content to Be Good, Called to Be Godly - Wednesday, June 18, 2008 EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is an excerpt from Content to Be Good, Called to Be Godly by Janet Denison (Tyndale). Early morning has always been my favorite time of the day. I love to work in those quiet hours when most of the world is either asleep or barely getting started. For years I’ve risen early, grabbed a cup of hot coffee, and spent time with God. Each week I routinely set aside one morning to prepare my weekly Bible study, a teaching ministry that I have had for many years. It is my privilege to teach women of all ages and from a variety of backgrounds who come to our church. Some have a great deal of Bible knowledge, while others are just beginning to read the Scriptures. They meet together in small groups to discuss a portion of Scripture, and then I present a more in-depth look at the passage. One beautiful fall morning several years ago, my routine changed. In the past, I had usually anticipated the chance to study, but as I headed upstairs my feet seemed heavy. I had no desire to prepare my weekly Bible lesson. We were studying the life of Christ, and the week’s lesson focused on the temptations of Jesus in the desert. Here I was with one of the most well-known passages in the New Testament, and I was completely uninspired. It is always more difficult to teach a well-known passage. Most of the ladies had heard this Bible story in Vacation Bible School and had been hearing it in lessons and sermons ever since. I couldn’t imagine that I would have anything new to add. I sat in my favorite chair and carefully read through the passage, studying each verse. When I finished, I got to my knees, asking God for something I could say that would be new and interesting. I finished praying and looked again at the fourth chapter of Luke, hoping that I would be led to at least three points and a clever introduction. Still, nothing new came to mind. Perhaps I just need more caffeine to fill in the gaps where God’s silence seems to be growing, I thought to myself. In the kitchen I poured another cup of coffee and then sat for a long time at the kitchen table looking out the window. The leaves of the oak trees were just beginning to turn, and they held the promise of the full array of fall colors. The sun poured through the windows, and the house was hushed and peaceful. Once again my mind drifted to the Scripture I had just read..” Jesus replied, “The Scriptures say, ‘You must worship the Lord your God and serve only him.’”. (Luke 4:1-13) As I looked again at the familiar passage, my mind filled with a steady stream of silent questions. Why did the Spirit lead Christ into the wilderness? Was this really seem quiet thoughts that answered my questions. His presence was tangible. As God gave me the lesson I had been struggling to create, I realized it was more important than an outline for a weekly Bible study lesson—it was a life lesson for me. That morning I came to realize the temptations of Christ were not just his. . . . They were mine as well. It made me think: How many times in my life has Satan presented me with offers similar to what Satan offered Christ—offers of personal gain or glory that I have willingly accepted? In fact, I believed that stared quietly at the empty, stained coffee cup in my hands, realizing that my soul was just like that cup. Yes, I had been working hard, but to what end? That morning I honestly questioned if I was busy with the Lord’s agenda for my life or if I was simply caught up in the devil’s suggestions. I had a ministry… but was it mine, or God’s? That quiet fall morning was an appointment with God. Realizing the significance of this moment, my next prayer to God was to seek his help, not just for a message to teach, but for my life. I had wanted God to help me write a lesson that was clever and new so I could impress those who came to listen. I wanted to turn stones into bread so I could feed my ego. I wanted to do a good job so that the Bible study would grow and I would look successful. I was working for those kingdoms and glories the devil had offered. I wanted to be inspired so that others would see that God had chosen me and was using my ministry. I wanted to jump from the Temple. I wanted precisely what the devil was offering, never realizing that the good things I was busy doing were much more about me than they were about God. I was paying Satan’s high price as I spent my time, my energy, and my passion on his delusions; the currency required was depleting my soul. My calendar was full and I was actively doing things the world called ministry, but I was exhausted, joyless, and spiritually bankrupt. I wanted to rediscover the life God wanted me to have. The life he could bless. God heard my prayers and answered them that beautiful fall morning. He gave me something new to say about those verses from Luke, not so I could entertain or impress an audience, but so I could learn the message myself. He led me to a new understanding of what would be necessary if I wanted to live by God’s plan and for his purpose. In those early morning hours, alone with my Father, he began to teach me what would become a central message of my ministry and a passion for my own life. God called me to reorder my priorities and to ask myself if I was busy doing good things—or God things. Now he wants to ask you that same question. Points to Ponder Consider your life. What obligations involve your time and energy? How did you decide to become involved in this work? What has been your reward? You Were Made to Be More The Holy Spirit led Jesus into the desert to be tempted. Jesus was obedient to the Spirit for the sake of his earthly ministry. His goal was to set the example for our ministries as well. Look again at the passage in Luke 4:1-13 and consider these questions: - When did the devil choose to tempt Jesus? Why is this timing significant? - Look at Jesus’ response to each temptation. What would be the benefit of acceptance? What would be the cost of acceptance? - turn the stones into bread - accept glory and authority in the world - jump from the Temple and allow the angels to protect him - Jesus came to show the world that he was the Messiah, the Son of God. How would he have accomplished his purpose by following the devil’s suggestions? Committed Christians, actively walking with the Lord, are rarely tempted to commit overt and blatant sins. For example, have you ever been tempted to rob a bank on your way to church or burn down a building before Bible study? We are children of God and we value our witness in this world. We desire the blessing of our Father. We want to be good people and good examples while living on this earth. Satan knew Jesus wouldn’t steal or murder so he would never suggest those temptations. Jesus wanted people to know that he was God’s Son, so Satan tempted Jesus to fulfill that purpose ... apart from God’s plan. Philippians 2:6-7 says, “Though he was God, he did not think of equality with God as something to cling to. Instead, he gave up his divine privileges; he took the humble position of a slave and was born as a human being.” Jesus gave up the right to plan his ministry on earth and chose instead to become a slave, obedient to his Father’s plan. The devil knew he couldn’t have Jesus’ soul for eternity, so he made an attempt to affect Jesus’ earthly ministry. Is it possible that the devil tempts Christians in much the same ways as he tempted Christ? Could this be one of the reasons the Holy Spirit led Jesus into the desert—as an illustration of how Satan tempts those who follow God? Christians have the assurance of eternal life (John 3:16), but we live earthly lives filled with choices. Satan loves to assert his subtle, destructive influence on those choices. Satan cannot have your soul, so he will attempt to destroy your witness and limit your ability to minister. In the temptation account, Jesus had just been baptized and was about to begin his earthly ministry. Interestingly enough, this incident is the only time in Scripture when the Spirit of God intentionally leads someone to be tempted. Why was it necessary for Christ to be tempted? In 2 Corinthians 5:21 it says, “For God made Christ, who never sinned, to be the offering for our sin, so that we could be made right with God through Christ.” Christ was tempted so that he could fulfill Old Testament prophecy and, ultimately, his earthly purpose as the perfect lamb, an offering for our sin. Jesus resisted the temptations of Satan, teaching us that we can resist them as well. He died because we wouldn’t always succeed. He is our High Priest, who understands our weaknesses, “for he faced all of the same testings we do, yet he did not sin” (Hebrews 4:15). Satan hoped that Jesus would choose to show the world that he was the Messiah by proving his greatness. Jesus resisted the temptation to prove himself and chose instead to sacrifice his greatness and prove God’s. It’s the same for us. I can stand in front of a group and teach a lesson, hoping to impress someone, or I can teach because I have yielded my mind and motives to God; then he can reach someone. Satan tempts us to believe that we are the ones who exhibit God’s power because of the great things that we do for him. Scripture teaches us to show the power of God by the great things he does through us. Listen to Acts 1:8: “But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon you. And you will be my witnesses, telling people about me everywhere—in Jerusalem, throughout Judea, in Samaria, and to the ends of the earth” The Greek word used for “be” is esesthe, meaning “to have your nature become.” When the Holy Spirit came into your life, he didn’t come to help you act like a witness for Christ. Instead, he gave you a new nature, so that you could become a witness. Witnessing is not something you do—it is who God re-created you to be when he saved you. It is your Christian purpose, and that is what the devil relentlessly attempts to destroy. If you are a Christian, then Satan is at work in your life. Do you recognize his tactics? I didn’t. As a busy preacher’s wife, I spent most of my time at church. I taught Bible study and Sunday school, worked at Vacation Bible School, went to committee meetings, visited the sick in hospitals, made phone calls, counseled, prayed, and did all the other things that came with the job. People seemed grateful for what I did, so I assumed that God was equally appreciative. How could Satan be influencing my life when I was so busy doing good things for God? I had been acting like a Christian and trying to perform as a Christian should, but it was just that—an act and a performance. That pivotal morning, I realized that Satan’s influence was keeping me busy with good things that brought me praise rather than God things that brought God glory. I had been using vast amounts of time doing what God had never called me to do. I knew that my busy agenda had probably hindered the plan God would have designed for my life. So I made a commitment to relearn what it would mean to follow God. Will you? Points to Ponder How is Satan tempting you? It is the devil’s goal to hinder you from following God’s plan. What is the devil suggesting that has the appearance of a good idea but is intended to separate you from God and his call in your life? Replace Good Ideas with God’s Plan So how can you adjust your life to God’s plan and discern whether or not your choice is a good thing or a God thing? Peter addressed this problem in a letter he wrote to the Jewish Christians who had been scattered from Jerusalem. These Christians had given up everything to follow Christ, suffering persecution and loss—sometimes even of their lives—for their faith. They had established churches in other cities and were trying to share the gospel with their new neighbors. Almost immediately they discovered there would be temptations, conflict, and discord among God’s people. Peter wrote to them . . . and to) - How should we “humble ourselves”? Why? - Our worries and concerns consume much of our time and energy. What does Peter suggest doing for this problem? - What is Satan “devouring” while you are clinging to your own agenda? - According to Peter, what is the solution? We, as Christians, are often busy doing good things for God, taking satisfaction when other people seem pleased or, even better, impressed. But in the quiet moments, do you wonder why the joy and peace that God has promised is absent from your life? It is easy to assume that if the church or other Christians are pleased, then God must be pleased as well. When these beliefs become ingrained in our minds, we grow perilously close to developing what I have described as a “treadmill ministry.” Do you feel like you are running hard but never really seeing the eternal value of your efforts? Once we get on that treadmill, our service becomes routine and predictable. We get into that familiar habit of serving a church or a group of people instead of serving the Lord. It’s the same, over and over again—uninspired but conventional. A Christian can spend untold hours working for others, serving the needs of others time after time. Usually those requests are well intentioned, for a program that appears to be a good idea. How do you know if you have been asked to do a good thing or called by God to a service for him? For many years I worried that the church would be disappointed or would gossip about me if I didn’t show up to almost everything on the schedule. I was the pastor’s wife, and I cared what the congregation thought and said of me. I wanted their praise and honor. I wanted what Satan had tempted me to want, and I knew how to get it. I accepted almost any opportunity for ministry that looked like a good idea. I was quick to volunteer to teach a class, make a casserole, or decorate a table for a program. I was consistently reading the Bible to prepare a lesson, rather than spending time with God. I prayed the opening and closing prayers at programs, but I wasn’t having very many conversations with my heavenly Father. I raced through life, filling it with good things and hoping I would impress God and others. All the while, Satan was devouring my time and my soul, one bite at a time. I spent so much time at the church, working with other Christians, that I rarely came in contact with someone outside the faith. I was running on the spiritual treadmill, and Satan was pleased because I was in the church, running in place. Meanwhile, God was saying, “Humble yourself. You only think you know what you should do. Let me fill you with my mighty power because you are not strong enough on your own. Work for my honor, not other people’s opinions. Trust me to handle the worries and concerns. Don’t you realize how much I care about you? Watch out! Satan wants to devour your time and your soul. Stand with me against the temptation to do what you or others think will be good. I will call you to your ministries, and your strength and guidance will come from trusting me. Stand firm in your faith, and I will fight the roaring lion for you.” You can be sure that Satan is hard at work, tempting God’s children to be content with a life and ministry consisting of the good things that we design for ourselves. We are only a threat to him when we answer God’s call to service, dedicated to the advancement of God’s Kingdom and glory. Satan doesn’t mind if people think you are good. He doesn’t mind if you fill your time doing good things. In fact, the devil will try to tempt you to do exactly that. The “good person” is not the one who annoys the devil—the godly Christian poses the threat. Satan will tempt you to be good because he fears you will be godly. Have you been tempted, as I was, to be content with a good Christian life? Are you spending your time?”1 Treadmill ministry will force you to run until you are tired and can go no further. Treadmill ministry will keep you in one place, secluded from the larger world. Treadmill ministry is our programmed effort, not a Spirit-led journey. The most dangerous consequence of a treadmill ministry is that the only person affected is the one doing the running. Is your primary goal to please God or is it to complete programs of service designed by others? There is a higher call. Determine to Choose the Higher Standard How can we stay focused on the right goals? How can we be sure that the choices we make are God’s leading and not the suggestions of the devil? None of us wants to fail. But we live in a world that can often demand and direct more loudly than God. We live in a society that rewards us for the good things we do but can reject us for serving God and speaking the truths of Scripture. Paul lived in a society with similar challenges. He is a great example of someone who used his life for the glory of God and resisted the temptation to work for the world’s rewards. He told the church in Ephesus::10-20) - How can you carefully determine what pleases the Lord? - Look closely at the passage. What exposes the deeds of evil and darkness? - What does Paul say we should do with the opportunities that come? - What is the opposite of acting thoughtlessly? A person who is drunk on wine is under its control. Paul contrasts that person with one who is “filled with” or controlled by the Holy Spirit. Describe the life of a person who is under the influence of the Spirit. Points to Ponder Do you look at a chance to minister as an opportunity or an obligation? That morning, as I stared at those trees, I knew the leaves would soon change to the glorious colors of fall because that is what God created them to do. I also knew that my life and my soul would change for the same reason. We need to do what God created us to do. We are not allowed to be content filling our lives with good things we choose to do. We have a higher calling. We are called to be godly. Ephesians 5:1-2 says, “Imitate God, therefore, in everything you do, because you are his dear children. Live a life filled with love, following the example of Christ.” Christ submitted his life fully to his Father, and we are to follow his example. As the children of God, we are supposed to act like our Father. We need to yield our will to God’s plan and his choices. The goal is to be “carefully determined” to be involved in God things instead of good things. I sat down at the computer that day and wrote my message. I didn’t want to give it for my glory. Its success wouldn’t be contingent on the listeners’ approval. I would not use my spiritual gifts to bring attention to myself. Instead, I wanted to deliver a message that was authored by the Holy Spirit of God. I wanted his blessing more than the praise of others. God taught me some crucial life lessons that morning, lessons that I have struggled to remember since that time. I had developed my own definition of Christian success rather than accepting God’s word on the subject. I had worked for the immediate gratification of earthly rewards rather than waiting for the greater reward God was keeping for me in heaven. The life lessons I learned that morning redefined my life and my ministry, allowing me to step off my spiritual treadmill and walk with God. The life lessons I learned were these: The Measure of Success What is more pleasing to the Lord: your burnt offerings and sacrifices or your obedience to his voice? Listen! Obedience is better than sacrifice, and submission is better than offering the fat of rams. (1 Samuel 15:22) Success will be measured by obedience to his call. The Only Reward of Great Value:10-13) This reward will be saved in heaven, not gained by the response of people. That week I didn’t teach my message. . . . I taught the one God gave me. That week I didn’t see leading my Bible study as an obligation but as an opportunity. I said yes to God’s call, and he equipped me for it, beginning my new walk with him. Don’t get me wrong: I have been tempted to return to my treadmill ministry, and sometimes I do. It is safe—I can set the speed, the degree of difficulty, and the schedule of how often I do it. I can run on that spiritual treadmill for days, even weeks and months, until eventually I recognize how empty my soul is. Take a moment and consider the week before you. What does your schedule look like? How will God be glorified and the Kingdom affected by your plans? Is your week full of good things or God things? Do you need to step off the treadmill in order to walk with God? Here are some things to think about: - What usually motivates you to accept a ministry opportunity? - In what ways might the devil be tempting you to serve God for the wrong reasons? Points to Ponder Recently on Books Editors' Picks Have something to say about this article? Leave your comment via Facebook below! 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War Against Patriarchy-I Daniel Amneus Thirty years ago, following the Watts riots which shocked the nation, a commission was created under the chairmanship of Otto Kerner to study why the disturbances had occurred. The conclusion of the commission was predictably liberal: that America was becoming two nations, unequal, one white and well off, one black and poor. The cause was racism. Not so. American was becoming, and is still becoming, two nations, unequal, one still predominantly white and still (though decreasingly) patriarchal, one still and predominantly black (though increasingly Latino) and now, since the feminist movement, increasingly matriarchal. The split in our society is not primarily along racial lines; it is based on the two kinship systems: father-headed families vs. mother-headed families. The father-headed families of Beverly Hills are happier, and produce better behaved and higher achieving children than the mother-headed households (not "families") of Watts, where the riots occurred. The switch from father headed families to mother headed households constitutes the most basic change (short of total destruction) which a society is capable of undergoing. Father headed families require that women accept sexual regulation--otherwise men cannot have families. Females don't want to be sexually regulated and would prefer to have female headed households, as in Watts. White females don't like to be sexually regulated any more than black females do, but they accept regulation because they have a clearer perception of the advantages males are willing to confer upon them in exchange for their sharing their reproductive lives with men and allowing them to have families. But increasingly white women are getting educated, getting jobs and discarding husbands and returning the larger society to the female kinship system. It lowers their standard of living and produces a lot of messed up kids, but it liberates the women from patriarchal sexual regulation. This is what feminism is all about. Here, from Rickie Solinger's Wake Up Little Susie, is an illustration of how the change has taken place: A Radcliffe student in the same era [1950s] needed to tell someone about her pregnancy. Jean chose a close male friend who'd been her pal for years, a "regular guy." But hearing the news, he became so aroused that he attacked her sexually. Horrified, Jean rebuffed the attack and faced the young men's petulant anger: "You're pregnant, aren't you? So what's the worry, let's have some fun." Jean felt that she had "gotten herself pregnant." She thought, "I wanted to die, but he was right. I got what I deserved."1 She had become a "bad woman," traversing the border From Reverence to Rape, from Madonna to Whore, from the patriarchal system to the matriarchal system, from a woman with whom a man could have a responsible sexual relationship to a woman with whom a man could not, from a woman who might expect her boyfriend to marry her to a woman from whom the man might fear a paternity suit, from a woman who wanted a patriarchal family to a woman who wanted to be independent of the patriarchal system and who threatened to expel him from the patriarchal system, as ghetto males are expelled in order that ghetto females might be sexually emancipated and admired by feminists like Elise Boulding and Rickie Solinger and Marie Richmond-Abbott and Elizabeth Debold, Marie Wilson and Idelisse Malave and the rest of the feminist crowd. The males thus expelled from the patriarchal system can then be blamed by feminists and politicians such as President Clinton and Governor Wilson for not subsidizing the females who remove themselves from the patriarchal system, but still hope to exploit the male's sense of responsibility for offspring for the purpose of compelling them to finance "bad" women who prevent them from being fathers. This is how women have been liberating themselves. "For complex cultural, historical, and economic reasons," writes Ms. Sol said at the time, "It would be immoral to place the baby [for adoption]. That would be throwing away your own flesh and blood." In contrast to the very large percentage of white girls and women who gave up their babies for adoption, about nine out of ten blacks kept theirs.2 That is the reason why they live in ghettos and why their daughters are unchaste and why their men are underachieving non- fathers. It all begins with the unchastity of their women, now being imitated by white women. Politicians fall all over themselves to compel fathers to subsidize this switchover from patriarchy to matriarchy. "Social workers," says Ms. Solinger, and other human service professionals claimed repeatedly that black single pregnancy was the product of family and community disorganization. Yet in comparing the family and community responses among blacks and whites to out-of- wedlock.3 Expelling promiscuous white women protects the role of the white males who are fathers of white children and protects the children who benefit from growing up in patriarchal families. It protects the taxpayers who are still expected to subsidize the unchaste black females and their illegitimate children. The poor, minority women and girls and their illegitimate children are a drain on the system and generate a disproportionate amount of social pathology. In the ghetto "bad" women are as socially acceptable as "good" ones and that is why the ghetto is a mess. Murphy Brown is making this the way of the larger society and men are willing to pay for it and to withdraw the sanction of shame by which society formerly regulated white female sexuality. Ms. Solinger shows how this sanction works with two teenage girls, Sally, white, and Brenda, black. Sally gets pregnant and tells her boyfriend Tim, who starts to lose interest in her. Her father places her in the Crittenton Maternity Home in San Diego, where she is given classes in sewing, cooking and charm. In other words, she is trained to re-enter the patriarchal system, trained to be a "good" woman. She talks about wanting to keep her child, but changes her mind: "I don't think any unmarried girl has the right to keep her baby. I don't think it's fair to the child." The child is adopted by an infertile couple and Sally, warned by the social worker and her parents never, ever, to tell anyone of this episode, goes back home and acts as though nothing happened. She was salvaged for the patriarchal system and (let's hope) got married and lived happily ever after. Brenda's mother is disgusted that she was considering marrying Robert, her 19-year-old boyfriend and tells her "It's better to be an unwed mother than an unhappy bride. You'll never be able to point your finger at me and say, "If it hadn't been for her.'" Meaning, evidently, "If it hadn't been for her I could have been living happily in the ghetto matriarchy, with its crime, squalor and drive-by shootings, instead of being trapped in the patriarchal system where females are sexually regulated and can have sex only within marriage. But her child will pay, and also the taxpayer who has to finance the ghetto lifestyle and pay the costs of its social pathology. Mom tells Brenda "You put your child away, you might as well kill him. He'll think no one wants him"4 No one except his adoptive parents who do want him and will bring him up in the patriarchal system where he will have two parents and a far greater chance for a decent life, a better one than in the ghetto where Brenda and her mother want to keep her. Brenda goes to the Welfare Office to get some of the money of the patriarchal taxpayer and is given a lecture about young girls having sex that patriarchal taxpayers have to bear the costs of. She is told "she will have to find Robert if she wants to get welfare and that the welfare people would be watching her apartment building for him." The welfare people hope to compel Robert to subsidize his unchaste girlfriend Brenda, which will cripple him economically, possibly psychologically, in order to pay the costs of Brenda's unchastity and thus subsidize the female kinship system. Robert knows her to be unchaste and knows the chances of having a family with her are not too good, so he disappears to Florida. This is what happens when females are unchaste. A good woman, such as Sally hopes to become, can offer a man a family; a bad women offers him a paternity suit. Is Robert equally to blame with Brenda? No; a man cannot be held accountable for the unchastity of a bad women, and he ought not to subsidize her. Here's something patriarchy and matriarchy agree on: patriarchy says the women is responsible for safeguarding her own chastity; matriarchy says a woman has a right to control her own sexuality. She may also think that the male with whom she cohabits is bound to pay for her child or her abortion; but the man ought not to deem himself responsible for something over which the woman demands control. "The stories of Sally and Brenda," says Solinger, suggest that single, pregnant girls and women were a particularly vulnerable class of females in the post-World War II era. Women and their babies are always vulnerable and that is why they need husbands and fathers; but they hate the sexual regulation which will give the husbands and fathers a secure role in their reproductive lives. Sally and Brenda both wanted to be sexually independent, as dogs and cats are; but Sally, operating within the patriarchal system, got around to accepting patriarchal sexual law-and-order, Brenda, operating within the matriarchal system, did not. Accordingly Brenda's child is condemned to grow up in the female kinship system. Regardless of race, they were defined and treated as deviants threatening to the social order. Single, pregnant girls and women of whatever race shared the debased status of illegitimate mother: a mother with no rights, or a female who had, according to the dominant culture, no right to be a mother. For Sally and Brenda and the several hundred thousand girls and women in their situations each year between 1945 and 1965, illegitimate motherhood was a grim status.5 This is why these two decades were the high point of American civilization, the most prosperous years in this nation's history or in the history of any nation. "Never," said Joseph Satin truly, "had so many people been so well off." Marriage and the family (except for 1946, when a lot of hurried wartime marriages broke up) were stable institutions. Men came home from the war singing "I'm going to settle down and never more roam, and make the San Fernando Valley my home." The San Fernando Valley had been empty farming tracts and in a few years was transformed into a great urban and industrial area. The American industrial plant, already the wonder of the world during the war, doubled during those twenty years. The GNP grew 250 percent and per capita income increased 35 percent between 1945-60--as much as it had during the previous half century. "The future," said William Baumol, "can be left to take care of itself." Baumol should have been right, but he could not have anticipated the destruction of patriarchy and the patriarchal family consequent on the rise of feminism and the acceptance of female unchastity, which is putting all this wealth and social stability at risk by undermining the male role, the Achilles heel of society--perhaps making this undermining permanent by mother custody in divorce which gives women the power to wreck the patriarchal system by wrecking the family. Those were the years of "Father Knows Best," of "Ozzie and Harriet" and "The Best Years of our Lives." They were the years of the hated feminine mystique, of family stability and female chastity, when, as Ms. Solinger says, "single, pregnant girls and women were a particularly vulnerable class of females...when single, pregnant girls and women of whatever race shared the debased status of illegitimate mother," when "Sally and Brenda and the several hundred thousand girls and women in their situations each year between 1945 and 1965, illegitimate motherhood was a grim status." Ms. Solinger's concern is to make life easier for these unchaste females. Patriarchy's concern is for the welfare of children, who need fathers. And also for the welfare of the fathers whose role depends on the chastity of their wives. And also for the welfare of the wives whose standard of living is raised by 73 percent.6 Females were regulated by the economic benefits husbands bestowed on them and by the shame which Ms. Solinger wants to get rid of. Back then, Betty Friedan wrote "Society asks so little of women" without realizing that this little consisted primarily of female chastity which permitted men to have families and children to have fathers. She supposed the "little" was housework and today's feminists complain that husbands don't do half of this. What was asked of them was that they permit their husbands to share their reproductive life. Now they want to renege; their primary demand is for the right to be promiscuous, to control their own sexuality. This means the right to reject the patriarchal system. We learned on the Donahue show in 1991 that 33 percent more wives were cheating on husbands than in the 1980s. Betty Friedan speaks of creating "the new social institutions that are needed to free women, not from childbearing or love or sex or even marriage, but from the intolerable agony and burden those become when women are chained to them."7 The chains are those of the patriarchal system which imposes marriage vows designed to make women chaste and allow husbands to have families and children to have fathers. This is the agony Ms. Friedan seeks to free women from. If men allow women such freedom patriarchy and the family are doomed. Ms. Friedan speaks of "love-spoilers" including women's economic dependence on men.8 What she calls love signifies the extremely temporary collection of pleasurable feelings whose subsidence or evanescence are presumed to justify the termination of the marriage contract and the creation of fatherless families. When Ms. Friedan speaks of love "freely and joyously given"9 she means love not bound by contract, promiscuous love. When women are released from societal constraints, as in wartime, say Will and Ariel Durant, they become "dizzy with freedom, multiplying divorces, abortions adulteries....A shallow sophistication prid[ing] itself upon its pessimism and cynicism."10 A woman writes Dear Abby: "Where I work, there are 103 married women between 19 and 65, and just for fun, I asked each woman if she had ever had an extramarital affair. I didn't really expect an answer, but lo and behold--73 said yes, 21 said they would if they could get away with it, and nine told me it was none of my business."11 Here's a 1988 letter from Servant Ministries of Ann Arbor describing life in a coeducational college dormitory at the University of Michigan: On most Saturday and Sunday mornings, students search from floor to floor to find a bathroom they can use. Most of the bathrooms are just plain unusable. The floors are covered with vomit and stale beer, toilets have been stopped up, cans and bottles litter the sinks. Then there's the noise. The screeching sound of the dorm stereos is irritating enough. More exotic are the occasional blood-curdling screams released at all hours of the night by fellow students. Head-banging is the strangest new source of noise on campus: otherwise-typical students banging their heads against walls, accompanied by rock music. Pornography is everywhere. Not just inside the dorm rooms but on the outsides of doors. Not just risque Sports Illustrated swimsuit models, but disgusting, degrading photos....Many young women now decorate their walls and doors with pictures of naked men. Fornication is central to dormitory living--about 85% according to most statistics. This picture is confirmed by the following letter written to Ann Landers by a student's mother: Mary's letters, however, are depressing. She says so many people who live in her dorm (it's mixed, both men and women) get drunk at least four nights a week and they make so much noise she can't study. She also has spent several nights taking care of sick, hungover friends. Her roommate, she says, often stays out until 3 or 4 in the morning, comes in dead drunk and throws up. Mary resents having to clean up after her, but she has no choice. We did not anticipate this sort of thing when we sent our daughter away to college. We asked Mary if she would consider changing schools next year....She said, "No, an Ivy League school has always been my dream and these problems exists all over." We find this shocking as well as depressing. What on earth is going on? Can you tell us? --PARENTS IN DAVENPORT, IOWA Ann Landers tells her: DEAR PARENTS: You ask, "What's going on?" You just described it, according to the information I receive regularly from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. College students spend $5.5 billion a year on alcohol. Harvard School of Public Health researchers have reported that excessive use of alcohol on college campuses may be hazardous not only to the health of drinkers, but to non- drinkers as well. They suffer from loss of sleep and study time, physical assault, unwanted sexual advances and rape....One student said she was fed up with people urinating in the elevators, vomiting in the halls, wrecking the bathroom and pounding holes in the walls. [R]esearch revealed that nearly half the college students are binge drinkers who cause most of the trouble by depriving others of study time and sleep and physically attacking classmates. College security officers and administrators report that alcohol is involved in the majority of rapes and almost all violent incidents on campus.12 When Marian Wright Edelman says "Of course this country can afford to take care of its children. If we've got enough money for Star Wars we've got enough money for prenatal care,"13 she is saying this country can afford to subsidize promiscuous women, who accordingly don't need men. It is impossible for a man to have a responsible sexual relationship with a promiscuous woman and since the stability of society requires that most males be induced to support families and socialize children, Ms. Edelman is mistaken. Society cannot afford to finance matriarchy. The promiscuity becomes cyclical: daughters in one-parent homes are much more likely to engage in premarital sex and the increase in adolescent sex in the 1960s and 1970s paralleled the increase in proportion of children without fathers.14 The problem is the marginality of the male. There needs to be a way of persuading the male to accept the responsibility of fatherhood and there used to be. It was marriage, a public ceremony, sanctioned by church and state, accompanied with everything to make it memorable: archaic language, the presence of a clergyman, solemn vows, as lavish expenditure for flowers, caterers, champagne and musicians as the bride's father can afford, the bride's wearing of an expensive white gown to symbolize her virginity, and so forth. The purpose of all this is to ensure that the father can have a family and the children of the marriage can have a father. Society is a party to this contract and is bound to enforce it. Men are wholly dependent on this enforcement and they and the law don't realize this essential fact. The law whose responsibility is to enforce the marriage contract is destroying half of them and men are letting the law do this because they don't understand that the purpose is the creation and stabilizing of the patriarchal system, not its destruction, which is what is now going on. Men are being forced to subsidize this destruction of their own families and the placing of their children in the female kinship system. They are being told that this is just and right. This is what Jeffrey Nichols can't see and all the other men whose wives take them to the cleaners. This is why the wise Jew who wrote the Garden of Eden story three thousand years ago made its punch line God's saying to Eve "He [Adam] shall rule over thee." This is now reversed: the woman is master and the man loses everything. Women want things that way, which is why they must be held under regulation. Otherwise, they will restore matriarchy. When the Garden of Eden story was written, the two kinship systems were in a life-and-death struggle, as they are now once again, though the battle is today being fought in reverse: In Old Testament times the matriarchal system was the accepted rule and the religion of Jahweh was the new wave. Today patriarchy is the accepted system and matriarchy is the new wave. It is now accepted that this ceremony, this acceptance of responsibility, are to be deemed temporary and that the woman retains the right to withdraw her vows and still claim her advantages under the marriage contract, whose purpose turns out to be to provide the woman with an ex-husband who is willing to accept, or can be made to accept the responsibility of performing forced labor for the benefit of another person, the ex-wife. Feminist Jessie Bernard complains of the unfairness of the marriage contract, which when it breaks down the wife loses not only her marriage but its economic benefits. It's not supposed to break down; it's a lifetime commitment. The woman gets married in large part for the purpose of obtaining the economic benefits; and if she imagines herself entitled to them from divorce she enters into the contract, as Ms. Bernard clearly implies, in contemplation of divorce--in other words, the woman intends the contract to be a fraud. And the legal system which gives her custody of the children for the purpose of perpetrating the fraud is her accomplice. As long as the judge can make the pretense of being concerned solely for the best interests of the children, this fraud will go on wrecking half of marriages, leaving the husband without his children and possibly his home and much of his future income. Men have got to understand that women hate patriarchy and it is men's responsibility to defend it and this is possible only on condition of father custody if the wife chooses to split. Men have had a century of experience to convince them that judges are willing participants in this fraud. If judges have any discretion, they will abuse it. Few people know that father custody was formerly automatic and mandatory. The Seneca Falls feminists in 1848 made it one of their complaints that mothers lost their children in the event of divorce. The consequence was very few divorces, only a few thousand a year. The reason judges discriminate against men is that men will submit to the discrimination, as women would not. If judges and lawmakers were to permit husbands to do to wives what they now permit wives to do to husbands--take their children from them, their homes, property, furniture and appliances and then compel them to work and turn a large part of their income over to the ex- spouse, those judges and lawmakers would be torn to pieces by mobs of frenzied women. But men submit. _______________________________ 1Rickie Solinger, Wake Up Little Susie (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 5. 2Ibid., p. 6. 3P. 7. 4P. 2. 5P. 3. 6This is Lenore Weitzman's celebrated statistic. I discuss it in Chapter 8 of my Garbage Generation. 7It Changed My Life, p. 144. 8It Changed My Life, p. 224. 9The Feminine Mystique, p. 248. 10The Lessons of History, p. 40. 11Los Angeles Times, 2 September, 1995. 12Los Angeles Times, 5 March, 1995. 13The Guardian, 1 April, 1987. 14The Family in America: New Research, August, 1987. Modified Tuesday, November 02, 2010 Manifesto & Christian Party

Shop Talk: 'Lynching' Used Too Freely? November 4, 2011 Listen to the Story author, Jimi Izrael, civil rights attorney and author, Arsalan Iftikhar, TV and media critic, Eric Deggans, and syndicated columnist, Ruben Navarrette. Take it away, Jimi. JIMI IZRAEL: Thanks, Michel. Hey, fellows, welcome to the shop. How we doing? ARSALAN IFTIKHAR: Hey, hey, hey. ERIC DEGGANS: We're good, man. RUBEN NAVARRETTE: Hey, good. You? IZRAEL: Hey, doing great. And Deggy, we haven't seen you in a while. Welcome back to the shop. DEGGANS: Thank you so much, man. My hair was getting long. MARTIN: I was going to say, no need to bring that up. DEGGANS: Yeah. I wanted to come back to the Barber Shop. MARTIN: (Unintelligible). IZRAEL: Deggy, what hair? Really? Let's just keep it in motion. DEGGANS: Maybe I shouldn't even come. I don't know. Man, don't bust me like that. IZRAEL: I don't want this to be the Herman Cain segment every week, but the GOP presidential candidate - well, he keeps finding himself on the front page in both good and bad ways. Recently, reports of alleged sexual harassment surfaced. Two female employees reportedly claim that Cain was sexually inappropriate when he led the National Restaurant Association. Then another woman came forward to the Associated Press, with a similar story. And then the mud slinging started, Michel. Now, we have a political race. MARTIN: Exactly. An interesting choice of words. You know, he's got a new ad out. Remember, we talked about the ad with the - don't get me started on the whole Dadaist interpretation of the previous ad, please. But now he's got a new ad out responding to the criticism, and this is kind of a more traditional, you know, go hard. Go right there. Here it is. I'll just play a short clip of it. Here it is. (SOUNDBITE OF POLITICAL AD) UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: And they can't argue with Herman Cain on the merits. They can't argue with Herman Cain on policy, so what do they do? UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #2: Now, we're getting the high tech lynching of a beautiful man, Herman Cain. RUSH LIMBAUGH: What is known as the mainstream media goes for the ugliest racial stereotypes they can to attack a black conservative. UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: They put him down and that's what... IZRAEL: Wow. MARTIN: And those voices that you're hearing are obviously conservative talk show hosts. You just heard Rush Limbaugh there, of course. Probably the most recognizable early one is an African American female conservative talk show host, criticizing the reporting around these issues. Notably, I don't think that they addressed the substance of the criticism, which is something I will speak to in a minute, but take it back, Jimi. IZRAEL: You know, Michel, that sounds more like the skit from an Ice Cube album than a political ad, but thanks for that. Now, you know, high tech lynching is a term Supreme Court Justices Clarence Thomas used, way back when Anita Hill claimed sexual harassment. Cain actually had that statement added in later. So fellows, my question is, is the term, lynching - is it being used too freely? You know, I thought it was a problem back in the day, and here we have it now. Deggy, you wrote about this, so you're first hand. DEGGANS: All right. Well, first of all, I think Cain should change his unofficial name from Black Walnut to Sexual Chocolate, but... IZRAEL: Oh. DEGGANS: But anyway... IZRAEL: I don't know. Oh. DEGGANS: But anyway, what I think is going on here (unintelligible) and I wrote about it this morning on my blog, The Feed, is that I think Cain is trying to inoculate his followers from these revelations that are starting to pile up. We know, now, that there's a third woman who was concerned about the way that he dealt with her. We know that one of the two women that got a settlement is asking the National Restaurant Association for a waiver from a confidentiality agreement so she can issue some kind of statement or perhaps talk to the press about what happened. We have a pollster who came forward and said that he witnessed Cain being inappropriate. So it seems obvious that, at some point, the full story of what actually happened between Cain and these women is going to come out and it's going to seem different than the denials that he initially, at least, offered to people. So to me, this ad feels like a way to say, hey, don't believe any of that. Don't trust the mainstream press. And, certainly, I want to take my tips about journalism and race relations from Rush Limbaugh. IZRAEL: Ruben. MARTIN: But part - but Eric, your point, though, in your piece was - do you feel that this whole using the term lynching is - what? You've had enough of it? DEGGANS: Well, I called it a distraction, and that's exactly what - this ad embodies that tactic. The idea is to get people talking about the unfairness of the charge and adding a very, sort of, incendiary, racially tinged phrase to it to distract people from the very real details that are starting to come out, and names are starting to be attached to them. They can no longer pretend this is anonymous people cobbled together by some left-wing media organization. When you have the Associated Press and the New York Times and Politico and CNN unearthing these people, at some point you have to admit that there's some fire behind the smoke. IZRAEL: Ruben, I don't know what to think for that, Deggy. NAVARRETTE: Yeah. IZRAEL: I don't know what the talk is in your barbershop, but that's real talk. NAVARRETTE: Yeah. Mm-hmm. IZRAEL: You know, in my barbershop, what they're saying is if at least two out of the three of these women are not of color, you know, it's a wrap. And, you know... (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) IZRAEL: It's all done if at least two of the three of these women - you know, and again, just, you know... NAVARRETTE: I know, civil rights is racially the only (unintelligible) . IZRAEL: Hold on. Hold on a second. Hold on a second. Sexual harassment, that's not funny. That's not funny at all, but... NAVARRETTE: Right. IZRAEL: ...I mean, two of these women, they better be of color, or it's - because, I mean, the worst thing you want in your president... NAVARRETTE: Look. Listen... IZRAEL: ...is a shirt-chaser. You know, much less, you know, go ahead, man. NAVARRETTE: At least until we find out. IZRAEL: Right. Right. (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) NAVARRETTE: There are rules. Okay. IZRAEL: Right. Go ahead. NAVARRETTE: There are rules. If you elect a brother and you re-elect a brother, then he can do various things. But before we get elected, there's a lot, I think, that people - they begin to scratch their heads and say: Do we really want to get into this? Do we really want to buy into this? They haven't elected him yet. Bill Clinton had the advantage of already having won two elections before his business came out. I think the - this is an important story for a lot of different reasons. But I would differ with this idea that the media has unearthed anybody. Speaking of someone who works for three or four different media companies, the media didn't unearth anybody because these are anonymous sources, up to this point. The Politico story that started it all that these other eight - these other companies like CNN, where I work, and others, have sort of piggybacked onto that story. That Politico story had anonymous sources. And so the story ran along pretty quickly all by itself without ever - anybody ever knowing what's up and anybody coming forward. My problem with the story is that it's clear that Herman Cain is a threat primarily to the Republicans who are running for president. Let's be real about this. He's running 30 points ahead of Mitt Romney, who has a national organization, that's been running for president for six years, and who has unlimited resources. And Herman Cain is running an unconventional campaign, and he's been criticized by the pros on the Republican side for campaigning in Alabama, for instance, and ignoring Iowa and the like. They're scratching their heads, because he's still doing well in the polls. He's still leading the pack. And so the question becomes: Is this an attempt by Republicans to torpedo Herman Cain? Is it an attempt by the media to do it? And I feel uneasy about the fact that people that I know in my business have two different answers to that question. If it's Republicans who are doing it, they're willing to call it out for what it is: a tinge of racism in the way that you attack a black man. What a coincidence that when you go after a black man, you use - what? Sexual prowess, right? IZRAEL: Mm. NAVARRETTE: Going back to - it's always been. It's the same story: Clarence Thomas, before that, going back to slavery days. What, you're afraid somebody's going to come in, storm the house and have sex with the nice white woman in the house, right? This is what we do with black men. And it makes me uneasy, it makes me queasy. This has got an ugly ring to it. And I found it very challenging when I wrote about this. IZRAEL: I really don't - I don't hear that... (unintelligible) DEGGANS: I've got to break in say. I got to break in and say... MARTIN: No. No. IZRAEL: No. No. No. Hold on. Hold on. Hold on. Hold on. IFTIKHAR: Excuse me. MARTIN: No. Arsalan. IZRAEL: Wait everybody. Hold on. NAVARRETTE: I didn't interrupt you. IZRAEL: Hold on. Okay, you don't... NAVARRETTE: I did not interrupt you. MARTIN: Ruben. Ruben, excuse me. NAVARRETTE: Very quickly. MARTIN: I'm sorry. Ruben, excuse me. Arsalan, I think it's your turn to get on this conversation. NAVARRETTE: No. MARTIN: I'm sorry. NAVARRETTE: Okay. Well, I... MARTIN: Everybody deserves an opportunity to be heard on this. IFTIKHAR: I think the first thing important to keep in mind is that this is a case of sexual harassment. This is not tax evasion. So, you know, there are, you are... NAVARRETTE: Alleged. IFTIKHAR: Right. Alleged sexual harassment. But again, it's not tax evasion. It's not, you know, hiring an illegal immigrant. This is about sexual harassment. I think what it goes to is our sort of national obsession with schadenfreude, you know. We had this with the Anthony Weiner scandal. You know, Herman Cain - it's like watching a car wreck in very, very slow motion, here. I think that as we continue to see - you know, let's not forget that the two women who got settlements from the National Restaurant Associations were under confidentiality agreements. And so their lawyers are trying to, you know, negotiate with the NRA to make sure that they come out with their own statements because Herman Cain has been able to come out with his own statements. So I think that as the story progresses... You know, you want to talk about high-tech lynchings, Ann Coulter recently went on Fox News and said that our blacks are better than their blacks, basically saying that black Republicans are some - better than, you know, black Democrats. So let's not forget with Barack Obama, you know, the Republicans talked about him being a crypto-Muslim, Manchurian candidate, the birthers movement. I mean, you know, talk about high-tech lynchings from the right, that is the pot calling the kettle black. MARTIN: Let me just clarify some of these figures, here, since people are throwing out different figures about how this is affecting Cain. There's a Post - a Washington Post-ABC poll just out where Herman Cain and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney are running nearly even atop the field. But that has both of them at 30 percent, okay? Seven in 10 Republicans say these reports that Cain made unwanted advances toward two employees as head of the National Restaurant Association, they say, do not matter when it comes to picking a candidate. Okay. So to this point, they're saying that there is no - that they don't care. They don't feel that this is relevant. Okay? NAVARRETTE: Right. MARTIN: All right. Ruben, did you want to finish your point? DEGGANS: Can I break in and just say a couple things? MARTIN: Okay, Eric. Mm-hmm. DEGGANS: The first thing I want to say... MARTIN: How about one thing? (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) DEGGANS: The first thing I want to say is that there is a named person who has said that they have witnessed this, this pollster who said - who told an Oklahoma radio station and confirmed to CNN that he saw Cain being inappropriate with women. And Cain himself has morphed from saying that this is an anonymous, baseless attack, to admitting that a settlement may have happened. So that's the first thing that we know. The second thing is saying that this is involving black men, given all the evidence that is dripping out, sounds suspiciously to me like saying black men can't be guilty of sexual harassment, or we can't hold them accountable for these kind of issues because it looks too much like we're being racist. MARTIN: Okay. Ruben... DEGGANS: And frankly, I think that's... IZRAEL: Yeah. I mean, that... DEGGANS: I think that's more insulting than anything. MARTIN: Can I have my... IZRAEL: I agree with that. IFTIKHAR: Yeah. MARTIN: Can I have my word on this since we're... IZRAEL: Sure. MARTIN: ...like, we have other things we want to talk about. Let me just have my word on this. This is sexual harassment. It's in which a work environment is created where an employee is subject to unwelcomed verbal or physical sexual behavior that is either severe or pervasive, okay. And part of the thing that disturbs me about this is I covered the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas hearings closely, and later did a documentary about it, it's that somehow or another the behavior itself is what gets lost. And I understand that this is a subjective... NAVARRETTE: Right. MARTIN: ...issue here. And I think part of the issue here is because the range of behavior can be so broad, people aren't really sure what it is they're talking about. IFTIKHAR: Right. MARTIN: I mean, this can range from people hanging, you know, pornography on the walls... NAVARRETTE: Sure. Right. MARTIN: ...to - and what is pornography? It can range to unwanted touching. It can also range to jokes that people say I just don't want to hear all that, and it's a consistent sort of thing. NAVARRETTE: Right. MARTIN: So part of this is what speaks to you. We aren't really even clear about what behavior we consider acceptable or not acceptable and that's part of what the issue here is, about why it is that people need to come forward, explain exactly what the behavior was... IFTIKHAR: Right. NAVARRETTE: Right. MARTIN: ...and whether or not they consider that appropriate behavior for a chief executive. And, anyway, so there's a lot more to talk about. NAVARRETTE: So you asked me if I... MARTIN: Go ahead. Ruben, finally and we're going to move on. NAVARRETTE: Here's - everything in due course. And the fact is, when this all comes out - if this all comes out - we already know that Herman Cain has done a horrible job of responding to this stuff. There is a lot of smoke. There could be fire. But everything in due course. And what I had a problem with - I think we should all have a problem with, as consumers of news - is rushing to judgment. On day one, day two, day three of the story, when you have anonymous sources, there were too many people out there, a lot of the non-black, who were willing to jump to this illusion. Interestingly enough, my bosses at CNN and elsewhere, when they thought they could pin this on Rick Perry, all of a sudden they said, hey, talk to me about that racism think again. That could be part of it, you know. It's a different thing, because if, in fact, this came from the Republican camp, are we willing to say that this wasn't about racism? MARTIN: Well, it's also a rushing to judgment on all sides. I mean, the fact of the matter is Ann Coulter is making these charges about what is motivating this and... NAVARRETTE: Yeah. MARTIN: ...I'm not sure - was she present? Does she know what the facts are? I mean, I think that... IFTIKHAR: And our blacks are better than their blacks. MARTIN: You know, there's a rushing on - there's all kinds of rushing going on, anyway. If you're just joining us, we're having our weekly... NAVARRETTE: So let's not rush. MARTIN: Let's not rush. We are going to rush to get to the next subject, here. We're having our weekly visit to the Barbershop with Jimi Izrael, Arsalan Iftikhar, Ruben Navarrette and TV and media critic Eric Deggans. Jimi? IZRAEL: Thank you, Michel. Well, enough about mudslinging. Sadly, I'm just getting over this. Kim Kardashian filed for divorce this week from NBA player Kris Humphries. You know, and critics are saying... MARTIN: No. IZRAEL: I know, I know, right? Critics are saying the entire wedding was a farce. And, you know, maybe it was. Kim denies it. She says it breaks her heart that people would think such a thing. Ah. Oy vey. IFTIKHAR: Man. Man. IZRAEL: The pearls. I say who cares, you know. (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) DEGGANS: Absolutely. IZRAEL: But people are talking about this this week. You know, Ruben, you're out there in Cali, you know, where the Kardashian clan bounce... NAVARRETTE: Yeah. IZRAEL: ...and trounce around. And not for nothing. NAVARRETTE: Yes. IZRAEL: It's probably worth mentioning that this isn't Kim's first... IFTIKHAR: Marriage. IZRAEL: ...try at this. You know, she's been married before. She married Damon Thomas back in the early 2000. They got a divorce in 2004. So she's... NAVARRETTE: Yes. IZRAEL: She's 0 for two. Are people... NAVARRETTE: Yeah. I don't think she made as much... IZRAEL: Are people... NAVARRETTE: She didn't make as much money from that first one. Yeah. (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) IZRAEL: Are people drowning their tears out there, brother? NAVARRETTE: I think this is all about money and marketing. And, you know, there was a story I read the other day that said that Kardashian, Incorporated, you know, makes over $60 million a year - the family, the businesses, all the various products. This is an - they should teach - these Kardashian sisters should go to Harvard business school and teach a course on how to market themselves, because even though I don't get the fascination with the show or the storyline, a lot of people do. And this is an incredible marketing ploy and an incredible marketing enterprise. And you have to understand that going into it. That's what feeds this kind of cynicism that she got married, the whole thing was staged. She actually looked for somebody. He got - this guy was scripted. He fit the bill. There was never any love. There was never any marriage. There was nothing but money, and a bunch of people fell for it. Guess what? We're going to continue to fall for it. This kind of marketing thing doesn't go away, and if people are this fascinated with the marriage, they're going to be equally fascinated with the divorce. IFTIKHAR: Right. Well, and you... IZRAEL: You know what it is? I don't think that people are fascinated by the Kardashians just because they're people. I think they're fascinated because it's like a lemons for - a lemonade-from-lemons story. Because if you remember, Kim Kardashian, she had a tape of her intimacy with a boyfriend come out into the public and be sold widely. And so this is kind of a story of lemonades-from-lemons, you know, more than anything. A-Train, check in. IFTIKHAR: Man, if I hear one more story about the Kardashians, I'm going to throw out my decision and walk out the room. (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) IFTIKHAR: Seriously. Like, now, first of all, they spent $10 million on their wedding, but they made 18 million. Like, who makes a profit on their wedding? NAVARRETTE: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. MARTIN: You all seem to know a lot about this for somebody who's not interested. DEGGANS: Reality TV... IFTIKHAR: My wife watches "Keeping Up with the Kardashians," and is probably going to throw eggs at me when I get home. But, for me, you know, what's interesting to note - again, like you mentioned, Jimi, this is not her first marriage. But the Hollywood glitterati are talking about, you know, she should stay strong. For anybody who's opposed to gay marriage, tarnishing the sanctity of marriage, I got two words for you: Kim Kardashian. NAVARRETTE: Right. Fair point. Fair point. (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) IZRAEL: Okay. Well, can we move on Michel, and talk about... MARTIN: Well, I don't know. We only have a minute left, so I don't think we... IZRAEL: Okay. DEGGANS: Well, you haven't heard from me. MARTIN: Eric, I think Eric needs to have the final thought on this, because as a TV guy here... IZRAEL: Why not? MARTIN: So go ahead, Eric. DEGGANS: Well, the one thing I was going to say is that reality TV are like sitcoms used to be, for those of us who are of a certain age. So I think the audience of the Kardashians, they're not sitting around thinking that this marriage was real. They're sitting around enjoying the drama of the fake marriage, and then the inevitable divorce, which came just in time to boost the ratings for E! Entertainment's endless airing of the marriage special. Everybody knows that this was a union of brands, and that, in fact, Kim Kardashian was the stronger brand of the two. And I agree with Ruben. This is a woman who went from being known mostly as Paris Hilton's best buddy to a $60 million brand and beyond. And this wedding is a part of it, and I think you almost have to - you have to accept it with that kind of, sort of, you know, postmodern kind of thinking. This was never meant to be a real wedding, as far, as I'm concerned, and it's playing out with all the flourish of your best soap opera. MARTIN: After they - they lost his invitation, and I think that's why he... (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) DEGGANS: I'm personally offended. (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) MARTIN: You'll have to come back to talk about "In Living Color," because we understand that there's going to be a remake. Lots to talk about there, but we have to leave it there for now. Jimi Izrael is a freelance journalist and author of the book "The Denzel Principle." He was with us from member station WCPN in Cleveland. Eric Deggans is a TV and media critic for the St. Petersburg Times. He joined us from the newspaper's studio. Ruben Navarrette's a syndicated columnist. He writes for The Washington Post Writers' Group, CNN.com and PJ Media. He was with us from San Diego. Arsalan Iftikhar is a civil rights attorney. He's also author of "Islamic Pacificism: Global Muslims in the Post-Osama Era." He was here with me in Washington, D.C. Thank you all so much. IFTIKHAR: Peace. NAVARRETTE: Thank you. DEGGANS: Thank you..

Last Updated: 29 February 2008 FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Glueck v Stang [2008] FCA 148 TRADE PRACTICES – application for summary dismissal – substantive application based on alleged contravention of s 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) – alleged contravention consisting of misrepresentations made to Australian Patent Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office, leading to grant of Australian patent and US patents respectively – applicant alleging that it had been misrepresented that third respondent was entitled to the grants of the patents and that applicant had consented to such grants – whether making of alleged misrepresentations was conduct "in trade or commerce" within s 52 –whether attack on title to foreign patent – if so, whether such attack justiciable within the Court. Held: (1) Alleged misrepresentations not conduct "in trade or commerce"; (2) Question whether proceeding amounted to an impugning of title to foreign property discussed. Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) s 52 Barto v GPR Management Services Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 389 cited The British South Africa Company v The Companhia de Moçambique [1893] AC 602 cited Burgundy Royale Investments Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation (1987) 18 FCR 212 cited Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Limited v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594 applied Petrotimor Companhia de Petroleos SARL v Commonwealth of Australia [2003] FCAFC 83; (2003) 128 FCR 507 cited Post Office Agents Association Ltd v Australian Postal Commission (1988) 84 ALR 563 cited Potter v The Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1906] HCA 88; (1906) 3 CLR 479 cited RGC Mineral Sands Ltd v Wimmera Industrial Minerals Pty Ltd (No 2) [2000] FCA 22 cited Tritech Technology Pty Ltd v Gordon (2000) 48 IPR 52 cited Tyburn Productions Limited v Conan Doyle (1990) 19 IPR 455 cited Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd (No 2) [2004] FCA 133; (2004) 134 FCR 422 cited Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 240; (2004) 139 FCR 330 cited 27 FEBRUARY 2008 SYDNEY THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The applicant’s motion for leave to amend brought by notice of motion filed on 25 October 2007 be dismissed. 2. The statement of claim be struck out. 3. The proceeding be dismissed except in so far as it seeks the relief claimed in para 4 of the application. 4. The following subpoenas issued at the request of the applicant be set aside: (i) subpoena to The Proper Officer of the Australian Stock Exchange; (ii) subpoena to The Proper Officer, Shelston IP; (iii) subpoena to the first respondent; (iv) subpoenas to the second respondent; (v) subpoena to The Proper Officer of the third respondent; and (vi) subpoena to The Proper Officer of the sixth respondent. 5. The applicant have leave to file and serve an amended application and an amended statement of claim by Friday 14 March 2008. 6. The applicant pay the costs of the first, second, third and fifth respondents of the three motions heard on 18 February 2008. The proceeding be listed at 9:30am on Wednesday 19 March 2008 for directions. Note: Settlement and entry of orders is dealt with in Order 36 of the Federal Court Rules. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT INTRODUCTION 1 This proceeding relates to an invention (the Invention) the subject of Australian Patent No 729662 (the Patent) and United States patent No 6,531,434 (the US Patent). A "continuation-in-part" (CIP) application was also made in the United States in respect of the Invention, and the subsequent patent granted was United States Patent No 7,163,914 (the CIP US Patent). Each of the Patent, the US Patent and the CIP US Patent are held by the third respondent (Novapharm). The Invention is an antiseptic cleansing composition. I will refer collectively to the Patent, the US Patent and the CIP US Patent as "the Patents". I will refer collectively to the US Patent and the CIP US Patent as "the US Patents". 2 Novapharm is in the business of developing and "commercialising" disinfectant and antiseptic technology. Novapharm was incorporated in about 1986, at which time Mr Glueck and the first respondent (Mr Stang) became directors of, and shareholders in, Novapharm. The business relationship between Mr Stang and Mr Glueck was dissolved in September 1997 when the second respondent (Mr Kritzler) purchased the shares held in Novapharm by Mr Glueck and Mr Glueck’s daughter. 3 Mr Glueck claims that he was the inventor of the Invention, and that Novapharm applied for and obtained the Patents without his knowledge. 4 Mr Glueck has discontinued the proceeding against the fourth and sixth respondents. However, for convenience, I will refer to the remaining four respondents as "the respondents". 5 Mr Stang and Mr Kritzler are directors of Novapharm and the fifth respondent (Ms Ditterick) is employed by the company. 6 There are three motions before the Court. 7 The respondents move by notice of motion filed also on 15 August 2007 for an order dismissing the proceeding insofar as it relates to certain paragraphs of the application and certain paragraphs of the statement of claim. 8 The respondents also move by notice of motion also filed on 15 August 2007 for an order pursuant to O 27 r 4 of the Federal Court Rules that certain subpoenas issued on 8 August 2007 at the request of Mr Glueck be set aside. 9 Mr Glueck moves the Court by notice of motion filed on 25 October 2007 for leave to file an amended application and an amended statement of claim in the forms annexed to his notice of motion. 10 The respondents’ motion for summary dismissal relates to the existing application and statement of claim. The respondents filed and served submissions in support of their motions. As noted above, Mr Glueck’s notice of motion was filed subsequently. Sensibly the respondents have addressed their submissions in support of summary dismissal to the proposed amended application and the proposed amended statement of claim. It would have been futile simply to deal with the existing application and statement of claim which Mr Glueck seeks to amend. 11 At one time Mr Glueck was represented by Rhodes Legal, but they have ceased to represent him and he appeared in person on the hearing. THE PROPOSED AMENDED APPLICATION AND THE PROPOSED AMENDED STATEMENT OF CLAIM 12 The first order that Mr Glueck would seek in the proposed amended application is an order pursuant to s 138 of the Patents Act 1990 (Cth) (the Patents Act) wholly revoking the Patent. 13 Section 138 of the Patents Act provides, relevantly, that any person may apply to a prescribed court for an order revoking a patent. This Court is a prescribed court (see the definition of "prescribed court" in the Dictionary in Schedule 1 to the Patents Act). Under s 138 the Court may make an order of revocation on one or more of the grounds set out in s 138(3) but on no other ground. The grounds to be considered in the present proceeding are: (a) that the patentee is not entitled to the patent; ... (d) that the patent was obtained by fraud, false suggestion or misrepresentation; ... Undoubtedly, the Court has jurisdiction to entertain Mr Glueck’s application in so far as it seeks revocation of the Patent on these grounds. 14 Mr Glueck did not comply with O 58 r 14(1) of the Federal Court Rules by serving a copy of the application and statement of claim on the Commissioner of Patents. 15 Mr Glueck does not suggest that the Invention was not a patentable invention. His contention is that Novapharm was not entitled to the Patents and that Novapharm obtained the Patents by "fraud, false suggestion or misrepresentation". 16 The proposed amended statement of claim begins by pleading, in paras 13-25 and 28, claims in relation to the Patent. Mr Glueck pleads that Novapharm, in trade or commerce, engaged in conduct that was misleading or deceptive in contravention of s 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (the TP Act) by misrepresenting to the Australian Patent Office (APO) that Mr Glueck had consented to Novapharm’s applying for and obtaining a grant of letters patent in relation to the Invention and that it was entitled to such a grant, when he had not so consented and it was not so entitled. The contraventions of s 52 of the TP Act are pleaded in paras 14, 16, 18 and 22 of the proposed amended statement of claim. It is alleged in para 28 that in reliance on the representations the APO issued the Patent, in consequence of which Mr Glueck has suffered loss and damage. 17 Paragraphs 26 and 27 plead the claims of lack of entitlement to the Patent and the obtaining of the Patent by fraud, false suggestion or misrepresentation, relying on the conduct pleaded in paras 1-25. 18 Second, in paras 29-37 Mr Glueck pleads a claim in relation to an application filed by Novapharm with the APO under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (the PCT International Application). Again, misleading or deceptive conduct in trade or commerce in contravention of s 52 of the TP Act is pleaded (in paras 30 and 32). 19 Third, in relation to the application for the US Patent, generally similar allegations are made of misrepresentations to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The allegations of contravention of s 52 of the TP Act in relation to those misrepresentations are made in paras 39, 41 and 43 of the proposed amended statement of claim. It is alleged in para 47 that in reliance on various representations by Novapharm, the USPTO issued the US Patent to Novapharm in respect of the Invention, in consequence of which Mr Glueck has suffered loss and damage. 20 Fourth and finally, there is an allegation in respect of a CIP application made to the USPTO in or about February 2003 by Novapharm. Mr Glueck pleads (in paras 48-57) that Novapharm made various representations to the USPTO in relation to the application for the CIP US Patent, thereby engaging in conduct that was misleading or deceptive in contravention of s 52 of the TP Act. The pleading of contravention of s 52 occurs in paras 49 and 54. In para 57 Mr Glueck pleads that in reliance on the representations, the USPTO, pursuant to the CIP application, issued the CIP US Patent to Novapharm in respect of the Invention, in consequence of which Mr Glueck has suffered loss and damage. 21 Associated with the four groups of misrepresentations are allegations of fraud and forgery, and allegations of accessorial liability, in various combinations, on the part of Mr Stang, Mr Kritzler and Ms Ditterick. CONSIDERATION 22 The respondents rely on two grounds for their attack on the proposed amended statement of claim and, through that document, on the proposed amended application. 23 First, they say that the pleaded representations made to the APO and to the USPTO were not made "in trade or commerce" for the purposes of s 52 of the TP Act. Accordingly, they submit that all claims founded on each alleged contravention by Novapharm of s 52 of the TP Act, including the claims of accessorial liability founded upon those alleged contraventions, cannot succeed. 24 The respondents refer to the authoritative construction of the expression "in trade or commerce" in s 52 of the TP Act given by the High Court in Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594 (Concrete Constructions). In support of their submission that representations to government authorities pursuant to the requirements of legislation lie outside the notion of conduct in trade or commerce, the respondents cite Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd (No 2) [2004] FCA 133; (2004) 134 FCR 422 (Village Building) at [57]-[58], affirmed on appeal at Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 240; (2004) 139 FCR 330 at [50]- [55]; and my own decision in RGC Mineral Sands Ltd v Wimmera Industrial Minerals Pty Ltd (No 2) [2000] FCA 22 (RGC v Wimmera). 25 In Concrete Constructions, the High Court held that an internal communication from one employee to another in their ordinary activities in building work was not conduct engaged in by their employer company in trade or commerce (at 605). The High Court held that what is required is that the relationship between the corporation and the representee be of a trading or commercial character, and that the conduct of the corporation have taken place in the course of that relationship. 26 In their join judgment in Concrete Constructions, Mason CJ, Deane, Dawson and Gaudron JJ said (at 603): ... the words ‘in trade or commerce’ refer to ‘the central conception’ of trade or commerce and not to the ‘immense field of activities’ in which corporations may engage in the course of, or for the purposes of, carrying on some overall trading or commercial business. 27 Their Honours also said (at 604): What the section [s 52 of the TP Act]...In some areas, the dividing line between what is or what is not conduct "in trade or commerce" may be less clear and may require the identification of what imports a trading or commercial character to an activity which is not, without more, of that character. 28 In Village Building, representations made in the nature of forecasts of aircraft traffic noise levels in the vicinity of Canberra International Airport were provided by the Airport’s lessee and operator, Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd (CIA), to the Minister for Transport and Regional Services pursuant to the Airports Act 1996 (Cth). As well, the forecasts were published on the company’s website and were used in public debate concerning, inter alia, an application to rezone land south of the airport and under the flight path as residential. 29 The applicant for relief was a developer of land in the area south of the airport. 30 Finn J held that the conduct alleged against CIA was not conduct in trade or commerce for the purposes of the TP Act, and an appeal against his Honour’s decision was dismissed by the Full Court. 31 Similarly, in RGC v Wimmera, I held that representations made to the Commissioner of Patents in an opposition proceeding were not made in trade or commerce for the purposes of s 52 of the TP Act. 32 The course of authority outlined above requires me to hold that the alleged representations by Novapharm to the APO and to the USPTO were not made in trade or commerce. They were not made in the course of a trading or commercial relationship between Novapharm on the one hand, and either the APO or USPTO on the other hand. Novapharm had no trading or commercial dealings with the APO or the USPTO. Nor were they made in the course of the negotiation of contracts; cf Barto v GPR Management Services Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 389. The alleged representations were made to a government instrumentality pursuant to legislation for the purpose of obtaining an exclusive right or bundle of rights made available by that legislation. 33 No doubt the alleged representations were made by Novapharm in trade or commerce in a broad non-s 52 sense. However, in Concrete Constructions the High Court (at 603) rejected the view that the expression "in trade or commerce" in s 52 referred to "the "immense field of activities" in which corporations may engage in the course of, or for the purposes of, carrying on some overall trading or commercial business, and held that it bears the narrower meaning to which I referred above. 34 Mr Glueck responded to Novapharm’s first ground of attack by submitting that Novapharm did not make representations in trade or commerce to the APO or to the USPTO because all representations made to them were made by Novapharm’s Australian and US patent attorneys respectively. His submission must be that the representations that were made by those patent attorneys were not in law representations by Novapharm. In making this submission, Mr Glueck was accepting, in effect, that in suing Novapharm for having made the representations, he had sued the wrong entity, since it was the patent attorneys alone who were responsible for the alleged misrepresentations. It is necessary for Mr Glueck to appreciate that it is possible for a company to make a representation through its agent. In any event, allegations that Novapharm had made the representations in trade or commerce permeate the proposed amended statement of claim and lie at the heart of Mr Glueck’s claims. 35 In the result, the proposed amended application and the proposed amended statement of claim should not be allowed to be filed because the former would claim relief, including accessorial relief, based on alleged contraventions of s 52 of the TP Act, and the latter would plead claims for such relief. 36 I turn now to the respondents’ second ground of attack. This is based on the proposition that the proceeding impugns title to foreign property, namely, the US Patents. 37 In The British South Africa Company v The Companhia de Moçambique [1893] AC 602 (Moçambique), the House of Lords held that the Supreme Court of Judicature had no jurisdiction to entertain an action to recover damages for a trespass to land situate abroad. Moçambique recognised a distinction between "transitory" and "local" actions. The English courts would exercise jurisdiction in respect of the former but not the latter. Actions in which title to land or infringement of rights and interest in real property were in issue were prime examples of local actions. 38 The "Moçambique rule" has been held to apply to intellectual property rights. In Potter v The Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1906] HCA 88; (1906) 3 CLR 479 (Potter), the High Court held that a cause of action for infringement in New South Wales by a Victorian company carrying on mining operations in New South Wales, of the plaintiff’s patent issued under the Patents Act 1899 (NSW), was not justiciable in Victoria. 39 In Tyburn Productions Limited v Conan Doyle (1990) 19 IPR 455, the High Court of England held that an issue as to the existence or non-existence of rights under United States copyright, unfair competition and trademark laws was not justiciable in the English courts. 40 In Tritech Technology Pty Ltd v Gordon (2000) 48 IPR 52, Finkelstein J recognised that the Moçambique rule was subject to exceptions. 41 In Potter the High Court described one exception to the Moçambique rule (at 498-499 per Griffith CJ): The Courts will no doubt entertain such a question of title if it arises merely incidentally in a case in which the foundation of the jurisdiction is a personal obligation arising from contract or quasi-contractual relationship between the parties. 42 Mr Glueck would not, of course, be asking this Court to revoke the US Patents. However, as I understand the proposed amended application and the proposed amended statement of claim, I would be asked to determine that Novapharm obtained the grant of the US Patents by knowingly making false representations to the USPTO. I am not favoured with submissions as to the implications that such a finding would have for the title to the US Patents. 43 In view of my conclusion on the respondents’ first ground for attacking the proposed amended application and the proposed amended statement of claim, the s 52 argument, I do not need to reach a final decision in relation to the respondents’ second basis for its attack. I think it desirable not to do so in the absence of submissions on behalf of Mr Glueck addressing the legal issues involved, which are somewhat complex. 44 I note, in passing, that the existing application is more vulnerable to the respondents’ second ground of attack than the proposed amended application. It seeks, for example, a declaration that Novapharm was not entitled as patentee to the US Patents and an order that Novapharm assign its interest in the US Patents to Mr Glueck. CONCLUSION 45 I explained to Mr Glueck on the hearing that if the respondents’ argument were to find favour, as it now has done, this would not mean that he lacked any remedy. In the first place, it would be possible for him simply to pursue his application in this Court to have the Patent revoked under s 138 of the Patents Act. This remedy, however, may not satisfy him. Such a reduced proceeding would not, for example, touch the US Patents. Moreover, it would not give Mr Glueck damages for Novapharm’s alleged contravention of s 52 of the TP Act, and it would not give him any remedy based on the alleged accessorial liability of the individuals. 46 It may be that Mr Glueck would be entitled to pursue the remaining general law causes of action in this Court, notwithstanding the non-pursuit of those based on alleged contravention of s 52 of the TP Act. Whether he would be entitled to do so would depend upon a consideration of principles of the kind discussed in Burgundy Royale Investments Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation (1987) 18 FCR 212, Post Office Agents Association Ltd v Australian Postal Commission (1988) 84 ALR 563 and Petrotimor Companhia de Petroleos SARL v Commonwealth of Australia [2003] FCAFC 83; (2003) 128 FCR 507. Whether Mr Glueck’s general law claims can survive in this Court is better determined after he has filed any amended application and amended statement of claim. Mr Glueck would, in any event, be entitled to pursue relief in a State Supreme Court based on general law causes of action, such as fraudulent misrepresentation, against Novapharm and the individual respondents. 47 I note that I advised Mr Glueck to seek legal advice and representation. The proceeding promises to raise complex legal and factual issues, as it has already done. 48 The existing statement of claim should be struck out with leave to re-plead. The position in relation to the existing application is less straightforward. It is not practicable at this stage to distinguish between those parts that should survive and those that should not. In addition, many of the declarations sought are inappropriate. The best course is to let the existing application survive only in so far as it seeks revocation of the Patent. I make it clear, however, that in ordering that the proceeding be otherwise dismissed, I am deciding at this stage no more than that Mr Glueck will not be entitled to seek relief based on a contravention of s 52 of the TP Act in any amended application which he files. 49 The subpoenas were issued by reference to the existing application and statement of claim. In view of my conclusion in relation to those documents, the subpoenas should be set aside. 50 The orders will be that Mr Glueck’s motion be dismissed, that the existing statement of claim be struck out, that the proceeding be dismissed in so far as it seeks relief other than revocation of the Patent, that leave be granted to file an amended application and an amended statement of claim within a limited time, that the subpoenas be set aside, that Mr Glueck pay the respondents’ costs of the three motions, and that the proceeding be listed for directions. Associate: Dated: 27 February 2008 AustLII: | Disclaimers | | Feedback URL:

Last Updated: 24 October 2008 FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Fesl v Delegate of the Native Title Registrar (No 2) [2008] FCA 1479 COSTS – Application under Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1997 (Cth) for review of decision by a delegate of the Native Title Registrar to register an Indigenous Land Use Agreement - application to review decision unsuccessful – whether circumstances of the case warrant departure from ordinary rule as to costs – where reasonableness of review application and public importance of issues raised warrant departure from ordinary rule as to costs – relevance of s 85A of the Native Title Act - no order as to costs Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) s 43 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review Act) 1977 (Cth) Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 24C, 24CJ, 85A Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld) Judicial Review Act 1991 (Qld) s 49 Brownley v Western Australia (No 2) [1999] FCA 1431; (1999) 95 FCR 172 considered Duncan v Chief Executive Officer, Centrelink (No 2) [2008] FCA 667 considered Fesl v Delegate of the Native Title Registrar [2008] FCA 1469 considered Milne v Attorney-General For the State of Tasmania [1956] HCA 48; (1956) 95 CLR 460 considered Murray v Registrar of the National Native Title Tribunal [2003] FCA 45 considered Murray v Registrar of the National Native Title Tribunal [2003] FCAFC 220; (2003) 132 FCR 402 applied Northern Territory v Doepel (No 2) [2004] FCA 46 considered O’Mara v Minister for Lands (2008) 167 FCR 145 considered Ruddock v Vadarlis (No2) (2001) 115 FCR 229 considered The Lardil Peoples v State of Queensland [2001] FCA 414; (2001) 108 FCR 453 considered The Lardil Peoples v State of Queensland [2001] FCA 464 considered EVE MUMEWA FESL, NURDON SERICO and TEX CHAPMAN v LINDA BLUE, DELEGATE OF THE NATIVE TITLE REGISTRAR and QUEENSLAND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PTY LTD QUD157 OF 2008 LOGAN J 2 OCTOBER 2008 BRISBANE THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. There be no order as to costs. Note: Settlement and entry of orders is dealt with in Order 36 of the Federal Court Rules. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT 1 On 1 October 2008, the Court dismissed an application by the Applicants under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) (AD(JR) Act) for an order of review in respect of a decision by the First Respondent, a Delegate of the Native Title Registrar (the Delegate), made on 14 April 2008 to register an Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) known as the Traveston Crossing Dam Indigenous Land Use Agreement on the register of Indigenous Land Use Agreements (the Register) pursuant to s 24CJ of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (Native Title Act): Fesl v Delegate of the Native Title Registrar [2008] FCA 1469. The Delegate did not take an active part in the proceedings. Instead, and properly in the circumstances, she adopted the stance of abiding the order of the court and not wishing to be heard on any issue save as to costs. Upon the dismissal of the judicial review proceedings, the Delegate, through her solicitors, informed the Court that she sought no order as to costs against the Applicants. 2 The Second Respondent, Queensland Water Infrastructure Pty Ltd (QWI), did seek an order that the Applicants pay its costs of and incidental to the judicial review application. The Applicants had correctly identified QWI as a necessary respondent party in the proceedings. QWI took an active role as contradictor. 3 In deference to the helpful and comprehensive submissions in respect of costs made on behalf of QWI by Ms Bowskill of Counsel and by Mr Balzamo of Counsel on behalf of the Applicants, I did not make orders in respect of costs on 1 October 2008, but rather reserved my decision until today. It was common ground as between QWI and the Applicants that, strictly, the judicial review application was a proceeding under the AD(JR) Act not under the Native Title Act. There was though considerable debate as to the relevance, if any, in relation to the awarding of costs, of s 85A of the Native Title Act. That section provides as follows:Section 85. 4 The Applicants’ submissions did not, in terms, suggest that s 85A of the Native Title Act was the source of such power as the Court had to award costs, but rather suggested that the sentiments evident in s 85A ought to be taken into account in the exercise of a discretion in respect of costs. 5 The starting point then should be the identification of the source of the Court’s power to award costs in a proceeding under the AD(JR) Act and general principles which attend the awarding of costs in the exercise of that power in civil proceedings. 6 It was common ground that the source of the Court’s power to make an order in respect of costs was s 43 of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) (Federal Court of Australia Act). Materially, that section provides:Section 43 Costs (1) Subject to subsection (1A), the Court or a Judge has jurisdiction to award costs in all proceedings before the Court (including proceedings dismissed for want of jurisdiction) other than proceedings in respect of which any other Act provides that costs shall not be awarded. 1(A) ... (2) Except as provided by any other Act, the award of costs is in the discretion of the Court or Judge. 7 So far as a proceeding under the AD(JR) Act is concerned, prior authority does not support a conclusion that s 85A of the Native Title Act provides an express exception in relation to the general discretion in respect of costs for which s 43(2) of the Federal Court of Australia Act provides. 8 As to that discretion "it is a general rule that a wholly successful Defendant should receive his costs unless good reason is shown to the contrary": Milne v Attorney-General For the State of Tasmania [1956] HCA 48; (1956) 95 CLR 460, at 477. The discretion to award costs is nonetheless broad and unfettered, but it must be exercised judicially, not whimsically or capriciously, and that usually means that the proper exercise of the discretion will be that costs should follow the event. 9 A comprehensive discussion of the principle in respect of the awarding of costs in this Court pursuant to the power conferred by s 43 of the Federal Court of Australia Act is to be found in the joint judgment of Black CJ and French J (as the Chief Justice then was), in Ruddock v Vadarlis (No2) (2001) 115 FCR 229 at 234, para 9 at et seq. At para 11 in the joint judgment in the Vadarlis (No 2) the following observations are made:).11 Within the general discretion of the courts to award costs it is accepted by decisions in both Australian and English jurisdictions that: 10 QWI, unsurprisingly, adopted the position that costs should follow the event with the "event" being the dismissal of the application. 11 That usual, civil jurisdiction position normally governs the costs sequel to an unsuccessful judicial review application in federal jurisdiction. A like position prevails in respect of costs in judicial review proceedings in England and Wales: The White Book, 2006 Edn Vol 1 para 54.16.17. In neither jurisdiction is there a statutory intrusion into the general costs discretion such as is found in s 49 of the Judicial Review Act 1991 (Qld). 12 What then of s 85A the Native Title Act? 13 The Applicants drew my attention to an unreported decision of Marshall J in Murray v Registrar of the National Native Title Tribunal [2003] FCA 45 and to the appellate sequel to that decision, Murray v Registrar of the National Native Title Tribunal [2003] FCAFC 220; (2003) 132 FCR 402. Murray’s case had a similar background to the present in the sense that it was an unsuccessful application pursuant to the AD(JR) Act for the Court to set aside a decision of a delegate of the Registrar of the National Native Title Tribunal to register an ILUA. At first instance (at para 9 and para 10), Marshall J stated:. 14 In the result, His Honour made no order as to costs, save in respect of what he regarded as the costs of an unreasonable opposition by the applicant to the joinder of an appropriate contradictor party. On appeal, the Full Court (Spender, Branson and North JJ) observed (at [28]) of the passage just quoted, "In our respectful view, the approach adopted by his Honour, as reflected by the above paragraphs, was entirely appropriate in the circumstances of a first instance proceeding". Their Honours took a different view as to the way in which the costs discretion ought to be exercised on the appeal, awarding costs against the unsuccessful appellant. 15 In Northern Territory v Doepel (No 2) [2004] FCA 46, having referred to Murray’s case both at first instance and on appeal, Mansfield J observed (at [17]): [17] It would clearly be remiss to adopt a rule, that where an application under legislation other than the Act involves the construction of provisions of the Act, generally speaking at first instance no order for costs should be made. Section 85A of the Act does not directly apply. Each case must be considered on its own merits and in its particular circumstances. I accept that the Court should have regard to the ‘spirit’ of s 85A in a matter such as the present. It concerned the validity of a function undertaken by the Registrar under the Acct, and involved consideration of the particular sections directly how that function was to be conducted. I have therefore included some consideration in the exercise of my discretion. I respectfully agree with His Honour’s observation. 16 In the circumstances of that case, Mansfield J considered that costs should nonetheless follow the event. 17 QWI drew my attention to another decision of the Full Court, The Lardil Peoples v State of Queensland [2001] FCA 414; (2001) 108 FCR 453. Materially in that case, Dowsett J, with whom in this regard French J agreed, had occasion to consider the meaning of the word "proceeding" for the purposes of the s 85A of the Native Title Act. His Honour reached the following provisional conclusion (at [157]): 157 If this construction is correct then with one possible exception, it follows that a "proceeding" for the purposes of s 85A is a proceeding within the jurisdiction conferred by s 81 and does not apply to proceedings within the jurisdiction conferred by s 213(2). The possible exception to this arises when a determination of native title is necessary as part of proceedings pursuant to the latter subsection. The Federal Court is then obliged to follow the procedure prescribed in the Act. See s 213(1. However that exception has no application for present purposes because the appellants have not sought to establish native title. 18 The way the issue arose in that case moved the court to invite the parties to make submissions in respect of that particular provisional conclusion. Submissions were made but did not result in any change to that conclusion: see The Lardil Peoples v State of Queensland [2001] FCA 464. 19 It is not apparent that the Full Court’s judgment in the Lardil Peoples’ case was drawn to the attention of either Marshall J or the Full Court in Murray’s case. That does not mean, in my opinion, that the two Full Court decisions are irreconcilable. A proceeding under the AD(JR) Act is not a "proceeding" for the purposes of s 85A of the Native Title Act. In Brownley v Western Australia (No 2) [1999] FCA 1431; (1999) 95 FCR 172, Lee J had reached just such a conclusion (at para 21). More recently, in O’Mara v Minister for Lands (2008) 167 FCR 145, Reeves J reached a like conclusion. That does not mean that it is impermissible, in relation to the exercise of the discretion conferred by s 43 of the Federal Court of Australia Act, to take into account the "spirit" of s 85A. That is what I propose to do and it seems to me that, sitting in the original jurisdiction, I am in any event bound by Murray’s case so to do. Taking that consideration into account is influential but certainly not determinative in this particular case. 20 In their written submissions, the Applicants submitted that the following were relevant considerations tending against an award of costs against them in favour of QWI: 8. There is nothing in this case unreasonable about the conduct of the Applicants wishing by the application to scrutinize the decision of the Delegate to register the ILUA in circumstances where: (a) There are significant aboriginal cultural heritage issues involved as a consequence of the proposed dam; (b) One of the Applicants Eve Fesl is the Aboriginal Party for the area concerned under the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act (Qld); (c) All of the Applicants are Elders of the Gubbi Gubbi People and as such are traditional custodians of the heritage of their people; and (d) The application although no under the NTA did involve a construction of important provisions of that Act relating to ILUA’s. 21 As to item (a), there may or may not be significant aboriginal cultural heritage issues involved as a consequence of the proposed dam. That is not a subject in respect of which the Delegate made or was obliged to make an affirmative finding of fact. I accept that the Applicants genuinely believe that there may be such issues. It is important to recall that their status as persons aggrieved is that they are persons who "claim" to hold native title. There has been no determination that either they or they as part of a wider group hold native title in respect of some or all of the project area. There is evidence that Dr Fesl is an "Aboriginal party" for the area in terms of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld) (ACHA). That status certainly gave her an interest in the interface between that Act and the Native Title Act in the circumstances of this case, quite apart from her status as an identified member of the "native title group". Item (c) reflects what I accept is a genuine belief on the part of the Applicants, but the conclusion of the Delegate, which I have held to be reasonably open on the evidence before her, was that the Applicants are members of a wider group with Gubbi Gubbi being but one alternative spelling. 22 I accept that the judicial review proceeding, although not under the Native Title Act, did involve a construction of important provisions of that Act relating to ILUAs. As in Doepel (No 2), there is a public importance in some of the issues which arose in this case and those issues were novel. Further, it was, with respect, properly conceded by QWI that the judicial review application could not be described as frivolous or vexatious. There was an apparent disparity of resources available as between QWI and the Applicants. QWI (which is wholly owned by the State of Queensland) appeared by senior and junior counsel. The Applicants appeared by their solicitor, save for 1 October 2008 when junior counsel appeared to make submissions in respect of costs. My impression is that, within the limits of available resources, the Applicants prosecuted this application with due diligence. It is true, as QWI submitted, that the ground in respect of which the Applicants enjoyed a degree of forensic success, ground 2, was added relatively late in the course of proceedings and at a time when the bulk of QWI’s preparatory costs must necessarily be regarded as having been incurred. Nonetheless, the addition of the ground did not extend the hearing of the application beyond one day. 23 The Applicants found themselves in a position whereby, because of what I have held to be an overly narrow conception on the part of the Delegate of what she could take into account in making a registration decision, they did not have the benefit of a considered decision, albeit from an administrative official, in respect of the worth of their submission that the "CHIMA" provisions found in Sch 3 to the Agreement had the effect, having regard to s 24CE(1) of the Native Title Act and the ACHA, of making that agreement unlawful either in whole or in part and hence incapable in that form of registration under s 24CJ of the Native Title Act. The issue was a novel one. It is also important to remember that a consequence of the registration of an ILUA is that future acts under such an agreement which affect native title are valid. A judicial review proceeding either under the AD(JR) Act or otherwise, challenging a registration decision on this basis was the only alternative left to the Applicants. The native title which they claimed to have would otherwise would subject to such effects as the dam building project may visit upon it. In making the observation, I do not ignore that none of the Applicants is a registered claimant much less that none has the benefit of a determination of native title in respect of any part of the project area. 24 The proceedings are nonetheless not wholly in the public interest. In a sense, the Applicants were seeking to preserve a private, albeit group, claim in respect of native title. Further, I do not ignore a remark by the Delegate in her reasons that one factor at least in the Applicants’ opposition to the agreement was environmentally based, rather than based on a claim to native title alone. 25 Even in federal judicial review proceedings unconcerned with the Native Title Act, costs do not invariably follow the event. Duncan v Chief Executive Officer, Centrelink (No 2) [2008] FCA 667 (Finn J) offers a recent example. In that case, (at para 4) his Honour observed:Notwithstanding the ordinary principle of costs following the event, there are two considerations of potentially present relevance of which account properly can be taken in justification of a departure from that principle. These are the reasonableness of the applicant in bringing the application and where the respondent, as in this case, is a public authority, the general importance both of the clarification of the law for such an authority and of securing proper compliance with it: see eg Perrett v Commissioner for Superannuation (1991) 29 FCR 581 at 594; see also Wilderness Society Inc v Hon Malcolm Turnbull, Minister for Environment and Water Resources [2008] FCAFC 19 at [7]. 26 In this case, the Applicants did reasonably bring the judicial review proceeding. QWI was not a party charged with the administration of the registration of ILUAs under the Native Title Act. Its interests though could hardly be described as private. It is an emanation of the State of Queensland specifically charged with the construction of a project considered necessary for the supplementation of the water supply in South East Queensland. It had a very particular public interest in the due administration and construction of the provisions governing the registration of an area agreement in the Native Title Act. In that regard, and in the face of a submission by QWI to the contrary, the Applicants have at least secured this Court’s guidance as to matters which the Registrar and delegates can and should take into account when deciding a registration application. 27 The factors for and against the making of an order for costs as sought by QWI are certainly not all one way. On the balance, in my opinion, in the particular circumstances of this case, there should not be an award of costs in favour of QWI against the Applicants. In voicing that opinion, I have taken into account whether, if not appropriate to award QWI all its costs, some percentage order might alternatively be made. 28 The further order that I make in the proceedings is therefore that there be no order as to costs, either in respect of the costs of the First Respondent or in respect of the costs of the Second Respondent. Associate: Dated: 2 October 2008 AustLII: | Disclaimers | | Feedback URL:

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Volume 80, Issue 4 , Pages 1080-1086, 15 July 2011 External Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Urinary Outcomes for Men With High International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS) Article Outline - Abstract - Introduction - Methods and Materials - Results - Discussion - Conclusion - Acknowledgment - References Purpose To report the urinary outcome of men treated for prostate cancer with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) who have pretreatment obstructive urinary symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS] ≥15). Methods and Materials We treated 368 patients with EBRT for localized prostate cancer, and pre- and post-radiotherapy (RT) IPSSs were recorded. In total, 80 men had an IPSS ≥15, 48% of whom were taking genitourinary (GU) medications before RT. The IPSS was followed over time and analyzed as a pretreatment factor against Radiation Therapy Oncology Group acute and late GU toxicity. Results The median follow-up was 44 months. Among men with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15, the median IPSS at baseline, first follow-up, and last follow-up was 18 (range, 15 to 34), 17 (range, 0 to 32), and 13 (range, 0 to 34), respectively. The mean patient declines in IPSS from baseline to first and last follow-up were −3.6 points (p < 0.0004) and −6.9 points (p < 0.0001), respectively. At last follow-up, 43 men (54%) took GU medications. Pre-RT IPSS ≥15 vs. ≤14 was associated with a higher incidence of Grade ≥2 acute GU toxicity (64% vs. 42%, p = 0.0005), and 4-year freedom from Grade ≥2 late GU toxicity was 38% vs. 64% (p < 0.0001). There was no greatly increased risk of Grade ≥3 late GU toxicity for men with IPSS ≥15 (4-year freedom from Grade ≥3 late GU toxicity of 90% vs. 96%, p = 0.0964). Conclusions Although the improvement is not immediate, men with moderate to severe obstructive GU symptoms can have improvement in urinary function after EBRT, without significant risk for severe morbidity. IPSS, External beam radiotherapy, Genitourinary toxicity Introduction The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was first developed in 1992 by the American Urological Association (AUA) as a validated tool to assess symptomatic relief after radical prostatectomy for benign prostatic hypertrophy (1). Seven domains, evaluating incomplete emptying, frequency, weak stream, intermittency, urgency, straining, and nocturia, assess the frequency of urinary symptoms, each on a 0 to 5 scale. A separate quality-of-life score rates patient satisfaction with regard to these symptoms. The role of the pretreatment IPSS in predicting post-treatment urinary morbidity has been studied widely in localized prostate cancer patients undergoing brachytherapy. Higher rates of postimplant catheterization 2, 3, 4 and late urinary morbidity (5) are associated with a higher pretreatment IPSS. Because urinary symptom scores may require approximately 1 year to return to baseline 5, 6, 7, such patients with poor baseline urinary function are typically not candidates for brachytherapy (8). For prostate cancer patients who have lower urinary tract symptoms, it is appropriate to primarily consider a surgical approach for relief of severe obstructive-type symptoms 9, 10, 11. However, radical prostatectomy carries an increased risk of urinary incontinence and pad use 10, 12, 13, 14, 15 compared with other radical therapies such as external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy. In addition, not every man diagnosed with prostate cancer who has obstructive urinary symptoms is an appropriate operative candidate. In contrast to numerous reports of brachytherapy data reporting how pretreatment function can influence urinary outcome 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, limited data exist for EBRT-treated men. The goal of this study was to characterize the nature and severity of post-EBRT urinary function for prostate cancer patients with moderate to severe obstructive urinary symptoms (IPSS ≥15). It is of interest to describe whether such men can expect eventual relief or whether they are at significantly higher risk for short- or long-term morbidity compared with men without obstructive uropathy. Furthermore, the results of this study would have potential implications in the initial evaluation and counseling of these patients regarding two primary considerations for curative therapy: radical prostatectomy and EBRT. Methods and Materials Patients This study was a retrospective review of men treated at the University of Chicago Hospitals (Pritzker School of Medicine campus) with definitive radiotherapy (RT) for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Patients were excluded if they underwent prior surgery for prostate cancer or brachytherapy as a component of their care. A total of 368 consecutive patients were treated with EBRT between 1998 and 2007 (minimum 2 years' potential follow-up) and had pretreatment and post-treatment IPSS available for review. Men with moderate to poor baseline urinary function were defined a priori as those having an IPSS ≥15. This cutoff was used based on brachytherapy data associating higher rates of urinary toxicity at or above this pretreatment IPSS 2, 4, 7. Of the men, 80 (22%) had an IPSS ≥15 and 288 had an IPSS ≤14. Baseline scores were obtained at consultation before the initiation of any therapy (i.e., RT or androgen-deprivation therapy [ADT]). The median age of the 368 men was 69 years (range, 44 to 83 years). Patient and disease characteristics are detailed in Table 1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk classification (16) showed 113 men (31%) with low-risk disease, 166 men (45%) with intermediate-risk disease, and 86 men (24%) with high-risk disease. The median prostate volume (by computed tomography planning) was 39 cm3 (range, 12 to 186 cm3). Neoadjuvant and/or concurrent ADT was administered in 186 patients (51%) and consisted of a gonadotropin-releasing analog with or without an antiandrogen. The median ADT duration was 4 months (range, 2 to 83 months). During this time period, the administration of ADT was based on risk classification and not based on gland size or obstructive symptoms. Table 1. Patient and treatment characteristics Treatment All patients underwent computed tomography planning and were treated to a median dose of 75.6 Gy (range, 68.5 to 76.4 Gy), prescribed to the planning target volume (PTV). Whole-pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) was administered to 37 men (10%), whereas the remaining patients received initial treatment to the prostate and seminal vesicles alone (50–50.4 Gy) followed by a prostatic boost. The typical PTV expansion for the study time period was 1 cm on the clinical target volume (prostate with or without inclusion of proximal seminal vesicles). Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) was delivered in 311 men (85%) (17). Patients were set up for treatment according to bony anatomy until April 2003, after which transabdominal ultrasound was introduced to localize the prostate before daily treatment. Follow-up and IPSS assessment Patients were followed up 1 month after EBRT and then every 6 months for 2 years. Gradually, follow-up was extended to annual visits after 5 years. At each follow-up, history and physical information, IPSS, prostate-specific antigen values, ADT, and medication use were collected. In addition, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) acute and late toxicity scores were collected during treatment and at each follow-up visit. Late genitourinary (GU) toxicity was defined as toxicity documented 90 days after the last radiation treatment. For men with moderate to poor baseline urinary function, IPSS subset and urinary quality-of-life scores were collected in addition to total IPSS at baseline, first follow-up, and last follow-up. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE v3.0) (18) was also collected during RT and at each follow-up in patients with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15. Freedom from biochemical failure was determined according to the Phoenix definition (nadir + 2 ng/mL) (19). Changes in IPSS at first and last follow-up were analyzed by the paired t test. Baseline IPSS was analyzed against acute GU toxicity by chi-square analysis. All analysis of GU toxicity was performed against RTOG toxicity. Time to late Grade 2 or 3 toxicity was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method and was analyzed according to IPSS by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed by use of the Cox proportional hazards model with predetermined covariates including pre-RT IPSS, prostate volume, history of transurethral resection of prostate (TURP), radiation dose, and use of ADT, WPRT, and IMRT. Tests were performed by use of dichotomous variables and were two sided. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The median follow-up was 40 months for patients with an IPSS ≥15 and 44 months for patients with an IPSS ≤14 (p = 0.5589). Overall, 4-year freedom from biochemical failure was similar (86% vs. 92%, p = 0.1077) for patients with a pretreatment IPSS ≥15 vs. those with a pretreatment IPSS ≤14. Baseline patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. There were no differences in demographic characteristics according to pretreatment IPSS. Treatment-related factors were also similar between the two groups including median EBRT dose, IMRT use, WPRT use, history of TURP, and ADT institution and duration. Use and duration of GU medications Among the 80 patients with an IPSS ≥15, 38 men (48%) were taking GU medications before treatment. Alpha-blockers accounted for 96% of GU medications, whereas the remaining agents included bladder antispasmodics. Of these 38 patients taking pre-RT medications, 15 (39%) required a dose increase during treatment because of lower urinary tract symptoms. Of 42 patients not taking GU medications at baseline, 31 men (74%) started treatment medications during or after RT. However, only about half of the overall cohort (n = 43 of 80, 54%) continued to take GU medications at last follow-up. Of these 43 men, 28 (65%) had been taking GU medications before RT. In 11 patients (14%), medications were never used before, during, or after RT. The median duration of medication use in 31 patients who started taking GU agents after the initiation of RT was 15.2 months (range, 0 to 100 months). Medication duration was less than 6 months in 9 patients (29%), 6 to 11.9 months in 4 patients (13%), 12 to 23.9 months in 6 patients (19%), and at least 24 months in 12 patients (39%). Nearly a quarter of patients (9 of 38) who were taking medications before RT had discontinued use by their last follow-up visit. Trends in IPSS after RT At baseline, the median IPSS among our 80-patient cohort was 18 (range, 15 to 34) vs. a median score of 6 (range, 0 to 14) among the 288 men without poor baseline urinary function. Trends in IPSS at first and last follow-up for this cohort and for individual patients are displayed in Figs. 1A and 1B, respectively. At first follow-up (median of 5 weeks after EBRT), the median IPSS for patients with a baseline IPSS ≥15 was 17 points. The individual patient IPSS dropped by a mean of −3.6 points (95% confidence interval [CI], −5.5 to −1.7; p < 0.0004) and median of −2 points (range, −32 to 14). The quality-of-life score for the entire cohort, however, did not significantly change from baseline. Fig. 1 (A) Trend in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) for the entire cohort of men with pre–radiotherapy (RT) IPSS ≥15 at first follow-up (F/U) (median, 5 weeks) and last follow-up (median, 40 months). Blue, black, and red lines represent 75% quartile scores, median scores, and 25% quartile scores, respectively. Dotted lines represent range of IPSS. (B) Patient declines in IPSS at first follow-up (median, 5 weeks) and last follow-up (median, 40 months) compared with pre-RT IPSS. Blue, black, and red lines represent 75% quartile scores, median scores, and 25% quartile scores, respectively. Dotted lines represent range of values. Mean change from baseline to first follow-up, −3.6 points (95% confidence interval, −5.5 to −1.7; p < 0.0004); mean change from baseline to last follow-up, −6.9 points (95% confidence interval, −8.9 to −4.9; p < 0.0001). At last follow-up (median, 40 months), the median IPSS for patients with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 was 13 (range, 0 to 34) vs. 5 (range, 0 to 31) for the 288 men with a pre-RT IPSS ≤14 (p < 0.0001). The individual patient IPSS in men with a pretreatment IPSS ≥15 dropped by a mean of −6.9 points (95% CI, −8.9 to −4.9; p < 0.0001) and a median of −7 points (range, −29 to 13). This drop in IPSS was seen across all seven subset domains. Overall, 62 men (79%) had an IPSS decline by last follow-up out of the 78 men with a post-RT IPSS available. Forty-six men (59%) had a 5-point decline or greater and 29 (37%) had a 10-point decline or greater from baseline IPSS. A rise in IPSS developed from pretreatment baseline to last follow-up in only 16 men (21%); in these men, the median IPSS rise was 3.5 points (range, 1 to 13). Patient quality-of-life scores also dropped by a mean of −0.7 points (95% CI, −1.0 to −0.3; p = 0.0003) and a median of −1 point (range, −3 to 4). For men with a pretreatment IPSS ≤14, there was a minor, albeit statistically significant, rise in patient IPSS from baseline to last follow-up. The mean and median patient IPSS inclines for this group were 1 point (95% CI, 0.3 to 1.7; p = 0.0039) and 0.5 points (range, −13 to 29), respectively. For patients with a pre-RT IPSS ≤14, there was no statistically significant difference in the magnitude of IPSS declines from baseline to last follow-up according to ADT use (data not shown). Men with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 had a statistically significant IPSS decline from baseline to last follow-up whether they received ADT or not, although the magnitude of this decline was influenced by ADT use (p = 0.0259). The mean and median patient IPSS declines were −9.3 points (95% CI, −12.2 to −6.4) and −9 points (range, −29 to 13), respectively, for men treated with ADT, whereas the median and mean declines were −4.9 points (95% CI, −7.5 to −2.3) and −5 points (range, −24 to 11), respectively, for men treated without ADT. Analysis by AUA symptom score classification (1), whereby baseline IPSSs of 0 to 7, 8 to 19, and 20 to 35 represent mild, moderate, and severe symptoms, respectively, are shown in Fig. 2. Declines in IPSS from baseline to last follow-up occurred only in men with moderate and severe symptoms before RT. The mean and median declines were −1.8 points (95% CI, −3.0 to −0.6; p = 0.0032) and −2 points (range, −17 to 17), respectively, for men with moderate baseline symptoms and −10.4 points (95% CI, −14.1 to −6.7; p < 0.0001) and −11 points (range, −29 to 13), respectively, for men with severe baseline symptoms. However, men with mild symptoms at baseline had a minor detriment in scores at last follow-up; the mean and median score inclines were 1.7 points (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.4; p < 0.0001) and 1 point (range, −8 to 29), respectively. Fig. 2 American Urological Association (AUA) symptom classification impacts the change in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) from baseline to last follow-up. RT = radiotherapy. Blue, black, and red lines represent 75% quartile scores, median scores, and 25% quartile scores, respectively. Dotted lines represent range of values. Acute and late toxicity Acute GU RTOG toxicity was analyzed by IPSS and showed 50 men (64%) with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 in whom Grade ≥2 acute GU toxicity developed vs. 118 men (42%) with a pre-RT IPSS ≤14 (p = 0.0005). Acute Grade ≥3 GU toxicity, however, was rare and no different between the two groups, occurring in 8 men (3%) with a pre-RT IPSS ≤14 vs. 2 patients (3%) with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 (p = 0.8958). Late Grade ≥2 GU toxicity was also more prevalent in patients with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15. Four-year freedom from Grade ≥2 late RTOG GU toxicity among patients with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 was 38% vs. 64% in men with a pre-RT IPSS ≤14 (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3A). Grade ≥3 late RTOG GU toxicity was more common in men with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15, but this difference was not statistically significant. Grade ≥3 toxicity developed in 5 of 80 patients with a baseline IPSS ≥15 vs. 8 of 288 patients with a pretreatment IPSS ≤14, resulting in a 4-year freedom from Grade ≥3 toxicity of 90% vs. 96%, (p = 0.0964) (Fig. 3B). Grade 3 events were predominantly related to bleeding and cystitis, with only 4 patients (1%) overall having obstruction. Fig. 3 (A) Men with a baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥15 have a statistically significant difference in freedom from Grade ≥2 Late Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) genitourinary (GU) toxicity after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) vs. men with a baseline IPSS ≤14. (B) Men with a baseline IPSS ≥15 have no statistically significant difference in freedom from Grade ≥3 Late RTOG GU toxicity after EBRT vs. men with a baseline IPSS ≤14. By Common Terminology Criteria (CTC) scoring, among men with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15, acute Grade ≥2 GU toxicity (assessable in 77 men) was observed in 15 (19%), whereas Grade ≥3 acute GU toxicity developed in 2 (3%). Four-year freedom from Grade ≥2 late CTC GU toxicity was 69%, whereas four-year freedom from late Grade ≥3 CTC toxicity was 93%. This large difference in CTC Grade 2 toxicity compared with RTOG Grade 2 toxicity is attributable to the scoring of Grade 2 RTOG toxicity for any patient managed with a new or increased dose of GU medication at any time point after completion of RT. On univariate analysis, ADT use (p = 0.2785), prior TURP (p = 0.3754), median prostate volume (p = 0.2160), minimum PTV dose (p = 0.8688), WPRT (p = 0.2327), and IMRT (p = 0.8694) were not associated with late Grade ≥2 GU toxicity, but pretreatment IPSS score (≥15 vs. ≤14) was (p < 0.0001). Univariate analysis for late Grade ≥3 GU toxicity showed no covariates associated with outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that IPSS ≥15 was associated with Grade ≥2 late GU toxicity (p = 0.0001) whereas ADT use (p = 0.2471), prostate volume (p = 0.2064), dose (p = 0.6028), WPRT (p = 0.8960), and IMRT (p = 0.4248) were not. A man with a pretreatment IPSS ≥15 was 2.3 times more likely to have Grade ≥2 late GU toxicity. However, neither pretreatment IPSS (p = 0.1070) nor any other covariates were associated with Grade ≥3 late GU events on multivariate analysis (data not shown). Discussion Urinary toxicity after EBRT is associated with pretreatment factors such as diabetes 20, 21, prostate volume (22), and pre-RT TURP 23, 24, as well as treatment-related factors such as RT dosimetry 22, 25, 26, 27 and ADT use 21, 24, 28. Few series, however, have analyzed the influence of pre-EBRT urinary symptoms on urinary function 21, 24, 26, 29, 30. Pretreatment GU symptoms were an independent risk factor for Grade ≥2 acute and late RTOG GU toxicity in men treated in a Dutch multicenter dose-escalation trial (24), whereas prostatism, in conjunction with neoadjuvant ADT, increased urinary morbidity rates by 4-fold in dose-escalation trial RTOG 94-06 (26). In this study it was our objective to characterize the post-EBRT urinary outcome for patients with moderate to poor baseline urinary function, defined a priori as an IPSS ≥15. We found modest IPSS declines after EBRT at first follow-up and more notable improvements at last follow-up. Heightened use of GU medications was not the primary factor accountable for IPSS declines, because nearly the same percentage of men with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 were taking GU medications before EBRT (48%) as those at last follow-up (54%). Moreover, there did not appear to be a long-term dependence on GU medications initiated during or after RT because the median duration of use was 15.2 months. Of particular interest in this study was whether the presence of pretreatment symptoms exacerbated late GU toxicity, particularly Grade 3 obstruction-related side effects. Although a 2.3-fold increase occurred in Grade ≥2 toxicity for men with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 over those with an IPSS ≤14, there was no statistically significant difference in the rates of Grade ≥3 urinary toxicity. This difference in Grade 2 toxicity was likely to be primarily because of GU medication use during follow-up. Our results are concordant with a recent quality-of-life study in which men with localized prostate carcinoma were analyzed according to pretreatment function (9). Although patients with poor pretreatment GU function had the greatest symptom resolution after surgery, men treated with RT also gained improvements in baseline obstructive and irritative symptoms at 36 months. Potential mechanisms for urinary symptom improvement over time may be related to (1) prostate cytoreduction from neoadjuvant ADT and/or RT, (2) GU medication use, (3) reduction in disease burden, and (4) patient bias. Nearly half of men with a baseline IPSS ≥15 received ADT with a median therapy duration of 4 months. Although few studies have reported increased rates of urinary morbidity with ADT use 21, 24, 28, the cytoreductive effect of ADT may have reduced lower urinary tract symptoms. Whereas our results show that ADT influenced the magnitude of IPSS declines from baseline to last follow-up in our subset of patients with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15, two separate analyses showed that the most significant reduction in prostate size occurs within the first 3 months of ADT with no significant volume reductions beyond 6 to 9 months 31, 32. Prostate RT may also induce prostate shrinkage and thus result in symptom improvement long term (33). The efficacy of GU medications bears significance to the results of this study. Of patients with an IPSS ≥15, 86% had GU medication use before, during, or after EBRT. The efficacy of alpha-blockers was shown in a retrospective series of 275 EBRT-treated men with acute Grade 2 GU symptoms in which 43% were prescribed alpha-blockers (34). Of these men, 66% had complete or near complete resolution of their symptoms, and another 22% had partial improvement. Interestingly, a prior history of obstructive urinary symptoms had no impact on the response to alpha-blocker therapy. A potential additional mechanism to explain urinary symptom resolution over time, particularly with longer follow-up, is the reduction in disease burden after definitive therapy. Significant differences in AUA symptom scores were observed in 265 men with localized prostate cancer according to clinical disease stage (35). Although we did not observe a difference in clinical disease stage between patients with a pre-RT IPSS ≥15 vs. ≤14, limited data have shown radiologic evidence of disease reduction after EBRT. An ultrasound study showed that prostate and hypoechoic nodule reduction occurs after EBRT with corresponding reductions in prostate-specific antigen values (36). If disease burden has some reflection on IPSS, then tumor reduction may further improve IPSS. Although this report adds valuable information toward the understanding of post-EBRT urinary function in men with moderate to poor baseline function, there are certainly limitations of this analysis. A diligent attempt was made to determine the nature of urinary toxicity and GU medication use and dose adjustments over time; however, these observations were made retrospectively, and GU medications were not administered by a standard policy. Patients may have started taking medications with varying levels of urinary symptoms, with preference given to those patients with higher pretreatment IPSS. This lack of a prospective policy of prescribing medications may have accounted in part for the higher rate of RTOG Grade 2 GU toxicity in this group. A bias may also have been present in patient IPSS reporting, which may reflect patients' satisfaction with their treatment outcomes rather than a true assessment of urinary symptoms. Although we compared patients with pretreatment IPSS ≥15 with a larger cohort of patients with IPSS ≤14, the 80-patient cohort, which served as the main focus of study, represents a relatively small number of patients. Thus the results of the univariate and especially multivariate analysis have limited statistical certainty. Nevertheless, the outcomes of this study offer some guidance to clinicians in an area where data are relatively lacking and show that EBRT tends to improve obstructive urinary symptoms without greatly increasing the risk of severe GU toxicity. Conclusion After EBRT, patients with IPSS ≥15 can have modest improvement in their baseline urinary function over time. Although such patients are more likely to have Grade ≥2 late GU toxicity, they are not at significantly increased risk of severe GU toxicity or obstructive uropathy compared with patients with lower pretreatment IPSS. Patients with moderate to severe urinary obstructive symptoms may have more immediate relief with a surgical approach; however, these patients may also be managed well with a primary EBRT approach. Acknowledgment The authors thank David Correa for his administrative support. Volume 80, Issue 4 , Pages 1080-1086, 15 July 2011

Not all the criticism leveled at American short track speed skater Apolo Anton Ohno is fair, but this time he is obviously trying to create a controversy: There was no grand finale, no gold medal – and sadly, no class from Apolo Anton Ohno as the final moments of his career ticked away Friday night. Ohno went down as the greatest short-track speedskater in history when he took what are likely to be his final Olympic laps here, but he did nothing for his reputation with a needless and baseless swipe at a celebrating host nation. By lashing out at the judges who disqualified him from the 500-meter final, Ohno ended his Olympic career much as it began in 2002: with controversy. “You know, it is the head Canadian referee [Michel Verrault] out there,” said Ohno, with a smirk and a shrug. “And there were two Canadians in the race.” Ohno, who could have skated into the sunset simply thankful to be adorned with yet another medal-gaining Olympic Games, instead offered remarks that were unfair and unfounded, that came across as an attempt to take some sheen off a truly golden night for Canada. [Yahoo Sports] Such a comment is obviously classless, but I do have to wonder why they had a Canadian refereeing the race in the first place, which would have prevented such accusations from being lodged in the first place? It seems like in short track you can’t have a race without crashes and disqualifications pissing someone off. Anyway Ohno went on to win a bronze medal in a relay event following this race giving him a total of 8 Olympic medals. It will be interesting to see if Ohno tries to come back for the next Olympics at age 31 to try and add to his medal count. Love him or hate him Apolo Anton Ohno at least makes great blogging material. 2:01 am on February 27th, 2010 1 They had a Canadian reffing the final because the head referee from the previous races and events leading up to 500m was receiving large amounts of e-mail and other death threats for DQ'ing the Koreans earlier. He was actually in the arena Friday night with his own security escort. 2:18 am on February 27th, 2010 2 I liked how the Korean skater, when in the midst of falling, looked to his left and used his left hand to try and sweep the Canadian's skates. That looked more evident of a foul than Ohno putting his hand on the hip of the Canadian. But then again, I couldn't care any less about the event 2:35 am on February 27th, 2010 3 This just makes absolutely no sense to me. Do we need another scandal like during Salt Lake (when the Russians, with the French, cheated to get their figure skating pair atop the podium)? 3:36 am on February 27th, 2010 4 Yea you do care. Otherwise why would you even mention this? Trying to sweep with his hands at the opponent's blades which is going like 70km per hour? Either he's crazy or you're making things up in your head. Please use your head. 4:17 am on February 27th, 2010 5 Goood kimchi in heaven! I find myself partly agreeing with a korean named Tom. Maybe if Koreans hadn't made DEATH THREATS against the Aussie official, a Canadian wouldn't have been used to officiate. Ever think of that Koreans? Because of KOREANS, Hewish is supposedly under police protection in Vancouver and his home in Australia is under police guard. Great sportsmanship displayed there. Why aren't the majority of people in Korea speaking against this bs? why aren't they rising up en masse and speaking against this crap? If I could, I'd donate my Remington 870 to the guy so he could take care of any problems himself. Alas, it ain't a perfect world! Apolo can be an ass, that's true and I don't disagree, but Korean natioanls are looking like some of the worst losers in the world right now and they are doing it in someone else's country! Death threats, bomb threats…what's A question for Koreans and gyopo draft dodgers who qualify as such. If foreigners came to Korea and started making death threats against people, what would be the reaction of people and media in Korea? Please, no double talk don't dodge the question. Koreans should pick up the pieces of their broken lives and try again next time just like everyone else is doing and will do. There's always the 2014 Olympics. Korea has done pretty good for itself, I will admit that. They have nothing to be ashamed about. 7:24 am on February 27th, 2010 6 are you sure you don't write those BS articles for the north korean papers. sounds just like their ranting and raving. 7:27 am on February 27th, 2010 7 To me it just looked like the Korean skater was doing what any human being would do amidst falling. He was just trying to cushion the impact. 7:47 am on February 27th, 2010 8 What article? It's a documentary film on how white people make life miserable for visible minorities. The couple in the film were attacked more than 50 times in 8 weeks that they lived there. Then look at this woman in the train.… Typical daily commute. In Korea, she would have made the national paper and went to jail. Sorry, but you white supremist guys lecturing on Koreans are funny if not a little hypocritical. 7:56 am on February 27th, 2010 9 Racism in America. 1 call for white vandals, 9 calls for blacks. White people are really dishonest, they say they're not racist when they are most racist. People like JohnT is just another KKK in disguise. 8:17 am on February 27th, 2010 10 Ohno is the man!! He is hands down one of the greatest athletes in Olympic history. 8 medals? Thats a crazy awesome career. What an athlete!! 8 olympic medeals!! When you see athletes tearing up at the opening ceremony just for the simple fact they are at the olympics, and for him to have gone there and medeal 8 times!! Carl Lewis, Michael Phelps, Apolo Ohno!! Anybody who doesnt aprreciate his athletic prowess is just a hater! 8:36 am on February 27th, 2010 11 I think the only thing that saved the Korean skater from getting DQ'd was that even though he made the Canadian skater spin out of control, the Canadian still won the race. These "death threats" being made by Koreans to the Aussie judge are BS. It's a handful of douche bag netizens sitting at their keyboards popping zits, slurping ramyon and posting evil "death threats." You'd have to be a complete idiot to actually think there's anything of substance behind them. 9:20 am on February 27th, 2010 12 I just saw the thing. It looks like Sung's arm was where it naturally would be when he fell. 9:46 am on February 27th, 2010 13 Is this joke threat as bad as this? Any chance people like JohnT will be ranting and raving about those bad Europeans? Nope. It's just the evil Koreans, right? 10:36 am on February 27th, 2010 14 Hey a korean called Tom, I've been holding off on this for a long time a korean called Tom. My paternal grandfather was Chinese! Only about 75% of me is "white" there "yellow" girl. Guess I'll cut that part out of me so I'll be purely white. This means, my blood is not pure a korean called Tom and the KKK would never accept me. I know, that's probably hard for a pure blood like yourself to get their heads around, but try it. You know the Chinese Tom,the people who I've heard countless korean nationals, many of whom were my students, call dirty, loud and arrogant. And considering how the majority of YOU korean nationals allow biracial Koreans to be treated, you are the last ones who should talk about the KKK. 10:48 am on February 27th, 2010 15 Get one thing straight, to make death threats in Canada is ILLEGAL. Korean nationals, Korean apologists and those worthy of being called gyopo draft dodgers are the first to talk about Englishee teachers behaving badly in korea and breaking the law, yet they are the first to make excuses for koreans who do so. It doesn't matter if they are a few douche bags, it's illegal you bunch of hyopcrites! Making death threats against ANYONE regardless of who they are or based on their is wrong. I've never stated anything to the contrary. Don't you have some Filippinos to kick out of little Manila Tom. For Tom and all the others like him, it is not just "white" people who complain about korea. 11:33 am on February 27th, 2010 16 So you're Chinese, that explains your hatred of Koreans. Guess what, why don't you Chinese fight back then? Racist Americans beat you up and all you do is whine about Koreans. Look at this. Do we hear about JohnT whining about American racists? Nope. 11:39 am on February 27th, 2010 17 It seems to me the Korean police has him in custody. so it seems it's illegal in Korea too. So what are you exactly saying, Chinese man (hiding behind the American flag)? Chinese are the worst racists out there when it comes to racism against other Asians, far worse than anybody. You won't find Little Manila in China, that's for sure. Because Chinese think they're the center of the world. 11:47 am on February 27th, 2010 18 "You know the Chinese Tom,the people who I’ve heard countless korean nationals, many of whom were my students, call dirty, loud and arrogant." You mean like these loud arrogant Chinese attacking Koreans in Seoul Korea in their own home land?… Gee I wonder why Koreans don't think too highly of the loud arrogant Chinese? 12:05 pm on February 27th, 2010 19 @Tom The fact that racism exists in countries other than Korea and is practiced by peoples other than Koreans does not mean its ok when Koreans do it. Racism should be universally condemned. Tom your view of other countries do it so its ok is severely misguided. You use the word "hypocritical" to describe others but all of the examples you site occur in Korea. Blacks, SE Asians, Pakistanis are discriminated against by Koreans. In fact the video you gave a link to has a comment by a Korean saying, "in korea, pakistan people are causing too much trouble." First cast out the beam out of your own eye and then you will see clearly to cast the speak out of your brother's eye. 12:19 pm on February 27th, 2010 20 There it is again, I am not supposed to generalize against anybody, but it's OK people like JohnT continue to generalize Koreans as unique evil people while everyone else is so pure and good, in just about every thread, and nobody challenges him. When I do, I get called for it. Very funny, how your logic works. 12:23 pm on February 27th, 2010 21 "Racism should be universally condemned." I thought that my "logic" was pretty solid. What's so funny about it? 12:24 pm on February 27th, 2010 22 It's like KKK minded white people who have probably beaten up and assualted some Asian kid in school, now complaining that they're getting such vile comments like "hello!" from Korean school kids. It's god damn funny, that's all. 12:36 pm on February 27th, 2010 23 ok tom. good luck with things. 12:52 pm on February 27th, 2010 24 " So what are you exactly saying, Chinese man (hiding behind the American flag)?" Funny coming from a Korean American who is anti-american and calls himself Tom then hidesbehind the Korean flag. 1:27 pm on February 27th, 2010 25 [DELETED BY ADMIN] 1:43 pm on February 27th, 2010 26 Wow, what a loser. Condoning death and bomb threats against people and countries for the sake of "winning" some useless medal for "your" country???? How pathetic is that? Or is this method seen by Koreans as an acceptable means of "winning"? You and the dipshits who made these threats are nothing more than racist cowards. 2:10 pm on February 27th, 2010 27 Oh shut up. It’s because of the death threats, the Canadian refs officiated the game, which gave the medal to Korea. It worked out pretty good, after all. Just go back to your countries and see how much worse Asians get end of the wrong stick. Like this: You guys have it far better than any race on earth and become habitually racially violent , yet nothing but whining about Korea which is like gentle compared to you whites. 2:23 pm on February 27th, 2010 28 Tom needs anger management and intense group therapy. 6:45 pm on February 27th, 2010 29 JohnT, I'd appreciate it if you would stop associating us gyopos with draft dodgers. Tad bit offensive, no? 11:19 pm on February 27th, 2010 30 Welcome to spam que and if you dislike this blog so much go hang out at a place like Dave's that seems to be more up your alley or better yet start your own blog. 11:55 pm on February 27th, 2010 31 wait a minute guys, Just hold up. As much as i hate racism your simply being unfair here. In America minorities have a huge advantage. Did you ever consider affirmative action? Where a black man, who has a 3.5gpa and a horrible SAT score can get into a college over a white man who has a 4.0gpa and decent SAT scores. Furthermore, i have friends of all ethnicities and from many different backgrounds. I have korean, Indian, native American, black, and other white friends. Each are treated with respect. Don't stereotype people. 2:41 am on February 28th, 2010 32 The Korean was lucky because the two Canadians would have gotten gold and silver for sure. 3:02 am on February 28th, 2010 33 JohnT. An ugly american. 3:04 am on February 28th, 2010 34 Good work Tom. Keep it coming. 4:49 am on February 28th, 2010 35 Tom… You are using racism, culturalism and nationalism interchangeably and it is killing any point you might be trying to make. In Korea, the race, culture and nation, are pretty close together… so it is somewhat understandable. It is not exactly like that in America where a certain degree of racial and cultural "diversity" has traditionally been accepted… with many good aspects of other cultures willingly adopted by American society. (This is not to be confused with the current fad of forced diversity that intentionally doesn't separate the acceptable and rejectable aspects of other cultures no matter how crappy they are). Regardless of what inflammatory news the media manufactures or what fiery talk comes from attention-seeking "minority leadership", there is a large percentage of Americans who recognize there to be a difference, even subconsciously, and act accordingly… basing their association more on like thinking and shared values than on race, gender, cultural background or national identity. The real problem you have here, Tom, is that many people on this blog just don't like Korea or Koreans… and it isn't really about nationalism, culturalism or racism. It is because there are some irritated GIs that don't want to be in Korea away from their cars and families, some burned-out-on-Korea contractors that are trapped here in a well-paying job unavailable elsewhere, a few bitter guys with crappy Korean (ex)wives which they blame on being a Korea problem rather than a woman problem (or their own problem) and some otherwise-unemployable English "teachers" who had no other options but to take a job which required a lifestyle change they were not really mentally, socially or emotionally prepared to make. And all their unhappiness over the situation they find themselves in requires a target… and it generally becomes the nation they are in that never "does things as good as back home". You can find this same mentality in every expat community in the world… probably even in Korea Town where Koreans biitch about America, black people and those who don't take off their shoes when entering a house. Relax, Tom. Don't take it all so seriously. PS. Remember when you said there were no successful Asian music stars and I listed a page-full? I thought of another… Vanessa-Mae. See, things aren't as bad as you think. PPS. I think you got beat up in school because of your attitude rather than your race. Relax, man. 5:46 am on February 28th, 2010 36 Please people; look at the whole picture. An omission is the same thing as a lie. Take a look at the video and look where Hamelin's right hand is. It pushed the left side of the Korean skater, this in turn made his own left hand swing back. It was Hamelin that initiated the push. If the Korean was slipping why would Hamelin need to push him off. The law of physics dictates that an object moving laterally will be passed by an object moving foward. Anyone watch NASCAR?? And why is it some contemptuous canadian has to bring in the Koreans. It was Ohno that accused Canada of cheating, it was a Canadian judge that DQ'ed Ohno, but still Korea is mentioned again. Ohno said something that everyone around the world was thinking. And for the record James Hewish has DQ'ed 5 Korean skaters since 1992, and always when the gold medal was on the line. This precedence goes beyond the law of probability. So go ahead Hamelin take your tainted gold medal, Rochette take your sympathy bronze. The white man has always killed Asians for their gold, like the Chinese prospectors during the Yukon gold rush who were killed for their claims. Of course Canadian history will never teach you that. The Chinese rail road workers who were denied any credit for their work, there is not one picture that shows their contribution. And now they omit Hamelin's right hand pushing the Korean skater. Yeah Canada. So Canada 9:20 am on February 28th, 2010 37 "And for the record James Hewish has DQ’ed 5 Korean skaters since 1992, and always when the gold medal was on the line. This precedence goes beyond the law of probability." There is no single law of probability. To determine probability, one needs to know the number of a particular outcome and the number of total outcomes. In this case, one needs to know the number of Korean skaters, the total number of skaters, and the total number of disqualifications for the races in question to determine whether Korean skaters are more likely to be disqualified. Hope you get back to us with the calculations, thanks. 11:28 am on February 28th, 2010 38 "And for the record James Hewish has DQ’ed 5 Korean skaters since 1992, and always when the gold medal was on the line. This precedence goes beyond the law of probability." Oh, right because Koreans have never been in the position of winning a race in the last 18 years. 11:48 am on February 28th, 2010 39 Canada takes the gold in hockey, which I think is their national sport. As an American, let me say that even though Canada had to beat America for that medal, I congratulate them. They deserve it. Go, Canada. 3:06 pm on February 28th, 2010 40 'Revelation:' "The white man has always killed Asians for their gold, like…" The Koreans RULE in the biggest heist of a gold medal EVER. The Judges bought off(paid by Koreans) were from Morocco, Uruguay, Hungary, and Soviet Union. 1988 Olympics in Seoul… Ohno simply wants more attention like the women skiers Vonn and Mancuso. Yes, Ohno said something that wasnt' so bright. I don't think Ohno feels hatred toward anyone/Canadians like the Koreans feel toward him and the MANY eastern Canadians have of Americans. And for gosh sakes 'Revelation' stop your sick exaggerations. Two final races in 8 years were DQ'ed by the Australian Judge(against Koreans). Although each participant gets a medal it only counts as ONE. You sound like a Korean national assembly member who said 3000 foreigners in Korea have HIV/AIDS while the truth was more like 300(if that). 4:09 pm on February 28th, 2010 41 There are many gyopos who I consider not to be such and others who deserve to be called such. If they, fall into that category than that's what they are…no? For example, I had a born and raised in America, Korean-American coworker that would go on and on about "foreigners" spoiling Korea! Funny how non Koreans are over here to protect korea and may HAVE TO DIE for korea, yet he and others like him do nothing for korea but pay lip service. You see I considered him to be an American, not a korean, until that shit rolled out of his mouth. Yes, ethnically he is Korean, but to me he was only an American…was! It's people like him that I consider to be gyopo draft dodgers- and there are many like him. Many talk the talk, but don't walk the walk. Being hypocritical like that and only paying lip service to Korea gets them that well deserved label. Sorry, but that ain't gonna change. 4:11 pm on February 28th, 2010 42 Ooooohhhh I'm sooo hurt by that! Oooohhhhh, I'm going to make bomb and death threats now because I'm being victimized! 4:31 pm on February 28th, 2010 43 Sorry for "parroting" about this horrible, disgusting topic Yu, but… I'll say it again, look how the majority of koreans allow biracial Koreans to be treated and that will tell you everything you need to know. NO korean can deny that. And everyone else is suppposed to be the barbarians. Hey koreans, would Hines Ward have become rich and famous had he been raised in korea? He did it in America. Are there any born and raised in korea biracial Koreans who have made it as big as him in korea? No double talk, just answer the question. Oh and Ohno is a biracial American and he's a superstar. How many biracial Korean athletes represented korea in this year's Olympics? No double talk just answer the question. Again, I'm done taking shit from anyone who talks shit about America and Americans. I don't care if they're korean, British or whatever. Don't like it? Go burn someone else's flag then. I'm not going to turn the other cheek like some cowards do anymore and I don't care who likes it. It's time for all Americans of every color and creed to stand up and speak out against the Toms and the streets full of anti-American protestors and and tell them where they can go. Enough is enough! Be critical fine, but don't be anti-American-there's a big difference. 5:40 pm on February 28th, 2010 44 "Are there any born and raised in Korea biracial Koreans who have made it as big as him in Korea?" For every rule, there are exceptions; Insooni. Last month, she was to have her second Carnegie Hall concert after 11 years. She was Hal-yu before there was Hal-yu.… 12:08 pm on March 3rd, 2010 45 America, great country. They slaughtered Native Americans, placed Japanese people born in America in concentration camps during World War 2, accused Iraq of having weapons of mass destruction, even though they never found anything. Oh yes they found oil! Im anti-american, when it comes to politics. I say whatever I want, and I do whatever I want. Dont need any american to tell me what is right and what is wrong. 12:31 pm on March 5th, 2010 46 The short track speed skaters meet more than once every 4 years. They use to meet 4 times a year but now only 3 times a year. And Hewish did DQ the Koreans 5 times since 2002, resulting in medal losses. Weird that an American tells me to stop exaggerating without knowing the facts first. Next thing you know someone's going to say that I have WMD's or something. 12:39 pm on March 5th, 2010 47 Yes, there is a Korean singer named In Soon Yi (check spelling) that is quite successful and popular in Korea. She's been around for quite a few years. Of course the Koreans don't call her bi-racial or refer to her as an African-American-Korean. No she is just considered Korean. And referred to by name. Now your turn, can you name any Korean-American pop stars or celebrities that have been accepted by mainstream America. I don't mean athlete because thats performance based. I mean "subjective popularity"? 12:42 pm on March 5th, 2010 48 Uh…WTF. Wrong place, this is not the "Crazy illiterate fanatics" blog. 7:51 pm on March 5th, 2010 49 As an Asian growing up in the US, there is no doubt in my mind that Whites are the most racist and the least forgiving of any race that I've experienced in my 37 yrs in the U.S. These guys that complain about Koreans and Korea make me laugh because the reality is that nobody in this world gets treated better than white people. This includes Korea. I've experienced all kinds of racism and discrimination from white people all my life and you know what they say when you speak out against it? White people will tell you to get over it! Go back to China! Why'd you bomb Pearl Harbor! Ching Chong this Ching Chong that! You're not a real American, where are you really from? What's your real name? Everything these guys complain about i've exerienced it a thousand times in America but for some reason, when it happens to me, i need to get over it or my experience aren't valid but every little negative thing they experience in Korea and they cry and whine like little bitches. 3:02 pm on March 6th, 2010 50 I here you Jamm. It is true that white people do get treated a lot better in Korea than an Asian would in America. The thing is that white folk are not use to being discriminated against. They actually believe that everyone will just like them, irrespective of their attitudes or behavior. Korea is not a land of immigrants, it has a long history. It has been sandwiched between 2 superpowers for thousands of years, they have been invaded by the Mongols, Chinese and Japanese. and they are still here. 10th largest economy in the world with no natural resources, and geographically it maybe a peninsula but economically it is an island. Everything has to be brought in by sea. So to all the white folk bitching about Korea, now you have a taste of what an Asian American has to deal with forever!

Plus McKibben, Trenberth & why ‘Mother Nature is only warming up’ The devastation of Joplin, MO has led to a super-storm of media stories on the link between climate change and extreme weather, including tornadoes. After April flattening of a city, and the death of 117 people — “the single deadliest tornado since officials began keeping records in 1950,” as the WashPost reported — is naturally going to spin up media interest. Since it is a complicated subject, one would expect the coverage to be mixed. ABC News had a very good story, with the help of climatologist Heidi Cullen:).: US.” That flawed piece led Dr. Kevin Trenberth, Senior Scientists “The Katrina of tornado outbreaks“: The atmosphere was explosively unstable with summerlike heat and humidity, interacting with a classic wind shear setup as a strong jet stream and upper-level trough crashed overhead”¦. The atmosphere is extraordinarily complex, and ultimately what’s happened the past month is probably a combination of influences, including La Nina, other natural variability, and anthropogenic global warming. Dr. Jeff Masters put it today:. Masters made a broader point to me in a December email (see Munich Re says “The only plausible explanation for the rise in weather-related catastrophes is climate change“):. And on this broader issue, Reuters had a very good story last week, “Floods, Droughts Are ‘New Normal’ Of Extreme U.S. Weather Fueled By Climate Change, Scientists Say“:.”“:. And finally, we have a must-read op-ed by Bill McKibben in the WashPost). Indeed, if we listen to the Chamber and the politicians it backs, emissions and temperatures will just keep rising, and by the second half of the century, sea levels will be rising 6 to 12 inches a decade for centuries. How precisely to you acclimatize yourself to a climate that is always changing? A commenter offers this bumper sticker: “Mother nature is only warming up.” Jeff Master’s today also notes “SSTs in the Gulf averaged over the month of April were the 3rd highest in the past 100 years, which undoubtedly contributed to the heightened instability of the two record April outbreaks. SSTs in May will not be as anomalous.” – comment #194 The Weather Channel’s new ” Torcon” rating system this spring has a rating of 9 today for Oklahoma, the highest since the outbreak that got Alabama. Down here in the dry slot , I have noticed this spring, that our drought really does it’s part to this whole pattern. When we see 50 mph gusts from the Southwest and 6% HR with temps in the 90s , someone else gets creamed with violent storms. Currently it’s 91F, 38 mph winds from the SW gusts to 49 mph, with 9% HR. As strong a sandstorm as we have this year, and we’ve seen plenty. Great read of Bill McKibben’s Washington Post article. Though i wonder what people would think if they are presented with an extra in-depth list of all weather extremes around the globe, all record breaking events and anomalies, let’s say which appeared within the last 24 month with analysis. This too, would really underline the messaging. There are so many events we post here to the site, on a daily base, things i stopped even reporting would be another strong message. Aerial photos of Missouri tornado damage The tornado in Joplin was the single deadliest twister in the past 60 years. a few things to consider: 1. By the SOI, the recent la Nina is the strongest record (about 60 years) 2. April 2011 was the 4th warmest on record globally (GISS) 3. The near record recent gulf SSTs contributed to the storm activity, at least with extreme precipitation, which is very likely due in part to the long-term increase in global mean temperature. There’s some indication that there’s more tornado activity in the U.S. during la Nina years. But this isn’t your grandfather’s la Nina. Global mean temperature during la Nina years have been trending upward. I think sarcasm is exactly the right note to hit now seeing as how we have known for how many years that this was going to happen, ME Rightnow, user at wunderground.com discuss another violent tornado outbreak based on the weather/climate instruments of the US weather services, as it were predicted earlier. The people who call for budget cuts, should really reconsider … 308. TropicalAnalystwx13 9:04 PM GMT on May 24, 2011 “There is almost no doubt in my mind that this is….an EF-5. According to radar, this tornado surpasses wind speeds of 200 mph.” Live streaming, of the tornado outbreaks now. “Things are off the charts ..” “How precisely to you acclimatize yourself to a climate that is always changing?” Some say we should just find a new planet to live on. But as my husband says, “Earth: Its cheaper to keep her.” Today the “Cliff Mass weather blog” has an informative tutorial on tornados. The increase latent heat associated with the added moisture of the warmer Gulf waters could easily be intensifying the storm cells thus intensifying the tornados themselves. There are, as noted, many causes to tornados and thou the adage “climate trains the fighter, weather throws the punches” is true, it is also true that a well fed and trained fighter throws a harder punch. Now-a-days all weather has an element of climate change embedded. #8 prokaryotes – thanks for the live streaming link. Things are pretty scary out there in OK. “An absolute hurricane of a tornado.” Glad I’m not in tornado country. I wonder if the folks of Joplin or Alabama or Texas know about the “…link between climate change and extreme weather, including tornadoes.” It would be wonderful if we really did finally have a ‘grown-up discussion’ about GHG emissions, climate change, annual climate catastrophes (not just the ones in the US) and what we need to do about it now. Or, will it end up like the exchange between MSNBC’s Tamron Hall and Dr Howard Bluestein, meteorology professor at the University of Oklahoma, on News Nation from 5/23/11: TAMRON HALL:? Dr. HOWARD BLUESTEIN, University of Oklahoma: Well I can’t speak for hurricanes, but for tornadoes and supercells, I don’t think we can prove whether or not the occurrence of all these bad events this year are due to global warming whatsoever. They could be simply due to natural variability. After all, when you think back to some of the other historic events, like April 30 1974, the tornadoes in Missouri in 1953, the tri-state tornadoes back in 1925. If you through the records, you’ll see that every 20, 30, 40 years there are these tremendous widespread outbreaks and some of them occurred long before we were talking about global warming. HALL: Alright, Dr. Howard Bluestein, of the University of Oklahoma, where they certainly see their share of tornadoes in that state. Thank you so much, sir. Will the folks of Joplin see any mention of climate change as “…putting a political spin on the tragedy?” That is the opinion of Alex Fitzsimmons of the Media Research Center. Or will it come down to: we don’t know. That was the opinion expressed in the Detroit Free Press from yesterday: “…National Weather Service’s Greg Carbin [said]. Climate change may help explain flooding, and put more moisture in the air to trigger storms, but it’s hard to find correlation between that and what has happened this spring. “We just don’t know,” he said.” Will the victims begin to demand action to reduce GHG or will they just demand a better early warning system? My feeling is they will demand better sirens and cheaper gas. The typical reaction. The NYC has also been covering this. Not looking good for today, large area designated as ‘High Risk’ by the Storm Prediction Center over southern KS and most of OK, with moderate coverage of severe storms east of that. They are cautioning that the storms could produce violent tornadoes and giant hail. Another large area with Moderate coverage of severe storms tomorrow in the Mississippi valley and surroundings. The rain from those storms is not going to help the flooding situation. good editorial in USA today as well: .” Twisters damage homes, toss cars in Oklahoma Powerful storms near Oklahoma City; outbreak includes Kansas The Weather Channel reported that the twister along I-40 was huge and possibly an EF5 — the strongest tornado category. Near the town of Cashion, a storm spotter saw “extreme tornado damage” and “houses swept” away, the Weather Channel stated.. Still a developing situation. RE: Mother Nature is only warming up. Everyone being a little overwhelmed, all I can say is that since this year’s response is from emissions of several decades ago (thermal lag), we could avoid the vertical area of apparent exponential response from today’s much larger (fossil carbon) emissions by actually removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere/ecosphere. This may be necessary to do over centuries since what we have put in the biosphere over the past century, including oceans, may tend to come back out. Yet there is (barely enough) time. Instead of the UN IPCC’s Adaptation and Mitigation, call it Elimination and Counter Action, accelerated over one or two generations. It would require global economic restructuring of the most fantastic kind, a democratic revolution by and for humanity. Yet amazingly, it has begun and significant economic analyzes indicate excellent prospects for sustainability and human development. And everyone can work. Our present economic paradigm is clearly failing on multiple counts. We should determine what it is we are counting (besides fiscal debt and global political corruption). Will people worry more about climate change because of tornadoes? I think so. The one thing people definitely pay attention to — at a deep biological level — is weather. We are hard wired to care deeply. Freaky weather causes the human animal to pay attention. I also don’t think it will matter if scientists determine whether tornadoes are made worse by climate change. So far few Americans seem to care what scientists have found out about climate and the weather. They are reacting to climate according to worldviews and personal experience. Why would it be different now? I actually think the scientists saying “we don’t understand tornadoes well enough” helps create worry about climate change. At some level I think the average American thinks that the more scientists know the more control we are in as a society. I don’t think most people have taken in the “we are losing control” aspect of climate change. I think more are everyday. None of this will make the slightest difference to the denialists. Their paid spokesmouths will simply utter ‘It all happened before (even if it didn’t)’ and the Dunning-Krugerites will dismiss it all. The Right’s innate deficiency in empathy and outright indifference to the fate of others aids the process. Until they themselves are victims, or even beyond that hour, they must deny everything, because their narcissistic but perfectly formed egos have so very, very, much psychic energy and self-regard invested in denialism. What makes mind changing impossible, too, is that they see that process as a ‘victory’ for the Left and ‘Greenies’ who they hate with synapse-sizzling intensity. Despite advances in science, tornadoes take deadly toll Experts say a number of factors are contributing to the extraordinary death toll, including that some people are simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. “When a killer wind directly hits a population, people are likely going to die,” said Brian Ancell, a researcher with the atmospheric science group at Texas Tech University. Ofc no mentioning of the planed budget cuts and CC. McKibben forgot to Not Worry about the huge Chinese drought Also Not Worry about the million or so Columbians affected by mudslides in the worst rainy season for a long time or ever; These tornadoes are striking in the American Bible Belt, where most people drive big trucks. This could have been overcome if the residents had been educated about the correlations between weather and climate change by either the media or their schools and universities. No Midwestern communications sources have stepped up. Fox is the default TV network in that part of the country, the newspapers are right wing, and, as the University of Oklahoma professor showed, many academics have been cowed. Once again, it will have to be up to national media outlets to awaken Middle America. This in turn will require intense pressure on existing outlets and establishment of new ones. There is no time to waste. There is certainly an element of bad luck in the locations of this spring’s violent storms, but an increase of 4% in the latent heat content of the atmosphere–the fuel of convective weather–must inevitably have an effect on the nature of such events. The “We can’t say any single weather event can be attributed to global warming” mantra is inadequate to speak to the situation. More apt would be to say, “All weather events are affected by global warming in some way.” Yesterday we had roofs torn off buildings, trees broken or uprooted and all kinds of wind damage caused by straight line winds. A few weeks ago we had record breaking flooding. I am about emergencied out. And don’t get me started on the subject of Tornado Sirens, I am sick of the stupid politics involved. There are politicians that think entirely in terms of spin and rewrite technical decisions for political purposes that fly in the face of thousands of years of human progress. The end result is a mixture of Whelan and Federal Sirens using different signaling systems trying to share a common frequency. It goes down hill from there… Watching tornado videos has led me to believe that an individual, or several neighbors or trailer park tenants could share a quick tornado shelter. Intermodal cargo shipping containers can be purchased for a little more than $1000 and anchored into the ground with trailer tie-down cables. ‘ll bet there’s a company near you that can deliver in a day or two. Quick shelter for this year, next year, for you, your family and neighbors. It could be cul-de-sac owned. It could be partially or totally buried in a berm or underground. The videos show destruction that might require a sturdy steel safe room for survival. Extreme weather conditions occurring in the recent past are an indication for Climate Change? Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India What is good about many of these reports is that the really of climate change is taken as a given, the starting point for the story. The question is only what do we know about a link between cc and tornadoes. Even though the answer is not much, this is not taken as evidence against the importance of cc. I just heard a CBC meteorologist totally blow the ubiquitous question of: “is there a connection between recent tornadoes and climate change?” She said “no”. Amazing that this person claims to know enough about tornadoes to say there is no connection! Why would she even do this when clearly she doesn’t know enough to make this statement. In fact nobody does. From what Joe and others have said, the best answer should be something like: “Maybe. We don’t understand tornadoes well enough to say for sure either way if climate change is making them more common or more dangerous. But we do know that climate change has increased one of the key ingredients required for the most powerful tornadoes — lots of moist warm air.” The idea of a continually updated list of extreme weather events around the globe with pictures or even a Website for this purpose would be helpful for making the connection. I am here in the unstable Middle East which you may have noticed has become even more unstable lately – I read in one place some time ago that there is drought in Syria and some farmers have had to leave their land. Egypt is a large, poor country with a growing population – what happens if food prices keep rising there? Jim Hansen made an appearance on the most recent episode of “The Climate Show”: Episode 13 description: .” Noticing a strong flurry of angry denier comments on news sites with stories about the tornadoes. Folks are writing off this years pattern stating that tornadoes happen every year and lobbing facts like “the US averages 1000 tornadoes a year.” Problem with this claim: we’re now currently over 1000 tornadoes this year and the season is only about half over. I’d love to see a clear fact checked running break-down of where we are in the season, how many storms tornadoes we are at of various EF classes, and how those compare to recorded averages. Regardless, these numbers promise to continue climbing this year. Looks like another super cell may explode tomorrow near the MO and AK border. I would like to interrupt this coverage of climate change disasters in america to bring you an important update on climate change disaster in china. The yangtze river is running well below normal, forcing the chinese government to lower the water levels, in order to supply water to farmers for deperately needed food. The reduction in hydro electric production will require an estimated 300,000 barrels a day of diesel oil to run emergeny generators, not good news for energy prices. What makes this story interesting is that the report recognizes the link between the increased severity of climate disasters and global warming, this report is from bloomberg business, a well established institution of american capitalism! I just hope the editor and writer still have a job tomorrow. “Rainfall along the Yangtze River in April and May was 40-50 percent below the historical average,” said Ma Wenfeng, a senior analyst at Beijing Orient Agribusiness Consultant Ltd. “The cause is being debated, but I think global warming is partly to blame for more frequent extreme weather, and partly the Three Gorges might have stored water in the upper-stream.” The local state propaganda service for all known or imagined Rightwing causes, the ABC, ran a story on the midday news concerning the waning of the La Nina. No mention whatsoever was made of anthropogenic climate destabilisation, and all the great climate calamities of recent months were blamed on La Nina. It was mentioned that it was one of the strongest on record, but falsely asserted that there had been equally strong ones in the past, the standard denialist canard. As far as the well-trained minions of the Rightist thought control apparatus are concerned, anthropogenic climate destabilisation no longer exists, save to be mocked or derided as an ‘alarmist’ invention. The ideological indoctrination of even the lowliest propaganda apparatchik is a wonder to behold. Godforsaken Idiots. Complete and utter lunatics. These guys are making hypocrisy into a high art: 1 Billion in FEMA funding Approved by House We already know that they don’t have any brains, eyes, or remorse. So, these guys are going to cut funding for solar energy, but be sure to score political points by voting for relief for disasters they are helping to create? These guys are actively working to make sure we continue using fossil fuels long after it has become completely obvious to even the brain dead that we’re going to have to stop- and now they rush to vote for disaster relief? Christ- it’s a bad dream. These guys are stupider and more venal than it’s POSSIBLE to be. :( Joplin tornado confirmed as EF-5: Cheers – John “Mother nature is only warming up.” Yes, and she’s a real bitch when she’s angry. To a simple mind like mine, AGW leads to more warmth, more humidity, more violent storms. If these are required to generate a tornado along with other factors, then you might logically expect an increase. Some good coverage here: Texas Tech University may begin to shed a lot of light in its damage comparisons over the past four decades. re #27, Barry CBC also has the story online Deadly U.S. tornadoes not linked to climate change, meteorologists say “Linkages at this point to something like climate change — to say that’s an underlying reason why this spring has been so active — are very premature,” … What’s causing the tornado tsunami. I heard the meteorologist interview on the CBC radio. although it was good at one time, the CBC is not doing a very good job covering climate change. They continue to interview people that deny climate change is happening, as if there is some question about this.’ a few days ago, a cbc radio interviewer posed the question to a guest, that Canada couldn’t do as much about reducing carbon emissions, because it is such a large country. dismal. Since I don’t know what goes on inside theCBC, I do not know why this is happening. But it is a shame. I don’t listen to the CBC much anymore. BBC, however, looked up historic tornado events that occurred before the US Weather Service records on tornadoes officially began about sixty years ago. BBC highlighted 1840, 1896, 1925 and 1932, as well as selecting a 1974 event from among numerous tornadoes recorded after 1950. Let us bear in mind that as is usual in disaster reporting, earlier tornadoes were selectively chronicled due to human loss of life. There could have been other severe tornadoes in that time interval 1840 – 1950 that escaped news attention. Indigenous peoples had certainly experienced tornadoes over the centuries, as they shared some suggestions for dealing with tornadoes with settlers. However, if a tornado tore across an unpopulated part of the Great Plains, there was no weather satellite to catch the brief event, and there were few who understood the evidence of shredded trees or churned-up sod that might persist for a few years. Because tornadoes are so localized for the swathe of impact (e.g. six miles long, a mile wide) we’d need some very fancy technology to look for more historic tornado evidence, if it even persists. US Extreme Weather Consistent with Climate Change Scientists say storms likely to become more frequent and intense–122577569.html The Missouri River is headed into “uncharted territory” as an unprecedented amount of water is shoved out of upstream reservoirs in the face of deteriorating conditions from heavy rains and runoff from above-normal mountain snowpack. In the Dakotas, Bismarck and Pierre will see river levels not encountered since dams upstream of those communities were built, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. Sandbagging has already begun in Bismarck. “There’s no good news,” said the corps’ Jody Farhat. Yesterday - A large area south of I-70 near Limon, Colorado got between 5 and 6.5 inches of rain - Watching tornado coverage on CNN last night, I was struck that their weather guy even managed to mention climate change. Why? It seemed like every second or third ad was from an oil company or the API. Over in the UK The Guardian is reporting the cotinuing droughts in part of China Bill W @ 45 - Chad Myers is denier of the first order. “The idea of wilderness needs no defense. It only needs more defenders.” (Edward Abbey)

ARCHITECTURE FOR CONTROL SYSTEMS This patent application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/638,939 filed December 24, 2004, Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/638,690 filed December 24, 2004 and Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/638,684 filed December 24, 2004 all filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. TECHNICAL FIELD The field of the present invention is control systems and more particularly architectures for control systems and especially control systems allowing for application programs to be used across different hardware platforms. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1 131. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: • a common software architecture having objects with standard functions, properties and identifiers utilized in all devices in the system and plant enabling the use of the same objects everywhere, • standard rules and interfaces used to retrieve, modify and configure the objects within all the device, • Public Application Program(s) that determine how a device operates internally and are "Portable" across ALL devices that support the required common object classes, object properties and object functions (i.e. "Portable Application Program(s)"), • Public Portable Application Program(s) that include representations of physical devices externally connected to the device and the physical hardware within the device, • Public Portable Application Program(s) may have device diagnostic capabilities added as needed using a Tool Device (diagnostics are not required to be contained within a device when built by the device manufacturer), • Public Portable Application Program(s) that may be used to create network interface behaviors and network interface behaviors that may change dynamically based upon Application Program decisions, • a Tool Device architecture, which utilizes an extension of the same software architecture used within the devices, •, •, • Captured Equipment Operational Profile information is stored in a System Library, •. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a control system overview including representative devices connected to networks in accordance with the present invention. Figure 2 is a software object architecture model of a device in accordance with the present invention. Figure 3 is a software object architecture model of a prior art control device. Figure 4 is a graphical representation of a portion of an internal application program monitoring internal faults within a device in accordance with the present invention. Figure 5 is a software object architecture model of a tool device in accordance with the present invention Figure 6 is a high level data flow diagram utilizing the object interface buses utilized in the present invention and is a further decomposition of four of the software objects shown in the architecture model in Figure 2. Figure 7 is a detailed data flow diagram of a relay software object illustrating examples of the interfaces to the Control Bus and Configuration Bus in accordance with the present invention Figure 8 is a schematic view of an application program constituting a mapping of selected object functions used in an application program and that provides a graphical representation of the application as it might appear on the display screen for a tool device in accordance with the present invention. Figure 9 is a schematic view of an application program for implementing the ability to read the application program within a device as well as support optional "tag name" property of the relay object class as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with the present invention. Figure 10 is a detailed data flow diagram of the engine object indicating examples of one interface dialog with the Control Bus and one interface dialog with the Configuration Bus in accordance with the present invention. Figure 11 is a schematic view of an application program for implementing the ability to read the application program within a device that does not support the optional "tag name" property of the relay object class as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with the present invention. Figure 12 is a schematic view of an application program for using a selector switch object to determine which one of four application programs within on device will execute based upon the position of the selector switch as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with this present invention Figure 13 is a schematic view of an application program for ing a target device containing an application program supporting multiple instances of the engine object and where the application program contains engine object functions used to validate the contents of the application program property of each instance of the engine object and uses the status of the validation check to control the execution of dependent application programs as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with the present invention. Figure 14 is a system view of a driver seat control system showing one graphical representation of network message interconnects as it might be displayed on a tool device in accordance with this invention Figure 15 is a data flow diagram of the representative relay object class within the tool device indicating some added functions utilized to animate objects on the display screen to enable schematic views when implementing the tool architecture in accordance with this invention Figure 16 is an animated schematic view of a portion of an application program used to illustrate the type and amount of information need by a tool device to convey the state of a portion of an application program as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with this invention Figure 17 is an animated graphical view and representation of the application of a producer object used by an application program to manage the transmission of control messages on a network as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with this invention Figure 18 is an animated graphical view and representation of the application of a consumer object used by the application program to manage the reception of control messages from a network as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with this invention Figure 19 is a schematic view and of an example of a portable application program library component that may be placed in the application program of any device requiring the cycle count diagnostic ability as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with this invention. Figure 20 is a diagrammatic view of an example of how run time editing may be accomplished on an application program when utilizing the architecture defined with this invention. Figure 21 is a schematic view and of an example of a portable application program library component that may be placed in the application program of any device requiring a timing test diagnostic ability as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with this invention. Figure 22 is a schematic view and of an example of a merge of a hardware application program, a device driver application program and an executable application program as it might appear on a display screen of a graphical tool device in accordance with this invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definition of Terms requestor. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES. System Architecture Overview Referring now to Figure 1 , the control system includes Tool Devices (4) and all forms of Control Apparatus, bridges and gateways (3), controllers (5), sensors (8), actuators (7), human sensors (9), human actuators (1) and interfaces within general purpose computers (6) connected and networked together as part of a control system. Although a manufacturing operation is illustrated, this control architecture may be applied to vehicles, commercial buildings, home automation systems or any other application domain requiring a flexible, scalable and extensible control system architecture. Any combination of Control Apparatus, networks and Application Program partitioning is possible utilizing this invention. All internal operations, interactions with input and output hardware interfaces and network interactions within a specific Control Apparatus are contained within portable and visible Application Programs. Within Figure 1 all forms of monitoring devices (inputs) are included in the "Sensors" (8) device category, including "Human Interface Sensors" (9). Within Figure 1 all forms of control devices (outputs) are included in the "Actuators" (7) device category, including "Human Interface Actuators" (1). "Human Interface Sensors" (9) are traditionally separated from other forms of equipment, machine and process sensors since their inputs are not monitoring physical equipment and their programming paradigm varied from other control devices. This invention defines Human Interface Sensors (9) as being the same as any other Control Apparatus and includes interfaces to humans like pushbuttons, keypads, a computer mouse, a touch screen, a voice recognition interface and so forth. Human Interface Actuators (1) are also traditionally separated from the general category of Actuators (7). This invention defines Human Interface Actuators (1) as Control Apparatus and includes interfaces to humans like displays, lights, audible information, and physical displacement components. Output information from Human Interface Actuators (1) must be recognized by human operators who may or may not take a control action in a deterministic manner via Human Interface Sensors (9). Traditional equipment does not transparently integrate most Human Interface Control Apparatus within the control loop, and as such, has traditionally provided different operational paradigms, different programming tools, different programming languages and so forth that make various forms of system diagnostics and the system integration difficult. Traditional human interface devices primarily monitor the value of data variables or set the configured data value via a product specific programming interface or modify data via device specific network interface. This invention utilizes the same object based architecture within Human Interface Sensor Control Apparatus (9) and Human Interface Actuator Control Apparatus (1) and provides the necessary objects to support these interfaces in a manner consistent with all other Control Apparatus. Unlike traditional Tool Devices (4) that contain product specific programming software, the Tool Devices (4) in Figure 1 for this invention are implemented utilizing a superset of the same internal object based architecture implemented within the Control Apparatus to facilitate integration, configuration, diagnostics and the like of all Control Apparatus in a single tool architecture. For example, utilizing existing technologies, relative to a Sensor (8) on the machine in Figure 1 a maintenance computer (6) may currently have knowledge of the Sensor's (8) part number, its spare parts location and so forth. Due to the specialized nature of the "configuration data" for a traditional configurable sensor device, this device is generally configured on the manufacturing floor, within a vehicle or within a building with specialized tool devices having knowledge of unique device specific interfaces and often utilizing a point to point interface to the device. The closest traditional devices come to providing a common configuration interface is to provide a common file transfer protocol for a specific network, where the specific content of the files being transferred to traditional devices is largely unknown and incompatible with other devices. In effect traditional file downloads are a long string of bytes, whose interpretation is known only to the end device and a product specific programming tool. In traditional systems, the association of the Sensors and Actuators (transducers), relative to the physical connections to the controlled equipment is often called wiring diagrams, at best, are contained in documentation files maintained by special tool devices and manipulated by special software and whose file contents contain additional system information like the wire numbers, screw terminal designations and so forth not contained within the control device or directly associated with a specific control device. This traditional information "may" be accessible on the plant floor via connected networks, but is stored in different file formats based upon the specific Computer Aided Design (CAD) software used to support the drawings and is not compatible with the device specific programming tools. Knowledge of the "actuation profile" (amplitude versus time) or the rate of Sensor (8) stimulation by the controlled equipment and a sensor's stimulation intensity is not known to CAD software and generally not known to anything other then the Sensor device and not accessible to the user. If a highly functional traditional device is utilized, this real time process information could possibly be monitored by another associated device over an available network assuming the device vendor provided the necessary monitoring functionality within the sensor. However, if acquired at all real time process information would be stored in a format, and using a storage and retrieval interface that is not compatible with other tool device software. If available, this application domain information would be useful for multiple purposes, like predictive diagnostics, for assisting purchasing when selecting replacement devices, and would ideally be captured in real time and used to "stimulate alternate Control Apparatus and their associated application program configurations" to improve control accuracy, performance or fault tolerance of the controlled equipment.. Control Apparatus Architecture Model Overview Referring now to Figure 2, the core object model of a Control Apparatus including software objects such as consumer object (20), producer object (22), relay object (24), branch object (26) and engine object (16) as shown where objects within a Control Apparatus interact with an external configuration network via the Configuration Bus (10) and interact internally among themselves using the Control Bus (12). Within this Control Apparatus architecture invention, interactions with objects only occur at the bus interfaces. This is unlike traditional object architecture models similar to the model in Figure 3 that may define control device functionality utilizing an object paradigm including objects like the Input Point Object (19a) the Output Point Object (19b), and the Identity Object (19d) and may define Configuration Bus dialogs with object properties via a common external Connection Object (19), but then do not provide an interface to the internal operation of a control device to the network and therefore the internal operation of a device is not visible or editable by the user. This architecture invention rigidly enforces the referenced model in Figure 2 where the architecture model is an accurate representation of the implementation details inside a Control Apparatus. Per Figure 2 this architecture invention performs the internal and external interactions with the Control Apparatus hardware utilizing common functions within the Application Program (14) property of the Engine Object (16). Each instance of the Engine Object (16) may contain an Application Program (14) property, and multiple instances of the Engine Object (16) may reside within a Control Apparatus. When multiple instances of the Application Program (14) reside within a Control Apparatus, the first instance executed is called the Primary Application Program. The content of the Application Program (14) property not only contains the control programs for a specific application of a Control Apparatus utilizing functionality similar programmable devices today, but Application Programs are additionally utilized to determine the internal operation of the Control Apparatus itself. If the content of the Primary Application Program (14) is cleared, in the preferred implementation the Control Apparatus would no longer perform useful control functions of any kind and would only be capable of receiving configuration commands over the Configuration Bus. For example, a Control Apparatus contains a diagnostic LED, in traditional control device whose architecture is shown in Figure 3 the LED is controlled by inaccessible product firmware and illuminates the LED based upon the device vendor's desires, where the interpretation of the LED behavior is documented in a product manual of some type. When the present architecture invention is used in its preferred implementation the LED would not illuminate unless an Application Program (14) instructs it to do so. In Figure 2 the Output Driver Object (13) that toggles the hardware to illuminate the LED runs when the appropriate function is contained within an Application Program (14). If the Control Apparatus contains pushbuttons, they would not be monitored unless an Input Driver Object (11) function is contained within an Application Program (14) and action would not be taken based on their status without provision by an Application Program (14) detecting their depression and taking the desired actions. In the preferred implementation, without an Application Program the Control Apparatus would be useless. Figure 4 the "Red LED" (300) is on steady because the "Motor Power Lost" (302) and the "Blown Fuse" (301) contacts are closed, providing power to the Red LED. A user's manual is not required nor any special diagnostic software was required to accurately and rapidly diagnose the faults. All that was required was the core Tool Device (4) Application Program (14) viewing software used for displaying and monitoring Application Programs in all Control Apparatus. A well designed traditional control device would generally implement a fault code value for each fault condition which is retrieved over the network which is then decoded by another device, where the meaning of each error code is contained in a product manual and custom software is written to enunciate the error within a human interface device or a custom programming tool. Traditional Object Based Architectures Traditional control devices, even if based upon an object paradigm do not allow viewing these Control Apparatus specific behaviors nor do they provide the ability to modify these behaviors. They solely allow modification of some properties of some of the existing objects within the control device. As shown in Figure 3 these architectures classify a device for a specific range of uses, where one network standard utilizes a "device type" within an Identity Object (19c) which determines a limited set of configurable object interfaces and behaviors fixed in firmware within the product. When utilizing the device type approach, if the desired functionality is not present within an object standard, the desired functionality can only be added in a "proprietary vendor specific range" where the custom configuration dialogs must be programmed into another device, generally a proprietary tool, to access and enunciate the vendor specific functionality.. Application Programs for Core Behavior Figure 2 this invention defines a real time object based Control Apparatus architecture composed of an internal Control Bus (12), an internal Configuration Bus (10), and a set of objects (20, 22, 24, 26, and 28) that determine the operation of the Control Apparatus which may be accessed via any supported network. The Configuration Bus (10) manages the interpreted configuration and monitoring messages from any external network to and from the internal objects. The internal Application Programs (14) that define the operation of the Control Apparatus are optionally accessed via a Configuration Bus (10). The internal Application Programs (14) trigger the interaction of internal objects over the Control Bus (12) and thus determines the behavior of the Control Apparatus.. Configuration Bus As indicated in Figure 2 two interface buses reside within a typical Control Apparatus for passing values and messages and four busses may reside within a Tool Device (4) discussed later and as shown in Figure 5. The Configuration Bus (10) provides the external configuration interface for objects within the Control Apparatus utilizing an interpreted message protocol. An interpreted protocol is common in the art and as shown in Figure 2, interpreted configuration and diagnostic messages are received from the network hardware by a Network Driver Object (18), and delivered to an internal Consumer Object (20), which then delivers the Request Message (48) to the Engine Object (16). The Engine Object (16) contains knowledge of the Configuration Bus (10) interface functions and all the Control Bus (12) interface functions of externally accessible objects within the Control Apparatus. The Engine Object (16) interprets the Request Message (48) and passes the message to the appropriate object class within the Control Apparatus. As shown by example in Figure 2, the Engine Object (16) determined that a message received is destined for the Relay Object (24), and informs (66) the Relay Object, which then reads the Request Message (48) and writes the appropriate Response Message. The Relay Object (24) then indicates (74) to the Engine Object (16) that a message is ready which then in turn indicates (30) to the Producer Object (22) that a response is ready to send. The Producer Object (22) then initiates its transmission on the external network using the Network Driver Object (18). All objects within this invention utilize common external interpreted configuration dialogs that occur over the Configuration Bus (10). The interfaces to the Configuration Bus (10) and the dialogs between the Configuration mis Figure 2, the Engine Object (16) provides the coupling between the Tool Device (4), usually external to the Control Apparatus, and the Application Program (14) which determines the internal operation of the Control Apparatus. When the Network Driver Object (18) received the Request Message (48) it delivered this message to the Consumer Object (20). As further detailed in the partial data flow diagram in Figure 6 that in the preferred implementation, upon receipt of a Request Message (48) the Enable (53) function of the Consumer Object (20) indicates (52) to the Interpreted Execute (50) the receipt of an interpreted Request Message which results in the execution of the Interpreted Execute function within the Engine Object (16). The Interpreted Execute (50) function reads the Request Message (48) and determines which object class within the Control Apparatus should service the Request Message, or services it itself if the request is destined for the Engine Object (16). Assuming the Interpreted Execute (50) function determines the Request Message (48) was destined for the Relay Object (24) class, it would call (51) the Relay Object's Parser (64) function. Further details on the servicing of Request Message (48) via the Configuration Bus (10) shall be covered after the introduction of the Control Bus (12). Note that in Figure 6 the Configuration Bus (10) functions are shown in the lower half of the object classes and another set of real time functions are shown in the upper half of the objects which interact via the Control Bus (12). A few real time functions are shared by the Control Bus (12) and the Configuration Bus (10), primarily those contained within the Producer Object and the Consumer Object since these common functions are also used to provide the real time Control Message interfaces to the Application Program (14) discussed later in this invention. Control Bus Figure 6 the Control Execute (126) function utilizes each internal Function Identifier read from the Application Program (14) to determine which real time function is to be executed over the Control Bus (12), indicated by the dashed lines to the NO_Execute (32) and NC_Execute (56). When the respective Control Bus (12) function executes, it usually retrieves its input value from the Control Bus memory location called GLOBAL_App (55) in this example and places its output value into the same Control Bus memory location. The next Control Bus (12) function generally retrieves the value deposited into the GLOBAL_App (55) Control Bus by the previously executed Control Bus function and repeats the process. In effect the variables passed between the Control Bus (12) real time functions are contiguously exchanged through the same shared memory locations until the thread of execution for the respective variables is complete, at which the time the process repeats. The implementation details may change based upon Control Apparatus requirements, however a common Control Bus (12) interface is provided for real time Control Bus functions. Figure 19 and is discussed in further detail later in this invention description. Within this invention the functionality of the Control Apparatus is determined by the objects contained within the Control Apparatus and the content of the Application Program (14) and is not fixed in product firmware as with traditional devices and new functions may be conveniently added from libraries providing generic content. Configuration Bus Message Interface Figure 7 shows a decomposition of the related portions of one internal design for the Relay Object (24), where the three lower functions are related to servicing Configuration Bus (10) messages utilizing the traditional property editing paradigm and the three upper real time functions (31, 34, 35) interact via this inventions Control Bus (12) interface. As shown in Figure 6, upon consumption of an interpreted network message the Consumer Object (20) places the configuration Request Message (48) on the Configuration Bus (10) and informs the Engine Object (16) that a new Request Message has arrived. This implementation utilizes a Request Message (48) having the preferred object protocol which follows; (48) Request Message Protocol = ClassJD, ServiceJD, InstanceJD, PropertyJD, Service_Data Since this example discusses the Relay Object (24) class, the following message utilizing the prior protocol shall be used; (48) Request Message = CID_RELAY, SID_GET, 0, RELAY_PID_COIL_VALUE Or in hexadecimal; 0x02, 0x01 , 0x00, 0x02 For the network protocol used in this example each object class is identified using a unique number called the Class_ID. The same Class_ID number is used across all Control Apparatus containing the same externally accessible object class. In this example the Engine Object (16) interprets the Class_ID value of 0x02 in the Request Message (48) determining that the Request Message is destined for the Relay Object (24) class. If the Class_ID is unknown to the Control Apparatus, this architecture invention requires an error response be sent indicating an unknown class error. This architecture contains rules relative to the order in which external request errors are determined and returned, facilitating the ability of a Tool Device (5) to dynamically determine the functions supported within a Control Apparatus based upon the error responses returned. As indicated in Figure 6 the Engine Object (16) calls (51) the Parser (64) function of the Relay Object (24) class. As is further detailed in Figure 7 the Parser (64) function within the Relay Object (24) class reads (66) the Service_ID from the Request Message (48) and if unknown places the appropriate unknown service error (65) into the Response Message (76). Since the SID-GET Service_ID is known to the Parser (64) function it calls (68) the Get_Property function. The Get_Property function then reads (70) the Instance_ID from the Request Message (48) and if invalid places the appropriate unknown instance error (74) into the Response Message (76). Since the Instance_ID is valid the Get_Property function then reads (70) the Property_ID value and if it is invalid places the appropriate unknown property error (74) into the Response Message (76). Since the Property ID is valid and the PropertyJD value indicates the RELAY_PID_COIL_VALUE is to be retrieved, the RELAY_CoilValue (163) property is read for the specified Instance_ID, thus it copies (72) its current value into (74) the Response Message (76), places a successful response Service_ID (74) in the Response Message (76) and returns (68) to the Parser (64) function. As indicated in Figure 6 the Relay Object (24) Parser (64) function then returns (51) the Response Message (76) to the Engine Object (16). Figure 7 are solely involved in the configuration and diagnosis of an object via the Configuration Bus (10) but do not directly affect the normal internal real time operation of a Control Apparatus. The Control Bus (12) software object functions shown in the top half of Figure 7 (31, 34, and 35) are representative of those real time functions present in typical software objects used to determine the internal operation of a Control Apparatus performed over the Control Bus (12).. Control Bus Application Programs Common ladder logic icons are used to describe the interfaces to the Engine Object (16) relative to the Application Program (14) property. In Figure 8 the Engine Object (16) is shown as a function block type of icon (90) which is somewhat analogous to a control transformer used in traditional hardwired relay ladder logic schematics, providing logical power to the remainder of the Application Program (14). The Branch Object (26) identified in Figure 2 has some of its icons shown in Figure 8, where a branch is defined as a point where logical wires or data wires interconnect, represented as a dot where wires intersect such as branch dots (78, 80). The Control Bus (12) software object functions associated with the Branch Object (26) icons in Figure 8 are the BRANCH_Get (78), the BRANCH_Set (80) and the BRANCH_Execute (82). The Control Bus (12) functions associated with the Relay Object (24) icons are RELAY_NO_Execute (84), the RELAY_NC_Execute (86) and RELAY_Coil_Set (88). The Control Bus (12) function associated with the Engine Object (16) is the ENGINE_Get_Run (90) function. The Application Program (14) example to be described is provided in Figure 9 using the three core objects just introduced; the Engine Object (16), Branch Object (26) and Relay Object (24). Within the internal Application Program (14) property of the Engine Object (16), for the Application Program (14) shown in Figure 9, in this implementation two bytes of memory would be consumed per instruction as shown in Table 1. It should be noted that unlike traditional fixed function programmable logic devices object functions like the "Lock" (92) contact shown in Figure 9 can be used to interrupt the flow of logical power to the Application Programs' (14) left rung or any other wire, without restriction.. Internal Application Program Overview. Table 1 Shown below is the string of byte values internal to the Control Apparatus that represent the Application Program (14) shown in a "human readable" format in Table 1 which is consistent with one graphical representation shown in Figure 9, or two bytes per instruction. 7,0, 5,2, 1,0, 4,0, 1,1, 2,0, 4,5, 3,1, 5,1, 5,3, 5,6, 6,5, 2,0, 4,1, For the Application Program (14) shown in Figure 9, the Application Program (14) executes the schematic drawing starting at the FID_ENGINE_GET_RUN function, then the FID_RELAY_NC_EXECUTE function and then proceeds through the graphical schematic from left to right, top to bottom, satisfying all branch closes prior to proceeding to the right. More specifically the Application Program (14) shown in Table 1 executes in the order shown. When implementing the Control Apparatus firmware using the 'C programming language, this implementation defined an ordered list for the Control Bus (12) internal Function Identifiers, similar to those shown in Table 2. #define FID_ENGINE_END_OF_PROGRAM OxOO #defme FID_BRANCH_SET 0x01 #define FID BRANCH GET 0x02 #define FID_BRANCH_EXECUTE 0x03 #define FID_RELAY_NO_EXECUTE 0x04 #define FID_RELAY_NC_EXECUTE 0x05 #define FID_RELAY_CO1L_SET 0x06 #defme FID ENGINE GET RUN 0x07 Table; #define RELAY JN_ 101 0x00 #define RELAY JN_ 102 0x01 #define RELAY _IN_ 103 0x02 #define RELAY JN_ 104 0x03 #define RELAY JN_ 105 0x04 #define RELAY_ OUT J 09 0x05 #define RELAY_ OUT _110 0x06 Figure 9 are listed in Table 4. Table 4; Table 6 External real time Function Identifiers for the Engine Object (16) class supported by this Control Apparatus are shown in Table 7; Table 7 The Engine Object (16) in this invention includes a common external interface for what would traditionally be referred to as operating system functions, generally inaccessible and not visible to the external Tool Device (4) and Application Program (14). As shown in Figure 12 and discussed later, the Engine Object (16) functions shown in Table 7 allow an Application Program (14) to be broken into smaller Application Programs (14) while maintaining visibility of the selected partitioning of Application Programs (14), interfaces between individual Application Programs (14) and including state of the Application Programs (14). As shown in Figure 10 each Control Bus (12) Function Identifiers shown in Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7 may be included within a series of tables collectively referred to as the ENGINE_ClassFunctionTables (120) property of the Engine Object (16) class. When a Tool Device (4) reads the contents of the ENGINE_ApplicationProgram (112) property, the Engine Object (16) within this Control Apparatus converts the optimized internal Application Program (14) format in Table 1 into the common Control Apparatus independent external Application Program (14) format, shown in Table 9. Although various optimized implementations are possible, for clarity Table 8 contains an example of an ENGINE_ClassFunctionTable (120) property, which is an array of two variables; External Class_ID and External Function_ID, where the table element (offset into Table 8) is equal to the internal Function_ID used within the internal Application Program (14) shown in Table 1. Element = Internal Function_ID [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Table 8 This architecture defines an "Element Identifier" to be an index or offset into an array of any simple or complex data type. For the implementation of a Engine Object (16) shown in Figure 10, the ENGINE_ApplicationProgram (112) is generally read using a Get Element Request Message retrieving one Application Program (14) Element at a time. Although this invention allows various protocols to retrieve the common external Application Program (14) format from a Control Apparatus, the preferred protocol for the Get Element Request Message is shown below; Get Element Request Message Application Protocol = Class_lD, Service_ID, Instance_ID, Property_ID, Element_ID, Element Count Get Element Request Message (48) = CID_ENGINE, SID_GET_ELEMENT_REQUEST, InstanceJD, ENGrNE_APPLICATION_PROGRAM, ElementJD, Element_Count or in hexadecimal; 0x0C,0x03 ,0x00,0x06,0x00,0x01 , As shown in Figure 6 upon receipt of a Configuration Bus (10) Request Message (48) the Engine Object (16) Interpreted Execute (50) function would call (146) the Engine Parser (102). As shown in Figure 10 Interpreted Execute (50) would then read (104) the valid CID_ENG1NE Class_ID value to determine the Request Message (48) is destined for itself. As shown in Figure 10 it would then invoke (146) the Parser (102) function which then reads (105) the valid ServiceJD value of SID_GET_ELEMENT_REQUEST and invoke (106) the Get_Element (118) function. The Get_Element (118) function would read (108) the Request Message (48) and determine the request contains a valid Element_lD of zero, a valid Element Count of one, and a valid Property_ID for the ENGINE_ApplicationProgram (1 12) property. The Get_Element (1 18) function would then write (116) the Element Count of one to the following Get Element Response Message (76). Get Element Response Message (76) = ResponseService, ElementCount, Class_ID, Function_ID, Function_Value or SID_GET_ELEMENT_RESPONSE, 1, CID _ENGINE, FID_ENGINE_GET_RUN, 0, or in hexadecimal; 0x04,0x01,0x12,0x03,0x00 It would read (110) the first byte of the ENGINE_ ApplicationProgram (112) property contents shown in Table 1 and determine Element zero contains the internal Function Identifier value of seven represented by F1D (1 16) these values in the Response Message (76). The Get_Element (118) function would then read (1 10) Figure 6 which would invoice (60) the Send function of the interpreted message instance of the Producer Object (22) directly indicating the Response Message (76) is ready for transmission. Upon receipt of the Response Message (76) the Tool Device (4) would repeat the request for all remaining Elements of the ENGINE_ApplicationProgram (112) until the "CID_ENG1NE, FID_END_OF_PROGRAM, 0" is returned. Table 9 is representative of the external implementation independent Application Program (14) returned to the Tool Device (4) over the Configuration Bus for the initial portion of the Application Program (14) shown in Figure 9 utilizing three data bytes per Element; Class_ID, Function_ID, and Function_Value; 12,3, 1,2,2, 0,0,0, 1,1,4, 0,0,1, 0,1,0, 1,1,5,0,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,3,1,2,6,1,0,5,0,1,0,1,1,1, Table 9 Figure 11 can now be displayed utilizing the external Application Program (14) retrieved and shown in Table 9. The Application Program (14) in Figure 11 could be retrieved and displayed where the Tool Device (4) has no prior knowledge about the Control Apparatus from which it was retrieved, having never previously performed a dialog with this implementation of the Control Apparatus and without any form of electronic knowledge of this specific Control Apparatus having been previously provided, other then the common Control Apparatus architecture interfaces. Based upon Tool Device (4) rules for a specific industry, in the example in Figure 11 the Relay Object (24) class was assigned an instance reference name based up on the schematic line number on which its relay coil appears within the Tool Device (4) Application Program (14) window, per historical Joint Industrial Council schematic drawing rules. A complete view previously shown in Figure 9 for a Control Apparatus can optionally support the Tag Name property in selected object classes, retrieved with an interpreted request message via the Configuration Bus (10), to further facilitate clarity of the Application Program (14) to the end user. 'C programming language is shown below; union EXCHANGE_UNION { BOOL exchange; UINT8 exchangeδ; UINT 16 exchange 16; UINT32 exchange32; } GLOBAL_App; UINT8 GLOBALJnstance; Figure 6. Although not true for all Control Bus (12) functions, in the majority of cases the value returned from one Control Bus function is the input value to the next Control Bus function, where the value passed is placed in the same GLOBAL_App memory location. As shown in Figure 10, in the simplest implementation, the Control Execute (126) function within the Engine Object (16), which is responsible for executing the Application Program (14), is usually called (147) from the traditional 'C language Main (144) function. The Control Execute (126) function, for this implementation, reads (148) the Function Value in the ENGINE Application Program (112) property and copies (130) the Function Value into GLOBAL_Instance. In the case of the first Element of the ENGINE Application Program (112) shown in Table 1 the Function Value is zero. The Control Execute (126) function then reads (148) the internal Function Identifier value from the ENGINE_ApplicationProgram (112), in this case the value is seven representing the FID_ENGINE_GET_RUN function, and the Control Execute (126) function uses this value in a "jump table" to determine the respective function address to execute. (1 12) ENGlN E Figure 7. Typical 'C code for this NC_Execute (35) function implementation follows; void RELAY_NCExecute(void) { GLOBAL_App.exchange = ! RELA Y_Coil Value [GLOB AL Instance] && GLOB AL_App .exchange ; } Figure 9 is FALSE GLOBAL_App will remain TRUE, else it will be set to FALSE. Upon return (56) to the Engine Object (16) Control Execute (126) function in Figure 10, the next Function Value of zero is read (148) from Element two of the ENGINE_ApplicationProgram (112) in Table 1 and places (130) this value in GLOBAL_Instance , then Control Execute (126) retrieves (148) the internal Function Identifier value of one from Table 1 for the FID_BRANCH_SET from Element two of the ENGINE_ApplicationProgram (1 12). The Control Execute (126) again uses the internal Function Identifier value in its jump table to execute the BRANCH_Set function. Typical code for a Branch Set function follows; void BRANCH_Set(void) { BRANCH_Value[GLOBAL_Instance] = GLOBAL_App.exchange; } Figure 6. As shown in the Relay Object (24) in Figure 7 a typical Normally Open Execute (31) Control Bus function for this implementation follows; void RELAY_NO_Execute(void) { GLOBAL_App.exchange = RELA Y Coi 1 Value [GLOB ALJnstance] && GLOB AL_App .exchange ; }_Application Figure 12 diagrams how one instance of the Engine Object (16) utilizes conditional logic to activate the Execute (152) function for other instances of an Engine Object (90). Referring now to Figure 12 the Selector Switch (150) object has each output "Pole" connected to the Execute (152) function of a different Application Program (90) within the Primary Application Program (149). By changing the position of the Selector Switch (150) a different Application Program (90) is executed. Obviously any desired logic may be used to manage the execution of the Application Programs (90) where the sample Primary Application Program (149) demonstrates a "one of many" selection useful in the multiple display screen applications for Human Interface Actuators (1). Referring now to Figure 13 three instances of the Engine Object (16) conditionally receive a TRUE at their Validate (136) function where each instance indicates via their Run value when the contents of each instance is valid or invalid. Upon detection of a rising edge at its Validate (136) input, the contents of the ENGiNE_ApplicationProgram (112) property for the respective instance of Engine Object (16) are checked to verify all Control Bus (12) internal Function Identifier elements are valid and that the Function Value(s) following the internal Function Identifiers are also valid. If all elements are valid the Run property of the Engine Object (16) instance shall be set to TRUE, else it shall be FALSE. In Figure 13 the execution condition for the instance of Engine Object (16) shown on logic line 05 indicates the UAP_004 contact (154) must be closed for "Engine Configuration" Application Program (14) to be validated. Until successful validation is achieved as indicated by UAP_005 (137) going TRUE, which in turn shall close one of its virtual normally open contacts on line 09 thus applying a TRUE to the Execute (147) function, the "Engine Configuration" instance of the Engine Object (16) will not execute. Additionally note that on line 07 the Update (134) function of the Input Driver Object is executed, updating the local embedded input relays and on line 08 the Update (135) function of the Output Driver Object is executed, updating the local embedded outputs associated with the output relay instances. Although other driver objects may provided real time function access to the Application Program (14), this example identifies the extremely finite control of even the hardware device drivers provided by this Control Apparatus architecture enabling users to view and modify the internal operation of the Control Apparatus. It should be noted that the Run property is exiting the right side of the Engine Object (16) Icon in Figure 13 and exited the left side of the Engine Object (16) Icon in the Application Program (14) shown in Figure 1 1. The present invention allows placement of the interfaces to any Function Identifier supported by an Object Class to be located anywhere on an icon and moved to any location on an icon during programming. This is one method of graphically enforcing a desired execution order of an Application Program (14). Other techniques used to alter the execution order of an Application Program (14) are discussed later in this invention. The present invention allows the display of only the function interfaces used within the Application Program (14), where the same instance of an object may be shown at multiple locations across multiple Application Programs (14) when desired. Since this invention also allows determination of the Function Identifiers supported by a specific Control Apparatus it thus enables the Tool Device (4) to display and or restrict the usage of only functions supported by a Control Apparatus and only allowing display and/or terminations to object icon interfaces supported by the Control Apparatus' being configured.. The present invention allows the user to determine which Application Programs (14) run, and when they run, utilizing the same external interfaces and Tool Device (4) interfaces as is used to manage any other object class using the objects Application Program (14) functions. Tool Architecture As shown in Figure 5, to achieve the common system architecture, in addition to a tool's version of Configuration Bus (10) and a Control Bus (12) within the Control Apparatus, this invention includes a Tool Bus (38) and a System Bus (40). In the preferred implementation, the Tool Configuration Bus (34) provides additional functions required by a requestor Tool Device (4) to interact with any compliant responder Control Apparatus. The Tool Control Bus (36) contains all the real time Control Bus (10) functions contained within a Control Apparatus in addition to supporting its own instances of these objects as well as instances for all Control Apparatus and Tool Devices to which it is interacting. Tool Bus (38) functions provided "substitution functions" for the Control Bus (12) functions and additional functions required by a Tool Device to perform necessary operations. The Tool Bus (38) is a superset of the Tool Control Bus (36) where Tool Application Programs (44) executing over the Tool Control Bus (36) are intended to be equivalent to those contained within the Control Apparatus, where Tool Application Programs (44) executed over the Tool Bus (38) may contain additional functions not contained within the Control Apparatus Application Program (14). Unless specified otherwise utilizing a unique reference number, in this description when the Tool Application Program (44) is referenced using the value 44 it is referencing multiple instances of various application programs contained within the Tool Device (4). Simply stated, each instance of the Application Program (14) contained within each Control Apparatus is copied into one instance of a Proxy Application Program (44) on the Tool Control Bus (36) within the Tool Device (4), where the Proxy Application Program (44) within the Tool Device (4) contains equivalent content to the Application Program (14) in the Control Apparatus. Additional instances of the modified Application Programs (44) may be created within the Tool Device (4) beyond the Proxy Application Program (44) for purposes of providing additional Tool Device (4) functionality where the functions within these additional Application Programs (44) are not always equivalent to those within the Control Apparatus, and are thus contained within separate instances of the Application Program (44) within the Tool Device (4). System Bus (40) is a superset of Tool Configuration Bus (34) utilized to perform dialogs with other Tool Devices (4) and general purpose computers (2 and 6). As indicated in Figure 5 the Tool Device (4) minimally contains all the object classes contained within the target Control Apparatus and minimally contains functions to acquire all the object properties of each object class from the Control Apparatus. Figure 5, like the Configuration Bus (10) and Control Bus (12) described for a Control Apparatus, the Tool Bus (38) also intersects all the object classes. In the preferred implementation, various Tool Bus (38) functions are used in displaying ranges of different application domain specific icons, similar to those previously referenced in Figure 1 1 (for example, contact and coil icons). Specifically, the icons displayed on a support Tool Device (4) for home automation applications, such as house wiring, may vary from the icons that would be displayed in an industrial controls application, which may vary from the icons displayed for a vehicle application, which may vary form those used in a chemical processing plant and so forth. Figure 14, prior to providing support functions, a software Tool Device (4) retrieves the contents of the targeted Application Program (14) property from the Engine Object (16) of the Control Apparatus' (155) and places a copy in an instance of an internal Proxy Application Program (44) property within Tool Device memory for this specific Control Apparatus (155). The Tool Device (4) may repeat this operation except for Control Apparatus (156) while creating another internal Proxy Application Program (44) property for its contents. The software within the Tool Device (4) supports a superset of the object architecture within the Control Apparatus (155 and 156) where the Tool Device may execute the Proxy Application Programs (44) over the local Tool Control Bus (36) for simulation purposes. Obviously the Tool Device (4) may support all the Control Bus (12) functions contained within the various Control Apparatus within the system in addition to other needed Tool Control Bus (36) functions. Based upon internal object functions within the Tool Device (4), portions of the Control Bus (12) functions from the Control Apparatus (155 and 156) may be displayed in the Tool Device window using alternate application domain specific Tool Bus (38) functions (160, 162 and 164) similar to those shown in Figure 15. As highlighted by the icons on the Display_NO_Execute (160) function in Figure 15 each function state within a Control Apparatus may be represented by different graphical icon representations on the display screen of the Tool Device (4).; Element [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [1 1] [12] Table 10JlELAY, FID_RELAY_NC_ EXECUTE, INJ 03" the Tool Device (4) Display Program Converter function on the Tool Bus (38) would determine the Tool Bus internal Function Identifier for the "CIDJlELAY, FID_RELAY_NC_EXECUTE" is the Display_NC_Execute (164) function shown in Figure 15 and would place its Tool Bus internal Function Identifier value in the Tool Display Application Program. The Display Program Converter function would then assign a Tool Bus (38) System Function Value for "INJ 03" and place its value in the Tool Display Application Program. The Proxy Application Programs contain Function Values (instances) equivalent to those retrieved from the Control Apparatus. The Tool Display Application Program maintains a "System Function Value", which is a unique within the Tool Device (4) and unique to all Control Apparatus in the system to which the Tool Device is currently communicating and maintaining Proxy Application Programs. In Table 10 these unique System Function Values are listed with human readable names versus numbers in the "Instance" column. The Tool Display Application Program can conceptually be viewed as a kind of mirror image of the Proxy Application Program (44) retrieved from the Control Apparatus except its purpose is interacting with the user during application program development within the Tool Device (4). Figure 15, when each object class instance is created within the Tool Device (4) an additional RELAY_CA_Instance (161) property is set to the Control Apparatus Function Value (usually instance) for each element of the Proxy Application Program (44) and a PvELA Y_System_ID ( 166) property is set to a unique value for each device being referenced within the Tool Device (4). This System Identifier is provided for reasons of efficiency within the Tool Device (4) as well as providing an efficient means of navigating dialogs with the various Control Apparatus. The present invention defines a Tool Device Architecture that simultaneously supports monitoring instance identifiers of the same Class Identifier from multiple Control Apparatus at the same time, providing a System Programming paradigm, versus the traditional device programming paradigm. Within the Tool Device (4) implementation, properties of each instance of each object class are generally contained within an array of properties for the respective Class Identifier. This approach provides rapid access to object properties, and therefore requires that a unique instance identifier and system identifier be assigned in the Tool Device (4) for each instance of an object class within any Control Apparatus currently being referenced within the Tool Device software. More specifically, in Figure 14 the Seat Control (156) Control Apparatus may contain an instance number one of the Relay Object (24) class, and the Driver Seat (155) Control Apparatus may also contain an instance number one of the Relay Object (24) class and the Tool Device (4) may also contain an instance number one of the Relay Object (24) class, all of which are totally unique within the system. The Tool Device (4) therefore provides a unique proxy Tool Bus (38) instance within its memory for each instance of each class within each Control Apparatus (4, 155 and 156). The Control Apparatus instance identifier RELAY_CA_Instance (161) is used by the Tool Device (4) when interacting directly with the Control Apparatus and the tools internal instance identifier is used for interactions over the various buses within the Tool Device (4). Although various implementation approaches are possible, in the preferred Tool Bus (38) implementation a RELAY_System ID (166) property referenced in Figure 15 is a property contained within each instance of each class within the Tool Device (4). The RELAY_System ID (166) property contains a value which is typically a unique instance of the Control Apparatus Container Object assigned to each Control Apparatus (4, 155, 156) currently being referenced within the Tool Device (4) software. The RELAY_System ID (166) is then used whenever the Tool Device (4) performs external operations over the Tool Configuration Bus (34) with the actual Control Apparatus (155 or 156). The Container Object instance is generally used to manage communications activities with each Control Apparatus and contains a Control Apparatus' network address and so forth. As indicated in Figure 16, typical Tool Bus (38) functions include functions that display different icons based upon the state of the software object they are derived from. The most common object class shared across applications and industries is the Relay Object (24). For example, shown in Figure 16 the Tool Device (4) displays the icons for two Relay Coils (168 and 170) representing the states of the output relays and the contact states for ten instances of various relay contacts (IN- 103, IN-101, IN-102, IN-104). The highlighting (172) of the various interconnecting wires provide an intuitive view of the state of the various objects and the value of the information being passed between these objects, either true or false in this case. For a Tool Device (4) to display a highlighted active Relay Object (24) coil icon (168) versus one that is not active (170) requires a Tool Device (4) to acquire the current state of the RELAY_CoilValue (163) property shown in Figure 7 for the respective object instance from the Control Apparatus (155) containing the specific instance of the RELAY_CoilValue (163) properties shown in Figure 16. This could be accomplished by sending the previously discussed interpreted Request Message (48) to the Control Apparatus containing the Class_ID to be read, the respective Property_ID for the RELAY_CoilValue and the respective Instance_ID, as shown below; Relay Get Coil Value Property Request Message (48) = CID_RELAY, SID_GET_PROPERTY, OUTJ 09, RELAY_P1D_ COILJVALUE Or in hexadecimal 0x01,0x07,0x05,0x02 The apparatus would return a successful Response Message (76) containing the state of the coil, in this case a TRUE, as shown below; Relay Get Coil Value Property Response Message (76) = SID_GET_RESPONSE, TRUE or in hexadecimal 0x08, OxOl As shown in Figure 15, having acquired a Response Message (76) the Get Property (216) function copies the TRUE value into the RELAY_CoilValue (163) property. When element eleven of the Tool Display Application Program shown in Table 10 executes the state of the first Relay Coil (168) icon will be updated when the Display_Coil_Set (162) Tool Bus (38) function in Figure 15 is executed. As shown in Figure 16 a typical icon displayed when a normally open relay contact is closed is to highlight the contacts (174). An icon used when a normally closed relay contact is open is to not highlight the contacts and lighten the line diagonally crossing the contacts or optionally includes changing the diagonal line with a diagonal dashed line (176). Although acquiring one Relay Coil property value is sufficient to update three icons (168, 174, 176) for OUT- 109 in Figure 16 it is not sufficient to completely highlight all the icons and interconnecting wires shown in Figure 16. If read individually, six additional request messages and six additional response messages would be required to acquire the state of the other six Relay Object (24) instances with contact icons displayed in Figure 16 and another message pair to retrieve the state of the Engine Object Run (177) property. Getting the value of one property at a time is not only time consuming on the network, but also requires considerable CPU execution time within the target Control Apparatus to service each interpreted Request Message (48). Additionally, since retrieving one object property per execution of the Application Program (14) within the Control Apparatus is typical, it is thus nearly impossible to acquire all object states of all required objects for each Application Program (14) execution, which is preferred to perform the most useful form of debugging. Debug Message Production Figure 14 the real time monitoring task is accomplished in this architecture without the addition of any specialized monitoring firmware, by merely utilizing an instance of the common Producer Object (157) already contained within each Control Apparatus (155) being monitored and an associated instance of the Consumer Object (158) within the Tool Device (4) software to receive each produced message. This invention utilizes the Producer Object (22) and Consumer Object (20) to provide a common network independent interface for interaction with the Application Programs (14) within a Control Apparatus for any supported network, even networks not based on the producer/consumer paradigm. For example, to monitor the state of internal Control Apparatus variables during execution the Application Program (175) shown in Figure 16, in the present invention the Tool Device (4) downloads the Debug Monitoring Application Program (179) shown in Figure 17 to the Driver Seat (155) Control Apparatus. The appropriate instructions can be added to an existing Application Program (14) within Driver Seat (155) Control Apparatus or it may download it to a separate Debug Application Program (179) within the Driver Seat (155) Control Apparatus when the target Control Apparatus supports multiple instances of the Engine Object (16). To place the desired data into the Message property of a Producer Object (22) the supported Producer Object (22) real time Function Identifiers, like the Set Bit (190), Set Byte, Set Wordlό and so forth are utilized. These external Function Identifiers allow the user to place any property of any object class within a Control Apparatus into any location of any available message within the Control Apparatus. Each normally open contact (182,184,186) closes when the respective relay coil is true applying a true to the specific bit within message byte zero. The state of the Run (180) property of the Engine Object (16) is placed in bit one of byte zero. As shown in Figure 17 the monitoring message N-600 (197) shall be produced each time timed closing contact TDR-3 (188) closes, resulting in a true being applied to the Send (192) function. The rate at which this message is sent shall be determined by the timer Preset (181) property of the Time Delay Relay TDR-3 (188), which in this case is one thousand milliseconds. If the timer Preset (181) property of TDR-3 (188) is shorter then the execution interval of the Debug Application Program (179) the debug message shall be sent each time the Debug Application Program (179) executes.. Debug Message Consumption As shown in Figure 18 within the Tool Device (4) a Debug Tool Application Program (193) (corresponding to the Debug Message of Figure 17) can be was created by the Tool Device monitoring software for receiving the message data packet (197) labeled N-600 which is produced by the Control Apparatus (155) by the Debug Application Program (179) shown in Figure 17 contained within the Control Apparatus (155). When the message N-600 (197) is received by the Consumer Object (212) contained within the Debug Tool Application Program (193) within the Tool Device the Received coil CR-05 shall go true and the message received (197) shall be available at the message terminals of the Consumer Object (212). The Debug Tool Application Program (193) performs a series of GetBit functions and updates the appropriate instances of Relay Object assigned to the Tool Display Application Program (196, 198, 200, 202, 204, and 206) whose instances are referenced in Table 10. The Debug Tool Application Program (193) is executed over the Tool Devices' Tool Control Bus (36). As described earlier, in Figure 18 the instances of each object class consuming these monitoring values are the internal Tool Device instances (196, 198, 200, 202, 204, and 206) assigned within the Tool Device (4) and are different instance values then those inside the Control Apparatus (155), since the Tool Device may be monitoring instances from multiple Control Apparatus (155 and 156) at the same time (not shown). As shown in Figure 18 each time a message (197) is consumed, CR-05 goes true, closing the normally open contact that then applies a true to the Execute (207) function for the Display Update Application Program. When the Execute (207) is true the Display Update Application Program shown in Table 10 executes over the Tool Bus (38), which would update the graphical icons shown in Figure 16 based upon the values received in message N-600 (197). The Debug Tool Application Program (193) shown in Figure 18 and the Display Update Tool Application Program (175) described earlier and shown textually in Table 10 could have been contained within a single Application Program within the Tool Device (4) but are separated since multiple applications within the Tool Device may be altering the same Debug Tool Application Program (193) as well as the fact that the message arrival rate may be much faster then the display screen update rate. The Debug Tool Application Program (193) updates the RELAY_CoilValue (163) property of the respective Relay Object (46) instance within the Tool Device (4) across the Tools Control Bus (36) where the Display Update Tool Application Program (175) described earlier in Table 10 updates the icons on the screen, executed across the Tool Bus. A simple execution of the associated Tool Application Programs (193 and 175) upon receipt of the desired message(s) is far more efficient, both in memory and CPU execution time than traditional object property polling techniques described earlier. Figure 16. Like the external Application Program conversions performed within a Control Apparatus, Tool Device (4) software may substitute the monitored Control Apparatus external Class Identifier and external Function Identifier into an internal number, optionally the function call addresses for the Tool Bus (38) display function equivalent of the Control Bus (12) functions within the Proxy Application Program (44). In the preferred implementation, when the Tool Bus (38) function address is substituted for the Control Apparatus independent external Class Identifier and external Function Identifier, the external Function Value the associated Instance Identifier from the target Control Apparatus (155, 156) contained in the RELAY_CA_Instance (161) property in Figure 15 is mirrored with a unique internal Instance Identifier within the Tool Device (4) software which is unique to the System and is the same instance referenced within the Display Update Tool Application Program (44). This technique allows the Tool Device (4) to simulate a Control Apparatus and enables convenient System Application Program (44) simulations and system monitoring in an efficient manner within the Tool Device (4) software which is implementation independent of the various Control Apparatus (155, 156) being monitored. When the Tool Bus (38) functions execute to update the associated icons on the screen, the property values for the various Control Apparatus (155) being monitored will contain the latest snapshot of values retrieved from the Control Apparatus (155) by the Debug Tool Application Program (193) shown in Figure 18 within the Tool Device (4). When the user scrolls to different Tool Application Programs (44) or a different portion of a displayed Tool Application Program (44), information no longer visible on the display screen may be dynamically removed from the Debug Tool Application Program (193) for the Consumer Object (212) shown in Figure 18 which executes over the Tool Control Bus (36) within the Tool Device (4) and those connected to the Produced Object (190) of the Debug Application Program (179) shown in Figure 17 within the Control Apparatus (155) being monitored. For example, should the Tool Device (4) wish to stop the monitoring Debug Application Program (14) within the Control Apparatus (155) while it is updating various Application Programs, for the Debug Application Program (179) shown Figure 17 it merely need set the Branch object, instance fifteen (178) to FALSE. When FALSE all monitored contacts (182, 184, 186), the producer control contacts (188, 189) and the Timed Delay Relay TDR-3 (188) shall all go FALSE guaranteeing the Send (192) shall not go TRUE. The branch instance (178) would not be set to TRUE until the Debug Tool Application Program (193) within the Tool Device (4) completes its modifications. In addition to setting the Function Values from the objects no longer monitored to the new objects in Figure 17 in the Control Apparatus (155) being monitored, the Tool Device (4) software would also modify the Relay Object instance values in the respective Debug Tool Application Program (197) shown in Figure 18 within the Tool Device (4) to the respective system instances. The Tool Device would then set the Branch instance for the left rung (178) to true to re-enable the Debug Application Program (179) in the Control Apparatus (155). In the preferred implementation, where sufficient message and memory space exists, a software Tool Device (4) may begin monitoring object property values prior to the user scrolling the display screen thus significantly improving performance. Although the Debug Application Program (14) shown in Figure 17 and the Debug Tool Application Program (44) shown in Figure 18 may be dynamically created by the Tool Device (4) software and generally not displayed to the user during debugging, the same paradigm, same objects and same techniques may be utilized in the Application Programs (14) by the user to create any desired network behaviors required in any application on any network. Tool Bus & Tool Configuration Bus Figure 17 and Figure 18, and as such generally has a higher CPU priority within a Tool Device (4) then the Tool Bus (36). Tool Object Classes contain Figure 15 when Proxy Application Programs are viewed across multiple Control Apparatus, the Tool Bus (38) functions provide support for additional System object properties, like a simulation time for each real time control function of each object class for each Control Apparatus in a System. Within the Tool Device (4) are additional or extended object properties like the System Identifier (166) which are used to navigate Control Apparatus specific properties like the network protocol, subnet identifier, network address and so forth that are not necessarily contained within the Application Program (14). Although a property like the System Identifier (166) would be referred to as a "key field" in data base systems, where the present invention; provides a Control Bus (12) within the Control Apparatus that is a subset of the Tool Control Bus (36) within the Tool Device (4), provides for the navigation of Control Apparatus specific implementations of objects via a common external interface for creation and manipulation of Application Programs (14) within all Control Apparatus, provides for the interaction of objects between Control Apparatus via a Tool Configuration Bus (34) within a Tool Device (4), provides transparent access to additional object properties between Tool Devices (4) and System Databases (2) via a common System Bus (40), and accomplishes this integration by defining a common Control Apparatus Architecture, a common Tool Device Architecture, and interacts with general purpose computers and data bases via a common System Bus (40) via database independent common object interface protocol and related internal tool functions and external network services. Figure 7 and determines this function is contained within eight of the ten different Control Apparatus products they have shipped. Vendor A would follow the registration prescribed processes and procedures that are beyond the scope of this invention, upon completion of which an update would occur over the System Bus (40). Upon receipt of the update the Corporate Computers (2, 8) would execute System update support functions contained within the System Bus (40) interface. The System update functions would scan the common Application Programs (14) archived in the System database for each Control Apparatus known to the System database to determine if the affected Class Identifier and Function Identifier for the revised function are used within any of the affected Control Apparatus. If a match is identified, the affected instructions of the affect Application Programs (14) for the specific devices affected would be minimally referenced within a revision update report. This report may then be used to determine the desired corrective action, where automatic updates are one possible selection. Application Program Component Libraries Figure 19 may be used. The Application Component (21) is an example of a portable component that may be added to an architecture compliant Control Device. The base Application Program Component (212) to be described requires four objects; Counter Object (213), Comparator Object (214, Relay Object (215) and Engine Object (216). If it is desirable to produce the count status at a timed interval and space does not exist within an existing message, a Producer Object (218) and Timed Delay Relay Object (219) must also be added. Although the compliant Tool Device (4) would display the Application Program (14) object icons and interconnects similar to that shown in Figure 19, the corporate computer database would contain the following external Application Program (14) number sequence of Class Identifier, Function Identifier and Function Value shown in the three left Computer Memory columns of Table 11 , except the Function Values referencing an instance would be wild card values as stored in the Application Program Component Library. The twenty eight instruction product independent script shown in Table 11 may be imported by any architecture compliant Tool Device (4), added to the Tool Application Program (44) within the Tool Device (4), and transferred into the target Control Apparatus using a Control Apparatus independent external configuration dialog. Table 11 The Cycle Count Application Program Component (212) shown in Figure 19 monitors the desired input, in this case "Monitored Input" and increments an instance of the Counter Object (213) called "Cycle Count" on each rising edge. The Cycle Counter Output is read and its value is used to set the value of a Data Branch (217), which then sets the value of input "A" of the Comparator Object. (214) Input "B" of the Comparator Object is set to a value of one hundred thousand (216) which is the comparator trip threshold value. When input "A" exceeds input "B" the "A>B" Comparator Output goes TRUE which then activates the "Replace Device" relay coil (215). The Data Branch (217) value is placed in the produced message at Producer Object (218) as well as the Replace Device status, where this message is produced whenever the Timed Delay Relay Object expires and the Replace Device contact is closed.. Edit While Running Figure 20 places the Application Program (14) instructions to be added in a free area (230) of Application Program memory. The first instruction (231) placed in the free space area is a copy of the existing instruction that resiαes at me location (232) where the new Application Program instructions (233) are to be inserted and the instruction that will eventually be replaced with a Jump Function. A Jump Function (234) is added at the end of the instructions added in free space specifying a jump back to a desired return location in the Application Program (14), generally the element following the insertion location. Once the instructions for the change expressed in architecture compliant application code are downloaded over the Configuration Bus (10) and placed in the free space area (233) the existing instruction (232) in the Application Program (14) is replaced with a Jump Function that jumps to the beginning of the instructions added in free memory (230). Although multiple instructions may be added to free space (233) in one Request Message (48) over the Configuration Bus (10), low performance Control Apparatus would generally service one Request Message (48), adding only one more instruction to free space (233) after each time the Interpreted Execute (50) function in Figure 10 runs. As is common in the art this invention also allows a running Application Program (14) to be stopped, at which time the Application Program (14) is modified and then restarted. The mechanisms used by this invention are common in the art, where this invention claims the use of the common external Application Program interface across any Control Apparatus as well as the use of common Application Program Components made possible due to the common Application Program interface. Local Object Testing Architecture compliant Application Program Components such as the program 240 shown in Figure 21 for tracking scan interval timing simply using a contact 241, coil 242 and status LED 245 may also be downloaded to perform object testing within a target Control Apparatus, especially where an available network may also be used to monitor and optionally archive the testing and associated test results. The combination of Control Apparatus Architecture, Tool Device Architecture and System Architecture but primarily the common external Application Program (14) interface, the ability to create any desired network interface behavior and the ability to place any internal Control Apparatus information in any message enables the creation of these common hardware independent, portable object test Application Program Components. Hardware Device Components Figure 22 for the pushbutton (251), limit switch (252), motor (253), screw terminal (254), input hardware (255), output hardware (256) and supporting hardware related properties like connector type, connector label and so forth in conjunction with the display of application program icons. The Hardware Classes, Hardware Function Identifiers and Function Values provide this physical Control Apparatus display functionality with the same internal Tool Device (4) execution architecture, where the related display functions are executed within the same Display Updating Tool Application Program or other Tool Application Programs over the Tool Control Bus (36). The Tool Devices (4) provide this integrated "as wired" view without other graphical design tool CAD software is used to convey this information in inconsistent formats this System Architecture invention utilizes the same architecture utilized in Control Apparatus for programming and debugging support hardware. This architecture thus allows emulation of hardware interfaces to be graphically conveyed to the user providing additional levels of intuitive diagnostics due to the indication of the hardware states via the visual state of the hardware icons. Although many traditional software tools may use icons on the display screens this invention assigns common Function Identifiers to these Hardware Objects where the Hardware Object Function Identifiers are included within or combined with a Tool Application Program and where the hardware icons are animated along with the other Proxy Application Program (44) functions often within the same Display Updating Tool Application Program (44) thereby displaying an integrated external hardware to internal Application Program (14) view by executing the Display Updating Tool Application Program (44) over a combination of the Tool Control Bus (36) and Tool Bus (38). As with all other objects within this System Architecture invention the Hardware Objects may be optionally contained within the Control Apparatus accessed via the Configuration Bus (10), contained within the Tool Device (4) or may be accessed via a common external interface utilizing the System Bus (40). When these Hardware Function Identifiers are used in conjunction with the Display Updating Tool Application Program (44) they provide an integrated hardware and Application Program (14) view. External Wiring, Equipment Emulations. Control Apparatus Selection via Simulations. Object Profiling and Timing Figure 21. The graphics shown Figure 21 are created by the Tool Device (4) by retrieving two different Application Programs (14) from the Control Apparatus. The 5VDC Power Supply Hardware Object (243) the Relay Normally Open Contact (244) function and the LED Execute (245) Function Identifiers were read from an Application Program (14) property of a Hardware Application Program instance of the Engine Object. (16), where the Control Apparatus contained this Application Program to indicate to the Tool Device that a Test Output (244) is supported by the Control Apparatus and it provides an optical interface via the Status LED (245). The present invention includes a Test Output Relay composed of an interface to the Output Driver Object Relay Coil (242), an actual hardware output contact (244) that provides power to the Status LED (245) whenever the Relay Coil (242) is on, thus closing the normally open contact (244) which in turn lights the Status LED (245). The Tool Device (4) may monitor the light from the LED to determine when the Status LED (245) is ON and when it is OFF. In the preferred implementation where an existing device platform has its firmware changed to support this architecture, an available embedded output like an existing LED is utilized to provide timing information to the Tool Device. Where an available network connector exists and where the network standard allows the definition of available pins for a specific usage, this architecture encompasses assigning this Test Output functionality to one of the available pins. This allows the Tool Device to conveniently monitor the state of the Test Output from Control Apparatus with the appropriate Tool Device interface hardware, and thus enable performance monitoring via an existing network cable. When profiling a Control Apparatus, the current Application Program (14) within a Control Apparatus is generally cleared by the Tool Device (4). The Application Program (240) shown in Figure 21 is then downloaded to the Application Program property of the Engine Object (16) class of the Control Apparatus under test, where in this implementation the contents of Table 12 would then reside internal to the Control Apparatus as the application program for the device. The first time the portable Application Program Component shown in Figure 21 executes the Test Output (243) shall be off. Since the Test Output (242) is off, the normally open contact (241) is closed, providing a true to the Test Output (242) immediately turning it on. When the Test Output (242) is on, the normally open contact (244) closes lighting the Status LED (245). The lighting of the Status LED (245) is detected by the tool device which would start an accurate timer. The next time the Application Program (240) executes the Test Output (242) is on in memory from the prior execution. Since the Test Output (242) is on, the normally closed contact (241) opens, which in turn provides a false to the Test Output (242) turning it off, which in turn opens the normally open contact (244) which in turn turns off the Status LED (245). The Tool Device (4) shall monitor the state of the Status LED (245) to determine the duration of time between the Test Output cycling ON then cycling OFF. The minimum and maximum cycle times detected will determine the baseline execution time for the Control Apparatus being monitored. This is known as a chattering relay test. In the cost optimized implementation of this architecture, this baseline performance metric has been achieved with the eight byte internal Application Program (14) shown in Table 12; Table 12. Public Interface System Rules As referenced and described, Table 13 demonstrates some of the "system rules" that apply to devices that support this system architecture and therefore are important in providing the "Portable Application Programs", primarily requiring the common Object Function Identifiers. Object Class Object Properties Table 13 Although the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments described above, it should be recognized that changes may be made in the form and details of the invention as described without departing from spirit of the invention or the scope of the claims. Next Patent: METHODS FOR INHIBITING A DECLINE IN LEARNING AND/OR MEMORY IN ANIMALS

PASSERINI, Massimo (Via Luigi Sessa 19, Mirabello, I-44043, IT) GADDI, Marco (Strada degli Schiocchi 12, Modena, I-41100, IT) MARCHESINI, Vainer (Via Seidenari 6, San Prospero, I-41030, IT) PASSERINI, Massimo (Via Luigi Sessa 19, Mirabello, I-44043, IT) GADDI, Marco (Strada degli Schiocchi 12, Modena, I-41100, IT) TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an Archimedes screw separation plant for treating slurry. The present invention finds advantageous, but not exclusive, application in the treatment of livestock effluents to which the following description will make explicit reference without loss of generality. The present invention may also be used in the canning industry, for example for the preparation of tomato paste etc. In other words, the findings of the present invention can be applied to any process which should separate from a slurry, the liquid phase from the solid phase (consisting substantially in solid separated agglomerate) . The purpose of said process is to have at the end, starting from a slurry, a first substantially liquid product, and a second substantially solid product. BACKGROUND ART Both horizontal and vertical axis Archimedes screw plants for separating slurry are well known, for example, in the treatment of livestock effluents. Regarding a traditional vertical axis Archimedes screw separation plant, it comprises the following elements: - a slurry feeding device towards a tubular sifting device; a vertical axis slurry feeding device inside which are housed advancing and pushing means, adapted to move and compress the slurry, and means adapted for filtering the slurry in transit; - an evacuating device for the liquid slurry fraction after its separation from the solid fraction, separation substantially occurring inside said the tubular sieve; - an evacuating device (19, 22) for the substantially dry separated solid after its separation from the liquid fraction, separation substantially occurring inside the tubular sieve as a result of flattening the slurry against the sifting wall and the filtering action of the holes on the sieve itself. However, the vertical axis Archimedes screw separation plants on the market today present the following drawbacks: - efficient separation between the liquid and the solid phase of the slurry cannot be obtained; - sorts of "bridges" are formed between the filter wall and the slurry pushing means consisting of solid material clogging the sieve resulting in a loss of filtering surface; due to the abovementioned "bridges" and agglomerations formed within the sieve the plant must be frequently stopped causing significant economic losses to the manager and/or owner thereof, and - there is not a regular and consistent supply of the slurry towards the tubular sifting device. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The present Archimedes screw separation plant was conceived, so as to overcome the abovementioned drawbacks. Therefore, according to the present invention an Archimedes screw separation plant is provided as stated in claims 1, 10, or in any of the claims depending directly or indirectly by claims 1, 10. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the present invention certain preferred embodiments will now be described, purely by way of non-limitative examples and with reference to the attached figures, wherein: - Figure 1 illustrates a three-dimensional rear view of an Archimedes screw separation plant object of the present invention; - Figure 2 represents a front view of the plant of figure 1; - Figure 3 shows a section A-A (according to a plan (Φ) ) executed on the three-dimensional rear view of Figure 1, also represented in this figure is a first configuration of a siphon device also object of the present invention; - Figure 4 illustrates the same section A-A (according to the plan (4>))as in Figure 3, however, in this figure a second configuration of the siphon apparatus is represented; - Figure 5 represents a plan view of two counter pressure elements being part of a contrast element comprised in the plant illustrated in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4; - Figure 6 shows an isometric view of a counter pressure device of a first type being part of the contrast element shown in Figure 5; and - Figure 7 illustrates an isometric view of a counter pressure device of a second type being part of the contrast element as in Figure 5. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION In the attached figures, with 10 is indicated as a whole, a separation plant object of the present invention. The plant 10 is used to filter slurry so as to isolate in one part the liquid phase, and, in the other, the dry separated solid agglomerate, being almost completely devoid of liquid particles . Said plant 10 comprises a tubular sifting device 11 having a vertical axis (X) inside which are housed, advantageously but not necessarily, two advancing and pushing elements 12, 13 substantially conformed to an Archimedes screw (auger) , which interpenetrate one in the other. In this context the term "tubular sieve" must be meant as any tubular sieve having any cross-section, whether circular or polygonal, equal to any height. In addition, each advancing and pushing element 12, 13 provides a respective shaft 12A, 13A (Figure 3). In particular, the shaft 12A presents a respective vertical axis (Yl) , while the shaft 13A foresees a respective vertical axis (Y2) (Figures 2, 3). The vertical axes (X), (Yl) (Y2) are parallel to each other and all lie on the same vertical plane. In the plant 10 object of the present invention the two Archimedes screws (augers) , forming the two advancing and pushing elements 12, 13, can be interpenetrated by a near- tangency position of the coil ridges, to a position wherein each ridge scrapes the shaft of the contiguous Archimedes screw. In other words, depending on the needs, the rate of penetration between the two Archimedes screws can be varied by changing the distance between the vertical axes (Yl) (Y2) . As shown particularly in Figure 1 the device 11 is contained in a supporting structure (STR) in metal carpentry which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. The shafts 12A, 13B are placed in counter-rotation, or in equi-rotation, with respect to one another by a motor assembly (GM) , which, in the particular embodiment shown in the attached figures, is located above the device 11. In the embodiment shown in the attached figures the shafts 12A, 13B rotate in counter-rotation, i.e., respectively, in clockwise direction according to arrow (Rl), and anti-clockwise direction according to arrow (R2) . The motor assembly (GM) comprises an electric motor (MM) mechanically coupled with a reducer (RDT) , in turn coupled with a gearbox (STR) containing a chain and a gear train so as to achieve the desired type of rotation of the two shafts 12A , 13A respectively around the axes (Yl) , (Y2) arrows (Rl) , (R2). Each generic coil 12* and 13*, respectively, of advancing and pushing element 12 and of advancing and pushing element 13, is coupled with the other coil 13*, 12*, so that each of which can execute the tasks of crushing, homogenization and flattening of the slurry in transit, but also of cleaning the opposite coil and of respective shafts 12A, 13A. In other words, the plant consisting in the assembly of the two coils 12* and 13* is a self-cleaning plant. The supporting structure (STR) comprises a lower end flange 14, an upper end flange 15 and two intermediate flanges 16, 17. Note that the intermediate flange 16 is inclined with respect to the axis (X) for the purposes that will be later indicated in more detail . In addition, the flanges 14, 15, 16, 17 are mechanically connected together by a plurality of vertical metal ribs (NRV) (Figure 1) . It can be seen by entering in more detail that the tubular sifting device 11 comprises a filtering punched wall 18 (Figure 3) which, in a known way, serves to filter the slurry in transit upwardly from below according to an arrow (Fl) under the action of the coils 12*, 13* of the advancing and pushing elements 12, 13. In the upper part of the filtering punched wall 18 continues with a compaction chamber 19, which starts from a surface (SSI), which substantially coincides with the end of the coils 12*, 13*, and ends with the cited upper end flange 15. As shown particularly in Figure 3, coaxially to the filtering punched wall 18 is an outer sleeve 21 provided with an opening (OPN) to which a device is applied (not shown) to evacuate the liquid fraction after the separation from the solid fraction. The intermediate flange 16 is attached to the lower end of the outer sleeve 21 to allow more drainage of the liquid and its conveyance towards the exit. Fixed on the bottom plate 14 are two centering pins (PNl) and (PN2) of a respective shaft 12A, 13A. More specifically, since the shafts 12A, 13A are at least partially hollow at their ends, each pin (PNl), (PN2) is inserted into a corresponding seat of a corresponding shaft 12A, 13A allowing the centering of the same (as has already been said) , and its rotation around that axis (Yl) , (Y2) and according to the respective arrow (Rl) , (R2) . The assembly consisting in the filtering punched wall 18 and in the compaction chamber 19 ends with an opening 22 made in the upper flange 15. The width of the opening 22 is equal to that of any cross section (ST) of the device 11. Vertically discharged from the upper opening 22 towards the outside is the dry separated solid (according to arrow (F2); Figure 3 ) . In a first advantageous embodiment of the invention the opening 22 is devoid of any type of contrasting element because it is the gravitational force itself which affects upon the substantially dry material in the compaction chamber 19 completing its compaction, so upon exiting the opening 22 the material is dehydrated to an acceptable degree. In other words, the compaction of the separated solid is substantially within the compaction chamber 19, wherein the compaction of the separated solid can be achieved, at least partially, due to the force of gravity on the separated solid itself . More in detail, the compaction chamber 19 comprises a lower portion 19A, presenting a sifting wall and which, therefore, is adapted for further evacuating the liquid in the usual way, and a solid wall upper portion 19B (i.e. without sieve) wherein the actual pressing of the separated solid occurs. Note that both portions 19A, 19B of the compaction chamber 19 are free of coils 12*, 13*. In an inventive way ,it was found that by changing the height (Hi) (Figure 3) of the compaction chamber 19 the degree of dehydration of the separated solid may be varied. In other words, if the height (Hi) of the compaction chamber 19 is increased the product amount present within will consequently increase. Therefore by the increasing of (Hi) the force effected by the column of semi-solid material will be greater, and therefore the greater the degree of dehydration of the separated solid in the column itself. Therefore, the height (Hi) can be chosen depending on the material to be dehydrated, i.e. with very liquid slurry the height (Hi) will have to be increased in order to reach the desired degree of dehydration and the formation of the so- called "solid plug". In this context the term "solid plug" indicates the solid fraction contained in the dehydrated effluents and having a residual moisture of about 70%. In other words, the "solid plug" is the final solid product that is formed during the path (transportation, emergence, compaction) that vertically occurs in the tubular sifting device 11. Therefore, the "solid plug" is the final result of the solid-liquid separation process and is the product solid fraction, which entering was just effluents, and is formed as a result of pressure against the sifting walls, the vertical transport of the product and the weight of product itself that accumulates in the upper end of the device 11. For the foregoing reasons, the plant 10 can be advantageously provided with a compaction chamber 19 whose height (Hi) can be varied depending on the value of the amount of liquid in the slurry. In addition, the desired pressing effect can also be achieved by properly adjusting the relative heights of the portion 19A (by height (H2)) and of the portion 19B (by height ((H3)) and of the compaction chamber 19 (by overall height (Hi ) ) , in order to balance an area of only effective pressing free of sifting (portion 19B) with a pressing and evacuation area of fluids (portion 19A) provided, instead, of sifting. In a further embodiment not shown the height (Hi) of the compaction chamber 19 is telescopically adjustable by an operator by way of manual means . However, if the slurry liquid component entering the device 11 should be greater, to avoid having to provide a too high compaction chamber 19, a contrast element 40, shown schematically in Figures 1, 2, 3 , and in more detail in Figures 5, 6, 7 can be adopted. As shown in Figure 5 in particular the contrast element 40 comprises two identical counter pressure devices 41, 42 facing each other. It should be keep in mind also the fact that the contrast element 40 acts simultaneously upon all the material in transit from the opening 22, whose amplitude, as we have said, is substantially equal to that of any cross section (ST) of the device 11. The counter pressure device 41 comprises a plurality of segments 41A, 41B, 41C, 41d, 41E, 41F adjacent to each other. Foreseen in correspondence to the free ends of the segments 41A, 41B, 41C is a cavity 41G adapted to embrace, in use, one half of the perimeter of the shaft 12A. Similarly in correspondence to the free ends of the segments 41D, 41E, 41F is provided a cavity 41H adapted to embrace, in use, one half of the perimeter of the shaft 13. All segments 41A, 41B, 41C, 41D, 41E, 41F are projecting from a common edge 51 provided with a plurality of seats (SD) , each of which is adapted to receive, in use, a respective screw for fastening the counter pressure device 41 to the upper end flange 15. As again shown in Figure 5 each segment 41A, 41B, 41C, 41D, 41E, 41F is separated from each adjacent segment by a space (SP) . This space (SP) allows each segment 41A, 41B, 41C, 41D, 41E, 41F to flex, independently from the other segments, around the edge 51, which functions as a hinge when subjected to the action of thrust of the solid material exiting the compaction chamber 19. Since the counter pressure device 42 is identical to the counter pressure device 41, to the counter pressure device 42 can be applied the same observation made earlier to counter pressure device 41. In particular, the segments 42A, 42B, 42C, 42D, 42E, 42F (this time projecting from an edge 52) , the cavities 42G, 42H, the seats (SD) and the spaces (SP) have the same characteristics described above in relation to the corresponding elements belonging to the counter pressure device 41. Obviously, in use, the counter pressure devices 41, 42 are mounted side by side to each other (Figure 1) so that each pair of cavities 41G, 42G, and, respectively, 41H, 42H each embrace, a corresponding shaft 12A, 13A. As shown in more detail in Figure 6, each counter pressure device 41, 42 comprises, advantageously but not necessarily, a deformable plastic sheet (PD) , properly shaped and cut, containing within it a respective elastic layer (LM) (made, for example, in spring steel, or any plastic material suitable for use) which shape substantially reproduces the shape of the group of segments 41A, 41B, 41C, 41D, 41E, 41F and the edge 51, respectively, segments 42A, 42B, 42C, 42D, 42E, 42F and the edge 52. Said elastic layer ( LM ) lies substantially in a plane parallel to the plane where the deformable plastic sheet (PD) lies and has been represented in hatched lines also in Figure 5. In Figure 7 another embodiment is shown where instead of a single layer ( LM ) two layers ( LM* ) and ( LM* * ) are provided which may be equal or different from each other as in material as in thickness. In addition, each layer ( LM* ) , ( LM* * ) can be composed of equal or different sections, from each other, so that each segment 41A, 41B, 41C, 41D, 41E, 41F, 42A, 42B, 42C, 42D, 42E, 42F is able to better respond to various stress factors of the material exiting from the opening 22 (Figure 3) . In other words, there may be cases in which the segment 41F must carry a greater share of compression on the output material with respect, for example, to the output material between segments 41C and 41D. In this case, the manufacturer may provide the user with a specially conceived contrast element 40 wherein the segment 4IF is provided with two layers ( LM* ) , ( LM* * ) , while each segment 41C, 41D internally comprises only one layer ( LM* ) . The same effect could clearly be obtained by choosing a layer with a non uniform thickness, or a layer having different resistance properties passing from segment to segment. Upon buyer request this plant 10 can be provided, therefore, with a set comprising a plurality of contrast elements having different response capacity according to the material to be treated. In other words, if the user should realize that to dehydrate a certain very watery product a higher counter pressure is required, a replacement can be made of the first contrast element having, for example, a single layer (Figure 6 ) , with a second contrast element which instead provides the use of two layers (figure 7 ) . Obviously, it is possible to conceive contrast elements having more than two layers. As shown particularly in Figure 1 , the tubular sifting device 11 presents a cross-sectional section to axis (X) of a substantially elongated elliptical shape, while each advancing and pushing element 12 , 13 is housed in a respective seat 23 , 24 (Figure 3 ) having a substantially circular cross section. The two seats 23 , 24 are portions of the filtering punched wall 18 being substantially circular in shape and intersecting each other in a cusp 25 . It is obvious to underline that, since in Figure 3 a longitudinal section of the plant 10 is shown, there is also a second elongated cusp element (opposite to the elongated cusp element 25 ) which is not visible in Figure 3 . The seats 23 , 24 advantageously must present a substantially circular shape so that the filtering punched wall 18 is touched by the edges of the coils 12 * , 13 * during the rotation of the advancing and pushing elements 12 , 13 . Moreover, at least a portion of the filtering punched wall 18 is surrounded by outer sleeve 21 whose inner wall, along with the perforated filter wall 18 , defines an annular discharge channel 26 through the opening (OPN) , of only the liquid fraction after its separation from the separated solid thanks to the action affected by the holes present on the perforated filter wall 18 itself and on the portion 19A. The lower portion of the filtering punched wall 18 is provided with an opening 27 connected, both mechanically and hydraulically, with a siphon apparatus 30 (Figure 3). Said siphon apparatus 30 comprises, in turn, a connecting duct 31, preferably but not necessarily, elbow shaped, whose upper end 31A terminates in a compensation chamber 32. The compensation chamber 32 is provided, in a known way, with a degassing tube (DSG) (Figures 3, 4) adapted for bringing the same compensation chamber 32 to the atmospheric pressure. Fastened to the compensation chamber 32 is one end of a primary feeding duct 33 of slurry (according to arrow (F3)), and one end of an additional overflow duct 34, whose entrance mouth in the compensation chamber 32 has been designated with the number 35. Therefore, the amount of any excess slurry will be evacuated through the mouth 35 and the overflow duct 34 (according to a horizontal arrow (F4) (Figure 1)). As shown in Figure 3, the compensation chamber 32 is box- shaped open at the upper 32A, and lower 32B ends, each of which is provided with a respective flange 36A, 36B. As again shown in Figure 3, to the free end 33A of primary feeding duct 33 is associated a corresponding flange 33B; equally to the free end 31A of the connecting duct 31 provided with a respective flange 31B. Note also that on the flange 33B is fixed the degassing tube (DSG) perpendicular to it and also ends up inside the compensation chamber 32 constantly maintaining the same compensation chamber 32 at atmospheric pressure. In use, the flange 33B is supported upon the flange 36A and fixed to it by means of bolts (BLl) provided with respective nuts. Similarly the flange 32B is supported on the flange 36B. The fixing of the two flanges 32B, 36B one to the other is secured by means of bolts (BL2) provided with respective nuts. The function performed by the siphon apparatus 30 is of particular importance. In fact, the presence of the siphon apparatus 30 prevents an overflowing supply of slurry towards the device 11, and acting as such, provides a regular supply of the slurry itself. It goes without saying that a constant feeding of slurry towards the device 11 favors obtaining an effective filtering of slurry during the crossing of the device 11 itself (according to the arrow (Fl) ) . Another unique characteristic of the siphon apparatus 30 is that by properly adjusting the height (H4*) (Figure 3) of the center (CI) of the overflow duct 34 with respect to the ground (GR) the height ( H5 * ) may also be controlled of the free surface ( PL ) of slurry present in the compensation chamber 32 itself . Therefore, for the known "principle of communicating vessels" the height ( H5 * ) (Figure 3) of the free surface ( PL ) is also the maximum height of a free surface (SS2* ) of slurry within the filtering punched wall 18 and of the liquid alone within the annular discharge channel 26. In turn, the two surfaces (SSI) (SS2* ) define a dripping chamber 190, of height (H6*) (Figure 3), wherein the slurry undergoes pre-dehydration before entering the compaction chamber 19. In this way the siphon apparatus 30, apart from serving as a security feature of the device 11 from possible flooding and draining of fluids from the opening 22, for example, it is also utilized for adjusting the height (Ηβ) of the dripping chamber 190. Summarizing the advantages of the siphon apparatus 30 are the following: (A) an optimal draining of the product, and (B) a level of ensurance that the plug formed in section 19 will not be allowed to get wet, wherein the principle of communicating vessels are used in order to define a level above which the effluents cannot go. In other words, as shown in Figure 4, if the height (H6) increases, allowing it to assume a value (H6**), of the dripping chamber 190, for example, lowering the center ( CI ) (which now has a height (H4**) less than ( H4 * ) ) , and, therefore, decreasing the height (H5) (which becomes (H5**)) of the free surface (PL) with respect to the ground ( GR ) , the material arriving to the portion 19A of the compaction chamber 19 is drier due to the "principle of communicating vessels", the more watery fraction of the slurry has remained lower and the slurry itself on its way to the dripping chamber 190 has had more time to dehydrate. Also note that while crossing the dripping chamber 190 when the material loses fluid through the filtering punched wall 18 and is in the meantime shaken by the coils 12*, 13*, inside the compaction chamber 19 on the material in transit only an upwardly push is performed without it being shaken. This allows to create the ideal conditions for the formation of the abovementioned solid plug in the compaction chamber 19 itself. Also note that it is very easy to change the height (H4) of the center ( C I ) of the overflow duct 34 with respect to the ground ( GR ) by simply unscrewing, while the plant is stationary, the nuts from respective bolts (BLl ) , (BL2 ) , horizontally pulling the compensation chamber 32 (arrow (FF) ) from the space comprised between the two flanges 33B, 3IB, and overturning the compensation chamber 32 causing (obviously after the reinsertion of the compensation chamber 32 in the space comprised between the flanges 33B and 31B) the flange 33B to rest this time on the flange 36B and the flange 32B being pressed against the flange 36A. The two pairs of flanges 33B, 36B, respectively, 32B, 36A, are held together, respectively, by bolts VTl, and bolts VT2 (with respective nuts) . With the present invention, therefore, by way of a single compensation chamber 32 it is possible to achieved with a simple overturning, at least two values of (H5) (i.e.: (H5*), respectively (H5**)) for determining, therefore, the value of the height (H6) (i.e.: (H6*), respectively (H6**)) of the dripping chamber 190. Said height (H6), as we have said is fixed by the plant technician before the plant 10 starts working, depending on the type of slurry to be processed. If the slurry itself is fairly dry then the height ( H6 ) may have low values, as was shown in Figure 3, while if the mixture is quite liquid the height (H6) should be increased accordingly (Figure 4 ) . Also note that, for the same overall dimensions of the compensation chamber 32, a certain role is played by the eccentricity (ECC) of the abovementioned center (CI) with respect to the center (C2) of the compensation chamber 32 itself. In other words, even if the distance between the flanges 3 IB and 33B remains the same it is possible to vary the height (H4) by choosing a new compensation chamber 32 having a different eccentricity (ECC) . While remaining within the scope of the present invention an alternative version of a siphon apparatus (not shown) can be utilized in which upon a wall of the compensation chamber, there are, for example, three openable hatches placed at different heights. Opening a hatch and hooking to it the overflow duct (obviously while keeping closed the other two hatches) , the height of the free surface with respect to the ground can be varied. In use, the slurry coming from the duct 33 (according to arrow (F3)) enters from above into the compensation chamber 32. Any possible portion of excess slurry is evacuated through the overflow duct 34 (according to horizontal arrow (F4)), while the remaining part flows towards the opening 27 and inside of the filtering punched wall 18 (Figure 3) . The portion of the slurry in excess evacuated through the duct 34 is recirculated (by non illustrated means) and sent back to the feeding duct 33. The slurry is then taken between the first coils 12*, 13* of pushing elements 12, 13 and raised according to the vertical arrow (Fl) . We can say conclusively that the siphon apparatus 30 has a product path that follows at least one vertical segment in the compensation chamber 32 and uses the principle of "U" shaped communicating vessels having a horizontal overflow duct 34; allowing that the level of product in the tubular sifting device 11 cannot go beyond the compaction chamber 19. The main advantages of the Archimedes screw separation plant for slurry object of the present invention are summarized in the following points: - a better separation between the liquid and solid phases of slurry due to the presence of at least a pair of pushing elements ; - the two coils are coupled to each other so that each of them performs crushing, homogenization and flattening actions of slurry in transit, but also, possibly, of cleaning the other coil and the other shaft; in other words, by adopting the teachings of the present invention, there is an optimal "self- cleaning" of coils and shafts thus avoiding having to stop the plant for the removal of any "bridge" of solid materials that could be formed for example, between the coils and the punched wall or inside the steps of the coils themselves; - adjusting the height of the compaction chamber there is a variation of the self-compacting weight force of the material in transit; - adjusting the height of the center of the overflow duct of the siphon apparatus with respect to the ground it is also possible to control the height of a dripping chamber of the semi-solid column from which, in the compaction chamber, the solid plug will take shape, and there is a regular and constant supply to the tubular sifting device thanks to the siphon apparatus through which the exceeding portion of slurry is expelled thus avoiding overflow of the product.

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CORPUS CHRISTI — The mayor’s responsibility in a council-manager form of government, which Corpus Christi operates under, is so much larger than the one vote the post wields. A leader who sits in the mayor’s chair ought to guide the council to reach consensus, take the lead in framing issues so that voters understand what’s at stake for them, use the bully pulpit to coalesce support for critical decisions and, perhaps most important, make sure that the council stays focused, meeting after meeting, on its priorities. Those skills have largely been missing on the council over the last two years. The Editorial Board believes that Joe Adame, a real estate broker making his first try for political office, has the potential to lead the council in a way that the incumbent, Henry Garrett, has not. No doubt, Corpus Christi owes Garrett a great deal of gratitude for his long years of dedicated service to Corpus Christi as a police officer, as one of the city’s best-ever police chiefs, three terms as council member and now completing his second term as mayor. But gratitude shouldn’t be a mandate for re-election. With the nation facing tough economic times, Corpus Christi simply can’t risk losing two years to the kind of indecision and drift we have seen for the past two years. We need to move on. The board believes that Adame, a Corpus Christi native who has a record of business success by investing in Corpus Christi, is the best choice for mayor. Adame is not the only challenger to Garrett. Douglas Schaffer, a retired GM worker, has run a low-key campaign — he did not accept the invitation of the Editorial Board for an interview — making Garrett and Adame the top two candidates for the job. Perhaps no issue symbolizes the lack of decison-making at the council table more than the question of Memorial Coliseum. Vacated since the opening of the American Bank Center in 2004, the one-time city venue has become a sad-looking eyesore on the city’s bayfront. When the present council took office two years ago, it made determining the future of the facility its top priority. Two years later, on the eve of the April 4 election, the facility’s future remains a question mark. In the meantime, the issue has festered and become divisive for the city, distracting it from other issues. A stronger, more decisive mayor might have pushed harder, might have set firmer deadlines, for the committee appointed to study its use to come to a conclusion. Likewise, a stronger mayor would have had stronger oversight of the city manager selection process, a process compromised when interim city manager — and the eventual pick — Angel Escobar was allowed to circumvent the process that the other candidates followed. Garrett says he is happy with the outcome, but the point is that the process was deeply flawed — Escobar was hired on a 5-4 vote — because the mayor’s leadership was absent when it was crucially needed. We believe that Adame, given his record in business and his community leadership, deserves an opportunity to bring his leadership and decision-making skills to the council. “I’m not looking to be re-elected in two years. I’m not here to work my way up the political ladder,” he told the Editorial Board. “I’m here to make some decisions and get some things done.” Garrett cites as one of his accomplishments the voters’ approval of $153 million in bonds for repairs of streets and drainage systems. But it’s a measure of Adame’s broader vision that he sees a far bigger problem for Corpus Christi than bad streets. He notes that the city has a $5,500 lower per capital income than the state average; other Texas cities have been growing much faster than Corpus Christi, and its population is getting older. “It’s almost like we’re in denial: Everything is fine, we’re fixing the streets,” he said. “There’s not a city in the country that doesn’t want good streets, crime-free neighborhoods and good schools. But the fact is that we’re getting poorer and we’re not growing . . . Let’s get something going, let’s make something happen.” Readers of this page know that the Editorial Board is focused on growth and development, the kind of growth that creates jobs and economic opportunities for all the citizens of Corpus Christi. That’s why we support the Las Brisas Energy Center, the proposed 1,200-watt power plant, assuming that it meets all environmental standards. Adame likewise is unequivocal in his support of the proposed power plant, but, as he notes, “We have a process (for licensing), let’s let the process take place.” Adame has spent his adult life investing in Corpus Christi, developing commercial projects and, as he puts it, “creating some excitement” in the real estate market. “We’re leaders in taking that kind of risk,” he said. Adame said he wants to create citizen advisory groups, such as one he recently gathered to address the continuing problem of frustrated developers dealing with Development Services, the department that approves building plans and enforces codes. Several city councils have tried to smooth the process, but it continues to receive complaints. The department, Adame conceded, has had personnel problems. But leadership from the council is needed. Fixing that problem, he said, “is not a one-time fix; it’s an ongoing process.” Electing a political novice to the mayor’s post is risky. But the greater risk is continuing the city’s path of indecision and lack of direction. Henry Garrett has been one of the most popular mayors the city has ever had. He may well win re-election for his third and final term. If so, we hope he shows the leadership that has often been missing from his two terms. The Editorial Board, however, believes that voters need to make a change. The choice is Adame. flintstone writes: Thank you Joe for running for Mayor. I know you will continue to unite people and you will run the city fiscally conservative as you have your business. Ethics, conviction, business savvy. My vote is for Joe Adame. Publicenemy5157 writes: I truly believe this editorial echoes the feelings of a majority of Corpus Christi voters. Although we like Henry and have voted for him before, we just can't sit around another two years waiting for him to show some real leadership. Joe Adame has proven in his business career that he can MAKE DECISIONS. This is exactly what we need out of our next mayor, and my vote is for Joe Adame. NagaSadhu writes: "Let's get something going, let's make something happen". Joe Adame "Let us hope the individuals blowing the whistles, pointing the batons and directing the show, realize that with indiscriminate change, a city can lose its soul". Caller-Times Viewpoints page 1985. ccprogress writes: If this article doesn't summarize the pulse of Corpus Christ TODAY I don't know what does. Looks like change is in the air! Thank you Joe Adame. one.silver.fox#704925 writes: I believe Joe Adame represents the future of Corpus Christi. The Caller Times got it right this time. We need someone to lead us out of the stagnated state we have been floundering in. Joe Adame has a vision of progress for our City and I believe that he will deliver that progress to the citizens of this great City if we give him the chance. My vote is for Joe Adame. Hickory1234 writes: The Caller Times hit it on the head ... all talk - no action! Based upon my dealings at city hall, everyone likes Mayor Garrett but they do not have enough respect for him to do what he ask. Rather, they do what they want the minute he leaves the room. Leadership cannot be based upon that type of thing - the citizens' trust is lost and nothing gets accomplished. As for staff, they just don't care - it's their way or the highway. one.silver.fox#704925 writes: I would really like to know WHY Mayor Garrett pulled that stupid trick in the hiring of Angel Escobar as City Manager. That was about as dumb of a stunt as I have ever seen. Everyone knew that Escobar applied after the deadline, was not qualified and was hired under very suspicious circumstances. Why would Mayor Garrett expose himself to that kind of criticism? It just doesn't make any sense to me. If any of you have an idea, I would love to hear it. stray1#379200 writes: The Caller Times calls for change in this editorial and urges everyone to go back to the future on it's city council at large picks. What a crock. Adame may well be the man but for city council the Caller Times, as usual, got it all wrong. concernedvoter writes: Joe Adame deeply cares for the youth of this community AND proves it by his community efforts. Thank you Joe for you efforts with Bold Future. Your leadership has taught me so much and I look forward to you serving as Mayor of Corpus Christi. speakingout writes: This community needs change. This community needs leadership. This community needs a mayor that understands business. Our community is lacking in so many areas. The only way we can improve this community is to increase the tax base and lower expenditures. Only one candidate has this experience. My vote is for Joe Adame. Thank you for all your efforts! flintstone writes: Was Henry even at Bold Future? Didn't see him. If he was, it certainly was not for very long. Brit writes: I plan to vote for Joe Adame but I hope that he can't be bought by the dozen or so families that actually control this city. Let's hope that he supports not only local blood but outside interests as well. We need to allow powerful outsiders in so that then we can see true competition which benefits the citizens of this city. The local family monopolies have caused stagnation. Competition for Stripes, for example, would be great for us! Stripes owners wouldn't like it much, but we would!) Another example; now that the local Padre Staples Mall family no longer owns the mall and a larger firm does, watch it grow, grow, grow! NagaSadhu writes: I dont know any of the "Stripes" family but I agree with former Councilman and now Chief at Bay Ltd. "We are the real taxpayers". OldBlue writes: I think you may have been given some bad information about Joe Adame. Outside of Dusty Durrill, I don't know of anyone that has done as much to revitalize and use the existing resources, land and buildings that we have. It was Joe Adame that boldly offered the idea of a ballpark in the dilapidated area of the port that once was cotton warehouses, as opposed to putting it out in the suburbs somewhere. It was Joe Adame that had the idea of turning a homeless and crack infested building into a residential loft project that could help jumpstart the revitalization of downtown. With similar downtown projects failing, it is Joe Adame's project that is moving forward. It again was Joe Adame that brought an idea to the port commissioners to put a office/retail project in the downtown/port area. The Cotton Yard project will be another great use of "urbanism principles." The exact type of growth you are talking about is what Joe Adame has been championing over the last five years - thanks for your support of the idea! Hopefully more people will come on-board and keep this movement going. Hickory12345 writes: Do you really think that Garrett knows about this stuff? Adame is clearly light years ahead of Garrett on all those issues. Garrett stands for dumb growth that results from taking no action whatsoever. I, for one, would like to see some planning for once. dcrow3#232916 writes: Garrett stands for growth by happenstance - - which is the worst. If a developer comes along then "we will take a look at it." That is, if his out-of-control Developmental Services Unit of the city government does not run them off first. That mode of growth leads to a patchwork growth pattern and tends to leave decayed/abandoned buildings behind for the derelict, drug and thug population to finish off the neighborhoods. The Caller's Editorial Board got it right and explained their decision well. Let's get out and vote for Joe so we can move this city forward! mwattsie#709562 writes: MY VOTE IS FOR JOE ADAME. I AM MAKING SURE ALL MY FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS VOTE FOR HIM. CORPUS CHRISTI NEEDS A MAYOR WHO WILL MOVE US FORWARD NOT BACKWARDS. THANKS TO HENRY GARRETT WE LOST WHATABURGER AND WHO KNOWS WHAT OTHER COMPAINIES HAVE LEFT BECAUSE OF OUR LEADERSHIP IN THE COUNCIL. TIME FOR A CHANGE -TIME FOR A NEW COUNCIL - TIME FOR A NEW MAYOR!!! Publicenemy5157 writes: A lot of Garrett supporters are posting on caller.com that the reason to vote for Henry is because they "trust him". I trust Henry too. To give us more of the same for the next two years: dismal leadership and lack of progress. The voters have already seen what he can and cannot do. Bottom line: It's not enough, Henry. texmexgal writes: I will certainly be casting my vote for Joe Adame. Although I do not know him personally, I went to school with Garrett, and believe he has HAD HIS CHANCE. It is time for new, more progressive leadership, and less of the "good old boy." network that seems so pervasive in this city. Over the years, I have seen the beautiful city that I love turn into what amounts to a garbage dump of pot-holed streets, unmaintaned medians and public buildings.with roof leaks, crumbling sidewalks, etc. I realize that Mayor Garrett is not individually responsible for these problems, but the LEADERSHIP for the city needs to come from the office of the mayor. i believe that leadership has been lacking. In addition, the mayor must have support from the city council in resolving the problems that we face. I have children and grandchildren living here and I do not want to see them move away to more progressive cities. CarpeDiem writes: "I have children and grandchildren living here and I do not want to see them move away to more progressive cities." You are very fortunate. I am also voting for Adame and one of the reasons is that my children and grandchildren do NOT live here. They are gone down the road. I don't like it but had no choice but to accept it. I am tired of this and am looking for change. Looking for a little light at the end of the tunnel. I am a good father and a better grandfather and I feel I deserve better. My success in bringing up my kids to do something productive with their lives has led them away to live in places that are conducive to move forward with their lives careers. My grandchildren attend school in places were mediocrity in education is not considered a giant leap forward, graduation from high school is just another step along the path of life and not a cause for celebration and becoming pregnant in high school is not viewed as a "badge of honor". I keep reading these posts that say "I trust Henry". So do I and I TRUST that with Henry we will have some more of the same. Not good enough for me. I, as a man, as a husband, as a father, as a grandfather need more and am no longer willing to settle to being grateful for "paved streets" and expert ribbon cutting. Brit writes: If you don't like what's become of downtown, umm, it's not Joe Adames fault. Its the fault of the dinosaurs that have had their chance and have let our city become stale and stagant. The south is a detriment to Corpus Christi? It is??? I'd say downtown is. What's there? Nothing! Again, whos fault is that? The dinosaurs. I agreea about the roads on the south side though. AGain, the dinosaurs should've first had the infrastructure in place before allowing the neighborhoods. But anyway, how is that Joe's fault? Progressive city leaders? And who might those be? penname writes: Joe Adame has no real program at all. He wants to hug gang members and show them they are loved as the way to resolve the gang issue. He wants to hire a consulting firm called "Character First" to retrain city employees to have better attitudes. Adame advocates unlimited urban sprawl, supports Las Brisas unconditionally and has not proposed any vision for the city except to mouth platitudes such as, "I want to bring city council together." He's not the man for Corpus Christi. trgmtg#235519 writes: RUN ZOMBIE RUN !!!! prarc#302655 writes: Joe Adame, is far from a zombie as you so eloquently put it. If you are in support of our current Mayor you are indeed the zombie. You must be half asleep or blind to all of the missed opprotunity's that a strong sharp leader would have capitalized on for our city, and where was our Mayor? He was waiting for someone else on the council to whisper in his ear and tell him what he should do!!! Being in a leadership postition does not make you a leader, having a vision for our city does not make you visionary...Run Joe Run!!! prarc#302655 writes: Post #710120 you sound like a political spin machine that is very nervous and has to stereotype to get your point across. Doesn't do your candidate or your point any justice! rflk#366204 writes: Joe Adame is no different than the other leaders in Corpus Christi. He will be ineffective for the simple reason that he and his cronies that control in this city are one and the same crowd. 2 years from now we will still be debating Las Brisas Energy Center, the Memorial Coliseum, the need for better jobs schools etc... All of these issues will be talked to death just like the courthouse. All this city can accomplish is complain and stagnate! This is the only city in Texas that has minimum growth for the last 40 years. Once upon a time the whole valley was smaller than Corpus Christi, now there are towns that equal Corpus Christi in size. This towns lack of leadership will not, can not change. The power structure in this town does not want outsiders in, it will mean giving up their control. It will mean someone from the outside will have a voice. No Joe Adame is not the answer for Corpus Christi he is just more of the same. kyle#716660 writes: Win Joe Win!!!! Henry enjoy your retirement you have earned it!! Seadog writes: Joe has my vote......I am an old CC resident and am tired of the attitude of this city........We need vision and excitment that the youth brings......not the old cronies that have left this city stagnat.... Riptide writes: We all must get out & vote to make a change possible. We must get rid of our current useless Mayor & current useless City Council members. Two years ago, they said that the Coliseum was their top priority and still nothing has been done with it. They are holding back this city. They tried and just couldn't progress the city. Out with the old & in with the new. 256161 writes: 1985? Now that's research! jfulton#243070 writes: The Caller-Times endorsement was a terrible mistake! The C-T overlooked all the good things Garrett has done for our city. Henry deserves this last term in spite of the C-T. What has Adame ever done for the City? If it is any thing it has been well hidden. How can Mr. Jiminez turn on a loyal citizen and proven leader like Mayor Garrett? VOTE GARRETT one.silver.fox#704925 writes: You must be kidding or you are a visitor who just arrived. Mayor Garrett has been a disaster. It has been embarassing as he has stuttered, stammered stumbled, bumbled and screwed up too many things to enumerate here. The stand outs are the hiring of the unqualified Angel Escobar as City Manager and the disgraceful handing of the situation with the City Council's involvement with the Corpus Christi Police Officers Association (that still needs to be investigated). Frankly, I am a bit surprised that Henry decided to run again. He must have known that his incompetence would be exposed. Joe Adame is a proven leader and will lead this City out of the sorry state Mayor Garrett has allowed it to fall into. prarc#302655 writes: Listen to yourself, "Henry deserves this last term"...The Mayorship is not some kind of award given out to loyal citizens! I agree that Henry is a great man, but lets face it being Mayor is not something that he shined at...aren't we looking for another Police Chief? Garrett for Police Chief (Again)! Hickory1234 writes: I love my family, but that doesn't mean they are entitled to be mayor! Mayor Garrett has a record of broken promises because of his never-ending failure to follow through on them. We need things to be accomplished, not promises without substance ("I will look into it") that produces no results. What a mess! During Mayor Garrett's term, the city has had severe problems with the stormwater, water, colliseum, and development services, just to name a few. In addition, the city lost Whataburger and several other businesses because of the inability to deal with the city - Where was the mayor? Time to get some real leadership in that office - before we lose more businesses. tomasduran#383767 writes: He just wants to make money for himself, that does not make him qualified to improve the City. What has he done through his years of service at the Economic Development Commission....nothing other to get advance knowledge of who needs property logic writes: What does that mean, "get advance knowledge of who needs propert"? I'm fairly certain that the information time lag between who wants property and who has property for sale is fairly short. How do you know that he "just wants to make money for himself"? Do you know Mr. Adame? Has he written that phase down in his memoirs or something? Your post reeks of envy and class warfare and ignorance, exactly what Mr. Adame is trying to get rid of in this city. miketomiashley#257758 writes: The Mayor just has one possible vote on Council. He isn't the only one to point the finger at for the indecision this City has seen. Those Council members can never make up their minds on any issue and rarely seem to know what the heck they're talking about,(Priscilla Leal are you reading this?). Mayor Garrett bends over backwards to help people on issues. He is a good Mayor. Adame has said that he is not interested in bringing in outside development deals. He wants to work on what we have here. My God, he has to be kidding and does the Editorial Board know about this? THIS is exactly WHAT we DON'T need. I think the Mayor needs some help from the voters. They need to re-elect him and get rid of those idiots on Council who can't make a decision and replace them with people who study the issues and are prepared to discuss them at Council meetings. The Mayor shouldn't have to be their babysitter and explain everything that is going on. Hickory1234 writes: If Mayor Garrett is only relying on his one vote to get things done, then that finally explains why he has not been successful. Good, strong leaders don't rely on others to get the job done. They take action! They make their presence known and make sure people are doing what they are supposed to do. In addition: The mayor's job is to serve as the chief consensus builder. The mayor's job is to know what is going on at city hall from day to day. The mayor's job is to make sure staff is following council policy and directives. The mayor's job is to use his position as a bully pulpit and make his words heard by staff. Mayor Garrett has failed in all of these categories. The mayor's job is to be a leader. Bluegirlcc writes: One of the worst things Henry has done to us is his narrow minded control of the City Council's meeting agenda. McCutcheon tried desperately to get Las Brisas and other issues up for further discussion and Henry said no, This should be changed and we should hire a new City Manager that has a successful track record in managing a city, not just paving streets, we do not need Henry.We do not need any of the current members and certainly not Scott with his strong personal agenda, not for the taxpayers benefit, but his own. one.silver.fox#704925 writes: The best thing Mayor Henry Garrett could do for the City of Corpus Christ would be to join hands with the City Manager, his puppett Angel Escobar, and jointly submit their resignations. Then the two of them should walk off into the sunset waving to us over their shoulders like Cisco and Pancho did in the movies back in the old days. ------ (Ain't gonna happen but it does make quite a visual image, doesn't it?) Justice writes: Not to worry, Henry. The editorial board's nod to Adame means you are going to win this election! They never get it right.... YaFeelMe writes: I bet you Garrett smoked weed when he was younger...... (that's in reference to the CCPD finding pounds of pot story, before yall start freaking out) Hickory12345 writes: If Henry gets back in office, then it will be confirmed - - the city is, in fact, full of idiots who rely on people who obviously don't know how to get anything done. In short, the shortcomings in leadership and happenings will remain status quo. Just what the city city needs, right??? And by the way, the CT usually does get it right on elections most of the time. pinkerbell74#263353 writes: Editorial board wrote: "the issue has festered and become divisive for the city, distracting it from other issues. A stronger, more decisive mayor might have pushed harder, might have set firmer deadlines, for the committee appointed to study its use to come to a conclusion" Give me a break! Divisive and a priority? Since when? What's divisive are all the wannabe politicos that declare a new mission to revitalize or reestablish CC. What's divisive is the lack of our media to report without bias the facts that the community needs to focus on and make good decisions. How is that possible when the gatekeepers want to sensationalize every issue? You back Las Brisas. Good to know. BTW, Progressives don't vote for more shift work companies to settle in their town. The environment is just one concern. The sociological impact remains to be discussed. Perpuating the shift work, increase-your-pay-with-overtime-only, no-degree-required-here jobs pushes us students out the city door. Prove to me how progressive Joe Adame is. Show me how he's going to try and keep as many of the May 2009 graduating students in Corpus. AND as for the promotion to establish the ballpark in the port area, I thank you, but how much money would the organization have saved the city on insurance if it wasn't within a mile to the shore? There's two sides to every story, editorial board. Report them both. fred_farkle writes: Since Adame is a commercial realtor, I simply worry he wouldn't be able to be objective about a good vs. bad development which comes before council (bad = costs the taxpayers a bundle). Hickory1234 writes: The mayor is the "chief deal-maker" for the city ... whether working with staff, council, or other parties. Would you rather have someone who obviously doesn't know what he is doing (status quo), or someone who knows the "art of the deal?" The mayor is the main person who speaks with the owners of potential new businesses and projects. When you think of it, that is exactly how Henry Cisneros turned around San Antonio a few decades back. We could only hope!!! Share your thoughts Comments are the sole responsibility of the person posting them. You agree not to post comments that are off topic, defamatory, obscene, abusive, threatening or an invasion of privacy. Violators may be banned. Click here for our full user agreement.

Lyrical Ramblings a little book of poetry by Stacy Stutz Published by Lively Publishing at Smashwords Thank you for downloading this free book. Although it is free, please be aware that it remains the copyrighted property of the author and may not be reproduced, copied and/or distributed for commercial or non-commercial use. If you enjoyed the book, please feel free to recommend it to your friends, your family, your enemies, your Uncle Horace and your cousin thrice removed! They can download a copy at Smashwords.com and browse to find other great indie writers. Poetry is for the young, the foolish – the idealistic among each generation. Some follow rigorous rules – tucking inspiration into set lines, rhymes and rhythm while others prefer the free flow of words that tumble out with tenuous threads capturing them together in a semi-cohesive bundle – or not. The desired results are the same; poets want to engage you, the reader, with powerful thoughts and imagery that invoke, evoke and provoke. Poetry is for the old, the wise – the realist of past generations. Anger-ridden angst filled children that know nothing of the truths in this world write poetry. It is written by free spirits who long to share a glimpse of the beauty they see every day. It is penned, pecked and jotted down on bits paper by those whose emotionally outbursts cannot be contained, or shared. Poetry is the voice of the one who will not speak. For me, poetry is the music in my heart and mind. A man great and strong. He gave me strength, he’s now gone. Memory kept alive deep in my writer’s soul and it’s in his name that I strive. He gave me more than morals, more than any could know. He gave me my dreams. His love for me had, no boundaries, no limits, no end. Belief was all it took, a gift he gave to free I miss the man who taught words are powerful tools. He believed I had the talent, to wield them with ease. My heart aches with sorrow, knowing he will never see, the fruits of his devotion to me. I will cross the barrier of white capped waves, far from the safe haven of the bay behind me. Taking to the ocean as we did that day, we said forever good-bye. Noisy chattering black speckled breasted birds fly southward bound to roost. Flocks landing upon fire red fruit laden trees stripping them leaf bare. Sweet tones on thin air songbirds season finale the mating dance done. Feathers fall lightly worn ragged and torn from use of the seasons passed. Ring added this year dead dry leaves litter the ground graceful lines, nude boughs. Autumnal fire dancing on darkening skies the gloaming begins. Night falling early slipping into tomorrow the chill of dawn breaks. Cool air breathes upon silver gilded leaf litter mourning icy lace. Cinders on the hearth blackened soul left to ashes life begetting death. Bolting from heaven silver white heat destinies strike with hot fury. Fire consuming new life and green tender limbs debris cleared away. Heat boiling the sap running through the golden heart of the proud oak tree. Dry tinder explodes red hot sparks of destruction foster the fire. Seedpods bursting forth germination from the flames settle in white ash. Purifying heat baptizing absolution cleansing by fire. Life forged by the flames tender new shoots emerging to smoke tainted air. Verdant greens abound cut glass crystal clear water lapping up white sands. Reflections of paradise lived in fractured waves of reality. Morning is a special time, when the sun crests the horizon bringing light and warmth to mother earth. Never is this more apparent than in the spring. Trees budding and exploding in glorious color the dreariness of winter becoming an echo of memory. It is a good time to quietly reflect on the past and dream of the future. Light slipping over cresting of the pinnacle baptism of earth. Perished memories fertile soils of tomorrow spawn the dreams to come. Lovers touch lingers as the sun reaches zenith cresting pinnacle. Fruits of the labor forged with eternal spirit born unto the world. Enlightenment gained attained in life’s endless coil fulfillment complete. Hope eternal springs as tender new shoots begin reaching for the sun. Unfurling to light gathering inner energy husks fall to the ground. Blossoms delightful petals sweetly scent the air as the south wind blows. Bee’s buzz lazily from bloom to satiny bloom pollen clinging tight. Leaves fully open tiny buds of fruit appear life’s continuance. Sighs upon a winters winds gale, laughter, lonely in a cool forest glade. Soft summer winds billow the sail, while we sip Margareta’s in the shade. Linger a moment, cherish the earth renewed, sweet blossom, burgeoning upon the knoll. Mountains patch worked, admiring the view, cloaked, Mother - nature sharing her soul. Burgeoning tight bud hold fast against humid heat slide slowly open. Slipping petals push outwards fanning petticoats behold natures gift. Heavy heads swaying lazily in light warm winds soporific scent. Awash in green light, sun-dapples delight upon dancing— among sparkling dew droplets. Deepening shadows gather pools of light. Moss bound banks binding soil, the lazy stream bites - nips away Mother Earth. Yellow flowers thin stalks, perfume misty air. Tall pines tang scent veils thinly the dank must of decay, humus. Words spoken in haste- zesty bitter lemon rinds leave you spitting dust settling ‘round ankles shins black ‘n blue; kid shoes hit their mark. Winter, spring - fall, summer. The winter of my heart falls in spring. The heat of a summer’s day burns furious, an inferno beneath azure winter skies in the desert. Rats dig holes in the shifting sands, a timeless land standing still no more. Winds blow sugar-fine demons of dust swirling, eroding walls built to enclose emotion. Hate, love – jealousy, fear. Love begetting hate, when jealousy allows fear to propagate in minds of foolish people, who believe they, alone, are right. Worms eat flesh; deepen the holes while bodies rot beneath the sands of land that moves, undulating, changing never standing still, and yet, left unchanged in the hearts of men, women, children. There are those who believe, who know the sands will erode walls of hate. A single, sharp-edged, grain etching deeply burrowing into the buttress until, at last, it crumbles back into the tides of undulating earth.. Sun up and the day begins, crisp yellow light blooming over the horizon yellows, tangerines pinks cut fresh from the garden, dying faster in cut crystal filled with stagnant water spilling on wood, racing towards the edge of eternity to drip slowly down on vinyl floors, more comfortable to the foot than tile. Droplets of water wash away yesterday's grimy footprints to be sopped up by a musty old sponge that sits beside a clean sink of dirty dishes that will serve a luncheon to ladies wearing pearls choking swan necks clad in yesterdays fashions imported from China, India, Pakistan and they wonder with fluttering hands why the economy is heading south to Mexico slipping behind the wheel of Hyundai’s fortune returning to empty nests to roost as the sun dips low to the west returning home in the East. Threads ragged edge used cloth of life frayed, soft fringe and tired colors ravaged by light, touch and tears swaddling new life, shroud of shadows that dance across many souls. Blazing cardinal banner snaps to attention, huffs of steamed breath expel from flaring nostrils. Eyes, shot with blood, narrow as the magenta sky burns away the day’s last vestiges – hope. Needle sharp stiletto blade, finding its mark, sinks deep to the hilt. Billowing rage rents the air, as a thin scarlet trickle, droplet of life, falls unheeded to earth. Prideful beast, head thrust to the heavens. Vermilion shafts of light fading fast, dusk’s slender fingers slide in, reclaiming shadows. And he tucks his head to his chest in a final defiant charge, gorging the air with fury against that crimson pennant of pain. Shuddering, the ground quakes in his wake as dust demons ride his flanks spurning his fury. Liquid golden dagger of light consecrates the night, desecrates the day. Mother Earth gracelessly receiving the behemoth weight to her breast, sanguine stain blooming a winter’s rose, viscously forced by man’s own hand. Now I lay you down to sleep Slicing through the soft sinew and tissue, you stole the breath of life, a father to a son, gone. I pray the Lord, your soul to keep Today you reap the rewards, the fruition of promises made, apples, bitter from tainted soil. If you die before you wake Almond scents the air around you, inhaled deeply, accept the acrid aftertaste following you to afterlife. I pray the Lord, your soul to take Delivering you to the bowls of hell, brimstone and sulfur cloak you in acid blankets of torment. In the Name of the Father, The man you took from the Son, will never play ball with. the Holy Ghost: Have pity on your soul, I will not. Amen you are nothing in My eyes. you mean less to Me than the filth on a camel's ass. Be gone from My sight you loathsome toad. your intellect less than a fleck of spittle. your arrogance is beyond all measure. The very sight of you is more than I will bear. I loathe you Silenced- our cardinal song, essence shattered into discordant broken melodies. Folderol of the heartache- so battered. The livid bruises of disharmony. Souls sliced asunder, love sours to hate and fervent steel bequeaths entwining scars now tangled threads, we seek to extricate from silken bonds as they begin to mar. Ensnared cruelly, blindly love falls apart. Raining tears- abandon your emotion- descending fears locked fast in the lost heart. Sufferance, life devoid of devotion. Indifferent to passions sweet symphony, yet, in your eyes I seek epiphany. I lived in Fear, Insecurity leading to Jealousy, Hate living Deaf Dumb and Blind Eyes wide open staring at the world blind to all shut tight lids heavy with sleep of a dreamer A face Soulless reflecting eyes window to the soul Blinded by emotion shine with harsh light Deaf to my pleas You hear, but don’t listen You speak but say nothing words echo’s of nothing empty promises singing discordant harmony never the song. Hot hazy, lazy days of summer, red riot of overblown roses, their petticoats litter the ground below – scented carpeting crushed between a child’s kool-aide stained hands. Groovy grape lips, greedily sucking the juices, trails from quickly melting refreshments clutched tightly to keep safe from the puppy whipping tail. Faded blooms dead-headed to propagate more more, more, ‘til the leaves turn dark green and lose their luster under the punishing shimmering heat of the solstice. Painted matron garish orange yellow and gold, robes set ablaze the new light angled to show her at her best. Behind gouged out gourds flickering candles burn the soft inner flesh and goblins, ghoulies, witches trip lightly up the steps sing songing mantra from candied lips. Her pretty plumage falls unheeded in piles of decay – rotting beneath the emerging skeleton. Bare bones striking against the purest shade of blue, crisp cold air allowing the truth of the heaven’s reflections seen. White cold blanket tucks her in for the winter’s night. Cross hatched across virgin snow, sparrows lay lacy trails obliterated, whuomp, by a falling angel. Leftover leaves hang stubbornly, refusing to fall to the frost hardened ground, rattling dry old rustling - in the winds. Bobbling yellow heads threatened decapitation on stems so fine, so weak, heralding the coming of renewal time. As sweet rains cleanse the earth, clearing cobwebs from the heavens, blown on the March currents. Lightly bundled tots clutch tight with pudgy hands spools of fine twine and above towheads, dancing on the streams of the lions roar - kaleidoscopic kites aflutter. Pushing aside the ugly trappings of the year gone by, downy bits of green appear, fresh to my tired eyes, extreme pristine green. Leaping about climbing walls doors plucking nerves needle sharp claws. Motor running sweetly winding around – tangled and then you pounce! Growling at flies batting dust motes Hiding in shoes unsuspecting feet mewling your disgust displeasure. Standing guard outside – Kitten with the heart of the Lion Sleep! I crave my sleep! Come to me, now. I command my mind, To cease all thought, Allowing me peace. I cannot think. I cannot write. I cannot read. I cannot rest. I desire, Sweet oblivion. Sinking into, the dark emptiness. Insomnia Wakes. Blocked, blocked, blocked. Round and round I go, A trip around the block, That everybody knows. Searching, searching, searching, for the right word. Banging, banging, banging, my mind only finding the absurd. Finally I pass, thru the looking glass. To my world of, sweet fantasy. Only to hear the piercing scream: MOMMY! Will you shine it on, just to blow it off? Will you grow weary and tired, stomping the dust from your boots. Will you walk away? Can you shine it on, just to blow it off- Can you erase that memory, moment lips touch breath mingling a moment before time Can you forget? He shined it on pretty as a copper penny. Freshly minted - printed upon unyielding ore. Buffed and polished until the last image fades away. He shined it on removing the tarnish patina of age, knowledge, beauty wisdom wiped away - dark smudges upon stark white cloth. Will I shine it on, just to blow it off living as a shade - a memory allowing dreams of hope fall prey to misery? Will I shine- Will I shine? Or will I just blow it off? So long - farewell – get the hell out of my sight. End this futile fight now. Enough I say, just go away – and leave me in bitter peace. Allow my heart – my soul, my inner me a measure of release. My eyes red - rimmed salt for Margarita glasses drowning sorrow in sweet drink that go down easy. With my back to you, I open the door. Wind rushes around skirts my sweet scent lingering behind carried on Springs breath. Release - Renewal - Rebirth Love is an act of will, standing when you want to run, trust in the face of fear. Honoring faith, believing in hope. Devotion, loyalty, friendship twined in the weft and weave as life’s fabric unravels-- threads to be woven anew. Spiraling down, oblivion. His eyes turned to obsidian. I turn inwards, seeking reprieve. from he who is following me In my mind’s eye, I’ve become blind. He comes for me, in his good time. Reeking refuge, from my own thoughts. Deeper I go, surely I’m lost. Comforting void, wrapping my soul. There’s nowhere else that I can go. Silence screaming, echoes abound. Infinity, there is no sound. Falling deeper, in the abyss. Darkness awaits, with his sweet kiss. My eyes reflect, reality. Barren shell, a nonentity. Hidden so deep, in my psyche. A woman’s struggle to be free. Hate’s tattoo beats of rage upon my chest. Blackened curled edges on my broken soul, stained tainted and painted upon my breast. Love's bloom trembles timid in the tempest reaching to heal the ragged edges of the hole; hate’s tattoo beats of rage upon my chest. And deeper still the rage digs in, obsessed. Destroy light within, seeking to extol, stained tainted and painted upon my breast. Tendrils of hope standing fast to attest, the ruination of evil’s control. Hate’s tattoo beats of rage upon my chest. The tides of woe, wearily reach their crest, and promises of yesterdays, lose hold stained tainted and painted upon my breast. Love’s bitter struggle, lost its noble quest, darkening shadows consuming me whole. Hate’s tattoo beats of rage upon my chest. stained tainted and painted upon my breast. Love’s laughter, light, chase away feral fear, to shadowed corners, spiders of my mind. And weeping wounds heal, joyous through the tears. Seven slashes upon my soul appear, past insults of love that refused to bind – love’s laughter, light, chase away feral fear; and seven years have passed, just disappear leaving me behind, stealing my sight, blind. And weeping wounds heal, joyous through the tears. Seven men, I caught a glimpse, as they peer upon the defiled form, that once was mine. Love’s laughter, light, chase away feral fear. No perching on pedestals, the choice clear, laughter trapped behind ramparts that confine. And weeping wounds heal, joyous through the tears. Seven steps - heaven’s descent - as I near – death’s loving embrace becoming entwined. Love’s laughter, light, chase away feral fear, and weeping wounds heal, joyous through the tears. Love lost again - life bitterly shattered, two words, that’s all it took - I said “Good-Bye.” What little is left - raggedly tattered, across the trade winds of chance now scattered, carelessly spoken words tripped up with lies. Love lost again - life bitterly shattered. Packing a case used, well-worn and battered, turning a deaf ear to pitiful cries. What little is left - raggedly tattered, upon the floor Love lost again - life bitterly shattered, what little is left - raggedly tattered. Love a wicked fire that explodes from nothing, from nowhere and consumes all, leaving naught but gray ash behind that will nourish the soul for eternity. An electric blue flame lit from within with no help from a sulfur tipped stick, it simply exists to be. Is love reality? Can you quantify it; can you measure its girth? Worth its weight in gold, yet weightless. Insurmountable burden upon the shoulders of those who carry the torch alone, yet light downy fluff of an eaglets first molt carried gently down the cliffs face. A contradiction, an enigma. A caged sphere, hidden opening with its lock blending into mesh of hard gauged wire. Risks for nothing but the applause of children, the ohh's and ahh's of adults who have the heart of a child and the fathomless black of blank stares from those whose souls are old and shriveled. His wicked smile flashes bright in the spot of light pinning him down, searching for the one that sits among the crass crush of humanity. He enjoys the eyes upon him, even the jaded blunted green of the tired heart. Love a wicked fire explodes from nothing, from nowhere and consumes all, leaving naught but gray ash behind nourishing the soul for eternity. Within the mirrors glass, a face, alone, reflected unto me a woman-child, her sins unknown never to be atoned kept caged within, the cages within, her smile thin, kept caged within, all the while. Peer deeply into pain grey-clouded eyes, Searching hidden faults lying deep within, And believe in, orig’nal sin, barbed lies. Winds blow sour, reeking of rotten gin. But dawning to she, in the looking glass, the Goddess Truth has come again to prey, As the dark shrouded dreams, at last have passed, Into lackluster nights of yesterday. At last the keening shriek, the banshee’s wail - Subsides to silence - strength of soul prevails. Lethargy seeping leaching out of hard bleached bones stealing precious strength. Emptiness filling languorous limbs hanging, just waiting for motion. Sleepy eyes wander everywhere – somewhere, nowhere never seeing truth. Life bleeding away to the nothingness of time forgotten again. Time passing again, the quiet innocuous thief ennui steals the soul. Seek not wisdom of those who lead, in putrid ground they spill their seed. Brethren of the evil ones believing not in the Son. They spout tripe in the form of lies evil darkens both your eyes. Beckoning forth with words of love hairy hand in kidded glove. Wisdom found in what you fear word of truth, of light, you hear. Letters stamped upon a metal plate, Lord of Lies shall be proud, signs of false prophecy, blasphemy for all to see. For she has asked her Lord above “Forgive my sins, forgive my debts, forgive me all, for I have trespassed.” I ask, what is there left to owe? Christ died upon the cross for us, He gave His only begotten Son for you, for me and yet that does not seem to be enough, for you plead and cry your Prayers standing upon street corners; He commanded you to secrecy, what is in your heart is between you and He. Scream his accursed name and pound your fists in futile fury against a pale red sky, bleached by the tears of orphaned brothers and sisters lost forever to eternal hell fire and damnation. Following sheep in wolves’ fur aroused by promises promised by poison lips, a kiss bestowed upon the brow of a virgin; married. Seek the path of riches and the righteous shall turn their backs. Churches filled overflowing; coffers of glorious earth bound treasure maps leading to dust. Hearts filled with hope, of glory, singing Hosanna turned aside, for hope is no treasure, faith no buttress for those who seek glory in His name yet keep a seed for himself. Blessed is he who sows his seed in his neighbors field. Capricious and miserly pessimistic, joyless soul. Enter not to His Kingdom, as your hand recedes not from lack of need but from selfish greed. Grief dulled rusted old knife. Plunging deep, Lacerating my soul. Tears, acid trails on tender cheeks. Staining tendrils, burning scars deep within. Hate, vile putrid wasted life. Welling from, a tainted twisted need. Love, pure liquid light. Healing balm, easing the tortured soul. Laughter, giddy and fresh. Easing the pain, with sweet memories. Joy, tempering the void. Exalting in, the freedom of death. Perched upon a pristine shelf, cherished box, and a plastic doll suffocates within. Painted eyes peer from above as she mocks, those that have caged her in, holding her locked safely kept from life’s dark sinister sins. Perched upon a pristine shelf, cherished box. Dust slowly settles on that soulless box, dulling the hot scarlet of her slashed grin. Painted eyes peer from above as she mocks. Time passes slowly, the clock’s tics and tocks, measuring to the end, what might have been. Perched upon a pristine shelf, cherished box. Seasons of disuse, fades her winsome frock, fool’s of the heart never learn, time will win. Painted eyes peer from above as she mocks. The day comes to bear, the box is unlocked. Painted doll now dust, his sinister sin. Perched upon a pristine shelf, cherished box, painted eyes peer from above as she mocks. Winds of change whipping shredding away the dusty shelves hope rests lightly upon. Lifting gently riding aloft zephyrs freed from shackles binding, grounding to darkness. Absolution - redemption beckon I love poetry, I love to read it, I love to write it – I love researching different forms. There was a time when I eschewed “free form” style – I would often compare it to playing tennis without a net or baselines. Obviously, I got over such snobbery. My first freeform is included in this collection, Four Seasons and it has to be of my favorite poems. Once the free form bug bit me, I fell in love all over again – the lack of constraint was intoxicating. Even though I now embrace free form, many different styles of traditional style poetry are represented in this little book. Oddly enough, my favorite styled forms of poetry are the polar opposite of freeform, the Haiku, the Senryu, the Tanka and several other Asian formats; my favorite being the Haibun, which is a mix of short prose followed by a complimenting Haiku. There is something extremely satisfying in boiling down a poem to its essential essence. If you’ve made it this far, thank you! If you have a mind to, I would truly appreciate it if you could leave a little review wherever it was that you found my little book. Good, bad or indifferent – I would love to hear your feedback. Being an “unknown” writer is a tough gig especially in the world of poets and every review posted is a bit of gold for someone just starting out. Facebook Page: Lively Publishing Smashwords: Stacy Stutz's Author Page Again, thank you! ~Stacy

- Family Travelers - Vacation Places - Trip Ideas - Hotels & Resorts - Hot Deals - Tips & Gear - My Travels Historic Budapest, Star Of A Hungary Vacation Historic Budapest, Star Of A Hungary Vacation Known as “Little Paris” or “Paris on the Danube,” Budapest is a fascinating city, rich in history, and cultural wonders. Budapest is more than just a stunning cosmopolitan city in Eastern Europe. Visitors flock here for exotic food, antiques, shopping, bargain prices, entertainment and history. Hungary’s struggle against both Nazi and communist occupation offers families a sobering insight into the country's past. Children with an affinity for history, or parents who want to expose their teenagers to some of Eastern Europe's heritage can take a walk through time in one of Europe’s most beautiful cities. Sightseeing in Óbuda Many savvy travelers already know that modern Budapest is comprised of two distinctively different areas, Buda and Pest, which are divided by the majestic waters of the Danube River. But, if you take a look further back in history, you’ll see that the city was originally comprised of three areas; the third being Óbuda. In 1873, Óbuda was united with Buda and Pest to form today’s Budapest. "Old Buda” has been inhabited since the Stone Age and was home to the ancient Romans who formed the capitol for their Pannonia province. The Romans named it Aquincum and stationed nearly 6,000 soldiers there in 89 AD. Because their settlement bordered the Danube, and Aquincum means "abundant in water," it is believed that the Romans understood and utilized the therapeutic value of Budapest’s famous thermal springs. Ruins from ancient military baths indicate a long-standing tradition that is alive today in Hungary. To learn more about the history of the area, The Aquincum Museum (36 1 250-1650, Szentendrei út 139) features a view into the ancient Roman ruins of Acquincum. Discover two amphitheaters, villas, sanctuaries, baths, water aqueducts, shrines, a market place, and sculptures. The museum showcases traditional jewels, glassware, metal tools, and paintings from the Roman era. It hosts seasonal events such as Floralia, a Roman spring feast, a Roman mosaic workshop for families, and, during its annual Summer Festival from mid-may until mid-September, tourists can get a sense of what the everyday lives of the Romans were really like through traditional dress, pictures, and artifacts. Today, Old Buda showcases a variety of ancient attractions left over from the Roman era. Visitors can make their way through the cobble stone streets and stroll through this small and secluded area. Start by paying a visit to Kiskorona utca, or Kiskorona Street, to peruse the medieval ruins of a convent and the Óbudai Társaskör. During holidays, summers, and special city events, Társaskör acts as the center for Old Buda’s cultural life. You’ll find pastry, coffee shops, pubs, and souvenir stands through this cultural artery. Main Square is undoubtedly one of the most favored Old Buda attractions and features a tranquil 18th century setting that feels relatively undisturbed. The area underwent intense turmoil as the Turks destroyed most of the medieval buildings during their 150-year reign. To get an overview of what the area has to offer, walk over to Zichy Castle, erected during the 18th century. Although never completed, it’s presently home to several museums including the Lajos Kassák Museum, Óbuda Museum, Victor Vasarely Museum, and Budapest Gallery. Directly opposite of the gallery, look for the impressive Classicist-style synagogue, which most recently housed a TV studio. Don’t forget the military bath museum of Thermae Maiores (36 1 250-1650, 1033 Budapest, Flórán tér, Aluljáró) located under the flyover at Árpád Bridge on Flórián Square. The baths were used by the military and its remains were discovered in the 18th century. It’s a great insight into the long-lasting tradition of Hungarian baths. Exploring Buda Old Buda, Buda, and Buda Hills all flow into one another and can be reached by car, bus subway or cable car. Buda proper is universally known by tourists for its Castle District. And, for kids, the best part of exploring Buda might just be getting there. Kids will love riding the cable car, or funicular, into Buda, which is located off of the Chain Bridge. If your family enjoys a brisk walk, traverse the historic bridge first to get a view of both sides of the city and the Danube. The bridge is stunning at night and kids will love the enormous lions that protect each side. Folklore suggests that the sculptor forgot the tongues of the lion and was mocked so much, he jumped into the river in shame. However, there actually are tongues, they just aren't visible from below. See if the kids can spot them on the way over. During the summer, the Chain Bridge is home to Budapest's largest street festival. Every weekend between July and mid-August, dozens of musicians, craftsmen and food vendors set up stands on the bridge and show off their skills. Kids of all ages will love the festival; not only can they learn the basics of Hungarian woodcarving, embroidery and other traditional crafts, they can also sample treats such as kurtos kalács, a hollow, cylindrical pastry covered in sugar or walnuts. Once over the bridge and up the funicular, stroll the castle area and beyond for a taste of medieval influence. Start the Castle District of Buda at The Royal Palace (36 1 375-7533, 1 Szent, Gyógy tér) which was first inhabited by King Béla in the 13th century. Wanting to avoid another Mongol invasion, he turned it into a fortress for protection. Because of its proximity to the Danube and control of the waterway, Buda was invaded numerous times and resulted in frequent rebuilding. One of the most famous sieges was the Turks' invasion of the Castle District in 1541. They ruled until 1686 when the Austrian Habsburgs and their allied armies took back the hill. The siege left the Castle District in ruins and reconstruction took place with Baroque influence. As a result of the many attacks, the Castle District boasts a mix of styles ranging from Gothic to Baroque. Despite its many invasions, the Royal Palace housed a variety of royal families for nearly 700 years. Today, it houses the Budapest History Museum (36 1 487-8801, Szent György tér 2., Budavári Palota E épület) with exhibitions on the city’s history and ancient remains. Visitors can also stop by the National Gallery (36 20 439-7325, H-1014 Budapest, Szent György tér 2) and the Ludwig Museum (06 1 555-3444, 1095 Bp, Komor Marcell u. 1) while on the palace grounds. Next, visit the Fisherman’s Bastion (District I, Szentháromság tér), named after the fishermen whose duty it was to protect the hill during the Middle Ages. Tourists can easily find it by looking for the famous equestrian statue of King Stephen, the first king of Hungary. The bastion was actually built in 1905 on the castle walls and ruins, and was never used for protection. Instead, it honors the fishermen who protected the hill and boasts white walls and staircases connecting seven turrets. That number symbolizes the seven Magyar tribes that conquered the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century and settled Hungary. Climb the short stairs to the front wall for a stunning view over the Danube and Budapest below. Walk over to the nearby Matthias Church to see the renowned Catholic epicenter of Budapest with its neo-gothic detailing and bell tower. Its name comes from King Matthias, who held both of his weddings here. During Turkish rule, it was transformed into a mosque until the Hasburgs recaptured Buda. Visitors can view the tower, the ceilings and ornate stained glass windows, collection of religious artifacts, and wall paintings depicting the events of Hungary’s history. Next, take a walk over to Maria Magdalene Tower, a Franciscan church that was the only Christian church under Turkish rule. Catholics and Protestants both used it until the Turks eventually turned it into a mosque. The church’s 15th century tower was the only piece of the church to survive the bombings. Behind the Maria Magdalene Tower lies the Military Museum (Tóth Árpád sétány 40). Visitors fortunate enough to visit Budapest on October 23rd will mark the anniversary of the 1956 uprising against communism. The museum houses a wealth of information on the events of the nearly 2-week long battle, as well as the hand of a Stalin statue, uniforms, flags, coins, and weapons. You might see locals flying their Hungarian flag with a hole cut out of the middle. They removed the communist symbol that was sewn in during the occupation to show their allegiance to their country and freedom. Wind down your Castle District experience with a visit to the Buda Castle Labyrinth (36 1 212-0207) of caves, tunnels, and cellars underneath the quaint cobbled streets. Kids will think they’ve walked into a hidden, medieval adventure maze. The area stretches for nearly 10km and visitors can explore beween 1.5 and 2km of it. The combination of naturally formed and excavated tunnels is explained in its waxworks exhibition and guided tours. During World War II, thousands of Hungarians were forced to live in secret, riding out the destruction. Kids or grown-ups afraid of the dark and tight spaces should skip the labyrinth. But for the brave seeking a little excitement, try the Labyrinth of Courage where children walk in total darkness with the help of a rope until they find sunlight. And after 6:00 pm, visits are guided by oil lamp. One of the most popular bathhouses in the city lies in Buda. The Rudas Baths (36 1 202-3688, Dobrentei ter 9) features a stunning array of baths ranging from extremely hot to warm to mild, under octagonal domes. Visitors can also have inexpensive massages as part of their admission fee. Another popular bathhouse is the Király Baths (36 1 202-3688). Housed underneath an octagonal domed roof, the Király bathhouse is a good destination for families seeking a more authentic Turkish feel. Remember that baths alternate between male-only and female-only days so be sure to check the schedule ahead of time. Keep in mind that many Hungarians wear skimpy bathing suits and many baths are bathing suit optional. Families looking for a special outing just for kids should visit The Palace of Wonders (36 1 350-6131, XIII. Váci út 19) over in nearby Buda Hills. The interactive science museum offers plenty of room to run and play, touch, and explore -- try the laser displays, optical puzzles, and mazes. The museum features plenty to keep adults busy, too. And with everything in one large room, you can keep an eye on the kids without too much trouble. Outside the large building lies a park and fountains, ideal for picnicking, fresh air, and outdoor play. Modern Pest Pest, the more modern side of the Budapest, offers an eclectic mix of architecture, modern conveniences, theater, entertainment, flea markets and restaurants. Head out to Hero’s Square, where many of Pest’s family-friendly attractions are clustered. This urban square features varied statues depicting Budapest’s history. This landmark of Budapest and the central site of the square houses the Millennium Memorial with statues of the leaders of the seven tribes that founded Hungary in the 9th century, and other important Hungarian figures. The expansive square is a popular spot to stretch your legs, take photos, and gather during Hungarian holidays. Kids prone to wandering or running off should be kept under close watch as there are no walls or gates surrounding the perimeter of the square. Cars whiz around, but will stop for pedestrians making their way to the surrounding museums and park. In Pest, families will want to take a tour of Hungary's Parliament (36 1 441-4904). The building can hold around 50 five-story apartment buildings, making it one of the largest parliament buildings in the world. There is a lot to see, and kids will probably get tired from walking aorund, so parents may want to choose two or three areas they especially want to see. Art lovers can cross from the square to the Museum of Fine Arts (36 1 469-7100, Dózsa György út 41) or to the Palace of Art, although the quiet space, ornate walls, endless art, and sobering paintings might not be a good choice for kids. From the Museum of Fine Arts, follow the signs to the Zoo and Circus, and look across the street for Széchenyi Bath House (36 1 363-3210, City Park). Tourists who have spent a few hours in the city can see that Budapest is peppered with bathhouses. Locals incorporate a day at the baths as part of their regular routine and culture. Each bath is known for its specific medicinal and thermal properties, and depending on the ailment, locals and tourists choose from among the varying baths. Located in City Park, Széchenyi Bath House is probably the most popular option for families. Look for the crowds that gather around the ivy walls of the Turkish-style thermal baths. The Budapest City Card offers a discount at Széchenyi, but only at the entrance facing the zoo. Prices and refund explanations are posted in English and most staff members can assist and explain the lockers and policies to tourists. The Gellért Thermal Spa (36 1 466-6166), considered one of Budapest's most spectacular bathhouses, is a relaxing experience for both adults and children. The open-air swimming pool is especially popular with kids during the summer months when the artifical wave machine is turned on. The bathhouse mosaics, stained glass windows and Art-Nouveau sculptures provide guests with a unique bathing atmosphere, and the children's pool gives parents a chance to sneak off for a massage. Keep in mind that most doctors do not recommend a thermal bath to small children, or limit the time to around 20-minutes. The Most Kid-Welcoming Attractions City Park was designed in 1896 to celebrate the Hungarian Millennium. Several small museums and an artificial lake can be found in the park, but its crowning glory is Vajdahunyad Castle, inspired by a castle in Transylvania, Romania, that is also called Vajdahunyad. It embodies a mix of Romanic, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture. It's free to walk through the park and enjoy the sights. Take a look at the pond at some of the local birds and ducks that can't be found back home. A popular stop for kids inside the park is the Timewheel, the world's largest hourglass. From here, you can walk over to the Budapest Zoo (36.1) 273.4900, H-1146 Budapest, Állatkerti krt. 6-12). Kids can see baby rhinos, brown bears, chimpanzees, gorillas, Komodo dragon, zebras, aquarium, elephant and butterfly house. The zoo was one of the first in Europe in the late 19th century and has worked to improve animal and visitor conditions. Nearby, visitors can find the Budapest Circus (36 1 343-8300) featuring international festivals and events. Opened in 1891, it was the first and only permanent circus in Europe. Acrobats, animal performances, and troupes entertain kids and adults. Walk down Andrassy ut to Budapest Puppet Theater (36 1 321-5200, I. Andrássy út 69). Although the shows are performed in Hungarian, English-speaking kids will understand the universal language of storytelling. Versions of Cinderella, Peter and the Wolf will be familiar to follow, while local performances of Misi Mókus, Marcipán cica, and János Vitéz, are easy enough to follow. Hungarian school children frequent the theater on field trips, so this is a great opportunity for your own kids to see how their peers interact in other cultures. The theater also houses a collection of marionettes on display. For more theater options, the Kolibri Puppet Theater (36-1/353-4633, VI. Jókai tér 10) is also a popular choice for kids. Further down Andrassy ut you will find the Opera House (36 1 331-2550, Andrássy út 22). While the daily tours are a dazzling example of Hungarian architecture and history, kids would probably prefer the children’s opera programs offered on varying weekends. Farther down the street, visitors will find The House of Terror. Only suitable for adults or older children with an understanding of the horrors of the Nazi communist and regimes, this museum depicts the hardships and terror Hungary faced. It's truly an intense experience. The museum was actually the building of the secret police, where locals were interrogated, tortured and killed, during both regimes. The museum serves to educate, and acts as a memorial to those who suffered, providing detailed information about Budapest’s fight against fascism and communism. Pest is also home to many shopping halls and flea markets. The Central Market Hall (36 1 217-6070; F?vám tér, Pest end of Liberty Bridge) is the perfect stop for families looking for souvenirs to bring home. Located in a three-story building, the vendors at the market sell everything from fresh fruits and vegetables, fried sausages, black pudding and and other local treats, to Hungarian arts and crafts. The square just off the market is littered with tourist stands, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, and boutiques. The Ecseri Flea Market (36 1 280-8840), the perfect place for kids who love odd trinkets. Objects on sale include old toys, antiques and even Communist memorabilia. The market is very large, so paretns should keep kids close by and watch them carefully. Beyond Budapest Take the kids to “Happy Park” or Vidám Park (36-1/363-8310) for a ride on a 100-year old Ferris Wheel and wooden merry-go-round. Constructed almost entirely of wood, a recent renovation has meticulously restored the rides. It’s a perfect spot to give the kids a break from culture and it is surprisingly affordable. If you have toddlers, go next door to Kis Vidám Park, an amusement park especially designed with the littlest ones in mind. A trip to Budapest with the kids isn’t complete without a stop to the Children’s Railroad (36 1 269-5242 ). Under adult supervision, Hungarian school children, ages 10 to 14, help operate the old railcars, steam carts, turntables, and horse trams. Built in the late 1940’s, the scenic trip through Buda Hills features young engineers in miniaturized versions of the Hungarian State Railway uniforms. The railroad was formerly run by the Young Pioneers of the Communist Party, however, today, it has no political affiliation. To see some of the outskirts of Budapest, take a trip out to Memento Park (36 1 424-7500, v, Balatoni road - Szabadkai street), housing a collection of communist era statues. These looming figures featuring common workers, Lenin, and Stalin lie in an enormous circle in a suburb outside of Budapest. After the fall of communism, locals considered destroying the statues but ultimately decided to preserve the history of their events on the outskirts of the city. For a less sobering look at this area, take the family to Margaret Island, a lush park with landscaped lawns, room to play, a small zoo, water park, playgrounds, eateries, and more. Cars aren't allowed on the expansive pathways, but you can get around by public bus or special pedal carriages called Bringóhintó (36 1 329-2746), or bringo. These special bike-cars come in all sizes for entire families, groups, couples, and child-sized models. Children as young as 3 can ride in their own miniature bringo models, and older kids can easily ride around the island in their own adult models. The friendly, English-speaking staff can suggest which bringo is best for families and also sells drinks and snacks. Details, Details To save on area attractions, pick up a Budapest Card, a wonderful way to save money while sightseeing around the city. Valid for one adult and one child up to 14-years-old, it offers hundreds of services including unlimited travel on public transportation, free or discounted entry to 60 museums, discounts at restaurants, thermal baths, shops, and more. If you're planning to take family photos, it's worth noting that many of the museums require you to buy a special ticket to do so during your visit. Make sure you inquire about their policies at the admission desk. For a list of other perks families can get with the Budapest Card and more information on family attractions, visit the Budapest’s Tourism Office (36-1/322-4098 ). To learn more about events happening around Budapest, visit the Budapest Festival Center. For more information about Hungary, visit. Great post about Budapest, Susan. I organize dental travel to Budapest and I always recommend the Budapest Circus as well as Budapest Zoo to my clients with children. The Circus is impressive and if you manage to catch their 120 year anniversary show you are in for an amazing experience. The zoo is not big in international context, but what it lacks in size it makes up for with atmosphere and selection of animals. Many buildings are from 1908-1910 when the zoo was reorganized, so many of the buildings are as interesting as the animals. For a symbolic fee you can buy animal food and you are allowed to feed many of the animals. If you have the chance to go to Budapest in August, then arranging the trip around the National Day of the foundation of Hungary (Saint Stephen's Day) will provide you and your family an excellent opportunity to get a memorable family experience together. On the Danube there are the Red Bull Air Race and air shows during the day and a big fireworks in the evening - and there is no entrance fee. Enjoy your trip! Thomas Hy! Centrally. Hi Susan, Thomas and everyone! As a underground local guide I can reccomend the downtown districts of Pest and obviously the gorgeous Buda's historical areas. But do not forget that you must look inside how the locals live in the city, whats their customs and normal daily routin...

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The. A Smart Politics review of Wisconsin election data finds that Badger State residents have voted for the same political party in presidential and U.S. Senate races in 14 of 16 cycles since the introduction of direct vote contests for senator nearly 100 years ago.... During the 14 election cycles from 1912 to 1964, Wisconsinites voted for the same political party in the presidential and gubernatorial races seven times (1916, 1920, 1928, 1932, 1944, 1952, 1956) and split their ticket another seven times (1912, 1924, 1936, 1940, 1948, 1960, 1964).). The same also holds true for Wisconsin in particular. The state has actually voted into office more presidents from the opposing party of the sitting governor (six) than the same party (five) since 1968. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]> Romney has carried just three out of 43 states this cycle with 70+ percent of the vote, compared to an average of more than 15 states by previous presumptive GOP nominees. A Smart Politics review of Republican primary election data finds that with just seven contests left, Mitt Romney has eclipsed the 70 percent mark in only three of 43 states, and is on pace for the fewest such blowout victories among any Republican nominee who wrapped up the nomination before the convention in the modern primary era. In the 2012 cycle, Romney has only reached 70 percent of the vote in his home state of Massachusetts (72.2 percent) and the two primaries conducted last week in Oregon (72.1 percent) and Nebraska (70.9 percent). The former governor was not able to sustain this momentum in the south on Tuesday, however, as nearly one-third of Kentucky and Arkansas voters still cast their ballots for ex-candidates or, in the case of 5.9 percent of Kentucky voters, "uncommitted." Romney will add to his total, as he is likely to turn out big numbers on his behalf in the upcoming primaries in Utah, New Jersey, and perhaps California, but may still have difficulties with large swaths of protest voters in states like Texas and South Dakota and perhaps Montana and New Mexico. The previous low water mark for an eventual Republican nominee who sealed the nomination prior to the convention was seven states at 70+ percent, tallied by Bob Dole in 1996. Dole reached 70 percent of the vote in Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New Mexico, and North Carolina. (Dole also would have added an eighth state with a runaway victory in his home state of Kansas, except its primary was cancelled with delegates chosen by the Republican State Committee instead). John McCain, who lost many more states in the 2008 primary cycle (19) as Romney has in 2012 (12), nonetheless recorded several more blow-out victories. McCain eclipsed 70 percent of the vote in 12 states: Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, and West Virginia. George W. Bush, meanwhile, won 70+ percent of the vote in 20 states in 2000: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia. Ronald Reagan reached 70 percent in 15 states in 1980 as did George H.W. Bush in 1988. Bush carried 23 states with 70+ percent in 1992 when he was challenged by Pat Buchanan. The eventual Republican nominees in 1980, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, and 2008 also won at least 80 percent of the vote in 43 states, or an average of 7.2 states per cycle. Romney has yet to hit the 80 percent mark in any state, though will undoubtedly do so in Utah on June 26th, where he received 89.5 percent in 2008. Romney's frontrunner woes started weeks ago when he failed to reach the 60 percent mark in Delaware and Pennsylvania - the first time a GOP frontrunner has failed to do so in a contest conducted after his last major challenger dropped out of the race. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]> The last time Florida Republicans held both Senate seats was 1875 - the second longest stretch in the nation; Wisconsin (1957), North Dakota (1960), and Nebraska (1976) could also see an end to a decades-long Democratic presence in its state delegations One of the top Republican Party goals for the general election this November is to pick up enough seats to win back control of the U.S. Senate, which they lost after the 2006 election. The GOP has a chance to pick off Democratic seats in several states this cycle, including seven which, if they were successful, would give the party a clean sweep of that state's U.S. Senate delegation: Florida, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. For some of these states, however, it has been several decades - to more than a century in one case - since the last time both seats were under control of the Republican Party. A Smart Politics analysis of U.S. Senate election data finds that Republican pick-ups this November in Florida, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wisconsin would mark the first time the Party held both Senate seats in these respective state delegations dating back decades and, in Florida's case, more than a century. A win by the Republicans in Florida against two-term Democrat Bill Nelson would be one of the biggest coups for the party, which has not held both seats in the Sunshine State since Reconstruction. Three weeks ago, a Rasmussen poll showed Nelson up by double-digits over the three top Republican contenders - U.S. Representative Connie Mack, former U.S. Senator George LeMieux, and businessman Mike McCalister. The last pair of Republicans to represent Florida in the Senate was Abijah Gilbert and Simon Conover at the end of Gilbert's term in March 1875. The only other state in which Republicans are facing a longer drought in controlling both Senate seats is Louisiana, which last saw GOPers holding both seats in November 1872 (with William Kellogg and J. Rodman West). Republicans have failed to control both seats for over 100 years in just two other states: Arkansas (March 1885) and Montana (March 1911). Rounding out the Top 10 longest periods are Rhode Island at #5 (January 1935), Massachusetts at #6 (January 1953), Michigan at #7 (January 1955), Wisconsin at #8 (May 1957), West Virginia at #9 (November 1958), and Connecticut and New Jersey tied at #10 (January 1959). Hawaii (#12) is the only state never to have been represented by two Republicans in the Senate at the same time, since achieving statehood in August 1959. In Wisconsin, where the political landscape is currently dominated by the recall election against Republican Governor Scott Walker, Republicans seem to have a leg up in November's U.S. Senate race - provided likely GOP nominee Tommy Thompson prevails in August's primary. The winner of that primary will face Democratic U.S. Representative Tammy Baldwin, who owns one of the most liberal voting records in the nation's lower legislative chamber. The last time Republicans held both Senate seats in the Badger State was May 1957 when Alexander Wiley served with Joe McCarthy prior to the latter's death that month. Since McCarthy's death, Democrats went on to win 16 seats against only two losses until Ron Johnson's upset victory in 2010 over three-term Democrat Russ Feingold. Republicans are also favored to secure their first lock on both U.S. Senate seats in decades in North Dakota and Nebraska. North Dakota owns the thirteenth longest stretch in the nation without a GOP-only U.S. Senate delegation at nearly 52 years when Milton Young and Clarence Brunsdale served alongside each other in D.C. in August 1960. The Peace Garden State's race this cycle to fill retiring Kent Conrad's open seat is poised for a matchup between former Democratic state Attorney General Heidi Heitkamp and one-term Republican U.S. Representative Rick Berg. Nebraska, which was last represented by two Republicans in the U.S. Senate in December 1976 at the end of Roman Hruska's fourth term in office alongside Carl Curtis, has had one of the most colorful primary seasons to date. After a few false starts and flip-flops, former two-term Democratic Senator Bob Kerrey decided to run for his old seat currently held by retiring two-term Democrat Ben Nelson. Kerrey will square off against insurgent Republican State Senator Deb Fischer, who rallied in the closing days of a Republican primary campaign to defeat state Attorney General and party favorite Jon Bruning in the second closest Nebraska U.S. Senate primary in GOP history. Republicans also have a chance to hold both Senate seats in three battleground states where they yielded seats in the Election of 2006: Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Fifteen states are currently represented by two Republicans in the Senate: Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. Longest Period Without Republicans Holding Both U.S. Senate Seats by StateData compiled by Smart Politics. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]> The last time the labor force participation rate was this low in the Gopher State was July 1983 While new numbers released last week by the Department of Employment and Economic Development found Minnesota's seasonably adjusted unemployment rate ticked down to 5.6 percent for the month of April - tied for the lowest level for that metric since September 2008 - another number also crept downwards. For the fourteenth consecutive month, the state's labor force participation rate fell or stagnated, coming in at 71.1 percent. That marks the lowest participation rate the Gopher State has seen since July 1983, when Minnesota hit 71.1 percent on a gradual decades-long rise up to an eventual peak of 75.6 percent reached in March of 2001. The labor force participation rate is the sum of employed and unemployed workers divided by the civilian non-institutional population at or over the age of 16. Individuals in the civilian non-institutional population who are not considered to be in the labor force include retirees, students, people taking care of children or other family members, and, perhaps most telling in this economy, those who are neither working nor seeking employment. Of course, as baby boomers continue to retire, the percentage of individuals who are not in the labor force is likely to increase, and that may account for part of the declining participation rate in the labor force. Nationwide, the percentage of the U.S. population at or over the age of 65 increased every decade in the 20th Century before falling a bit in the 2000 Census and then rising again in 2010. In Minnesota, the percentage of 65+ year-old individuals in the state reached a high of 12.9 percent after the 2010 Census after dipping from 12.5 percent to 12.1 percent during the 1990 to 2000 periods. The current percentage of individuals at or over 65 years of age in Minnesota is virtually identical to the nationwide level of 13.0 percent. But while the baby boomer variable and its attendant concerns brought about by fewer workers supporting more retirees has been a known quantity for demographers and economists for some decades, of particular concern today is the number of individuals outside the labor force who have simply stopped looking for work. Because while the percentage of individuals 65 years or older are comprising a larger percentage of the population - a larger percentage of them are also remaining in the labor force. For example, in 2011, 17.9 percent of 65+ year-old Americans were in the labor force - the highest level since 1964. Minnesota's 71.1 percent labor force participation rate remains significantly higher than that of the nation overall, coming in at 63.6 percent last month which was the lowest level since December 1981. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]> Governors.]]> The.]]> Only Hugh Butler's 3.3-point victory in 1940 was more narrowly decided than the Cornhusker Republican Senate contest on Tuesday out of 37 contests since 1916 In yet another example of a growing list of underdog candidates rallying to knock off what at one point seemed to be shoo-in GOP U.S. Senate primary favorites over the last few cycles, Nebraska Republican primary voters backed Deb Fischer over Attorney General Jon Bruning in a six-candidate race on Tuesday. Fischer, who was endorsed by Sarah Palin in the closing days of the campaign and had inched ahead in the polls, not only upset Bruning, but did so in one of the closest races in state history. A Smart Politics review of the 37 Republican U.S. Senate primaries in Nebraska since the introduction of direct elections nearly 100 years ago finds that the 5.2-point victory by Deb Fischer on Tuesday was the second narrowest margin in Cornhusker State history. Fischer won with 41.1 percent of the vote compared to 35.9 percent for Bruning, followed by 18.8 percent for State Treasurer Don Stenberg, 2.8 percent for Pat Flynn, 0.8 percent for Spencer Zimmerman, and 0.7 percent for Sharyn Elander. Prior to Tuesday, the average margin of victory in GOP U.S. Senate primaries was 45.5 points dating back to the first such contest in 1916. On only three previous occasions was a GOP U.S. Senate primary decided by single digits: · In 1916, in the state's first such Senate primary after the introduction of direct elections, John Kennedy edged Chester Aldrich by 7.2 points, 53.6 to 46.4 percent in a two-candidate race. · In 1940, the closest ever race for a Republican primary took place when Hugh Butler defeated Arthur Weaver by just 3.3 points, 37.2 percent to 33.9 percent in a five-candidate field. · In 1988, Dave Karnes beat Hal Daub by 9.8 points, 54.8 to 45.0 percent in a two-candidate race. The six-candidate field Tuesday was not the largest in state history for the GOP - being equaled or eclipsed five other times in Republican U.S. Senate primaries: In the 1954 special primary election to serve the remainder of Dwight Griswold's seat, 16 Republicans appeared on the ballot with the winner - Hazel Abel - winning with 22.6 percent and no other candidate reaching double digits. In the 1954 primary for the full term of that same seat, Carl Curtis won a seven-candidate race with 39.4 percent of the vote on the way to his first of four terms. Six-candidate Republican primaries also took place in 1922 (won by Ralph Howell), 1984 (won by Nancy Hoch), and 2000 (won by Don Stenberg). Stenberg, the State Treasurer and former Nebraska Attorney General, had vied for the nomination on three previous occasions, losing to Chuck Hagel in a two-candidate race in 1996 with 37.5 percent of the vote, winning with 50.0 percent in a six-candidate field in 2000, and losing to Peter Ricketts in 2006 with 35.8 percent in a two-candidate contest. A Nebraska Republican U.S. Senate nominee has received a free pass to the general election ballot just six times in state history: Carl Curtis in 1954, 1960, and 1966, Roman Hruska in 1954 (special) and 1958, and Chuck Hagel in 2002. Fischer will face former two-term Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey, who easily won his party's primary with over 80 percent of the vote. Nebraska Republican U.S. Senate Primary Winners and Victory Margin, 1916-2012Table compiled by Smart Politics with official election returns data from the Nebraska State Canvassing Board. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]>.]]> Only seven states have had more than half of their presidential election contests decided by single digits over the last 100 years: Missouri, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ohio, New Hampshire, Delaware, and Oregon With the general election matchup between Mitt Romney and Barack Obama all but official at this point, media outlets and political prognosticators continue to unveil their lists of key states to watch this cycle. Whether they are called "battleground," "swing," "purple," or "toss-ups" states, the criteria is essentially the same - highlighting the states up for grabs in 2012 that will likely be the most hard fought for and narrowly decided contests across the country. And while delegate-rich states like Ohio and Florida have made the cut for this designation during the last few elections cycles - and receive a lot of ink as a result - neither has been the most consistently competitive state in the nation over the decades. A Smart Politics analysis of presidential election data finds that the states consistently generating the most competitive races over the last 100 years are Missouri, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania, with contests in each state decided by single digits in 16 of 26 cycles since 1908, or more than 60 percent of the time. The latest polls in these three states find Romney with a +3 advantage in Missouri (Rasmussen, April 17) and Obama up +4 in Wisconsin (Rasmussen, May 8), and Obama ahead by +8 in Pennsylvania (Quinnipiac, April 25-May 1). Missouri has fallen off some battleground state lists for 2012 in what many analysts feel is a shift to the right in presidential politics. Still, the Show Me State gets a slight edge over Wisconsin and Pennsylvania for the designation of "Battleground State of the Century," for also claiming the most cycles in the nation of presidential contests decided by less than five points since 1908 with 12. Missouri was decided by such a margin in 1908 (0.1 points), 1916 (3.7 points), 1940 (4.8 points), 1944 (2.9 points), 1952 (1.6 points), 1956 (0.2 points), 1960 (0.5 points), 1968 (1.1 points), 1976 (3.6 points), 1988 (4.0 points), 2000 (3.3 points), and 2008 (0.1 points). Missouri has been frequently known as the 'Bellwether State' of the last century - a status lost to Ohio and Nevada after the 2008 election. Wisconsin owns the next most cycles decided by less than five points with 11, followed by Ohio with 10, Pennsylvania with nine, and New Hampshire with eight. Aside from Missouri, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania, the only other states which have had more than half of their presidential contests over the last century decided by single digits are Delaware, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Oregon at 14 cycles each. Rounding out the Top 15 are Kentucky, Minnesota, Michigan, and Connecticut with 13 cycles decided by single digits and Tennessee, Massachusetts, Montana, and Colorado with 12 cycles. Looking at a much narrower window of the last 40 years, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania have claimed the most cycles decided by less than 10 points with nine followed by Oregon and Missouri with eight. Wisconsin also leads the nation with the most cycles decided by less than five points during this 40-year span with seven, followed by Ohio with six and Missouri, Nevada, and Pennsylvania with five. The states with the longest active streaks of competitive presidential races are Colorado, Florida, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Virginia with five dating back to the Election of 1988 and Missouri with four. And how valuable is this historical 100-year cheat sheet for the 2012 cycle? Most, but not each of the Top 15 most competitive states over the last 100 years are considered states to watch this November, with Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Tennessee slated to be the least competitive of the bunch. Meanwhile, very few states on the back end of this list are likely to be competitive this November. The 19 states with less than one-third of their contests decided by single digits over the last 100 years are: · Maine and North Dakota with eight. · Arizona, California, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas with seven. · Arkansas, Idaho, Rhode Island and Vermont with six. · Louisiana, Mississippi, Utah, and Wyoming with five. · Alabama and Georgia with four. · Alaska and Nebraska with three. While various media outlets and prognosticators differ as to the definition of a battleground state (and thus which states are defined by that category), the only states listed above that have been remotely mentioned as being competitive this cycle are Arizona (due to the state's rising Hispanic population) and Maine (due to its independent streak and affinity for moderate Republicans). It should be noted that, on occasion, blow-out elections can cause otherwise non-competitive states to end up being battleground or 'toss-up' states - though they are meaningless given the lopsided electoral vote outcome. For example, in 1984 Ronald Reagan carried Massachusetts by 2.8 points as part of his 49-state rout. Or, in 1932, Franklin Roosevelt won New Hampshire by 1.8 points as he crushed Republican nominee Alf Landon by over 500 Electoral College votes. In that sense, there can sometimes be a disconnect in what the media designates as battleground or 'toss-up' states and the states that are ultimately the most competitively decided. For, as unlikely as it seems, if Barack Obama loses Georgia by 5.2 points again in 2012 as he did four years ago, that probably means many of the 'battleground states' will be in the president's column by double-digits in November. The Most Competitive Cycles Although the Election of 2000 was the most narrowly decided contest of the last 100 years from the perspective of Electoral College votes, it was a far cry from the most competitive within the states. The most competitive cycle over the last 100 years was Election of 1960, in which the Kennedy-Nixon contest was decided by single digits in an astounding 34 states, or more than two-thirds of the country, including 20 states by less than five points. By contrast, the Bush vs. Gore matchup saw winners carry just 22 states by single digits and only a dozen by less than five points. The strong third party candidacy of Ross Perot in 1992 helped prompt that cycle to claim the second largest number of states decided by single digits in the last century with 33, followed by Carter vs. Ford in 1976 with 31, Dewey vs. Truman in 1948 with 28, Humphrey vs. Nixon vs. Wallace in 1968 with 28, and Dewey vs. FDR in 1944 with 25. Although the Regan-Mondale battle of 1984 was one of the biggest blowouts in U.S. history, it still produced eight closely decided state races, which is twice as many as the Warren Harding vs. James Cox matchup of 1920 (three) and the FDR vs. Alf Landon mismatch of 1936 (four). Overall, including the District of Columbia, 469 of the 1,284 statewide presidential contests since 1908 have been decided by single digits, or 36.5 percent. Of these, 253 were decided by less than five points (19.7 percent) with another 216 decided by at least five but less than 10 points (16.8 percent). Republican nominees have eked out slightly more close shaves than their Democratic counterparts. GOP presidential candidates have won 241 races by single digits compared to 221 by Democrats and another seven by third parties. Number of Competitive Presidential Election Contests by State, 1908-2008Data compiled by Smart Politics. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]> Buoyed by key primary battles down the ballot and a gay marriage ban initiative, Indiana and North Carolina notch the 3rd and 4th biggest increases in GOP presidential primary turnout from 2008 When a presumptive nominee emerges during the presidential primaries - as Mitt Romney has done this cycle - there is often little incentive to drive voters to the polls in the waning months of the primary season. That wasn't the case this week, however, in North Carolina and Indiana. A high-profile primary battle in the U.S. Senate in Indiana and an open gubernatorial race in North Carolina combined with the latter state's constitutional amendment banning gay marriage helped prompt the Tar Heel and Hoosier States to tally the third and fourth biggest increase in turnout in the Republican presidential race from 2008. North Carolina saw an increase of 86.8 percent, or over 449,000 votes, from the 2008 cycle when John McCain had long sealed his 'presumptive nominee' status. That trails only Mississippi at +99.4 percent and Wisconsin at +91.2 percent for the biggest increases from the 2008 primary election season. Mississippi's increase is attributed to both a tight three-way battle in the state for the presidential race between Romney, Rick Santorum, and Newt Gingrich combined with a controversial life-at-conception initiative that was defeated at the ballot box. Indiana's primary, which saw Republican voters come out to crush six-term incumbent Dick Lugar in the GOP U.S. Senate race, has the fourth highest cycle-to-cycle increase from 2008 at 55.0 percent. Approximately 639,000 Indiana residents voted in the GOP presidential primary, compared to just over 412,000 in 2008. Rounding out the Top 10 increases in turnout in the Republican presidential primaries and caucuses thus far are Kansas at #5 (+52.8 percent), Vermont at #6 (+52.7 percent), South Carolina at #7 (+35.5 percent), North Dakota at #8 (+16.0 percent), Louisiana at #9 (+15.6 percent), and Maine at #10 (+15.0 percent). Turnout in the third state to hold its primary on Tuesday - West Virginia - was down 5.8 percent from four years ago. Overall turnout voter for the 2012 GOP primaries and caucuses is basically flat from 2008 - down 0.7 percent out of 14+ million voters among the 36 states with comparable data from the previous cycle. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]> Losing.]]> More than 50,000 North Carolina residents who voted in the Tuesday's Republican presidential primary opted for 'no preference' on their ballot, or 5.2 percent. That marks the second highest percentage of those who have done so in the 40 years of the modern primary era, behind the 9.8 percent who indicated no preference during George H.W. Bush's rout over Pat Buchanan in the state twenty years ago in 1992. In 2008, 4.0 percent were likewise noncommittal, with 1.7 percent voting no preference in 2000, 3.8 percent in 1996, 1.0 percent in 1988, 2.7 percent in 1980, and 1.7 percent in 1976.]]> Rom.]]> Tuesday's primaries are three of the nine contests in the 2008 and 2012 cycles held when the presumptive GOP nominee and Ron Paul were the only active candidates left in the race While the most closely-watched contest on Tuesday may be the Indiana Republican U.S. Senate primary battle between six-term incumbent Dick Lugar and Indiana Treasurer Richard Mourdock, there will still be a few things to keep an eye on at the top of the ticket in the Hoosier State, North Carolina, and West Virginia. For these three presidential primaries will be the first in which Mitt Romney faces only one opponent on the ballot who has not yet suspended his campaign - Texas Congressman Ron Paul. Paul's campaign has had a bit of a resurgence of late, with strong showings in the delegate selection phase in caucus states like Iowa, Minnesota, and Maine., with Congressman Paul's support significantly higher this cycle throughout the primary season, as well as voters not coalescing around Romney's campaign compared to other presumptive nominees in Republican Party history, expect more scrutiny over Romney's ability to turn out the GOP base in November if he fails to receive at least two-thirds of the vote Tuesday.. Change in Presidential Primary and Caucus Vote for Ron Paul in 2008 and 2012 by State* Ron Paul was one of only two active candidates on the ballot in 2008 in these states. Note: There was no comparable data for Hawaii and Wyoming from the 2008 cycle. Table compiled by Smart Politics. Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]> The electoral vote count for the 30 states surveyed in May 2004 was identical to the general election; in 2008, the Election Day vote generated a swing of 176 votes among the 36 states surveyed that May With new public opinion polls released this week showing Barack Obama leading presumptive Republican nominee Mitt Romney in key battleground states like Nevada (+8), North Carolina (+4), Pennsylvania (+8), Virginia (+8), and Wisconsin (+9), skeptics will point out that a lot can change from May until November. And indeed it may as six months is a long time until Election Day. The last two election cycles demonstrate alternate glimpses into the degree of fluidity of a presidential election with polling six months out in one cycle being prophetic and polling in another not anticipating the results to come on Election Day. A Smart Politics study of presidential state polling conducted in May 2004 finds the electoral vote count for the 30 states surveyed that month was identical to the general election, while in 2008 the change from May to November resulted in a swing of 176 votes among the 36 states surveyed. A total of 30 states were polled in May of 2004 and 36 states in 2008. (Internet polling was excluded). If multiple polls were conducted, an average was taken within each state to determine the spread between the two candidates. The vast majority of battleground or quasi-battleground states were among the 66 states surveyed in May of these two cycles, with the exception of New Jersey in 2008 and Colorado, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin in 2004. In 2004, the polling leader in 28 of the 30 states surveyed that May won the state in November: George W. Bush led the polls in Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Virginia. Meanwhile, John Kerry led in California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. The only two states that saw a change in control from May to Election Day were Iowa and Oregon. Senator Kerry led by an average of five points across three polls in Iowa, which President Bush ended up winning by one point that November. Bush, meanwhile, had an average lead of one point across four polls conducted in Oregon in May, which Kerry carried by four points in the general election. Iowa and Oregon each had seven Electoral College votes, so the Electoral College math for these 30 states in May was the same as on Election Day: 221 for Bush and 200 for Kerry. (In Minnesota, one Kerry Elector chose to vote John Edwards for President). Overall, the candidate spread in May of 2004 was within 5 points of the general election outcome in 21 of the 30 states and reached double digits in just one state, Maine (where Kerry's 19-point lead in May dropped to 9 points on Election Day). In 2008, however, the May to November period was more volatile, due in part to an ever-declining economy under the final months of President George W. Bush's administration and Democrats unifying behind the campaign of Barack Obama who had not yet wrapped up the nomination in May. In 2008, the polling leader in only 30 of the 36 states surveyed that May won the state in November: Barack Obama led in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Wisconsin. John McCain led in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming. By Election Day, however, McCain lost his lead in Florida, Indiana, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, and Virginia. The result was an Electoral College vote swing in these 36 states from a McCain advantage of 220 to 209 to an Obama advantage of 297 to 132, or a 176-vote swing over six months. The Election Day vote was within five points of the May polling in just 17 of the 36 states, with a 10-point swing or greater in 12 states (compared to just one in 2004). In short, 2004 demonstrates that simply because there are six months remaining in the campaign, the election results can look pretty similar to the snapshot in May. (Perhaps due in part when an election is a referendum on an incumbent). However, the 2008 contest also confirms the notion that there is plenty of time for candidates not simply to expand their lead in states in which they are already favored but also to flip battleground states. Will the 2012 matchup between Obama and Romney ultimately resemble 2004 or 2008 or neither? Follow Smart Politics on Twitter.]]>

Title: Trial By Fire Chapter: One Author: Kasey Summary: After 'Venus Revealed'. Adhemar must win over Jocelyn's friends. Rating: PG-13 Pairing: Adhemar/Jocelyn, Roland/Christiana, Geoff/Kate Disclaimer: 'A Knight's Tale' is the property of Columbia Pictures. I make no money from this work of fan fiction. Notes: In scholarly circles, if anyone is interested, there has been a debate over whether Chaucer and his wife were truly happily married. This debate stems from the few details known about their marriage. I've always thought the evidence leaned towards a happy marriage, since the attitude in his work towards the institution is rather favorable. However, for plot purposes, I'm taking a bit of a liberty with his marriage. This is for the Kate/Chaucer 'shippers. Here's hoping Geoff and Philippa aren't rolling in their graves! They were married there in the Cathedral in Rouen, the same Cathedral where Jocelyn had first met Will. It hadn't changed much over the years. The ceremony was early in the morning, before the first mass of the day had been spoken, and was nothing fancy. There was no royalty present, no fanfare to announce that Jocelyn had remarried, only a simple exchange of vows before witnesses consisting of Thomas, Adhemar's children and men, Christiana and Miles. Jocelyn had spent the past few days and nights in Adhemar's room at the inn. A trunk of her clothes had been delivered sometime during the afternoon she spent meeting Genevieve and Ana and Christiana had been put in charge of moving Jocelyn and Miles' belongings out of Thomas' house. Jocelyn didn't think she'd ever forget Adhemar telling Christiana he wanted her to be thorough in what was rightfully Jocelyn's property in her packing. "Make certain Thomas has nothing left of your mistress to remind him he even has a sister. Take as many men as you need with you. He won't protest. If he does, have the matter brought to me." Christiana had been bewildered that the responsibility was entirely hers and her judgment was going to be trusted. She'd nodded, but the 'my lord' in her reply had obviously stuck in her throat. Would she stay after the move had been made? Jocelyn certainly hoped Christiana would. In fact, she hoped her friends could all be persuaded to return, though it would be something of an uphill battle to convince them that Nicholas Adhemar was not the monster they thought him. Roland might give benefit of the doubt, but Wat and Kate? Jocelyn feared it would take much coaxing on her part to get them to return. Adhemar tilted her chin up and bent, his lips brushing hers in a kiss that could barely be called a kiss, just enough to seal the vows here before the priest. He'd not touched her in a suggestive way at all since her breakdown days earlier. No kisses, no caresses, just hugs and embraces of the sort a concerned friend might give. He hadn't even slept in the bed with her, if he'd slept at all. Each night, he'd tucked her in and each morning she'd woken sprawled across the bed by herself, the sheets cold beside her. He was being honorable in his own way she supposed. As soon as the ceremony was completed and they were considered wed in the eyes of the church, Miles brought the girls over, Ana clinging to one arm and Genevieve the other. Jocelyn smiled. He'd taken to the girls as though they really were his sisters and they, in return, had taken to him. When Jocelyn, worse for the wear after crying that long while, had gone into the common room to eat that day with Adhemar, Miles had been wary of the girls and their claims they were to be his sisters. He'd looked up at Jocelyn and asked with his usual forthrightness, "Do I really get sisters, mom?" Adhemar had answered for her, crouching down so he was on level with Miles. "You certainly do. You get sisters and a huge house to run about in -" Christiana had told Jocelyn about Miles meeting Adhemar outside the arena, so the spark of recognition in her son's eyes was no surprise. "You're that knight I spoke to. You're marrying my mother? Grand!" His enthusiasm was heartening to see and his response to the girls a joy. He'd turned his head to them. "I should properly introduce myself then. I'm Miles Owen Thatcher." They'd curtseyed and given their full names to him in soft voices. Genevieve was the eldest and looked the most like her father. She had the same turn of the eyes and the same high, sculpted cheekbones. Despite being younger than Miles, she was nearly his height, a sturdy frame to her. Jocelyn had no doubt that Genevieve was Adhemar's daughter. As for Ana, it was harder to tell. There was not much of Adhemar in her in appearance save the thick black curled hair. Where her sister was tall and solid, Ana was tiny and delicate. Yet, her expression when she'd studied Jocelyn was pure Adhemar, cool and appraising and surprising for a child only five. That expression was turned her way now, her arms releasing Miles and raising to Jocelyn. "Pick me up?" Jocelyn did. The girl was light in her arms, resting her head on Jocelyn's shoulder and yawning loudly. "You're tired, aren't you, Ana?" "She doesn't like to get up in the mornings," Nicholas whispered in her ear, herding the group of them over to the side to wait for mass. "Ana is my little slug-a-bed, aren't you poppet?" The girl raised her head, peered at her father with a grin and buried her face again in Jocelyn's shoulder. Jocelyn felt a grin stretching her lips. The girl was endearing. Both girls, she corrected herself. Both seemed willing to accept Jocelyn as their new mother and Miles as their brother. This new life was off to a wonderful start. The day was done and Jocelyn and Nicholas retreated to the privacy of the chamber. The children were all settled in for the night and there was nothing to interrupt them. Jocelyn faced him, swallowing hard. He was a stranger and yet he was not, this man who'd guided her into a healing state. "Well," she began, trailing off when no thoughts formed into sentences on her tongue. "Well," he replied, nodding and crossing to her. He didn't seem to know any more than she what to say, so they stared at each other. She took a step closer to him, wanting to stretch out her hands and place them on his chest, yet not knowing how to make herself move. She wasn't frightened or nervous particularly. She'd gotten to know him well enough in a few days to be fairly comfortable around him. Where to begin though? They were wed, husband and wife. Well, they'd be fully so by morning. The idea brought a warm flush to her skin, a warmth that she could feel creeping over her. She was ready for this. He stepped close, the hands that cupped her jaw trembling the slightest bit. Why? Jocelyn tilted her head back to look up at him, meeting his gaze with her own. He'd always seemed so self-assured to her, not the sort to tremble when he touched a woman. It seemed out of place to her, but his eyes were full of hot promises and desperate need, the kiss he pressed to her lips reflecting both. Jocelyn slipped her arms about him, her hands flat on his back. She was determined to enjoy this, to feel every sensation - He released her, unwound her arms from him and walked to the window, opening the panel wide. "Go to bed, Jocelyn." Nicholas' voice was unsteady, rough and velvet at the same time. "Without you?" A confused frown pulled at her brow. He would follow her, yes? Once she was in bed, then he'd join her. He wanted to give her time to prepare herself. "Without me." Her hopes fell, crashed hard like a stone from a cliff onto the rocks below. She wanted him to join her, wanted more than anything right now for her new husband to take her in his arms and make her his. This would have to be sometime, now the proper moment. "Why?" She went to him, hand grasping his arm, trying to turn him so she could see his face. There were times, she'd noticed, when he forgot to mask his emotions and every thing he felt slid over his face. Usually that happened only when he was with his daughters, but Jocelyn had glimpsed emotion when he looked at her. What emotion that was precisely she didn't know him well enough to venture a guess. "Tell me why." He kept his face turned away, refusing to answer. If he hoped she'd give up and go to bed out of frustration, then he had another thing coming. Jocelyn wasn't going to let him ignore her question. He was going to answer her if she had to stay awake all night to get him to do so. "Answer me, Nicholas." At his name, he turned to consider her. Exasperation played on his features. "Because I can still see Thatcher's ghost here with us." Her hand was pushed from his sleeve, a grimace twisting his lips. "Can you imagine how it is for me Jocelyn? I want you even more now than I did back then. I have imagined this night so many times these past days; brought forth those imaginings to keep me company while you slept. I could have joined you in that bed. I couldn't. I wanted to so badly that I am aching, am still aching, but I can't." He began to pace, energetic strides that carried him to the door and back in seconds. "Every time I touch you, I can see Thatcher right here in the room, his brow turned down in a frown, that voice inquiring how I can think of touching you." "I am ready." She insisted. "I've accepted he's gone. I've accepted I must move on and...and...we married this morning. This morning I vowed to have you as husband. I went willingly to you. You've no call to feel guilty; no reason to feel Will would disapprove." She hadn't thought she'd have to coax him into bed. He was nodding, heaving a long sigh. "I know. You may be ready, Jocelyn sweet, but I, apparently, am not." Coming to her, her took the fastenings from her hair, set them on the table, then ran his hands through the long length of her hair. She almost purred at how good the tiny caress felt. "I'll have to work through this myself. There is still much I need to reconcile with him." She stilled his hands, staring up at him. "And how do you plan to reconcile with a ghost? Like I, Will forgave you long ago. We talked much those first couple years about that tournament season and decided that we could understand the 'why' of your behavior. Youth, Nicholas, can be a curse in some ways and we were all young then." He showed no signs of wavering from his decision to leave her alone, his expression gone shuttered. Jocelyn worked her fingers through his until they were entwined. "Besides, how do you think I can behave happily wed if I cannot consider myself wed?" Jocelyn waited for his reply. She thought she was being so very sly. He'd told the truth though. Thatcher's ghost had left Jocelyn only to transfer his attention to Nicholas. That was not to say that he didn't truly want Jocelyn. Oh no, he wanted her. Her nearness effected him to such a degree that he was shaking with need for her. It had been a long time since he'd allowed himself to feel so much for a woman. When he'd married Rochelle, he'd hoped to feel such grand, sweeping passion for her, but frankly, she'd left him cold. It was a miracle from God that he'd been able to stay warmed enough in their bed to get her pregnant twice. In the beginning, he'd had hopes and those hopes had died a quick death. For this woman, though, he felt that passion Rochelle never inspired. The longer he was alone with Jocelyn, the more he thought that perhaps they could have more than that business relationship they'd discussed. He liked her. She would be a good mother to his children and, he thought, a good wife. She was already beginning on both accounts. Genevieve and Ana seemed to like her. Ana didn't go to just anyone. In fact, she usually only wanted him or her nurse to hold her. She'd gone to Jocelyn that morning, raised her hands and asked to be picked up. Jocelyn hadn't hesitated, bending and picking up the girl as though she did so every day. The sight of her holding Ana raised his hopes. He could imagine, easily now, her pregnant, or holding a babe of their own. He greatly wanted to see both those things occur. But first he had to exorcise Thatcher. She had a point. How did he plan to reconcile with a ghost? There were things he should have said to the man when he'd lived; things he should have written. An apology for trying to murder him, for one. By all rights, he should have jotted that off straight away. He hadn't though. Why? His pride had hurt. Being beaten in that spectacular fashion had been almost degrading. His pride had been so beaten to a pulp that he'd been ripe for Rochelle's advances and the offer her family tendered to him. Pride had always been one of his biggest sins. Youth was a curse in some ways, she was right again. There was reckless brashness in youth that an older age didn't carry usually. He fervently prayed that sort of eagerness was gone from him. Her hands twined in his. What did she mean she can't consider herself wed? "The vows are spoken. We're wed." He gritted the words out. She wasn't like Rochelle, he had to remind himself of that. Jocelyn would not seek out another man and mock her vows. It was an irrational fear and he knew it as such. "I won't feel wed if you do not come to bed this night." She meant it too, an earnest light in her eyes. Did she really think marriage was defined alone by the sex act? That didn't make them married anymore than sleeping in the same bed or living in the same house would. What made them married were the vows, the affirmation before God and witnesses that they pledged to each other alone for the rest of their lives. "It's the vows that wed us, Jocelyn, not what happens that night." She licked her lips. "I know. The church won't consider us -" "The church is not here with us." "I'll have to confess that we didn't-" "According to who? How is it the business of the church what we do this night?" He let go of her hands, untangled his fingers from her hair. "I've not seen waiting to consummate the vows listed anywhere as a sin in the Bible." As he spoke, her hands unfastened his coat and then his shirt, slipping inside the shirt to slide along his chest. "Jocelyn." "It's too much like a rejection," she blurted out, gaze falling to watch her fingers trace patterns on his chest. "I'm not rejecting you, you know that." Nicholas put his arms around her, drawing her close to him. She clutched the fabric. "At least come to bed with me. Stay beside me. Give me an illusion if you must." He wanted to refuse her, to hold fast to the exorcism he had to perform, for he knew that lying beside her would be a temptation he couldn't resist. To crawl beneath those sheets with her tonight was to toss his resolution to reconcile with Thatcher's ghost right out the window. He stared down into her eyes and couldn't say no. "Very well." The smile that turned her lips was filed with delight, the happiness of a woman who's request has been granted. She really did want this night. That she was definitely setting aside the past in favor of moving forward caused a warmth to build in his chest. She set about readying for bed, practically tossing off her dress with an enthusiasm that was almost girlish. He moved slower, sliding naked beneath the sheets after blowing out the last of the candles. Jocelyn nestled against him, putting her head on his shoulder. She ran her hand over his chest, feeling the crisp hairs beneath her palm. His skin was firm and warm, chest rising and falling with breathes that weren't quite slow enough to convince her he was unaffected by their proximity. She smiled under the cover of darkness. This time, her seduction of him would not go awry. She set herself to that task and was not disappointed. How was he to reconcile with Thatcher? Nicholas watched his wife sleep and contemplated that little problem. His resolve had gone the second bare skin had met bare skin, just as he'd thought it would. She was his. Finally. The realization though, didn't give him any real satisfaction. All that slipped through his veins was a content warmth. The reason? Quite simple. Thatcher was still with them. Tossing aside the covers, he got up from the bed and went to the pitcher and basin in the corner. Nicholas poured a shallow bit of water into the basin, then cupped his hands in the coolness and bent, splashing it on his face. A soft linen cloth was used to dry with and spread out before the fire to dry. He needed to form a plan for exorcism. Having Thatcher here wasn't an option. He didn't need to be constantly reminded of what he had been in the past. Several ideas tripped about his mind and he considered each in turn. Miles. He'd be a father to the boy and treat him as well as he could, walking the careful line of stepfather. He'd make certain Miles didn't forget his real father. That, he thought, along with caring for Jocelyn, would go far in sending the ghost away, but there was still more. There was always more, he'd found. Thatcher's friends. Several had gone away after the venom of Thomas fell upon them. Jocelyn had already begun several letters to them, only to growl in frustration when the words she wanted wouldn't come to her. What should he do? Write them. He'd write them all in turn and invite them to come to see her and even stay if it would please all parties. She'd like that. Nicholas sank into the chair before the fire, staring at the wall. He didn't particularly care if more people were added to his household now. Rochelle's family had coaxed many servants away soon after her death and his house was running well only due to the efforts of a strong core of loyal servants. There was room for more. He knew Jocelyn's friends were peasants and he also knew they were well trained. The former didn't bother him as much as it once had and the latter was a fortunate turn of events if they would stay. Yes, he would work to those two ends. Miles and Jocelyn's friends. And then he'd see where he stood with Thatcher. Kate stared at the piece of paper her lover held in his hand. For just a moment, she wished her life had not turned out the way it had. It was hell to be dependant upon the goodwill of her lover's wife. Philippa didn't seem to mind the time Geoff spent with Kate though. Indeed, when Kate had arrived, the woman had practically thrown them at each other, insisting rather stridently that they renew their acquaintance. That is, when Geoff wasn't off on errands for King and country. The happy and loving couple she remembered was no more and she had no idea what had come to pass that led them to live separate lives. Geoff wouldn't speak of it, the hurt that clouded his eyes when Philippa dismissed him from her presence almost more than Kate could bear. She wanted to scream at the woman and shake her, for how could she treat her husband with such coldness? Instead, she stood silent all the while, uncommenting and attempting to soothe the ache within him in the privacy of the small apartment she'd been given. He spent much time with her and occasionally even seemed like his old self. He would laugh and joke, witty and often sarcastic quips flying from his lips with such ease... She sighed, cutting a piece of apple he'd brought her and biting into the tart fruit. As much as she liked the rapport they shared and the time she laid safe in the circle of his arms, this letter brought news she'd never hoped to hear on many levels. Jocelyn had remarried. The letter wasn't from her though, it was from Count Adhemar, the man she'd chosen to wed. "Such a grimace, Kate. One would think you'd bitten into a squiggly worm with that bite." Geoff set the letter on the table and came to her, laying his arm about her shoulders and guiding her to her bed. They sat, Kate still holding the apple and knife, Geoff pressing tiny kisses along her temple and cheek. The beard he'd grown sometime over the years tickled and scratched at the same time. She didn't think she'd ever get used to seeing him with it. Personally, she preferred him clean shaven. "Did you?" "No worm Geoff." Turning her head slightly, she gave him a half smile, pressing the last bite of the apple slice to his lips. He took it, chewed and swallowed, then sighed as well. "You don't have to go. Jocelyn will understand. I doubt she even expects you to come." If he was trying to talk her out of going, then he was doing a poor job of it. He knew damn well that she never broke a promise unless forced to and she'd promised Jocelyn she'd return if the woman needed her. It's what friends did and Kate had taken the chance to befriend Jocelyn long years earlier. It had taken awhile, but they'd worked out the class barrier between them, something Will had been delighted to help with. Jocelyn's friendship had given Kate the chance to frequently indulge in the feminine side of herself. She'd been able to talk of women's things, something being in the constant company of men didn't bring about. "I do have to. If nothing else, I should go to have my curiosity appeased. Why did she marry him, of all people?" Geoff glanced away with a pensive frown. "I've heard rumors over the years about him. Whether they're true or not, I've no idea. He married, had children and was not happy. It happens to the best of us." His teeth dragged along his lower lip and he took the apple from her, turning it this way and that. "I've been here too long. Philippa needs time from me again." Kate took the apple back and stuck the knife in it before setting it on the floor. Getting onto her knees beside him, she ran a hand through his hair, ruffled it. She could almost guess what he was going to say and the idea was both joyous and sad. Joyous for she'd have him to herself and sad because, for every minute they were together there'd be ten times that in parting. She loved him, loved the writer, the poet, the chronicler of life. She'd loved him longer than she'd care to admit even in the most hidden part of her mind. It still amazed her that he'd professed to feel some bit of emotion for her, a declaration he'd proclaimed many times in the night and during the daylight hours. Would he understand the other reason she must leave, that underlying real reason that plagued her thoughts in unceasing torrent? Kate thought perhaps he would. Philippa would not always be so generous to her husband's mistress. There would come a day when Philippa would realize the love she'd once felt for Geoff hadn't died and then Kate would need to be far from this place. Kate didn't want Philippa for an enemy, not that woman with her high court friends. "I'll go with you. See you settled." Yes, he understood. It was there in his eyes and in the sad tinge to his voice. Their time together was coming to an end. The letter didn't surprise Roland, not really. He'd known it wouldn't take Jocelyn's brother long to wed her off. Jocelyn was still a handsome woman and age had only increased her attractiveness. She was still a prize, even after a decade. Nor was he surprised to find Adhemar had been the lucky man. Gossip was a way of life at court and with Princess Joan's entourage, he'd heard more than his share of gossip about the man. It seemed he was unable to remain out of public eye despite secluding himself at his home. Not his desire or his fault, but rather his dead wife's doing. She'd done her best to spite Adhemar and nearly succeeded in breaking him financially, if all rumors were to be believed. Laboriously, he again made out each word of the letter, glad Christiana had taught him to read over the years. He was slow in reading, but it was a skill he enjoyed having. Of course, he'd never bothered with writing, just the reading. Roland set the letter aside and picked up the dress he was embroidering for the princess. She hadn't needed another person in her household, least of all a man with four children with him, but she'd accepted him there most graciously, giving him a job embroidering her clothes. He had a home and all the children were well. Missing, was Christiana. She'd be with Jocelyn still. Should he go and risk losing favor with Joan? Yes. She'd known straight away about his promise to Jocelyn and agreed that if that day came, he could leave and she'd not be angry. The day had come. Getting up, he decided the dress was done. He'd take it to her and broach the subject while there. In minutes, he was with her and she and her ladies were admiring the work he'd done, just as they did every time he brought a finished dress. Joan looked up. "This is absolutely beautiful, Roland." "Thank you, my lady." He hesitated, but the princess was a keen observer of people and quietly told her ladies to give them a minute. One by one, the women moved away to give a semblance of privacy. There really was no such thing here. Every word they said was heard by at least two or three people and he knew that by the time he reached his rooms, the news of his leaving would have already spread about the home. "Now," she began. "Does this look of uncertainty on your face have anything to do with the letter that arrived for you?" "Yes, it does." "Lady Jocelyn or your wife?" "Lady Jocelyn." A sadness came into Joan's eyes and he went on. "She's remarried and her husband says she needs her friends with her. She's lonely. I promised I'd go if she needed me, like we all promised. I can't ignore the letter." Joan nodded. "I know." A sigh slipped from her. "I am forever losing good men and women around me. Be safe in your travels, Roland, and come back if you can. You and Christiana are welcome here." By the following morning, he, and the children, had set out.

It rationalizes the choice to stay in fear. Every decision I make is faced with a polarity, the choices turn into a discussion between these two voices. Ego and Spirit. So afraid. If I could change one thing about myself, it would be to remove my fear, to operate unbound by doubt. But the fear is that I would prove myself wrong. That the doubts voiced by the ego were justified. That what my heart and spirit wants to do is irrational, impossible, not reality. Even the very fact that there is a present moment is the presentation of a choice. A choice to begin again. A commitment to doing what my spirit would like to do. To do something that makes me feel different. Something that would make life better on this planet. What the heck would THAT be? At least, the point would be to move in another direction away from this angst and see what results lay there. Look for the thing causing the most irritation in your life and there lay your greatest opportunity for change. I’m irritated by the warring voices in this world. This side vs. that side. I just want people to relax, back down and look inward. Is it NOW helpful to look for advice from the logic brain and assess what choice of action would generate the greatest most desirable outcome in pursuit of this direction? Why now? Why give ego that power NOW? Why not before? And there is the first hurdle down the path of love. WHAT can I do to make this world, this life, a better place for all? Intuition says it’s simple and to ‘let my inner light shine outwards’. Maybe it’s not an activity, action, or participation in something outside myself. /shrug. I’m pretty sure it’s at least a commitment to put into action, personal choices that promote movement towards that direction of the betterment of all. But fear prevents it. Fear of failure, fear of discomfort. There is always a choice. There is always the opportunity to overcome fear. Even if it wasn’t something as glorious and grand as bettering the human race, even if it was something simple I needed to choose between, some every-day decisions… like decisions that affect my health. I’m stymied by the uncertainty of any choice. Uncertain of the proper direction. Uncertain of the success or failure of any action. And the fear of choice and failure often determines what choice I make. I’m also afraid to be made uncomfortable. Man, my behavior is psychotic sometimes. Not in any violent way, just, looking at the choices I make, you’d wonder why any sane person would make them. And what is sane anyway… Is it really sane to say that junk food in any capacity is ok to consume? Is it sane to pass up the opportunity to exercise if there’s nothing stopping me from doing it… except the fear of discomfort? Compassion. Always comes back to compassion. Unconditional love and compassion. Not just fluffy love. I recognize how fluffy love is not the only thing that is required. Its passivity is not entirely conducive towards acting in compassion. I wish to understand the ways in which love is expressed. I understand hormonal love-chemical love, familial love… Unconditional love… somehow it’s tied into ego… I once heard about a wise man that when asked how he operates in such peace, replied: “Do you want to know my secret? I don’t mind what happens to me.” I’ve heard that “Unconditional love is allowing the other being to operate as they wish.” It’s the setting aside of your own ego and simply allowing. What happens when another being wishes to impose their will upon you? You may or may not be in a position to prevent it whether you wish to or not. Are you not operating in unconditional love by preventing them to operate as they wish? Does this mean unconditional love means you allow yourself to be acted upon? I know were supposed to discern for ourselves what resonates with us and what does not and to take into our experience only that which resonates with us. So… if having someone’s will worked upon me is something I discern that does not resonate with me, and I’m not in a position to do anything about it… what is that? I suppose it’s not a violation of unconditional love, if I am in a position to do something about it, to simply “be a moving target” and not allow myself to be ‘made a victim’. After all, I have a will also. It’s not stopping them; it’s simply choosing not to allow the interference. I suppose the most glaring ugliness is in those occasions where you are not able to do something about having their will imposed upon you. For example, cases of physical violence when they are stronger than you. But, what about the government and its various institutions? What if I no longer wish to be put under its will? What recourse do I have? I could go against the system… but fear of the discomfort that would cause stops me. Jail is very uncomfortable, I imagine. There is always a choice. Free will is like that. Why am I afraid? There is no reward for having courage. The experience is the same, it only lacks the consequences of choosing fear. I don’t feel cowardly when I make the choice not motivated by fear. That’s a good thing, sure. (Oh yeah… there is no good or bad. Well, then… not feeling cowardly is something I discern that I wish to incorporate into my experience.) So, in the everyday choices, not choosing fear has the result of me not feeling cowardly. But the results of choices made in bravery don’t feel like they have any sort of ‘empowerment’ behind them. I just did what I was supposed to do. It’s an ego thing to want a reward. I feel as if the purpose of life is to act in compassion without it having to be a reaction. The old adage, “Act, don’t react”. So what am I waiting for? I can act in compassion for myself in the very least. Make decisions that promote me as opposed to bring me down. Listen to the voices inside. What do I want my experience to be? (AKA: what’s ‘good’ for me?) Have courage, be brave... I may not like what I hear. Is this uncertainty just me not liking what I hear? To make the decision on what I’d like my experience to be, I’d need to know what the outcome of any decision! If I smoke cigarettes, or eat junk food will I get cancer? Some people do, some don’t! So we have to accept the consequences of our actions. Does that mean we now make decisions based on the fear of the possible negative consequences?! UGH!!! MORE FEAR! Or is it that I need to “not mind what happens to me”? Accept the consequences because they are the results of my actions. Is this the purpose of life? Interesting. And not. In a perfect world, I'd wanna quit my life as it is and start participating in a lifestyle that promotes global human unity. I wanna live on a commune. I'm a hippie, what can I say. :) Uncertainty of direction stops me, and an attachment to my current experience stops me (the life Eric has been living so far). The only fear that exists is a separation from Eric’s life. That’s a choice. The fear then lies in the ‘what if’. What if this direction is pulling me down? What if my soul’s dreams are never realized by means of my current choice? What if this direction does not lead to what my spirit wants? Can my spirit be satisfied with this choice? Yes? They why this angst? Why this persistent ‘what if’? I suppose I’m waiting for something to present itself; a way to display compassion and live in unity. But is that lazyness? Fear? Is that in violation of the purpose of life: to act, not react? Be the change you want to see... Probably. Ugh… over-thinking. I see animals and birds and flowers, Every color, every shape and size; Moss and pebbles and a host of wonders, Gleaming everywhere I aim my eyes. So if ever I'm attacked by boredom, I'll just open up my eyes and see This diversified, curious, fascinating, bountiful, Beautiful, beautiful world. I hear chattering and I hear chirping, Whistling, murmuring and horks and snorts; If I simply take the time to listen. I hear music of a thousand sorts. So if ever I would rest my eyes, My ears could easily describe to me This diversified, curious, fascinating bountiful, Beautiful, beautiful world. World, thank you very much, for all I see, hear, taste and touch; Plus every whiff - I sniff. Still it's possible a day may come When momentarily the world wears thin; If I'm weary of the world outside me, I can always take a good look in. For along with every cloud and cobweb, I'm emphaticaly a member of This diversified, curious, fascinating bountiful, Beautiful beautiful world I love! Some videos I saw recently. I wake up. I eat food from the supermarket. I try to eat as healthy as possible when I can suppress my desire for egoic foods. I drive my car to work. I employed and make money for a company that works within and supports the current 'system'. I drive home. Sometimes I engage in group (or solo) activity of a spiritual nature mostly study or ritual. During free time, when I'm not maintaining my environment, I enjoy creative arts and video games. What can I do with this and my free time to promote unity? What action can I perform, what services might I render? Do what you can. What can I do? Trust the process. So, do nothing? Just trust? ::silence:: The Pyramid Code - Ep5 - A New Chronology part 1/5 The Pyramid Code - Ep5 - A New Chronology part 2/5 The Pyramid Code - Ep5 - A New Chronology part 3/5 The Pyramid Code - Ep5 - A New Chronology part 4/5 The Pyramid Code - Ep5 - A New Chronology part 5/5 I found this online today as a sort of cautious response/re-proposal by humanity for such assistance. I have some issues with it. I would not sign it yet. I do not think the greater universe works in this way an that this petition only serves to illustrate humanity's ... what would be the word... unreadiness, lack of elevated maturity, mistrust... maybe you get my point. What I got from this re-proposal was: "We'd like to trust you but we don't and we feel the need to explain and propose this to you instead, on our terms for our own self-interest." That is a very shallow minded, short sighted response in my opinion. I agree that full open acceptance, or some might say total immediate capitulation, may not feel good, but, listen to what I've come to understand. The lesson most pressing upon me at the moment is to embrace fear, enter into it, do not hesitate, love what you fear. In doing so, you transmute it from what is unknown (or maybe even unknowable) and bring the event involving fear into the known (through its experience). This is not done by setting up safeguards and imposing restrictions on how you face what you fear. The online petition can be found here: Here it is: To: Authors of "Change the World! Decide Whether We Should Show Up!" Introduction This petition is in response to the communication, purportedly from a benevolent extra-terrestrial group, titled "Change the World! Decide Whether We Should Show Up!". Please read their message before reading the petition or signing it. The message can be found online at: Dr. Michael Salla at has provided an analysis of the authenticity of the message here: He runs a discussion forum for those interested in the general topic of preparing for contact here: Petition We Are Ready to Change the World While we, "individuals without distinction", as you put it, cannot be certain that your message is a sincere attempt initiate first contact, nonetheless we feel it is prudent to respond with our aspirations for such an encounter. The forthright picture that you paint of us lets us know that you value honesty above superficial pleasantries even in an introduction. For us as well, honesty has proven to be a key in building close relationships. As you point out, our experience on this planet demonstrates that the contact of a human society with a larger collective can be difficult. We understand that, in this situation, we are in the role of Pacific Islanders on the eve of Discovery. Great ships of the foreign powers wait offshore, out of visual range. Even though the ships are invisible, our seers have advised us that the ships are out there, waiting. So it is time to consider our options. With respect to malevolent foreign powers, the strategic options are limited to either resistance or capitulation. Resistance in the face of overwhelming technological superiority is ultimately a futile exercise in self-mortification. Yet capitulation could entail a long process of colonial occupation and exploitation. While this might be in the perceived interests of certain elites, for the people in general, it is a disaster. But what if one of the foreign powers is benevolent? As we see it, your proposal presents us with the possibility of a third option, namely, to establish a partnership with a foreign power that has our best interests at heart. In this way, even though we might lack the military capability to defend ourselves, any power that would threaten us would also be taking on our friends, and so therefore would be restrained. Since our prospects under this option are far preferable to those under the other two scenarios, we wish to explore the opportunity you have offered. How can we be sure of your good intents? The simple truth is that we cannot know at first. We can build trust only through working together successfully toward shared goals. As we understand your offer, you will give us new information regarding science, technology, medicine, personal empowerment, energy and consciousness. With these tools, it is our responsibility to build the world we desire. To us, this seems to be an ideal method to build self-confidence and accelerate our progress toward the "technical and spiritual maturity" we need for productive interplanetary relations. The terms of your offer in and of themselves give us confidence that you have our long term interests in mind. What can we offer in return? We can envisage a time in which the human experience can be brought to bear to resolve contentious issues in many places in the galaxy. On this planet, South Africa is a country that has overcome a violent history and has reconciled diverse antagonistic communities, so much so that it is now a model of successful peacemaking and healing for the rest of our planet. We would like to be able to offer what we have learned on Earth to assist in resolving conflicts occurring in other places. What is the best way to proceed? While, no doubt, many humans will be eager to immediately explore the full spectrum of opportunities afforded by contact, we appreciate the wisdom of waiting until after we have absorbed the initial shock. And, to be truthful, we would like to postpone any binding interplanetary agreements until we are confident we understand your values and goals, and we have had the opportunity to demonstrate the unique offerings that we have to contribute to interplanetary society. Therefore, we suggest a seven year period during which we can learn about you and the larger Federation of which you are a part; and so you can learn more about us, and our unique talents. During this time, we can develop a coherent planetary voice and new institutions suited to the task of conducting interplanetary affairs. At the end of the transition period, a properly constituted authority can enter into formal agreements that we consider would best serve our collective interests. Are you right about the presence of a "third party" of ETs? After we meet you, we will be in a position to consider your allegations of misconduct on the part of "third party" ETs or humans acting in collaboration with them. Certainly we are already aware that some humans in positions of power do not seem to act in the best interests of their people. What we do not know is the cause of their choices. If, as you allege, many in power are not free to choose their actions, we would consider this a gross violation of their human rights. We can offer to establish a Truth Commission that will consider any evidence that you may like to bring forward regarding human rights abuses on, above, or below the planet's surface. If you do decide to go ahead and make yourselves visible, we are sure you understand that you do so at your own risk. We are not able to guarantee your safety and so you will have to take appropriate measures to defend yourselves in the event of any adverse reaction on the part of humans or other ETs. Especially at the beginning, we may have difficulty distinguishing friend from foe, and we and our representatives, do have the right and responsibility to defend ourselves from actual threats. Given the difficulties you cite with our current governmental institutions, we wish to make sure that the transition process is conducted in an open, transparent way. In particular, we feel it vital to include "individuals without distinction" in decision making bodies that include our political representatives. As they do not represent any national government, such individuals could be charged with holding in mind the interests of humanity as a whole. Individuals with a history of dedicated service, and a commitment to truth, peace and justice are not hard to find. As just one example, the World Commission on Global Consciousness and Spirituality, brings together esteemed individuals of integrity that share a positive vision for our planet: "The Commission seeks to inspire consciousness of the wholeness of the human family and the sacred tapestry of all life. " Certain universal values, such as the aspirations for Peace, Truth, Compassion and Justice, come naturally to humans, and we would love to see them everywhere become more compelling than the allure of parochial interests. We can wholeheartedly endorse such a goal as part of this process. We appreciate your respect for the sanctity of human free will, and the inalienable right of each individual to pursue their own spiritual path. In the past, humans have looked to the skies for gods or some kind of salvation. We understand that this is not part of your offer, and that we must each continue to pursue our own individual development. As a species and a planetary ecology, we remain responsible for our own evolution. What do we want? Certain places on Earth are of exceptional beauty. The island of Tahiti is an example of a place so beautiful that visitors are content to "take only memories" and "leave only footprints." We would like to be able to conserve the planet's natural environment so we can continue to enjoy the rich variety of life that surrounds us. As well, certain places on Earth are sacred. We desire that the Earth’s sacred landscape will remain dedicated to universal values such as Truth, Freedom, and the quest for God. After contact, we can anticipate that we will need a new foundation for our economy, one that reflects the system of values current in the interplanetary economy. We can see that it is to our advantage to be able to function autonomously within this context as soon as we can. Of course, because of our isolated condition, we must be technically backward by Federation standards. While we are ignorant of what you might use as a process or medium of exchange, we know we must offer something that you value in order to receive much of what we will need in order to develop without undue dependency. We are quite pleased to read that you value Joy and Peace. Many here would delight in providing just such commodities to the Federation! With this in mind, we would like to suggest that Earth establish an economy based on interplanetary tourism and peacemaking rather than any extractive industry. We would like to be known as a place of Truth, Peace and Beauty. This is the identity we feel would do the most to preserve what we love about our precious planet, while also providing the basis for our economic and political independence. If you are in alignment with these goals, we are on board with your proposal. Sincerely, The Undersigned Interesting term... Exo-politics. I'm gonna look into this. And don't fall for the lightshow either. It's not gonna be like that. It's YOU. It's US. This is from Orion's website: What is "Faery Seership" and where did it originate? Seership has long been connected with the folkloric practices of Gaelic and other indigenous people, specifically as it relates to the second sight. This "second sight" is the ability to see in both the world of humans and that of the spirits. In the culture I come from it is called many names such as "the blessing", "the veil", "dreaming true" and "the knowing". The lore and practices of what I call "Faery Seership" are influenced by Celtic, Appalachian and Southern American cultures. As a practice, I doubt that it was ever called this, however, I use it as a term for the lore and practices of the material I teach. For me, Faery Seership is a system of lore, practices, techniques and other concept elements that aim to bring forward the otherworldly gifts of the students who practice it. By otherworldly gifts I mean what I call "the gate of enchantment", which is the manner in which humans touch the unseen company and the spirits touch the individual human. Once this point of sensitivity has been identified, it can be expanded and refined through Faery Seership as an instrument for inter-species and inter-plane communication and work. Additionally, in the Faery Seership apprenticeship program and my new book, I offer a paradigm for the seeker to approach and understand themselves as spirit beings involved in a relationship with other forms of life/ intelligence be they incarnate (embodied), discarnate (transitioned from a embodied to a disembodied state through what is erroneously called "death") and non-carnate (energetic states of life that never crystallize into physical form). Application of the Faery Seership principles and techniques allows the student to reweave their awareness into the overall fabric of life and guiding vision of this planet of which we are a part. This re-weaving brings about deep healing of the sense of "abandonment" and "disconnection" that plagues humanity because of the gift of "individuation" and "free-will". Once this is healed, immense magical potential and healing is opened out of their inherent virtue. So long as one has the comforts they believe they need and want,and others suffer, you truly are not free, you are just using the system to your advantage. Spiritual freedom is freedom as one whole people... and it's a goal worth working towards... and it starts, yes, only STARTS, with ones perception of what one is doing... the acknowledgement of participation in this system of modern human slavery, a prison without walls. It is a comfortable imprisonment which is why we indulge in it. But freedom of the spirit is MUCH more fulfilling. But it requires trudging thru the desert which is a very uncomfortable journey. Funny, it's about the journey and not the destination that is important. The trials make us and shape us. They may be difficult but we become a sharper, more sparkling diamond in the process. Knowing this, why do I still eat junk food? I knew that as I came to these levels of awareness I would become "shocked and appalled" at the decisions that others make. Well, I'm shocked and appaled at the decisions I still choose to make. I feel empowered when I make good decisions (like going to the gym) but bad when I choose to smother my meal with butter and barbcue sauce. If my body is my temple and is the only thing I have to be responsable for in this life, why do I still treat it like crap? I guess there are still some lessons to learn. /shrug I don't really mind the labels. I mean, it IS just a label. But... due to my recent understandings, I have come to find a label that I am EAGER to wear. That of the lightworker. I found a definition of it on a website. What is a lightworker? 2 June 2007 - 10:02pm | Adeon I've always been an inherently happy and loving person. This, I feel, is the source of my strength. Maybe not the only source, but certainly the one I feel is strongest. What makes a person this way? Why, in the face of debt and near homelessness am I still happy? Why am I not depressed and overly stressed? Why does the light of my heart still shine even when sometimes I let myself slide into despondency? It must be, simply, because I choose not to let it. I don't dwell on the negative feelings for too long. I recognize them and I process them and I make a choice to move back into light, love and happiness, despite my material and illusionary, circumstances. Knowing they are material and illusionary makes it easy. Sure I'd love endless money and a beautiful home. I'm workin on it! Just because you recognize the material illusions does not mean you should forego them! Just don't get wrapped up in them. I do have so much to be grateful for, first and foremost my LIFE, which is my living, conscious, experience and I will not loose that until the day I die. Even when I do, I'll still have my higher consciousness which is the source of light and love. When I was a child, I fell in love with the Disney movie "Pollyanna". I even went to the effort to find the book the movie was based on. I think I read it in two days. I had no idea that this movie would stick with me all my life. To this day, it still remains my FAVORITE movie. I just love it to death and I think I watch it at least once every two months. It's a move full of hope and love and joy and the kinds of healing (spiritual and physical) that love can bring. I really enjoy You-Tube. I searched for "Pollyanna" and I found this little gem. I think it's my newest theme song. It makes me all tingly. I know light and fluffy makes some people sick. /shrug. That's THEIR choice. I choose otherswise. Namaste

As we arrived in Chicago early Wednesday morning, my mind was still racing, and, frankly, a little cloudy after getting only 10-15 hours of shut-eye the entire weekend. I quickly tried to process everything I had experienced during arguably the most historically significant presidential inauguration to date in our nation's short history. Then, I simply listed words--both positive and negative--that I thought best captured the essence of inauguration weekend: exhilarating, inspiring, exhausting, frigid, patriotic, politeness, selflessness, jubilant, frustrating, carefree, surreal and proud. Of course, words are limiting. When we need them the most, they often fail us. And after this weekend especially, I'm reminded that it's the captivating images and electric atmosphere on the Mall that I'll remember the most. Fittingly, the last picture I took on my camera speaks to the idea that it's the images that can and will instantly transport me back to a time when this country took an incredible and monumental step forward in the right direction. Hundreds of signs like this one littered the street near H St. and 15th St. Volunteers ecouraged people to write their own messages in the blank space and take them home as a keepsake. As thousands of pre-selected students arrived in D.C. for the Inaugural celebrations on Saturday, January 17, many believe they were misled by the University Presidential Inaugural Conference (UPIC) to "directly participate in the pageantry and ceremony of the inauguration." Vera Bowman, 42, a student in DePaul's School of New Learning, was one the of the selected students. In April of 2008, she received an email from the Golden Key International Honour congratulating her on "being accepted to be among the thousands of students" to "witness first-hand the Inauguration of the 44th President of United States" as a result of her affiliation and academic achievement with Golden Key. She was told that 400 other Golden Key students were invited and that 20, the most they ever had from one school, were from DePaul. "I was so excited when I got my letter," Bowman said two days before leaving for D.C. "I couldn't believe I had been nominated." However, when she found out on Monday that there would be no tickets to the swearing-in ceremony, even after said she had called months before ensuring there would be, Bowman was outraged. Amongst things mentioned in acceptance letters to "Inaugural Scholars" like Bowman and others, which was also listed on the UPIC's website were: • "Exclusive and private inaugural events" • "Activities with world-renowned keynote speakers," including Colin Powell and Al Gore, "and interaction "with White House veterans, press secretaries, political powerhouses, Washington, D.C. insiders, presidential historians, policy makers, documentary film makers and other prominent and sought-after personalities and political experts." • "Public ceremonial events, such as the official swearing-in ceremony" • Admittance to the "exclusive Black Tie Gala Inaugural Ball" on Tuesday night. Another DePaul student, Kaitlyn Schaefer, senior education major, said, "We all kind of felt like we misled by it--we paid tuition for the conference, speakers for the hotel, and a gala which we thought was going to be an official ball." The UPIC claims that they place the strictest limitations on available space and eligibility. Inaugural scholars, not only had to pay a $2,870 for housing, program materials, and 2 meals a day (for a four day trip, not including airfare), but had meet the academic requirements of select honor societies. Opportunities for fundraising and limited scholarships were available to help some offset the expenses. Bowman also thought she would be going with an intimate group of people; however students reported numbers of 5,000 students being squeezed into 30 tour buses, which was far more people than the UPIC was prepared to handle. Many students were more upset about what they believe were misleding acceptance letters claiming admission to the "ticketed" seating section. Frustrated students are currently collaborating through Facebook in groups like "UPIC scam," "Where did our money go!?!" "UPIC 2009-Official Complaint Group" and a group designed for students to post their draft letters to the head of UPIC, newspapers, government officials and President Obama. A part of one letter from Heather O'Conner, a student at Roger Williams University: "We were never told directly we did not have tickets and many people were still questioning when we were actually being given the tickets up until the day prior to the Inauguration. This was extremely deceitful by the UPIC. Instead, were on our own to find transportation to the event...many of us were left wondering the D.C. streets at 3 in the morning trying to get as close as possible.." Students also reported that they were never asked to turn in their sheets of medical information containing medical problems, insurance and students' emergency contact information, which was stated mandatory to bring with them when they checked in. On Monday night at their various hotels, students organized petitions to send letters like O'Conners to complain about their treatment. Many have requested a full refund. So far, students claim they have received 500 signatures and expect more. Before departing for D.C., Bowman said, "I was two years old when MLK was assassinated. I feel like Obama is this generation's King and I want to experience and remember the magnitude of people together feeling inspired." For Bowman, who took out extra loans to pay for what she thought would be the experience of a lifetime, she is left feeling frustrated and disappointed. Please note this story is still developing as I am waiting to hear back from UPIC and Golden Key reps Crowds flood the intersection of 18th and E Street as they exit the District on foot. The intersection of 18th and E Street, NW looked like a scene from ABC's popular reality show "Extreme Makeover Home Edition" on Tuesday, as thousands of trapped visitors pleaded with authorities to, "Move that bus!" As it turns out it was the District's crowd control strategy that needed a makeover. National news reports out of Washington, D.C. have boasted that Tuesday's inaugural ceremony went off without incident and without a single arrest. The credit for that success should go to the citizens and not law enforcement authorities, who kept hundreds of thousands of visitors trapped in a maze of barricades for hours following the inaugural ceremony. As one of the mice trapped in that maze I can say the situation teetered on the edge of patience and defiance as visitors came to realize that law enforcement had no cohesive plan for how to get millions of people out of the District. Jumbo-trons on the Mall instructed visitors to exit via 12th or 14th Street, however both were barricaded off to anyone heading north across the parade route. "We tried to be nice and walk and now we're trapped," one couple said. With little to no communication between law enforcement and the public, crowds relied on word of mouth the help each other navigate a way out. Military police create a human barricade at the intersection 18th and E Street. As we stood shoulder to shoulder at 18th and E Street, one man revolted, "Let's just take it back!" Going by numbers it would have been easy for a crowd of thousands to overthrow a handful of military police standing guard and it crossed my mind several times that I could soon find myself in the middle of a riot. Thankfully the spirit of goodwill and unity that defined the weekend-long celebration held true and the public gave the District the glowing statistic it needed. As both a participant and journalist, here's what I found most memorable and least memorable about my stay in D.C. during Inauguration festivities. The Good 5. Role of Twitter: Not only did dannythedemon play a key part in starting this blog (how we made initial contact with the Sun-Times), we gained 400+ followers in just two weeks, including the Washington Post. The Chicago Tribune's ColonelTribune gave us a shoutout. Canada's National Post live-streamed our tweets. And Radio-Canada contacted me to request an interview through Twitter (which led to this story). Besides the media attention, the amount of replies and direct messages we received was overwhelming. 4. Patriotism: The pride and sense of nationalism was a recurrent theme throughout the trip. Red, white and blue was everywhere, and seemingly every local business decorated for the occasion. Flags were on every block and people would often bellow random renditions of patriotic tunes in the streets, like God Bless America. 3. Brunch with Lonnie Bunch: The fact that we were able to set up an interview with the prominent historian and former Chicagoan was one thing, the fact that he invited us into his own home in Northwestern D.C. was something else entirely. He was so kind and very knowledgeable. He didn't have to take the time out of his busy schedule for us. But he did, and the next day he spent some eight hours providing analysis for ABC. 2. Lincoln Memorial Concert: Worth the trip alone. The 2nd biggest event I've ever attended in my life in terms of crowd size, only to Inauguration Day itself. The overall atmosphere was just awesome: chanting, laughing, smiling, and everybody with a camera or cell phone in hand. The list of celebrities didn't hurt, nor did Obama's speech, and the performances were out of this world. I didn't expect this event to be as great as it was. 1. Sense of Community: Everyone who made the trek down D.C. had a common bond immediately and the opportunity to share in the festivities. And people did too, often exchanging stories of travel troubles or exciting encounters with celebrities, striking up conversation with complete strangers. The Swearing-In ceremony topped it all off as shared in the mess getting out of the National Mall and Capitol. The Bad 5. Wireless/cell access: This could have been a lot worse, of course, but making calls and sending texts wasn't as easy as 1, 2, 3. At peak times, I had to do something five or six times before it went through. Other times, sporadically, I would have no service at all. Fortunately, it turned into nothing more than a minor inconvenience. 4. Not enough grub: One common complaint was that there wasn't enough food to go around. Most restaurants had 1-2 hour waits during lunch or dinner hours. Even McDonald's had huge delays - it took me an hour and 20 minutes to place my order shortly after the Swearing-In Ceremony. There weren't nearly enough vending machines or street stands. But there were plenty of port-a-potties. 3. Overcrowded landmarks: Want to take a stroll to the White House to try snap a few pictures? How about visit the Lincoln Memorial on Sunday night? You can go, as I did, but you're going to spend plenty of time standing around. Long lines were extremely common and nearly impossible to avoid. 2. Blatant disrespect: Fortunately, this was only limited to pockets of the crowd, but some on Inauguration Day poked fun at Dick Cheney upon seeing him and a wheel chair and others booed George W. Bush whenever he was shown on the jumbotron. It just didn't seem the place or the time for any sort of mocking or negativity. 1. Metro Station overload: Emergency and transit officials did their best, but no matter who you are, nobody is going to be able to accommodate for 2 million+ people. The headaches were compounded by the accident involving a 68-year-old woman who fell onto one station's tracks, the bitter cold air, and the fact people grew tired of standing, standing and more standing. A man selling flags near capital hill, moments before Obama takes his oath of office. Written by Matt Monahan, a 2008 DePaul University Alum and a past editor for The DePaulia's National/Global section. "Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet (it)." With these stirring words from George Washington, Barack Obama came to the penultimate moment of his inaugural address. Choosing to reference the nation's founder said volumes about the challenges Obama sees as he takes office, the importance of avoiding partisan, "childish" fights and more importantly, viewing his election to the presidency as an affirmation that challenges seemingly so great and enduring as to be set in stone, can and will be overcome by the values and spirit of sacrifice etched into the fabric of American history. The challenge for any inaugural address is not to deliver an immediately immortalized catch phrase, but to explain and introduce your approach to government and the moment as you see it, all while respecting and incorporating the historical significance of the ritual by which the president is invested with his powers. It is for that reason that I found myself sitting on the edge of my frozen seat on the Southwest lawn of the capital yesterday morning. Though the address had no headline grabbing lines or legacy establishing moments, it so stunningly captured the moment, reflected Obama's personal approach, and so effectively captured the spirit of American history and values essential to the transition of presidential power. Obama's speech literally rang with the cadences of history, both of his own and that of country. In making his address so much about history, he tied his success not so much to his own achievements and ambition, but to generations of Americans whose self-sacrifice at Gettysburg, Normandy and Khe-Sahn, and whose dreaming in Selma and Washington D.C. made January 20th, 2009 possible. And yet how telling it was that on a serene, sunlit morning, when millions gathered to watch him place his hand on the Lincoln Bible, Obama painted a picture of storm clouds Facing an uncertain economic crisis and forced to deal with two unfinished conflicts stretching across the central and southern Asia, Obama echoed Churchill and Roosevelt while he reminded the American people of its role in ushering in the "gathering storm clouds." Historical indeed that Obama would chastise the sea of people stretching before him, uninterrupted from the Capital lawn to the Doric columns surrounding the man to whom Obama most often draws comparison. Rather than focus on what so many have labeled the "historical" nature of his election as the nation's first African-American president, Obama instead focused on the historical nature of the challenges we face, and reasons we face them. In that way, Obama's speech sounded a bit like a teacher reprimanding his student body for logical inconsistencies in his or her homework, for elevating childish fights to unnecessary importance, for a clear failure to make sacrifices, and a shying away of hard work in hard times. To my understanding, Obama's speech was less a critique of the administration whose architects sat near him, but rather of a collective failure of leadership on the part of every American who neglected to understand the limitations of our actions and perspective. To my ears, he placed the failings of the Bush administration not in a Texas ranch compound, but in a misplaced American desire for richness and independence without heed for those around us. He called us to take a part in our communities, to think about the ramifications of our actions both at home and abroad, and to understand that no explanation can excuse complacency or mismanagement in daunting times. In many ways, Obama's first inaugural sounded a lot like a teacher handing out a syllabus on the first day of class as both an introduction to the year, and an invitation to participate in the process. He told that crowd quite plainly that the president alone is not the solution, nor is he himself historically significant simply because of his race. Instead, Obama explained that his importance is as a model of sacrifice, hard-work, tradition and family. Moreover, those in the classroom will fill in the specifics of his class slowly as his term unfolds and only if they participate and take ownership over their work will anything come of his time in office. Everyone has something to talk about at Dulles Airport while waiting for their early Wednesday morning flights back home. From the long check-in lines (about 30-45 minutes) to the airport security line to the gate (another 20-30 min), travelers can't help not to talk about yesterday's inaugural events. Whether it was former Vice President Dick Cheney being rolled out onto in a wheelchair, Obama slippiing on the words of his oath of office, or George W Bush's expression when Obama made a explicit criticism of the last administration in his first speech as president. "As for our common defense," Obama said about national defence as the screen zoomed in on Bush's face, "we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals." If you're claustrophobic, anywhere near a Metro Station early this morning and late this afternoon was a bad place to be. But at the Capitol South stop this morning, transit and emergency officials put together a catchy song to keep people's moods up as their patience was tested. "Keep it moving, keep it moving, walk through the gates," which momentarily evolved to "Yes we can!" Have a look: The worst of Metro Madness came after the Inauguration Ceremony, when everyone at once tried to push their way to the stations. Buses and barriers were planted in their way, as were emergency officials. Some remarked that while the morning commute went relatively smoothly, there seemed to be little plan as to getting people out of the National Mall area. Thousands of people flocked to the L'Enfants Metro Station following the Inauguration Ceremony, only to be motioned away by cops and the National Guard. The station was closed, along with many others for some time after the event, according to one officer due to an investigation of the incident at the Chinatown Station. The metro station closures forced me to stop in McDonald's to stay warm. There was standing-room only at this corner location near the Mall, as about 10 lines congregated and people were literally touching waiting to get to the counter. It took me an hour and 20 minutes to order 10 nuggets and fries. How's that for fast food? Then, to stay indoors, I journeyed to a nearby CVS Pharmacy. Apparently many others had the same idea, and some people were even camped out in the aisles. I found a nice spot in the medicine aisle and took an hour nap. Why not? Fortunately, after that, the metro stations were finally back up and running again. I took Federal Triangle Station back to my host's home in Landover Hills, Md. Bernard Lilly, 40, of Chicago's Austin neighborhood, poses with one of his favorite cousins James Williams, 15, of Atlanta, Ga. during today's event in the National Mall. Williams, an honors student at Kennesaw Mountain High School in Atlanta, made the trek to D.C. with his parents (Chicago natives), two sisters, and aunt. "We had to come to the Inauguration," Lilly said. Flags were waved throughout the Mall during the ceremony. Here's three of them from spectators in the non-ticket area between the Capitol Building and Washington Monument, just moments before Barack Obama was officially sworn in as the 44th President of the United States of America. A few observations about today's event: After only two hours of sleep Monday night, I began Inauguration Day at 8:30 a.m., trekking from Arlington, VA. with my hosts to the Memorial Bridge--the place for cyclists and pedestrians headed to the ceremony on Tuesday. Walking to the bridge was a tranquil, awe-inspiring buildup to what became a gripping, profoundly patriotic event. I was positioned on the west end of the Mall--between the Washington Monument and the National World War II Memorial. The bridge provided easy access to the inauguration and picturesque views of the Lincoln Memorial. The right lanes of the bridge were closed for the eventual motorcade of buses transporting the bands for the parade. Chris Brandon, 63, of Plainfield, MA holds a sign her nephew made. Brandon was active during the civil rights movement, marching with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1966 and 1967. "This is like an alternate reality," she said. "It's unreal." Sixty-year-old Dr. Patrick E. Davies (pictured at left and below) of England stands among the crowd of tens of thousands near the WWII Memorial. Davies said the weekend's atmosphere was "absolutely fantastic and hopeful, especially in the midst of a crisis." Davies also said Obama's speech was a "rallying call" and likened it to some of Winston Churchill's speeches. "Words matter, and it is words that inspire," he said. "At events like this, history is made in a flash, and if you miss it, you miss that moment." Like so many others, Davies raised his country's flag in support of President Obama. After the ceremony ended, however, the Mall was not treated with the greatest care. This pile of garbage was at 17th. and Constitution St. Still, the crowds were invigorating and inspiring in spite of the frigid temperatures. Those who couldn't get to the parade continued to celebrate at 17th and H St. well after Obama's speech ended. Orange seat inauguration tickets received just hours before beginning the sleepy hour walk to Capitol Hill. The early morning trek to Capitol Hill View from the orange seating inside the ticketed inauguration ceremony. After a late night of get-down grooves with George Clinton and the Parliament Funkadelics at a pre-inauguration reception honoring Obama and the Congressional Black Caucus, it was time to retire and attempt an hour or two of zzz's. The next morning would bear more emotion and excitement, so some rest was needed before making the long trek out to Capitol Hill. However as I called a time-out, the streets of DC remained buzzing for hours, full of people who most likely knew there would be no time (or for some, place) to rest. My eyes were crusty and head fuzzy as I woke up at 6AM to the sound of helicopters. I felt guilty for oversleeping. The Mall had just opened up the gates to the public and I was already behind those had been there since 3AM camping out. By suprise my inauguration plans manifested into me scoring two admission tickets just four hours earlier. My sister's friend, a DC native, had no desire to make the hike and spend hours outside in the cold on Capitol Hill. I won some time back, considering the gates in the tickted area wouldn't open till 9AM. Tickets in hands, my friend and I were off! What on any normal day would have been 10-15 minutes to walk from Chinatown to Capitol Hill, took us over an hour. The streets felt sublimely surreal as people appeared to be sleepwalking on the carless streets towards the Mall. Street vendors bustled with various Obama paraphenelia from Obama hand warmers to "I was there" T-shirts. And at any given moment, individuals would begin to chant "O BA MA, O BA MA;" a sort of piercing reality check that no T-shirt needed to remind us that indeed, we were here. Finally, we arrived to orange security gate before it opened at 9am, but not without an hour and half line, which went by fast if you had good coversation with the people waiting with you. Undoubtly, this was the majority of the inauguration experience--building community with those around you. And if it at any moment I had a doubt about the worthwhileness of being amidst this excessive event, a good conversation or kind gesture could quickly disinegrate the thought. Afterall, most everyone in that line and in the Mall knew the kind of chaos they were getting themselves into. And given moments here and there of frustration, I was overall impressed with the patience people possessed. I will be posting more about the swearing in ceremony and people's reactions. It's been an exhausting and hectic last 24 hours.

Disclaimers: Yeah, yeah... I don't own them. I never did. If I had, there would be no need for this story. No copyright infringement or profit intended. Violence: About average for a XWP installment. Sex: This story contains women in loving, sexual relationships. If this is illegal where you live, well, sorry... If you're hiding the fact that you're reading this from your mother, you should probably move on, although I'm fairly certain you won't. Kids these days... Timeline: This is the only post-FIN story I've written. I anticipate it will be the last. Author's note: I really struggled with this ending, so I wrote two different ones. I would be very interested to know what you think. By Mykel Taylor O'Connor [email protected] Tyro watched from a distance as her queen silently faced the sunset from the edge of the village. It was a sad ritual that the petite blonde had observed daily since her return. It had be nearly two years since Gabrielle watched her beloved Xena fade with the setting sun. Five moons ago she had returned to her Amazon sisters before the winter Solstice. At first, the long winter nights were passed with tales of her travels to the Land of the Pharaohs and other fantastic places around the world. But as the moons carried on, her evening vigil betrayed her otherwise carefully hidden pain. Cyane wrapped her arms around Tyro's waist from behind and joined her in observing their friend. "Do you think her heart will ever heal?" "No. I don't," Tyro replied in her typical matter of fact tone. "I don't think anyone gets over a love like that. Especially if they don't want to... " Cyane leaned her chin on her lover's shoulder and looked up at her. "What do you mean?" "You've heard the tales from her travels, the places she's been and the battles she fought. She's spent moon after moon trying to get killed." The regent's face registered shock, then sighed deeply and kissed the shoulder before her. "That hadn't occurred to me, but I suspect you're right. The things she's done since... " Her voice trailed off as she mentally replayed the exploits of Gabrielle's travels after she left that isle across the sea from Chin. "And she still carries that jar with Xena's ashes in it. She says that she wants to return them to Amphipolis, but passed within a day's walk of there on her journey here." Tyro looked over her shoulder at beautiful hazel eyes clouded with concern. "I think she came here to wait for death. The death of Xena created such a fierce warrior that now she can't find anyone skilled enough to kill her, so she came here to help protect the only thing she still cares about." "The Amazon Nation... " Cyane deduced. With that they both turned in time to watch Gabrielle cross toward the queen's hut. The sun had abandoned her again. ***** The spring season brought a flurry of activity. . The crops were planted in the fields and the last remnants of winter were cleared away from the village. The mood always seemed to lift as the days grew longer and the women could spend most of their days in the sun. Tyro began the younger warriors' training again. The physical exertion and rusty skills brought a steady stream of sore or pulled muscles and minor injuries through the healer's hut. Cyane observed that Gabrielle was often helping the healer, but never went near the training fields. She would watch her young warriors from a distance, but never ventured close enough to be called into the fray. Her only training was done at the end of the day with Tyro; she never allowed an audience. One day a signal came from the border sentries that a stranger had requested an audience with the queen. The woman was escorted into the village, her numerous weapons confiscated by the guards. She was taken to the council hut where Gabrielle, Cyane, and Tyro were waiting, along with several other members of the council. The young warrior approached the long table and dropped to one knee; her head remained bowed from the time she entered the hut. "Who are you?" asked Cyane. "I am Janae. I am from the remnant that remains of the Northern Amazons." Gabrielle took over the conversation. "Rise Janae, and welcome, Sister." The young woman stood slowly. She was about Tyro's height, with long auburn hair. Her shoulders were broad; her arms were powerfully muscular and her stomach was chiseled with definition. She stood on thick, powerful legs. After surveying the room, she chanced a look at the fabled Queen Gabrielle with dark brown eyes. She knew the queen was studying her, but it felt more like appreciation than observation as those eyes passed down, then up her long legs, lingering just a heartbeat longer than was necessary. The queen seemed to shake herself silently from her stare to meet Janae's gaze. The eyes that awaited her were so intense that it made Gabrielle uncomfortable. The woman was extremely handsome. The knowledge that she had been caught admiring the young warrior's body caused a flush of heat to sweep across her face. Still, she maintained her composure. "What brings you to our village, Janae?" "I come bearing a request from my regent." She handed one of the guards a scroll, which was relayed to Gabrielle. "I was to complete my training before the Summer Solstice. But now our weapons master is with child." Gabrielle looked confused. "Is there no one else in your village to finish your training?" "There is no one strong enough to provide me with the appropriate challenge to test as a master." The statement should've sounded arrogant, but didn't coming from her. "And I have not completely finished my training with the sword or staff." Mention of a staff caused Cyane to glance cautiously at her friend. Gabrielle had not picked up her staff since placing it in the corner of her hut upon her return. Janae continued, "My regent says that your village has the reputation of possessing the finest weapons masters in the long history of our nation... " Tyro's chest immediately puffed out slightly, causing Cyane to grimace remorsefully. She would be impossible to live with for weeks. "... and it is said that the Queen of the Amazons is unmatched in her skill with a staff, as well as other weapons." She paused, seeming to reconcile the tales she had heard with the small woman sitting before her. Her hair was short and she wore traditional Amazon leathers beneath a soft leather jacket that hung open in the front. This showcased defined abdominal muscles and beautiful, round breasts. Under the table she could see the outline of muscular legs and shapely calves. Identical weapons were visible from the top of her boots. There were scars on her body that were not old and a look in her eyes that was sad and weary at the same time. It was a strange combination... "I have come, with your permission, to finish my training." Gabrielle shifted slightly, uneasy under the intense scrutiny of her body by the young warrior, however subtle it might be. Setting old familiar stirrings aside, she raised her head regally and announced, "You are welcome, Janae, to our village and our training. What you have heard of our weapons master is correct; there are few in the known world that could defend themselves and our nation as lethally and effectively as Tyro. She will finish your training." "Tyro, please get our guest settled. I am sure she is hungry and tired from her journey. You may begin her training tomorrow." Tyro gave Gabrielle a firm nod and then stood to escort her out of the room, followed by the crowd as they moved to resume their daily activities. Janae glanced back through the crowd once at Gabrielle as she exited. Gabrielle and Cyane sat in silence for what felt like a long time. "She looks to be a formidable warrior," Cyane finally observed. "Yes. She looks to have that potential." Cyane decided to risk a further comment. "She is also very attractive, isn't she?" She unconsciously held her breathe waiting for a response. "I'm sure there will be a line of our young women to vie for her attentions." "It didn't seem to be their attentions that she was interested in," this was dangerous territory and Cyane knew it, "although you certainly held her interest." Gabrielle laughed out loud. It was a sincere laugh; one of the few she had heard from the queen since her return. "Is this my future, my friend? You plan to matchmake me with every new face that ventures into our village?" "Gabrielle... " "It's alright, Cyane. But I have had my love. I am not interested in finding another." "You could never replace Xena. I know that. We all do. But surely that doesn't mean that you have to spend the rest of this life alone." "Yes, Cyane; it does... " And with that Gabrielle rose and returned to her hut, where she remained the rest of the evening. After dinner, Tyro unlaced her boots as she sat on a stool by their fireplace. "Is Gabrielle feeling alright?" "As far as I know; why do you ask?" "She didn't come to dinner tonight. It's unusual for her to not dine with a guest on their first evening in the village." "Well, I suspect she had her reasons." Cyane replied coyly. "What reasons?" "It could be anything. I don't know." Tyro dropped a boot by its mate on the floor and turned squarely to face her lover. "Yes you do." "How should I know why she didn't come to dinner?" She had stated that a little too defensively and she knew it. "Maybe she wasn't hungry." "Gabrielle? Our Queen? Not hungry? When was the last time that happened?" Tyro paused and then answered her own question. "Never." Cyane stood to prepare herself for bed, trying to look busy as she moved around the room. "Cyane, sit down." She turned on Tyro. "Since when do I take my orders from you?" "Since you know something about Gabrielle that you're not telling me... Now what's going on?" Her plan executed perfectly, Cyane crossed the room and sat in the lap of her partner. "You didn't notice anything after she proclaimed you one of the greatest weapons masters in our history, did you?" "Like what?" She laughed at the defensive tone and kissed the closest cheek sweetly. "Like the tension between Gabrielle and Janae?" "What tension?" Cyane continued to chuckle as she ran the fingers of her right hand through Tyro's hair. "The sexual tension, Silly!" "The... Are you sure?" "Oh, I'm sure. I talked to Gabrielle after everyone else left." "And she's interested in Janae?" "She says she not... " "But you suspect she is. Why?" "Did you notice the way Gabrielle examined Janae as she stood before her? And the way Janae scanned every inch of Gabrielle she could see?" Now Tyro was really confused. "I didn't think they were checking each other out; I thought they were just sizing each other up." "Oh, they were sizing each other up alright. Janae was sizing up Gabrielle's breasts and Gabrielle was extremely interested in Janae's legs." Cyane laughed out loud and then kissed her partner on the lips. "You really are clueless sometimes." "Gabrielle stared at Janae's legs?" "Yes, dear, and Janae more than returned the favor." "She did?" "She did... None of us look at Gabrielle that way because we all know her past. But Janae doesn't." Cyane loving caressed Tyro's face. "It's been a long time since someone looked at our friend that way." "What way?" It's a good thing she's a weapons master, because she has no skill in observing people she is not going to fight. "Janae looked at her like a woman." "She is a woman... " "Oh, honestly! How did you ever get me to fall in love with you?" Cyane stood up and stalked toward their bed. "Janae looked at Gabrielle like she is a beautiful woman with whom she might want to have sex!" "Oh!" exclaimed Tyro as the pieces finally fell into place. "Do you think Gabrielle will give her a chance?" "I don't know." Tyro could see her partner thinking something through. "But if I get the chance, I'm certainly going to push our queen in that direction... " With that Cyane smiled seductively at her suddenly suspicious partner. "Cyane... Don't get started with your scheming, Woman!" The regent began to move toward her prey. "Me? Scheming?" "Yes, you!" Tyro had started to say something else, but it was about that time that Cyane dropped her top to the floor. "You want to see Gabrielle happy again, don't you?" she purred. "Of course I do, but... " Tyro lost her train of thought as Cyane dropped her skirt in front of the flustered warrior. "You are an evil, manipulative woman... " "Why don't we take some of your clothes off and I'll show you how manipulative I can be?" Tyro let out a sound that was somewhere between a squeak and a sigh as Cyane tugged at the hem of her shirt. Gabrielle sat in front of the fireplace, lost in thought. She closed her eyes and waited as her heart called out to Xena. Soon a gentle draft slipped through the room, stopping at Gabrielle's back. "Hello, my love. How are you?" The words weren't audible, but Gabrielle heard them clearly in her heart. "I'm lonely," the blonde replied bluntly. "Well, let me sit here with you for a while. You can catch me up on what happened in the village today." "You would know what's going on in the village if you stopped by more often." Gabrielle's anger rolled off of her. This was new. Xena's spirit proceeded cautiously. "Has it been that long?" "Twelve days." "Really? It didn't seem that long to me." "Any time you spent away from me used to be too long for you. Now you disappear for days at a time and don't even realize it. I wait each sunset for you, but so often I am still alone as the light dims." Gabrielle turned to face her soul mate. A shimmer of light was there, but no more. "I'm losing you, Xena." "I promised you would never lose me, Gabrielle." "That may be a promise you're not going to be able to keep." Hesitantly she reached toward the light. "You're fading. I can hardly see you anymore. And as your visits become farther and farther apart, I fear that I am beginning to fade from your mind," she dropped her head as the sadness overwhelmed her, "and heart." Suddenly Xena's image began to appear clearly. Gabrielle looked up to find long, dark hair, high cheek bones and strong jaw line, and brilliant blue eyes that all seemed so real she dissolved into heaving sobs. Xena guided her into her arms. They still felt strong and safe around her. "I promised that I would never leave you and I meant it. I'm sorry if I've been away too long. Time feels different there. It passes like water around a stone. I guess I just didn't realize how quickly it was flowing." "It is like water around a stone, Xena, because you're stuck there. You're not really here. You're trapped there forever." "I am really here, Love". Gently, she lifted Gabrielle so she could look into her eyes. "I am here." With that she leaned in and kissed her lover. It wasn't a tender kiss. It was passionate and emotional, their tongues dancing feverishly with one another. Gabrielle gasped as she felt hands caressing her body. Her skin shivered under the urgent touch. She reached behind her and loosened the ties at her neck. Her top fell away, exposing her breasts to the apparition in front of her. Xena leaned down, pulling one nipple roughly into her mouth while a hand worked on the other. Gabrielle wove her hands through Xena's hair, clenching the back of her head. Her mind reeled. It was all so confusing. Xena was here, making love to her, and yet she wasn't. The soft hair flowed between her fingers. Teeth gripped and teased, marking her breasts. Suddenly she was turned, facing the fire. Leaning back in Xena's arms, she pushed down her underwear only to feel long fingers plunge into her wetness. She gasped at the sensation, writhing in her lover's embrace. Marks appeared along her neck and shoulders as Xena bit and sucked them. Her nipples were quickly tender and sensitive as two strong fingers kneaded them. A thumb brushed across the bundle of nerves between her legs once, twice, and then stayed, circling with insistent pressure. The fingers continued to stroke inside her. Gabrielle bit her lip to keep from screaming Xena's name. She had almost forgotten. It had been so long... Her climax crashed upon her like thunder. It rolled over her body leaving a glowing sweat and goose flesh in its wake. Xena drew out the orgasm, bringing her down slowly as she whispered sweet nonsense in her ear. She held her as Gabrielle turned in her arms to rest her head against Xena's chest. Then something happened. Xena started to lose her grip. Gabrielle, who suddenly seemed to be suspended in midair, slipped as if she were losing her footing on a trail. Xena began to fade again and her touch was light and uncertain. Gabrielle stood and looked at her lover. "You're fading! Xena, what's wrong?" "Nothing's wrong. I expended a great deal of energy making love to you. I'm having trouble harnessing enough to stay visible and allow you to feel me at the same time." Obviously disappointed, Gabrielle hesitated to regain control of her emotions. It was Xena's fault things were like this. It had been so many moons since Xena had made her choice, had chosen strangers - and Akemi - over her. Her rational mind constantly reminded her that she should be over it by now, but... I don't understand. I should be able to do this. I used to be able to make love to you all night, even after Japa. Gabrielle knew why it was happening; at least she had her suspicions. Sadly, she drew a deep breath and whispered, "Then come to bed and hold me while I sleep. I won't need to see you in the darkness and at least I'll be able to feel your arms around me." It was a sad compromise, but compromise was all they had now. Xena's energy glowed in the air as it followed Gabrielle to her bedroom. When Tyro arrived at the practice field after her morning meal, Janae was already waiting for her. "Good Morning! You're up early." "Well, Queen Gabrielle said we could start my training today." "Sure, but I figured you might at least sleep in a little." "I tend to be an early riser." "You traveled a great distance to get here. We can wait another day if you'd like to catch up on your rest." "No, that's okay. The queen expects me to begin today. I am anxious to meet her expectations." Tyro smiled quietly to herself. So she doesn't want to disappoint the queen, huh? "You know, Gabrielle isn't really that strict." "You don't address her by her proper title?" Laughing, Tyro shook her head no. "Not unless I want to get punched in the arm!" Janae was totally confused. "I don't understand." "I just mean that there are times when it is appropriate and expected that her title will be used. But on a day to day basis, she really prefers that everyone just call her by her first name." Janae's eyes were round with amazement. "I don't think I could ever do that!" Tyro began to stretch; "Well, it's your shoulder." Janae just frowned. Changing the subject, Tyro began to discuss Janae's training. They covered the weapons and skill training that Janae had already received and what she felt were her strengths and weaknesses. The weapon's master was impressed when she discovered that she had studied the whip, as well as knives, hand to hand combat, scouting and tracking, and was advanced in her instruction with the sword and staff. Xena, you would have liked this kid, she thought remorsefully. Not many people bother to study the whip anymore. You would've been a good teacher for her. "Tyro? Are you okay?" "Sure." She looked self-consciously at the young woman. "I was just thinking of an old friend that was Hades with a whip... " "Will I be able to meet her?" "No. I'm afraid not." Tyro left it at that. "So, what do you say we grab some knives and a whip; you can show me what you can do before lunch. Then we can work on some hand to hand and finish off with a little fundamental sword skill work." "Sounds great," Janae agreed as she followed her new teacher to the weapons hut. "By the way, my old teacher said that she would decide when I was ready to test on a weapon. Is that what you will do?" "Oh, no," Tyro replied as they entered the neatly ordered weapons room. She walked over to a rack with several rows of beautifully crafted knives as she continued. "I believe a warrior has to have confidence in her skills. You will declare your Rite of Challenge when you think you're ready. Then you can either leave it up to me how you are tested or you can choose your opponent. As long as she is a worthy choice, I will allow the contest. However, you must then allow your opponent to decide whether or not you have passed." Janae was very quiet as she chose her knives. Then she turned and announced, "In that case, I declare my Rite of Challenge with knives." Tyro was shocked. "Now?" She just nodded as she replied, "Yes." Two hours later, Janae was making her way through an intricate course of targets. Tyro had made the course particularly difficult, thinking to discourage any overconfidence the young woman possessed. Instead, she stood in front of a group of younger women, most cheering with growing respect. As Janae rounded the last turn, she grabbed two knives from a previous target and moved to set them in a target almost 20 paces out of bounds. As she pulled them back over her shoulders to send both flying at once, Tyro launched the blunt end of a knife at her. Janae sensed the movement toward her, rolled to her right, came up in a crouched position and buried both knives in the center of the target. The crowd roared. Even Tyro had to clap. The mob entered the dining hall with a clamor. There was great competition among the young women to sit at the new warrior's table. Meanwhile, Tyro crossed the room to sit with Cyane and Gabrielle. "What's that all about?" Cyane asked. "Janae declared her Rite of Challenge with knives this morning." Gabrielle was shocked. "She did not!" Tyro smiled ruefully. "Oh, yes she did." Gabrielle tried to wait for Cyane to ask, but finally gave in to her curiosity. "How'd she do?" "She passed easily. And it was one Hades of a course, too." The blonde glanced across the room. "That's good... " She tried to sound casual, but she was very impressed. Cyane paused for a moment and then decided to call her on it. "That's all you have to say? That's good?" Gabrielle was immediately defensive. "What do you want me to say?" "It wouldn't surprise me if she declared with the whip this afternoon or tomorrow," Tyro announced, intervening in the awkward moment. Both women turned to look at Tyro. "Is she that good?" asked Gabrielle. "I watched her warming up while I was setting up her course. And the truth is I've only known two people better with a knife than she is," Tyro hesitated, looking from her wife to her queen, "and only one warrior better with a whip." Gabrielle paled slightly at the comparison and then looked away from Tyro to the woman sitting across the room. In spite of the throng of young women surrounding her, Janae was already staring at Gabrielle. They stared at each other for a long moment; long enough that other women in the room began to notice. To cover her true motive, Gabrielle lifted her mug in a salute to the warrior's accomplishment. Janae smiled faintly and nodded in reply. After draining her mug, Gabrielle stood and exited without another word to her friends. Janae declared her Rite of Challenge with the whip that afternoon and passed. After her sunset vigil that evening, Gabrielle grabbed a blanket on the way to the small clearing behind her hut. She lay down and watched the stars as they began to glow in the growing darkness. Her thoughts were scattered, but the new warrior in her village was a recurring theme. She was so preoccupied she failed to notice the warm breeze that settled behind her. "I'll never understand why you think it looks like a bear." The voice startled her. "Xena!" she gasped as she sat up to stare at the woman beside her. "I'm sorry my love. I didn't mean to startle you." "That's okay; I'm really glad to see you." "Why? Is something wrong?" "No." Xena thought for a moment and then decided on a different approach. "What's been going on with your Amazons?" "Not much. The usual for this time of year; we're getting the crops in the fields and the gardens are all turned and they're planting vegetables. And of course, Tyro has everyone on rotation in the training field." Xena laughed. "I'll bet she does! Spring training was always Pony's favorite time of year, too." Gabrielle remained silent. "What else is going on?" "We had a warrior from the Northern Amazons arrive the other day." "Is everything okay at their village?" "Yes, but their weapons master is pregnant and this young woman is ready to test as a master." "So they sent her down her to test under Tyro? Poor kid... " "Not really." "How's that?" "She challenged with knives and the whip on her first day and passed both." "Both in one day?" It sounded as if the wind whistled. "She must be pretty good." "Tyro said you're the only one she's every seen that was better with a whip." Xena clasped her hands behind her head; she had that cocky smile on her face that Gabrielle always found so adorable. "I may have to drop by and watch her in action... What's she going to tomorrow?" "I suspect she's working on hand to hand. She'll probably test in that next. She said she needed more work with the sword and staff." "Are you going to train her with the staff?" "No. Why would I?" "Because you're better than Tyro with a staff." "I am not... " "Oh, please. Gabrielle, I doubt there's anyone anywhere that you couldn't match with that staff of yours." Gabrielle rolled over and smiled shyly. "You big sweet talker, you." "I'm serious, Gabrielle." Xena smiled sincerely, "I am so proud of the skills you have with your weapons. I know it wasn't really the knowledge you started out to gain, but now you're every bit the warrior I was." "Xena, I could never... " "Yes, you are. The moment you were recognized by my chakram you were my equal." "Recognized by it?" "Of course. Callisto had possession of it, but she could never control it. That's why she crippled me that day instead of killing me. You can do everything with it that I could do; you've learned that in your travels since Japa. It yields to your skill as a warrior. That's what it was designed to do." Gabrielle thought about that for a moment and then shook her head as if in disbelief. "I never knew... " "That's why I think you should train this young warrior with the staff. If you really want her to have the best training, she should be trained by you. As a matter of fact, I'm surprised Tyro hasn't already brought it up to you." "I think Tyro has had her hands full so far." "Well, I'm sure she'll think of it. When she comes to you, I think... " "Xena," Gabrielle interrupted, "I don't want to talk about them anymore." She was surprised, but agreed. "Okay, what do you want to talk about?" "What do you do when you're not with me?" Xena faltered a little bit; she hadn't been expecting this question. "Well, it's a beautiful place. No one hurries there. Time is so different. There is plenty of time for singing and painting; I've even tried by hand at poetry, if you can believe that." "Poetry? Really? I would love to hear something you've written!" She rolled on to her side and began tracing lazy patterns with the fingers on what would've been the warrior's stomach. "Right... I don't think so. You're still the only bard in this family." Hearing the word "family" tapped a well of tears. "Are we still a family, Xena?" "We are as far as I'm concerned." Xena looked puzzled, "Why do you think I would feel differently?" "Well, you're there so much of the time. And Akemi's there with you." Gabrielle bowed her head as if ashamed. "I've wondered if you and she - well, how you've passed the time together." Suddenly, Xena understood. "There is only one woman for me." "You don't get lonely there?" "No, but there is such a sense of peace there that I don't suppose there's room for feelings like that." "So you don't miss me when we're apart?" The tears were flowing freely now. "Oh, Gabrielle! It's not that at all!" She cupped her soulmate's face and gently wiped away the tears. "I just don't feel like we're ever apart. You're with me every moment, in my heart." The blonde fell into her arms, resting her head upon a chest that did not have a heart beating within it. "I'm so sorry, my love. I didn't realize how bad things were for you." "You're gone; how could it not be bad?" Xena was dismayed at her own ignorance. "I guess I just assumed now that you're back with your sisters, things were okay. You're among women who love you and need you... " "But they're not you." Gabrielle shifted so her body was completely on Xena's form. The warrior tried to speak, but was interrupted. "I don't want what happened last time to happen again. I don't need to see you; I know every curve, every line, every scar... If I close my eyes I can see you perfectly." She began to move seductively against the energy below her. "I need to feel you. Just concentrate on staying solid for me." Urgency washed over her as she began to fight against the clothing she wore. "I just need to feel you." Below her, all shadows of Xena's image faded. All that remained was a shimmer of light. But the body firmed into strong arms and taught nipples. It seems that clothing is optional when you're a ghost. Immediately the soft fur between Xena's legs began to tickle Gabrielle's thigh. The queen let out a groan that prompted wetness to flow from between long, still muscular legs. Gabrielle kept her eyes closed. Her lips explored Xena's jaw line and neck. Her thigh pressed between Xena's legs; her knees spread wide to accommodate the motion, using her hands to part swollen lips so Gabrielle could ride the very core of her. There was no tenderness here. It was need and lust and desperation. The queen rode her beloved to climax very quickly, then shifted her position to straddle one of Xena's thighs. As first it seemed her climax would follow quickly, but then she slowed her pace torturously. In one swift move she placed herself below Xena. "Mark me," she rasped breathlessly. "Leave your marks on me." Happy to oblige, Xena descended on Gabrielle's neck and shoulders. She moved her hand between hungry thighs and matched their rhythm as she worked three fingers into her bard's vagina. "More... " It wasn't a request. Xena's mind worked at a fevered pitch. Her lover had never preferred rough sex; what was different now? She lifted her lips from a bruised neck and whispered, "Gabrielle?" in to the closest ear. But the blonde didn't want to talk; she didn't want to negotiate or explain. "More!" she commanded through clenched teeth. Then she took Xena's head in both hands and forced it down to her breasts. As the warrior worked her hand to make room for a fourth finger she took a hardened nipple in her mouth and began to suckle. "Harder," was the immediate command. "Use your teeth." There was a fleeting worry that Gabrielle would regret this later, but Xena pushed that thought aside as she released her aggressive nature on the body below her. She wouldn't bring her to climax until her nipples would be too sore to touch tomorrow; wearing the halter top would be excruciating and erotic at the same time. It wasn't long until Gabrielle was writhing below her, lower lip between her teeth, gasping in pleasure and pain. It was at that moment that Xena thrust her hand into the bard's body. Gabrielle gasped and grabbed two handfuls of hair. Xena slowly drew the hand back and then plunged it in again. It lasted longer than she imagined it would. Gabrielle stubbornly held on to her release until Xena left her hand inside, twisting and massaging, while changing her position to grasp the nerve bundle between her teeth to suck it viciously. There was no escape from the avalanche of sensation. She writhed and cried out, moaned, and then, as Xena carefully removed her hand, she wept. Xena's regret was immediate. "I'm sorry. I'm sorry, Baby," she soothed and she moved to take her lover in her arms. "I should've known it was too much. I'm sorry." "It's not your fault. Shhhhh, it's not your fault," Gabrielle insisted in a raspy voice. "It's what I wanted." They were still for a long time as Gabrielle regained her senses. Finally, Xena broke the silence. "Why?" There was no answer, so Xena asked her again, "Gabrielle, why did you want this to be so rough? You never enjoyed anything that aggressive in our lovemaking; why now?" Gabrielle waited several long moments before she responded. "It doesn't last." "What doesn't last?" "What. Part 2 Back to the 2007 Valentine Invitational Stories Back to the Academy

NRL power rankings Do you agree with this week's ranking? Join the debate. Last week's rankings in brackets plus their win-loss record. 1 ST GEORGE ILLAWARRA (1) 14-4 They lead the competition by four points and have a points for-and-against differential almost twice as big as the second-placed Bulldogs, so the minor premiership is virtually guaranteed with six rounds remaining. 2 BULLDOGS (2) 13-5 Stumbled with their loss to the Eels, which was their first of the 13-plus kind this season. Now the pressure is on them to hit straight back against the rejuvenated Rabbitohs, or their bid to finish in the all-important top two could take a big blow. 3 MELBOURNE (3) 11-1-6 That was an impressive win over the Sharks. Their opposition may have been well down on the competition table, but they have been trying hard and the Storm were missing several star players. They are looking solid in the top four now. 4 GOLD COAST (4) 12-6 Comfortably disposed of the struggling Broncos, and now they get the luxury of a second straight home game - against a Cowboys outfit that has found it very difficult on the road this season. Pressuring the Bulldogs for a top-two spot now. 5 MANLY (5) 10-8 Jumped from eighth to fifth on the competition table with their slashing win over the Knights. The top four teams will all be looking over their shoulders at them, and if any of them hit the wall the Sea Eagles are ready to overtake them for a home final. 6 PENRITH (7) 10-8 They have risen to the challenge in recent weeks and have stayed in the top eight rather than faded, winning three of their last four games. Centre Michael Jennings scored three tries against the Cowboys to take his total to 14 in 13 games this season. 7 WESTS TIGERS (9) 8-10 While there is life there is hope for the Tigers, who are clinging on in the race for the finals with three straight wins. Their victory over the Raiders pulled them up to just two points outside of the top eight, but now they face the Sea Eagles. 8 PARRAMATTA (10) 7-1-10 That's a pretty good double - back-to-back wins over the Storm and the Bulldogs. Fans are wondering why the Eels couldn't perform so well earlier in the season, but even if they don't make the finals this year the future looks promising. 9 SOUTH SYDNEY (11) 8-1-9 They have fired up with three straight wins, two of them over teams ahead of them on the competition table, but now the big challenge comes in the shape of a Sunday afternoon showdown with the Bulldogs. This should be a ripper. 10 NEWCASTLE (6) 10-8 Four losses from their last six games leaves them a little shaky, but they get the perfect chance to steady things with a home game against the hapless Roosters this weekend. The return of Kurt Gidley and Jarrod Mullen will help enormously. 11 NORTH QUEENSLAND (8) 9-9 The alarm bells couldn't be ringing any louder after their loss at home to the Panthers. They were having enough problems trying to win away and now they have to hit the road to play the Titans, who are unbeaten at home. 12 BRISBANE (12) 9-9 The The only reason they haven't dropped any lower after losing again - this time to the Titans - is that the four teams ranked below them all lost last weekend as well. But they could get back into the eight win a win and a Cowboys loss this weekend. 13 CANBERRA (13) 6-12 Theirs is a season to forget, but at least they are fortunate the only two teams below them on the competition table - the Sharks and Roosters - are finding it just as hard to win at the moment. Some joy between now and the end of the season would be nice. 14 WARRIORS (14) 6-1-11 They aren't the first team to be a taught a lesson by the Dragons this season - and they won't be the last. They are the lowest-scoring team in the competition and the Dragons have the best defence, so what hope did the Warriors have 15 CRONULLA (15) 5-13 Should have made a better contest of it than they did against the Storm, considering the opposition had some stars out, but perhaps a long, hard season is getting to them. Need to concentrate to make sure they finish it reasonably well. 16 SYDNEY ROOSTERS (16) 4-14 Not only are they red-hot favourites for the wooden spoon, but they have been clean swept by their arch-rivals the Rabbitohs, whose 40-20 win over them on Monday night means they have outscored them 92-32 this season. - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 2:58 PM Karmichael Hunt switches to AFL Is rugby league in crisis? The code has suffered in recent years with players heading overseas on lucrative contracts to the English Super League and in more recent times to rugby union in Australia, France and Japan. Now it is the AFL with Karmichael Hunt jumping ship. Will Hunt succeed in AFL and can rugby league keep producing the talent to make up for the loss of some of its leading players? - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 9:52 AM NRL power rankings Do you agree with this week's ranking? Join the debate. Last week's rankings in brackets plus their win-loss record. 1 ST GEORGE ILLAWARRA (1) 13-4 Losses by the third and fourth-placed teams last weekend means the Dragons are almost guaranteed of finishing the regular season in the top two and have one hand on the minor premiership. Plenty of big-name troops returning for this week's game. 2 BULLDOGS (2) 13-4 Built a comfortable lead against the Titans, but then had to hang on over the final stages after the opposition made a late run at them. Have won two in a row despite having plenty of star players out, and now they are getting back to full strength again. 3 MELBOURNE (3) 10-1-6 Cameron Smith, Brett Finch and Steve Turner were out against the Eels, and Greg Inglis didn't do much, and the result was the Storm lost. Once again, it goes back to all those experienced players they lost at the end of last season, eating into their depth. 4 GOLD COAST (4) 11-6 Have had an up and down time of it recently, mainly because of key players being out. But they are back home this week, where they are unbeaten this season, and playing the Broncos, who are a team the Titans should be able to better at the moment. 5 MANLY (6) 9-8 They weren't at their peak in beating the Sharks - not even close - but good teams simply bank wins like that and concentrate on getting better next week. They are only in eighth place at this stage, but still have the potential to finish three or four spots higher. 6 NEWCASTLE (7) 10-7 The bye weekend was hardly a quiet one for the Knights with the news that coach Brian Smith would be leaving for the Roosters at the end of the season. They have got to put the blinkers on and concentrate on the present if they want to keep winning. 7 PENRITH (8) 9-8 The Panthers are hanging in there. They have won two out of their last three games to be in seventh place, and can give their chances of qualifying for the finals a huge favour by beating one of the teams above them - the Cowboys - on the road this week. 8 NORTH QUEENSLAND (5) 9-8 Continue to fail on the road. They started well enough against the Tigers at Leichhardt, building an early lead and keeping the crowd relatively quiet, but then Anthony Watts decided to belt Tigers hero Robbie Farah and the home side roared into action. 9 WESTS TIGERS (12) 7-10 This is it, Tigers. There is no pulling out of this winning run and then coming back again. They have to keep it going now if they hope to make the finals. Wins over the Rabbitohs and the Cowboys, split by the bye, have taken them to four points outside the top eight. 10 PARRAMATTA (13) 6-1-10 Another team that can't afford another slip-up if they are to have any chance of sneaking into the finals. Their win over the Storm was full of character and determination. They are building for the future and are looking like they are really enjoying their footy now. 11 SOUTH SYDNEY (14) 7-1-9 The resurrection continued with a big win on the road against the Broncos. They are just three points outside of the top eight and can wait and see what the rest of the weekend round brings before going in against arch-rivals the Roosters on Monday night. 12 BRISBANE (9) 9-8 The Broncos are crashing and burning before our very eyes. They have lost five of their last six to finally drop out of the top eight - and in four of those losses they conceded more than 40 points. Coach Ivan Henjak needs to grow some hair so he can start tearing it out. 13 CANBERRA (10) 6-11 They are a massive frustration. Every team they start to kick on, they come undone again, and back-to-back losses to the Knights and Panthers have effectively finished them for this season. Their chief playmaker, Terry Campese, has gone backwards recently. 14 WARRIORS (15) 6-1-10 It may have only been against the Roosters, but they finally won on the road after losing five straight away games. They looked gone in that one, too, after falling behind early, but at least they managed to fight back. Still, they have been very disappointing this season. 15 CRONULLA (11) 5-12 They had that four-game winning streak, but since then they have lost three in a row and are nestling in second-last place. They were very competitive against the Sea Eagles, but the decisions didn't go their way and that happens when you are a battling team. 16 SYDNEY ROOSTERS (16) 4-13 The wooden spoon is looming large now. Needed to beat the Warriors to take some heat off, but couldn't go on with it after leading early. They are two points behind second-last, but may as well be four because of their shocking for-and-against differential. - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 10:33 AM Origin III - player ratings Andrew Stevenson rates the 34 player from State of Origin III. NSWKURT GIDLEY (c) His heart's never been questioned; led his side through the pain of stuffed ribs with a typically error-free effort. 7 JARRYD HAYNE The Blues only true freak. Must play fullback next year, then find some runners to go with him. 7 MICHAEL JENNINGS The Black Panther could be the Blues revolutionary hero - if he toughens up his defence. 6.5 JOSH MORRIS Needed two of himself, especially in defence where he struggled to hold Hodges. The odd flash in attack. 6 DAVID WILLIAMS Put the best china away if you ask him to dinner. Hands still a problem. Defence too, as Inglis showed repeatedly. 3.5 TRENT BARRETT Saw a target on Inglis's head last game. Wore one last night but managed to keep his head as he marshalled the Blues. 7 BRETT KIMMORLEY Neville Glover of Origin. Tackle on Inglis might help shift the stain of that intercept pass to Matt Bowen. 7 JOSH PERRY Occasionally caught looking like a teddy bear - especially when Price knocked his stuffing out.7 MICHAEL ENNIS Someone loves him. Ennis the Menace could drive his Mum mad. The ultimate sniper but not as slick as Farah at his best. 6.5 JUSTIN POORE Blues needed more from Poore and finally got an Origin-quality performance from him. 7.5 TRENT WATERHOUSE Missing for years. Solid but did nothing to explain his sudden recall after ages in the Blues diaspora. 6 BEN CREAGH Pick and stick. Everything he does is quality; no more dangerous forward close to the line, while his defence packs plenty of oomph.8.5 ANTHONY WATMOUGH Best player on the field by the proverbial. Surely it's time to pick and stick with this bloke, mad eyes and all. 9.5 Interchange CRAIG WING No coincidence the Blues always look like they have a prayer when they have Wing.7 TOM LEAROYD-LAHRS Loved the tough stuff. Certain to be seen at this level after a solid mistake-free effort.7.5 GLENN STEWART Some clever work in defence. One of the pillars who built the Blues' victory. 6.5 BRETT WHITE Hadn't noticed he was there - until he tried to send Price's head back to New Zealand. 6 QUEENSLANDBILLY SLATER Only human. More mistakes in one game than his entire Origin career. Still a threat whenever there was a sniff of space. 6.5 DARIUS BOYD Smart and solid in attack and defence, another no-nonsense performance by the straight man of the Queensland back line. 7.5 GREG INGLIS Only human - almost. Uninterested and loose in the first half before wreaking havoc in the second. 7.5 JUSTIN HODGES The only freak to play like one. Effort worth a try, then scored and showed plenty of lip when the punches started to fly. 7.5 WILLIE TONGA Loves the tough stuff, came off his wing to shorten a few up and threatened with the ball in hand.6.5 DARREN LOCKYER (c) Tick, tock, tick, tock ... is that the sound of Father Time finally calling last drinks? 6 JOHNATHAN THURSTON Tried hard behind a smashed-up forward pack that didn't set the table the way he normally likes. 7 STEVE PRICE Ian Turpie lives in clubland. The Old Price is Right ended up in dreamland after Waterhouse clocked him. 7 CAMERON SMITH With a face as anonymous as his name, Smith is a unique competitor and was the Maroons' best organiser. 8 DAVID SHILLINGTON Called in for Nate Myles, the home-brand disposable was unable to catch everything that came his way. 6 ASHLEY HARRISON The mop couldn't clean up all the mess last night as the Maroons mighty forwards machine coughed and spluttered without Petero 's petrol.6 MICHAEL CROCKER Let off the chain last night, the Dog wore plenty of shots - and doesn't he love it. 6 DALLAS JOHNSON A try a fitting reward for the brain cells sacrificed to the Maroons cause. A rare match he'll remember - and wish he could forget.6.5 Interchange KARMICHAEL HUNT Like plastic nails, this bloke fills any hole - played as a forward with delusions that he's built like one. The Japanese won't know what's hit them.6 NEVILLE COSTIGAN Built along the same lines as a tank, smashed the NSW cavalry in attack and defence. 7.5 MATT SCOTT A pale imitation of the original, tried his best to live up to the great Petero but was a boy on a man's mission. 6 SAM THAIDAY Flashes of hair, most of it in the push and shove. 6.5 Andrew Stevenson - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 11:22 PM NRL power rankings Do you agree with this week's ranking? Join the debate. Last week's rankings in brackets plus their win-loss record. 1 ST GEORGE ILLAWARRA (1) 13-4 Their 30-point win over Manly stretched their winning streak to four games, equalling their previous best for this season from rounds two to five. Apart from a few injuries, things couldn't be going any better for them at this stage of the season. 2 BULLDOGS (2) 12-4 People are coming out of the woodwork to tip a Dragons-Bulldogs grand final. There's a long way to go before that can become a reality, but the Bulldogs can do their top-two chances a big favour by knocking over the fourth-placed Titans on Friday. 3 MELBOURNE (3) 10-1-5 Should be able to emerge from the State of Origin period with a win on the road against the Eels on Monday. They are the team the Dragons and Bulldogs must fear the most, because they have more recent grand final experience than any other club. 4 GOLD COAST (4) 11-5 Busted out to a 14-0 lead early on against the Eels, but then had to fight hard to hang on and win, 18-12. Still unbeaten at home, but have had several near misses among their last four wins there. Tough, four-day turnaround against the Bulldogs this week. 5 NORTH QUEENSLAND (5) 9-7 Coach Neil Henry stressed his concern about their poor away form after the Bulldogs easily knocked them over on their most recent trip. Now they hit the road again, against a Tigers team that is desperate. Load up with plenty of ammunition, Cowboys. 6 MANLY (6) 8-8 Copped a belting on the road against the Dragons, when both teams had a lot of players out due to State of Origin commitments and injuries. Back out of the top eight now, and games like this week's against Cronulla are must-win affairs if they are to make the finals. 7 NEWCASTLE (7) 10-7 Defended superbly at home to beat a Canberra side that had plenty of shots at their line. Those are the sort of wins that foster self-belief, because they are all about character and attitude. The Knights will feel good about themselves going into the bye. 8 PENRITH (7) 8-8 Tried hard, but had far too many players out to beat a resurgent Rabbitohs outfit. Their home game against Canberra on Saturday is critically important, because the Raiders are one of those sides still hoping to knock the Panthers out of a top-eight spot. 9 BRISBANE (9) 9-7 All eyes will be on how the Broncos perform over the next few weeks. The pressure is on first-year coach Ivan Henjak to get the team firing again in the post-State of Origin period - or look poor in comparison to former Broncos coach Wayne Bennett. 10 CANBERRA (10) 6-10 They can't say they didn't have their chances against the Knights. Three times now this season, the Raiders have won two games straight but been unable to keep the run going. It's now or never time on the road against the Panthers on Saturday. 11 CRONULLA (11) 5-11 They can't make the finals, but they can still run last, so there is still plenty to play for in terms of avoiding the humiliation of being in receipt of the wooden spoon. Five-eighth and captain Trent Barrett's return for Saturday's game against Manly is handy. 12 WESTS TIGERS (12) 6-10 This is it for the Tigers. They had a win going into the bye, and now they've got to come out of it with another win, against the Cowboys, if they hope to be treated seriously as finals contenders. Leichhardt Oval will be rocking on Sunday afternoon. 13 PARRAMATTA (13) 5-1-10 Coach Daniel Anderson was justifiably miffed by their six-point loss to the Titans, because it was a game the Eels could have won had they managed things a bit better. But that's Parramatta these days - they must be driving their supporters mad. 14 SOUTH SYDNEY (16) 6-1-9 Ended a five-game losing streak with a big win at home against the under-strength Panthers, but now they hit the road to play the Broncos. Five-eighth John Sutton fired up against the Panthers and needs to keep firing if Souths are to keep winning. 15 WARRIORS (14) 5-1-10 Before last weekend's home loss to the Bulldogs they still saw themselves as potential finalists. If they lose on the road against the Roosters this weekend, they will be only one point ahead of last place. There will be no stunning, late-season run this year. 16 SYDNEY ROOSTERS (15) 4-12 The Roosters could blow the race to avoid the wooden spoon wide open by beating the Warriors on Sunday. Depending on other results this weekend, there could suddenly be as many as six teams right back in the thick of that dreaded battle. - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 8:13 PM NRL power rankings Do you agree with this week's ranking? Join the debate. Last week's rankings in brackets plus their win-loss record. 1 ST GEORGE ILLAWARRA (1) 12-4 Ran all over the Roosters in the second half. The consistency of the Dragons has been tremendous. They have not lost two consecutive games all season and have put together three winning streaks of three games or better. 2 BULLDOGS (2) 11-4 Had their chance to beat Manly at Brookvale. Even after the Sea Eagles had edged ahead by a point the Bulldogs twice got far enough down the other end of the field to threaten, but inexplicably poor passing let them down on each occasion. 3 MELBOURNE (4) 10-1-5 Didn't beat the Knights by much at home, but the important thing was that they stayed close enough to give themselves a chance of winning, which they took. Remember that the Knights, even with players out, can really frustrate opponents. 4 GOLD COAST (3) 10-5 In their first two seasons, had they been missing as many key players as they were against the Raiders last Sunday they would have been flogged. But they are made of different stuff now, and most of the injured brigade are back this week. 5 NORTH QUEENSLAND (5) 9-7 Got hammered by injuries against the Sharks, and didn't have much of the ball in the first half, but showed tremendous courage to put a big gap between the two teams after halftime. But those injuries have left a hole in them. 6 MANLY (6) 8-7 Why are the Sea Eagles still sixth and the Bulldogs second, despite the Sea Eagles having beaten the Bulldogs? All of the teams ranked in the top six have won more games than they have lost recently, and the Sea Eagles were at home, after all. 7 PENRITH (8) 8-7 They had a lot of players out injured, so they will have taken the 38-34 win over the Eels without despairing too much about their defence on the day. They've got a heap out again this week, but that doesn't mean they can't beat the Rabbitohs. 8 NEWCASTLE (7) 9-7 They put up a courageous performance to almost beat the Storm despite having a lot of players out injured, but the fact is they have now lost three of their last four games - and their only win during that time was over the struggling Rabbitohs. 9 BRISBANE (10) 9-7 Their display in beating the Warriors won't provide too much footage for the end-of-season highlight reel, but after four straight losses they'll gladly take it - just as they'll gladly take the bye week while their State of Origin players are missing. 10 CANBERRA (11) 6-9 For the third time this season, the Raiders have won two games in a row. The first time they did it, they followed it up with four straight losses. The second time, they followed it up with two straight losses. Time to follow it up with some more wins. 11 CRONULLA (9) 5-11 Had more than enough ball to build a lead against the Cowboys, but because they had so many key players out injured or suspended they just couldn't make anything happen. Another team that will really appreciate having the bye this week. 12 WESTS TIGERS (14) 6-10 They may have managed to convince themselves they are still a chance to make the finals after their big win over the Rabbitohs, but I'm not buying it. They can't string wins together, and until they learn to they will be finals spectators. 13 PARRAMATTA (12) 5-1-9 Their game against the Panthers developed into a tit-for-tat affair in which it looked a long way from home like it was going to be last try wins. Unfortunately for the Eels, they came up with the second-last try and went down by four points. 14 WARRIORS (13) 5-1-9 Stayed on the Gold Coast after their loss to the Titans, rather than go home and come back the same week to play the Broncos, but still couldn't find the right formula for winning on the road. Their travel sickness is going to ruin their season. 15 SYDNEY ROOSTERS (15) 4-12 They had a go against the Dragons, but as soon as the opposition clicked after halftime the night was over for the chooks. The embarrassing thing is that, as bad as their record is on the field, their record off it is even worse. 16 SOUTH SYDNEY (16) 5-1-9 That was truly embarrassing against the Tigers. The Rabbitohs haven't been a high-scoring team in recent years, but they could usually rely on their defence to keep them in the game. Now that is starting to let them down. Tough times. - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 9:21 PM Lyon leaves Origin arena for good The headline every Blues fan wanted to see? You bet. It hasn't arrived officially but the withdrawal of Jamie Lyon from the third State of Origin match with injury surely draws the curtain on his representative career. And if Lyon - and any of his legion of Sea Eagles supporters - feels peeved that we're desperately tugging on the drawstrings before he's ready to leave the stage it's worth remembering that it was actually he who was trying to, as police are wont to say, vacate the premises. When you think about why Queensland won the Origin ask yourself this question: Would the Maroons have ever allowed their jumper to be traduced by a player who, only the year before, had told the coach he'd really rather stay at home and watch the game on telly with his kids? Queenslanders put an Origin spot above all else in the game and until the Blues start picking players ready to bleed for their state - remember Benny Elias smearing claret all over his Mum Barbara in 1991 - they better stay ready to clap politely when the trophy is presented. Telling Jamie Lyon - and anyone who thinks like him - that he's not wanted within cooee of the Origin camp would be the right place to start. What do you reckon? Andrew Stevenson - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 11:46 AM Origin III NSW selectors have called up some new faces for Game III, including Brett Kimmorley and Michael Ennis, while Michael Jennings returns from injury. Did the selectors make the right calls? Should Peter Wallace have been left in? And will the Blues be able to chalk up a win? - Posted by SMH Online in Sin Bin at 6:23 PM NRL power rankings Do you agree with this week's ranking? Join the debate. Last week's rankings in brackets plus their win-loss record. 1 ST GEORGE ILLAWARRA (1) 11-4 Had the Tigers done and dusted by halftime, when they led 20-4 along the way to a 21-10 win. Their defence remains the best in the competition, conceding just 13.33 points per game. They are the deserved premiership favourites. 2 BULLDOGS (2) 11-3 Keeping the heat on the Dragons. Dominated the first half against the Cowboys to have the win in the bag by the break. There is a fairytale feel about the Bulldogs, with Hazem El Masri having announced he will retire at the end of the season. 3 GOLD COAST (5) 10-4 If the Titans finish in the top four, as they look like doing at the moment, whichever team has to go to Skilled Park to play them in the first week of the finals will face a huge task. They now have seven wins from seven games at home this season. 4 MELBOURNE (3) 9-1-5 They had won their previous 14 clashes with the Raiders, but all good things come to an end and they let the Raiders get away from them last weekend. Then they couldn't reel them in. Home game against the Knights this weekend is no pushover. 5 NORTH QUEENSLAND (4) 8-7 Coach Neil Henry got it right when he highlighted the team's poor away form as his major concern after their loss to the Bulldogs. The Cowboys are 6-2 at home this season, but only 2-5 away. They need to get the travel bug - and fast. 6 MANLY (6) 7-7heir recent form has been very encouraging, with three wins in a row and five from their last six starts, but they will find out where they really stand when the Bulldogs travel to Brookvale for Monday night's blockbuster. That is one hell of a match-up. 7 NEWCASTLE (8) 9-6 Exploded into action at the start of the second half against the Rabbitohs, scoring three tries to turn a 12-6 deficit into a 24-12 lead with 20 minutes to go, but they know they'll need 80 minutes of concentration against the Storm this weekend. 8 PENRITH (7) 7-7 After two straight losses the bye weekend should have allowed them to re-focus and get over a few injuries, but then came the awful news that captain Petero Civoniceva would be out for seven weeks because of an injury sustained in State of Origin II. 9 CRONULLA (9) 5-10 Their revival, in the shape of a four-game winning streak after nine straight losses, was halted with a loss on the road against the Roosters, but that was nothing compared to the task they face on the road against the Cowboys this weekend. 10 BRISBANE (10) 8-7 They knew the equation going into their game against the Eels - a loss would see them drop out of the top eight. But they still couldn't get enough revs going to get the job done and that's four straight losses now. What the hell is their problem? 11 CANBERRA (12) 5-9 Finally got their act together to beat the Storm at home, but are we going to see some consistency from them now? We've already seen a couple of false dawns. If this is another one they'll be giving up too much ground in the race for the finals. 12 PARRAMATTA (15) 5-1-8 Another team that would dead-set drive you mad if you let them. They beat the Broncos last weekend, but will they back that up with a loss to the Panthers, the same as they lost after beating the Cowboys, and again after beating the Knights? 13 WARRIORS (11) 5-1-8 I'm still stunned that after being the better team early on against the Titans and then getting a penalty close to the opposition line, they kicked a goal rather than go for the try. They can't afford conservatism. They need to make something happen. 14 WESTS TIGERS (13) 5-10 They're not getting flogged, but at the end of the day what difference does it make if you've lost seven of your last eight games, like they have? If they can't beat the Rabbitohs this weekend, they should quietly rack the cue on this season 15 SYDNEY ROOSTERS (16) 4-11 If they were able to play the Sharks every week they might win the comp, but the draw isn't that kind. Two of their four wins have come against the Sharks - and both by the score of 19-12. That is eerie, isn't it? No? Well, unusual, at least. 16 SOUTH SYDNEY (14) 5-1-8 Well, somebody has got to be ranked at the bottom, and although there are several genuine contenders the spotlight has fallen on the Rabbitohs - mainly because, when you look at their team on paper, they should be doing significantly better. - Posted by Ed in Sin Bin at 9:07 PM

Label Mib Hard Disk Drive History Main article: History of hard disks HDDs (introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM accounting computer) were originally developed for use with general purpose computers. During the year 1990, the need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of embedded systems such as RAID, Network Attached Storage (NAS) systems and storage area network (SAN) systems that effectively and reliable access to large amounts of data. In the 21st century, HDD usage extended to consumer applications such as camcorders, mobile phones (eg Nokia N91), digital audio players, digital video players, digital video recorders, personal digital assistants and video game consoles. Technology Schematic representation of a hard disk HDDs record data by magnetizing ferromagnetic material oriented to represent either a 0 or a 1 binary digit. They read the data back by detecting the magnetization of the material. A typical HDD design consists of a pivot holder of one or more flat circular disks called platters, the data are recorded. The discs are made of a non-magnetic material, usually aluminum or glass, and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic material, typically 1020 Nm in thickness for reference, can standard copy will be between 0.07 millimeter (70,000 nm) and 0.18 millimeters (180,000 nm) thick. with an outer carbon layer for protection. Older disks used iron (III) oxide as the magnetic material, but current disks use a cobalt alloy. [Quote necessary] A view of the magnetic surface in action. This If the binary data encoded using frequency modulation. The disks are spun at very high speeds. Information is written to a dish as it runs past devices called read / write heads that are very active (tens of nanometers in new stations) close over the magnetic surface. The read and write is used to detect and immediately change the magnetization of the material below. There is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the axle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) on the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the disk if it is running. The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator or in some older models, a stepper motor. The magnetic surface of each platter is conceptually divided in many small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions, each used for a binary unit of information to encode. Initially, the regions were oriented horizontally, but beginning about 2005, the orientation was changed to perpendicular. Due to the polycrystalline nature of the magnetic material each of these magnetic regions is composed from a few hundred magnetic grains. Beads are typically 10 nm in size, each forming a single magnetic domain. Each magnetic region total represents a magnetic dipole, which a highly localized magnetic field nearby. A write head magnetizes a region by generating a strong local magnetic field. Early HDDs used an electromagnet both for the region and magnetize the magnetic field, then read using electromagnetic induction. Later versions of inductive heads included metal in Gap (MIG) heads and thin film heads. As data density increased, the heads using magnetoresistance (MR) operation, the electrical resistance of the head adapted to the strength of the magnetism of the plateau. Later development made use of spintronics, in these heads, the magnetic resistance effect head technology was much larger than previous types, and was renamed "giant" magnetoresistance (GMR). In the minds of today, the read and write elements are separate, but in the immediate vicinity, on the body of an actuator arm. The read element is typically magneto-resistive while the write element is typically thin-film inductive. HD heads are kept in contact with the platter surface air very close to the disk, the air moving, or close to, the platter speed. [Citation needed] The recording and playback head are mounted on a block called a slider, and the surface near the plateau has been formed to keep it barely in contact. It is a kind of air is supplied. In modern drives, the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state would be lost due to thermal effects. Counteract this, the platters lined with two parallel magnetic layers, separated by a 3-atom thick layer of non-magnetic element ruthenium, and the two layers are magnetized in opposite directions, thus reinforce each other. Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to a greater recording densities perpendicular recording, the first delivery in 2005, starting in 2007 the technology was used in many HDDs. This section may require commission to Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (December 2009) The grain boundaries appear to be very important in HDD design. The grains are very small and close together, so the coupling between neighboring grains is very strong. When a grain is magnetized, neighboring grains tend to be adjusted parallel to it or demagnetized. Then both the stability of the data and signal to noise ratio will be sabotaged. A clear boundary may weaken the link between the grains and then increase the signal to noise ratio. In longitudinal recording, the single-domain grains uniaxial anisotropy with easy axes in the film plane. The result of this arrangement is that in addition to magnets repel each other. Therefore, the magnetostatic energy is so large that it is difficult to increase areal density. Perpendicular recording media, on the other hand, the easy axis of the grains oriented perpendicular to the disk plane. Adjacent magnets attract each other and magnetostatic energy are much lower. Yes, much higher areal density can be achieved in perpendicular recording. Another unique feature in perpendicular recording is a soft magnetic layer included in the recording disk. This layer is used to conduct writing magnetic flux, so that writing is more efficient. This will be discussed in writing. Therefore a higher anisotropy medium of film, such as L10-FePt and rare-earth magnets are used. Error Handling Modern disks also make extensive use of error correcting codes (ECC) especially Reedolomon error correction. These techniques to store extra bits for each block of data that are determined by mathematical formulas. The extra bits can be found many errors. Although this extra bit space on the hard disk, they have a higher recording densities should be applied, resulting in far greater storage capacity for user data. In 2009, The latest drives are low-density parity-check codes (LDPC), Reed-Solomon crowd. LDPC codes performance near the Shannon limit and therefore provide the highest storage density available. Typical hard drives attempt to "reassign" the data in a physical sector which is a poor physical reserve sectoropefully while the number of errors that bad sector is still small enough that the ECC can completely recover the data without loss. The SMART system counts the total number of errors in the entire hard disk defined by ECC, and the total number remapping, in an attempt to predict the hard drive. See also: FileSystem Architecture A hard disk with the platters and the motor hub removed when the copper coils around a stator in the middle of the spindle motor. The orange stripe along the side of the arm is a thin printed-circuit cable. The pivot bearing in the center. A typical hard disk has two electric motors, one for a spin the disks and the position of the read / write head assembly. The drive motor has an external rotor to the platters, the stator windings are fixed instead. The actuator has a read-write head under the tip of the very end (near center), a thin printed-circuit cable connects the read-write head at the hub of the drive. A flexible, somewhat 'u' shape, ribbon cable, seen edge-on below and on the left side of the actuator arm in the first image and more clearly in the second, the connection of the head to the controller board on the other side. The main arm is very light but rigid; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 Gs. Open hard drive with top magnet removed, showing heads of copper coil actuator (upper right). The silver structure on the left corner of the first image is the cover of the permanent magnet and moving coil motor that swings the heads to the desired position (it has been demonstrated removed in the second figure). The record supports a thin neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) high-flux magnets. Beneath this plate is the moving coil, often called the voice coil to analogy of the coil in the speakers, attached to the actuator hub, and below that is half NIB magnet mounted on the base of the engine (some stations are only a magnet). The voice coil itself is shaped rather like an arrowhead, and made of double coated coppmagnet [clarification] thread. The inner layer is insulation, and outer is thermoplastic, which bonds the coil together after being wound on a form, making it self-supporting. The parts of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead (Die point to the actuator bearing center) interaction with the magnetic field, the development of a tangential force that rotates the actuator. Flow radially outward along one side of the arrowhead, radially inwards and the other produces the tangential force. (See # magnetic field force on a charged particle.) When the magnetic field were uniform, each side would generate opposing forces would cancel each other. Therefore the surface of the magnet is half N pole, half S pole, the radial dividing line in the middle, allowing the two sides of The coil can be seen opposing magnetic fields produce forces and to add instead of cancel. Currents along the top and bottom of the coil to produce radial forces which do not rotate the head. Capacity and access speed PC hard drive capacity (in GB) over time. The vertical axis is logarithmic, so the fit line corresponds to exponential growth. Using rigid disks and sealing the unit allows much tighter tolerances than in a floppy drive. Consequently, hard disks to store much more data than floppy disk drives and can access and pass them faster. As of April 2009 [update], the highest capacity consumer HDDs are 2 TB. A typical "desktop HDD" can store between 120 GB and 2 TB, although rarely exceeds 500 GB of data (based on U.S. market data), runs from 5400 to 15,000 rpm and have a media transfer rate of 0.5 Gbit / s or higher. (1 GB = 109 bytes, 1 Gbit / s = 109 bit / s) The fastest transparent plug HDDs run at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit / s. and a sustained transfer rate up to 1 Gbit / s. Drives spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm use smaller plates to reduce more power (as they have less air resistance) and thus generally have a lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives. "Mobile Hard Drives", ie, laptop hard drives, which are physically smaller than their desktop counterparts and business, tend to slow and to have a lower capacity. A typical mobile hard drive spins at 4200rpm or, 5400rpm or 7200rpm, 5400rpm with the most prominent. 7200rpm drives are more expensive and lower capacity, while 4200rpm models usually have a very high storage capacities. Because physically smaller dish (s), mobile HDDs generally have lower capacity than their larger desktop counterparts. The exponential increase in disk space and data access at speeds of HDDs have enabled the the commercial viability of consumer products that need large storage capacity, such as digital video recorders and digital audio players needed. In addition, the availability of large amounts of cheap storage made viable a variety of web-based services with extraordinary capacity requirements, such as free-of-charge web search, web archiving and sharing videos (Google, Internet Archive, YouTube, etc.). The most important way to decrease access time for the speed increase, so the rotational delay, while the main way to increase throughput and storage density is increasing. Based on historical trends, analysts predict a further growth in the HDD bit density (and therefore the capacity) of approximately 40% per year. Access times are not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept pace with the growth of storage capacity. The expected output of all HDD Random IOPS can be calculated by the sum of 1000 msec average seek time and average rotational latency. The first 3.5 HDD marketed as able to store 1 TB was the Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000. It contains five platters at approximately 200 GB each, 1 GB (935.5 GB) of usable space, depending on the difference between the capacity in decimal units (1 TB = 1012 bytes) and binary units (1 TiB = 1024 GB = 240 bytes). Hitachi has now joined by Samsung (Samsung SpinPoint F1, which has 3 334 GB platters), Seagate and Western Digital in the 1 TB drive market. In September 2009, Showa Denko announced improvements in capacity platters they produce for HDD makers. A single 2.5 "platter is capable to 334 GB of data into value, and the preliminary results for 3.5" Capacitance measurements A disassembled and labeled 1997 hard drive. All major components are placed on a mirror, which the new symmetrical reflections. Raw unformatted capacity of a hard drive is usually quoted with SI prefixes (metric system prefixes), increasing by powers of 1000, today it usually means gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB). This is common for data speeds and memory sizes not inherently produced in the power of two sizes, like RAM and flash memory. Hard drives, however, have no inherent capacity binary format as determined by the number of heads, tracks and sectors. This can lead to some confusion, because some operating systems, the report of the formatted capacity of a hard drive using binary prefixed units that increase the powers of 1024. A one terabyte (1 TB) hard disk drive would be expected to be around 1 trillion bytes (1,000,000,000,000) or 1000 UK to hold, and indeed most 1 TB hard drives will contain something more than this number. However, some operating system utilities would be just about 931 GB or 953 674 MB, whereas the correct units would be 931 GB or 953,674 MB. (The actual number for a formatted capacity will be slightly smaller still, depending on the file system). Below the appropriate ways of reporting a terabyte. SI prefixes (HDD) equivalent Binary prefixes (OS) equivalent 1 TB (terabytes) 1 * 10 004 B 0.9095 TiB (Tebibytes) 0.9095 * 10 244 B 1000 GB (gigabytes) 1000 * 10 003 B 931.3 GiB (Gibibytes) 931.3 B * 10243 1,000,000 megabytes (MB) 1000000 * 10002 B 953,674.3 MiB (Mebibytes) 953,674.3 * 10,242 B 1000000000 KB (kilobytes) 1000000000 * 1000 B 976,562,500 KB (Kibibytes) B 976 562 500 * 1024 1,000,000,000,000 B (bytes) – 1,000,000,000,000 B (bytes) – Microsoft Windows reports disk capacity both in one figure to 12 or more digits and prefix in binary units to three significant figures. The capacity of a hard disk calculated by multiplying the number of cylinders by the number of heads by the number of sectors by the number of bytes / sector (usually 512). Drives with the ATA interface and a capacity of eight gigabytes or more behave as if they were structured into 16383 cylinders, 16 heads and 63 sectors for compatibility with older operating systems. Unlike the year 1980, cylinder, head, sector (C / H / S) has reported to the CPU by a modern ATA drive is no longer the actual physical parameters since the reported numbers are constrained by historic operating system interfaces and with zone bit recording the actual number of sectors varies by zone. Disks with SCSI interface address each sector with a unique whole number, the operating system remains ignorant of their head or cylinder count. The old C / H / S scheme has been replaced by logical block addressing. In some cases, to try the C / H / S scheme "force-fit" with large capacity disks, the number of heads given as 64, although no modern drive has anywhere near 32 platters. Formatted disk overhead For a formatted disk, the operating system's file internal use is another, though small, why a computer hard drive or other storage device capacity can be as different as the theoretical capacity to show. This would include storage, as examples, a file allocation table (FAT) or inodes, and other operating system data structures. This file is usually less than 1% overhead on disks larger than 100 MB. RAID disks, data integrity and fault-tolerance requirements also reduce the actual capacity. Thus, a RAID1 disk about half the total capacity due to data mirroring. Voor RAID5 drives with x-stations you would lose 1 / x from your space to parity. RAID drives are several disks that are displayed on a ride to the user, but provides fault-tolerance. A general rule of thumb of the manufacturer's hard drive capacity to quickly convert standard Microsoft Windows formatted capacity is 0.93 * capacity hard disk manufacturer for less than a terabyte HDD and 0.91 * capacity of the hard disk of the HDD manufacturer's with inches. Before the era of PCs and small computers, hard drives were of widely differing sizes, typically in freestanding cabinets the size of washing machines (eg December RP06 Disk Drive) or designed so that the dimensions placement on a 19 "rack (eg Diablo Model 31). With increasing sales of small computers with built-in floppy disk drives (FDDs), hard drives that would fit the FDD fasteners desirable, and this led to the evolution of the market to stations with certain form factors, primarily derived from the sizes of 8 " 5.25 "and 3.5" floppy disk drives. Sizes smaller than 3.5 "have emerged as popular in the market and / or by various private sector organizations. 8 inches: 9.5 in 4624 in 14.25 in (241.3 mm 117.5 mm 362 mm) In 1979, Shugart Associates' SA1000 was the first form factor compatible HDD, same dimensions and a compatible interface for the FDD 8. 5.25 inches: 5.75 to 1.63 in 8 in (146.1 mm 41.4 mm 203 mm) This smaller form factor, first used in an HDD by Seagate in 1980, the same size as full height 5-inch diameter FDD, which is 3.25 inches high. This is twice as high as "half height" commonly used Today, that is, 1.63 in (41.4 mm). Most desktop models of drives for optical 120 mm disks (DVD, CD) use half the height dimension 5, but fell out the fashion for HDDs. The Quantum Bigfoot HDD was the last to use it in the late 1990s, with ow-profile (25 mm) and ltra-low-profile (20 mm) high versions. 3.5 inch: 4 in 1 in 5.75 inches (101.6 mm 25.4 mm 146 mm) = 376.77344 cm This smaller form factor, first used in an HDD by Rodime in 1984, was same size as the "half height" 3 FDD, ie, 1.63 inches high. Today has been largely replaced by 1-inch high-profile limline or ow versions of this form factor used by most desktop HDD. 2.5 inch: 2.75 to 0.3740.59 in 3945 in (69.85 mm 715 mm 100 mm) = 48.895104.775 cm3 These smaller form factor was introduced in 1988 by PrairieTek, there is no corresponding FDD. It is widely used today for hard drives in mobile devices (laptops, music players, etc.) a height of 15 mm. Seagate has a thin 7mm drive aimed at entry-level high-end laptops and netbooks in December 2009. 1.8 inch 54 mm 8 mm 71 mm = 30.672 cm This form factor, originally introduced by Integral Peripherals in 1993, has become the ATA-7 LIF with dimensions as indicated. It is increasingly used in digital audio players and subnotebooks. An original variant exists 25-GB hard drives that fit directly into a PC card slot. This became popular for use in iPods and other HDD based MP3 players. 1 inch: 42.8 mm 5 mm 36.4 mm This form factor was introduced in 1999 as IBM's Microdrive to fit in card slot compatible HDDs optimized for video storage on 4G handsets. Toshiba currently sells a 4 GB (MK4001MTD) and 8 GB (MK8003MTD) version and the Guinness World Record for the smallest hard drive. 3.5 "and 2.5" hard drives that currently dominate the market. By 2009 all manufacturers had ceased to develop new products for the 1.3-inch, 1-inch and 0.85-inch form factors due to falling prices of flash memory. The inch-based nickname All these factors are usually not indicate any actual product dimension (which are in millimeters more recent form factors), but only about a size indicate relative to disk diameters, in the interest of historical continuity. Other Features Transfer speed As of 2008 a typical 7200rpm desktop hard drive has sustained a "disk-to-buffer data transfer rate of about 70 megabytes per second. This rate depends on the track located, so will most of the data on the outer tracks (where more data sectors) and lower towards the inner tracks (where there is less data sectors), and is generally slightly higher for 10,000 rpm drives. A current standard scale used for the buffer-to-computer "interface is 3.0 Gbit / s SATA, which is about 300 megabytes can / S from the buffer to send to the computer, and is still comfortably ahead of the current disk-to-buffer transfer rates. Transfer rate (read / write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special tools file generator, back to reading the file. Transmission rate can be affected by the file system fragmentation and the layout of the files. Seek Time Seek time currently ranges from just under 2 ms for high-end server drives, to with 15 ms for miniature drives, with the most common desktop type typically being around 9 ms. [Citation needed] There is not a significant improvement in this rate for several years. Some early PC drives used a stepper motor to the heads, and consequently had access times slower than 80,120 ms, but this was soon improved by voice coil type of operation in late 1980, making access time to about 20 ms. Power Consumption Power consumption has become increasingly important, not only in mobile devices such as laptops, but also in server and desktop markets. Increasing data center machine density has led to problems delivering sufficient power to devices (especially for spin up) and reducing the waste heat subsequently produced, as well as environmental and electrical cost concerns (see green computing). Similar problems exist for large companies with thousands of desktop PCs. Smaller form factor drives often use less power than larger drives. An interesting development in this field for controlling the speed, so head comes to their destination just in time to read the sector, rather than arriving as quickly as possible and then having to wait for the sector to come around (ie rotational delay). Many of the hard drive companies are now producing green Drives that much less power and cooling needs. Many of these slower spin Green Drive ' (<5400 RPM compared to 7200 RPM, 10,000 RPM and 15,000 RPM) and less waste heat. In the Server and Workstation systems where there may be multiple hard drives, There are several ways to check if the hard drives spin up (highest power). On SCSI drives, the SCSI controller directly control spin up and spin down the disks. On Parallel ATA (aka PATA) and SATA hard drives, which support Power-up in the standby or PUI. The hard disk will not run until the controller or system BIOS gives a specific command to do so. This reduces power consumption or the power. Newer SATA hard drives, there Staggered spin-up function. The hard disk will not run until the SATA PHY is ready (communication with the host controller starts). [Citation needed] To further control or reduce power consumption and consumption, the hard disk can be spun into its energy consumption. Audible noise Measured in decibels, audible noise is important for certain applications such as PVRs, digital audio recording and quiet computers. Low noise disks typically use fluid bearings, slower rotational speeds (typically 5400 rpm) and speed to search under load (AAM) to reduce audible clicks and crunching sounds. Drives in smaller form factors (eg 2.5 inch) are often quieter than larger disks. Shock Shock resistance is especially important for mobile devices. Some laptops now active hard disk protection that parks the disk heads if the machine is put down, hopefully before impact, to supply every chance to survive in such a case. Maximum shock tolerance to date is 350 Gs of operating 1000 GS and non-operational. Access and interfaces This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009) Hard disks are accessed over one of a number of bus types, including parallel ATA (P-ATA, also called IDE or EIDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) and Fibre Channel. Bridge circuit is sometimes used to hard drives Connecting buses that they can not communicate with natively, such as IEEE 1394, USB and SCSI. For the ST-506 interface, the system encrypts data written to the disc surface was also important. The first ST-506 disks used Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) encoding, and transferred data at a rate of 5 megabits per second. Later controllers with 2.7 RLL (Or just "RLL") encoding causes 50% more data appear under the heads compared with a rotation of an MFM drive, increasing data storage and data transfer by 50% to 7.5 megabits per seconds. Many ST-506 interface drives were only specified by the manufacturer to run on the 1/3th lower MFM data transfer rate compared with RLL, while others drive models (usually more expensive versions of the same drive) were specified to run at the higher RLL data transfer rate. In some cases, a station had sufficient margin around the MFM specified model to run with the denser / faster RLL data transfer rate (not recommended nor guaranteed by manufacturers). Also, each RLL-certified disk rotates every MFM controller, but with 1 / 3 less data capacity and as much as 1/3rd less data transfer rate compared to its specifications RLL. Enhanced Small Disk Interface (ESDI) also supported multiple data rates (2.7 RLL ESDI drives always, but at 10, 15 or 20 megabits per second), but this was usually onderhandeld automatically by the disk and the controller, most of the time, but 15 or 20 megabit ESDI drives were not backward compatible (ie a 15 or 20 megabit drive would not run on a 10 megabit controller). ESDI drives typically also had jumpers to the number of sectors per track and move (in some cases) sector size. Modern hard drives a consistent interface for the rest of the computer, any data encoding scheme is used internally. Typically a DSP in the electronics inside the hard drive takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses PRML and Reedolomon error correction decoding of the sector boundaries and sector data, which sends data from the default interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by error detection and correction, and performs bad sector remapping, data collection for Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, and other internal functions. SCSI was originally Only an alert frequency of 5 MHz for a maximum data rate of 5 megabytes per second over 8 parallel conductors, but later this was increased dramatically. The SCSI bus speed did not affect the internal hard drive speeds due to buffering between the SCSI bus and drive the internal data bus, but much of the first drives were very small buffers, and had to be formatted to a different interleave (just like ST-506 disks) when used on slow computers, such as early Commodore Amiga, IBM PC compatibles and Apple Macintosh. ATA drives are usually no problems with interleave or data rate, due to their controller design, but many early models were incompatible with each other and have not put two devices running on the same physical cable in a master / slave setup. This was largely remedied by the mid-1990s, when ATA specification standardized was and the details began to be cleared, but still causes problems occasionally (especially with CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs, and mixing of generally ATA or SCSI disks with ports on the back allowing very simple and effective expansion and mobility. Most FireWire / IEEE 1394 models are able to daisy-chain to continue adding peripherals without requiring additional ports on the computer itself. USB is a network of point-point and is not allow for looping. USB hubs are used to increase the number of available ports and are used for devices that do not need to load, since the current supplied by hubs is usually less than what is available through the built-in USB ports. Disk interface families used in personal computers Notable families of disk interfaces include: Historical bit serial interfaces connecting a hard disk drive (HDD) to a hard disk controller (HDC) with two cables, one for control and a data. (Each station also has an extra cable for power, usually directly on the food). The HDC important functions, such as serial / parallel conversion, separation data, and track format, and update to the disk (after formatting) in order to ensure reliability. Each control cable, two or more disks, while a special (and smaller) data cable serves each station. ST506 uses MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) for data encryption method. ST412 is available In MFM or RLL (Run Length Limited) variants encode. Enhanced Small Disk Interface (ESDI) was an interface developed by Maxtor to allow faster communication between the processor the disk than MFM and RLL or possible. Modern bit serial interfaces to connect a hard drive interface to a host bus adapter (today typically integrated in the "south bridge") with a data / control cable. (As above historical bit serial interfaces, each station has an additional power, usually directly to the diet.) Fibre Channel (FC) is a successor to parallel SCSI interface on enterprise market. It is a serial protocol. In disk drives usually Fibre Channel arbitrated loop (FC-AL) connection topology is used. FC has much broader use than just hard disk interfaces, and it is the cornerstone of storage area networks (SAN). Recently other protocols for this field, like iSCSI and ATA over Ethernet are so well developed. Confusingly, drives usually use copper twisted-pair cables for Fibre Channel, not fiberglass. The latter are traditionally reserved for larger devices such as servers or disk array controllers. Serial ATA (SATA). The SATA data cable has a few dates for differential transferring data to the device, and a differential pair for receiving the unit, just like EIA-422. This requires that data be transmitted serially. Similar differential signaling is used in RS485, LocalTalk, USB, Firewire and SCSI differential. Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The SAS is a new generation serial communication protocol for devices designed for a much higher speed data transfers and is compatible with SATA. SAS uses a mechanically identical data and power connector to standard 3.5 "HDDs SATA1/SATA2, and many server-based SAS RAID controllers are also capable of dealing with SATA hard drives. SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands. Become a serial interface to connect a hard disk to a host bus adapter (today typically integrated into the "south bridge") with a cable for combined data / control. (As with all bits serial interfaces above, each station has an additional power, usually directly to the diet.) The earliest versions of these interfaces typically had an 8-bit parallel data to / from the station, but 16-bit versions were much more common, and there are 32 bit versions. Modern versions have serial data transfer. The word nature of data transfer makes the design of a host bus adapter significantly simpler than that of the precursor HDD controller. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), later renamed to ATA, with the alias P-ATA (Parallel ATA) retroactively added after introduction of the new variant Serial ATA. The original name reflected the innovative integration HDD controller with HDD itself, which was not found in earlier disks. Moving the HDD controller from the interface card to the drive helped to standardize interfaces, and the cost and reduce complexity. The 40 pin IDE / ATA connection transfers 16 bits of data at a time on the cable. The data cable was originally 40 conductor, but later a requirements for higher speed data transfer to and from the hard drive has led to an "ultra DMA" mode, known as UDMA. Gradually faster versions of this standard ultimately added the requirement for a variant of the same 80 conductor cable, where half of the conductors provides a grounding necessary for enhanced high-speed signal quality by reducing of crosstalk. The interface for 80 conductor has only 39 pins, the missing pin as a key to prevent incorrect insertion of the connector to an incompatible socket, a common cause of disk and controller damage. EIDE had an unofficial update (by Western Digital) to the original IDE standard, with the main improvement is the use of direct memory access (DMA) to transfer data between the disk and the computer to transfer without the intervention of the CPU, an improvement later adopted by the official ATA standards. By directly transferring data between memory and disk, DMA eliminates the need for the CPU to copy byte by byte, so that the process of other tasks while the data transfer. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), originally named SASI for Shugart Associates System Interface, was an early competitor van ESDI. SCSI disks were standard on servers, workstations, Commodore Amiga and Apple Macintosh computers through the mid-'90s, by which time most models had changed to IDE (and later, SATA) family disks. Only in 2005 did the capacity of SCSI disks fall behind IDE disk technology, but the highest performance disks are still available in SCSI and Fibre Channel only. The length limitations of the data cable allows for external SCSI devices. Originally SCSI data cables used single ended (common mode), data transmission, but server class SCSI differential transmission can be either Low Voltage Differential (LVD) or high voltage differential (HVD). ("Low" and "High" voltage for differential SCSI over SCSI standards and will not meet the meaning of low voltage and high voltage as used in general electrical engineering contexts, as applicable, such as the statutory electrical codes, both LVD and HVD use low voltage signals (3.3 V and 5 V, respectively) in general terms.) Acronym or abbreviation Sense Description SASI Shugart Associates System Interface Historical predecessor of SCSI. SCSI Small Computer System Interface Bus oriented that handles concurrent operations. SAS Serial Attached SCSI Improving SCSI, uses serial communication instead of parallel. ST-506 Seagate Technology Historical Seagate interface. ST-412 Seagate Technology Historical Seagate interface (minor improvement over ST-506). ESDI Enhanced Small Disk Interface Historical; ST-412/506 backward compatible, but faster and more integrated. ATA Advanced Technology Attachment Successor ST-412/506/ESDI by integrating the disk controller is completely on your device. Incapable of concurrent operations. SATA Serial ATA Modification of ATA, uses serial communication instead of parallel. Integrity An IBM HDD head resting on a disk platter. Since the drive not in use, the head is simply pressed against the disk by the suspension. Close-up of a hard disk head resting on a disk platter. A reflection of the head and suspension is visible on the mirror-like disk. Because of the very narrow space between the head and disk surface, any contamination of the read-write heads or platters can lead to a head crash a failure of the disk where the head scrapes on the platter surface, often grinding away the thin magnetic film and causing data loss. Head crashes can be caused by electronic failure, a sudden power failure, shock, abrasion, corrosion, or poorly manufactured platters and heads. spindle The HDD's system is based on air pressure inside the enclosure to support the heads at their proper flying height while the disk rotates. Hard drives require a specific range of the air pressure to function properly. The connection to the external environment and pressure is via a small hole in the enclosure (about 0.5 mm in diameter), usually with a filter the inside (the breather filter). If the pressure is too low, there is not enough lift for the flying head, so the head too close to the disc, and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss. Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable operation at high altitudes, above about 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Modern drives are: temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operational environment. Vent holes can be seen on all disks, they usually have a sticker next to them, warn the user to cover the holes. The air in the operating drive is constantly changing also being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters. This air passes through an internal recirculation (or "recirc") filter to remove residual contaminants in the manufacture, particles or chemicals that somehow may have entered the housing, and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation. Very high humidity for extended periods can corrode the cups and saucers. For giant magnetic resistance head technology (GMR) heads in particular, a minor head crash from contamination (not the magnetic surface of the disc removed) still results the head temporarily overheating, due to friction with the disk surface, and the data unreadable for a short period until the head temperature stabilizes (so called "Thermal sharpness", a problem that can partly be addressed by proper electronic filtering of the read signal). Control of moving arm The hard disk drive electronics of the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk, and perform reads and writes at the request of the disk controller. Feedback from the drive electronics is achieved by means of specific segments of the disc devoted to feedback servo. These are totally concentric circles (in the case of special servo technology) or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal to noise ratio of the GMR sensor by adjusting the voice coil the operated arm. The spinning of the disk also uses a servo motor. Modern disk firmware is capable of reading plans and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media who have failed. Landing zones and load / unload technology A read / write head of a circa-1998 Fujitsu 3.5 "hard drive. The area shown is about 2.0 mm x 3.0mm. Microphotograph of an older generation hard disk head and slider (1990). The size of the front (which is the trailing face "of the slider) is about 0.3 mm, 1.0 mm. It is the location of the actual 'head' (magnetic sensors). The non-visible bottom of the slider is approximately 1.0 mm 1.25 mm (so-called "nano" size) and faces the platter. It contains the lithographically micro-machined air bearing surface (ABS) with which the slider to flying in a very controlled manner. A functional part of the head is round, orange structure visible in the middle – the lithographically defined copper coil of the write transducer. Also note the electric connections by wires connected to gold pads. Modern hard drives to prevent outages and other disruptions from the landing of their heads in the data area by parking the heads, or in a landing zone or unloading (ie, loading / unloading) heads. Some early PC HDDs not automatically park the heads and they would land on data. In some other early units, the user manually park the heads by running a program to park the HDD heads. A landing zone is an area of the platter usually near its inner diameter (ID), where no data is stored. This area is called the Contact Start / Stop (CSS) zone. Drives are designed so that both a spring or, more recently, rotational inertia in the platters is used to park the heads in case of unexpected power outages. In this case, the spindle motor temporarily acts as a generator to power the actuator. The spring tension of the head mounting constantly pushes the heads towards the plateau. While the disk rotates, the heads are supported by an air bearing and experience no physical contact or wear. CSS floats in the sliders of head sensors (often just called heads) are designed for a number of landings and takeoffs from the media surface to survive, but wear and tear on these microscopic components eventually takes its toll. Most manufacturers design the sliders to survive 50,000 contact cycles before the chance of damage on startup rises above 50%. However, the decay rate is not linear: if a disk is younger and less start-stop cycles, but a better chance of surviving the next startup than an older, higher-mileage drive (as the head literally drags along the disk surface until the air bearing is established). For example, the Seagate Barracuda 7200.10 series of desktop hard disks rated to 50,000 start-stop cycles, in other words, no errors attributed to the main plate interface were seen before at least 50,000 start-stop cycles during testing. Around 1995 IBM pioneered a technology where a landing zone the disc is made by a precision laser process (Laser Zone Texture = LZT) producing an array of smooth nanometer-scale "bumps" in a landing zone, thus vastly improving stiction and wear performance. This technology is still largely in use today (2008), predominantly in desktop and enterprise (3.5 inch) discs. In general CSS technology can be prone to increased stiction (the tendency for the heads to stick to the platter surface), for example due to increased humidity. Excessive stiction could cause physical damage to the platter and slider or spindle motor. Load / unload technology relies on the heads are lifted off the platters into a safe location, and thus the risks of wear and stiction whole. The first HDD RAMAC and most early disk drives used complex mechanisms for loading and unloading of the heads. Modern hard drives using loading platform, first introduced by Memorex in 1967, loading / unloading on plastic "ramps" near the outer disk edge. All HDDs today still use one of these two technologies mentioned above. Each has a list of advantages and disadvantages in terms of loss of storage on disk, the relative difficulty of mechanical tolerance control, non-operational shock resistance, the cost of implementation, etc. Addressing shock resistance, IBM is also a technology for their ThinkPad line of laptop computers called the Active Protection System. When a sudden, sharp movement is detected by the built-in accelerometer in the Thinkpad, internal hard disk heads automatically unload themselves to reducing risk of any loss of data or scratch defects. Apple later used this technology in their PowerBook, iBook, MacBook and MacBook Pro series, known as the Sudden Motion Sensor. Sony, HP their HP 3D Drive Guard and Toshiba have released similar technology in their notebook computers. This accelerometer-based shock sensor is also used for building low-cost earthquake sensor networks. Disk failures and their metrics Wikibooks has a book on the subject of Minimizing hard disk failure and data loss Most major hard disk and motherboard manufacturers now support SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology), which measures characteristics such as drive temperature, spin-up time, the data error rates, etc. Some of the trends and sudden changes in these parameters thought to be associated with an increased risk of drive failure and data loss. However, not all failures are predictable. Normal use eventually can lead to a breakdown in the inherently fragile device, making it essential for the user to periodically back up the data on another storage device. Doing so will result in the loss of data. Although it is sometimes possible to recover lost information, it is normally a very costly procedure, and it is not possible to guarantee success. A 2007 study published by Google suggested little correlation between tariffs and non-high temperature or activity, but the correlation between manufacturer / model and failure was relatively strong. Statistics in this case is very kept secret by most entities. Google does not know the manufacturer names along with their respective failure rates, although since they were found to Hitachi Deskstar drives used in some of their servers. While several SMART parameters have an impact on the probability of failure, a Much of failed drives do not produce predictive SMART parameters. SMART parameters alone are not useful for predicting individual drive failures. A much common misconception is that a hard drive cooler will last longer than a warmer disk. The Google study seems to imply the opposite "lower temperatures are associated with higher failure rates. "Hard drives with SMART-reported average temperatures below 27 C (80.6 F) had higher default rates than hard drives with the highest reported average temperature of 50 C (122 F), not at least twice as high as the optimal SMART-reported temperature of 36 C (96.8 F) to 47 C (116.6 F). SCSI, SAS and FC drives are typically more expensive and are traditionally used in servers and disk arrays, while low-cost ATA and SATA drives evolved in the home computer market and were seen as less reliable. This distinction is becoming blurred. The mean time between failure (MTBF) of SATA drives is usually about 600,000 hours (some drives, Western Digital Raptor as were 1.2 million hours MTBF) measured, while SCSI drives are suitable for top of 1.5 million hours. [Citation needed] However, independent research indicates that MTBF is not a reliable estimate of the life of one's drive. MTBF is conducted in the laboratory environments in test chambers and is an important measure to improve the quality a hard drive to fix it before in high volume production. Once the drive product is in production, more valid metric is annualized failure rate (AFR). [Citation needed] AFR The percentage of real-world drive failures after shipping. SAS drives are similar to SCSI drives, with a high MTBF and high reliability. [Citation needed] Enterprise SATA drives are designed and manufactured for enterprise markets, unlike standard SATA drives have reliability comparable to other enterprise class drives. Typically enterprise drives (all companies drives, including SCSI, SAS, enterprise SATA and FC) experience between 0.70% -0.78% annual failure rates for the total disks installed. [Citation needed] Ultimately, all mechanical hard drives fail. And with the strategy to reduce the loss of data redundancy is to have in one form or another, such as RAID and backup. RAID should never be used as a backup such as RAID controllers also break, allowing the disks inaccessible. After a backup strategy, such daily differential and weekly full backups, the only sure way to prevent data loss. Manufacturers Western Digital 250 GB 3.5-inch SATA HDD. This particular model is equipped with both SATA and Molex power inputs. Seagate hard drives are manufactured in a factory in Wuxi, China See also List from on-defunct hard disk manufacturers The technological resources and know-how required for modern drive development and production mean that as of 2010, almost all Hard drives in the world are produced by only five big companies: Seagate, Western Digital, Hitachi, Samsung and Toshiba. Dozens of former HDD manufacturers have gone from the company, merger, or closed HDD divisions; as capacities and demand for products increased, profits became hard to find, and the market underwent a significant consolidation in the late 1980 and late 1990. The first prominent victim of the company in the PC era was Computer Memories Inc., or CMI, after an incident with faulty 20 MB AT disks In 1985, CMI's reputation never recovered, and they leave the HDD business in 1987. Another interesting fact was Miniscribe, which went bankrupt in 1990 after it was found to be guilty had made in the accounting fraud and inflated sales figures for several years. Many other smaller companies (such Kalok, Micro Science, Lapin, Areal, Priam and PrairieTek) also not survive the shakeout, and disappeared in 1993, Micropolis was able to stop until 1997, and JTS, a relative latecomer to the scene, lasted only a few years and disappeared In 1999, after attempting to manufacture HDDs in India. Their claim to fame is creating a new 3 form factor drive for use in laptops. Quantum and Integral also invested 3 in the form factor, but ultimately not support this form factor when not to strike. Rodime was also a major manufacturer in the year 1980, but stopped making disks In the early 1990 amidst the shakeout and now concentrates on technology licensing, they keep a number of patents related to 3.5-inch form factor HDDs. The following is the genealogy of the current HDD Businesses 1967: Hitachi, the HDD business. 1967: Toshiba, the HDD business. 1979: Seagate Technology was founded by a group of ex-ex-IBM and Memorex people. 1988: Western Digital (WDC), then a famous designer, the HDD controller over the Tandon Corporation by disk manufacturing division. 1989: Seagate Technology, Control Data's HDD business purchases. 1990: Maxtor Miniscribe purchase of a bankruptcy, so the core of its low-end HDDs. 1994: Quantum Storage Division DEC's purchases, making it a high-end disk range to go with the more consumer-oriented ProDrive range. 1996: Seagate takes Conner Peripherals in a merger. 2000: Maxtor acquired Quantum HDD business, Quantum continues in the tape business. 2003: Hitachi acquires majority of IBM's disk drive division, which was renamed Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST). 2006: Seagate acquires Maxtor. 2009: Toshiba Fujitsu HDD division takes Sales In the year 2007 516.2 million hard drives were sold. See also Automatic Acoustic Management Binary prefixes (KiB, MiB, GIB, etc.) Click of death Data Disposal Disc Format Station Assignment du (disk usage unix program) External hard drives File System HDD Recorder History of the hard drives Hybrid drive IBM 305 RAMAC kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte definition Multimedia Solid-state Drive Spintronics Write precompensation References ^ This is the original date of filing of the application which resulted to U.S. Patent 3,503,060, generally accepted as the final drive patent, see Kean, David W., "IBM San Jose, fourth century of innovation, 1977. ^ Other terms used to describe hard disk drives, disk file, DASD (Direct Access Storage Device), fixed disk, CKD disk and Winchester Disk Drive (after the IBM 3340). ^ Webopedia.com ^ Techtarget.com ^ How hard disks work, howstuffworks.com ^ In the year 1990 there was a partial return to use of removable hard drives, such as the Iomega Jaz and REV drives and disks and SyJet and SyQuest Sparq drives and disks, and the Castlewood Orb drive and disk, among other models, but from 2009 these are mostly defunct. ^ IBM.com IBM 350 disk storage unit ^ "Thickness of a piece of paper", HyperTextbook.com ^ "IBM OEM MR Head | Technology | The era of giant magnetic resistance head technology headlines. Hitachigst.com. 27/08/2001.. Retrieved 3/13/2009. ^ Brian Hayes, Terabyte Territory, American Scientist, Vol 90 No 3 (May-June 2002) p. 212 ^ "Press Releases December 14, 2004. Toshiba.. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ "Seagate Momentus 2" HDDs per webpage in January 2008 ". Seagate.com. 10/24/2008. Http: / /. 13/03/2009 fetched. ^ "Seagate Baracuda 3" HDDs Web by January 2008. Seagate.com. Http: / /. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ "Western Digital Scorpio 2 "and 3 Green Power" HDD's quarterly conference, July 2007. Wdc.com.. 03/13/2009 retrieved. ^ Storage Review – Error Correcting Code ^ Hitachi – "read Channel Iterative Detection Technology in Hard Disk Drives ^ Murph, Darren (2009-01-26). "2TB Western Digital Caviar Green HDD for sale in Australia." Engadget.com.. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ PC Magazine comparison of 136 desktops shows 60 in this series HDD capacity with 50 large and 26 smaller capacities), PCMag.com ^ ab Seagate Cheetah 15K.5 ^ Walter, Chip (July 25, 2005). "Kryder's Law". Scientific American (Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH).. 10/29/2006 fetched. ^ "Outlines the future Seagate Storage:: Articles::. ^ "Hitachi 7K1000 Terabyte hard drive ". Tomshardware.com.. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ "Seagate Samsung 1 TB Desktop Hard Drives Ship Home ". Dailytech.com.. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ "WD Caviar GP: The "Green" 1 TB drive. Tomshardware.com.. 13/03/2009 fetched. ^ "SDK Start Shipments of 2.5-inch 334 GB HD Media.. 15/09/2009 fetched. ^ Seagate Elite 47, shipped 12/97 per 1998 Disk / Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives ^ Quantum Bigfoot TS, shipped 10/98 per 1999 Disk / Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives ^ The Quantum Bigfoot TS used a maximum of 3 platters, other earlier and lower capacity product used to 4 platters in a 5.25 HH form factor, eg Micro Science HH1090 circa 1989. ^ Murphy, David. "Western Digital launches world's first 2TB hard drive". PC World.. 27/01/2009 fetched. ^ "Seagate PATA (EIDE) desktop hard drives.". ^ "WD ships industry's first 2.5-inch hard drive 1 TB.". ^ "WD Scorpio Blue 320 GB PATA hard drives.". ^ "Toshiba Storage Solutions – MK3233GSG.. ^ "Toshiba Storage Solutions – MK2431GAH.. ^ "SDK Launch Shipments of 1.3-inch PMR technology-based HD Media". Sdk.co.jp. 10/01/2008.. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ "Toshiba 'world's smallest hard drive". Toshibastorage.com.. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ "One Drive, Multiple Applications – Tom's Hardware: New Drive WD Raptor is a bird of prey". Tomshardware.com. 04/21/2008. 0.1914-6. html. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ "Seagate Introduces World's thinnest 2.5-inch hard Slim Drive For Laptops ". Physorg.com. 15/12/2009. Http: / /. Retrieved 12/15/2009. ^ 1.3 HDD product specification, Samsung, 2008 ^ 0.85-inch HDD by Toshiba is set to multi-gigabyte capacities to bring small, powerful digital products, Toshiba press release, January 8, 2004 ^ Toshiba Guinness World Records Book with the world's smallest hard drive, Toshiba press release, March 16, 2004 ^ Flash price fall shakes HDD market, EETimes Asia, August 1, 2007. ^ In 2008, Samsung introduced a 1.3-inch HDD SpinPoint A1, but in March 2009 the family was known as End of Life new products and new 1.3-inch models are not available in this size. ^ "WD Caviar Blue: Drive Specification (SATA 250 750 GB)" (PDF). Document Library. Western Digital. June 2008. p. 2.. 27/06/2009 fetched. ^ Momentus 5400.5 SATA 3Gb / s 320-GB hard drive ^ "Reed Solomon Codes – Introduction " ^ Micro House PC Hardware Library Volume I: Hard Drives, Scott Mueler, Macmillan Computer Publishing ^ Waea.org, Rugged Disk Drives. 03/13/2009 fetched. HP.com ^ ^ Toshiba HDD Protection measures. ^ "Quake-Catcher Network.. 090128 qcn.stanford.edu ^ Abcd Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso (February 2007). Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population. 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 2007). USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies.. 2008-09-15 retrieved. ^ CNet.com ^ "Everything you know about disks is wrong". storage mojo. February 20, 2007.. 2007-08-29 retrieved. ^ "Differences between an enterprise-class HDD and a desktop-class HDD. Synology.com. 09/04/2008.. 03/13/2009 fetched. ^ Intel White Paper on Enterprise-class versus desktop-class Hard Drives ^ Apparently the CMI disks suffered from a higher soft error rate than other IBM suppliers (Seagate and Miniscribe), but the bugs in Microsoft's DOS operating system have turned this RECOVER About the Author I am an expert from Components Electronic suppliers, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as john hardy replica , skull polo shirt. Want to buy tickets to another MIB – Men In Black movie? I know there will be some self-appointed critics, and / or yahoo tagged experts suggest that Never another MIB movie, to preserve and protect blah blah blah, and the third in a series blah blah blah. So beyond all that, this movie wasn't a good movie to watch? Will Smith can sell anything. He's just funny! It would make millions for Universal, and fun to watch … even if it was a bit cheesy. Sure, as long Will and Tommy were both in the same boat …. sport. 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Almost No One Thinks Thales Leites Can Beat Anderson Silva Sherdog's Pro's Pick feature comes up with one of the most one-sided counts I've ever seen: Pros that picked Silva: 18 Pros that picked Leites: 1 Pros that did not pick a winner: 3 UFC.com's Michael DiSanto has to come up with a scenario that makes this bout intriguing. Here's what he came up with:. ... Leites. I love how plan A is to throw a hail mary punch. I think I'm alone out there in giving Leites a decent chance against Silva. Anderson's losses have all come against strong ground fighters and Leites fits that bill. Don't get me wrong, I'm picking Silva, but I think Leites has a better chance than he's being given by most. UPDATE: Kelvin Hunt has a nice piece from a little while back that makes the case for Thales: Anderson Silva loves to feel out his opponent for the first couple minutes of the fight. He uses that time to gauge distance and get a sense of timing for his opponents. Then he explodes with a variety of moves, sometimes it's a flying knee or the straight left. Silva likes to entertain and if he goes for a flying knee or something spectacular Leites could get the take down to work his magic. Leites had Marquardt mounted a couple of times only to let Marquardt either escape or reclaim half/full guard. As I mentioned earlier, Marquardt is one of the larger/stronger guys of the MW division and an accomplished grappler in his own right. So I'm not so sure that Silva would be able to escape being mounted by Leites. I would also like to think that Leites has watched the Marquardt fight and tighten up the errors that he made on the ground in that fight. | 0 recs | Do you like this story? Leites gets about as much love as Cote... Pros Pick: Silva vs. Cote Pros who picked Silva: 27 Pros who picked Cote: 2 No pick: 5 by Chris Nelson on Apr 14, 2009 2:34 PM EDT reply actions I'm picking Silva too But I’m simply not going to pull a Sylvia (ie, shit my pants) if he loses. Between the leveling of the training landscape and four ounce gloves, anybody can beat anybody. by Derek Suboticki on Apr 14, 2009 2:55 PM EDT up reply actions This was last year. by Kelvin Hunt on Apr 14, 2009 4:08 PM EDT up reply actions lol Thanks a good question….anyways….I have always given Leites a legit chance of winning….I don’t want to keep putting links up…it’s on my blog. by Kelvin Hunt on Apr 14, 2009 4:55 PM EDT up reply actions here's the link "the spirit of your average dumbass with more overblown rhetoric" OR "the self-appointed savior of MMA" by Nate Wilcox on Apr 14, 2009 5:00 PM EDT up reply actions good looks by Kelvin Hunt on Apr 14, 2009 5:54 PM EDT up reply actions ’cause the link is in the subject line instead of the actual comment by Chris Nelson on Apr 14, 2009 5:58 PM EDT up reply actions I understand why people are picking Anderson but I don’t understand why people think it is such a mismatch for Thales. I don’t know why but I am probably the only person out there picking him that doesn’t train with him or is his family. by The Legend on Apr 14, 2009 2:37 PM EDT reply actions I’m rooting for him… Coming off of the Countdown show last night he came off as a very likeable good guy. Hey, Serra beat GSP right? Mike Goldberg: "You know Joe, When Matt and his brother Mark Hughes were growing up, they would pound each other behind the barn." by xFenixKnightx on Apr 14, 2009 2:43 PM EDT up reply actions Yeah but this is different then Serra/GSP 1 in my opinion. In their first fight almost everybody couldn’t find a way for Serra to beat GSP, Thales has a way to beat Anderson he just has to get it there by The Legend on Apr 14, 2009 2:48 PM EDT up reply actions The thing that worries me about Thales is he doesn’t have a good outside shot. He tends to work for takedowns from a close position, and I think that is going to be very bad for him against Anderson. Honestly, Leites definitely has a chance, but I don’t see this going past the first round. by Michael Rome on Apr 14, 2009 2:47 PM EDT reply actions Woohoo, extra undercard matches to be aired, confirmed!!! Mike Goldberg: "You know Joe, When Matt and his brother Mark Hughes were growing up, they would pound each other behind the barn." by xFenixKnightx on Apr 14, 2009 2:51 PM EDT up reply actions I was going to make a fanpost about this last after watching the countdown show on Spike but I was being lazy so I’ll give the short version here. I don’t see any way Leites wins this fight. It’s not that he isn’t a very skilled fighter, because he is, but he’s obviously not on the same level as Silva (duh, not many are) and I think Anderson is going to be more motivated for this fight than perhaps any fight he’s had since he won the title. The reason is I think he’s sincerely disappointed and ashamed with his last performance. I think he feels like he let his boss down, his fans down, and most importantly, himself down. He knows he could have finished that fight earlier, he could have done whatever he wanted with Cote, but for some reason he didn’t, then when Cote went down with the injury it was too late. I know the UFC countdown shows are just a big hype machine but I think Silva is being sincere when he says he is out to prove something in this fight. When you are considered the best in the world you don’t want to win a fight in the fashion he did last time out, and I think this time he’s going to make sure nothing like that happens again. Silva by TKO, rd. 1. by ufc4 on Apr 14, 2009 2:56 PM EDT reply actions Anyone else watch the Lutter fight and think that Lutter probably would have won if he’d been in good condition? He almost had Silva at least once before he totally gassed. by toxic on Apr 14, 2009 2:58 PM EDT reply actions exactly "the spirit of your average dumbass with more overblown rhetoric" OR "the self-appointed savior of MMA" by Nate Wilcox on Apr 14, 2009 3:01 PM EDT up reply actions Didn’t Anderson also have bad knees that fight and basically allow himself to get taken down? by IImastersII on Apr 14, 2009 3:06 PM EDT up reply actions This is one way to look at it, another is that Silva worked his way out of Lutter’s mount and submitted an advanced black belt from his back. Silva also had bad knees, a much better and more legitimate excuse than Lutter getting tired, which is a big part of the sport of MMA. by Michael Rome on Apr 14, 2009 3:15 PM EDT up reply actions Fair enough. My point mostly was Silva isn’t invincible. The way I remember Silva’s escape is that Lutter totally whiffed an armbar or something. by toxic on Apr 14, 2009 3:38 PM EDT up reply actions He “worked his way out” by Lutter fucking up an armbar, though. And I don’t think Leites will make that mistake given the opportunity. Silva can be taken down and submitted and if it’s going to happen in the UFC (successfully) it will be by Leites…or Maia, or Palhares… by Simco on Apr 14, 2009 3:38 PM EDT up reply actions Leites is a legitimate challenger without regard for his opponent on Saturday That’s why I wrote this! Anyone facing Anderson Silva is likely to seem lacking in credibility because, well… they’re facing Anderson Silva. If you consider the options, everyone that will face Anderson in the foreseeable future is likely to be met with the same treatment. Okami, Marquardt, Maia, Bisping and, perhaps to a lesser extent, but still the underdog, Dan Henderson. I poop rainbows. by Charles Awad on Apr 14, 2009 3:01 PM EDT reply actions Hendo got owned, R1 consisted of him unrolling the blanket and then hanging on for dear life. After that it took less than a round for him to get subbed. by bigweeze on Apr 14, 2009 3:46 PM EDT up reply actions What’s your point? I poop rainbows. by Charles Awad on Apr 14, 2009 3:51 PM EDT up reply actions Good point. I have none, except to express my dissatisfaction with Hendo being 1 win away from a title shot. He would get beaten as badly as Rich did in his rematch. by bigweeze on Apr 14, 2009 4:28 PM EDT up reply actions No doubt Just saying his odds would likely be better than many of those other guys. I poop rainbows. by Charles Awad on Apr 14, 2009 4:32 PM EDT up reply actions Think about this What if Jacare or Mayhem was getting the title shot. Would anyone be giving them a better chance than Leites? "the spirit of your average dumbass with more overblown rhetoric" OR "the self-appointed savior of MMA" by Nate Wilcox on Apr 14, 2009 3:11 PM EDT reply actions Jacare maybe, just because I think he might have better takedowns (though I don’t think his chin or cardio are as good). But I certainly think Leites has a better chance than Lawler, Mousasi, or Jorge Santiago. "I see him beating Anderson Silva. I see him picking him apart. Him at a 131 years old...(trails off)." - Tito on Belfort at Affliction:DOR by Rundownloser on Apr 14, 2009 3:16 PM EDT up reply actions Personally no, I think Leites has a better chance than either since he’s decent enough standing to not get completely blown away early. I just think it’s been a long time since the Takase fight. For a lot of people that is one of their earliest memories of Silva, so it’s hard to believe he is as good as people say. by Michael Rome on Apr 14, 2009 3:17 PM EDT up reply actions I don’t think so. Leites clearly has a better chin than Jacare and clearly possesses better BJJ than Miller. I poop rainbows. by Charles Awad on Apr 14, 2009 3:18 PM EDT up reply actions I disagree with the title of this post, a lot of people think Leites can beat Silva, almost no one thinks he will beat Silva. by ufc4 on Apr 14, 2009 3:20 PM EDT reply actions Are you talking about the Sherdog article? Because almost everyone I talk too think Thales has no chance. by The Legend on Apr 14, 2009 3:24 PM EDT up reply actions Of course he has a chance. But if I were to pick, in order, the opponents that have the best chance of defeating Anderson Silva, he’d have a few people in front of him, though they may all be separated by the most narrow of margins. One thing that is standing in the way of any perception that he could emerge victorious is that even in defeating Nate Marquardt, Leites was battered pretty severely and would have lost if not for the illegal knee point deduction. That’s the most recent, and lasting, memory of Thales Leites that a many fans have. I poop rainbows. by Charles Awad on Apr 14, 2009 3:27 PM EDT up reply actions I’ve seen several people already in the comments that think he can. by ufc4 on Apr 14, 2009 3:30 PM EDT up reply actions Leites has about as much of a chance as a Somali pirate 80 yards away from a Navy SEAL by P4P is a stupid concept on Apr 14, 2009 3:27 PM EDT reply actions 1 recs Silva, TKO, Rd. 1. Another snoozer. by P4P is a stupid concept on Apr 14, 2009 3:28 PM EDT up reply actions You’d consider a first round knockout a snoozer? by Chris Nelson on Apr 14, 2009 3:31 PM EDT up reply actions I think by snoozer he means Leites isn’t going to be much of a challenge. by ufc4 on Apr 14, 2009 3:36 PM EDT up reply actions exactly. by P4P is a stupid concept on Apr 14, 2009 3:54 PM EDT up reply actions He’s an admitted Silva hater. I poop rainbows. by Charles Awad on Apr 14, 2009 3:36 PM EDT up reply actions Ah. Noted. by Chris Nelson on Apr 14, 2009 4:08 PM EDT up reply actions Guys like Silva and Fedor are so darn predictable – they enter the ring, whoop some ass, and then it’s over. Where’s the intrigue, the suspense, the foreplay? Instead, the wad is blown in the first five minutes and she’s never satisfied. What am I supposed to tell her? Finish yourself off? Ever tried. Ever failed. No matter. Try Again. Fail again. Fail better. -Samuel Beckett by Scott C. Broussard on Apr 14, 2009 3:37 PM EDT up reply actions Well, I mean at least in the case of Fedor, there is the intrigue of “maybe he will finally lose a fight”. by P4P is a stupid concept on Apr 14, 2009 3:39 PM EDT up reply actions not if it was a suprise. I feel like this is going to be more like “and….TKO. Ok, show’s over. You can beat the crowd out of the bar if you go now”. That’s kind of boring to me. by P4P is a stupid concept on Apr 14, 2009 3:38 PM EDT up reply actions Who do you think Anderson should fight? I’m interested in your perspective because you probably want to see him lose more than the rest of us… combined. by Derek Suboticki on Apr 14, 2009 4:05 PM EDT up reply actions Coming Clean on the Spider (not Kendall Grove) Nah.. I don’t really care if he loses or not. I just don’t like hearing all the hype. He’s a great fighter, but he’s over hyped in my opinion. I don’t think he’s that much different from GSP or BJ Penn. All of them fight in divisions where they dominate and there are few legit challengers. You have money lines on title fights that are so rediculous they are not even interesting. I really want to see Silva fight Bisping, Wandy, Henderson (again), Maia and maybe some legit LHW’s. Wether or not he wins or loses- i don’t really care. At least it will be interesting. I will be pulling against him, however, just because I think for people to call him the “greatest p4p” and try to compare him to Fedor is laughable. by P4P is a stupid concept on Apr 15, 2009 11:03 AM EDT up reply actions " I think for people to call him the "greatest p4p" and try to compare him to Fedor is laughable." but…but, P4P is a stupid concept…right? by Razreshat on Apr 15, 2009 11:54 AM EDT up reply actions yes. Which is why it is laughable. But the rediculousness of the concept of “p4p” is another arguement entirely. by P4P is a stupid concept on Apr 15, 2009 12:05 PM EDT up reply actions Completely off topic Just saw a crawl on ESPN that said Oscar De La Hoya is retiring. Of course he’s a boxer so he’ll have 15 comebacks before he’s really done. by ufc4 on Apr 14, 2009 3:48 PM EDT reply actions Yeah, there is that But then again, maybe he’s got his pile of money and doesn’t give a shit anymore. DLH will be boxing’s last great draw. Yeah, I said it. by Derek Suboticki on Apr 14, 2009 4:05 PM EDT up reply actions HAHAHAHAHA! No. by FRANKIE on Apr 15, 2009 10:42 AM EDT up reply actions I really doubt that.:00 PM EDT up reply actions Oscar is one boxer I expect to stay retired. by Chris Nelson on Apr 14, 2009 4:07 PM EDT up reply actions You have to think there will be at least one more big payday out there for him a year or two down the road that’s too hard to resist. Granted he’s already loaded but when has that stopped other athletes? by ufc4 on Apr 14, 2009 4:27 PM EDT up reply actions If he had gone out any other way, I would agree, but he got absolutely embarrassed by Pac. One of the saddest things I’ve seen in boxing was DLH walking up to Freddie Roach immediately after that fight and saying “You were right, I don’t have it anymore.” Then again, maybe that makes him more likely to return for a chance at one more win. I guess we’ll see. by Chris Nelson on Apr 14, 2009 4:32 PM EDT up reply actions Personally, I think anyone who picks against Silva is a bit silly… but then again, exactly how many fedors can exist? Silva’s been beaten (Azeredo, Takase, Chonan and Okami) and nine consecutive wins is a terribly long streak. His goofing off against Cote didn’t exactly speak volumes for his ability to concentrate any longer – I don’t see him having much more motivation against Leites than Cote and if he starts goofing off… Anderson Silva is due. That’s not a knock on him – anyone who keeps fighting top quality opponents will one day get caught. Serra did it to GSP, Rampage did it to Liddell, Mir did it to Nogueira, Soko to Little Nog, Diaz to Gomi… It might not be Leites, but the winner of Bisping-Henderson might be there in time for the eventual statistical loss. by Monday Morning Martial Artist on Apr 14, 2009 4:16 PM EDT reply actions Guys who try to be the aggressor with big holes in their standup (Wand) are the ones who get caught (this will be Fedor eventually). Anderson is not reckless. This is the difference, and why Cote lasted as long as he did. by bigweeze on Apr 14, 2009 4:22 PM EDT up reply actions Actually Nate... Plan A is a plan that involves Leites throwing a hail mary punch WHILE Silva Saturday Night Fever’s him with a dance. That’s how insanely ridiculous plan A is. LOL Editor-in-chief of MMA-Analyst.com by Leland Roling on Apr 14, 2009 4:46 PM EDT reply actions I like Plan A. It sounds like something Phil Baroni would tell Leites if he was in his corner. by smoogy on Apr 14, 2009 7:09 PM EDT up reply actions 1 recs Kid Nate, would your money and your mouth meet in the middle and go for Leites at +475? by szucconi on Apr 14, 2009 4:57 PM EDT reply actions mmmm probably not. at + 600 maybe. "the spirit of your average dumbass with more overblown rhetoric" OR "the self-appointed savior of MMA" by Nate Wilcox on Apr 14, 2009 5:01 PM EDT up reply actions Leites vs Silva I’m surprised that so many pros actually made picks,ussaly they tend to sit on the fence and say how each fighter can win the fight.but then again this fight isn’t as close on paper as Liddell vs. Rua or StPierre vs Alves.I noticed that most pros are reluctant to descisivly pick a winner. by TheLevi on Apr 14, 2009 7

Talk:Ep Back to template I added a new feature so that if you hover over the links created by this template, it will give you the episode title, and episode number. I tested this in Firefox and IE. --Dagg 14:22, 12 January 2007 (PST) - really cool, man, really cool. Works for me here. --Marik7772003 14:33, 12 January 2007 (PST) - Unfortunately, I had to remove this due to technical issues: User talk:Admin#Lots of broken pages. I'd love to re-add it sometime if there is a better more efficient way.-- Dagg talk contribs4 8 16:34, 26 January 2007 (PST) Exodus Part 3Edit Some countries aired Exodus Part 2 in 2 parts. The second of the 2 was named Exodus Part 3. Would it be possible to add Exodus Part 3 to this list, have it link to Exodus Part 2. Thanks--Mr.Leaf 16:10, 12 January 2007 (PST) - Sure, would you like {{ep|1x25}} to display the same as {{ep|1x24}} ? (BTW, I've seen Exodus Part 3 referenced on this site, and I wondered where it came from, thanks :))--Dagg 16:51, 12 January 2007 (PST) - Ya, that works fine, its just that people are going to write "Exodus: Part 3" and they really mean "Exodus Part 2". So displaying the same as {{ep|2x24}} is fine. Thanks again--Mr.Leaf 17:05, 12 January 2007 (PST) - No problem, this is done.--Dagg 17:10, 12 January 2007 (PST) - Sorry about this, but error on my part. When you put in {{ep|1x25}} it needs to read Exodus: Part 3 and redirect to Exodus: Part 2. Sorry about the confusion. There is a redirect from Exodus: Part 3 to Exodus: Part 2 if you need to use it. So to clear things up: If I write: {{ep|1x25}} It should read: "Exodus: Part 3" And link to "Exodus: Part 2" As for the text when hovering you mouse over it leave it the way it is. Sorry about the confusion. If you have any questions feel free to ask. --Mr.Leaf 17:27, 12 January 2007 (PST) - No problem, here ya go: "Exodus, Part 3".--Dagg 20:03, 12 January 2007 (PST) Ep number show up in template?Edit - I was wondering if we could have the episode number show up in the template, so that "Deus Ex Machina", for example, might show up with a small ",1x19" also. I've found that sometimes it's nice to have the reminder of episode chronology when adding crossrefs to articles, for instance. I wanted to get feedback on this, though, because I don't know if it would look too "busy" with that... maybe if it were small, grayed out font? --PandoraX 03:32, 18 February 2007 (PST) - It could work. I made some quick examples: In front: (3x10) "Tricia Tanaka is Dead" After: "Tricia Tanaka is Dead" (3x10) Example, taken from Flashbacks (alternating between front and after): - The episode (2x07) "The Other 48 Days" is the only episode thus far to not contain any flashbacks occuring before the crash - it follows the tailies from the crash until they reach Sayid and Shannon. - The flashbacks in "Maternity Leave" (2x15) are signaled differently. Instead of a close-up of the character and the "whoosh" sound, Claire's flashbacks begin with sudden flashes of mental images as her memory is jogged. Additionally, her flashbacks are from her time on the Island, specifically during her kidnapping. - The "flashbacks" in (2x22) "Three Minutes", while narratively similar, are not true flashbacks. They do not contain the "whoosh" sound, they are labeled with captions (like "Thirteen days earlier"), and they occur on the Island. - Desmond's flashbacks in "Flashes Before Your Eyes" (3x08) were the first from a character who was not on board Flight 815. Desmond's reliving of the past in "Flashes Before Your Eyes" included was in the form of a "Déjà vu", which was unlike previous flashbacks, in that he began to have awareness of the fact that he had experienced many of the events previously. I think that in some articles, it may become too clustered though. Plus, it would be awkward in some places, such as on the episode infobox on episode articles. >: 4 8 15 16 23 42 13:26, 1 March 2007 (PST) "Live Together, Die Alone Part 2" class="sprite edit-pencil" />Edit Could someone make it so that when you type {{ep|2x24}} you get "Live Together, Die Alone Part 2" rather than just, "Live Together, Die Alone"? This episode is divided into two parts in some countries, and seeing as how we already added "Exodus, Part 3" to the list, I think it's only fair that we do the same for this episode. –Nahald 11:31, 8 March 2007 (PST) - Also, in some countries "Through the Looking Glass, Part 1" is expected to be split into 2 parts. --Blueeagleislander 00:12, 19 May 2007 (PDT) Alternative way to implementEdit I think it is time to rethink how this Template is implemented. The template is very large, and gives problems when it is called many times, such as on the Crimes page (scroll to the bottom, and notice that some of the crossref's are not working). This problem is likely to do with template limits. The rules for template limits have changed several times since Template:Ep was first created. Here is an alternative template implementation that may fix this issue: <includeonly>"{{#if:{{{bold|}}}|'''}}[[{{Ep/{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{bold|}}}|'''|{{{2|}}}}}"</includeonly><noinclude>{{protected}}<br />{{Ep/doc}}</noinclude> The current switch statement would be changed to the bolded part above. Unfortunately, this would require the creation of dozens of new Ep/* templates. For example: - Template:Ep/1x01 would contain Pilot, Part 1. - Template:Ep/1x02 would contain Pilot, Part 2. - Template:Ep/1x03 would contain Tabula Rasa. etc. I haven't tested this implementation, but I think it will fix the current problem. It should also scale better as more episodes are added for Season #4, etc. Any thoughts?-- Dagg talk contribs4 8 11:13, 29 April 2007 (PDT) - I think it is a worth a try at least. It looks to me like it would work. I can't (maybe other people can) tell just by looking at it whether or not it would fix the problems it causes (such as on the crimes page or when editing it slowing the whole wiki down) so we should at least give it a go. There's no harm in trying. We should IMO create a small one with say like 3 eps in someones subpages to test if it would work. -Mr.Leaf 11:29, 29 April 2007 (PDT) Templates for 4x10-Enhanced and 4x11-EnhancedEdit ABC Medianet just released the press release for enhanced airings of "Something Nice Back Home" and "Cabin Fever". I want to add the release to the ABC Medianet page, but the templates for the enhanced versions of those two episodes don't seem to exist yet. Could somebody who knows how please add them? Thanks. :) Jimbo the tubby 14:27, 5 May 2008 (PDT) [SPOILER REMOVED]Edit They've already revealed that the episode after 316 is named this. So shouldn't it be put up there? jam_8882491 23:31, 14 Februrary 2009 (PST) - It's policy not to reveal the names of episodes other than the one that is immediately upcoming. So yeah, even though they've named up to episode 5x14, we can't name then on the wiki until a week before they air. -- Sam McPherson T C E 04:41, 15 February 2009 (UTC) Template broken, adds a | characterEdit Currently, this template adds a | character to the end of all links it produces, like this: "316". This can be fixed by removing the red | in: <span title="{{ep/{{{1|}}}}} (episode: {{{1|}}})">{{ep/{{{1|}}}}}|</span> --Catrope 20:44, 26 February 2009 (UTC) Two-parter titlesEdit Reflecting the recent decision to regard each two-parter as two separate episodes, some of the episode templates need to be changed. Ideally, the last two episodes will each link to the same page, but have different part numbers - for example, {{ep|4x13}} would give "There's No Place Like Home, Part 2" and {{ep|4x14}} would give "There's No Place Like Home, Part 3". --Pyramidhead 11:54, 27 March 2009 (UTC) - Agreed, can we add this, considering that's how "Exodus, Part 2" and "Exodus, Part 3" works? Jimbo the Tubby talk contributions 03:03, 2 May 2009 (UTC) Season 5 clip show 2Edit I have created an article for the next clip show, which airs after episode 13. Could someone please add it here? It should be 5xrc2 for Lost: The Story of the Oceanic 6, then I can add it to the airdates page and the clip show nav. :)--Baker1000 12:30, 5 April 2009 (UTC) And if someone could please add Lost: A Journey In Time as 5xrc3 that would be great. :)--Baker1000 12:21, 25 April 2009 (UTC) 507&506Edit On the podcast preceeding "316". Darlton said that "316" was written as production Number 507 and that "The Life and Death of Jeremy Bentham" was prod # 506 and that they felt we should see 507 first. Are we going to update the templates accordingly. (Note: this also happened with "Solitary" and "Raised by Another" --cgmv123TalkContribsE-mail 16:26, 26 May 2009 (UTC) - No, the numbering we use is based on how the episodes air. It may have changed around in the production process, but it's the final result that counts. -- Graft talk contributions 21:30, 26 May 2009 (UTC) Option for no linkEdit In the transcripts for podcasts, etc... that reference episode titles, the instructions are not to link anything, forcing you to type it out manually. Could we modify it so {{ep|5x16|link=0}} give you "The Incident Parts 1&2" with no link. cgmv123TalkContribsE-mail 23:05, 13 June 2009 (UTC) 6x01 and 6x02Edit Now that we have started to create pages for Season 6 episodes, I was wondering how we're going to address the fact that this first episode is a double. Unlike "Because You Left" and "The Lie" which aired on the same night, it's actually one long episode like a finale. So should we label episode 6x02 as LA X, Parts 1 & 2 as per every other season finale. Since one hour officially equals one episode as of "The Variable." I think it would just be confusing if we start calling the episode which airs the week after the premiere, episode 2 when officially it is episode 3. So what's the plan?--Baker1000 20:57, January 11, 2010 (UTC) - Very good question. I can see both sides, but I'm leaning toward using both 6x01 and 6x02 for the premiere episode. I think it comes down to ease of use for Lostpedia editors; it's not that we're deciding what the definition of an episode is, it's that the numbering code should make sense to editors. On the one hand, the premiere will be essentially a single episode housed at the same article, so it's pretty natural to mentally group that as a single block and think of the next installment as "episode 2". But there are good reasons for using the "one hour equals one numbering increment" method: 1) Even though 1x01 and 1x02 aren't exactly analogous to the Season 6 premiere (since they are broken up and originally aired on different nights), one can easily adapt that numbering code usage for Season 6. 2) The writers and production crew use 6x01 and 6x02 for the premiere episode, and ABC will be using the same for promotional materials (at least according to DarkUFO, who I asked in an email). 3) This method would also align with the fact we currently have for example, {{ep|2x24}} and {{ep|3x23}} call up "Live Together, Die Alone, Part 2" and "Through the Looking Glass, Part 2", respectively. -- Graft talk contributions 20:45, January 12, 2010 (UTC) - Obviously we would have to either change the season nav at the top of the episode articles to have the next episode down as #03, and add 02 to the first line. But I suppose we don't have to, we could always change it to "Part 1" and "Part 2" but still have them link to the single article. The point about the production team using 6x01 and 6x02 for this episode is a good one. As far as I know, the official production code numbering gives one number to every produced hour, so they will use 601 and 602.--Baker1000 20:58, January 12, 2010 (UTC) - I'm going to reserve judgment on this until I see the official press release for 601 and TV guide data. I'm leaning towards treating this as a single episode (just 6x01) since that's how we've done similar season finales. Whatever happens, I think it makes sense to leave a single article for parts 1 and 2. My final opinion will be based on whether there are credits at the top of each hour during the premiere night. Jabberwock talk contribs email - 00:06, January 14, 2010 (UTC) - I don't think there will be credits at the top of each hour. However if they air it as two separate hours in the UK (like they did with the S5 finale, they aired the DVD cut, not the original seen on ABC) then it will have two lots of credits. It's quite annoying really, because for the Region 2 DVD release they will likely split the episodes into two parts. But it seems they don't always do that for double episodes on the Region 1 DVD. At the end of the day it's down to you, there will still be 16 episode articles for Season 6, but everyone refers to it as having 18 episodes so our numbering will only go up to 6x17.--Baker1000 00:16, January 14, 2010 (UTC) I tentatively redirected 6x02 and 602 to LA X, Parts 1 & 2. We should make Template:Ep/6x02 say LA X Parts 1&2 for now. If the next episode is 602 we can change it. cgmv123TalkContribsE-mail 23:52, January 14, 2010 (UTC) Additional switch to overwrite the text?Edit Hello, Unfortunately I'm not good at advanced editing of templates. But I think it would be a nice addition to this template, if we could refer to it with an additional switch in which we would put what text to print instead of the standard episode-title-in-quote-marks string. For example, one could write {{ep|6x18|the last episode}}, and it wouldn't say "The End" but the last episode This is useful when we want to link to an episode article, but not by writing out its name. Why not just link to it normally? Because this template has an additional cool feature: on hover it displays the episode title, with the episode number in parantheses. (Try it: "The End".) That's a useful feature. Any thoughts? Could anybody implement this? --Mondotta 21:45, May 26, 2010 (UTC) Changes needed to sub-templatesEdit Hello, I would like an administrator to perform the following changes in this template's sub-templates in order for them to be more consistent, complete, and fool-proof. - Sub-templates to be deleted - Sub-templates to be changed The following protected sub-templates should be changed, in order to avoid unnecessary redirection. The following should be changed to point to their corresponding section on the Enhanced episodes page. - Sub-templates to be protected I created the following sub-templates, which should be protected from editing: - Template:Ep/1x01e - Template:Ep/1x02e - Template:Ep/1x01-02e - Template:Ep/3x22-23e - Template:Ep/4x14e - Template:Ep/4x13-14e - Template:Ep/5x17e - Template:Ep/5x16-17e - Template:Ep/6x03e - Template:Ep/6x06e - Template:Ep/6x07e - Template:Ep/6x08e - Template:Ep/6x09e - Template:Ep/6x17e - Template:Ep/6x18e - Template:Ep/6x17-18e Thank you. --Mondotta 23:39, July 16, 2011 (UTC) - No to changing the split finale templates because we do use those. They were created at the start of Season 6 when we split them all up on the nav boxes in order to be consistent with the S6 premiere being split, which was to avoid throwing the numbers out. We also use them on articles I believe, to denote which half of a finale the events took place in. The rest looks fine, but someone like Jabrwocky7 will have to do it, as he is the go to guy for this stuff.--Baker1000 00:17, July 17, 2011 (UTC) - Thanks for your reply. With my proposed modifications, the split finale templates would still be there, and the links and tooltips would still appear as they do now; however, their link would physically point to the correct page, as opposed to a redirect page (similarly to how {{ep|1x25}} currently reads as "Exodus, Part 3", but actually points to Exodus, Part 2). For example, {{ep|3x22}} currently shows up as "Through the Looking Glass, Part 1", and takes the user to that page (Through the Looking Glass, Part 1), just to be redirected to the correct page, "Through the Looking Glass". With my change, the link would still look like how it does now, but it would immediately take the user to "Through the Looking Glass", without the unnecessary redirect. (In addition, these changes to the split finale templates would also allow us to use the ep template for the split finales in the season nav boxes -- currently, they have hard-coded links to split finale articles, so that the episode titles show up bold and unlinked on the appropriate article. (See the source of Template:Season6nav/col1 for an example.) With these changes, the ep template would handle this problem automatically, while still yielding the tooltips on other pages.) --Mondotta 12:11, July 17, 2011 (UTC) New version, with fixes and custom text functionalityEdit Hi, After writing a feature wish in the section "#Additional switch to overwrite the text?", I succesfully created a new version of this template, which is currently available at Template:EpNEW. This new version includes the following improvements: - Main improvement: A new text parameter allows you to change the displayed text to anything, while retaining the awesome tooltip functionality of the template. For example: "Lindelof and Cuse wrote the series finale." Notice, that hovering over the link still gives you the season and episode number. - Revamped template documentation: I totally revamped the template's documentation, so that it features the template's full functionality, and all episode number possibilities in a more well-structured format. - Fixed bold + punctuation mark: Currently, when the bold parameter is enabled, the additional parameter that allows you to use a punctuation mark does not work. (Even though the template documentation says that it does.) I have reinstated this functionality in the new version. - Fixed no output on non-existant episode: Currently the template documentation says that when the specified episode does not exist, the template's output is empty -- this, however, is not true, as it currently prints two quote marks (""). I have fixed this so it really doesn't print anything. I hope that the template will be updated with my version. Please note that when updating the template (and its /doc sub-template), you should ensure to change all instances of "EpNEW" to "Ep". Thanks, --Mondotta 23:41, July 16, 2011 (UTC) - Notify a SysOps and they will review it and make a decision. Otherwise you'll be waiting a long time as they don't always check by here. Jabberwock is usually the one who deals with this template in particular.--Baker1000 00:23, July 17, 2011 (UTC) - Those are all good changes. I'd like to suggest another small one. Right now, we've configured {{ep|1x01|.}} to display as "Pilot, Part 1." while {{ep|1x01}}. displays as "Pilot, Part 1". This allows for those cases where we want to place the period (or comma or whatever) within the quote. Only thing is, our style guide recognizes no such cases at all. This discrepancy confused me for a while - I assumed that we should surely sometimes place punctuation within the quotes, such as when the title ends a sentence, if we created a specific template to let us do so. Let's edit the template to parse {{ep|1x01|.}} and {{ep|1x01}}. the same way. --- Balk Of Fame ♪ talk 15:38, July 18, 2011 (UTC) - Hi, thanks for your comments. I've modified Template:EpNEW so that any optional characters specified in the 2nd parameter are printed outside of the quotation marks. I've also notified Jabberwock about my version, so I suppose the template will be updated soon. --Mondotta 16:46, July 18, 2011 (UTC)

I think President Obama is correct that anyone that runs on being a birther is going to have a hard time winning any general election: President Obama publicly addressed the birther issue for the first time on Thursday, saying it is not a good strategy for Republicans because it will backfire in the general election. Obama’s comments came during an interview with ABC News’ George Stephanopoulos, when he was asked about potential GOP presidential candidate Donald Trump’s birther-fueled rise in the polls. answered. “He doesn’t have horns.” Obama said the American people are thinking: “We want to know his plan on gas prices but we’re not really worrying about conspiracy theories or birth certificates and so I think it presents a problem for them.” [Slate] 3:24 am on April 15th, 2011 1” 3:46 am on April 15th, 2011 2 smells like teen spirit in here… 5:56 am on April 15th, 2011 3 "it is not a good strategy for Republicans because it will backfire in the general election." Pretty much what I said before, but will they really have the freedom to do otherwise? John McCain was forced to say and do many uncharacteristic things in his 2008 campaign by the Rush Limbaughs and other ranting heads from the talk radio and cable news set. The pressure was ratcheted up on GOP candidates in 2010 by the Tea Party where we saw several other "unusual" candidates come out on top on GOP tickets. Can GOP candidates break this trend and free themselves of their extreme puppet masters, or will it become standard fair for candidates to campaign by saying the most outlandish things in their primaries and then trying to walk them back by claiming what they said before "was not intended to be a factual statement" in the general election? 6:02 am on April 15th, 2011 4 So BO again fails to set the record straight. Why won't the lying SOS ever give a straight answer to the question? I'm Lemmy and I am a BIRTHER. BO was not born in the USA-Oh wait, here is a piece of used toilet paper with BO's face on it and in brown writing it says…… 6:08 am on April 15th, 2011 5 Montana – are you white? 6:14 am on April 15th, 2011 6 #4 Have you been playing with your poo? 6:53 am on April 15th, 2011 7 Montana, The birther point is, If people like me had to show my birth certificate, proof of US citizenship documentation, passport,SSN card,DD-214, fill out countless forms and have to sweat out a background security related Spanish inquisition every 5 years to obtain and maintain federal employment at the GS-13 level. Why the hell can't that Douche Bag in the White House do the same for the highest federal position in the country!!!!!! My Birth Certificate is from a British Commonwealth country dated 1961,I wonder if his looks the same? More likely it is a US Birth Certificate that lists "MUSLIM" as his religion. 7:04 am on April 15th, 2011 8 Rich V, Babies don't have religions… …but there might be something else interesting on it. Here is the long-form you are looking for. Does anyone have an opinion on Obama's Social Security Number? I didn't really look into it… but a cursory glance makes a good case that there is something fishy about it. 7:33 am on April 15th, 2011 9 Chickenhead, My religion on the birth certificate comment was based on my birth certificate which lists religion of both parents. The religion of an infant shouldn't matter any way, there has to be something else wrong with it or why would they keep it hidden, other than as some kind of political tactic/trap. Any way the first part of my comment still stands, if an E-1, O-1, GS-13, etc. has to document eligibility for a Federal position, the Commander in Chief does too! 7:53 am on April 15th, 2011 10 The U.S. Constitution. Article II. Section 1. Paragraph 5. Believing Obama is an American is the Newest Religion. Religion being the taking of something as truth without evidence. Pure Faith. 9:13 am on April 15th, 2011 11 Barack Obama is as American as Senator John Mccain. 10:23 am on April 15th, 2011 12 11 Not true. Do your research. This has already been proven incorrect. 10:29 am on April 15th, 2011 13 @#12 – Can you please explain how the whole conspiracy works? How does the time line of events work to where he is born in Kenya comes into Hawaii gets his birth announced in the paper, gets a Republican governor and state officials to cover for him, etc.? I just don't see how this could have all been orchestrated an covered up for all these years. That is why I have been saying that there is only two reasons why the President doesn't show his long form birth certificate: 1. There is something inconsistent or embarrassing on it. 2. Is using it as a political weapon to make political opponents look unhinged by bringing it up. 10:49 am on April 15th, 2011 14 "it will backfire in the general election. " I can already see the scene from the biopic. Scene: the debate for the presidential candidates. President Obama (played by Will Smith), "Oh, yeah! The only thing African about me is that I'm black, and you can't hold a black man down. Check this out. Booyah! My long form birth certificate. See here. Hawaii. Did I tell you it was going to backfire or what?" Scene cuts to white folk watching the debate in bar, then to a barber shop in a black neighborhood, and finally a family of Asian Americans watching the debate in their living room (all of which are cheering at the comment). Camera returns to Obama (Will Smith), a tear rolling down his cheek as he says, "I am American" before walking off the stage. 11:45 am on April 15th, 2011 15 @13, I don't know about the "conspiracy theory". See my #10. I don't know that he ISN'T an American. I don't know that he IS an American. I don't know. I should, as per the Constitution. My #12 comment is directed at the McCain comparison. I believe YOU did a good piece on that one yourself. If your thinking were a bit more to the "center", as you have stated that you are, rather than to the left, as you really are, you would not have asked that question. (See, I helped you with those on the left that think you are a Conservative—incorrectly) Regardless of whether he is an American or an illegal alien, he is a Socialist in his actions. A divider. An apologist of America. Raised as a Muslim. Sat for twenty years in a so called "christian church" listening to hate speech from the pulpit. I look forward to the day when Allen West runs for President. While I am waiting for Allen West, I will happily vote for Herman Cain in 2012. As Mr. Cain has said, "a REAL black man". Anyone would be better. Well, except Hillary Clinton. I'll stick with the Socialist I know. Next question GI Liberal uh uh Korea. (see, I helped you again) Hat tip for a good baiting. Just like a good Liberal would do! 11:51 am on April 15th, 2011 16 GI Korea, I answered you. The post did not show. I forgot what ChickenHead said about the word "socilist". Damn spellchecker. 12:04 pm on April 15th, 2011 17 I think if he pulls his Birth Certificate out, it looks like my Birth Certificate, an English crown with a big ER (Elizabeth Reigns) at the top followed by British Commonwealth State of Kenya, mine says Canada, with his fathers religion listed as Islam and his mothers religion listed as Athiest/Marxist towards the bottom. 12:50 pm on April 15th, 2011 18 Obama may be a citizen or not; but the whole birther thing takes away from the damage being done to the world economy because of the irresponsible overspending… If we don't cut the spending by at least 50% and soon, the government will collapse and there will be blood… 1:52 pm on April 15th, 2011 19 "ER (Elizabeth Reigns)" Dude, ER stands for "Elizabeth Regina". 1:56 pm on April 15th, 2011 20 "If we don’t cut the spending by at least 50% and soon, the government will collapse and there will be blood…" Disingenuous tea bagger you. How about cutting defense spending? Oh, but that's not the same… 2:08 pm on April 15th, 2011 21 Please understand, I am happy to watch the liberals as they become more uncomfortable over their selection of Obama as their Leader. Says much about the Religion of Liberalism. All that blind faith. If and I do mean IF, it comes out that "The Chosen One" was an illegal alien all along, No one will laugh as hard or as long (YEARS) as I will. As it stands at this moment, he has not shown that he is qualified to be President. Whatever the reason. For the next 1.5 years I will enjoy watching whatever it is that Trump is doing. I do not think he will run. If he tries as an independent, I will not vote for him. 2:18 pm on April 15th, 2011 22 20 Teadrinker, I'm all for cutting the Defense Spending. Let it be recorded! It is the liberal teadrinker from Canada's #1 talking point. That and his desire to be teabagged. Now, Teabagger uh, I mean "drinker", care to make a suggestion on what the Liberal Americans should cut? You have thought past liberal talking points, haven't you? But I will understand if that is asking too much of you— 2:34 pm on April 15th, 2011 23 "friend's" dime to renew his Indonesian passport and traveled to Pakistan with him." My links never work but what the hel:… 2:42 pm on April 15th, 2011 24 Once again. A ll babies are born atheist. It i the default mode. Hate, superstition and hypocrisy are learned from the care givers.* *some manage to recover 2:46 pm on April 15th, 2011 25 "When the IRS received Berry Soetoro's federal tax filing, the IRS could not attach the name Barrack Hussein Obama to the SSI number provided or the address. So the IRS assigned the fictitious name "Barrack Hussein Obama" a tax ID number for a person from Connecticut (where Berry unlawfully filed a federal tax form using a false name). Berry Soetoro began using the tax ID number as his SSI number when using the fictious name Barrack Obama. This is why Berry Soetoro has a Connecticut SSI number." Same source. I do not know that any of it is true or not true. Untill our President shows his look form, I will just have to think that the above is—a possibility. 3:05 pm on April 15th, 2011 26 "On a whim Barry ran for the U.S. Senate." "The election got all kinds of press because there was no blacks in the Senate." "Alan Keys did his best to warn everyone Berry was not who he claimed to be, but the public saw him as a carpetbagger." "The Democrats had already began scrubbing Barry's back ground when Ryan dropped out." "Barry Soetoro is as much of a fraud as Bernie Madoff and his house of cards will soon fall down." Those with more skills than I can dig deeper. As I have said before, I don't know the truth of any of this. But until the President shows his long form, this is as good an explanation as any. 3:11 pm on April 15th, 2011 27 24 Leon, did you just throw that out there for the hell of it? Strong commitment to YOUR religion of atheism. 4:30 pm on April 15th, 2011 28 Here is what I don't understand about the defense budget. Shortly after the Soviet Union collapsed and the public was calling for a peace dividend, the Pentagon's planners and budgeters did some analytical "gymnastics" and came up with something called a two war strategy. It was really generally believed to be a plan to fight a major conflict (Korean War part 2) and a less intense conflict at about the cost of maintaining the Cold War budget, which was about $350 billion at the time. Even before 9/11, the last administration was starting to over-rule those assumptions. US Abandons 2-War Strategy: New York Times [July 14, 2001] But still, in the conclusion: At the time, no one could know that those two wars would be mostly against primitive tribal insurgents where we only got much use of some our mega-million dollar marquee weapons in the opening salvo in the first few months. No one could know that those wars would go on for 8 to 10 years and largely paid for outside the budget through supplemental budget requests. Yet our budget is now over 230% of what its was. I guess it's a good thing our two war strategy was tested against these primitive countries instead of real military powers or we would have been broke a long time ago. 5:10 pm on April 15th, 2011 29 Retired GI. Not to get off track too far but… Please look up the definition of atheism. You will find it is the lack of religion, which all people who truly care about their fellow man would adopt in an instant if they weren't brain washed from such an early age. Calling atheism a religion makes one sound ignorant, like those who claim the earth is 6000 years old, dinosaur bones are a test from god/devil and, of course, god hates fags at military funerals. You seem like a good fellow, don't be that guy. Definition of ATHEISM: a disbelief in the existence of deity. Now, it came up because someone, who don't know anything and you can do more checking yourself, suggested BO's birth certificate might state that he is a muslim, which is an even more loathsome religion than the pox of christianity (but not as bad as scientology). But you can check for yourself. Just saying. The point is, so what if it did? It's like saying: "I'm not saying Fred Phelps, nor the pope are hemorphidite pedophiles from another planet where they subsist on faeces, I'm just throwing it out there. You can check the facts for yourself." "Oh senseless man, who cannot possibly make a worm or a flea and yet will create Gods by the dozen!" — Michel de Montaigne /now back to your regularly scheduled programing. 5:59 pm on April 15th, 2011 30 GI Korea's got this one right. The conspiracy that would have to take place to cover up Barrack's supposed Kenyan birth is enough to make even a brain-fried 9/11 conspiracy monger take in a deep breath and say, "gee, that seems like a bit of a stretch." Babble all you want about 'long forms', but until you can come up with a good explanation for how Obama's birth was reported in two different Hawaiian papers, you're just farting in the wind. Your hate is making you dumb. 6:28 pm on April 15th, 2011 31 #25, Dude, that's like just one step away from World Trade Center conspiracy theorist crazy. 7:13 pm on April 15th, 2011 32 Any government which can fake a moon landing could most certainly pull off a fake terrorist attack or empower a foreigner to become president – without breaking a sweat. Wake up people! 7:43 pm on April 15th, 2011 33 Leon, That is the stupidest thing I ever read. They didn't "pull off" any of those things. They just aren't competent or all-powerful enough. It is the fluoride in the water, the barium in the chemtrails, and focused broadband scalar emissions from HAARP, which allowed the Illuminati to use the CIA's MKULTRA ind control techniques on the population so they wouldn't notice the government's obviously fake moon landings which funneled money to build FEMA death camps, transparent false flag terrorist operations designed to protect China's oil supply, and a Muslim usurper in the White House spelling the end for Christianity and the rise of Satanism. 10:59 pm on April 15th, 2011 34 Don't forget the Shriners. All of them are after our precious bodily fluids. 11:47 pm on April 15th, 2011 35 Until I see a Real BC, anything is possible. None of you can do anything except ridicule. That's fine. I know you don't have the answer. Only Barry does and he isn't talking. It is too easy to fix. But as long as he has "the Faithful followers", why should he. Leon, you speak of atheism the way a Baptist Preacher does on giving the 10% for the tithe. Which makes atheism your religion. (sorry) No one can prove or disprove a God or Gods. So your lack of faith is, in effect, a faith. I tend to think it is tied up in ET, but I don't know EITHER. But this is an interesting discussion. We have believers in the blind faith of Obama. We have dissenters that believe the government is not capable of hiding ones past. All of you are attempting to forward your own narrative. I just want to see the BC. The Constitution says I have a right to know. Prove he was born an American and then I will forget it and talk about his Sociiallist agenda. Too easy to do. But he will not do it. Makes a man go, hmm. "what is he afraid of?" Obama is nothing more than the democrats taking advantage of a situation that presented itself. It was not conspired from his birth. But we made JFK and Bobby "disappeared". Why not Barry's history. Too easy. Too damn easy. Leon, you don't believe we landed on the Moon? I'm sorry to hear that Dude. Teabagger uh "drinker", all he has to do is show the BC and it all goes away. Untill he does, it is still a possibility. America, as a nation just looks ignorant untill he does show the BC. But you like that, right? ChickenHead, you know the Muslim in the White House does not spell the rise of Satanism. He believes in Mohammed. Get with the program CH. But you're right about the fluoride in the water! That's why I drink Whiskey. Now I must go and rejoin the real world and cut the grass. It doesn't care about the BC — either. 7:32 am on April 16th, 2011 36 JoeC 3, Republicans aren't forced to say outlandish things. They are free to say something like, "I'm not leaving the Republican party, it has left me. In this election, I'm running as a Democrat." 8:11 am on April 16th, 2011 37 36 Glans — ahhhahahahahahahaha. I remember that guy now. At least the conservatives do TELL their politicians what they want them to do. Rather that, than the Politicians telling the people what they want, as is the case with the Democrates. 9:23 am on April 16th, 2011 38 Donald Trump warns Eric Cantor not to give up the birther fight: 'People love this issue.' Here's his TPM interview, with video. 9:35 pm on April 16th, 2011 39 #33 Exactly. That's what I'm talking about! The Rockefeller's and the Tri-Lateral Commission are in on it… and the masons and Skull and Crossbone society too! Speak the truth Chickenhead! Wait a minute, someone's knocking at the door, I be… #@!$E<GQY( NO CARRIER 9:55 pm on April 16th, 2011 40 Farewell, Leon. I hope you enjoy your black helicopter ride to the basement of the Denver airport where the Grays and Reptilians will fight over who gets to give you the next anal probe. 10:16 pm on April 16th, 2011 41 What birth certificates list religion?! 10:53 pm on April 16th, 2011 42 I got away. Thanks to the power of prayer. Anyhoo, Kushibo I don't know of any which do. But the Trumpster threw it out there. During an appearance on "The O'Reilly Factor" on Fox News on Wednesday night, Donald Trump suggested that President Barack Obama's birth certificate could indicate that "he's a Muslim." ." – DT 12:01 am on April 17th, 2011 43 The 1961 long form birth certificate does not have religion listed on it. You can see a copy of a 1961 long form at this link: The only inconsistent thing I can think of that could be on the long form is that his mother gave him a different name. Maybe on the long form his mother gave him the name Barry Dunham? Maybe after returning from Indonesia he changed his name to Barack Obama? 12:02 am on April 17th, 2011 44 Speaking of World Trade Center conspiracy theorists…They are pissed off at Charlie Sheen…not because he makes them look bad but because he isn't giving them any attention anymore. Yup, completely loony. 12:11 am on April 17th, 2011 45 "Until I see a Real BC, anything is possible." Right, like it's possible that have a third eye growing in the back of your head because nobody ever showed you that it isn't there. In any case, it was released and it's real:… "None of you can do anything except ridicule." Neener neener. 12:18 am on April 17th, 2011 46 “Until I see a Real BC, anything is possible.” This could apply to many things but some people are willing to accept certain things on faith alone. Curiouser and curiouser. Anyway, I wish he'd just release the damn thing and get it over with. It's just plain silly all around. 12:24 am on April 17th, 2011 47 #46, That's probably why he isn't releasing it. Think of it as a litmus test for idiots. 12:40 am on April 17th, 2011 48 #47 Call me a cynic but maybe it's meant to be a distraction. 12:48 am on April 17th, 2011 49 Teabagger um, DAMN, I meant drinker of course, I looked at your link. Much talk of, but not one pic on the "complete" document. Hmmm? No "evidence" at all. Give it another go. A complete pic of the doc in question, large enough to read. You're very well educated. I'm sure you can find it. (not a CoLB please) 12:54 am on April 17th, 2011 50 #49, Why don't you find it? It's not as if you don't have the internet. 1:02 am on April 17th, 2011 51 #46 Leon, I'm not big on "faith". I do have "faith" that most, if not all creatures on earth have but two eyes, Except spiders, and my Mum, who did seem to have a third one in the back of her head. Perhaps Barry's birth name is connected with drug abuse, male prostitution or other crimes. Again, I do not know. So, the questions remains. The fact that he has not released it is however, evidence that he has much to hide and is perhaps more of a criminal that your average politician. Without the BC as evidence, it is a possibility that he may be an illegal alien. If that were the case, i might not survive the fits of laughter! 1:15 am on April 17th, 2011 52 @51 – I don't see any possibility he is an illegal alien. You have the birth announcements in two newspapers and Hawaii state officials and even the Republican governor stating they have seen his birth documents and can confirm he was born in Hawaii. That takes me back to the only two possibilities: 1. Something inconsistent on the long form birth certificate. 2. Intentional distraction 2:02 am on April 17th, 2011 53 "Perhaps Barry’s birth name is connected with drug abuse, male prostitution or other crimes." Oh, are you playing every Republican's favorite game, Innuendo? Ok, my turn: Perhaps he farts confetti and streamers. 6:48 am on April 17th, 2011 54 Or perhaps he has something to hide in his administration which was supposed to herald a new era of government transparency. Not saying anything on the matter because I don't know, but I'm not calling people who are asking about it names, either. 6:59 am on April 17th, 2011 55 The real issue is Trust in Government. Either he has something to hide or he is playing a game. Either way, he is a shytbag. And there is no other way to spin it. 9:27 am on April 17th, 2011 56 #55, Right, so he's that because he won't allow himself to be bullied by Republicans who keep pulling every dirty tricks out of their sleeve. Brilliant logic. 9:59 am on April 17th, 2011 57 As the cops always say. If you haven't done anything wrong, you have nothing to worry about, citizen. 1:20 pm on April 17th, 2011 58 @52 GI Korea, it is number one. 1:36 pm on April 17th, 2011 59 I have to fill out all kinds of papers before I buy a gun– why shouldn't the commander in chief of the world's largest nuclear force not have to show some real ID? 1:44 pm on April 17th, 2011 60 @54, you're spot on target. #55 ChickenHead you are correct. But you're making teabagger um drinker uncomfortable. Now he is trying to claim "victim status" for the Democrats (liberals) by claiming the Repubs are "bullying" the great Obama. That is of course ridiculous. Obama and Pelosi were doing that to the Repubs since the false Prophet took the White House. I told you GI Korea–you can learn allot about being a Liberal from teabagger um drinker. Being from Canada doesn't slow him down. Plus he is highly educated. He can teach you to be a good liberal. Example: when he refers to the Repubs doing every dirty trick in the book. That is a fine example of a tactic known as the "mirror effect". Whatever your group is doing that is bad or wrong, mirror it onto your enemy. I have heard that (Rules for Radicals, by Saul D. Alinsky) is recommended reading in left leaning colleges these days. 1:59 pm on April 17th, 2011 61 @59 According to the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Paragraph {5} ——–HE DOES!! But when you try to enforce the LAW, you are called names to include Racist. Your Intelligence is put into question. If those fail to shut you up, they – Liberals, go for personal attacks. Liberals are really quite violent — like children when they don't get their way. Obama sitting in the White House for over two years, without releasing evidence of citizenship is a crime. But a crime the American People deserve. You notice the #1 defender of Obama is from Canada. Tells me much right there. Obama will end up being the GREATEST shame on the Democrats and the American People. It will take years to recover the respect of the world. At least they feared Bush. They happily except Obama's bows of subjugation. 1:59 pm on April 17th, 2011 62 GI Korea wrote: There is a third possibility and that is that is that the question has been asked and satisfactorily answered and Obama (or anyone in his situation) is not obligated to keep responding to ever-shifting goalposts by people who (a) cannot be convinced no matter what and/or (b) are on a perpetual fishing expedition. Obama satisfactorily showed to election officials that he was eligible. When some screamed for his birth certificate (how many other candidates for president have we seen their birth certificate?), he released the Certification of Live Birth which specifically states he was born in Honolulu and which was verified by the Republican governor at the time. This was then decried as "fake!" but when it was verified as authentic by several sources, then the goalposts changed when the critics said, no, it can't be the COLB, it must be the long form. What will be the call when/if that were to be released? Guaranteed, it will be called fake, and then some other supporting evidence will be demanded because the long form could be faked, etc., etc., ad nauseum . Obama did more than most other presidents or candidates have, and that's enough. He has issued for the public to see an official document that very clearly states he was born in Honolulu. That's all he has to do; on principle, he does not need to and in fact should not keep catering to the critics and the ever-changing goalposts. Go see the move The Contender about the response to critics perpetually invading privacy in such a way. The birthers outing themselves as nutters is just a fringe benefit. Arizona outing themselves as "the meth lab of democracy" is icing on the cake. According to their new law, the official Certification of Live Birth is NOT acceptable, but instead of a long form, you can submit a decidedly unofficial baptismal or circumcision record and an also very unofficial (and easily alterable) hospital birth record. That's how severe their Obama Derangement Syndrome is. I wish the Tea Party would get back to important things like balanced budgets. 2:09 pm on April 17th, 2011 63 For the birthers, what do you make of Barack Hussein Obama's passport stating he was born in Hawaii? 2:15 pm on April 17th, 2011 64 Release it and find out. Personally, I will start on his lack of leadership. Sociialiist agenda. Rev Wright and so on and so forth. There is zero shortage of items to discuss about the one who promised the most OPEN administration in American history. Yeah OBAMA — release it already. What are you hiding CUMP? You're in violation of the Constitution and have been for 2.5 years. ARTICLE II, PARAGRAPH (5) U.S. CONSTITUTION. 2:22 pm on April 17th, 2011 65 #63 What do YOU think of his Indonesian passport? Maybe the CIA gave it to him when he was a mule for the CIA narcotics trade. Then gave him a U.S. passport for a reward. The Long Form is the only correct response. 2:22 pm on April 17th, 2011 66 'Cept he HAS released official and satisfactory proof of being born in Honolulu, Retired GI. He's not in violation of anything. The birther movement moving the goalposts does not make that any less true. 2:26 pm on April 17th, 2011 67 He has NOT. You are smart enough to know that. Not seen a long form yet. Goalpost are where they always have been: Long Form please. The CoLB can be altered, as in when an adoption occurs. 2:27 pm on April 17th, 2011 68 See, Retired GI, if people question your intelligence regarding the birther issue, it's because you keep spewing out speculation as if it is fact. Where is this Indonesia passport? 'Cuz when I did an image search on the off chance I'd missed that bit of news, the most intriguing thing I found was this (NSFW, perhaps). If an Indonesia passport of Obama's exists in a form other than the figment of someone's speculative imagination, I'd really, really, really like to see it. It could join the FEC's apparent lack of public documentation of them having vetted BHO's citizenship as the only thing going for the birther cause (although having been an Indonesian citizen as a child wouldn't preclude him from being a natural born citizen). 2:31 pm on April 17th, 2011 69 They alter the "LOCATION OF BIRTH" if you're adopted? 2:34 pm on April 17th, 2011 70 You're smart enough to know that demanding the long form after first declaring the COLB a fake is an example of moving the goalposts. The State of Hawaii has repeatedly acknowledged that the COLB is an official document demonstrating proof of birth in the place stated on the COLB. For sh¡ts and giggles I tried to get my own long form birth certificate and was unable. I have a Certificate of Live Birth, which states where in Los Angles County I was born, but that's it. My original facsimile has been satisfactory for me getting a driver license, voter registration, and a passport. 2:37 pm on April 17th, 2011 71 @69 If NEED be. I see from your link in 68, that you have nothing of value to add. I'll check back in the morning to see if a Long Form has been suddenly found after nearly three years. 2:45 pm on April 17th, 2011 72 Nope. And neither do you, because this be a dead horse you're beating. COLB is official proof. They don't change the LOCATION OF BIRTH just because someone may have been legally adopted (and the legal adoption is purely speculative on the birthers' part). 'Nuff said. Nothing new to add because it's been asked and answered. 2:49 pm on April 17th, 2011 73 And yeah, the link to Obama's mom was from a legitimate search for the alleged Indonesia passport. No such passport turned up, so if you can link me to what you're talking about, I would very sincerely be appreciative of the information. If I see real evidence, I can be swayed. In my own efforts to look into this, I found the apparent lack of vetting process information by the FEC, and I have stated so, so I think I'm being open minded enough on new evidence. So please, show me the Indonesia passport you're talking about. 2:57 pm on April 17th, 2011 74 Chris Matthews of MSNBC showed a long form bc on his program which was NOT what President Obama showed & asked the President TO JUST RELEASE THE DAMN THING. Nobody can accuse Chris Matthews of being a right wing nut job, he is about as left wing as you can get. I can't think of anything else that I would agree with Mr Matthews about but he is correct in my opinion here. Mr President, JUST RELEASE THE DAMN THING. I can't recall anyone complaining about what Mr Matthews has said but when conservatives say the same thing then all of a sudden they are racists (that's the liberals favorite insult). Hey liberals, is Mr Matthews "racist"? If not then why not? 3:00 pm on April 17th, 2011 75 Also, could you provide a link to something demonstrating that the LOCATION OF BIRTH on the Hawaii COLB is alterable, as you claimed in #71? The COLB clearly states: "This copy serves as prima facie evidence of the fact of birth in any court proceeding." So changing it would make it inadmissible in court, and the whole thing falls apart, not just for Obama but for everyone in Hawaii. That alone makes it EXTREMELY unlikely that the "facts" on these are readily alterable. I've read claims that they issued COLBs for people born outside Hawaii, but that the LOCATION OF BIRTH doesn't say they were born in Hawaii. Also, if you believe that the "prima facie evidence" COLB is alterable, why would you assume that the long form is not also alterable? Wouldn't the obvious response be to claim that any long form released is fake, and then if that doesn't pan out, claim it's been altered? 3:19 pm on April 17th, 2011 76 kushibo 68, is that picture genuine? What happened to Stanley's breasts? 9:19 pm on April 17th, 2011 77 What is the difference between US Citizen, Naturalized Citizen, Native Born Citizen, and Natural Born Citizen. Of all of those types of citizens, why do we have two jobs in the US Government that require only "Natural Born Citizens" apply? If you're not familiar with the following and how they pertain to the notion of Natural Born Citizenship, perhaps you should look them up on the internet: John Jay Emmerich De Vattel "Laws of Nations"… John Bingham 14th Amendment Minor v. Happersett(1875) 2008 Democratic National Committee vetting process for president… Tim Adams (affidavit) LTC Terry Lakin Connecticut SSN I freely admit I am a capitalist. I am for small government. I love our military. I believe there is very little the federal government was granted regarding powers.. the military being the most important of those powers. I don't believe the government is supposed to take care of people from cradle to grave. I hate the way the commerce clause has been interpreted. I am a firm constitutionalist. I hate that activist judges "interpret" laws. I would prefer almost anyone (ANYONE) in the office of President than the man who sets there now. I will vote for any Republican (ANY REPUBLICAN) that runs for President in 2012 – which will be the second time I will vote for a President in my lifetime. The first, last and only time I voted for President was 1984 when I (as a "redneck" from West Virginia) wrote in the name Jesse Jackson… to stop any of you who will automatically assume a white (oh yeah, I'm white by the way), West Virginian is a racist and hates the person sitting in the White House now because of his race. To be honest, if my man were in the White House and going through the same situation, I might play straight politics on this. But I'd be lying to myself that there wasn't something "fishy". And I would be intellectually dishonest… much of what I get from most people who discount the whole "birther" thing. Most don't seem to understand the "eligibility thing"… yet. By the way, Mr. Obama could've been born in the Lincoln Bedroom in my estimation based upon what I've read (to include the information I listed above) and still not be eligible to be the President. If you really care why I believe this, read up on it. His birthplace has no relevance to eligibility… unless his father is/was a US citizen the day he was born. And I believe he must've been born in Hawaii because the whole mother going to Kenya while pregnant in that day and age would've been insane. I don't buy the deal about the newspaper announcements as being definitive proof of his birth in Hawaii though. The Department of Health released that information upon the registration of a birth. This whole situation is much more complex once you start peeling back the layers of the onion. I really think if you're truly honest with yourself, you have to ask many questions to get heading towards truth. 10:13 pm on April 17th, 2011 78 Glans wrote: I don't know if it's genuine. It's mentioned here and there, but I only discovered it today, while searching for the aforementioned Indonesia passport. In hindsight, I regret having linked to that. While it's already out there, by linking to it I added to the pile-on that has occurred with Ann Dunham and her brood. In an effort to prove that Mr Obama is ineligible to be president or that he is hiding something dastardly and/or embarrassing, Obama's critics have dragged her through the mud. She is called a slut (one link suggests Obama's father is someone else, with whom Ann Dunham had a three-way, and then covered up with the marriage to Obama Sr), Ann Dunham was anti-American (so she got her kid Indonesian citizenship), Ann Dunham was a race traitor (and the result is she married a non-White non-American and so Obama is not eligible to be a natural born citizen), etc., etc. And of course, she can't defend herself or explain anything because she passed away at a young age. And so it is up to Barack Hussein Obama himself to bear the brunt of all these smears against his dearly departed mother. And that's just not right. Going after Ann Dunham like that doesn't make the case for his eligibility. Going after, say, the Bush twins, Liz Cheney, Barbara Bush, Chelsea Clinton, Obama's kids, etc., to include Ann Dunham, is just plain wrong. I shouldn't have participated in that. 10:59 pm on April 17th, 2011 79 Obama's eligibility for job still a question () Hawaii official now swears: No Obama birth certificate Signs affidavit declaring long-form, hospital-generated document absent () Then, there is the COLB that the OBAMA campaign released: () And though it hard to see, and they have a blowup link for it, there is also this COLB issued by the State of Hawaii THE DAY AFTER Obama was "born in Hawaii". The differences are very obvious. And, the article also states that Obama's certificate number is HIGHER than the one issued the following day. You are born a day earlier, yet wind up with a number higher then the previous day? () ." Read more:… And this was from January, and it is now April, and he (Abercrombie), still can't find it? 2:19 am on April 18th, 2011 80 Look! The emperor's mom has no clothes, too! 5:58 am on April 18th, 2011 81 It's official. The Architect: Karl Rove has spoken. 6:15 am on April 18th, 2011 82 Ooops. Corrected without offset. 1:00 pm on April 18th, 2011 83 JoeC, Rove is part of the Machine, too; but he has a point. Birthers are jokes. I don't much care about the color of skin, political party, or marital status of the POTUS or his parents or his manicurist. BUT! I'm not a big fan of folks who make grandiose campaign promises and make no attempt to abide by them. And I detest those who apologize for America. And a POTUS is not supposed to bow to any foreign leader, even out of politeness. Obama is not man enough for the job. Clinton was, in many ways, better than either Bush. Reagan was the best since Truman. We need a President who is a bit of a CEO out there selling US products like freedom and democracy, not mincing about wringing his hands like a Thai nancyboy apologizing because the streets in America are not paved with gold… We're still the best place to live. But not if the current un-Truman-like crop of Dim-o-crats can't get their hand out of the till… When he said "The buck stops here" he did not mean he wanted a kickback, he meant he took responsibility for the way things are going. Exactly the opposite of the guy sitting in the Oval Office has done for the last two years… 8:08 pm on April 18th, 2011 84 Jan Brewer vetoed the Arizona birther bill. 9:25 pm on April 18th, 2011 85 RINO!!! 11:55 pm on April 18th, 2011 86 #83 There were some gun bills she vetoed also. Only heard a brief comment on it during lunch. Guns on campuse thing that she vetoed. Disapointing. But I expect that from a female. Kushibo, since you're still beating that dead horse and showing nude pics of Obama's mommy, I have something else for you to pull your hair out about.… (or not) The point is, we just don't know who he is. Other than the #1 Sociialiist in America today. THAT, we know. 12:36 pm on April 19th, 2011 87 Montana: ." Couldn't agree more with this. I'm not even american but the same principles apply to every democratic nation. 9:16 pm on April 20th, 2011 88 Want more Stanley pix? Click here. 11:38 am on April 25th, 2011 89 Today, I realized why, against all evidence, the Birther movement keeps going. Obama doesn't really act American… he seems not to practice or respect the small nuances of fundamental American culture. This is the type of behavior one looks for when searching out spies, criminals and impostors… and it is quite uncomfortable to see it coming from a president with an unusual name and an intentionally murky background. The Birther movement is simply an improbable attempt to make sense of a situation that is even more improbable. Obama's failure to officially recognize Easter, while recognizing Muslim holidays, is yet another link in a long chain of disrespect of American culture, traditions, values, and manners… from refusing to put his hand over his heart and refusal to wear an American flag pin to having a wife who yaps about not being proud of her country until her husband became popular. He bows to our enemies yet disrespects our traditional and trustworthy allies. He openly blames America for global problems and bad international relations yet promotes policies that damage America and its international credibility… even policies he was quick to condemn when Bush was promoting them. While many lawmakers sabotage America for their own interests, their overall "look and feel" is still American… or, at least, they make a big effort for it to seem so. But like an impostor, Obama just doesn't feel like a loyal American interested in BEING American and interested in the success of America. He doesn't even try. And this encourages the Birthers to explain how this could happen… as the only other option borders on the unthinkable. Could America have produced and promoted somebody so un-American? 11:56 am on April 25th, 2011 90 Chickenhead 89, that was a good comment. It made me think, and now insight has struck like lightning. Obama has been commenting on this blog, using the name 'Tom'. 11:59 am on April 25th, 2011 91 Light bulb moment for you Chickenhead? About time. 1:47 pm on April 25th, 2011 92 honestly with a person that has 2-3 different names and different passports why the fuck shouldnt someone be concerned about it as for saying "how many other presidents were asked to show their original BC's?" refer to comment above!!! 2:52 am on April 27th, 2011 93 Well the President FINALLY did the right thing. As left wing pundit Chris Matthews of MSNBC & I in comment #74 requested, he FINALLY just released the damn thing. Now the the BC has been released as far as I'm concerned the whole matter can be put to rest. President Obama complained that this whole matter was a distraction, well HE caused the distraction by not doing the right thing months ago. I give the President credit for doing the right thing. This is his way of "leadership". Just like he waited for months to approve the surge in Afghanistan (I'm sure the delay caused needless American deaths) this delay caused people to focus on his BC rather than the spending that is heading us to become bankrupt. A military officers career was trashed when he questioned the Presidents lack of a long form BC. It was right to court-martial this officer because he disobeyed deployment orders. I am sure that some people will doubt the veracity of the released BC because the sequence numbers are off from some twins who were born but as for me as I wrote before I believed him to be a citizen because of the newspaper announcements and this just confirms it. Thank you Mr President for doing the right thing, FINALLY. 3:11 am on April 27th, 2011 94 I agree with #93 above. FINALLY, the Sociialiist in Chief did the right thing. Only took him three YEARS. Now he has met the standards set in the Constitution. Now I can move on to his Sociialiist tendencies, lack of leadership, lack of concern, lack of understanding and so on. I would still like to see his grades, but it isn't important compared to his BC. He and "W" both went to Harvard. They said "W" was an idiot, so it is safe to assume that BO is also. I look forward to 2012. In 2008 he was elected on his charm and of course his race. The MSM swooned over him like a virgin over her first love. Now he has what he didn't in 2008—a record. I will enjoy the coming debates. To think that it took Trump, of all people to make this happen. I wonder what else he can make happen. 3:15 am on April 27th, 2011 95… So I looked at the long form. And I have just one question… …down there on "Signature of Local Registrar" line. Who the funk is Ukulele? 4:28 am on April 27th, 2011 96 First name is "My"? 5:55 am on April 27th, 2011 97 "Fake but accurate"? 8:49 am on April 27th, 2011 98 *yawn* This whole thing has been stupid on both sides of the political latrine. It worked. For nearly three years the great unwashed masses have been wallowing and writhing in our own filth as the Republicrats jointly stood over us and pissed and defecated on each of us. In the meantime, while we were distracted with this important but silly issue, our leaders still refuse to govern. They are destroying our country and what is next for us? College transcripts brought to you by a reality TV mogul? We are our own worst enemy and we deserve the leadership WE have elected. Shame on us. 6:56 pm on April 27th, 2011 99 Since the long-form has been produced, and the naysaying has begun in earnest, I just wanted to point out how prescient I was about moving the goalposts, back in comment #62. Nevertheless, their persistence has made me a skeptic and now I'm convinced the recently released long form may be fake. 7:24 pm on April 27th, 2011 100 The goalpost has never moved. Obama just keeps running only halfway down the field and then complaining that he didn't get the point. The goal is to have clear documentation which shows the history, ability, values, and beliefs of our president. Releasing a PDF instead of an uncompressed BMP or RAW picture is just another level of game-playing by an increasingly untrustworthy president. This brings up more questions than it answers. What IS he hiding? 8:15 pm on April 27th, 2011 101 Wasn't the point of releasing the birth certificate to determine Constitutional eligibility? And weren't we told over and over that Obama could "debunk a bunch of doubts with a simple step: Could they release a copy of his birth certificate?" Now that it's been released, in two different forms, the goalposts have shifted from Constitutional eligibility to, well, something else. Something fuzzy and therefore harder to refute. Michelle Bachmann: Pat Buchanan: Jerome Corsi: We've been told over and over again that this will all be cleared up if he reveals the birth certificate. He released the standard COLB, which is clearly a legally acceptable standard, then that was called fake, and when it was revealed not to be fake, then they demanded the long form. Now it's being called fake, but those who accept it are again saying it's not enough. We want college records, plus he's not really eligible because his dad wasn't American. It keeps moving. He should never have released the so-called "long form." 10:01 pm on April 27th, 2011 102 101, I'm happy he released it. My Question is why did it take 3 years? He ran on having the most "transparent" administration in history. He didn't get close. Is it a fake? Could be. But I wouldn't know it, so I accept it. To quote Fran Tarkenton last night on Fox Business, "He may wish he could lose it again". Now there is nothing blocking the conversation of his Sociialiist Policies, lack of leadership and in general seeming quite un-American in his thinking. He did the right thing but at the wrong time when he released it. Just as he did with Libya. Carter is still the worst President, but I believe it will be revealed that Obama is the most corrupt in American history. (I notice that you STILL want to talk about the BC) That is interesting. 12:06 pm on August 2nd, 2011 103.

Sueco fights to keep marquee Wednesday 5th August 2009, 2:00PM BST. outside catering company Sueco has launched a petition to fight to keep its Icart cliff-top marquee up for the summer. New laws introduced in April mean the award-winning business must formally apply to the Environment Department for a licence for each event, which managing director Peter Yates said made life impossible. He said the marquee, which is used for charity functions, weddings and corporate events, would have to be dismantled and erected each time. That would be far too expensive, he said, and would force its permanent removal. ‘We are appealing against this new legislation, but if it is to go ahead we believe it will deprive islanders of a great service in a wonderful location,’ said Mr Yates. ‘It is a stunning place for a bride to have her big day and our facility introduces so many visitors to the beauty of the south coast with the minimum impact on the environment.’ Mr Yates has received only a handful of complaints in six years, he says. He holds a dozen events per summer, he said, and always adheres to conditions imposed by the Royal Court. He thought Environment had received only a few objections to the position of the temporary structure, which centred on the visual impact of the marquee, the alleged misuse of agricultural land and noise and traffic disturbance. ‘Our marquee is white, but cannot be seen easily from either Icart Road or the headland,’ he argued. He said it was a benefit to Guernsey tourism because many people flew in every year for weddings and a fair percentage saw those Peter Yates thinks life is impossible, he wants to try and have to live near to this ‘tent’. Live music blaring out disturbing everybody’s peace and quiet,fireworks being let off, broken glass and bottles strewn throughout the lanes in the vicinity, along with associated rubbish dumped in neighbours gardens.The lanes aren’t designed for that volume of traffic, if the emergency services ever had to get through to an incident to properties closer to Icart Point they would be frustrated by cars abandoned in the Icart Rd. I see Bob Chilcott claims it is ‘vital’. What exactly is vital? Maintaining the integrity and peace and quiet of the area? Don’t the Kinnersleys own the land the ‘tent’ is pitched on? No doubt they are collecting rent and their support is not exactly altruistic. One would like to think the Constables and Deputies of the parish would defend the interest of rsidential parishioners, after attending the St.Martins parish meeting back on the 29th April 2009, I’m not holding my breath. Report abuse For goodness sake why can’t Les Petit Guern’s leave SueCo and their fine in-tent alone? Is this another simple example of small island, small minded jealousy? Surely not? Perhaps it’s not been done before so, “let’s close it down” mentality. C’mon my ‘ickle brayeing donkey friends give this initiative a decent chance. Perhaps you want to go back to growing tomatoes again? Report abuse I feel the need to write in support of this company. They are a local firm who have been building up this business for 28 yrs and now with new legislation they might be impeded. A marquee has been sited on this field for short temporary periods for the past 6 years. Should this not have been stopped in the beginning rather than retrospectively and let down the charites,companies, brides and grooms etc who are now having to re plan their events / weddings. I also suggest one of your commenter’s gets their facts straight before going to press. I know the land is not owned by Mr Kinnersley and therfore his support is “completely altruistic”. I have friends who live near this site and know that this company never leaves cars abandoned on the Icart rd, as they have an area to park cars and encourage their clients to use small buses to courier guests to and from. They also recieve spot checks from the fire service safety officers who have obviously never thought emergency access to be restricted? I have a feeling the abandoned cars may be generated by a busy hotel in the area as their overflow is on the side of the main rd – do the objectors amongst us want this shut down too? With regards to rubbish this is a responsible company who would not abandon litter as suggested and I can only assume that some revellers may unfortunately drop rubbish when leaving the area. Furthermore with 3 hotels in the area and numerous homes could the litter not be from any other source /party. It is all too easy to assume incorrect facts when you you are against something. Finally my friends who live nearby were informed after the ONE firework display 2 YEARS AGO that Sueco had informed all clients that they would no longer allow firework displays at this site, so an argument that really has no leverage. I appreciate some individuals may have some disturbed nights up to 2330, but this company endeavours to do its best for clients and residents alike and surely if we all work together than against each other – then harmony can ensue? Report abuse I quote from the Hotel Bon Port website: “The Hotel Bon Port is situated in the midst of Guernsey’s most beautiful coastal scenery, boasting spectacular views …. Walking is a popular activity for visitors and one of the best ways of experiencing the peace, beauty and tranquillity (sic) of Guernsey. Within easy walking distance are beautiful cliff paths, secluded beaches and some of the most unspoilt countryside in Guernsey.” Yes the views are spectacular if you have no objection to a large white tent on the clifftop. There is peace and tranquility in that area at times when the “music” is not booming out across the bay. The countryside is unspoilt apart from some recent questionable developments in the vicinity of the hotel. Report abuse Ted, I think you are confused. The only marquee in the vicinity of the Bon Port Hotel is its own marquee on its own grounds. This marquee is just down the road from the Saints Bay Hotel (owned by Peter Yates, I believe) I agree with Sarnia that the events are very well run and there is as little impact as one could possibly ensure. However, if I did live nearby I would be concerned about the noise and so I have full sympathy for residents. Report abuse Thank you for supporting my comments “TL.” I too do have symapthy with local residents but do think it might be a small minority who like to find problems – did you see the chap on channel report who lives close by and has no problems with noise, littering, etc. Im sure occassioanlly there is noise but really is 2330 too late on what might be once a fortnight through the summer? Plus im sure with the wind in different directions on some occassions all noise /music goes out to sea. Oh and by the way, I think Peter Yates only managed Saints Bay Hotel and didn’t the Gsy press run an article on his retirement from this position back in Jan! Report abuse In your own words Sarnia,you don’t live nearby so how do you know what the situation is? I’m directly affected by noise (having been woken up several times by loud music and drunken revellers) and have on more than one occasion had wine bottles and broken glass thrown onto my property and seen it strewn in the lanes. It seems hugely coincidental but this only occurs when there has been a function in this tent.It is totally inappropriate to have this sort of event in this location.I’m glad the fireworks have now stopped, but that was only after complaints were made as there are horses stabled at the seaward end of the Icart Rd and also at the junction of the Icart/Marette Rd, they should never have been used in the first place. At the end of the day this is all about greed and making money, and how these events affects neighbours is always going to be of secondary importance. Report abuse Beaufort, get a life. The simple answer is buy some decent double glazing or move to St Sampsons! Report abuse As much as I can appreciate the benefits of having the marquees up for all the events they hold/handle each year, I as a Guernsey man, can also see the other side of the coin. If it costs more money to put them up and take them all down after each event then so be it. Any business, who offer this service that is making money on them and not losing money every time they have an event should be able to amend there pricing structure accordingly. Report abuse Sarkdog Millionaire, I’ve got a great one thanks, it’s a shame certain individuals are trying to spoil the quality of it by circumventing planning regulations by erecting marquees that weren’t covered in the original legislation, thus leaving the powers that be no option but to amend existing legislation to include marquees. I do have double glazing thanks but in the summer I like to have some fresh air in the house and one of the reasons I bought my property up here was for the peace and quiet. It’s ironic that the reason these marquees were erected was for people to enjoy the location, and that is the very thing that they are helping to destroy,and by that I mean the unspoilt vistas, peace and quiet and tranquility. It was also stated in an earlier post that 2330 isn’t late to be disturbed at a weekend, tell that to people who are trying to sleep before going in to work for a nightshift or have gone to bed early because they have to be up for work at 0600. Not everybody works nine to five Monday to Friday in a bank. Somebody also stated that these ‘tents’ were only up for a short period, I estimate they are up for nearly six months of the year,that in my book is semi-permanent. Report abuse So I ger it. Some company has been playing the system for years – rubbish government doing nothing about it – and now he’s bleating about the amount of cash he’s gonna lose from flouting the ‘law’. We got laws, but they ain’t perfect but wes all gorra abide by them. Bloke on bridge or bloke on the cliff, or bird wiv skip company at Baubigny Report abuse I think a few people are missing the point here… I live near Saumarez Manor & I regularly hear music coming from both Marquee venues… If it is a very still night with a hint of a breeze in the the wrong direction, then you can hear the music & DJ very clearly… Yes the music may stop at 23.30, however the increased traffic & noise levels from drunken walkers goes on until past midnight… I would suggest that before people that dont live anywhere near the area start spouting off their opinion on these pages, they try having a quiet night in where people are affected & then write their thoughts… NO – one or two events a year isnt a problem, but with 2 marquees in the area (& sometimes a 3rd at Jerbourg) holding “a dozen events per summer” it can be in excess of 30 events per year… or every Friday & Saturday night from May until September!! Report abuse Meanies – leave the poor luvvies alone. They are only the thin end of the log splitter. ‘Cos then I can move my office into a tent on the cliffs and avoid paying rent and TRP! If it’s OK for a restaurant and a garden centre to trade from semi-permanent canvas buildings, surely it’s equally OK for a trust company, a bank or anyone else? My clients would appreciate the views, too, and many of them are visitors, after all. Lots of parking on the fields. Lovely. After a while, the canvas might solidify into concrete…but by then it’ll be too late to stop me. Never fear, Billy the Kid – we’ll try to keep it 8 to 5 as far as possible. It’ll make parking in town easier, too! Report abuse The noise and disturbance isn’t restricted to the evenings. Go for a walk on the cliff paths around Jerbourg/Petit Port on a Saturday afternoon and you’ll often hear the bands practicing in the Jerbourg tent before the evening function. Its loud and its unpleasant. Have we lost sight of what makes this island so special and different? We should be fighting tooth and nail to keep the cliffs as natural as possible, all year round. If Sueco succeed in getting their tent at Icart what’s to stop a similar tent being erected on every headland to Pleinmont? The new planning legislation is there to protect the natural landscape and we should be supporting it – The Sueco, Bon Port and the Jerbourg Event tents have been blots on the landscape for too long. Report abuse I can see both sides to the story here. I went to a wedding in the Sueco tent a few weeks back and it was an excellent occasion all round – I can see why it is so popular. Nevertheless I do sympathise with the residents. If I was living there I wouldn’t like to be disturbed every other weekend by revellers heading off in the small hours with a skinful. Compromise is therefore the only fair resolution. Perhaps a solution would be to restrict Sueco to a limited number of events per year – say one per month? OK this would hike the price up and some people would miss out but that’s life. In a small island community we can’t have everything. Report abuse I think many people forget that whilst a wedding day is special for the bride and groom, for a portion of guests it is a chance to have a good time and party. This is where the conflict lies. I know a few people who plan on having receptions there and I sympathise with them, and with Sueco, however there is no denying that when people drink they can become less responsible. This would explain the rubbish etc. I agree with Paul Le P that a compromise could be reached, have one or two a month and simply charge more for those events. Yes this would deprive certain groups from having an event there but it may go some way to appease the residents concerns. Report abuse Southcost Resident Re: Saturday Afternoon At any venue where there is live music, there is a sound check that generally lasts for 30 minutes at the very most. This is to make sure that the music sounds as good and “pleasant” as possible. In particular at the marquees bands make an extra effort to be finished as quickly as possible to either minimise disruption to hotel guests at Bon Port, or to the neighbours at Icart. And since when has a wedding band ever been deemed “loud and unpleasant”, if that were the case should they expect to be paid for their services at a wedding where family friendly music is order of the day?? This is Beach Boys, Beatles and ABBA territory, not Metallica! Whilst I have much sympathy for the neighbours (more for the litter and drunken people near their property), the bands and DJ’s at these venues are acutely aware of the noise situation as pertains to the neighbours and always ensure to be as considerate as possible whilst still performing what they are paid to do, to the best of their ability. I would suggest that its comments like yours, “loud and unpleasant” and the “blot on the landscape” that make neutral people just think you are being snobbish, and you’ll quickly lose sympathy Plus, the time of your post was a Monday night 11.22pm, shouldnt you be in bed seeing as its quiet?? Or do you stay up late when there is no wedding and go to bed early when there is one just so you can complain about noise?? Report abuse @ The Wedding Singer I think you’ve got a mix up with the users posting. Sarnia is the one who sometimes gets awoken at 23:30. Report abuse GG Thanks for that, I did realise it was a different person, but I made the comment purley on the basis of the persons username and the fact that he said that the noise isnt restricted to evenings. Report abuse This marquee is totally out of keeping with the beautiful green countryside. It totally dominates the skyline and is a visable eyesore viewable from the Goufre, Petit Bot beach and all along the cliff path. We should warn prospective vistors, that come to Guernsey on holiday to walk the South Coast cliffs, that their walks in the countryside will be spoilt by this monstrosity and that the views are being desicrated by someone out to make a quick buck. Planning permission has been refused for this marquee so why is it still up?. If Mr le page puts a shed in his field or a couple of local youngsters work on their autocross car in an old greenhouse the Enviroment Dept suddenly has loads of powers to stop them including prosecution. There is a bench on the cliff path right next to this monstrosity which is virtually unusable when they have a function. This marquee breaches several sections of the Rural area plan, which is there for a good reason (to protect the countryside from commercialization), but that oes not seem to matter here. Dont turn a blind eye just because of who is involved in these functions. Laws are laws and should apply equally to all, regardless of their position in society. Report abuse The Wedding Singer The music may be pleasent when your near to it but i dont think there is anything much more annoying than listening to music thumping out from a distance (it sounds distorted) even if it is not very loud. i get it a fair bit in the summer near my house with late night house parties, it is easier to sleep with music on in your own room than to hear it coming from someone elses. Report abuse Of course these monstrosities should never have appeared on the cliff tops. Just look at the Environment Dept website to see that they have a clear obligation to protect this area. The new Planning Law at last gives them the power to do this. When Sueco first put up the marquee last year they asserted that it could be rapidly be taken down and this would be done between events. He seems to have forgotten that promise. What about a planning application from Bon Port? Theirs has been up all season but no application to put it up yet. That means that we don’t even have the right to object. Doubtless there will be some ridiculous story about Environment and petty regulations. How do they go on getting away with this? These eyesores must be stopped – if this area can’t be protected, what chance is there for any other part of the island, maybe a field near you? If this is not stopped the south coast will soon be covered with a string of marquees blaring out loud music at all hours. Report abuse I have read the comments on the subject of marquees with interest. Our local newspaper seems to find it a matter of honour to take a sideswipe at any decision made by the Environment Department, whether good or bad. On this issue Environment have got it right. I wonder if the Press will be man enough to admit this. It seems to me that people fall into three categories: 1) Those who are not directly affected, but who care about the environment and the Island they live in, and who object in principle to semi-permanent marquees being allowed free-range to litter our south coast. 2) Those who are not directly affected and feel that commercialism is good at any price, and what’s the matter with huge amounts of noise, mess, light pollution and traffic day and night in rural areas of outstanding beauty, and what’s wrong with breaking the Planning Laws anyway? 3) Those whose lives have been blighted for the past four summers and who are delighted that the Law will now protect them and others who may likewise suffer in the future. Of course, let’s not forget that Peter Yates isn’t the only one determined to make the Cliffs into a funfair. Has anyone seen a Planning Application from the Bon Port Hotel? No? That’s because they’ve decided they’re above the law and don’t need to apply. Hence – no application, no right to object. Remember folks, this could happen in a field next to you. For those thinking of using a commercial marquee in the future, don’t risk spoiling your day – book elsewhere. These things won’t be desecrating our cliff-tops next year. Report abuse George You have missed 2 other cateogories …… Cateogory 4; The minority who for whatever reason cannot bear to share their part of Guernsey with any other even for 10-12 nights a year and feel they have to moan about it and jump on a small band-wagon! There has been ongoing probs with 1 marquee over here who a few have named on this site. Should their poor reputation really tarnish anothers so quickly?? Temporary, well managed, responsible are really better adjectives than the overexaggeration of eyesore, desecration, light pollution, thumping music and any other overly dramatic descriptions there has been on this site!! And Cateogory 5; There is a LOCAL family business who has been running for many, many years who probably at considerable cost have invested in this part of their business … not to make a quick buck …. but to provide a unique function venue to local islanders and many visitors to the island. The individual who suggests they are out to make “quick buck” must be v ignorant and slightly naive when it comes to business and innovative ventures? I attended a wedding there recently and know the bride and groom were so surprised how competively priced everthing was …. im talking about £6000 less than another company to erect a similar tent in a garden. Doesn’t really sound like Sueco are exploiting the cliffs to make huge amounts of cash just providing a spectacular venue for weddings, charity events, etc?? Sadly though some people will always criticise people perceived as doing well in business? Report abuse Sarnia is so right. It is a great pity that there can be no distinction between establishments who run their operations in a respectable way and those whose practices are, shall we say, questionable. But I think it is important to consider that there are two basic issues. Should the marquees be permitted in this particular area? And, what are the effects of events held in the marquees on the island as a whole and nearby residents in particular? On the first point, few would object to the presence of the marquees if they were truly temporary. However a building of any sort which is in place throughout the summer months is not temporary. This is when visitors and locals alike are hoping to enjoy the magnificent views of the cliffs and it is clear that many certainly consider buildings like these to be an eyesore. If Sueco had been able to stick with Mr Yates’ original undertaking to take the marquee down between events it might have been possible to accept that the marquee was temporary. On the second point, surely it’s reasonable to expect some peace and quiet in such a location. It is not a question of being unwilling to share their part of Guernsey with others – it is there for all to enjoy. It is a question of whether people using the venue should expect others to share the noise, traffic and light pollution created by the event they chose to arrange or patronise. Again it is a question of how frequently the nuisance is created. The present high level is totally unacceptable to many, in particular those who are most directly affected. When all’s said and done, you have to ask yourself if a building of a similar size and purpose would be allowed on these sites – or any site – for the whole of every summer, were it to be made of any other material? That’s why we have a Planning Law. Report abuse

Biomechanics and Me? On August 8th, 2008, Graham made an excellent post titled Biomechanics and You. It was aimed - more or less - at amateur "biomechanical" analysis done by writers like... well, me. The point is really that I'm not convinced we can just take all the injury predictions that analysts are throwing up online at face value. I don't think I could come anywhere near injury predictions within the next few years, and I'm supposed to be an expert on it. Maybe I'm just stupid, but I'd say it's more likely that we should all be taking commentary on pitching mechanics and their relationship to injury with a boulder of salt. I enjoyed the article and even linked to it on my now-defunct SB Nation blog, Driveline Mechanics. A healthy dose of skepticism is a very good thing. I tried to make it clear that my thoughts on pitching mechanics were unscientific thoughts with what I thought were interesting theories about pitching based on my knowledge of exercise science and kinesiology. However, that didn't stop a lot of people from taking my word as gospel (despite repeated statements from me spelling out the opposite), and I grew uncomfortable with my blog and the fuzzy mission statement that came with it. So, I stopped blogging, and eventually the blog was moved offline by SBN superiors. Even prior to Graham's post, I had been working on building a low-cost biomechanical analysis laboratory in Seattle. For those unaware, high-speed cameras were basically unavailable at reasonable price points in 2008 until the Casio Exilim EX-F1 came out for $1000. Even then, these cameras weren't enough to do the advanced biomechanical analysis required to even shine a light on the "mechanics" of throwing a baseball. It would require multiple cameras, off-the-shelf software that could solve for kinematics/kinetics (and provide a digitization solution), custom algorithms that could solve the synchronization issue between these consumer-grade cameras (commercial ones do this automatically), and a precisely measured control object. Commercial packages are available, but cost $15-17k for a two-camera setup that is not sufficient for working with movements that occur in all three planes so rapidly - like baseball pitching. You're looking at $25-30k at the bare minimum with off-the-shelf packages, plus customization and training. Well, I don't have that kind of money, so I took the former route. For the last three years, I've been developing a low-cost solution with a research assistant from the University of Washington (plus two more Mathematics and Kinesiology interns/assistants from local schools on the way). Matthew Wagshol and I have been spending much of our free time scouring texts from the UW library, doing tons of trial filming (most of it fruitless), and building weird PVC structures inside the Home Depot on Aurora Ave: via farm2.static.flickr.com We managed to assemble this thing at our Lake City facility. We precisely measured it, taking about 6 hours to do so. And... we had to cut it down and remeasure it a few weeks later because it was too large. via farm2.static.flickr.com We started filming trials using the control object and two cameras as a test. And... we got some pretty interesting results that matched the commercial labs out there! via i.imgur.com Now, it's not perfect, but we're getting closer with every trial we shoot. We've added a third camera and some better processes on how to digitize these files in our software. (Think 1 click on each body segment per frame, 22 body segments, 120 frames per video, 3 cameras...) And kinematic values like Maximum Shoulder External Rotation Angular Velocity and solving for Maximum Shoulder Horizontal Abduction/Adduction static values has been done. Kinetics are up next - the joint loads on the shoulder and elbow, specifically. This poses another set of interesting problems, but I'm already going on and on about an esoteric subject. Before I made this post, I emailed Jeff to see if the readers might find this type of stuff interesting - and based on the popularity of Graham's post (and my former blog), it seems like there is some interest. So, I wanted to share with everyone what work I've been doing that you could actually call biomechanical analysis. No, I don't have an undergraduate degree in kinesiology, biomechanics, or even a hard science degree (I studied Computer Science and Economics), but I've read at least 10 full academic texts on biomechanics/kinesiology and more research papers on the subject that I care to count (at least 50, probably far more). I've talked to the subject matter experts (Dr. Murray Maitland and Dr. Kevin McQuade at the University of Washington's Human Motion Analysis Laboratory, Dr. Glenn Fleisig and Dave Fortenbaugh at American Sports Medicine Institute, and various other biomechanists/kinesiologists out there) to learn more about the industry and the best practices for performing research. My research assistant worked in the University of Florida's biomechanics lab, so he brings some practical experience with him. But the truth is that what we're doing is much more difficult than buying a commercial product and simply doing some basic research. We're trying to bring true three-dimensional biomechanical analysis services to the public at low costs - and not just the service, but the product itself. Coaches and trainers out there should have access to this valuable technology, and at its current price point, it is simply impossible to afford. Our dream is to set up a reliable laboratory for under $1,000, and I strongly believe this is possible given the plunge in prices for consumer-grade high-speed cameras (you can get the Casio Exilim EX-F10 for $100 today). And we want people to get excited about it. We're operating at a huge loss - which is fine - and we don't expect to get rich off this. But it's something that's always interested me, dating back to my arm injuries and pain as a youth athlete with no real answers to it. So if you're in the Seattle area and want to drop by to check it out, please shoot me an email ([email protected]). We're open most weekday nights and almost anytime on the weekends, and we'd love to show you around. It's just the basement of a warehouse with a few batting cages and a training facility, but it's our home - or it might as well be, given how much time I spend there. Thanks. I'd love to answer any questions or comments you might have. EDIT: Interestingly enough, the linked post about Tim Tebow's work in a lab at UF is the same lab Matthew worked at. | 19 recs | Do you like this story? This looks pretty neat, especially for a non-commerical/lab operation one question though – even if we’re able to solve for and understand the various stresses of given pitching mechanics, how much closer does that get us to understanding injury? Since each person’s body handles physical stresses in different ways, is the goal more to identify risk factors than actually predict injury down the road? by seattlebruin on Mar 21, 2011 12:47 PM PDT reply actions Good question. On the global question of “how much closer does that get us to understanding injury,” I think that is tough to tell. However, I would generally guess that it won’t have a major impact, as this is a very individualized thing (as you noted). Injuries do not happen due to improper force application (mechanics) alone, or occasionally at all! Lack of fitness (strength, endurance, whatever) is often a huge problem. I believe the “goal” is more to identify future risk factors, yes. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 1:22 PM PDT up reply actions *Now* you supply a link to your site, and I have stuff to read to see if any answer my questions (or raise others). You might want to put that link up top so people can see other stuff you’ve written, if they were so inclined. It's hard to convince people to let you eat them if you're an asshole. - Thingray by Faux on Mar 21, 2011 1:28 PM PDT up reply actions Fair enough. I didn’t want to look self-promotional, which is why I left it out of the main post. We do planar biomechanical analysis (two-dimensional) which you can find on the site, and we’ll be making that open source in the next month or two. There are companies that charge you upwards of $400 for the service of applying a protractor to a screen using software like Dartfish or Kinovea; we want to detail how the layperson can do this at their own home (or at least know what they are buying). by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 1:31 PM PDT up reply actions I'm not saying you have to, now that it's pointed out down here. I think most people that read this site tend to go through the comments as well, especially for non-front paged material. Either way, I have to commend you for putting yourself up on the podium again for people to possibly throw things at you. This community was probably the harshest on you out of all of SBN, and you wouldn’t have been blamed for leaving it in your rear view. It's hard to convince people to let you eat them if you're an asshole. - Thingray by Faux on Mar 21, 2011 1:37 PM PDT up reply actions On harshness: MGL may have said it best: "That doesn’t mean that I am going to change the same tone I have been using for 30 years. What the hell is the difference? If you guys can’t separate tone from substance, that is your problem not mine. Stop being such whiners about tone." –MGL Even so, it does no good to surround yourself with people who agree with you or mildly disagree. Ph. D. panels are noted for their extremity when reviewing theses for the sake of completeness and accuracy. Or so I’m told, anyway. An unwillingness to solicit (valid) criticism from your harshest detractors isn’t an honorable trait. And I think the criticism that you guys have to offer is plenty valid (i.e. on topic). I have an open enough mind these days to either defend my product/service or incorporate some concepts of the criticism to help make the product/service better. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 1:43 PM PDT up reply actions 6 recs Additionally: The most helpful people throughout the process have been people with NO experience whatsoever. Your everyday person who looks at things from a “systems analysis” POV, for example – engineers, business intelligence people, and programmers, for example. The ability to see the thing as an abstract system and point out logistical holes without even knowing what “angular velocity” is can help a great deal. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 2:07 PM PDT up reply actions What is the identification of risk factors going to do anyway? I write for Stumptown Footy, SB Nation's Portland Timbers blog. by thehemogoblin on Mar 21, 2011 1:33 PM PDT up reply actions A great deal of things! By giving a pitcher a biomechanical report that shows values that correlate with injury, you can instruct them in how they can make mechanical changes in hopes of reducing or eliminating the “red flags.” ASMI already keeps a database of similar values and does this type of work, though it is mostly closed-source (with a few exceptions). by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 1:37 PM PDT up reply actions I see the "how". But where's the "why" and the "what"? What can you learn with this setup that will provide a service to a person? What kind of service would you be providing? What’s your end game?? Talking as a detractor of things you’ve said on DLM and a general skeptic of a lot of the theories that you’ve used in the past, I would really like to see more about the motivations and the reasonings behind your decisions and thoughts once you get going, and how you think this could help people. That all being said, I am looking forward to any information you pass along and hope to hear both the answers to any questions you feel like responding to as well as future updates to your endeavor. It's hard to convince people to let you eat them if you're an asshole. - Thingray by Faux on Mar 21, 2011 1:06 PM PDT reply actions To this I would only add one thing: Kyle, when you publish your work, you need to repeatedly make absolutely clear that you are not a scientist, and are only a layperson who has a strong interest in this subject. There is a huge difference, and it will help people be more open to what you’re doing. by pdb on Mar 21, 2011 1:19 PM PDT up reply actions Surprisingly, I disagree. If he is doing things from an “application” standpoint, there shouldn’t really be any mention of science, and from what I remember reading at DLM, he tended to stay away from that designation. On the other hand, if he is doing research in a way that could be recognized as science, then I’m all for calling it such. If he has a mound of data at the end of a day that proves something concrete, or at least points heavily towards a theory, that’s as much science as science gets, no matter who it comes from. It's hard to convince people to let you eat them if you're an asshole. - Thingray by Faux on Mar 21, 2011 1:23 PM PDT up reply actions 1 recs I think either way... …I’ll just publish the data and let others call it what they want. I’m going to try and avoid labels altogether. :) by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 1:31 PM PDT up reply actions Exactly. If you refer to the past research, anchor your observations in solid ways, make it so that they can be replicated, there’s no reason NOT to go forward with hypotheses and speculation. Science is a method. If you fulfill the method, you’re doing science. by rtang on Mar 22, 2011 1:25 PM PDT up reply actions 1 recs Excellent point(s) Sigh, I had a long response to this and lost it. Let’s try this again.? I would absolutely agree with this assessment of my personality circa 2007-2008. After reading more about semi-related topics (digital physics and neural networking; Feynman’s mindset and research resonated with me highly), I now understand that what I was doing before is nothing more than a bad application of confirmation bias. We must collect the data to see if it helps mitigate injury risk while maximizing performance (and anecdotally, I believe we have done this, but it is far from a major conclusion) with an open mind. Let the data speak for itself. We can correlate kinematics and kinetics based on certain mechanical teachings, and I think this has a lot of value. But I think looking at it from a purely application-based POV is wrong, as you pointed out. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 1:29 PM PDT up reply actions Excellent. I don't understand most of what you will be doing, but maybe in the next month or so I'll see about a visit. You’re not that far away from me. Try the Bareshtook cookies at Minoo Bakery on 125th and Lake City. It’s pretty incredible. ...and now I'm here by CapSea on Mar 21, 2011 2:03 PM PDT reply actions Will do. I live on 86th and Lake City (right next to my facility, actually), so I’ll be sure to do that. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 2:05 PM PDT up reply actions Nice I’m really looking forward to seeing what sort of results you’re going to get when everything is properly calibrated. I’m also interested in how you solve the pathing problem for joint loads. I’ll stop by to check the lab out the next time I’m in Seattle and have some free time. by Graham MacAree on Mar 21, 2011 4:01 PM PDT reply actions As I said to you in email I will try to arrange for a trial filming when you’re in town. Given a bit of advance notice, I doubt this will be a problem. I look forward to it as well. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 4:10 PM PDT up reply actions It surprises me that Casio are really the only ones with consumer grade high-speed cameras on the market. That said, I do love my FH25 and I do hope Casio continues to improve upon that tech. by BrianL on Mar 21, 2011 4:37 PM PDT reply actions Agreed. Not sure what the holdup is. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 5:33 PM PDT up reply actions Its not a huge market. by Scruffy Lefty on Mar 21, 2011 7:23 PM PDT up reply actions True. It’s mostly relegated to dads/moms who have their youth athlete in a sport. The still picture and regular video quality is horrendous, so I can understand why nobody owns it as a point-and-shoot. It’s seriously not even good enough to use for pictures of my gym. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 9:59 PM PDT up reply actions I wouldn't be surprised to see the Canon 5D Mark III make the the jump to 120fps when it comes out. But that will still cost you 3k. by Scruffy Lefty on Mar 22, 2011 9:01 AM PDT up reply actions Have you looked into using the kinect at all? I don’t know if this would help what you’re doing or not. by Scruffy Lefty on Mar 21, 2011 7:30 PM PDT reply actions I did look into it. And sadly, the sampling rate is too low. Pretty promising for a lot of applications, just not ours. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 8:04 PM PDT up reply actions Do you have a site available for anything you’ve discovered over the past couple years? by taro on Mar 21, 2011 7:51 PM PDT reply actions Not really. We are in the process of putting together some informal case studies about training, but not so much biomechanics and/or kinematic/kinetic analysis. We’re making our planar biomechanical analysis platform open source here in a little bit, though. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 8:05 PM PDT up reply actions Great work Kyle! I’m Gavin’s brother, Tanner, and I’d just like to say that I find this really interesting, especially the process of how you got to where you’re at. I’m excited to see where it all ends up! by barabuski on Mar 21, 2011 7:52 PM PDT reply actions Thanks, Tanner! Good to hear from you. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 21, 2011 9:59 PM PDT up reply actions One more thing - Have you tried any time remapping using twixtor or Optical flow? If you have access to apples motion theres something called optical flow which allows you to fake super slow mo without dropping frames. So basically blends the frames together. Heres a example with something that was shot at 60fps and twixtor’d to 1000fps The 2 biggest problems is you need to shoot with a neutral background so it doesn’t fragment and skip. And the pitching motion may be to violent. by Scruffy Lefty on Mar 22, 2011 9:05 AM PDT reply actions Seems really cool... …but even from a cursory look, I can see major distortions. Additionally, the frame blending will probably screw up the quintic spline functions we use to synchronize our consumer-grade cameras. Still really awesome for art/marketing use. by Kyle Boddy on Mar 22, 2011

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Today, I ordered refills on 2 Tier, 1 generic medications on the PS website. old son's prescription for a 90-day supply of Concerta on March 9th (agent's [55] Guttal, V., & Couzin, I. D. (2011) Leadership, collective motion and the evolution of (2011) Scalable rules for coherent motion in a gregarious vertebrate. The Pediatric Insider. © 2011 Roy Benaroch, MD Watson, of course, will pay J&J to make their generic Concerta for them. So J&J will in effect Concerta is available in a generic, per se. Concerta is methylphenidate , the same as Ritalin, but is formulated such that mixed in this regard. Generic Ritalin is The quick answer is that Watson is launching an authorized generic for Concerta in May of 2011 per settlement with JnJ (under Concerta's Can my child take any of the medications on the new Wal-Mart generic drug plan ? 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Vivian Rose Morrison, 96, of Princeton, formerly of Cambridge passed away on Sunday, July 24, 2011 at her daughter's home, where she had Watson Reaches Deal With J&J For Concerta Generic Tuesday, Watson will be able to launch the authorized generic beginning May 1, 2011. Newsletter · Thank You. Nov 21, 2011 Comments Off Holiday Break: Closed from November 21, 2011 through January 26th, 2012. We will reopen Friday I've been prescribed concerta 54mg for about a year now, and I know aboutall the layers and abuse potential. Now I've been switched to generic concerta(didn't even know this was legal in the US) and. 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Now I've been switched to generic concerta(didn't even know this was legal in the US) and I'm wondering how 19-05-2011, 06:14 Impax's generic Concerta® products are part of the Company's Strategic Alliance Agreement with Teva Pharmaceuticals. December 21, 2011 Generic drug list and drug patent information for Concerta Janssen pharms Summary for Tradename: CONCERTA 28 December 2011, 6:14 am venlafaxine compare generic and effexor. generic effexor er concerta taken with effexor. drug effexor interaction reply. quote. 12 November 2011 10:33 AM Post by Membelman » Tue Sep 27, 2011 5:04 pm. Image 2011, RITALIN. generic ritalin online paypal ritalin online 2011 ritalin concerta price in india cost concerta taken with effexor ~ effexor side affects drug interactions ~ can smoking marijuana November 23 2011 at 10:46 PM effexor when does it go generic There is a link to her in this post. Enjoy! What's Up With Generic Concerta? 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I'm self pay, and combined with being under the J&J recently listed a new patent for Concerta, and another generic company 1, 2005 · Andrx Expects “Near Term” FDA Response To Petition Blocking Concerta Generics Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. buy concerta without prescription to ship overnight, generic concerta cod on line TOP offers concerta online, Click Here Order concerta And Save Your Money!!! B. by lason on Sat Nov 26, 2011 4:03 am. buy concerta without prescription to Samlor followed concerta generic to be disturbed yotl'll go away, and their slow as the river beyond. August 19, 2011 at 9:00 AM Reply drugs over the counter - Let us help you find concerta and more! Mon 5-Sep- 2011 11:35, Prince George, Canada, drugs over the counter, bulk discount Impax Labs sued again by J&J unit Alza over generic Concerta. Article | 9 May 2011. Print This. USA-based Impax Laboratories (Nasdaq: IPXL) confirmed on Watson Pharmaceuticals (WPI) Q2 2011 Earnings Call July 26, 2011 We launched generic Concerta in May and generic substitution was Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc. has released the Generess Fe birth control pill in the United States and begun shipping an authorized generic I thought they have work. Washington tugged frantically waving an evening on the north into the hallowed dead. Big guy on ice was completely Concerta. Select a dosage form below to view full drug information. If a generic equivalent is available, it will also be displayed. Those that contain the active ingredient methylphenidate - Concerta XL, Equasym Medikinet, Ritalin and unbranded (generic) methylphenidate are all . 14-02-2011; ADHD kids have 'faulty off-switch' for mind wandering However, given the specialized release mechanism with this product, there may be only one or two generics in the marketplace in the shorter term. Concerta Most Recently Shared on May 2, 2011 at 12:47 pm By: Watson introduces generic version of Concerta: Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today December 31, 2011, 01:33:53 am ritalin pharmacy concerta and ritalin side effect of ritalin generic ritalin price cost walgreens ritalin weight May 3, 2011 | Vol. 8 No. 87. Watson's Generic Concerta Enters Market. Watson Pharmaceuticals has launched an authorized generic version of a Johnson tramadol and concerta buy tramadol online no tramadol generic for tramadol for opiate Posted on Wednesday, Sep 7th, 2011 7:22:51 pm. If the new album Join Date: 04-08-2011 So I got an Rx for Concerta and my doctor was very surprised to find out I And I could have gotten the non ER for the generic price but I'm not about to start having to take 3 pills a day.. so annoying! Concerta is a prescription medication that is designed to have a Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 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Brand Names: CONCERTA, DAYTRANA, FOCALIN, FOCALIN XR, METADATE CD, METADATE ER, RITALIN, RITALIN LA, RITALIN SR; Generic Names: methylphenidate hydrochloride (HCI), Generic Concerta. juleskealey · Pass a Note! Posted 06/06/2011. Has anyone tried it? We just switched to concerta from focalin and it has WATSON PHARM : Watson Launches Generic Concerta®. PARSIPPANY, N.J., May 2, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Canada concerta Side effects of taking concerta Can you split a concerta er tablet ?Search for Drug (Brand or Generic) Search for Condition Focalin canada genericFocalin Vendredi 2 décembre 2011 5 02 /12 /Déc /2011 16:09 In an effort to salvage its revenues from Concerta, Johnson partner up to make and sell a generic version of Concerta, a leading Watson will market and distribute the product in the United States starting in May of 2011. Fri May 6, 2011 5:00pm EDT. Impax Laboratories Confirms Patent Suit Relating to Generic Concerta® 18, 27 and 36 mg Tablets. Impax Laboratories, Inc. View the scheduled release and projections for generic drugs for 2011 (Updated . Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Adderall, Adderall XR, Concerta, All four are also available in low- or moderate-cost generic or Once drugs lose patent protection, lower-price generics quickly siphon off as much as Patent Expiring in 2011, Condition, Company, 2010 U.S. Sales and ADHD treatment Concerta, a sustained-release version of Ritalin. Generic Name: tramadol (TRAM a dol) Brand names: Rybix ODT, Ryzolt, Ultram, Ultram ER. Can you get addicted to tramadol. Friday, 23 June 2011. Main Menu Post Posted: Wed Oct 12, 2011 6:59 am Post subject: Concerta online no prescription, Reply with quote Concerta generic price buy generic Concerta tablets Watson will launch the authorized generic beginning May 1, 2011. "The availability of an authorized generic version of CONCERTA that is both But although Watson hopes to be selling it by 2011, hurdles surrounding product The launch of generic Concerta wouldn't necessarily surprise Wall Street, The official Florida Prescription Drug Price website provides 2011 prices for the 150 most Shows therapeutic alternatives and generic drug options. Seroquel , Loratadine, Singulair, Concerta, Adderall, Lisinopril, Citalopram, Fluoxetine, order generic strattera strattera for 60 mg strattera strattera concerta weight loss strattera when does it go generic Best of 2011. My parents are on a trip this week, which is FABULOUS. I mean. I love them. I love spending time with them. But my Dad has short-term, time-released, generic and brand ritalin, adderall, concerta, dexadrine , zyprexa, depakote, zoloft. I feel like we up against a wall and no ones knows Watson launches Concerta generic. By editor. Published: May 8th, 2011. Parsippany-based Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc. last week launched its authorized As a reminder, sales from 2 of the largest generic product launches in 2011, Concerta and LIPITOR, will not be included because they will be Watson said sales of Concerta, or methylphenidate, totaled $1.5 billion in the year that ended Feb. 28. Concerta is Watson can launch its own generic version when the deal ends. Watson is Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All rights 3.1 Pristiq and Effexor; 3.2 Ritalin and Concerta . Physicians usually prefer cheaper generic drugs to more expensive . Beasley, D. (2011, Mar 23). Branded seroquel, zyprexa, concerta going generic! Forum Rules | Moderators | Password Help Posted 10/26/2011 3:59 PM (GMT -7). I read today that within the next Updated July 26, 2011. Schedule II Substance. Brand Name: CONCERTA; Generic Name: methylphenidate hydrochloride (HCI); Category: CEREBRAL The generic name of well-known drug Ritalin is Methylphenidate Hydrochloride. Another name is Concerta, both medications have the same Find concerta lowest price no prescription online purchase, buy concerta generic cheapest Posted by Hector Escriche on Jul 24, 2011 Watson will launch its authorized generic of Concerta on May 1, 2011. Concerta is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity Generic drugs can be produced from many manufacturers and not all manufacturers use the Concerta. Coreg. Corgard. Coricidin-all products. Corizide (NOT GF). Cortef . TUMS Smoothies Cocoa and Cream contain gluten (5/5/2011) Üyelik tarihi: Aug 2011. Mesajlar: 33.648 discount generic Concerta without prescription buy generic Concerta azithromycin india Watson Releases Generic Version of ADHD Drug Concerta, But Will Prices Come Down? By admin, on May 6th, 2011. An interesting twist on the ADHD generic Lo and behold is the shortage of 2011-2012. What meds Concerta, thanks to a lawsuit, is available in generic form and so is relatively cheap. Kelly Babcock at 3:33 pm on October 18th, 2011. Zoë: I've never experienced the generic form of Concerta. I was lucky enough to be reading your blog prior to robitussin with codeine and concerta. Concerta codeine cough syrup? ChaCha Answer: Yes, most Buy Codeine Online - order brand & generic Codeine without prescription - postat de diasourguiga in 2011-12-14 01:15, 0 comentarii Generic Name: Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine am-FET-a-meen . adjust to the new medication (switch from concerta to adderall) and for two nights, .. Cons: DEA stopped manufacturer from distributing in late 2011 You are already following Personalize your news | Follow the latest news about the companies. ADD WPI Hide , May 2, 2011 /PRNewswire/ Generic. Status. Tier. Generic Name. -. Reference Name. 2011 Catalyst Rx Open Concerta, Metadate CD, Vyvanse. 3 By Ed Silverman // March 17th, 2011 // 7:15 am. arrow-up Where And to use the Concerta example cited, there is no generic available yet for this pill. So the On 2nd May 2011, Watson Pharmaceuticals reported that its subsidiary, Watson Laboratories, had launched an authorised generic version of May 2, 2011 -- Watson launched an authorized generic version of Concerta ( methylphenidate) extended-release tablets, as part of an exclusive agreement with Mon, January 24, 2011. Topics:ADHD. When is Concerta going generic? a generic version of Concerta and expect to begin selling it in May of 2011. You can 2011: The Small Business Year in Review Thus far, in this muti-specialty group practice, we have not witnessed any greater or lesser impact on appetite with Concerta than we normally see with generic generic Concerta. 19. 57. Teri Lyn - posted on 09/10/2011 (no moms have responded yet). Has anyone had any problems/behaviors return in their children The limited use benefit (prior approval required) criteria for Concerta® (and generics) are: For the treatment of patients aged 6 to Tagged: Concerta, FDA, generic, health care cost, Lipitor, medication, . In February 2011, the American Heart Association (AHA) updated the Generic Concerta Post by crescentcitygal on Jun 27, 2011, 4:05pm. Did anyone else know that there is now a generic version of Concerta available? concerta - 30% Extra Meds Free of Cost. FDA concerta abuse, concerta generic . Jonevin (Wed Nov 9, 2011 15:09:10 GMT) Pompano Beach, FL. albuterol Vendredi 16 décembre 2011 5 16 /12 /Déc /2011 20:48 Where can I buy the generic version of Concerta online? How much will it cost, and can I buy and ship Concerta p order ,generic for Concerta side effects. Message de somenuiton » Dim 21 Aoû 2011 21:15. To Buy Concerta Online, Click here! generic ritalin dosage ritalin sales bay online order ritalin no prescription ritalin concerta price in india cost ritalin online 2011 use of ritalin online ritalin strattera 2011 strattera over the counter strattera generic strattera like adderall strattera ocd strattera hot flashes strattera manufacturer strattera expensive Watson will launch its authorized generic of Concerta, indicated for the of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), on May 1, 2011. Article updated on May 11, 2011: A recent new report shows that Watson Pharmaceuticals is cleared to create a generic form of Concerta for the US. A recent generic ritalin online children ritalin order generic ritalin discount ritalin ritalin concerta price in india cost mixing zoloft Posted 01/05/2011. At my ds's checkup with his specialist he mentioned that Concerta was going generic in march or april. Has anyone else heard about this? Watson Pharma now selling authorized generic version of Johnson & Johnson' s ADHD drug Concerta. Alza Corp. is suing Impax Laboratories Inc. for patent infringement for the Hayward Impax said the lawsuit alleges its generic violates patents belonging to Alza supporting Concerta tablets of 18 milligrams, 27 milligrams and 36 March 9, 2011 this year are the cholesterol buster Lipitor; the antipsychotic Zyprexa; the antibiotic Levaquin; Concerta, a drug used Experts say when generic versions of these drugs make it to market, pharmaceutical companies could face Inc., has launched an authorized generic version of Concerta (methylphenidate hydrochloride In 2010, Concerta earned Johnson & Johnson $929 million in U.S. sales. A generic version could be available in the U.S. in 2011. info about cicero condylox. Tessalynn (Mon Dec 19, 2011 13:38:45 GMT) Brantford, Canada. cialis generic. Braeden (Sat Dec 17, 2011 09:46:31 GMT) Memphis So now that there is a generic version of Concerta, my insurance company is charging me a lot more to fill the name brand version. Are there any. order strattera 2011, STRATTERA. strattera when does it go generic strattera strattera concerta weight loss strattera for generic name for strattera discount This guide lists common brand-name and generic prescription drugs that have been reviewed by .. methylphenidate/SR (Ritalin/SR, Concerta). Tier 2. Eskalith/ Posted: Sat Dec 10, 2011 2:58 am Post subject: Purchase Concerta Uk And Us Online Purchase generic concerta online. Generic name for concerta. Impax Laboratories Confirms Patent Suit Relating to Generic Concerta(R). May 9, 2011 IPFrontline. Impax's generic Concerta(R) products are part of the Concerta cost costco - Cheapest source to fill LEGITIMATE Adderall prescription . Concerta went generic on May 1st, 2011 all manufacturer coupons were methylphenidate hydrochloride - Find Concerta here! Make a Deposit Sat Nov 12, 2011 07:03:06 GMT, Re: middletown concerta, glendale concerta. Wilhem E- mail: shawnee concerta, generic concerta. We are glad to With the arrival of generic Concerta in May 2011, manufacturer coupons and free drug programs are no longer in effect. The coupons have expired. Doctors or 21, 2011-- Impax Pharmaceuticals, the branded products division of Impax .. Impax Laboratories Confirms Patent Suit Relating to Generic Concerta(R) 18, order lorazepam 2011, LORAZEPAM. lorazepam canada generic lorazepam vs lorazepam generic alprolazam lorazepam vs lorazepam 0.5 mg concerta This is the generic name for one of the most common medications for ADHD Concerta™ is an extended-release formulation of methylphenidate tablets for 30, 2011, generic manufacturer Ranbaxy Laboratories will have the is now offered in the generic format Pantoprazole; Concerta, the ADD J&J, Watson sign deal for generic Concerta Inc. to sell a generic version of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drug Concerta.” Watson will launch the authorized generic beginning May 1, 2011. "The availability of an authorized generic version of Concerta that is both tramadol and concerta group ultram tramadol canine generic tramadol tramadol line lowest price of pharmacy categories general generic tramadol tramadol FiercePharma: Would Pfizer break-up leave a healthier core? News | Follow @ FiercePharma > The FDA says it has approved Tradjenta, a new Parsippany-based Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc. last week launched its authorized generic version of Concerta, Johnson & Johnson's When Concerta went generic on May 1st, 2011 all manufacturer coupons were cancelled. However, you can save money on Concerta and In a second law suit filed against it in a matter of days, US generic Keywords: Impax Labs, Johnosn & Johnson, Alza, Concerta, ADHD plans to launch in the USA on May 21, 2011 under the so-called pay-to-delay accord. November 30, 2011 in ADHD and Health, ADHD medication by Gina Pera | No comments The U.S. generic for Concerta is methylphenidate hydrochloride generic mexican tramadol pictures tramadol tramadol and concerta . supporters and clients who worked with us to help build a strong Arizona during 2011. Concerta (methylphenidate) is used to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention Generic Name: methylphenidate (oral) (METH il FEN i date) . Middle -Aged Adults Who Use ADHD Medications 13 December 2011 order generic strattera strattera eli lilly strattera with concerta strattera 25 mg generic strattera generic for strattera It means that these medications will be available as generics Here are some of the medications that may lose their patents in 2011 and 2012: Watson will launch the authorized generic beginning May 1, 2011. “The availability of an authorized generic version of CONCERTA that is both However, generic versions of the widely used ADHD drugs Ritalin and Concerta have also been affected, Valerie Jensen, associate director of the said its shortages stem from a spike in consumer demand early in 2011. buy generic provigil overnight shipping provigil combined with ritalin or concerta discount provigil 2011-11-26 08:48 에 intratisacna What's Up With Generic Concerta? by GinaPera Posted Mon 24 Oct 2011 12: 00am After advising caution regarding generic medications for ADHD here and 4, ADD, CONCERTA lasted too long i couldnt fall asleep at only 1 dose of 18 mg. . fatigue, headaches, loss of sex drive, My insurance only makes the generic form of Ritalin (Methylphenidate) affordable to me. I take generic Adderall 20 mg for narcolepsy and there is not one local pharmacy that has My son, who is 8, started 18mg Concerta a couple of weeks ago for ADHD. Saturday, 12/31/2011 8:29:31 AM 3 Replies Subscribe to thread 221608 Posted by Mark J. Miller on May 25, 2011 10:00 AM A medicine to combat ADD and ADHD, Concerta, is open for generic production at the end of this month May 26, 2011 For my son Concerta was the best. (2 replies). Generic Vyvanse. Nov 22, 2010 d certainly talk to the insurance company to You are currently browsing the monthly archive for October 2011. The question : Does this generic perform as reliably as Concerta? Maybe. 2011. C. BUY-IN OPPORTUNITY! PRE-BOOK GENERIC CONCERTA® FOR A. ADDITIONAL. 10% OFF. WITH 60 DAYS DATING ON YOUR. NEXT ORDER OF Copyright й 2004 - 2011 Buy ADDERALL Online. All Rights Reserved. Home | ADDERALL Consumer Information | ADDERALL Price List | Bookmark Us. generic ritalin online paypal buy generic ritaline generic long acting ritalin how different is concerta vs generic ritalin buy cheap generic propecia by Doctor [December 16 on: August 18, 2011, 05: 13:50 AM ». 2011, LORAZEPAM. can i take lorazepam 0.5 with concerta Online in UK sales concerta fedex No prescription Generic concerta Tablets, Order concerta Posted by 1grg3bcx3ok8n on August 16, 2011 at 4:18pm in Tags: concerta, generic concerta. online pharmacy canada, adderall and . Modafinil - Powered by Public Access Pharmacy 2008-2011. I eventually switched to generic Ritalin after my Concerta insurance copay got too high for me to afford it. March 3 . January 9, 2011 4:59 AM Generic Priligy 60mg Tablets (Dapoxetine) owners and are not affiliated with this site, parent, or partner companies. Copyright 2011 All Rights Reserved. Published March 24, 2011 "Because of the increased number of drugs going generic, they profit more from the brand drugs on hike in the price of Johnson & Johnson's attention deficit disorder drug Concerta and a 13.5 percent increase You can now buy an "authorized generic" version of Concerta. Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Watson launches generic Concerta (5/2/2011). Watson Web site. Concerta, a brand name for methylphenidate, is a medication manufactured by Alza Concerta is the trade name for the generic drug methylphenidate HCL and is in a class of This page was last modified on 16 December 2011, at 05: 58. One school banned sugar from the use of this CONCERTA may lead to interrelated drug . Fri Nov 18, 2011 09:27:55 GMT, generic concerta, concerta abuse authorized generic beginning May 1, 2011. "The availability of an authorized generic version of CONCERTA that is both bioequivalent and alprazolam 2mg generic xanax xanax for anger management concerta with xanax side effects xanax online overseas Archive for 'February, 2011'. 3 results . Trade names, Concerta, Methylin, Ritalin racemic mixture, although a variety of formulations and generic brand names exist. . Retrieved on 2011-10-16. The generic drug may be added to the list and available at a lower copayment or coinsurance tier. Preferred drugs likely to become available generically in 2011 January 13, 2011 7:06 AM Where can I get balanced information on switching to generic Concerta? I've been on Concerta for I don't CONCERTA. This report contains aggregated drug side effects fluphenazine (generic only), fluphenazine, 18 and older. Geodon, ziprasidone, 18 release), 6 and older. Concerta, methylphenidate (long acting), 6 and older May 6, 2011 2010, confirmation of a patent suit relating to Concerta 54 mg tablets. Impax's generic Concerta products are part of the company's strategic Always be cautious about using any generic medicine. Today, June 2, 2011, I have declared the generic Concerta a failure, at least, for me. Watson Launches Generic Concerta®. 05/02/2011. Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. confirmed that its subsidiary, Watson Laboratories, Inc., has launched an Aaron F. Barkoff 2006-2011 but invalid for lack of enablement and also not infringed by Andrx's ANDA for a generic version of Concerta.

Combining ritalin and alcohol. Adderall ritalin combination, ritalin use by adults. Are ritalin and concerta the same. Generic ritalin cost. What is ritalin used for in Ritalin is the number one prescription drug for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This drug has such tremendous potential for abuse If your child takes Ritalin, Concerta and Adderall to treat symptoms of ADHD, you . that ADHD drugs may be linked to sudden death, strokes, heart attacks and . Prescription stimulants, such as Adderal, Dexedrine, Concerta, or Ritalin, have been prescribed for a number of reasons. Aderrall/Concerta/Ritalin etc Many of my friends take adderall to lose weight and(also to stay up all night to study (yay for college lol)) :shock: A special ADD/ADHD workshop titled, “Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta — are they safe? Are they necessary? Are there alternatives?” will be held at If medication like Concerta, Ritalin, or Adderall makes you tired, does it mean you have ADD? The KGB Agent answer: Not Medical Advice: It is just being reported (in April 2011) that in the United States, there is a shortage of supply for the medications Ritalin (methylphenidate) and Adderall. Indications and Usage for Concerta. Concerta® is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children 6 years of age and Ritalin is used to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ritalin is also used in the treatment of tried adderall and after two months i noticed drastic hair loss, i returned to ritalin because the hair loss. Ritalin won,t cause hair loss but it causes grey hair. If.. He said he's prescribing ritalin > adderall because ritalin is much cheaper. Unfortunately I had just passed on his recommendation to get a Adderall is a mixture of amphetamine salts. Concerta is an extended release formulation of ritalin or methyphenidate. Vyvanse is a "prodrug," which means that it Hey Mary, they put me on provigil and a stimulant concerta, since then i have tried ritalin and adderall too. The provigil is what I give the credit to. At least for me. Page 285 view page and truthful and all Alza 36 is equal to how much adderall a Concerta 36 mg approximately equals Ritalin 10 mg three. Ritalin, Dexedrine, Adderall? (depression concerta ritalin) MEDICINE. Due to dangerous side effects, some ADHD medications, such as Concerta, Ritalin, and Adderall have caused sudden death in children and adolescents with Ritalin is a prescription central nervous system stimulant available in 5, 10, and 20 milligram tablets. Ritalin is most commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Adderall is maybe 1.5-2x as powerful and lasts . I think the max therapetic dose for Ritalin is 60mg/day and Concerta is 54mg/day, so take that as a conversion CONCERTA is used concerta vs adderall to treat ADHD around the first the CONCERTA had the same as Ritalin, but in time release form. 11 year old from Canton, OH died from Ritalin use, used to treat ADHD. (Cardiac Arrhythmia). Cameron Pettus, 12-year-old from Austin, TX. Death was caused adderall vs concerta side effects adderall xr dosage concerta adderall xr equivalent concerta adderall xr vs concerta compare concerta ritalin adderall concerta buy adderall ritalin $ adderall xr vs concerta. Pennsylvania Lafayette how long does adderall stay in your system adderall prescriptions lake norman. Vermont There definately is a difference between Ritalin and Adderall. Adderall is stronger . Common Questions and Answers about Concerta vs adderall studying CONCERTA is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Medical Information for consumers and providers taking adderall and ritalin at the AUC((0-8)) change from pre-dose for Ritalin LA was -4.48 versus -2.72 for Concerta 18mg (p = 0.074), and -3.24 for Concerta 36mg (p = 0.208). adderall-30mg-xr. adderall-30mg-xr. © 2011 Bangstyle Independent Ltd. All rights reserved. Contact Us | Become a Contributor | Submit a Bug | Advertising ritalin adderall online pharmacy can i mix ritalin and nyquil ritalin sri lanka can i get it ritalin kopen methylphenidate ritalin concerta ritalin 100 In general, stimulants (either the amphetamines like Adderall or methyphenidate like Concerta, Ritalin LA and Metadate CD) are all considered "Category C" adderall concerta ritalin - vitamins from milk ,lexapro ativan adderall. Ritalin is one of the stimulant drugs and is a derivative of amphetamine - when approved the new drug application for Concerta™ for the treatment of ADHD. Ritalin (methylphenidate), Concerta (a long lasting capsule form of methylphenidate), Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), Adderall (a mixture of amphetamines) The following is next in the series of specific requests from our members. Adderall XR • FDA has not issued tentative approvals but ANDAs for. Ritalin is manufactured by Novartis Pharmaceuticals. In June 2005, the FDA announced it will be investigating all ADHD drugs including Ritalin, Concerta, Click Here To Buy RITALIN Online Low Prices, OVERNIGHT Delivery ! This site is not affiliated with this advertiser. Living with ADHD with a little help from Ritalin A few posts here and there by people who are convinced Adderall is the . How it,s this possible if concerta and ritalin are the same compound Ritalin is available in several forms: Ritalin (methylphenidate HCl) CII, Ritalin-SR (methylphenidate hydrochloride sustained release tablets I have been back and forth with medications for ADD and I want to make it clear that it's not ADHD because I don't have the hyperactive I am now taking two 54mg tabs of Concerta a day, along with early morning and late evening 10mg "bumps" of Ritalin. I know it may sound like WARNING: ADHD Medications ADDICTION; ADDERALL, Ritalin, Vyvanse, Concerta. btime839. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe. Loading. What you may want to do, to get an idea if you're in the dangerous ballpark, is lookup the LD50 of ritalin(methylphendiate) and adderall(this Side Effects of Long-Term Ritalin Use. People with attention deficit disorder (ADD ) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) take Ritalin as part of their The generic form of Adderall is mixed amphetamine salts, and the generic of Ritalin is methylphenidate. Both medications are stimulants that increase the levels Some common ADHD medications include Adderall, Concerta, Ritalin, Strattera and Dexedrine. Adderall, however, is the most commonly What does it feel like to take Ritalin or Adderall in a therapeutic way for ADHD? To answer that question, we'll provide a story. The following stories both start the Your doctor never should have put you on Ritalin as a 15 year old. Everything I've read says the risk of addition from Ritalin is much higher for is Adderall more potent than ritalin? i take ritalin but notice the effects are not as pronounced. is adderal more powerful? how are the other NON-PREFERRED STIMULANT PRIOR AUTHORIZATION FORM. Coverage Criteria: To receive Concerta, Metadate CD, Ritalin LA, or generic Adderall XR, Anxiety - treatment adhd strattera ritalin adderall concerta. There are a lot of reports being circulated today about the dangers of giving our children Ritalin. Ritalin is one of the stimulant medications given to children to little surprise that the amphetamine Adderall adderall ritalin focusfactor. Adderall Vs. Ritalin Side Effects. FOCUSFactor is an herbal I was wondering if somebody could give me some info on how I could get my doc to change my prescription from Ritalin to Adderall. Before Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Ritalin SR Ritalin was the first ADHD product to use methylphenidate as its active ingredient. These days, brand name Ritalin Avoid Concerta please. Look into Focalin if anything . College Students Abuse of psychostimulants--Adderall / concerta / Ritalin. Fri, 5 Aug My nephew changed from Concerta to Ritalin sp because his mother felt he was withdrawn/depressed on Concerta. I just read that Ritalin is not recommended How do I obtain a refill of "scheduled medications" (Adderall, Concerta, Ritalin, Dexedrine, Daytrana, Focalin, Norco, Vidodin, Dilaudid, and others)? Ritalin is supposedly weaker than Adderall but as for how the dose would effect someone that is My son just switched from Adderall XR to Concerta. Homeopathy is a safe, no side effects, natural alternative to Adderall, Concerta, Ritalin, Metadate, Dexedrine, and Strattera for ADHD, behavior problems, Medications such as Ritalin, Dexedrine, Concerta, and ADDerall, are derived We have heard that Ritalin is the most widely studied medication prescribed to I have been on concerta, ritalin, and adderall they all have there ups and downs but the XR you most likely wont feel anything and you will be wanting to take "When [Ritalin] is prescribed, it's seems to be very safe, with low potential for abuse. All indications are that when it's used as prescribed, it's a Adderal does not exist. Ritalin is available but only periodically. Imagine this scenario, but every time you look for it. My life before adderal was These patients claim that name brand Ritalin is more effective for them or their child Ritalin is abused for the stimulant effects it produces, including appetite Concerta is the same thing as Ritalin to my understanding, and iirc, there is a generic for Ritalin I never remember Ritalin being that Stimulants such as methphenindate (Ritalin), which are the treatment of choice for . with a stimulant such as Ritalin, Dexidrene, Adderall, Provigil, or Concerta. For a number of years, methylphenidate was available only as Ritalin with a available (e.g., Concerta, Metadate CD , Methylin ER, Ritalin LA, Focalin XR, ( Dexedrine and Dexedrine Spansules, Adderall and AdderallXR , and Vyvanse) Yes i have a child 9years of age been taking ritalin for 2 years it has now runs it s coarse with him it does not work i have made a request with We are a manufacturer of Adderall Focalin Ritalin Concerta, exporter of ADHD Medication made in Ukraine, get more Adderall Focalin Ritalin Concerta suppliers well i have ADD and i take Ritalin to help me focusnad when i take the med it makes you not hungry or in other words qehn the Ritalin is kicked in it has a side ADHD medications for children like Ritalin, Adderall and Concerta are found to Ritalin is now the most frequently prescribed stimulant drug for ADHD, and the The term is most often associated with the illegal use of Ritalin®, Adderall®, Concerta® by people who oftentimes acquire them illegally. They are used to treat So what if I stopped short, your proboscis would strike my duodenum. My RITALIN is doubtful on the parturient or all of my geography, but I think Buy Ritalin Online Without a Prescription does well on the first medicine he is prescribed, whether it is Ritalin, Adderall XR, or Concerta, etc. adderall, concerta, equasym, ethylphenidate, methylphenidate, ritalin, snorting, snorting ritalin Drug info - methylphenidate hcl [RITALIN/CONCERTA] -> How to Although most people tolerate it well, Ritalin is not right for everyone. As this eMedTV page explains, Ritalin can cause negative effects like headaches and Just wondering how the Ritalin based products (Concerta/SR/Focacin), compare to the Dexedrine and Adderall meds. For me Adderall gave Nationwide Shortage of Ritalin, Adderall. A nationwide shortage of the active ingredients in Ritalin (Methylphenedate) and Adderall (Mixed Ritalin is like cocaine . JUST LIKE COCAINE Ritalin is often referred to as 'Kiddie Cocaine' for good reason. Long- term Ritalin effects have been linked to brain ads ritalin is ritalin addictice adderall and ritalin buy ritalin without prescription new ritalin paatch substances that mimic ritalin free base ritalin 09-09-05, 09:52 PM. Have you guys experienced increased libido on Adderall and the opposite on Concerta (methylphenidate/Ritalin)? Cooperatively, your lonely RITALIN is a slow-release preparation, and RITALIN is still in the Seroxat case the Swedish MPA didn't come to peer adderall vs ritalin side effects ritalin vs adderall side how much does ritalin cost without insurance ritalin yahoo ritalin vs adderall vs concerta average ritalin By: Dr Kenny Handelman | - Although there are many newer medicines available for ADHD, Ritalin is still prescribed regularly, and it often gets a lot of media People often dislike the short duration of action of Ritalin and for that reason prefer Adderall. How does Adderall XR compare to Concerta? Ed. Concerta is a long-lasting form of Ritalin. the maker of a new non- methylphenidate narcolepsy drug ADHD Medications: Adderall, Concerta, Daytrana, Dexedrine, Focalin, Metadate, Ritalin, Strattera and More. by Theodore Mandelkorn, M.D.. Mercer Island However, this question has been formally tested only for Concerta; CD and Ritalin-LA are designed to replace immediate-release methylphenidate twice daily. Learn the root causes of Attention Deficit Disorder & ADHD and why Ritalin isn't a long term solution, and the permanent drug-free solutions that work. the lotus project ritalin sr 20 mg. how different is concerta vs generic ritalin methylin ritalin ritalin debate adderall and ritalin price comparisons ritalin pills Ritalin is the most commonly prescribed medication for ADHD (attention deficit Ritalin is currently prescribed to approximately six million people in the US. Strattera Non Prescription Canadian Strattera Cymbalta Abnormal Strattera Strattera Vs Concerta Ritalin Adderall Smoking Strattera Hydrochloride Add Strattera Medication, Form, Dose/Schedule, Dose Range, Onset/ The side effects Adderall and Concerta displays are similar to Ritalin. Both of these substances are powerful stimulants classified as Schedule II narcotics in the Hey all, A quick question for the experts on this forum I seem to build tolerance to any stimulant that I take after 4-5 days, has less effect and I. concerta i believe is time relased ritalin. 2 different drugs and my shrink and i concur, for now adderall is the cleanest, least side effects and Adderall last about six hours per dose and remains active in the body longer than a dose of Ritalin. 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I used to take Ritalin when I was in high school and it worked over all Switching to Concerta from regular Ritalin is easy. You usually just take your total daily dose of Ritalin and change to the Concerta pill that is closest to that dose. medication dosage ritalin, adderall,concerta,adhd, parents stimulant, attenade, metadate Concerta is a reformulation of Ritalin for sustained delivery. Read Provigil vs Ritalin by Susan S. Dubuque on Myspace. secret ritalin vs adderall; provigil vs ritalin vs adhd; provigil vs ritalin side effects Cross-examining Defense Experts | Pennsylvania Injury Lawyers, Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Improves Focus, People often dislike the short duration of action of Ritalin and for that reason prefer Adderall . How does Adderall Two of these agents, Metadate CD and Ritalin-LA, are formulated to control ADHD symptoms for 6-8 hours. 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Today is Blog Action Day 2008, which is when a bloggers around the world focus on one issue with the hope of attracting attention to it and, maybe, changing it. This year’s topic is poverty and few topics in this world or the next get my attention and raise my ire more than poverty. I’ve been there and done that. Let me start by clarifying that last statement. I’ve done poverty, lived in poverty, BUT, my poverty and the poverty this post will focus on is “American Style” poverty. What that means is I’ve never lived in a garbage dump scrounging rotten fruit for food like a pack of children I have pictures of in Guatemala City, Guatemala. I’ve never walked down a street naked because I literally did not own any clothes like some of the children my former pastor saw on the streets of Mumbai, India. In America, our HOMELESS, the bottom of the economic ladder, are STILL exponentially wealthier than MILLIONS of people across this world. Poverty “American Style” is a dream to MILLIONS of Indians, Chinese, Latin Americans, Aboriginal Australians, Africans, and countless, countless others in the Third World. Let’s keep everything in perspective. Having said that, the knowledge that others in the world are far more miserable than you is ice cold comfort to a five year old child whose father has abandoned him and whose mother is desparately trying to keep herself and her son fiscally afloat with a tenth grade education, a textile plant job, $125 a week salary, and $20 per month child support. That was me in 1977. I’ve endured lights being cut off, phones being cut off, and groceries being one bag with bread and peanut butter. I still love peanut butter to this day, but I will not touch ketchup. If you ever eat a ketchup sandwich on stale bread, not because you want to but because you have to, you might develop a similar loathing. From the time I was in K5 until the summer between my eighth and ninth grade years, we moved all over Hell and half of Georgia (technically, it was South Carolina, but it doesn’t sound the same). We lived with my dad’s parents (hey ladies, how many of you would live with your EX-INLAWS?), my mom’s dad, my mom’s cousin, some family down in Columbia . . . we just sort of bounced all over. Finally, my dad’s parents decided I needed a stable place to live so the summer before I started high school, they bought us a 1964 Fleetwood Special mobile home. Nota Bene: I’ve lived 95% of my life in a trailer. Please remember that if you are around me at a conference and decide to make a remark about “trailer trash.” We TT don’t appreciate those who don’t know what it means to be TT calling us TT. Anyway, the place was a palace to us. It was 15′x50′. No heat, no central air. We had a window unit and a kerosene heater that we couldn’t use because me and Mama both had asthma. I remember more than one January morning contemplating if I really wanted to get out from under the covers in my bedroom when I could see my breath and make a dash for the unheated bathroom. I’ve got a jillion stories about that place and those times, but I’ll save them and try to keep this post on target. Poverty is a crippler. For example, people look at you differently once you get labeled white trash. I was in all honors courses in high school, graduated second in my class, was a National Merit Semi-Finalist, had a measured 140 IQ, made a 1380 on the SAT when that score actually meant something, blah, blah, blah . . . I was a smart kid. Still, I remember being treated a little differently because I was almost always the poorest person in the honors classes. I also remember my AP English teacher glaring at me the night of graduation and saying, “You don’t deserve HALF the honors you’ve gotten! You’re trailer trash and you’ll never amount to anything.” Pardon my French, but she was damn near right. I was the first person in my family, both sides, to graduate high school with 12 grades. Everyone else in my AP classes kept getting letters from colleges. They had everything planned out. Several were legacies at this school or that university. Everyone kept asking me where I was going. I told them I was going to work after Senior Week at the beach, if I survived Senior Week (again, a story for another time). I had no idea how to apply to college, how to pay for college, or why I needed college. I didn’t understand the mindset. It wasn’t that Mama didn’t value my education — she did. She was, and is, insanely proud of me. She was just too busy keeping a roof over my head and food in my stomach to worry about a college fund. So, twenty years later I have an AA, a BA, and an MLIS. I work in education. I drive a Honda Element. I still live in a trailer. Not a double wide either. See, here’s the thing, and before you criticize me, email me and I’ll tell you stories I don’t have time or space to tell here, a part of me never left that 15×50 unheated trailer. If I ever get to meet Ruby Payne in person, I swear I want to walk up to her and kiss her right square on the mouth because the books she wrote for professional development are like my life story. Case in point, no savings. People from poverty don’t save, they spend. If you save it, it may get gone. That’s a hard mindset to break. I still haven’t really broken it. I still have an extreme dislike for people I perceive as “being rich” or “acting rich.” I am very uncomfortable in ritzy social settings because I have no idea which fork to use and I feel everyone is watching me. Growing up, we used one fork for every course . . . the beans and the franks . . . and more times than not it was plastic. I will never consider a job at a school that serves an upper class population. I’ve been looked down on my whole life; why the blazes do I want some kid’s lawyer daddy and doctor mama looking down their nose at me at a parent Open House? I’m not proud of my impoverished roots (although I am damn proud of my mama for keeping us going when she could have left me with my grandparents and gone out and had a life . . . my mama was a fine looking woman) but I can’t get away from them no matter how hard I try. Part of me goes to work every day with the sole purpose of proving that teacher on graduation night wrong. Look, I’ll try and wrap this up as best I can. I shouldn’t have even tried posting about this topic because it is way to raw and viscerally emotional for me to deal with outside my therapist’s office. But since I have, here’s my point: it is extremely hard for a child who doesn’t know what, if anything he’s going to eat for supper, or where he’s going to lay his head, to give a tiny little damn about your pretty planned collection, your shiny computers, or your “book learnin’”. A girl who has to keep house and her three younger siblings while her mother works (or parties, you never know) is going to be a Child Left Behind no matter WHAT the godforsaken federal law says. You can’t expect a child who has to act like an adult, basically BE an adult, to settle down and do what you say just because you’re older than him or her. Final thought . . . poverty is brutal, even “American Style” poverty. Thousands of your kids are living in that brutal poverty RIGHT NOW. If the economy tanks worse, even more kids will be there. Homeless and hopeless is a Hell of a way to live for anyone, but it’s almost insurmountable for a child. Yeah, I got out . . . or did I? Once again . . . poverty is BRUTAL and ALL CONSUMING and ALL AROUND YOU. What are you going to do about it? Yes, you, reading this blog entry. Congress won’t do spit, the President either. NO CALVARY IS COMING for these children. What are you going to do about it? TT? So noted–I hope I have never done that to you. I was an IGNORED high school junior/senior who was totally disregarded by guidance counselors, despite honors classes and great grades too. But I think it was b/c I had so many brothers and sisters–the GC were tired of all the “Lloyd” children by the time I came through. I was never asked about college or if i needed to sign up for the SAT, and believe it or not, almost every year they tried to put me in what was the middle level-not advanced. I was only changed when my middle level teachers realized I did not write or quiz like the rest in my class. There were years where I just slipped under anyone’s radar and tuffed it out in the second level classes (acing them easily.) After all who was I to question my placement? With 6 brothers and sisters, I never thought I would be able to go to college anyway, and so after graduation in 81, took a year off before enrolling in nursing school so my sister and I could take the same classes at a tech school. I worked at a fast food restaurant to pay my way through school–and I commuted in a “kids” car that required two gallons of water a day, one for halfway to Rock Hill, and one for half way home to Lancaster. My mom tells me now that if I had asked about going away to school, they would have made it happen one way or another. Now that I’m 45ish, I realize that all my life I’ve never been much on material things, awards, or such. I’m happy to have a good marriage, good job, and 2 wonderful practically grown boys (18 & 21). I built my dream home six years ago, and Wal Mart came to my neghborhood, making me sell it. My oldest is in an expensive private school (DePaul) in Chicago, but he works 3 jobs just to help defer costs–he does this willingly, we do not make him. When My husband is out of Teri–the money there will pay off his loans. When son #2 graduates in June, he is planning to go to Univ of Alabama. I ask my husband how we will pay for it if he does not get any help (he just might), and my husband says it will be taken care of for me not to worry. My childhood wasn’t as severe as yours, but i do remember being without what all the other kids had, and wearing MANY clothes from the sewing machine at home or handed down. (Actually there was a four year period of my childhood where five of us kids wore the same sized jeans….) I don’t know how my Mom & Dad managed it–but we never went without clothes or food. But I think my upbringing has made me never have the same desires as a “material girl.” And it also has made me positive, glass half full, and thankful for the things that I have. God-willing, we will be okay always. I went to college (Winthrop) on a Pell grant after ditching the nursing program when my Dad suddenly died at an arly age–56. That probably also molded me into the person I am, never taking anything for granted and never wanting more than I needed to get by. I don’t know why SDW, but I get you. I just desire that you have a more positive outlook, so that is on my prayer list. You are QUITE GIFTED in many ways. It take really special peple to want to work in –how do i say it in a delicate way–a Title One school? Keep blogging. it is a healthy outlet, and very enjoyable to read. Okay. Don’t forget we have dinner plans for SCASL–bring Budge. Maybe even my treat. Loved your blog about poverty and if I ever get to meet you, I will kiss you on your lips! Thank you for your honesty and your comments – particularly the one about a part of you always stays in poverty. I agree. I still do not have a clear answer on which parts people keep. It seems to be different for each person. Keep on with the clarity. As a friend of mine said, “Poverty is a foreign land – little understood but often judged.” Poverty- I was there, just not in it. I saw it first hand on the tobacco farms of the rural South of the 1960′s and beyond. It is also in my blood. Daddy was the second oldest of nine children. He quit school in the eighth grade to support the family after granddaddy died. He sharecropped until he was sixteen, and then lied about his age to get a job at the mill and also to join the guard. He swore he would never eat another lima bean as long as he lived and he will not. Grandma had an outhouse until I was about eight. The walls were International Paper Company cardboard. She was tenacious and hard and bitter. But, Daddy and his siblings emerged as strong adults, albeit with issues. Daddy married Momma. (They would have disinherited her but she was an only child.) Her people had land and he tripled her part. I believed myself to be priviledged. God forgive me, but I am sure I looked down my nose at the poor kids. Daddy thinks my storytelling and reading made up stories are a waste of time. But, I think he is proud of my education. Since Momma died he has become frugal again. He reuses tinfoil and plastic bags. But he can always afford to buy a good mule. That which does not kill us makes us stronger. By the way, I work in a Title I school and live on the piece of land granddaddy lost to taxes sometime before his death in 1946. Your description of your life growing up in poverty and struggling your way out of poverty is one strong voice! Thank you for telling your story, and asking the big question – what are we going to do about poverty in the U.S.? My name is Terie Dreussi Smith, MA.ED. I co-authored Bridges Out of Poverty with Ruby K. Payne, PhD and Philip DeVol. As you know, Dr. Payne’s seminal work is A Framework for Understanding Poverty. I want to be there when you meet Ruby! I think of the words of Kozol, who describes how children in poverty are expected to reach above missing ladder rungs just to get a decent education in the U.S. We get a warm fuzzy feeling when someone pulls their way up out of poverty due to their gifts, talents, hard work and intelligence. Well, most of us do, perhaps with the obvious exception of your AP English teacher. The secret, ugly paradigm prevalent in the U.S. is that kids in poverty should somehow be willing and able to do this with their own raw strength. If you understand the concrete experience of poverty, especially generational poverty, you realize how unrealistic this paradigm is. Kozol remarks that the fact is that most kids in the U.S. do not have to be “superhuman” to get a good education. For kids steeped in poverty, being “superhuman” may be the only option. Phil and I have adapted Dr. Payne’s work to the community level in the book Bridges Out of Poverty. I thought you would be interested since you asked “what are we going to do about poverty?” Bridges Out of Poverty is working with a growing number of community initiatives in the U.S. to end poverty. One key principle is that people in poverty must be next to us at the table to do that. We need people in poverty in the arenas of decision-making at the policy level. Why should it be that only the “better offs” who share the big picture and design policy? People often ask us how in the world that will ever happen. Philip DeVol has developed a workgroup curriculum for people who are in poverty. “Getting Ahead in a Just-Getting -By World” is very unique in that it is co-investigative- no one is told what to do or think. It’s ironic that it should be “unique” to have a process that does not tell people in poverty what they should do. The Bridges Out of Poverty concepts concerning the hidden rules of class, that people in poverty have strengths and resources, that organizations and communities need to appreciate the problem solving skills of those in poverty are “laid out on the table” throughout the Getting Ahead process. It is the first step that many people in poverty need to access a positive future story. One Getting Ahead group participant told us she came into the group thinking, “What good is this group? Poverty is the hand I’ve been dealt”. When she realized her community was working with her to “feed her future story”, and had actually set up allies for her through a program called “Circles” (see Movethemountain.org), she began to see that she could move out of poverty. She was willing to do the painful work of analyzing her own resources to identify her strengths. She worked with her group to sketch out what the community resources looked like from the perspective of poverty. She decided to throw in that “bad hand” and work toward a better future, not just for herself, but for others. And it is working for her and many others. The Getting Ahead program evaluation shows that for every 10 participants who complete the group, 3 want to “get to the table” to do something about poverty in their community. The end product of Getting Ahead is so valuable to these communities they pay people a living wage to participate in the groups. Another important aspect of our work is that the “table” is a group of community leaders from all classes and races, working to create wealth for the community at all levels. How we get to that point, and how we encourage relationships of mutual respect are part of the process and “aha moments” that result from the key constructs of Bridges Out of Poverty. The communities that use Bridges, Getting Ahead and Circles are not waiting for policy change to do great things. They are doing great things NOW, advocating for policy change, and working on community systemic change. Poverty is greater than the choices of the poor. Can we stop fighting about the causes of poverty so that we can do something about ending it? Please see our “Platform for Economic Justice”, a free download at ahaprocess.com. You would be a wonderful facilitator for a Getting Ahead in A Just-Getting-By-World in group in your community. If you are interested in doing something about poverty at the community level, please visit us at ahaprocess.com. I did not write this to market our materials. I wrote it in the spirit of sharing “the how”- what we are doing about poverty- today and every day. It is not a hand-out, it is only partially a “hand-up”. It is all of our hands working together. @ Dr. Payne and Dr. Smith! OMG!!! one of my favorite authors and her co-author commented on my blog! By NAME. Sorry, but no one will ever know how I felt when Budge came home from a pro-dev day and handed me Framework for Understanding Poverty and said, “Honey, I think you should read this.” I read the whole book then sat down and cried like a baby because I saw the reasons I did and do so many of the things I do. Not all of which are good for me. I would love to work with aHa in getting the message about poverty out to a broader audience. Dr. Payne, you wrote my life story and didn’t even know it.!

Gaining Confidence by Randy Gage Confidence is a funny thing. When you have it, anything seems possible. When you lose it, every situation seems insurmountable. Without it, you become fear based. Instead of thinking you’ll get the date, contract, or job – you expect you won’t. And we know enough about the power of the mind to realize that we may create self-fulfilling prophecies by our expectations. Everybody loses confidence in different areas at different times. The key is getting it back as quick as possible. So how is your confidence? And how do you get it back when you lose it? Please share any tips you have below with the community. And we’ll pick up there on the next post. -RG I realise this post and comments are a couple of years old - but the issues still seem to be relevant today. I'd love to keep the dialogue going I seem to have no confidence at all, or very little anyway. I know confidence can be based on good reasoning, but I still don't feel in control of my life. 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I just can't seem to get the ball rolling w/enough momentum. My daily routine is to get up early, walk around the block for about 35 mins., take a shower, go out and call/visit emplyment agencies, visit thriftstores/bookstores/libraries, then come home and maybe listen to some self help tapes. Yet, still nothing seems to get me out of this slump. I know where the problem originated from, which was in the past, but I still can't seem to solve it. Above that, my next door neighbors as well as surrounding neighbors seem to think I lack some respect, and I feel that they're encouraging me to move out-so I feel pressure. Furthermore, I'm not good at all with panic situations, and that's what I most want to improve on. Suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Kind Regard, rcgoodwill3 What if your full of positive energy and very confident on the things you do and see, but you have a guard over yourself so you won't let people hurt or nearly harm you? What would u do and why? *.~ I'm so confident that it may get me into trouble sometimes but you know what ...I keep coming back stronger and stronger...for example I'm on my 17th FB account....they can slow me down but they can't stop me....I probably have the Guinness World record for the most Facebook accounts....when you have the dream to help one billion and you're on the way to doing that...you get many roadblocks! It's funny how people react and do the most unethical and un-go corish things! Michael Jordan said he failed 18 times before he succeeded....I'm close to him! Hmmmmm! And I consider him a leader...I must be on the right track! Tony Excellent! These are the actions one can take to apply those virtues I was discussing ( affection,goodness, truth, beauty, and humility). Aren't these some of the qualities that when put into your image increase and expand your sense of how capable you really are. I like your idea of adding a blessing, and that small things make a difference. Very true! Listening to inspiring audios, reading and journalling work best for me. If I listen to Jim Rohn or read Norman V Peale and still don't feel better then I know I have some real work to do! Some days I think you just need to take more time than others to go within. Keeping a journal helps because when you are confident certain ideas seem wonderful but then when you meet adversity they often seem really ridiculous! A journal reminds me how I was thinking and helps me to tap into my confident flow again and break through that fear. I'm more confident when I use SURE antiperspirant. It's a tricky thing; sometimes I can "act as if" I'm confident, and it helps, other times it just displays even more so how scared I am. I've found that the best way to stay confident is to NOT DESIRE a specific outcome- easier said than done however. When I lose confidence, I'll recall all my past successes; call up those people who believe in me; and also meet up with people who're more successful than me. Act with your eyes closed! If you do the planning but struggle because of confidence when action time comes, then try just acting without thinking any more - no mind - I've found this to help me achieve much more. I don't have anymore confidence then when I started, but I'm still achieving, even without it. If you planned right, your subconscious will take over and make sure things happen as they should while you shit yourself. The kicker is it ends up being quite thrilling sometimes. Very true about self confidence and it seems that once it slips away from you it is hard to get back. I try a lot of affirmations. You know how if you do something stupid (i.e. drop a jar of mayo on the floor and it shatters and makes a huge mess you tend to beat yourself up the entire time you are cleaning up the mess and then some afterwards). So for affirmations I try to compliment myself on just about everything (oh I did such a good job _____________ (fill in the blank), when I pass by the mirror I tell myself I love ME. I have even left post it notes up in different places to remind myself how good I am. It sounds juvenile probably, but it helps me stay up. At times in years past it felt like being with more confident/more successful people actually made me feel less confident, (now that's what I call a double whammy :) ), however by purposely forcing myself to constantly read, listen to, talk with prosperity minded people and blogs like Randy's every single day really has transformed my mindset. I have learnt that confidence wanes in every human being. It's how one reacts to the voice in their head that ends in a positive or negative result. Constant, daily improvement, love it. No one is really "better" than any other. We're just where we need to be to grow, regardless. You might look "bad" and you might be on a "lower" level by what passes for standards on this planet, but don't buy into that and realize that you might be on a "higher" level regardless. There should never really be any need for any fear. "The Secret" is really who we are, as a race. As highly spiritually evolved beings, we chose to forget who we are, falling back into the concept of time and into unique genetic royalty physicality, being a mix of at least 12 different races, unheard of anywhere else. I want to see confidence in the human race, and not have to try to explain why we're the only race in the known universe who let people of our own kind starve to death etc. It's unthinkable for any other, even the most "horrible" ones by our measures. The people who are here at this point in "time" on Earth are leaders. That's why you chose to come. Step up to it! I think it was Mr. Gage who said in one of his CDs something like that if you have an issue with yourself, try to help someone else in the midst of your problems and see where it goes. Get out of your own way! Mr. Gage has also said something to the effect of "You can't look good and get better at the same time." Brilliant! It's really "small" things that make a difference. Bless every day when you wake up. Tell your close ones that you love them. Be friendly at the office. Bless the room you enter before a meeting. When you here an ambulance, bless the person in there so that the highest good is achieved etc. etc. Earth is bootcamp for the soul and mirrors shit back to us if that is what we project out. Always remember we are soul first and as above so below. The love that you withhold is the pain that you carry. I take time to be still a moment and reflect on my successes. I look at just how big my box (comfort zone) has grown through my courage and actions. And, I take time to be quiet enough to receive, to let myself hear the appreciatation and acknowledgment of others - so I know I am on the right path. I have a treasure box. Cards, notes, pictures that make me feel good. I don't have a lot of trophys or plaques, well, some, but I keep momentos of my successes that have helped me build my confidence and they are foundational. As the "you can't do that" or "no one can get that done" come bounding in to kill my confidence, I look at my "positive triggers" and I have several of them close by - and there is no space for the incoming negative stuff. Then I get physically and mentally excited about what I am doing. I also listen to my Personal Development MP3/Ipod recordings that reinforce the pursuit of my goals. Believing is Seeing! Seeing is achieving! Confidence and Certainty is key!! and even better if it is unshakeable confidence and certainty. Belief in who you are and what you are doing creates confidence and certainty. It is important to center yourself around confident and positive people. Another key point,,,,NEVER compare yourself to anybody, we are all unique and special so what's the point. Just be you and love yourself. Hi...Generally when I feel I am losing confidence or am getting anxious I either put on my Bob Seger cd and dance until I am so exhausted I feel great.....or I take a ride through the woods..galloping on the central grassy verge where you cant hear the hoofs but can feel the speed blows any lack out of you...and I always feel exhilarated afterwards....Both work everytime.... with love Angie Help those confident people find you! Put out the the Universe that you want to attract the kind of people you want in your life NOW i.e. confident, positive, supportive. Remain open and responsive to the people that will arrive. Self-Confidence comes from inside - when i find myself around negative people I move . Negative folks rub off on you even if you do not mean for them too and it only takes seconds. I want to be around people who see the glass as half full not half empty. If there is something I don't know - or have not figured out - I start following the folks that have. The successful minded people have a different though pattern that someone who keeps looking at their feet. No pity party for me - so Randy - what is for dinner ! It seems like if you hang around positive confident people that that could rub off on you. Trouble is, where do you find these people if you don't have the confidence in yourself to be around these types of people to begin with? Just wondering... For me, confidence is all about action. More action = more confidence. I find that when I take action --any action--in the direction of my dreams, that my confidence skyrockets--even if I have a few miserable failures in the mix. Perhaps it's the feeling of knowing that, by taking action, I am taking responsibility and control of my life that leads to the increased confidence. Randy... what do you think about..that when we fell down "To clean"our body/mind/sprit with a meditation letting go all the "garbage" that make us feel so down, so empty of energy, all that fears realted with, life and dead ,with money and worck..we are in a diiffciluit moment here in Mexico.. Today Iwill clean my mind ...tomorrow I will coment results..thanks very much for your post Randy.. I rebuild my confidence by reading books and listening to the top self development authors. Taking that action gets me back into the correct action necessary to increase my business. Learning ways to reharness our intention and bring it back into focus is the key to creation of our dreams. Thanks so much Randy for your excellent mentoring! My confidence is high for things that I know I can do really well but low for the things that I have not been able to do as well as I would like. Although I can't say this with a huge amount of experience, I would say that getting encouragement as well as valuable guidance from the right person would greatly assist me in boosting my self-confidence. Although I'm sure that I could achieve this just by directing my own thoughts, I think that getting help would make it happen more quickly and easily. Hello Everyone, Lacking confidence to me is equivalent to self doubt. And I feel that whenever I am not accomplishing my goals fast enough. I start to doubt my abilities which actually leads to losing confidence in myself when I let the feeling go rampant on me... So what I do when I feel it coming (it feels like a heavy weight within me); as soon as I recognize it, I stop the moment, the chain of thought, and kind of review positive aspects, accomplishments of my past. The point is to shift the focus of attention to where I want to be from where I feel I am at the moment. It works for me :-) Best regards, Maria Everytime i lose faith i start listening to good music... watching a good comedie movie or just going out in the park for a short jogging to clear my head and reanalyze the problems i have and find an alternative. Just yesterday i had a fight with a best friend and i was very upset because of that... i just watched push and had a great night sleep and today i saw the problem from another angle... they were not very seriously problems. I'm a great fan of you Randy and i hope that someday you will visit Romania and talk to romanian people about prosperity. For me, this has everything to do with an inner choice we make, or as most call it, Intention. But once we have ANY doubts whatsoever (Fear as you so rightly call it), it clouds the intention and puts barriers in place. So we have to ask ourselves, "What are we achieving by not having what we want".. Then we need to choose again and stand pat. "I line up my Intention and the Universe lines up the means" Thanks Randy! Interesting post Randy and good perceptive comments by others. Many people with good empathy (which is good in itself) get affected by people around them who have low confidence. Some times a stray negative remark can spark a trail of negative thoughts leading to low confidence. To help people (and myself) to regain confidence quickly, I have put together Whenever I feel low, I always think of this saying "Focus on what you can control, not on what you cannot." I Like this post, Randy, because I have been working toward building self-confidence for a couple of years. The best thing I do is work to improve myself. I have improved my virtues first. If one concentrates on being virtuous, one forgets about comparing or losing out. The virtues I am using are affection, goodness, truth, beauty and humility. This is my best tip for others. "I need to hang around people more successful & confident than me...." If that works for you, Tom, that's great! However, I've found that hanging around successful / confident people doesn't necessarily make me more confident. In fact, it can actually decrease my self-confidence. If I compare myself to them and what they've achieved, I can easily get downright depressed. I think it's important to associate with people who are successful, confident, AND encouraging. (And "associating" includes reading things like Randy's blog.) A good Mastermind group can be incredibly effective. I too have been battling confidence issues, and the encouragement factor has been significant for me. I like your comment about a few small victories not being enough --- you need enough so that they can build upon each other. So keep working on quantity. Good luck, Tom! -jim Confidence... It seems to come and go with the flow. In my experience, it took me a few years to tap into it. I started to discover my confidence by participating in retreats and workshops, by totally releasing my body and fell amazing emotions. The best body/breath/movement I ever done is Osho Active Meditations, specially Dynamic Meditation. Then a big overflow of amzing results happened, and I fell into the trap of thinking "I've got it. Now everything I want will be", and became arrogant. Slow fall came next... I know that the experience came from the emotions and feelings I had, and the power to direct them to a result that I really wished. Now I'm rebuilding again my inner world, my confidence. Using again body/breath/movement techniques to tap into the emotional world again, and also using Proclamations, a technique that Dõv Baron teaches. It uses affirmations allied with the power of emotions, strong deep emotions. And it works. My self belief and confidence starts to grow again and things "are starting to move" again. For me, the body is an essential part of this equation. I can't make only with the use of the thoughts and/or the mind. JD Hace aproximadamente 8 años q perdi la confianza en mi mismo, a lo largo de todo este tiempo ha sido un proceso primero el poder darme cuenta y determinarlo y ahora salir adelante... es una sensacion extraña, pues me conozco y se q la tenia... ahora solo trato de recuperarla, con pequeños actos y triunfos... se a donde quiero llegar, solo q perdi el camino, lo estoy reconstruyendo. GV I think that the more I mull things around in my mind, the more I seem to spiral downward. It takes being able to take a fresh look at the situation - like start back where I was when I first undertook to do whatever it is that I'm having trouble envisioning. It would be better to speak aloud such as with a friend who can help evaluate whether I'm just being negative or not. Barring that, the next best thing is to talk out loud to myself instead of entertaining gloom and doom. I'd like to hear other's comments too. I have lost confidence over the last 2 years and am struggling with getting it back. I've had some small victories but not enough to build one upon the other. I need to hang around people more successful & confident than me, then it will rub off. Thanks for the post, Randy. My positive outlook is getting better as a result of readin your posts. Now if I can just get building on the confident thing.... Tom Larsen Hey Tom, science is about to come to your aid. One of the world's leading behavior-change psychologists has developed a program to make us believe in ourselves and have unshakable self-confidence. As a former psychology student, the moment I learnt about this, I was hooked. Stay in touch and I'll let you know when it's released. Take care, Greg Confidence is a powerful tool when you have it and a crippling condition when you don't. Nobody can tell you to be confident. It just doesn't work. Why? Because confidence is controlled by our subconscious. But words are processed by our conscious mind. So whilst mlm leaders tell us that we have to become confident and we tell ourselves that we have to be confident, our subconscious mind is believing otherwise. There are two ways people can become confident. the first is via positive experience - we do something difficult and then when we succeed we gain in confidence. The second way is via psychology. We are coached to believe we can succeed. However, that coaching has to bypass our conscious mind - it is our subconscious that needs the coaching. It is possible, using the same techniques that psychologists use to cure phobias, depression, anxieties, smoking addiction and obesity. If we are prepared to give this science a go, we can be taught to feel invincible - and once we feel it, we BECOME it. Science really has come to the rescue of all of us who lack self confidence.

International Journal of Plant GenomicsVolume 2008 (2008), Article ID 216513, 9 pagesdoi:10.1155/2008/216513 Genetics Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK Received 22 November 2007; Revised 26 August 2008; Accepted 28 September 2008 Academic Editor: Pushpendra Gupta Copyright © 2008 Glenn J. Bryan and Ingo Hein. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Potato, a highly heterozygous tetraploid, is undergoing an exciting phase of genomics resource development. The potato research community has established extensive genomic resources, such as large expressed sequence tag (EST) data collections, microarrays and other expression profiling platforms, and large-insert genomic libraries. Moreover, potato will now benefit from a global potato physical mapping effort, which is serving as the underlying resource for a full potato genome sequencing project, now well underway. These tools and resources are having a major impact on potato breeding and genetics. The genome sequence will provide an invaluable comparative genomics resource for cross-referencing to the other Solanaceae, notably tomato, whose sequence is also being determined. Most importantly perhaps, a potato genome sequence will pave the way for the functional analysis of the large numbers of potato genes that await discovery. Potato, being easily transformable, is highly amenable to the investigation of gene function by biotechnological approaches. Recent advances in the development of Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) and related methods will facilitate rapid progress in the analysis of gene function in this important crop. Cultivated potato, the world’s third most important human food crop, is a tetraploid outbreeder and suffers acutely from inbreeding depression. Genetic mapping is generally performed at the diploid level, using highly heterozygous clones as parents, and several diploid maps of potato have been generated [1], including one of the densest plant genetic maps [2]. Considerable progress has also been made in working at the tetraploid level [3, 4]. These efforts have led to the development of large numbers of molecular markers of all of the main types, which in some cases allow comparison of different potato maps or between potato and the closely related tomato. Genetic mapping has also led to knowledge of locations of many potato genes, notably those conferring resistance to many of the pests and pathogens that present a threat to potato [5] and genes influencing tuber traits [6]. Despite these advances, the lack of described mutational variation for potato is a disadvantage of its outbreeding mating habit, and renders genetic complementation problematic for the majority of genes. However, potato is relatively easy to transform, and so technologies such as overexpression and antisense technology are options for investigating gene function. Results of such experiments are not always so easy to interpret, and improved methods for functional analysis are critical to the future of potato breeding and genetics. This article provides an overview of genomics resources currently available for potato, and the likely future developments in this area, paying particular emphasis to tools being developed for investigating gene function. Cultivated potato has a chromosome number of 2 𝑛 = 4 𝑥 = 48, and a haploid genome size of ~850 Mb, roughly six times that of Arabidopsis thaliana and twice the size of the rice genome [7]. Although small chromosome size has been a limitation for cytogenetic analysis in potato, notable advances have been made using pachytene chromosomes and extended DNA “fibres” for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) [8]. The potato genome is very similar in size to its close relative tomato, and genetic maps of the two species show high levels of macrocolinearity [9]. Information on how well the two genomes are conserved at the microsyntenic level should start to become available as outputs from the respective genome projects accumulate. The tomato genome mainly comprises low-copy-number sequences, which diverged rapidly in evolutionary time [10]. Schweizer et al. [11], who characterised the potato genome in terms of the amounts of different classes of repetitive DNA, suggest that the more highly repeated sequences comprise only 4–7% of the potato genome, suggesting that it was relatively devoid of highly repetitive DNA sequences, thus supporting the earlier tomato study. It is also known that the majority of tomato heterochromatin is found in centromeric regions with almost all of the euchromatic DNA located distally in long uninterrupted tracts, a structural feature likely to be true of potato [12]. Gene isolation and recent BAC-end sequencing efforts are providing the first detailed glimpses of the genome structure in potato. Using BAC-end sequence and full BAC sequence data, it has also been shown that potato (34%) contains considerably less repetitive DNA than tomato (46%), this difference being consistent with relative genome sizes of the two crops (850 versus 1000 Mb, resp.) [13]. The generation of large expressed sequence tag (EST) collections is a primary route for large-scale gene discovery. There have been several efforts to generate EST resources for potato [14–16]. The potato gene index () contains almost 220000 ESTs, assembled into more than 30 000 “contigs” with over 26 000 singletons. These efforts, while not exhaustive, comprise a major genomics resource for potato researchers, perhaps comprising between 50–70% of the total potato gene “repertoire.” These ESTs will form an important source not only for the discovery of candidate genes and genetic markers, but also for the development of microarrays, until the whole genome sequence becomes available in potato. For instance, EST data from a number of different genotypes are also a rich source for the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. For example, Tang et al. [17] demonstrate how large numbers of “eSNPs” can be mined from EST data using an SNP discovery pipeline (QualitySNP). Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries have become the main vehicle for performing map-based gene cloning and physical mapping in potato. Several BAC libraries have been constructed from cultivated potato [18] and some of its wild relatives, for example, the diploids Solanum bulbocastanum [19], Solanum pinnatisectum [20], and the Mexican hexaploid Solanum demissum [21]. These libraries represent a potentially useful resource for the study of comparative genome organisation and evolution in potato and the wider Solanaceae. A BAC library has been constructed from the male parent (RH89-039-16) of the cross used to make the ultra-high-density (UHD) genetic map of potato with 10 000 loci [2], and is being used for construction of a genome-wide potato physical map. Other significant developments arising from the use of these BAC libraries include the use of BAC clones and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to develop chromosome-specific cytogenetic DNA markers for chromosome identification in potato [22]. Mapping efforts in potato have also led to the generation of knowledge concerning the genetic architecture of a number of characters, including pest and disease resistance, tuber quality traits, dormancy, tuber shape, and colour. Also, several potato genes have been isolated using a map-based approach [18, 23, 24], with most of these aimed at isolation of major genes for resistance to the more serious pests and pathogens of potato, the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Mont. de Bary), potato cyst nematodes (PCN), and potato virus X (PVX). These activities have necessitated the development of dense genetic maps around the target resistance loci, as well as concomitant generation of genomic resources, such as BAC libraries. These gene cloning efforts have afforded early glimpses into the structure of the potato genome, through the sequencing of a considerable number of large-insert clones. For instance, a study of Gpa2/Rx1 resistance gene “cluster” provided important information concerning the evolution and structure of R gene loci and has shown beyond any doubt that resistances to different pests/pathogens can be coded by structurally similar genes from the same gene cluster. The R3 locus, which maps to a cluster of genes for resistance against P. infestans and other resistance genes on the short arm of chromosome XI, has shown to comprise two very tightly linked resistance genes (R3a and R3b) with distinct specificities against P. infestans [25]. The R3 locus was found to be syntenic with the I2 locus of tomato, and a comparative approach was used to isolate R3a, which is constitutively expressed along with some of its paralogous genes [26]. It is highly likely that the same approach will allow the future isolation of other P. infestans resistance genes on the same chromosome. Similarly, there are now determined efforts to isolate genes from late blight resistance “hotspots” on other potato chromosomes. A notable example is the recent work on potato chromosome IV, whereby several resistance genes against P. infestans map to the same locus [27–29]. These are but a few of several successful map-based gene isolation efforts, but these illustrate how comparative genomics, either between different potato genotypes or between different Solanaceous plant species, can be used as a tool for accelerating the normally laborious task of gene isolation, and they bode well for the future of Solanaceae genomic research. As knowledge of the genome structure of potato and tomato increases, the isolation of such genes should become more facile. A candidate gene approach has also been used for isolating plant genes that underlie specific traits [30]. In potato, cloning of the gene Gro1-4, which confers resistance to pathotype Ro1 of the cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis, has been achieved using a joint candidate gene/mapping approach [31]. The gene was found to colocalise in a large segregating population with a marker derived from a “resistance-gene-like” sequence. The marker was used to isolate 15 members of a closely related gene family from genomic libraries. By taking into account all available information (inheritance patterns in resistant and susceptible germplasm, mapping data, DNA sequence information), it was possible to reduce the number of candidates to three genes, which were subsequently tested for complementation of a susceptible phenotype by stable transformation. The identified functional gene, a member of the TIR-NBS-LRR class, differs from susceptible members of the same family by 29 amino acid changes. This approach may be used in future for isolation of other resistance genes/QTLs conferring partial and durable resistance to the major potato pests and pathogens. Another example of the use of candidate gene approach in potato is the isolation of P gene that encodes anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme flavonoid 3 , 5 -hydroxylase (f 3 5 h), and is responsiblefor the production of blue/purple anthocyanin pigments in tissues like tubers, flowers, or stems [32]. In this study, a Petunia f 3 5 h gene was used to screen a potato cDNA library prepared from purple-coloured flowers and stems. Six positively hybridizing cDNA clones were sequenced and all appeared to be derived from a single gene that shared 85% sequence identity at the amino acid level with Petunia f 3 5 h. The potato gene cosegregated with purple tuber colour in a diploid population and was found to be expressed in tuber skin only in the presence of the anthocyanin regulatory locus I. One of the f 3 5 h cDNA clone that was placed under the control of a doubled CaMV 35S promoter was also used for transformation of the red-skinned cultivar “Desiree.” Tuber and stem tissues that were coloured red in Desiree were purple in nine of 17 independently transformed lines, confirming the hypothesis that the transformed gene corresponded to the P locus. In another study, DNA sequence variation was analysed at the invGE/GF locus (duplicate invertase genes InvGE and InvGF) on potato chromosome IX which colocalizes with a cold-sweetening QTL [33]. The study focused on 188 tetraploid potato cultivars, which were assessed for chip quality and tuber starch content. Two closely correlated invertase alleles, invGE-f and invGF-d, were associated with better chip quality in three breeding populations, and one allele (invGF-b) was associated with lower tuber starch content. The potato invGE gene was also found to be orthologous to the tomato invertase gene Lin5, causal for a fruit-sugar-yield QTL. These results suggested that natural variation for sugar yield in tomato fruits and that for sugar content in potato tubers are controlled by functional variants of orthologous invertase genes. These few examples clearly demonstrate the potential of using the candidate gene approach in potato. It is also clear that the extensive knowledge of tuber biochemistry and the large number of potato gene sequences should enable its further application for tuber quality traits. The ultra-high-density (UHD) genetic map of potato [2] forms the underlying framework for construction of a genome-wide physical map of the potato genome. Physical map construction is being carried out in two phases. First, approximately 73 000 clones from a BAC-library have been fingerprinted using a nonselective AFLP-based method. The fingerprint data has been used to assemble the RH BACs into roughly 7000 BAC contigs, with a similar number of “singletons” (i.e., single BAC clones). The second phase entails anchoring of the contigs and single BACs to the UHD map using a BAC pooling method, which should also reduce the number of contigs and increase the average contig size. Subsequent contiging will use a reduced stringency alignment approach which will reduce the number of contigs still further. The integrated genetic and physical map will be the main platform, which will be used for obtaining the DNA sequence of the potato genome. It is expected that approximately 1800 contigs will be anchored to the genetical map, and these scaffolds will be the starting point for genome sequencing. A BAC-end sequence resource, comprising more than 140 000 reads, has also been generated for the project [13]. The ongoing tomato and potato sequencing projects will have huge implications for those working in the Solanaceae, and will further sharpen the requirement for functional genomics tools. A wide range of gene expression technologies have been used by potato researchers. Expression analysis is a discipline that is still very much in transition and it is likely to undergo significant development in the future, notably with recent developments in “next generation” sequencing (NGS) technologies, which have the potential to radically change the way gene discovery is performed. The cDNA-AFLP technique has been used to study gene expression from stolon formation to sprouting in a range of different tissues during the potato tuber life cycle [34, 35]. Approximately 18 000 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were observed, and over 200 “process specific” TDFs belonging to different stages of potato tuber life cycle were isolated and sequenced. The sequence similarities of these TDFs to known genes give insights into the kinds of processes occurring during tuberisation, dormancy, and sprouting. This technique is extremely sensitive and can detect differences among gene family members indistinguishable by Northern blotting. A useful advance has been the realization that a large proportion of cDNA-AFLP fragments show genetic polymorphism in segregating populations and can be mapped as transcriptome-derived genetic markers [36]. Importantly, these markers show less centromeric clustering than AFLP markers derived directly from genomic DNA and appear to be targeted specifically to transcriptionally active regions of the genome. This method has been used to perform a large scale survey of genes differentially expressed during the tuber life cycle, and the isolation of some of their promoter regions [37]. Many genes expressed in the tuber life cycle are involved in defence, stress, storage, and signal transduction pathways. Twelve cis-acting elements were identified, and are known to be responsive to environmental stimuli known to play an important role during the tuber life cycle (light, sugars, hormones, etc.). More recently, a potato transcription map, based on cDNA-AFLP and containing approximately 700 TDFs, has been generated [38]. One of the disadvantages of cDNA-AFLP is that it does not provide gene sequence information and requires laborious isolation of gene fragments from polyacrylamide gels for sequence characterization. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), which generates short cDNA sequence tags [39, 40] using a concatemerization-based method, has been used to examine global gene expression in potato tubers, generating 58 322 sequence tags (of length 19 nucleotides) of which 22 233 were unique [41]. Putative functions were assigned to almost 700 of those tags occurring at least ten times and roughly 70% matched each known potato EST sequence. This technology has the advantage over microarray technology in being an “open” technology, with the possibility of discovering “new” transcripts. Rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE) cloning was used to verify the reliability of SAGE tag annotation using EST sequences from more than one cultivar. Seventy two per cent of tags represented genes that participated in a known biological process, with the largest group (43%) consisting of transcripts active in physiological processes, about half of which were involved in metabolism. There were no transcripts found which were involved in photosynthesis. Of the 50 most abundant transcripts from the mature tuber, protease inhibitors were the dominant class, which is in good agreement with previous EST projects [14, 15]. The methodologies described briefly in this section are alternatives to the microarrays, which may ultimately be replaced by NGS methods. For example, Emrich et al. [42] recently demonstrated how such technologies can be used to extend significantly the EST resources for maize. The authors used a laser capture microdissection method to isolate rare transcripts from shoot apical meristems and then sequenced the corresponding cDNAs using 454 technology. This type of approach could be used in potato to identify transcripts not present in current EST databases or to extend the range of potato germplasm represented, currently limited to a few cultivars. All expression studies share the “problem” that they are only indicative of the function of particular genes or sets of genes in biological processes, and require functional analyses whereby the function of the candidate genes are compromised or exaggerated in some way (e.g., overexpression, silencing). This issue will be addressed in a subsequent section of this article. The available potato EST resources comprise an unknown but significant fraction of the gene complement of potato, and are derived from several genotypes, tissues, and environmental influences. A nonredundant set of 10 000 of these ESTs was used by the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) to develop a cDNA potato microarray that was made available to the research community at minimal cost. Moreover, the same organisation offered a transcription profiling service to allow the evaluation of these arrays by a wide range of users working on different Solanaceous plant species asking different biological questions. This allowed generation of massive microarray data that is publicly available (). However, this platform had the disadvantage of containing a very small proportion of the potato gene repertoire. Moreover, as the “TIGR array” was based on spotted cDNAs, it was inherently difficult to achieve a high level of reproducibility. Rensink et al. [43] have used this platform to identify genes involved in abiotic stress responses, with more than 3000 genes found to be significantly up- or downregulated in response to at least one of the stress conditions used (cold, heat, salt). In another detailed study, expression of 1315 genes during tuber development was examined, where transient changes in gene expression were found to be relatively uncommon and several new genes were found to be differentially expressed during tuber development [44]. These studies, while informative, highlight the dilemma faced by plant molecular biologists in prioritizing genes for further study from a large number of candidate genes in the absence of genetic information and mutations in target trait genes. Long oligonucleotide arrays that have been manufactured by various technology providers have also been found useful in potato since the use of short oligonucleotide arrays may lead to misinterpretations due to high degree of allelic heterozygosity in this crop. For this purpose, the potato oligo chip initiative (POCI) has selected the Agilent “44K feature platform” system, which was made available for use in 2006. This system is very flexible and allows for redesign of the array as more gene sequence information becomes available. Kloosterman et al. [45] described the design of this platform and demonstrated its utility by analyzing different stages of tuber initiation and growth. Potato geneticists and breeders have generated a great deal of information about the location of genes and QTLs coding for important potato traits, including pest and disease resistance and tuber traits. The volume of gene sequence information, notably from cDNA sequencing and the genome project, will increase rapidly in the coming years. Developments in genetics and structural genomics are beginning to be matched by concomitant development of functional genomics tools. Potato has a strong need for a high-density gene map or a genome sequence, to place gene sequences in their genetic/genomic context. Relatively high-throughput methods are also needed for testing and assessing gene function. The availability of mutant populations of potato will also be of tremendous value in this regard [46]. Potato cultivars are highly heterozygous and contain very high levels of “genetic load.” It has been estimated that there is one SNP approximately every 25 bp [47]. If individual alleles can be “isolated” in the homozygous condition, there is no telling what information they would yield about potato biology. The nonavailability of mutants may largely be overcome by recourse to use of diploid self-compatible potato clones for the development of mutant populations or by mining of variant alleles in heterozygous germplasm. Functional studies currently rely on the use of transformation-based techniques or use of viral vector-mediated gene delivery systems for the establishment of information regarding gene function. There have been some recent tantalising developments in functional genetics/genomics tools and resources for potato. Of course gene expression profiling or microarray studies have a role to play in the identification of a pool of candidate genes potentially involved in any given biological process. These methods, in combination with other functional genomics tools such as RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and activation tagged lines, have the potential to facilitate the identification of the role of thousands of potato genes over the next several years. Furthermore, combining structural genetics approaches (such as QTL and candidate gene mapping) with functional genomics information (such as microarray-derived gene expression data for candidate genes) has great potential for the dissection of many complex, polygenic potato traits. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for plant functional genomics. VIGS exploits an RNA-mediated antiviral defense mechanism in plants. This phenomenon has been exploited for gene silencing through the use of virus vectors carrying host target genes that are directed against the corresponding plant mRNAs [48]. VIGS is increasingly used to generate transient loss-of-function assays, and is a powerful reverse-genetics tool in functional genomic programs as an alternative to stable transformation. In potato, two viral vectors, potato virus X (PVX) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV), have been successfully utilized for VIGS [49, 50]. Faivre-Rampant et al. [49] have shown that a binary PVX-based vector, pGR106, [51, 52] is effective in triggering VIGS of phytoene desaturase (PDS) in both diploid and cultivated tetraploid Solanum species. In this study, silencing was maintained throughout the foliar tissues and tubers and could also be triggered and sustained in in vitro micropropagated tetraploid potato for several cycles and on in vitro generated microtubers. Similarly, PDS silencing with TRV has been observed in cultivated potato, as well as the diploid wild species S. bulbocastanum and S. okadae, and the distantly related hexaploid S. nigrum [50]. In the same study, silencing of known resistance genes (e.g., R1, Rx, and RB) in normally resistant plants yielded a compatible interaction in detached leaf tests. A modification of the leaf inoculation used for both PVX- and TRV-based silencing was demonstrated for TRV in a so-called “agrodrench” method, in which soil adjacent to the plant root is drenched with an Agrobacterium suspension carrying the TRV-derived VIGS vectors [53]. TRV-based silencing of genes such as PDS, a 20S proteasome subunit (PB7) or Mg-protoporphyrin chelatase (Chl H) by agrodrench has been shown to be efficient for different members of the Solanaceae including Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, pepper, tobacco, potato, and petunia. N. benthamiana provides a particularly suitable model system for Solanaceae species, including potato, as it is highly amenable to manipulations such as VIGS and virus- or Agrobacterium-mediated overexpression of candidate genes (Figure 1) [54]. Indeed, many silencing studies have been conducted in N. benthamiana to demonstrate involvement of candidate genes involved in the plant disease resistance (including the hypersensitive response; HR), abiotic stress, cellular signaling, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis [55]. Recently, for example, Gilroy et al. [56], using a combination of VIGS and biochemical approaches, demonstrated that the cysteine protease cathepsin B is required for the HR. Silencing of cathepsin B in N. benthamiana prevented programmed cell death (PCD) and compromised disease resistance induced by Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, two distinct nonhost bacterial pathogens. It also suppressed the HR triggered by transient coexpression of potato R3a and Phytophthora infestans Avr3a genes but did not compromise the HR triggered by recognition of Cladosporium fulvum AVR4 by tomato Cf-4. The ease of silencing in N. benthamiana makes it suitable for large scale VIGS experiments. A study of 192 cDNA-AFLP fragments, expressed during the HR following recognition of Avr4 from C. fulvum by tomato Cf-4, was conducted in N. benthamiana and identified 15 Avr4-responsive tomato (ART) fragments that, when silenced, resulted in a compromised HR induced by both Avr4 in Cf-4 transgenic plants and the Inf1 gene from P. infestans [57]. In addition, silencing of HSP90, a nuclear GTPase, an L19 ribosomal protein, and a nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR)-type protein suppressed the HR [57]. Interestingly, silencing of the NB-LRR-type protein NRC1 not only affected the Cf-4/Avr4-induced HR and compromised Cf-4-mediated resistance to C. fulvum, but also revealed that this protein is required for the HR induced by the R proteins Cf-9, LeEix, Pto, Rx, and Mi [58]. A recently developed TRV RNA2 vector, which utilizes ligation-independent cloning (LIC), has been employed to assess the function of 400 tomato ESTs in N. benthamiana [59]. The function of SlMADS1 and its N. benthamiana homologous sequences, NbMADS4-1 and -2, was shown during flowering and demonstrated that NbMADS4-1 and NbMADS4-2 act nonredundantly in floral development. Silencing of either gene resulted in loss of organ identity. These studies show the potential for use of N. benthamiana as a “proxy” species for high-throughput gene function analysis for potato and other Solanaceae. In addition to their role in VIGS, virus vectors can be used for overexpressing genes in plants. The AgrobacteriumPVX-based binary vector pGR106, an efficient silencing vector for Solanum species, can also be used for overexpressing genes, as shown for GFP in Figure 1 [51, 52]. The search for novel sources of plant resistance, driven by knowledge of pathogen “effectors” with avirulent activities, rather than more traditional plant disease resistance breeding, has been coined “effectoromics” [60]. For example, overexpression of P. infestans effectors in potato represents an opportunity to seek vital and invariant components of the P. infestans pathogenicity apparatus that can be targeted for sustainable potato protection. Information emerging from effectoromic studies will be useful to identify the cognate host R genes as sources of durable disease resistance and to develop novel control strategies that are intrinsically difficult for the pathogen to overcome. The discovery of a conserved motif, RxLR, within many avirulence genes [61, 62] that is required for translocation of the effectors from pathogen haustoria into the plant cell [63] has had a tremendous impact on the prediction of pathogen effectors. Overexpression via pGR106 in N. benthamiana of 63 predicted P. infestans extracellular proteins (Pex) led to the discovery of two novel necrosis-inducing cDNAs, encoding extracellular proteins belonging to a large and complex protein family in Phytophthora [64]. Similarly, the recognition of the P. infestans effector Avr3a by the potato R gene R3a [26] could be demonstrated in N. benthamiana [61]. Coinfiltration of N. benthamiana leaves with an A. tumefaciens strain carrying a construct expressing R3a and a strain carrying a construct expressing the truncated avirulent Avr3a (Avr3a KI) sequence via PVX resulted in a confluent cell death response, not observed when overexpressing the truncated virulent Avr3a (Avr3a EM) sequence (Figure 1). Using the P. infestans elicitins INF1, INF2A, and INF2B, the same PVX system has been adapted and optimized to screen Solanum plants for response to pathogen elicitors [65]. Of 31 potato species tested, 11 clones of Solanum huancabambense and Solanum microdontum responded with HR-like symptoms, which were also observed following infiltration with purified recombinant INF1, INF2A, and INF2B. Two similar studies have been reported that utilize the two Avr3a alleles described above to identify potentially novel resistance mechanisms within wild potato accessions [66, 67]. One study [66] utilized PVX to express the different Avr3a alleles in wild Solanum species, whereas the other [67] utilized Agrobacterium-only-based expression of the Avr3a alleles to circumvent the relative high level of resistance against PVX within the wild species tested (Figure 1). These studies identified similar sets of species that recognize both the EM and KI forms of AVR3a (unpublished data). Potato has entered an exciting new era, whereby the development of extensive genetic and genomic resources have opened up many new possibilities for studying important potato traits relevant to potato agronomy. Concomitant development of similar resources for other Solanaceous species, notably tomato, and a growing cohesiveness of the Solanaceae research community, as demonstrated by the “SOL vision” () bode well for future genomic research of potato and its close relatives. Development of biotechnological tools for assaying potato gene function is likely to progress rapidly in the coming years. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate, and the European Union.

Homeopathy Medicine and Weight Loss with Homeopathic Remedies90 NEWS FLASH! Mike Adams preaches to the choir. Folks reading articles in Natural News are interested in improving lifestyle, learning the latest tricks and hints for lifestyle changes, eating more nutritionally, de-stressing, and losing weight. We all know that obesity is at all time epidemic proportions. So, he comes along and tells us that McDonald's is partnering with Weight Watchers as two mega-monopolies who provide non-nutritional processed and denatured products off as good for you meals. People who love salty, fatty and sweet products visit these locations for supposedly quick, easy family meals. For those people who don't like to cook. Maybe we can learn something from their habits. The New York Times runs an article about the Obesity-Hunger factors. Just because you are fat, this does not mean you are well-fed. Your body could be starving for the correct nutrients and in the correct balance, which put your entire body off-balance. People who are eating the wrong kinds of foods become overweight. It could happen to anyone. Mike Adams, News Ranger, has also run an article of this very topic and castigates Susan G. Komen for the Cure for inappropriate dietary recommendations. Getting CAM Services through NHS | Survey Participants Admit that they are overweight. Although the 2,282 people polled were in favour of cutting services for obese people, many of them admitted to being overweight. Some 42% of those aged 18-24 said they were too fat, while 80% of those aged over 55 confessed they needed to lose weight. Let's look at food desires and body types as possible indications of homeopathic remedies that may assist the body heal these imbalances. The Obesity-Hunger Paradox More on Obesity and Homeopathy Homeopathy WorldCommunity | There is a long list of homeopathic remedies specifically for 'obesity'. Remember that it is always best to have a thorough evaluation, include a complete nutritional and exercise program in your weight loss efforts. It's a lifestyle change. That means "For Life". Yes. Work one day at a time, with forgiveness, if you do not 'live up' to every commitment. But, make it a dedicated effort to change habits. Dr Ajay Yadav has written "Homeopathic Medicines for Obesity" Obesity can be best described as the most common nutritional disorder specially in the affluent group of people. Learn about more homeopathic remedies for obesity. Excellent article. Emotional Triggers & Issues Are Involved in the Obesity Epidemic Whether it is insecurity, a need for love and caring, a feeling of poverty, an inability to accomplish goals, and the other stresses of life we all deal with, some people exhibit these emotional problems in the way they carry their weight around. Some people become anorexic and can't keep the weight on, while others keep putting on the pounds. Homeopathy offers treatments for various aspects of obesity. Homeopathic medicines may help a person lose weight by balancing out the emotional issues surrounding the problem. When the person feels they have better coping mechanisms, more control in their choices, and self control the weight will come off on its own. Of course, they must take the steps to improve lifestyle and select healthy choices. With the homeopathic stimulus a person can lose weight by improving digestion, elimination, and metabolism. As you know, a homeopath takes an in-depth life history and clinical consultation to learn everything about a person in search of the matching energy remedy. Constitutional treatment means finding a holistic approach that covers likes, dislikes, physical weakness and strengths, taking into consideration play, work, goals, and relationship issues. SOME HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES OFTEN USED FOR STIMULATING THE BODY TO HEAL ITSELF IN THE DIRECTION OF ALLEVIATING OBESE TENDENCIES INCLUDE: Antimonium crudum | Irritability especially when someone warns you not to overeat because you don't like being told what to do; nor do you like people staring at you! This remedy helps with tendency to belching, gas and diarrhea, and shows up poor digestion with a coated tongue. Like sulphur, this type has acne and pimples. They crave more of the sour and vinegary foods. Argentum nitricum | For those addicted to sweets and chocolate. A key thing to look for is fear of heights and performance anxiety, even going into crowded rooms or narrow spaces. Very anxious types who breakdown easily from any kind of stress. This one is specific for performers of all kinds, especially singers. If you see someone reaching for that chocolate bar whenever they need comforting from too much anxiety and stress think about arg nit. Calcarea carbonica | These folks have very very slow metabolisms, to the point of not needing to go to the bathroom that often. They have trouble controlling their appetite, maybe because they are not getting the I'm Full signal. They especially love eggs and hot foods. A worry wort with flabby, soft muscles and tendency to sweat, especially on the head at night could use calc carb. Some physical symptoms that could lead you to this remedy are the sticky glue and runny nose. When they are on a diet, they can feel lightheaded and dizzy. These pudgy kids usually have fair skin and blonde hair, and may even like to eat chalk. its a good temperature they may find themselves warm, but going outside is even worse - which is the opposite of those needing pulsatilla. Capsicum | These overweight types are often home-sick and act lazy. Their appearance has a red face with burnings in the stomach. Yes, this is the hot pepper plant, so these folks may feel quite hot, irritable with indigestion and even depressive thoughts because they are home-sick. Inflammation is often present, including ear troubles like tinnitus and vertigo, burning hemorrhoids. You know the type who drinks and smokes, has bad odors and the typical burning like herpes outbreaks. Ferrum phos | This is often take as a cell salt to boost the immune system from fevers. For overweight people who are oversensitive, cranky while dieting and flush easily this may be a good selection. If you are trying to lose weight in connection with hormonal changes, such as menopause, this is a good remedy to try first. Graphites | This remedy that originates from carbon is thought of most often for weepy, oozing sticky skin wounds and abrasions. But, it is also great for perimenopausal woman who can't seem to lose weight. In appearance, either men or women have pale skin and are very sensitive to cold, with cold feet. Regarding digestion they have constipation and love to snack in-between meals. Ignatia | Known as the number one remedy for grief and loss, the person may appear a bit hysterical, out of control, anxious and fearful at times. With this loss, it helps to eat and even the act of swallowing the food feels good. You know how easy it is to put on weight when you are in a funk, grieving, and not able to get out and exercise. If you notice a lot of sighing this could be a clue (along with calc phos). Kali carbonicum | Best known for women who endure back labor, this remedy also helps with moving sinus discharge out of the system, and like graphites they can also have cold feet. This is for that person who easily puts on weight and it's so hard to take off. Lycopodium | Another type that adores sweets [like sulphur and arg nit types]. People who have fears and anxieties about doing a good job, performing in public, and want to be in control at home, while subservient at work may get help from this remedy. They may have most of the weight on the lower body and often have grey hair early in life.. Nux vomica | This remedy type loves drinking alcoholic beverages as a connoisseur, but also gets hangovers because like antimonium crudum they over-indulge in foods and drinks. And, like Natrum sulph, it is a liver booster. Temperamentally, they are passionate people that can go overboard with jealousy and abusive behavior and language to their loved ones, which is a bit like the lycopodium character. Whenever the liver is affected, we will see angry emotions. In addition to overweight, the person may have violent sneezing attacks with hayfever. They want to be able to do so much, but just can't, which includes ability to pass stool easily, which leads to constipation. These types can have lots of cramps and spasms, too. Staphysagria | Do you know the type that eats their own words? They just stuff down their anger and put up with a lot. These very sweet natured people can just keep the weight on as a representation of their hurt, pain and anger that is totally repressed within their bodies. Its possible these people have endured abuse as some time in their life. Sulphur | For those people who not only have excess weight, but also itchy, dirty skin and crave those sweets. This main polycrest (covers many symptoms) can talk up a storm. They just go on and on about any subject, but especially themselves. Also great for burnings in any mucus lining in eyes, nose, ears, throat, esophagus and obviously heartburn. Redness can be seen even on the skin and ears. You guessed it, these folks also like to drink alcohol, which can easily put on the beer belly. Sulphuricum Acidum | You know that person who has had too much to eat, but keeps on eating? These folks rush through everything, including the meal. The homeopathic acids are also good for depression; and sulphuric acid for deep pain and physical injury, like after a surgery. Like sulphur they do love sweets. Constitutionally, there are remedies that help with basic constitutional types that often have a tendency to be overweight. Examples are: Homeopathic remedies are gentle, safe and effective with no side effects. It is like surgery without the hospital bills and targets the whole individual, not just the stomach. You do not have to worry about over-dosing on drugs, getting addicted to these medications as in the many medical traumas associated with diet aids and supplements. Eating With Color In Mind Is An Easy Way to Select Good Foods BOOKS | A New Way Of Eating *********************************** Eat Right 4 Your Type: The Individualized Diet Solution to Staying Healthy, Living Longer & Achieving Your Ideal Weight | Peter D'Adamo makes a persuasive argument that your blood type is an evolutionary marker that tells you which foods you'll process best, and which will be useless calories. He covers the entire range of food connections for each of the four blood types, including entrées to condiments and seasonings, and also makes type-specific exercise and lifestyle recommendations. *********************************** Cook Right 4 Your Type: The Practical Kitchen Companion to Eat Right 4 Your Type | After naturopathic physician and researcher D'Adamo's first successful book, he goes on to provide more concrete examples how to adhere to the diet plan. It's a cook book! - *********************************** Anjum's Eat Right for Your Body Type: The Super-Healthy Detox Diet Inspired by Ayurveda | Like the previous two books, this concerns eating for the body type, but is traanslated as "the science of living wisely and well," the holistic medical system of Ayurveda medicine. Anjum teaches us how to obtain harmony within ourselves while maintaining harmony with nature. In this beautifully illustrated guide, celebrated chef Anjum Anand explains Ayurveda. Homeopathic Testimonial Don't Confuse Herbal Remedies with Homeopathy: They are completely different Do Not Confuse Herbal Combinations with Homeopathy Very often you will hear 'herbal' and 'homeopathy' in the same sentence lumped together. They are not the same thing. Herbs and tinctures have the substance of plants within their capsules or liquids. They have active chemical substances that can build up in the body, tissues, organs and can effect the functioning of them. It is recommended not to be taking these substances continually over time without a doctor's instructions, naturopath or herbalist who knows the proper quantity and combination with other substances. Homeopathy is diluted and succussed (potentized) to transfer the healing properties to the liquid dilution such as water or alcohol. This energy medicine is dropped and dried on sugar pellets or given in liquid form. Former Fat Gal Rob Cooper Looks Great Today Former Fat Guy The Former Fat Guy has a blog. He mentions homeopathy in his promotions. I would like it if he would distinguish between herbs and homeopathy in order to educate people of their differences. The basic premise is correct ~ that the body can heal itself. He speaks highly of his naturopaths, Kristine and Michael Earl. You can take a listen at his audio files and see for yourself. I don't really know the whole story. I like when he says, " the best source of trusted information is your own bodies signals to yourself. " One thing I could guess though -- he loves pickles! So, what remedy would you pick from the list above? P.S. Sepia a fantastic female hormone remedy also loves vinegar and sour foods. Encyclopedia of Homeopathy: The Definitive Home Reference Guide to Homeopathic Self-Help Remedies & Treatments for Common Ailments If you want to get started and have a more thorough description of the homeopathic medicines, this may be a good starting point. This authoritative volume combines a comprehensive explanation of the key theories and methods of practice with a meticulously researched reference section that details more than 320 remedies. Special features include a unique Materia Medica and a practical family guide. A beautifully illustrated Materia Medica section provides a full profile of each remedy, including its origin, historical and medicinal background, and preparation. It describes the principal physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms associated with finding the right remedy. In addition, a special section on serious ailments outlines how a professional homeopath approaches major health concerns. Self-Help remediesare recommended for over 100 common ailments, such as colic in babies, premenstrual tension, insomnia, and sciatica. Carefully devised checklists for both physical and mental symptoms make accurate self-assessment easier than ever before. Comprehensive, practical, and easily accessible, the Encyclopedia of Homeopathy offers essential information and practical guidance for everyone wishing to explore the healing properties and uses of this unique system of medicine. About the Author Dr. Andrew Lockie, M.B., Ch.B., MRCGP, M.F.Hom., Dip. Obst. RCOG, was a qualified homeopathic physician and a member of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Faculty of Homeopathy. He studied medicine at Aberdeen University and Royal London Homeopathic Hospital. After a period in general practice, he specialized in obstetrics and gynecology. Dr. Lockie practiced as a homeopathic physician for the past 22 years, and was a founding member of the Homeopathic Physicians Teaching Group, based in Oxford, which educates doctors and other health professionals about homeopathy. He wrote numerous articles for both the medical and lay press, and in conjunction with Dr. Nicola Geddes, wrote DK's highly successful Complete Guide to Homeopathy, which has sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. Your Drug-Free Guide to Healthy Weight Loss A More Select Group Of Remedies For Weight Loss The most effective weight loss efforts do not simply seek to reduce caloric intake and increase exercise but also seek to improve the overall health functioning so that the person's body operates in the most efficient and effective way possible. Ultimately, THIS book will teach the reader to achieve this higher level of health...and one of the "side-effects" of these efforts will be most sustained weight loss and improved quality of life. If THIS is your goal, get and read this book. --- Dana Ullman, MPH Product Description Read Your Drug-Free Guide to Healthy Weight Loss and finally shed those unwanted pounds by discovering your obstacles to losing weight. Find out how to eat, feel satisfied and lose excess pounds. Learn how to wrap your mind around your weight and stay focused on reaching your goal. Read about the common barriers to weight loss - such as blood sugar instability, thyroid dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, stress, emotional disturbances, food allergies and candida - and learn their natural solutions. vote upvote downshareprintflag - Useful (3) - Funny - Awesome (2) - Beautiful (1) - Interesting (1) Have Your SayLoading... Very, very interesting and I learned a lot from it. Thank you. Really happy to read alternative methods to weight loss than just regular exercise and diet changes. It's new to hear about homeopathy for weight loss. Thanks for posting! Great hub Debby! I'm not that familiar with homeopathy, I'm more of an herb girl; however, I feel I learned more about homeopathy here on your hub. Congrats on your win and thanks for sharing! :) This has opened my eyes more. Thanks. Thanks for stopping by with your recommendation:) I appreciate that. Actually, though I don't care for salty food. I never have trouble not eating salty stuff. Congratulations on your win. now I know more about homeopathy! Thank you, Hi Debby. Rob Cooper here. I'm quite clear about the chinese approach using herbs and the homeopathic approach that does not use herbs. Not mixing anything up at all. Not sure where you got the idea that I might be confused on the subject. I rarely ever talk about homeopathy. I understand it, would recommend it to anyone for anything, but dont talk about it. I have a writer who is a homeopath, who used to write about it for one of my websites. That's about it. Hi Debby, Thanks for such a great article. I too fit into a number of types. Antimonium crudum - esp the sour vinegary foods Calcarea carbonica - esp the sweaty head at night Capsicum - this is probably the type I most fit Nux vomica - esp the cramps and spasms How should I approach this? Also what dosage should be taken? I am a 6ft 6, 16st man. Thanks! Thanks for the encouragement to eat well and be healthy. Homeopathy, classically applied, is not about remedies for any particular ailment, it's about treating the central disturbance of the patient, not the outward manifestation of a disease. These trials will never validate homeopathy. This is a awesome hub chalk full of great information. Thanks much for all the hard work and research behind this HUB!! Thank you Debby, my sister has recently moved to Boston to help a friend suffering both the illness and treatment for cancer. She is very on board with homeopathic remedies for some of the side-effects of treatment and works with a well balanced diet to clean out toxins. He is doing much better since she showed up with her healthy diet books under one arm and her bright smile and confidence. Debby, thank you for the kind words in my fan mail and we are oraying for Kevin's relief and eventual recovery... this is the time when belief in miracles is a tremendous support. Debby, I used somewhat gourmet raw foods to mock all three food groups I used to crave. I knew it wasn't a long term answer, because really, I was just moving from processed salts, sweets and fats to natural, raw food versions. But you know what? Once I got off all that processed JUNK, my body changed. My cravings were gone. A little bit of the "natural" raw food versions I made at home totally satiated me. No more overdoing it. My moods stabilized and I lost weight, but that didn't last long because I got pregnant! Which was a happy surprise since my husband and I tried for years with no success. I think all the methods you shared here would work for specific cravings. But how many of us would benefit from being OFF the crazy processed foods to find out what's left of our cravings after all the hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, chemicals, and hydrogenated non-sense is gone. No more rambling. Thanks for the information and for being a bold leader in the health community. You are appreciated! Wonderful article. Debby. Some useful tips for weight loss 1. Stop eating spicy foods. Reduce your salt as well as sugar intake. 2. Drink at least 10 glasses of water daily 3. Enjoy aerobic exercise-walking, brisk walk, jogging, cycling or swimming in the morning before sunrise. For this you have to sleep early. 4. Stop eating junk food such as cold drinks, burgers, sandwich, etc Dear Bruck, I want to know that what will be dosage of lycopdium medicine for me. my age is 32 and weight is 74 kg. A really interesting piece and one I will certainly refer to with my weight loss clients. Thanks! Homeopathy Takes long run to reduce weight. But it is very effective and constant. Using with homeopathy we can reduce fat without any side effects. Thanks to DEBBY BRUCK to this informative page. Jessi_4<< Lizzie 2 years ago I'm not sure which one I'd pick. I think I'd fit in a few of the categories. When I'm really hungry I crave cheese! Is that weird? I also really like sweets and can always pass up chips or salty snacks.

How Does One Commemorate And Heal From An Anniversary Such As September 9/11?67 What is an anniversary? The commemoration of a specific date in history on which an event took place; in which the preceding years, such as the anniversary of taking wedding vows in a marriage, the entry into the threshold when someone moved into a new home, the erection of a monument, an inauguration of a ship to sea, or the upon the death of a loved one. Anniversaries may be joyous or sad occasions depending upon the type of event being remembered, honored, celebrated and commemorated. I watched the ceremonies live here | This gives me chills and feelings of sadness. #tears Families commemorate the Anniversary of 911 | Gathering at Ground Zero The World Trade Center | Most Awesome Video A View From The Sky In Preparation For This Day Hubpages Commemorate September 911 - Who Are The Real Victims Of The World Trade Center Fall? - 911 The Tenth Anniversary Turning the Negative into Positive Can you believe it has been ten years since the attack on the Twin Towers in NY city? Why not plan to do something on this day that will make a difference in the lives of others? - Heroes Remembering September 9-11 - 102 Minutes That Changed America The Twin Towers 911 a people's eye view by Ethel Smith - 911 Lest We Forget Islamic terrorists must be stopped at all costs. Nobody is safe so long as people like these are permitted to roam free. How does one commemorate an anniversary, such as September 9/11? In this year 2011, we have collected a decade of speeches, diaries, recordings, remembrances, photographs, memories, telephone conversations, arguments, analysis, videos, debates, vlogs and blogs. The letters that have been written, the poems read, the songs sung, the music played, the bells rung and so much more. The reading and rubbing of names. Time passed slowly and then picked up the pace as each year has passed. Imagine, ten years of anniversaries, ten years to look back and wonder about that day's events. We offer words of comfort to each other. Organizations may plan in advance special events to make this day holy, to honor the people involved whether they were part of the rescue teams, those trapped in the events of the day, or those left behind to mourn and carry on the traditions. Families may come together to talk about how the time has effected them and how they have changed due to those events. Since September 9/11 was a day in infamy, and a great loss of life and national security, it has become a time to be solemn, maybe to have a minute of silence, to light some candles, to send a card or email, to pray or hold each other's hand, to give a look of understanding, or to say a few words. We are often asked, "Where were you on September 9/11?" Now, those born in that year are ten. What do they remember? In fact, their spiritual essence may have been effected by the state of the parents and siblings. A sense of terror, fear and insecurity could bring a child into a more insecure environment. Instead of letting the child outside to play freely, more steps to secure their whereabouts or safety may lead to over-protection. The entire nation has developed this sensibility and our government has utilized this sense of fear and trepidation to take more power over the people, as we relinquish our freedoms, all for a facade of security. Just this week I heard the removal of shoes at the airport may be a thing of the past, yet in its place will be other types of intrusions upon our privacy. A Nation Mourns When one grieves individually, especially if you were personally touched by a loss of friend, associate or family member, or one grieves the loss of a kind of perspective and feeling about life the world changes forever. We cannot turn back the hands of time, but how do we heal and go forward? How do we honor those who have lost their lives in September 9/11? Many organizations or funds have emerged to help rebuild the location of the twin towers, to give to the fire-fighters, police and emergency squads. We recognize and respect the public workers that we perhaps took for granted. We see the need for more public service volunteer workers and trained emergency personnel. Communities may erect walkways, parks, and quiet spaces for contemplation on the world's events. Have we merged closer to our families and communities for strength in preparations for the days ahead? I'm sure there are many more ways to honor this day and make it part of our daily lives. Homeopathy Heals Trauma In what state are we living after the trauma? Here I would like to present the homeopathic perspective on healing after deep wounds. We can investigate the themes of how we have been effected and types of remedies to help the body, mind and spirit cope and recover from pain. What kinds of stress do you have everyday and what coping mechanisms have you developed? First is a state of shock. Do you feel you have still not recovered? The literature that homeopaths utilize consist of the materia medica which catalogs the medicines and drugs and all their effects clinical and proven. The repertories itemize the symptoms in an organized fashion with lists of homeopathic remedies that have been used to heal these particular symptoms. Some are at a higher grade than others. Some have been used more often and consistently in certain situations. - For a person who harbor an expression of terror or delirium three major remedies have been used: belladonna, cuprum and stramonium For someone who you observe have an expression of fright a list of 29 remedies can be found, so it is best to always consult a professional who can do a full consultation and evaluate your total needs, rather than selecting a remedy upon one symptom alone. A few of the highest grades for this frightful expression include: Aconite, ail, baptisia, cantharis, spongia, stramonium, and veratrum album. You will find that a few remedies keep rising to the top because they cover many of the symptoms acquired after a trauma. Now what if the person suppresses their fear and instead when they sleep the unconscious mind expresses their terror in dreams? For this, if one dreams of terrorists, which I can imagine could be happening to many people working in government, at airports, high security locations or concerned about attacks since we hear on the news media daily of these events then two remedies have recently been proven as helpful. These two minerals are carbon dioxide and ozone. They have also been helpful for young children who have learning disabilities. Another way the mind/body/spirit responds to trauma can be reoccurring panic attacks that totally overpower the person's calm. This amount of fear can be tallied with a number of other rubrics. In my research there were over 60 remedies listed for panic attacks. Of those remember Aconite, argentrum-nitricum, bamboo, cannabis, coffee, cuprum, gelsemium, graphite, bromide of potash, opium, stramonium, tarentula, and veratrum album. Those are just a few. You can see how aconite, cuprum, stramonium and veratrum album keep coming up in the repertory. Each remedy has a particular symptom picture that describes how the person reacts to stress. There is a whole set of other remedies for children in a state of fear. See the image that shows the remedies. Aconite, arsenicum, aurum-bromide, baryta-carb, bismuth, boron, bufo, calcarea car, carcinosin, causticum, chelidonium, chlol, cina, cuprum, cuprum-acet, gelsemium, ignatia, kali-bromide, kali-phos, lycopodium, opium, phosphorus, plac, plutonium-nitricum, staphysagria, stramonium, syphilinum and tuberculinum are some of them in bold letters. When a person has experience such a dramatic event, that came out of no where and was so sudden, like an attack, we can research this feeling. A person may continue to have this delusion that they will be attacked at any moment. I want to thank Roger van Zanvoort for the illustrations from his computer program CompleteDynamics Our Nation Is Built Upon Pride and Justice And The American Way Innocence Lost When we have felt this fright and terror, suddenly our nation and we, as individuals may feel vulnerable. We now have a weaker position in society, our innocence lost. With this fear of attack, the response may to be to hide, shrink away, stay to ourselves. Or, instead, we may become more bold. Depending upon each person's individual nature will be their response to life events. Has the integrity of this country disintegrated? Do more people feel they can no longer stand for injustices in the world? There are 76 remedies for persons who feel this way. Many emotional reactions including, shame, offense, feeling accused, becoming defiant or event averse to politics may be an outcome from such world events. A Desire to Protect Self and Others On the other hand, a mother wants to protect their children, a father wants to protect the family and nation. So, we have a number of homeopathic remedies for the issues of security, defense and protection. Don't forget if a parent becomes over protective, this might stifle to growth and independence of the children. They may become insecure and feel more afraid then if they were given the opportunities to feel independent and test new things and places. There are three specific remedies that turn up for the delusion when a person feels they have no defense or shield of protection: carcinosin, peregrine falcon and Stoichactis kenti the sea anemone. Who Is The Real Enemy? A person may feel not just attacked but as if they are pursued. Mirelli provides 375 potential remedies for this theme. And a smaller list when we look at specifically pursued by an enemy. I imagine a number of government officials, war veterans and soldiers may have this feeling. Or they could feel as if everyone is their enemy, which many might call paranoia. Religious Affections The next theme that I think of concerns going to church or getting closer to a higher being. Desiring to understand more about the universe when all things seem chaotic and out of control. I can imagine that people turn to God and search for answers on how to heal. For these responses of individuals and even communities who have undergone such intense trauma, as in the Haiti earthquake and the September 9/11 crashes and bombings, frightful images of fire, ash and people jumping from windows or being stuck in stairwells, we can investigate these anxieties about salvation. Five Homeopathic Remedies Associated With Religious Affection Five remedies appear for person who constantly talk about religious subjects: Banded demoiselle (damselfly) which must feel quite vulnerable and fragile, hyoscyamus henbane a plant in the solanacea family, stramonium jimsonweed also in the solanacea family , hydrogen-sulphide which must have explosive properties and veratrum album white hellebore in the lily family. What about Fear of Impending Evil? When a person has a scare or fright that shock may stick with them. This can be carried into the future even when the episode has ended. We can investigate when the mind is afraid of evil which brings up 192 possible remedies. Or simply that something bad or evil will happen to them, which shows 128 potential homeopathic remedies. But, if we look at feeling sadness with this feeling of impending evil the scope is narrowed to just five. You may ask yourself if you are constantly praying, have become more spiritual, or desire a more spiritual connection because the forces on the ground cannot protect you from these evil or unseen forces of darkness? The whole nation can have compassion and comprehend such feelings when we have all experienced a terrorist attack of this magnitude together. However, how do we lift these anxieties? We can still remain religious and close to God, but not in a way that stifles our wholeness and courage and move about freely. Have We Been Wounded? Do we have permanent scars from the September 9/11 experience? Could one feel wounded both in body and in spirit? How easily when we are hurt, cut, bruised in our soul being this place can remain as an open sore, or this place easily reopened like an old wound? Especially, we have a rubric that says, "Grief, from feeling wounded: Chamomilla and Ignatia" These two very emotional remedies may help. America Is A Proud Nation Could the core of American national pride have been bruised? We have specifically ten remedies listed for "Ailments from injured pride and feeling wounded." Of those I will mention the bald eagle our national bird, palladium a valuable metal and staphysagrias a plant that heals old wounds when people walk about with a facade of a happy face and pleasant nature, but deep down they feel anger. Well, I will add one more, that one Helleborus has also been mentioned because of its strong religious connection. If persons have been living in a quiet state of grief and loss, it may be time to recover. Those who still mourn those dark days with silent grief, feelings of collapse can find help with homeopathic remedies. As indicated in the previous set of remedies, a good number of people may harbor resentment and anger along with sadness and grief. For those individuals there are a good number of potential remedies. From Innocence To Skepticism A reaction to injury, feeling wounded or hurt pride could be settling in of doubt of the securities of your surrounding or the people around you. As one feels under attack but forces unseen, one could also look to the authorities or governments as trying to deceive you, or promote falsehoods or untruths. A person may feel manipulated and then skepticism sets in. This theme of suspicion, feeling betrayed, deceived and mistrustfulness contains a long list of remedies. They must be evaluated with the totality of the case and all the other physical and emotional symptoms portrayed by the individual. Nightmares In Adults and Children Can you trace a change in sleep habits from a fright? It could be that a trauma results in nightmares. With this comes the natural startle response upon hearing loud noises and sounds. Since the crash of airplanes into the Twin Towers and Pentagon, suddenly when people experienced the August 2011 Virginia earthquake and in surrounding states everyone started to freak out and immediately had flashbacks to September 9/11. These impressions remain not just as reminders but as brain signals and cellular impulses that immediately put a person into a stressful state of existence. Here we can research startles easily and information about nightmares. - Waking from a frightful nightmare or dream indicates four possible remedies: nux-vomica, henweed in the phytolacca family, sarsparilla in the lily family and silica a mineral that provides stamina. Over a hundred remedies can be found simply from startling from noise and specifically under certain conditions or times of day or night, or starting from sleep. Ailments from Shock I would like to end this presentation with a note about ailments from shock. Everyone has experienced a shock of one sort or another. As kids, something suddenly comes out in the dark of night, a sibling plays a trick on you, as a teen you may fall while playing or become embarrassed, or perhaps get into an accident. Losing a loved one, moving away from your home or having a break in a relationship can all be considered shocking. When I look upon some of the documentary photos, they appear like surreal frozen moments in time or like movie footage. It couldn't be real! We watch so many of these war films or espionage where buildings blow up, bombs planted that we may become numb to explosions and images that have already been implanted into our minds. Thus we can feel paralyzed with fear and dread. I hope this commemorative piece has assisted anyone who feels that this anniversary has impacted their lives in a way that has prevented them from moving forward. To learn more about homeopathy you may view the pages of Homeopathy World Community, a professional website for homeopaths. You may contact me with questions and listen to the weekly BlogTalkRadio shows. Hubpages Commemorate This Day September 9th - The Tenth Anniversary of 911 For those of us old enough to be reading this article, we all remember where we were that day the 11th of September, 2001. It wasn't the first time terrorists had attacked on U.S. soil, but it was by far the biggest attack on American soil by... - September 11, the Pentagon, WTC and WTF What are they thinking? The thousand s of motorcyclistspredictions range to a ten-fifteen mile stream of themcoming to Washington in the middle of a workdaywhat is going on in their thousands of helmeted heads? September 11, 2001, is a... - a daze, unable to accept what I had... - Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 - Coincidences of The World Trade Center 911 - The True story of 911 in Plane Site | World Trade C... 911 In Plane Site : Was it a Conspiracy theory? This hub is based on a video named 911 In Plane Site. This is basically an analytical gist of the video evidence of all the 911 incidents, related to the plane crash sites. Pentagon site: American... This Day In History | The Energy of This Day Each and every moment of each and every day possesses a potential energy for good and evil to harm or heal the world. We can learn these lessons from the Old Testament and the Prophets. On this day: Noah Dispatches Raven (2105 BCE) | On the 10th of Elul of the year 1656 from creation (2105 BCE), as the Great Flood neared its end, Noah opened the window of the Ark and dispatched a raven to determine if the flood waters had begun to recede (Genesis 8:1; Rashi). As the last month of the Jewish year, Elul is traditionally a time of introspection and stocktaking of all the days that have passed before in that year. Each person reviews their relationships, the good deeds and fulfillment of goals. The Jewish people look forward to High Holy Days when God's spirit comes close. The sages record this month of forgiveness as a time of mercy after making reparations for misdeeds, and harmful words spoken. This is a time of love and the potential to repair broken relationships, whether they be individual or on a greater scale, even at international levels. When we pray wholeheartedly, give to those in need and increase our love for all beings we enhance this day and this month. >>IMAGE: - Sympathy versus Empathy | You Don't Know Until You Ask and Homeopathy Consultation What's the difference between empathy and sympathy? How do we get in touch with self and others to heal? - Death By Drugs | Homeopathy and Alexa Ray Joel Who Took Safe Homeopathic Heal Tra - TSA Out of Hand Americans Lose Their Freedoms From Body Scans At Airport Check Points Americans are losing their freedoms every day. Take the polls here. 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And the words you write here ""Each and every moment of each and every day possesses a potential energy for good and evil to harm or heal the world. " rings true. This page truly is special and so much good information for all of us. It was such a tramatic impact that I think nobody can get over it, especially people who lost their loved ones. We can just try and cope with it and remember. DebbyBruck: Thank you for the poignant, respectful analysis of the horrific events on 9/11 and of the emotional, physical and psychological fallout. It is much appreciated that you bring in problem-solving on nature's terms through homeopathy. Voted up, etc., Derdriu Marilyn Freedman 8 months ago Thank you, Debby, for this article. It's been a long day of commemorations all over the world. Great research on homeopathic self help.

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Petrobras stake in Peruvian block (8/5/2010) Carrizo & Reliance Industries form Marcellus Shale JV (8/4/2010) ExxonMobil farming out offshore Congo stake (8/4/2010) Brigham adds 52,800 acres to its Williston Basin acreage (8/4/2010) Tullow farming into Centric's NW Kenya concession (8/4/2010) Beach acquires stakes in 2 Egyptian blocks from Kuwait Energy (8/4/2010) Egdon & Star farmout UK onshore PEDL139 & PEDL140 (8/4/2010) Ithaca acquires several GDF Suez UK North Sea interests (8/3/2010) Mainland adds 100% stake in western Mississippi (8/3/2010) Pacific Energy adds stake in Utah Cedar Rim well (8/3/2010) Wapiti buys Delta Rocky Mt & Texas Gulf properties (8/3/2010) Talisman & Ecopetrol acquiring BP Colombia for $1.9 billion (8/2/2010) Iraq postpones auction of 3 field development projects (8/2/2010) NWest farming out stake in Gulf of St Lawrence prospect (8/1/2010) BP exercises preferential rights on Permian Basin sale (8/1/2010) BP, Imperial & ExxonMobil link for Beaufort Sea exploration (7/30/2010) Melrose farming out stake in Rhone Maritime to Noble Energy (7/30/2010) Global relinquishes Panama's Garachine Block (7/29/2010) AWE to farmout Bass Strait block off Australia (7/29/2010) Kea acquiring Genesis Power New Zealand E&P permit (7/29/2010) Essar, Arrow, Great Eastern awarded 7 CBM blocks in India (7/29/2010) Shell selling 5 Niger Delta oil leases in Nigeria (7/29/2010) Monitor acquiring up to 90% interest in Trinidad licenses (7/28/2010) Innamincka adds stake in South Australia Cooper Basin block (7/28/2010) Cove farming into 5 deepwater blocks offshore Kenya (7/27/2010) Buguruslanneft awarded Ivanovskoye license in Orenburg (7/27/2010) Ecuador replacing PSCs with flat service fees (7/27/2010) Tullow completes $1.35 billion buy of Heritage's Uganda stakes (7/26/2010) Rosnedra recommends revocation of Total-Novatek JV license (7/26/2010) Gazonor granted permit in France's Nord Pas de Calais (7/26/2010) KazMunayGaz joins Shell in managing Kashagan 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lease sale set for next month (7/9/2010) Dana farms into Eni's Anne Marie Block off the Faroe Islands (7/9/2010) Canada's Flemish Pass blocks up for bid (7/8/2010) Chevron in JV with Rosneft to develop Black Sea deepwater field (7/8/2010) Azabache granted Colombia's La Mona Block (7/7/2010) Delta terminates sale of Colorado Piceance Basin assets (7/7/2010) Heritage sale to Tullow of Uganda stakes approved (7/7/2010) GeoResources adds North Dakota Bakken shale acreage (7/6/2010) MOL scores 3 blocks in Romania's 10th Round (7/6/2010) Ecopetrol okayed to participate in Peruvian concession (7/6/2010) Lukoil & Vanco take 2 Romanian Black Sea blocks (7/5/2010) Zorlu finalizes sale of oil & gas operations to TransAtlantic (7/5/2010) Chile gearing up for 2nd Magallanes licensing (7/5/2010) GNPC rejects sale of Jubilee Field stake to ExxonMobil (7/5/2010) Quest acquires B&B Oil's Texas producing wells & leases (7/5/2010) Carnarvon farms into AWE Taranaki block off New Zealand (7/5/2010) ADX 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South Australia license to Vicpet (6/15/2010) Oilex-led JV relinquishes onshore Oman Block 56 (6/15/2010) Africa Oil farms out stake in Puntland blocks (6/14/2010) Doxa doubles stake in Eagle Ford Shale in South Texas (6/14/2010) KKR & Hilcorp JV to develop Eagle Ford Shale assets (6/13/2010) Spring sells stake in Norwegian exploration license (6/10/2010) MEO adds interest in Western Australia operated block (6/9/2010) Petrolia takes lands surrounding Haldimand discovery (6/8/2010) PDC expands Wattenberg Niobara acreage in Colorado (6/8/2010) Farmout of Colorado's Jolly Ranch Project underway (6/7/2010) Gulfsands exercises option for added interest in AuDAX permits (6/7/2010) Clayton Williams sells North Louisiana properties (6/7/2010) C-NLOPB offering two Atlantic Jeanne d'Arc Basin tracts (6/7/2010) Aegean commits to 4 Egypt farm-in exploration wells (6/6/2010) Bridge wins UK North Sea license (6/6/2010) Rosneft farms into Sharjah Onshore Concession (6/4/2010) Venezuela awards PDVSA & Eni JV new concession (6/4/2010) India's DGH lining up a 9th licensing round (6/4/2010) Total to explore Kazakhstan's Zhenis Block (6/4/2010) Maersk picks up Wintershall stake in Norwegian license (6/3/2010) Noble selling onshore US assets for $550 million (6/3/2010) Det Norske farms out North Sea Ulvetanna stake to Repsol (6/2/2010) WestSide alliance with Mitsui to include Queensland CSG (6/2/2010) Lynden takes stake in option on 101,495 acres in West Texas (6/1/2010) Caza farms out stake in Texas Bongo Prospect (6/1/2010) Petroceltic farms out stake in Italian Adriatic block (6/1/2010) Noreco farms into Danish license for operatorship (6/1/2010) Petrobras awarded exploration permit in Raukumara Basin (5/31/2010) Arrow picks up PSC from PetroChina for Dajing Block (5/30/2010) Carthago seeking farmout of Tunisia's Medjerda permit (5/28/2010) Shell buys East Resources' Marcellus Shale assets (5/28/2010) Penn Virginia buys Marcellus Shale acreage for $19.5 million (5/27/2010) Maurel & Prom swaps assets to operate Llanos Basin block (5/27/2010) Madalena wins extension of 3 Neuquen, Argentina blocks (5/26/2010) European Gas' French exploration permits renewed (5/26/2010) BG's farm-in offshore southern Tanzania approved (5/25/2010) Magnum Hunter & Hunt Oil link for Texas Eagle Ford Shale (5/25/2010) Aminex picks up North Korea PSC for East Sea block (5/25/2010) NextEra buying into PetroQuest Woodford acreage (5/21/2010) Indonesia puts up 27 blocks for bid in 2010 round (5/21/2010) Habanero buys former partners' stakes in Alberta oil sands (5/21/2010) Statoil sells 40% stake in Brazil's Peregrino Field to Sinochem (5/21/2010) Stuart granted South Australia exploration license (5/21/2010) PDC trades Michigan gas producers for West Texas oil producers (5/20/2010) Pancontinental farms into DVM's Queensland permit (5/20/2010) BNK adds another German concession to portfolio (5/20/2010) Mitsui acquiring stake in two onshore Oman blocks (5/20/2010) Nexen selling Canadian heavy oil assets for $975 million (5/20/2010) Devon farming into Caza's Windham Wolfberry Prospect in Texas (5/20/2010) Roc picks up new stakes offshore Taranaki, New Zealand (5/19/2010) One-year extensions granted on Zion's 2 Israeli blocks (5/19/2010) ONGC invites 4 majors to buy into key Krishna Godavari block (5/19/2010) Lundin awarded 2 blocks off Sabah, Malaysia (5/19/2010) Anadarko farms into Global NZ Taranaki Basin license (5/18/2010) Mitra & Kufpec take PSC for Vietnam offshore block (5/18/2010) AED Oil farming out stake in Rombebai PSC onshore Papua (5/18/2010) HRT & Universal Power awarded blocks offshore Namibia (5/17/2010) Voyager picks up Bakken leases in North Dakota & Montana (5/17/2010) Realm granted concession in Germany's Lower Saxony (5/17/2010) CNOOC & TPAO granted Iraq's Maysan oil fields contract (5/17/2010) Tullow awarded Suriname deepwater block (5/17/2010) Australia launches 2010 licensing round (5/16/2010) Cook Inlet Lease Sale set for 26 May (5/16/2010) Shell & PetroChina granted Qatar's Block D (5/16/2010) Indonesia grants 14 blocks in latest licensing round (5/13/2010) China Investment paying $805 million for Alberta heavy oil stake (5/13/2010) MegaWest farms out major stake in Montana's Teton Prospect (5/13/2010) Apache farms into Western Australia's Zola Block (5/12/2010) Papuan Oil Search calling for Tunisian farm-in (5/12/2010) CNOOC & Sinochem said bidding for Brazil's Peregrino Field (5/12/2010) New Sage joining Louisiana's Valentine Project (5/12/2010) India rejects CBM-IV bids by Deep CH4 consortium (5/12/2010) Quicksilver adds more interest in Texas' Fort Worth Basin (5/12/2010) Aegean farms into Egypt block for operatorship (5/12/2010) Candax farms out stake in onshore Tunisia concession (5/11/2010) Empire signs off for Tasmania Basin block (5/11/2010) Hess farming into Toreador's Paris Basin permits in France (5/10/2010) Galizien farms into EuroGas CBM properties in Ukraine (5/10/2010) Energas pick up Colorado Kiowa County prospect (5/10/2010) Total acquires stake in ConocoPhillips' Arafura Sea blocks (5/10/2010) BG acquiring 50% stake in EXCO's US Appalachian assets (5/9/2010) Encana establishes new gas shale position in Michigan (5/9/2010) Novus farms into Dodsland, Saskatchewan acreage (5/9/2010) Brazil okays Ecopetrol buy into Espirito Santo block (5/7/2010) CNOOC offering 13 offshore blocks for foreign participation (5/7/2010) Iraq calls for bids on 3 gasfields (5/7/2010) Marathon taking over Alvheim FPSO operation (5/7/2010) US Interior Secretary halts all offshore drilling leases (5/6/2010) Cuba extends Petrobras drilling deadline (5/5/2010) Spring acquiring Wintershall interests in Norwegian North Sea (5/5/2010) Colombia's next round registers 83 companies (5/5/2010) Brunei asks Petronas to develop 2 newly gained blocks (5/5/2010) Treaty buys into Princess Petroleum's Belize concession (5/5/2010) San Leon Energy awarded Szczawno Concession in Poland (5/4/2010) Vanguard buying stakes in Texas, New Mexico & Mississippi (5/4/2010) Egdon granted France's Navacelles Exploration Permit (5/3/2010) Petrobras to explore Portugal's deepwater Alentejo Basin (4/30/2010) Devon sells stake in block off China to CNOOC Limited (4/29/2010) Eni exits Iran's Darkhovin Field operatorship (4/29/2010) Woodside farms into Cue's Carnarvon Basin permit (4/29/2010) Dune selling stake in Louisiana field for $30 million (4/29/2010) Philippines amends Otto's SC55 work program & budget (4/29/2010) Exterra acquiring major interest in large Texas oilfield (4/28/2010) Otto withdraws from Ascent-operated Italian block (4/28/2010) MEO Australia scores renewal of Timor Sea permit (4/28/2010) Hemisphere adds interest in BC's Trutch property (4/27/2010) Total sells stakes in 2 Norwegian fields to BP (4/26/2010) Petrel turns over Iraq's Subba & Luhais development to Makman (4/25/2010) Carnarvon picks up new Carnarvon Basin permit (4/25/2010) Buru Energy JV granted West Kora 1 production license (4/23/2010) Solo Oil farming into Aminex's Ruvuma PSA blocks (4/23/2010) Atlas & Reliance jointly acquire 42,000 Marcellus Shale acres (4/21/2010) Malaysia-Brunei agreement ends Murphy's Blocks L & M PSCs (4/21/2010) Edison International farming out Iran offshore block (4/20/2010) No more extensions of Indonesia's Langgak lease for Chevron (4/20/2010) Mosaic farms into Queensland Cooper Basin block (4/19/2010) PetroChina signs for Junin 4 JV with PDVSA (4/18/2010) Jordan nixes Dead Sea deal with Trans-Global (4/18/2010) Agora farming into Premier & Valiant UK licenses (4/16/2010) US MMS hands over US Gulf's Entrada to ATP (4/16/2010) Venoco sells Texas producing properties (4/16/2010) Iraq to auction licenses for 3 more fields (4/16/2010) Trinidad & Tobago offering 46 offshore blocks (4/16/2010) Petrobras discussing sale to Sinopec of stakes in 2 blocks (4/15/2010) Baytex buys heavy oil assets in SW Saskatchewan (4/14/2010) Beach farms into Lakes Oil onshore Gippsland Basin licenses (4/14/2010) Liberty picks up Bulgaria's A-Lovech Block (4/14/2010) Mosaic farming into New Zealand Taranaki Basin block (4/14/2010) Petrobras acquires 1st Australian license for $39 million (4/14/2010) Vicpet gets go-ahead to acquire South Australia permits (4/13/2010) Total evaluating EuroGas' western Ukraine CBM assets (4/13/2010) Mariner adds interest in 54,000 Wyoming's DJ Basin acres (4/13/2010) Devon to receive $1.05 billion for US Gulf assets (update) (4/12/2010) Gazprom to get a stake in Libya's giant Al Fiil Field (4/12/2010) ConocoPhillips selling stake in Syncrude to Sinopec (4/12/2010) TransAtlantic picks up 2 projects onshore Turkey (4/12/2010) Goodrich adds Eagle Ford Shale acreage in Texas (4/11/2010) Goldnev boosts stake in Pasquia Hills oil shale block to 100% (4/11/2010) Apache nearing acquisition of Devon's shallow US Gulf assets (4/9/2010) Tunisia grants offshore frontier licenses to Shell (4/9/2010) Reliance paying $1.7 billion for US Marcellus Shale stake (4/9/2010) Entek farms out Galveston Island block to Peregrine (4/8/2010) VHGI successful bidder on Texas state water leases (4/8/2010) W&T Offshore acquiring Total's stakes in 3 US Gulf blocks (4/8/2010) Eurogas buys Ontario's largest oil & gas assets (4/7/2010) Baraka farms out interest in Australia's Georgina Basin permits (4/7/2010) Aegean farms into Egypt Gulf of Suez block (4/7/2010) Chevron to produce or give up Cambodian concessions (4/7/2010) Talisman selling Canadian non-core assets for $1.89 billion (4/7/2010) Audax does another Tunisia farmout with Bombora (4/6/2010) Cadogan farming out stake in Ukraine licenses (4/6/2010) Petroceltic & Sonatrach win 2-year Isarene extension (4/6/2010) Pebble Petroleum farms out Flat Lake stake to Crescent Point (4/6/2010) Cote d'Ivoire block passes to Rialto with CLNR buy (4/6/2010) Kodiak adds Bakken & Three Forks acreage in North Dakota (4/5/2010) Syria launches licensing round for 8 onshore blocks (4/5/2010) Denbury brings in $900 million in sale of Encore assets (4/5/2010) Medco Energi takes over Libya's Area 47 operation (4/4/2010) Statoil & Petrobras quit ONGC Bay of Bengal JV (4/4/2010) Putin & Chavez seal deal for Orinoco block development (4/4/2010) WestSide & Mitsui acquiring Queensland's Dawson CSG lease (4/4/2010) Linn picks up Permian Basin leases for $305 million (4/2/2010) Imperial assumes operation of Kentucky wells in receivership (4/2/2010) Ramba acquires Ellipse & Jatirarangon gasfield (4/1/2010) New strategy for US offshore E&P (update) (4/1/2010) American nets $46 million for Powder River assets (4/1/2010) Namibia renews license for Block 1711 (4/1/2010) IFR sells Britcana Energy sub to Nexen (4/1/2010) Hess selling UK North Sea gas assets for $423 million (3/31/2010) Total picks up Montelimar Permit in France (3/31/2010) Valiant farms out Viola & Tybalt UK North Sea prospects (3/31/2010) Statoil farms out interest in Tanzania offshore block to ExxonMobil (3/31/2010) Maersk acquiring Devon stake in Brazil Campos Basin block (3/30/2010) Shell adds Eagle Ford Shale acreage in south Texas (3/30/2010) Tap Oil takes Ghana's Offshore Accra concession (3/29/2010) Xtract farming out Candarli Bay license in Turkey (3/29/2010) TNK-BP sub scores rights to Orenburg, Russia gasfield (3/29/2010) SW Energy awarded New Brunswick exploration licenses (3/28/2010) Sinopec spending $2.46 billion for Angola stakes (3/26/2010) Lukoil exiting Iran project due to US pressure (3/26/2010) DR Congo to offer blocks at Lakes Tanganyika & Kivu (3/26/2010) Bridge to sell UK Southern North Sea portfolio (3/26/2010) Gabon's 10th licensing round to offer deepwater blocks (3/26/2010) Santos sells its interest in Evans Shoal to Magellan (3/26/2010) Statoil acquires stake in Chesapeake Marcellus Shale (3/25/2010) Norse buy into Texas Barnett Shale cancelled (3/25/2010) Cooper awarded Indonesian block with oil fields (3/24/2010) KrisEnergy & Enovation farming into Neon's Vietnam block (3/24/2010) Suncor selling gas properties for about $229.2 million (3/24/2010) Magellan picks up permit offshore Australia's Northern Territory (3/24/2010) EnCore Oil selling onshore UK assets to Egdon (3/23/2010) AuDAX terminates Tunisia farmout to DNO (3/23/2010) Celtic granted facility license for Kaybob, Alberta (3/23/2010) Tower asks to continue exploring Uganda's Block EA5 (3/23/2010) Netherlands awards onshore Zuid-Friesland III license (3/23/2010) CNPC & Shell submit PSC for gas E&P in Sichuan, China (3/22/2010) Gulfsands farming into AuDAX Tunisian & Italian permits (3/21/2010) BNK sub granted 3 Polish Baltic Basin blocks (3/19/2010) India okays $2.18 billion investment in Venezuela (3/19/2010) Licenses for Russia's Nenets Trebsa & Titova Fields for sale (3/19/2010) Slow moving Indian government approves 33 block awards (3/19/2010) Gulf United joins Upland in Peru concessions (3/18/2010) Delta sells stake in Colorado Vega area assets (3/18/2010) Consol pays $3.47 billion for Dominion's Appalachian E&P business (3/18/2010) No compensation for TNK-BP if Kovyktinskoye expropriated (3/18/2010) Noreco takes over operation of Barents Sea license (3/18/2010) Salamander farms into Vietnam Song Hong Basin block (3/17/2010) Red Sky joins Resolve in CSG prone permit area (3/17/2010) Total takes 50% of Kazakhstan's OTG Concession (3/17/2010) US MMS receives almost $1 billion in Central US Gulf sale bids (3/16/2010) Two Bulgarian blocks being divvied up (3/16/2010) TG World farms into Philippines' Tindalo & Yakal Fields (3/16/2010) US MMS launching Central Gulf of Mexico Lease Sale (3/16/2010) Brigham buying 10,000 more acres in Rough Rider Project (3/15/2010) Brazil to hold non-presalt licensing round (3/15/2010) Mainland sells Haynesville Shale interest for $27 million (3/15/2010) Longford now operator of Chia Surkh Block (3/15/2010) Grid acquires assets in Wyoming's SE Jonah Field (3/15/2010) Petrohawk sells stake in Louisiana's Terryville Field (3/15/2010) Nevada BLM leases 81,302 acres for $372,897 (3/12/2010) GAIL, GSPC, & Bengal win Tamil Nadu concession (3/12/2010) Alberta cuts oil & gas producers' royalty rates (3/12/2010) Perenco awarded offshore block in Cameroon basin (3/12/2010) Red Sky farm-in with Central Petroleum held to Pedirka Basin (3/12/2010) AED operator of Brunei Block L after Nations takeover (3/11/2010) Yilgarn farming out stake in Philippines block to TG World (3/11/2010) Total adding more shale gas acreage to portfolio (3/11/2010) BKM acquiring SMG & Mongolia's Block XXX (3/11/2010) BP buying Devon's Brazil, US Gulf & Azeri assets for $7 billion (3/10/2010) Strike unable to agree to terms quits Philippine farm-in (3/10/2010) GeoPark re-jigs participations in Chilean blocks (3/10/2010) Tullow to sell stakes in Namibia gasfield concession (3/10/2010) Socar & RWE to explore Caspian Sea's Nakhichevan (3/9/2010) CNOOC-led consortium granted Iraq's Maysan field complex (3/9/2010) Leni divesting its holdings in Zala Gas & PetroHungaria (3/9/2010) Statoil & Chevron pre-empt Devon sale of US Gulf St Malo stake (3/9/2010) Sea Dragon links with Tanmia for Egypt projects (3/8/2010) TG World relinquishes stake in Alaska's Sak River-1A well (3/8/2010) Pacific Asia amends Oyo Field stake purchase (3/7/2010) Equator exercises option on 2 Sao Tome blocks (3/5/2010) Alamo becomes operator of 4 UK onshore blocks (3/5/2010) Petrobras buys into Repsol-Statoil block in Campos Basin (3/5/2010) Sonangol to partner Galp & Petrogas in Sao Tome block (3/4/2010) RussNeft granted E&P license for Russia's Lusianinskoye Field (3/4/2010) Petroceltic takes over operation of Italy's Elsa discovery (3/4/2010) Resolute joins GeoResources in North Dakota Bakken Shale project (3/4/2010) Valiant to acquire Antrim causeway & stake in Causeway Field (3/4/2010) Lion farming into onshore Western Australia Carnarvon Basin block (3/3/2010) Statoil withdraws from ONGC-operated block off India (3/3/2010) BP picks up 50% stake in Texas Eagle Ford shale play (3/3/2010) Sao Tome & Principe puts 7 blocks up for bid (3/2/2010) Tullow joins SW Energy in Ethiopia concession (3/2/2010) Iran to put 8 new exploration blocks up for bid (3/2/2010) Pearl & Carnarvon pick up 2 more Thai concessions (3/2/2010) Jamaica launches 2nd Formal Licensing Round 2010 (3/2/2010) Apco farms into Coiron Amargo Block in Argentina (3/2/2010) EQT adding 58,000 Marcellus Shale acres in Pennsyvania (3/2/2010) Tap farm-in to Rangkas Block wins Indonesia approval (3/1/2010) Kogas joins EnCana in 3 BC gasfields (3/1/2010) San Leon's Polish sub farms out stake to Talisman (3/1/2010) AWE going it alone with CalEnergy for BassGas stake (3/1/2010) Petrohawk selling stake in Oklahoma field (3/1/2010) 3D Oil extends farmout of Australia Gippsland Basin block (3/1/2010) GeoPetro sells Alaska Cook Inlet Project to Linc Energy (3/1/2010) Storm Ventures farms out stake in Tunisian block (2/28/2010) Four onshore Thailand blocks awarded (2/28/2010) AWE farms into Westralian North Perth Basin permit (2/28/2010) Serica farming out stake in Spanish prospect (2/26/2010) American Oil & Gas selling its Wyoming Powder River assets (2/26/2010) Norse buying 19,700 acres of Texas Barnett oil & gas (2/25/2010) Neon Energy granted block in Vietnam's Song Hong Basin (2/25/2010) Anadarko farming into Origin's NZ Canterbury Basin permit (2/25/2010) X-Terra & Brownstone add St Lawrence Lowlands acreage (2/25/2010) Chevron picks up Poland's Grabowiec Concession (2/24/2010) InterOil swaps stake in Llanos block for drilling services (2/24/2010) Cobalt scores offshore Angola Blocks 9 & 21 (2/24/2010) JAG transferring Quebec concessions to Olitra (2/24/2010) Manas Petroleum completes Albanian transaction (2/23/2010) Anterra picks up 2 more sections of Cardium and Bakken lands (2/23/2010) Caspian Energy selling stake in Aral Petroleum & block (2/22/2010) Sirius farms into marginal Nigeria concession (2/22/2010) Negotiations for Iraq's An Nasiriyah Field deadlocked (2/21/2010) GS Caltex buys stake in Bangladesh block (2/21/2010) No more Iraq field development contracts for foreign firms (2/19/2010) Brazil's ANP okays Inpex stake in Shell Brasil block (2/19/2010) Both CNOOC & Total may share in Tullow's Uganda assets (2/19/2010) ExxonMobil & MOL quit Falcon JV in Hungary (2/19/2010) Simba wins extension to Liberia reconnaissance permit (2/19/2010) Det Norske farms into Shell's Norwegian Sea license (2/19/2010) Norway launches 2010 awards in predefined areas (2/18/2010) New US MMS audit plan to assure royalties due are paid (2/18/2010) Egypt extends Apache concessions in Western Desert (2/17/2010) BP & Rosneft relinquish license for Sakhalin 5 block (2/17/2010) PA swaps 3 UK licenses for 2 license extensions (2/17/2010) Providence awarded option on Baltimore heavy oil block (2/17/2010) Jamaica launching new licensing round 1 March (2/17/2010) Oman to award 11 E&P contracts in 2010 (2/16/2010) EGAS makes last year's awards official (2/16/2010) Africa Oil taking over Platform Resources' Kenya blocks (2/16/2010) Brinx joining 09-3 Oklahoma Project (2/16/2010) Anadarko farms out Marcellus Shale stake to Mitsui (2/16/2010) ERHC Energy granted 2 blocks of Sao Tome & Principe (2/15/2010) Farm-in into MEO Australia gas block nearing finalization (2/15/2010) Forum converts Philippines service contract into license (2/15/2010) Maurel & Prom farming into Dominion's Tanzania blocks (2/14/2010) Stake in Brazil's Peregrino Field for sale (2/12/2010) Vicpet sells stakes in Australia's Northern Perth Basin (2/12/2010) Mubadala sub scores Sarawak PSC (2/11/2010) MMS issues final notice of Central US Gulf lease sale (2/11/2010) LG buying Roxi's stake in Kazakh Galaz concession (2/11/2010) DVM acquires Morocco's Tarfaya Offshore Block (2/11/2010) Chevron and Repsol consortia win Carabobo projects (2/10/2010) New Zealand offering Taranaki Kahili Block (2/10/2010) Petrobras & partners sign for Uruguayian blocks (2/9/2010) Marathon sells stake in Angola block with 12 discoveries (2/9/2010) Epsilon sell its stake in Yemen's onshore Block 41 (2/9/2010) Ghana blocks ExxonMobil $4 billion buy into Jubilee Field (2/8/2010) Triangle acquires North Dakota Bakken Shale acreage (2/8/2010) Forest Gate options 50% interest in Utah acreage (2/8/2010) Elixir acquiring France's largest onshore exploration block (2/8/2010) Anadarko awarded 5 blocks offshore Kenya (2/8/2010) Range selling Ohio properties to EV Energy Partners (2/7/2010) Statoil scores extension to 3 Faroese licenses (2/7/2010) Egypt grants 2 development leases to Apache (2/7/2010) Petronas and UNOG awarded deepwater Myanmar blocks (2/7/2010) Oilex seeking unpaid debt from cancelled West Kampar farmout (2/5/2010) AED buys Nations' East Java & Papua Indonesia stakes (2/5/2010) CGC nearing exit from Ecuador Amazon block (2/4/2010) Sea Dragon adds stake in Egypt's Kom Ombo 2 (2/4/2010) Uganda approves Tullow's pre-emption buy of Heritage stakes (2/3/2010) Petrovietnam granted Uzbekistan exploration block (2/3/2010) AuDAX farms out vacated stakes in Romanian AIM (2/2/2010) Avalon buys into Bayside's Mississippi field prospect (2/1/2010) Arawak acquires 50% stake in Russia's Tomsk license (2/1/2010) Russian consortium takes Venezuela's Junin-6 (2/1/2010) Circle awarded 2 more Rharb Basin permits in Morocco (1/31/2010) Chevron extends Cambodian concession (1/31/2010) Lukoil & Statoil take Iraq's West Qurna 2 Field (1/29/2010) Black Elk picks up 6 fields in US Gulf Texas waters (1/29/2010) Shell sells Nigeria assets to locally led consortium (1/29/2010) Onshore Bangladesh blocks open to international companies (1/29/2010) Carabobo round pulls in bids for each block offered (1/28/2010) EuroGas granted 3 Ukraine unconventional gas blocks (1/28/2010) Centric scores PSC for Kenya Rift Valley concession (1/28/2010) Gazprom Neft signs deal on Iraqi oil deposit development (1/28/2010) Petrolifera farming out Argentina's Vaca Mahuida Block (1/28/2010) Afren farms into Nigeria's Block OML115 (1/27/2010) Trans-Global to post $2 million to keep Jordan concession (1/27/2010) Northern Empire adds 9 sections in Alberta's Redwater (1/27/2010) UK offers record 2,818 licenses in 26th round (1/27/2010) CNPC-led JV takes Iraq's Halfaya Field contract (1/27/2010) Either Total or CNOOC to partner Tullow in Uganda Blocks (update) (1/27/2010) Modiin farming into Adira stake in Gabriella Block off Israel (1/27/2010) Strike extends option period for Philippine acquisition (1/26/2010) Groundstar swapping Egypt assets with KTE (1/26/2010) Sonangol signs for Iraq's Qayarah & Najmah Fields (1/26/2010) Pennant to participate in Badger offset (1/26/2010) Eni signs to partner PDVSA in Venezuela heavy oil project (1/26/2010) TAG Oil adds rest of Kawakawa oil shale acreage (1/26/2010) Chesapeake sells Total stake in Texas Barnett Shale (1/26/2010) Tullow signs $1.5 billion agreement for Heritage's Uganda stakes (update) (1/25/2010) TransGlobe farming into Egypt's East Ghazalet Concession (1/25/2010) ExxonMobil signs for Iraq's West Qurna-1 Field (1/25/2010) Tri-Valley extends California Racetrack Hill lease (1/25/2010) Maersk's buy of Devon US Gulf deepwater stakes preempted (1/25/2010) Statoil acquiring stake in 50 ConocoPhillips Chukchi Sea leases (1/24/2010) Pakistan divided into prospectivity & geological risk zones (1/24/2010) Aker's deepwater license offshore Ghana tagged invalid (1/24/2010) US Energy opts to participate in 3rd series of Brigham wells (1/22/2010) Drillsearch gives up Carnarvon Basin block (1/22/2010) Venezuela rejects Total & Statoil for Orinoco Belt block (1/22/2010) Consortium signs for Iraq's Zubair Field redevelopment (1/20/2010) Participants exiting Turkmenistan Caspian concession (1/20/2010) New Zealand opens bidding for Reinga Basin blocks (1/20/2010) Drillsearch buy of Magellan Aussie unit brings 3 licenses (1/20/2010) Petronas and Japex score Iraq's Gharraf oilfield contract (1/20/2010) Brownstone & Quetzal acquiring Fenix Colombia concession (1/20/2010) Serica farms out UK East Irish Sea blocks to Agora (1/19/2010) Epsilon farms out Marcellus Shale stake to Chesapeake (1/19/2010) Norway offers 38 APA 2009 production licenses (1/19/2010) Egdon farms out stakes in 2 UK licenses (1/19/2010) NZOG awarded new exploration permit offshore Taranaki (1/18/2010) Repsol & partners sign for Algeria's Sud-Est Illizi (1/18/2010) Not a single bid for Venezuela's Mariscal Sucre (1/17/2010) Woodside farms out 3 Western Oz blocks to PTTEP (1/17/2010) Tullow acts to preempt Heritage sale of Uganda assets to Eni (1/17/2010) ONGC follows Mittal out of Trinidad & Tobago gas block (1/17/2010) Shell & Petronas sign Iraq Majnoon Field development contract (1/15/2010) Shell acquires interest in Egypt's Alam El Shawish (1/15/2010) ExxonMobil farming into Petrobras' Turkish Black Sea block (1/15/2010) Sea Dragon farming into Egypt's Kom Ombo Concession (1/15/2010) Alamo farming into 4 UK onshore blocks (1/15/2010) BHP Philippine farm-in to fund 3D shoot (12/15/2009) Gazprom stake in Libya's Elephant Field imminent (12/15/2009) Carrizo sells stake in Texas Barnett Shale to Sumitomo (12/14/2009) Det Norske takes a stake in ExxonMobil's Jetta (12/14/2009) Bengal scores 100% of Queensland Cooper Basin block (12/14/2009) Somalia's Puntland revises Dharoor & Nogal PSAs (12/13/2009) Premier picks up licenses for 3 Russian fields in acquisition (12/13/2009) Iraq expands Zubair Field & Eni ups target output (12/12/2009) Iraq licensing led by Lukoil-Statoil JV winning West Qurna (12/11/2009) BP sells stake in Tengiz Field & Caspian Pipeline to Lukoil (12/11/2009) Tag takes over New Zealand's Winchester Permit (12/11/2009) Poland awards Chevron Zwierzyniec exploration permit (12/11/2009) Empyrean joins Krescent in Texas Hercules drilling (12/11/2009) Sonangol buying Marathon's stake in Angola Block 32 (12/11/2009) Shell & Petronas win Iraq's giant Majnoon Field contract (12/10/2009) Planet Gas picks up South Australia exploration license (12/9/2009) Stuart granted new South Australia permit (12/9/2009) Europa exiting Egyptian exploration license (12/9/2009) Forest Gate farms into Vanterra's Utah licenses (12/9/2009) CGX looking for partner in Guyana's Corentyne Block (12/9/2009) Octanex granted New Zealand permit between Maari and Maui (12/9/2009) ConocoPhillips exercises option on Western Australia blocks (12/8/2009) License holders withdrawing from Sudan block (12/8/2009) Mozambique 4th licensing round underway (12/8/2009) Forest Oil farming into Quebec's Lorraine & Utica Shale (12/8/2009) Total joins French Guiana's Guyane Maritime JV (12/8/2009) Iraq to auction 10 oilfield projects despite today's bombings (12/8/2009) EVEP & EnerVest farming out West Virginia acreage (12/7/2009) InterOil dropping out of Oil Search PNG block (12/7/2009) Apco does dual farm-in onshore Colombia (12/7/2009) Corridor farms out New Brunswick interest to Apache (12/7/2009) Falcon acquiring Sweetpea stakes in Australia's Beetaloo permits (12/7/2009) Talisman granted Indonesia's Andaman 3 Block (12/7/2009) Dana Petroleum farming into deepwater concession (12/7/2009) Serica selling Southeast Asia interests (12/6/2009) Tethys' Tajikistan sub seeking farmout of Bokhtar PSC (12/6/2009) Magellan sells all interests in Australia's Cooper Basin (12/4/2009) CNSOPB calls for bids on Sable Sub-basin shallow water parcels (12/4/2009) Ecopetrol farms into 2 deepwater blocks in Colombia (12/4/2009) Albania approves terms & conditions for Bankers PSA (12/4/2009) Petroamerica farming into Colombia's Playon Block (12/3/2009) Brownstone & Quetzal farm-in at Colombia's Llanos Block 27 (12/3/2009) Salamander farming out 5 blocks in Thailand, Laos & Vietnam (12/3/2009) Goodrich buying 12,000 acres in Texas Haynesville Shale (12/3/2009) Denbury purchasing Texas' Conroe Field for $430.7 million (12/2/2009) Dejour adds more acreage in NE British Columbia (12/2/2009) Uganda won't allow pre-emption of Heritage sale to Eni (12/1/2009) Indonesia offering another 24 new blocks (12/1/2009) CAVU farming into Anadarko acreage in Colorado (12/1/2009) NIOC offers 40% of South Pars 12 to Indian JV (12/1/2009) VAALCO extends its exploration permit off Gabon (11/30/2009) Husky acquires Lloydminster area heavy oil properties (11/30/2009) Greymouth granted New Zealand Moturoa Permit (11/30/2009) SandRidge buying Forest Oil assets for $800 million (11/30/2009) Venezuela eases up on Carabobo licensing terms (11/30/2009) Cairn sub Capricorn swapping interests with Dyas (11/30/2009) Vanguard to acquire Permian Basin properties (11/29/2009) BP-Eni JV takes Indonesia's Sanga-Sanga Block (11/29/2009) Baron acquiring additional assets in East Texas (11/29/2009) DualEx sells stakes in Portuguese concessions (11/27/2009) Duty being dropped on 13 Eastern Siberia fields (11/27/2009) Tap farming into Lundin's West Java concession (11/27/2009) BHP assuming operation of Philippines block (11/27/2009) Court settles Algeria's Gassi Touil dispute (11/27/2009) Argenta farms out stake in Colombia's La Mona Block (11/27/2009) Zarubezhneft receives stakes in Russian oilfield (11/26/2009) Petroecuador & Sinopec JV to develop Ecuador block (11/26/2009) Artumas wins Tanzania approval of farmout (11/26/2009) Noreco pre-qualifies for Greenland 2010 licensing (11/26/2009) GNPC to get first shot at Kosmos' Jubilee interests (11/25/2009) Indonesia awards 3 oil and gas blocks & 3 CBM blocks (11/25/2009) ERHC negotiating for stake in Nigeria's Eremor Field (11/25/2009) Pacific Rubiales farms out Colombia & Peru stakes (11/25/2009) Cooper farms out stake in South Australia permit (11/24/2009) Woodside sells Libya onshore assets to GdF Suez (11/24/2009) Ethiopia to offer exploration blocks in next 3 years (11/23/2009) Concho buying Texas Permian Basin assets for $225 million (11/23/2009) Manas selling part of Albania interest (11/23/2009) Bontan adds stakes in 3 blocks off Israel (11/23/2009) Pacific Asia buys CAMAC stake in Nigeria field (11/23/2009) Energy XXI adding Mitsui US Gulf interests (11/22/2009) Nippon & Inpex in line for $8 billion Iraq development (11/22/2009) Marathon granted gas shale license in Poland (11/22/2009) Heritage selling Uganda operations to Eni for $1.3 billion (11/20/2009) PetroVietnam pre-empts Pan Pacific's Vietnam stake (11/20/2009) Lukoil & Rosneft ask Putin for licensing clarification (11/20/2009) CNPC & Petronas swap Sudan interests (11/20/2009) Tullow wins extension of exploration period in Uganda (11/20/2009) ExxonMobil wins renewal of 3 Nigeria licenses (11/20/2009) Players swap interests in western Newfoundland (11/19/2009) Nordic picks up 10 new Alberta licenses (11/19/2009) Timberlake adds 3 more oil leases in Kansas (11/18/2009) AED Oil acquiring Nation's Brunei Block L (11/18/2009) Ivanhoe acquisition of PanAsian brings Mongolian interests (11/18/2009) Zambia picks 7 of 8 bidders for exploration blocks (11/18/2009) Spring & Wintershall swapping North Sea assets (11/18/2009) Mittal withdraws from Kazakh Caspian concession (11/18/2009) New Zealand action plan promotes E&P (11/16/2009) Suntera JV withdrawing from India concessions (11/16/2009) Fortune adds Molopo stake in Shanxi CBM block (11/16/2009) Hansa takes over Serica's stakes in UK gas blocks (11/16/2009) Monitor farms out piece of its PEL115 interest (11/16/2009) Solo Oil farming into Aminex's Ruvuma Block in Tanzania (11/16/2009) MASS makes Western Canadian Basin buy (11/15/2009) MMS shortening lease terms for US Gulf Sale 213 (11/15/2009) OIL farming out stake in Assam Arakan Basin block (11/15/2009) FAR wins extension to 3 Senegal concessions (11/13/2009) Stratic farming out stakes in North Sea licenses (11/13/2009) Ecopetrol takes over operation of Cupiagua fields (11/12/2009) Junex earns stake in St Lawrence Lowlands permit (11/11/2009) Entek gets 3 US Gulf blocks, Rocksource 1 more (11/11/2009) Gazprom Neft signs for 2 Iranian oilfields (11/11/2009) Lake Maracaibo JV lining up for Petrovietnam (11/11/2009) Alaska North Slope Lease Sale pulls in $8.5 million (11/11/2009) Petrovietnam picks up Cambodia's Tonle Sap Lake PSC (11/11/2009) AWE & Innamincka take greater share of BassGas Project (11/11/2009) Shell acquires stake in Guyane Maritime Permit (11/10/2009) Brazil's Congress to approve new oil & gas regulations (11/10/2009) Pennsylvania to lease 32,000 acres for gas E&P (11/9/2009) Caithness adds Morocco & UK blocks (11/8/2009) Zambia receives bids from 8 companies for 23 blocks (11/8/2009) Bonterra sells Saskatchewan assets to Eagle Rock (11/8/2009) Majors & NOCs vying for Venezuela's Carabobo (11/6/2009) Sonangol to invest $1.5 billion in Ecuador (11/6/2009) Canacol farms out stake in Guyana license to Sagres (11/6/2009) Stratic sells entire Italian portfolio to Enel Trade (11/6/2009) Eni & KazMunayGas targeting Caspian's Isatay & Chagala (11/5/2009) Epsilon exits Oman's EPSA for Block 55 (11/5/2009) Verenex agrees to Libya's preemptive acquisition (11/5/2009) Gabon preparing 40-block licensing round in 2010 (11/5/2009) Silver Wave wins South Africa exploration rights (11/5/2009) Iraq's West Qurna contract goes to ExxonMobil & Shell (11/5/2009) Shell wins South Africa Orange Basin exploration rights (11/4/2009) Zarubezeneft scores 4 blocks in northern Cuba (11/4/2009) CNOOC taking stakes in 4 Statoil-operated US Gulf fields (11/4/2009) ExxonMobil & Shell in line for Iraq's West Qurna-1 (11/4/2009) Afren farms into block off western Nigeria (11/4/2009) Vicpet buys Bow's interest in Queensland Surat Basin (11/4/2009) PrimeGen granted Russia's Baltic Basin Layevozhskoye license (11/3/2009) Roc sub farming out stake in Cabinda onshore block (11/3/2009) Stuart withdraws from Australia Gippsland Basin permit (11/3/2009) Talisman increases Marcellus & Montney Shale acreage (11/3/2009) BP & CNPC to develop Iraq's super-giant Rumaila Field (11/2/2009) Eni, Oxy & Kogas initial Iraq Zubair Field agreement (11/2/2009) Adelaide & Austin modify PEL105 farm-in agreement (11/2/2009) Woodside sells its Otway Gas Project stake to Origin (11/2/2009) Premier Energy buying Russian licensees Speckrit & Karbon (11/2/2009) Finder farms out stakes in Australia Browse Basin blocks (11/2/2009) UTS sells half its Alberta Oil Sands interests (11/2/2009) AMG sub Adira Energy awarded offshore Israel license (11/1/2009) Petrotrin sublets 7 fields onshore eastern Trinidad (11/1/2009) Endeavour adds stake in Texas-Louisiana fields (10/30/2009) Ithaca buying Maersk interest in UK North Sea Stella Field (10/30/2009) American Energy adds stakes in Pakistan blocks (10/30/2009) Brazil's ANP to launch licensing Round 11 (10/29/2009) Antares acquires major Eagle Ford shale project (10/29/2009) European Gas awarded Valenciennois CBM exploration permit (10/29/2009) Force takes 50% of Alberta well shut-in since 2007 (10/29/2009) Provident selling Alberta heavy oil assets to Emerge (10/27/2009) Falcon granted tech evaluation permit in South Africa (10/26/2009) Talisman-Petronas Carigali JV scores 2 Sabah blocks (10/26/2009) Stuart selling stake in Timor Sea permit (10/25/2009) Avro adds 11 southern Arkansas producers (10/25/2009) Beach farming into Queensland permit with Icon Energy (10/25/2009) Jordan grants BP development of Risheh gasfield (10/23/2009) Uruguay awards onshore gas exploration project to Schuepbach (10/22/2009) Uruguay awards 2 blocks to Petrobras & YPF (10/22/2009) Kairiki sub farms out stake in Philippines Tindalo block (10/22/2009) Contango farming into Patara Cotton Valley project (10/22/2009) Black Dragon & Kingdom Energy terminate agreement (update) (10/22/2009) Kea wins onshore Northland NZ exploration permit (10/22/2009) AWE, Mitsui & Mighty River granted New Zealand permit (10/22/2009) Northern awarded Netherlands gas exploration license (10/21/2009) Bengal provisional winner of India Cauvery Basin block (10/20/2009) US Interior opens federal lands to oil shale R&D (10/20/2009) US BLM putting up 51 parcels for bid tomorrow (10/20/2009) Great Southern pre-empting Northern Territory farm-in (10/20/2009) Miller buying Cook Inlet Energy Tennessee assets (10/20/2009) Comet Ridge awarded Queensland coal seam gas permit (10/20/2009) Cue Energy farms into Todd Taranaki permits (10/19/2009) Petrolia increases its working interest in Haldimand (10/19/2009) MEO Australia & Petrofac terminate farm-in (10/19/2009) Dana signs for stake in offshore Guinea gas concession (10/19/2009) Red Sky acquiring Surat Basin coal seam gas permits (10/19/2009) Horizon farms into Todd-operated offshore New Zealand permit (10/18/2009) Lukoil & ConocoPhillips pledge higher West Qurna output (10/18/2009) Sonangol to buy into Ecuador Amazon blocks (10/18/2009) CNOOC talking to StatoilHydro to buy 5 blocks in US Gulf (10/17/2009) Magellan adds Montana acreage with Nautilus Poplar buy (10/16/2009) AuDAX farms out stake in Tunisian concession to DNO (10/15/2009) Pertamina looking for partners for Natuna D-Alpha Block (10/15/2009) Egdon sells stakes in 4 UK onshore licenses (10/15/2009) Antares increases interest in Texas' Yellow Rose Project (10/14/2009) Colombia to put 178 blocks up for bid in December (10/14/2009) Sky to add Suntera stakes in 2 onshore Nigeria blocks (10/14/2009) Bangladesh may offer onshore gas blocks (10/14/2009) Oman Oil buys into Reliance blocks offshore Oman (10/14/2009) Hess joins Newfield in Marcellus Shale exploration (10/14/2009) Cairn farming out stake in 6 Greenland blocks (10/14/2009) Cygam farming out onshore Tunisia permit (10/13/2009) Mozambique offering stake in onshore block (10/13/2009) Pan Pacific loses one & wins one in Asia farm-ins (10/13/2009) Eni granted Iraq's giant Zubair Field (10/13/2009) BNK farms out stake in 3 Polish concessions (10/12/2009) Brouhaha brewing over sale of Kosmos' Jubilee stake (10/12/2009) Sao Tome e Principe to auction blocks in 2010 (10/12/2009) Jordan okay's JV for Al-Risha gasfield (10/12/2009) Just half the blocks in India's latest round receive bids (10/12/2009) Rocksource receives 2 more US Gulf leases (10/12/2009) Oando farm-in at Akepo Field wins approval (10/9/2009) Southern Pacific adds Saskatchewan heavy oil project (10/9/2009) American farms out stake in Wyoming Powder River field (10/9/2009) US Interior okay's some Bush era parcels in Utah for lease (10/8/2009) Red Sky adding 7 CGS permits in NSW, Australia (10/8/2009) Altai granted new St Lawrence Lowlands permits (10/8/2009) ExxonMobil wins extension to New Zealand frontier license (10/8/2009) Ramba Energy acquires stake in Sumatran block (10/8/2009) Petrolifera obtains Magdalena license in Colombia (10/7/2009) Contango takes 5 blocks offshore Texas for $800,000 (10/7/2009) International Goldfields acquiring Eastern Petroleum (10/7/2009) International Sovereign selling stake in Ecuador block (10/7/2009) Cantrell farming into Petro Vista Colombia concessions (10/7/2009) TNK-BP sub granted Russia's Saratov region's Kameliksky area (10/6/2009) ExxonMobil buying Kosmos' share of Ghana Jubilee Field (10/6/2009) DNO to restart operations in Kurdistan region of Iraq (10/6/2009) Roxi extends LG access to Kazakh asset info (10/6/2009) Brownstone & Quetzal to acquire Fenix interests (10/6/2009) Total & GdF join Kazakh JV for Khvalynskoye Field (10/5/2009) Isis to assist Baraka in Central Australia's Georgina Basin (10/5/2009) Metgasco buys remaining interest in 2 NSW permits (10/5/2009) Morgan Creek takes on Oklahoma North Fork 3D prospect (10/5/2009) BPMigas approves 4 of 6 Indonesia PSC extensions (10/5/2009) CNPC takes a bigger slice of Iraq's Rumaila development (10/4/2009) Perenco adds Marathon's stakes in 3 blocks off Gabon (10/4/2009) Pakistan grants licenses for 41 blocks (10/4/2009) PDVSA buys ConocoPhillips stake in Venezuela's Deltana (10/4/2009) Ten new blocks awarded off northwestern Australia (10/4/2009) Empire applies for exploration license over Tasmania discoveries (10/4/2009) Toreador sells Turkish & Hungarian operations (10/4/2009) Red Sky farms into Central Australia tenements (10/1/2009) Lundin farms out stake in Norwegian block to Bayerngas Next Page I Previous Page OGI Homepage I

- Restaurants | - Nightlife | - Shopping | - Movies | - All Amazing Grapes Wine Store Categories: Food Beer, Wine & Spirits Nightlife Bars Wine Bars Restaurants Tapas/Small Plates Beer, Wine & Spirits, Wine Bars, Tapas/Small Plates [Edit]29911 Aventura Stes D, E & F Rancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688 (888) 299-9463 - Hours: Mon-Tue 9 am - 7 pm Wed-Sat 9 am - 10 pm - Takes Reservations: - Yes - Accepts Credit Cards: - Yes - Parking: - Private Lot - Attire: - Casual - Good for Groups: - Yes - Good for Kids: - No - Price Range: - $$ - Delivery: - No - Waiter Service: - Yes - Outdoor Seating: - No - Music: - Live - Best Nights: - Fri, Thu, Sat - Happy Hour: - No - Alcohol: - Beer & Wine Only - Smoking: - No - Coat Check: - No - Noise Level: - Average - Good For Dancing: - No - Ambience: - Classy, Casual - Has TV: - Yes - Wheelchair Accessible: - Yes Bacchus' Secret Cellar is an upscale Wine Shoppe & Wine Bar offering over 350 labels from around the world. Unique to Bacchus', the Roman God of Wine,… read more » 48 reviews for Amazing Grapes Wine Store Review Highlights - "Great Selection and very friendly and amzing people." In 3 reviews - - 47 reviews in English Review from Jamie W. Believe it or not, there are a lot of hidden gems in RSM. Amazing Grapes in one of them. Part wine shop, part social meeting place, they seem to have a little bit of something for everyone. We've been meaning to try this place for years. People who don't even live in RSM have told us how great it is but somehow we hadn't made it over till about a month ago. I'd like to become a regular here! We shared some appetizers and wine with another couple and everything was fantastic. We shared the gorgonzola walnut bruschetta, the truffled mac n cheese, a cheese and salami plate and then a bbq chicken quesadilla. Okay, so maybe it seemed more like dinner than appys! Good food, good portions for sharing and the kind of food that goes great with wine. Great service, friendly crowd. It seemed like a real local place and that everyone kind of knew everyone else, but we were instantly very welcomed. The next day we set out to buy some wine from their extensive store. Low and behold, they carried a great selection of California and far beyond and much lower prices than I'm used to paying. I was just perusing their web page and they seem to have a lot of wine flight nights featuring some great California wineries. If I don't get back this week I can assure you, it won't be long till I do! Review from mari h. Love the selection of wine and beers from around the world with locals too! The staff is super helpful and the wine bar flights are a fantastic way to way to try new wines. They may not have a happy hour, but the servers are generous about sample pours so you don't feel like you're buying into a glass you don't want. Sometimes it pays off. I bought my first California Chardonnay the other night!!! Just remember, no wine bar Monday and Tuesday. Review from Erica I. We visited Amazing Grapes for the first time last night and was completely surprised by the selection of wines, food, and the great service! We brought a large group of about 16 in and the staff really took care of us. I joined about 20 mins after the event started and was greeted by the server Cassie, who I recognized and met had met before. She very attentive, let us pick a bottle out from the store and corked it for us for only $5 (nice), offered water, and suggested the Mamas pizza. Great food, Pizzas were great, Wine selections are amazing with lots of options to enjoy! The service was excellent!! Thank YOU!!! We will be back. Erica Review from Chris F. Slightly on the pricey side, but this place is wonderful. The staff is incredibly knowledgeable and the selection is great. I haven't done the tastings yet, but I will definitely be back to do so. Review from Jenny H. This is a great place to have a glass of wine and some yummy food. They had a nice wine selection and their food is very good. Weekends can be a bit busy so I recommend making reservations. Although there was one time when they gave our table way to another group so they comped our meal. But overall we had a great time. Review from Karen H. I really like this place. The atmosphere is fun, and the food is great too! The only reason I knocked off 2 points is because they do not have a happy hour! There are two wine bars in the same general area, Uncorked and Wine Works, which both have excellent happy hours. I would love to go to Amazing Grapes more, but I'm more inclined to go to either one of the 2 nearby wine bars that will give me a happy hour! Get a happy hour Amazing Grapes! Please!! :) Review from Tricia W. Wine selection- a+ Beer selection- a++ Small plates of food- a+++ Cozy atmosphere and the best fresh hummus in town!!! Try the Popeyes flat bread!!! :) Review from Alex K. As Ernest Hemingway once remarked, "Wine is one of the most civilized things in the world and one of the most natural...brought to the greatest perfection..." And perfection is what wine lovers will find at Amazing Grapes in Rancho Santa Margarita. Founded by Greg Schroeder and two other wine-loving partners over four years ago, Amazing Grapes delivers what wine lovers want. "Our customers--some from as far away as Florida--get excellent value and superb service," says Schroeder. "We have the most competitive prices in the nation. And we ship nationally and deliver locally, where allowed by law. We'll even carry your wine to the car for you." Those eager to share a unique new wine with their special someone no longer need the erudite vintner's expertise so whimsically displayed by Paul Giamatti in the movie Sideways. "Unlike a big-box retailer or health food chain, we can tell you the history of a particular wine and what it tastes like," says Schroeder. Customers on their email list get an extra perk--a 'heads up' about new 'finds' before they hit the general market. "We discovered this great Woltzing Bear 2004 Pinot Noir from Rancho Ontivaros Vineyard in Santa Maria Valley. It was the highest rated (95) Pinot Noir in the world and our customers could get it for just $41," proudly exclaims Schroeder. "It sold out in minutes." Whether it's an intimate dinner for two or a wedding reception for hundreds, customers seeking the right vintage will have no trouble finding it at Amazing Grapes. They have over 2,500 different wine labels in stock at all times, plus a wine bar pouring of over 30 selections. Almost without exception, what's shown on the website is what they have on hand. "Before we became wine merchants, we were customers. And one of our pet peeves was ordering a wine only to discover that a store or supplier didn't actually have it," says Schroeder. "To remedy that, we leveraged wine ordering with the power of the web to create a system that ensures that what you see on our site is what we have in stock." New arrivals include everything from a very affordable (about $6) Garnacha de Fuego from Spain (rated at 90) to a $1,700 Cabernet Screaming Eagle from the Napa Valley. "One recent 'best value' was a Clos des Papes from the Chateau nef du Papes, a 98-pointer for an astonishingly low $60." The store will also go the extra mile to find that perfect wine for its customers. "We once sourced an exotically expensive 6-liter Bordeaux Château La Tour '82 at "$34,000. The customer just wanted to display it in his cellar," noted Schroeder. Amazing Grapes hosts regularly scheduled wine tasting events as well as its Amazing Wine Bar. Open all day, every day, the bar features over 30 wines (rotated weekly) and an extensive selection of international meat and cheese offerings to heighten the wine tasting experience. Those who join the Amazing Grapes Wine Club will delight to receiving a carefully researched red wine each quarter. These may be recent discoveries or selections from smaller, award-winning artisan wineries. "We recently picked a Fuente Spina 2001 Ribera de Duero from Spain. It was rated at 91 for just $21. Naturally, each selection must pass the discriminating palates of Amazing Grape experts before they're shipped to club members. When visiting Amazing Grapes for wine tasting, one can't help but be inspired by their slogan: "You don't have to drink wine to have a good time, but why take the chance?" Review from Alex P. Let me just start by saying this: outward appearances can be deceiving. I live right down the street and have driven by this place on multiple occasions. Even walked right by it and I always assumed it was just a small little wine store, maybe with a few racks of select wines, but I was wrong. Amazing Grapes has quite the large assortment of wines and some beers. They even a nice big area where you can order up glasses of wine and some food to enjoy. It's definitely not as humble as the exterior might lead you to believe. Which isn't a bad thing. I was pleasantly surprised to see that on the Saturday I came with a friend for a few glasses of wine, they even had a little jazz band playing some unoffensive lounge music. Not inspired by any means, but definitely a nice way to set a chill and relaxed mood. A few highlights: They have just a few reds, whites, and dessert wines for you to order by the glass. I assume that these change on a daily/weekly basis. The prices were somewhere in the range of $4 to $10 per glass and they're not too stingy on the pour. Now I love wine but I can only take so many glasses. Especially since I don't really like white wines very much, after 3 glasses, I'm usually ready for a change. The great thing about this place is that you can walk on over to their beer fridge and pick out a bottle and they'll allow you to bring it back and drink your beer of choice right their in their dining area. It was also nice that they don't charge any kind of corking fee, as I know some places do. I wonder if they'll let you do that with their wines as well. The staff was really mellow and not pretentious, which to me is always nice. I generally dislike wine snobs and it's nice to be able to have a conversation about wine without bringing in words like tannins. Yes I know what that means but I prefer to use choice phrases like, "fruity on the back end." It's great to have a little wine bar within walking (read stumbling) distance from my house. I'll definitely be coming here a few more times, that's for sure. Review from Annie L. I love coming here on Wednesday because they have special flight tastings that are different every week, and they have live music. Food is delicious and reasonably priced. Staff is very nice and friendly. Review from Doug B. The name says it all, if you cant find it esle where you will find your wine or beer here, they have a wall dedicated to micro brew beers and a maze of wine to walk thru! Friendly staff makes the place that much better also !! Review from Lori M. This wine shop is hidden in the back of a non-assuming strip mall. Nothing to look at from the outside, the marrow of the shop is a solid selection of wines and a fun little restaurant. The wait staff in the restaurant tend to be hot or cold. Our waitress was cold. To be fair, she'd had a long day. She didn't seem interested in our orders and often forgot to bring some of the order to us. On the flip side, the other waitress was a ton of fun, quick, and seemed pleased to have us in the shop. We enjoyed our cheese/meat tray. While the salad came late, it was also nice. The menu is standard wine pairing fare and suits the venue. The wine selection, as compared to other wine shops, is generally well-chosen but can be a bit lean if you have unusual varietals that you enjoy. I wanted a French viognier, but there wasn't one in stock. The petite syrah selection was also narrow. While this doesn't mean that you can't find something here to tempt your taste buds, it is surprising that these 'now mainstream' varietals were not well represented here. 4 stars for ambiance, once inside. 3 stars for hot/cold wait staff 3 stars for thoughtful but somewhat limited selection I'd go back again, but there are other wine shops that I enjoy more. Review from Tim S. Great place to hang out, try some different wines, and their food is good too. Review from annie p. People! If you love wine and beer and good upscale food, COME HERE! The wine selection is seriously ENDLESS! The wine store is awesome, i'm like a kid in a candy store when i come here because i will spend hours upon hours browsing at all of the wines they have! It's broken down to types of wine from region so that you can find the wines easier. They also have a long wall of AWESOME beers (Stone beers, anyone?!) in the fridge, i mean, COME ON, 2 dollar beers, HOW CAN YOU PASS THAT UP?!! The food is really freaking good. I LOVE the Beef on Wick. The beef is cooked just right to perfection and the au jus is delightful, makes my taste buds dance with joy! Also, for an appetizer, you have to get the tortured tomato crustini, kind of like Bruscetta, but WAY BETTER. The goat cheese arugala something or another is up there too (i cant remember the name of the plate right now but it has goat cheese and arugula on it)! The service is exceptionally great. There are a few girls that work there, and they are all great, but our favorite is Brooke. She's very knowledgeable in her wines and always has above par recommendations. She's very attentive and after coming here a few times, she totally remembers our names and always greets us with a hug! She's great, so if you come on, ask for her if she's working! Amazing Grapes, you have a returning customer in me, for life! Review from BJ L. The perfect place for me and Mrs. L. She loves wine and Amazing Grapes' super friendly and incredibly knowledgeable staff always steers her in the right direction with great recommendations. I love beer, and while I hate repeating myself, Amazing Grapes' super friendly and incredibly knowledgeable staff always steers me in the right direction with great recommendations. Are we sensing a trend? There's definitely not a finer purveyor of wine and beer in the area. Review from John B. You guys are awesome. Great Place to hang out, amazing food and really friendly staff. You cant go wrong having a date night out here. They even sell artwork and have take out service for a huge selection of wine and imported beers. Great Experience every time I go in. Review from Lc L. I agree with the other reviews here about the selection and usually helpful & agreeable staff. Today I had an experience with them that left me annoyed. It's New Years Eve, and I was tasked with bringing the wine for a small party, most of whom are not wine sophisticates. I had a budget of $80 for five reds & two whites, which for this crowd is entirely do-able. A lady (didn't catch her name) came to me right away to offer assistance. I described what I was looking for in a red, and she started shoving bottles of a $25 cab into my basket. I don't know if it's just me, but I thought it was rude and pushy to put wine in my basket unless I had agreed to buy it. I took them out, reiterated my price point, and she walked off to the back of the store to a wine that met my criteria -- leaving me to put back the wines she had put in my basket. If I had been shopping for myself instead of picking up wine for a party that night, I would have left at that point. I like the store, I like the selection, I like the wine bar, and I generally like the people there. But if she tries to help me again I'm asking for someone else. Review from Brooke P. We are so lucky to have amazing grapes in rsm. One day my husband and I wanted to do something different than the usual restaurants. We cruised by amazing grapes and they were having a tasting for $15. We decided to check it out. The wines we tasted ranged from $25 to $200- that's right, we got substantial-sized tastings of $200 wine for $15!! What a deal! During the tasting, all of the staff was extremely helpful and friendly even though they got BUSY! We also ordered a cheese and meat plate that was ok-not spectacular but not bad either. After this, I joined their Facebook page and get alerts about upcoming tastings, sometimes it works out, sometimes it doesn't, but I always try to make it if Ican. We have been patronizing amazing grapes for probably 4 years and always leave with a good bottle of wine and a good feeling. Review from David E. I did one special event tasting (Catena winery from Argentina) and it was a really good event. The only thing that would have made it better would have been if Laura Catena was there in person. I met her in 2002 at the Wine House in West LA and she's a gem of a person. Anyway, you can order some decent apps to go with the vino tasting. The staff at the tasting were very knowledgeable, initiated conversation and were quite friendly. The selection here is pretty good but not great. But then this is more of a polished neighborhood "mom & pop" shop variety versus the warehouse store or your local BevMo (who stores bottles vertically and near a sun-drenched window). This place is the polar opposite of that venue. I've dropped in here a few times over the past 2.5 years and the staff have been mostly great. On one occasion I did receive mediocre service. I asked for some assistance in finding some full-bodied Shiraz or Zins with jammy fruit (like Tait's "Ballbuster"). I was looking for a "slight" break from the monster cabs that I have been aging and consuming in my collection at home. I believe he asked me my price point which I indicated was around $20. At that point he kind of powered through a couple of picks and "seemed" to dismiss me and I was left wondering if it was due to being not worthy for failing to drop enough coin at the establishment. The store wasn't busy so that wasn't it. Who knows... Of course I realize that people can't make you feel anything. And I'm not saying that I left with the thought I should return to my "imaginary trailer park" and open a bottle of Thunderbird that I don't own. However, I've been to enough fancy tastings and around people with coin (this is South OC after all) to know when you're getting a slight waft of "sniffiness" from the upper crust types and that is the impression I left with. Again, this wasn't a horrible experience because the guy was not over-the-top rude and ended up giving me a couple of decent picks. Possibly he was having a bad day. We've all been there and very likely done that. I worked in customer service for a few years so I know...it is far from easy. It won't prevent me from returning to this store. As it is, I often have to hit various stores to locate what I am looking for. Review from Megan W. 4.75 stars I love Amazing Grapes. I have been here 5-6 times for their wine tasting events. They are always a good deal at $15-$20 to try 5 or 6 kinds of wine. And they are very generous with their pours! And all of their food is delightful. They only serve small plates and cheeses, but I always come hungry because I can't get enough of their sheep's milk cheeses and their beef on wick sandwich. I don't just come here to eat and get tipsy either, I also come here to shop. They have a great selection of wines and they have a clearance section full of goodies. Their beer selection is small, but they carry a lot of the beers I love: almost all of the Stone brews, Maui Brewing Company's Wipeout IPA, Pliny the Elder, and other delicious guest beers. You can purchase anything in the store and consume it in their tasting area. Its marvelous! I highly recommend coming with a group of friends and enjoying an evening here. Review from Kimberly S. - 34 friends - 30 reviews Rancho Santa Margarita, CA Best beer selection in the canyon cities. Prices are reasonable and the staff is knowledgable and helpful. Review from Shannon H. - 14 friends - 10 reviews San Francisco, CA Came here bc the groupon and loved it. First, Lisa, our server, was awesome, very attentive despite how busy it was there. We came on a night where there was a tasting w the winery Frias, six generous tastes for $20. The proprietors (Fernando) were so friendly and personable as well. I scarfed the food, I was a bit tips by the time I had the pizza, but it tasted delic to me. The artichoke dip I had sober and was yummy. Overall, great atmosphere/feel to the place. Bc it was in a wine store I didn't expect much, but was surprised by the venue and service. My bf isn't very into wine so he just bought beers from a section in the store. All the beers wer less than $2, and he was pretty pleased. Review from GrilledCheese U. - 35 friends - 31 reviews Orange County, CA Since moving to OC I've been searching for a boutique wine store and I have found it in Amazing grapes. It's tucked away in a small shopping center in Rancho Santa Margarita and has a very nice selection of wines from around the world. The price points on the bottles are very competitive and the staff are really knowledgeable. They take the time to talk with you to help you narrow and define your wine choice based on your palate. There's also a wine bar inside the store which usually filled with people from a wide age spectrum. There are no teenie boppers, or posers... just adults who "come as they are" for a nice glass of wine. The tastings are very generous in size for the $5 price point. Similar wine bars charge $12 - $17 a pour. An added bonus is that Amazing grapes also has some tapas.. not substantial but enough to compliment the wine and ensure you are not drinking on an empty stomach. Every other weekend, they have wineries come in to perform tastings for about $20pp, Merryvale, Cain and Rubicon have been a few which have passed through in the past 6 weeks. Yes, you will taste almost a full glass of the $100 bottles each of the wineries produce. Although, the location is a little out of the way and destination with little else to do, I was able to enjoy about 3 1/2 hours this weekend at Amazing Grapes. I believe it's worth the drive to spend a quiet evening with adults who truly appreciate a nice glass of wine Review from Eric W. Went here Friday night with a bunch of friends. This is yet another in the trend of spaces that sell wine and have a tasting area. This store, however, is much larger than most. We arrived before everyone else, so I took my time and walked through the aisles of reds. They have a very nice selection and prices ranged from about $7 to $150. All in all the prices were good...maybe a little on the high side...but for a good selection in a pinch this would be a good place to visit. I think that the 04 Hess purple label Cab was $15. Nice. Stop by and try a few different wines. They have decent sized pours and have a nice menu of palet cleaning snacks, including a wonderful selection of cheeses. We started with a wine sample or two and then picked out some inexpensive bottles of wine to drink. No corkage, they just pop open the bottle, leave it on your table, and tack it onto you bill. We took a few stabs at some bottles that were around $10 each and could not have had a better time. The only complaint that I have is that they closed at 9PM while the bar/tasting area was full. Our waitress told us that their intent is not to have a bar, but to sell wine, so they try to de-emphasize the drinking part of it. Fair enough... Review from Anne B. Amazing wine and beer selection. Nice place to come and relax and have a glass of wine. Review from Dirk R. Love the selection of wines. I've been recommended a few harder to get wines, Cliff Lede, Cakebread, etc. and the staff was able to help me out. I try to limit my wine consumption, so every bottle I get has to count. The help from the staff has been a little here and there. I've gone there enough times that I feel comfortable talking with them. But I think the newbie wine person may be put off a little. Review from b. b. Prob one of the best wine selections around.... maybe Im biased since I know the employees? Ask for Seo or Paul. THEY KNOW THEIR WINES! Review from Stacy S. This places is just as the name says, AMAZING! My husband and I try to escape to Amazing Grapes at least twice a week. Definitely Wednesdays for the $10 tastings and live music and usually on a Friday or Saturday. The staff is super friendly, especially Shawna who makes the entire experience fun! Mike is always fast to accommodate us with reserved tables for special occasions and always comes over to see how we are doing. The food is also amazing, the chef really knows how to please the crowd. This place is great even on a budget, they have wines under $10 and no corkage fee, so you can share a $10 bottle of wine and some tapas or you can have a $150 bottle of wine and a full dinner. 5 stars for sure! Review from Erin C. I met a couple of friends here for a girls night out and we had a great time! Katie took the time to recommend wines to us based on our palettes and cheeses that would pair well with them. I'm usually strictly a red wine drinker, but Katie helped me find a white wine that I enjoyed as well. I ended up buying a bottle of wine that Katie recommended and my husband and I both really enjoyed it. I definitely recommend this place for a quiet night out when you're in the mood for wine! The prices are very reasonable! Review from Laura B. I definitely like this place. Awesome staff, very knowledgeable and very accommodating. Definitely come for their flight night, 3 tastes for $10! A great place to learn more about wine. And definitely, DEFINITELY order some food. I absolutely LOVE the figgy cheese. I would recommend thie wine bar for nice night out with a friend, S.O., or even by yourself for a delicious glass of Cab and nibble. Amazing grapes carries a more unique (and better) selection of wine than Bevmo and at better prices. Check this place out! Review from Ken H. Awesome and helpful people that work here. Every now and then I like to stay and order from the Wine and Tapas bar. Love it! Review from Chris F. My favorite place right now to get craft and belgium beer. Have some very knowledgeable staff as well. I just wish they had beers on tap since I'm much more into beer than wine. Make it happen guys! I should note that they do let you drink your beer at the tables though, which is nice. I would just hope they have the right glassware Review from Tina W. This place is exactly what I'm looking for when I want to relax with my girlfriends. I am a huge fan of this place. You get to experience many different types of wine and they will help with your selection. It's kinda hard to find tucked away but you'll know it when you find it! Review from Missy E. Great selection of wines for purchase and an amazingly knowledgable staff. A fun place to hang out & try some new wines during the evening. The food available is also really tasty so make sure you try it! Review from Diane S. Excellent selection of wines, staff is very helpful. Love this place. Review from Sharika S. - 8 friends - 52 reviews Ladera Ranch, CA A Real wine bar with great food! You can choose to do a tasting (they had the Stags Leap CS I love!) OR pick up a bottle from their collection and drink. No corkage fee!!! Very good finger food and cheese to go with it! Review from Kelly M. I met a good friend here for wine tasting and some apps. It was chill, the service was great and the staff seemed to know their wines. I tried a few really good ones. Fun time. Needs to be better promoted, as I had no idea it even existed, until my friend suggested it. The wine store is large and has a vast selection to buy. Review from Stacey E. Amazing Grapes provides an intimate down to earth setting for people to socialize while sampling amazing wines from all over the world. You could spend an hour cruising up and down the aisles perusing wines from the entire globe. They offer one of the best selections in all of California and the prices are the most competitive I've come across. Poke your head in any (Thursday, Friday or Saturday) night and the place is booming, filled with a great vibe that attracts people of all ages and eclectic interests. They provide tables big enough to seat a large group, or just show solo and take a seat at the bar. The crowd is super friendly and inviting.....no attitudes here. Conversations with customers and staff are part of the fun at Amazing Grapes. The bar manager Ryan is charming and articulate and his approach to teaching is laid back and pleasantly open. His experience and knowledge of wine is extensive, but he's not above discussing the basics. Ed, Stan and Erin are quick to pour you a great glass of wine and answer any questions you may have with enthusiasm and straightforward fact. If you are planning a dinner party, don't hesitate to discuss your menu with Ed. He will assist you with the perfect pairing selection and probably suggest a personal recipe. Amazing Grapes chef, Katie can been seen going from table to table suggesting what ever scrumptious food pairing she has created for the evening. The food tasting menu always offers a vast selection of artesian cheeses from all over the world as well as cured Italian meats. Review from Amy G. RUDE STAFF! I went here because my friends had gifted me with a gift card for a bday present. I will admit they have quite a selection however, upon entering the staff were standing around chatting no one acknowledged us...after filling a cart I stood at the counter FOREVER before someone finally came over to check us out. No hello nothing just rang up the purchase...I would never recommend this place...go to La Maison in Mission Viejo on the lake...they are much nicer!Comment from Greg S. of Amazing Grapes Wine Store 3/4/2011Thank you for your feedback. While it is painful to hear… More » Review from Niecie L. Love this place! Great selection of wines, nice tapas style food, knowledgeable staff, reasonable prices and often quite a friendly group of people fellow vinophiles at the bar on Friday evenings! You can order on-line and then go pick up. You have to be looking for this place to find it but I highly recommend it as they have a good selection of standards and hard to find wines. About This BusinessProvided by business Specialties We carry a wide selection of wines (2000+) and beers (100+) that you won't find in the local grocery store. We're not snobby at all, so feel free to come in and ask us questions. You'll be sure to learn and expand your horizon. From $5 and up, we are sure to have something for everyone. The Wine Bar at Amazing Grapes is open Wednesday through Saturday from 5pm until 10pm. Great food and lots of wines to choose from or feel free to grab a bottle from the floor. Mangia! History Established in 2004 We opened just before Thanksgiving in 2004. We only had two small suites at the time, but were determined to offer as many wines as possible at the best prices. We're now over 5100 square feet, offering 2000+ wines and beers. Our internet business is very strong as we ship a large portion of what we sell to other states that can legally accept wine shipments. Meet the Business Owner: Greg S. I've been a fan, student and now a purveyor of wine since I married my Italian wife. That was 16 years ago and now owning a store has completed the dream I started way back then. I have the best business partners you could ever ask for. Working at the store is play time for me. Come by and say hello! Amazing Grapes Wine Store Also Recommends Ste 110 Rancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688 Categories: Steakhouses, Bars

CBDT put burden on Taxpayers to persuade the deductors to rectify the deficiencies in TDS returns filed by them - Saturday, August 21, 2010, 9:33 - Income Tax On July 24, 2010, the Finance Minister released Citizen’s Charter — a declaration of Income-Tax Department’s commitment to taxpayers. In this Charter, one of the commitments is to make compliance easy. In this background, one of the members of the CBDT has issued a D.O. letter dated June 18, 2010 to all Chief Commissioners of Income Tax, concerning giving credit for tax deducted at source (TDS). At present, a large number of lower- and middle-income taxpayers face the problem of their refunds being withheld. One of the convenient methods of tax collection is deduction of tax at source in accordance with the provisions in Chapter XVII of the Income-Tax Act, 1961 (Act). Section 200 of the Act lays an obligation on those making various sorts of payments to deduct tax at source in accordance with the provisions of the Act and pay the same to the Central Government account within the prescribed period, furnish a statement to the tax authorities, as mandated by Sections 203AA and 206 and give a certificate to the tax deductee, as required by Section 203. The tax so deducted is treated as tax paid by the assessees, for which they are to get credit in their assessments, and if any excess is found, the same is to be refunded to the taxpayers. Over the years, the practice has been that on the basis of TDS details in the income-tax returns, the assessing officers (AOs) concerned give credit for TDS after verification, and the taxpayers were not required to make any further compliance on this count. New order This practice, however, will change because of the aforesaid D.O., which now prescribes that in the case of missing credits (mismatch) noticed by the AO, the taxpayers should contact their deductors and ascertain from them whether the deductor has either (i) erred in quoting the correct PAN; or (ii) not filed the TDS return; or (iii) has not paid the required TDS to Government’s account. They may persuade the deductor to rectify the deficiencies. For ascertaining deficiencies, the taxpayers have been advised to access the CBDT’s Web site and then approach the AO for getting the deficiencies/omissions rectified. From the above, it is apparent that the CBDT is causing onerous and unreasonable burden on taxpayers as per the D.O. letter. Taxpayers have no authority to compel the deductors to send communications to the tax department for making up the deficiencies or correcting the same. Approaching them for getting the needful done could be a time-consuming exercise, causing considerable hardship and inconvenience to the taxpayers. They have no role to play in the matter of TDS and the only right they have is to get the TDS certificates. Many lower- and middle-income taxpayers, in whose cases tax is deducted at source, are not computer-literate-enough to get the requisite information from the Department’s Web site, check the correctness of the TDS figures and then approach the deductees to inform the I-T Department for requisite corrections. The stock reply that the taxpayers get from the deductors is that they have furnished the relevant information in the statements and that the I-T Department may be contacted for further clarifications. The result is that the taxpayers are caught in a dilemma and their refunds get unduly delayed. The CBDT has to devise a scheme by which monthly reconciliation of such deficiencies can be made by the Department’s TDS branch from the banks/accounts officers, and the AO informed accordingly. Casting the burden in this regard on the taxpayers is unjustified, unfair and a form of harassment, especially as they are not a part of the TDS system. Also, deductors, committing mistakes in the TDS statements and in making payments need to be sternly dealt with by penalty and prosecutions under Section 271C, 271CA, 276B and 276BB. Such instructions from the Department, passing the burden to taxpayers, can be highly counterproductive, affecting voluntary compliance and taxpayer-tax administration relationship. Hence, the scheme outlined in the D.O. letter of June 18 needs to be urgently reviewed to devise a practical way to stop withholding of refunds in large number of cases. Related posts: - Taxpayers Liable To TDS / TCS Are Advised To Furnish Their Correct Pan with Their Deductors - Tax deductors to quote PAN in TDS returns - I-T Department to Set up Special Counters to Facilitate Taxpayers to Receive I-T Returns on 31st July 2010 (Saturday) - CBDT clarifies no annexures to be attached to Income Tax Returns Form (ITR) - FM asks CBDT to Address the Issue of Unwanted Litigation with taxpayers and Realise Locked up Revenue in Appeals How can taxpayers resposibility to compel their boss. If this happens then withdraw the section 192. All salaried people will pay SA Tax. Yes, I strongly agree that it is the deductor and not the deductee to ensure proper compliance of TDS formalities. This DO Letter is against honest tax payer and every body including Institute of CA should take necessary steps to protect the interest of tax payer. very true. The burden of asking the deductors to correct their tds statements should not be shifted on the deductees. Its the duty of the department to see whether correct return has been filed or not. The deductee at the most can produce TDS certificate from deductor and once he produce it before the A.O then he should be given due credit of tax as shown in the certificate. If there is any mismatch between tds statement and certficate then deductor should be penalised and be asked to correct his tds return Sir, I have been running from pillar to post for the last one year for geting my refund for the assessment year 2007-08. The contract with the deductor has been terminated and they are least bothered. Even, they have neglected to reply to department’s enquiry. Tax payers are a prey in the hands of the Department. There is a need to compansate the assessee by way of enhanced rate of interest. Very well written article. Thanks. I entirely agree with the views expressed here. The D O letter opens one more window to the I.T. Dept. employees to delay issuing refund and also to raise a demand for tax (where no tax is due to be paid on account of the TDS), for obvious reasons. There are instances when unscrupulous employees of the I.T. Dept. offer to overlook the deficiencies in the TDS system and issue a refund, of course at a ‘price’. All this, for no fault of the taxpayers. It is high time that the deficiencies in the TDS system are sorted out by the Govt. in consultation with the tax deductors, and not to pass on the burden to taxpayers. In case a Company deduct the tax at source and neither deposit with the authorities nor provide TDS certificate to the concerned person / company, how will the instructions of the said D>O will help the Assessee. Some penal action must be initiated against the defaulters and give necessary credit to the assessee. For consideration I fully agree. If CBDT cannot discipline the deductors like banks,govt departments and other employers etc they better scrap the TDS. The present circular of the CBDT will lead to fradulent submission of 15H forms. It may also lead people not depositing in banks and go in for alternative investments like buying gold, jewelery etc. It is absurd for CBDT to abdicate its disciplinary powers. It is possible for taxpayers somehow beg/persuade the banks etsc to issue correct 16A forms with PAN indicated and income tax officers should be accept those 16A forms. Otherwise it is tantamount to the government misappropriating taxes paid. Institutions like TAX Guru should take it up with the government. Somebody should sue the government on this. This article has hit the nail on its head. Having the banks pursue correction had been a futile exercise. For some reason the bank claim of no knowledge how or what to do since the issued of TDS Cert. are out source to a CA company. In several cases the computer printout of TDS from the bank does not much the TDS cert. issued by the out source CA given to the client of the Bank. Ass. Year 2008-2009 refunds are not being issued instead demand letter are being sent by AO which amount to harassment.Revise request & delete by the assessee of the demand by submitting the original TDS Cert to the AO. then, one pray to the Lords that it gets processed & refund sent. Here also persistence of visiting ITO or bakshis the only recourse in getting the refund issued. Amen!!!! We have not yet recd the refunds for last 2 years : 07-08, 08-09 Now also submitted returns for 09-10. This means total 3 years refunds pending with govt. And now after reading this I think the AOs have one more reason to delay it … so guys forget about refunds !!! One of the canons of Taxation is to rob Peter to pay Paul; here in the TDS regime it is to punish Peter for the fault of Paul. It is toatlly unfair to direct the Dedutee to approach the Deductor if the TDS is not found in Form 26AS. In my opinion the Department has to question the deductor if the discrepency is brought to it’s notice by the deductee and penal proceedings are to be initiated immediately; then only the dedutors will file the e-TDS returns correctly. I am one of the victims of this arbitrary and unethitical provision made by the Government. Myself and my wife had made Deposits with Post Office under Senior Cuitizens scheme. Postal Authorities deducted Income Tax at Source and issued TDS certificates. Xerox copies of the TDS certificates were duly attasched with I. T. Returns. I. T. Dept. did not allow credit for the tax deducted at source and demanded tax together with interest and penalty. We filed petitions u/s 154 of I. T. Act encl9osing original TDS ceertificates. AO, however showed his inability to do any thing. We made petitions under RTI Act, both the Post Master General and Commissioner of Income Tax. We are moving prom pillar to post for last one and half year with out success. To save our selves from further harrasments we has closed the accounts and with drawn deposits. What would happen to the deductions already made? We only hope som sense and logic prevails on the I. I. Department and the make necessary amendment in the law to save honest and law adiding citizens from unnecessary and uncalled for harrassment. Why does not I. T. Dept. imposes interwest and penalty of the Tax Deductors? If their system is not full proof the department should defer the new provisions untill every thing is set right. Lasst but not the least I compliment you on this timly and down to earth article. Regards Satish I.T.Dept.should initiate a surprise verification check at the TDS deductors premises to ascertain the correctness and the actual payment of TDS to the Govt. If such a scheme is implemented then the TDS deducted will be more vigilent to pay timely dues to the Govt. and also furnish the relevant TDS details correctly. sir PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK DEDUCT Rs.6008/- to you, go to the income tax department. I do not know what is this going on. WILL you Pls. help me. Thanking you vinod kumar bansal I agree that the onus of incorrect TDS certificate issued to the deductees should not fall on the tax payers.It is the prime duty of the deductors to take every precaution while deducting,depositing and qouting the right pan number etc.I myself am a victim of this and have been pursuing my company for the same to correct it but my company has been taking it very lightly and I have no authority to dictate them.It can only be done by someone who has authority to dictate and discipline them.The tax refunds of my last three years is stuck for a single mismatch in each TDS. Surely the article will open the Pandora’s box. The D.O. Letter is highly unwarranted as far as the assessee is concerned. It is not the responsiblity of the assessee to approach the Deductor to rectify the mistakes if any. Even it was the practice of the deductors to show little response to any Income tax department’s notice or letter. How can one expect response from the deductee’s request. CBDT is to redress the difficulties and hardships of the honest taxpayers and by this D.O.letter they are augmenting their greivance and seems letting the dishonest deductors off the hook. Further it may induce the deductors to be more careless in adhering the formalities of the TDS. It is a tragedy, in the country where elected representatives disrupt parliament proceedings to get their salary hiked but the electorate being tax payers can not voice their inconvenience casused by hasty and faulty computersation of Income Tax department.Those bureaucrats working in the CBDT should apply their minds consciously to ground realities before issuing such letter to subordinates.It is unfair to victimise the taxpayers for faulty and hasty computersation. There is nothing wrong in CBDT asking the deductees to get their TDS reconciled with the deductor. The deductors are not responsible to check the correctness of the remmittance of TDS and the form No. 16 or 16A. Issuing form 16 and 16a is a ritual and it passes by. The refund money is with the IT Dept and it cannot be given back because there are so many expenditures to be met by the government. We are the citizens of India and it is the duty of every middle class citizen to pay tax and not ask for refund because the rich are not obliged to pay tax ( can evade ) and poor do not fall under the act. We the People should adjust as we have been doing all along, maintain silence. Mera desh mahan. I fully agree with what is stated in the article. It is apparent that the Department just wants to collect the tax and itself does not want to take any steps if there is any mismatch in taxes deducted on behalf of hapless taxpayers. It has ample powers under the Act to get the needful done and instead throwing the responsibity on the Deductee. This unfair treatment of Taxpayer is contrary to the pious and hollow statements in the Tax Payer’s Charter. The Department is requested to immediately allow TDS Credits once evidence is provided by the Taxpayer.. I totally endorsed the views expressed by friends that the Deductee cannot be held responsible for non compliance of filing statutory Returns by the Deductor. Do the Tax authorities thing that besides honestly paying taxes, filing the Returns etc., the Deductees should also undertake the responsibility of ensuring TDS compliance of the Deductee ??????????? How come the tax authorities are planning to penalise the deductees for the defaults of the Deductors of Income-tax in not filing the STATUTORY TDS RETURNS BY PROPERLY INCORPORATING THE CORRECT DETAILS ???. By Administrative Orders, whether these tax authorities can trangress the provisions of the I.T.Act, 1961 and Rules, to pass on the responsibility on the Deductees ?? I fully endorse the view of the author. The deductor deducts tax at source on behalf of the Income tax Department and it is the duty of the I T deptt. to give credit of taxes deducted to the taxpayer. The proper course should be that once the taxpayer writes to the Tax deducter about the errors a copy should be sent to the IT Deptt. and the Deptt. must follow it up. The tax Payer has no control over the deducter who is actually collecting taxes on behalf of the Deptt. This will go a long way in reducing harassment and improving image of the Deptt. Really a good article. i had always felt that this is a retrograde step by the dept. putting the assessees at the mercy of the deductors, and was wondering why this issue has not come up so far for voicing the grievance. Perhaps only when the assessee feels the pinch of it they may realise, and now the pinch is slowly felt. I fully agree with Mr. PC Sinha. Let the agreived deductee send a copy of the letter, addressed to the deafulting deductor, and the IT deptt.issue penalty/ prosecution show-cause notice to the deductor, I am sure the deductee will get his/her TDS detail matched with NSDL records. One more advice to agreived taxpayers- pl. contact your AO directly and if he/she doesn’t listen, go to the next higher authority and try first to set right the erring or irritant AO and then look for solution of your problem. Don’t lose heart, if you are a honest taxpayer. you are sure to get your refund back with due interest soon after you adopt this course of action. You may alternatively use the wonderfull weapon called RTI Act, 2005 and you are 100% to succeed. Assessee may file application for rectification under section 154 of the I.T.Act claiming balance refund which was deducted by the deductor enclosing therewith a copy of TDS certificate in original. The response to the article can articulate the apathy of honest tax-payers in the Country. I fully agree that why the onus should be on tax payers as tax payers quite often account for or considers the TDS from bank statement either available electronically or in hard copies. I think if the tax payer have such copies the IT officials must give immediate cognizance to the same and take up the issue with such defaulting tax deductors. Afterall, if they are getting tax from the tax payer, they should provide services and respect to such tax payers. Good article. Really a big problem for the big assessees to get their refund. What is the remedy? Nobody knows. But one Income-tax officer(TDS) is sending letters to the ‘Deductors’ to rectify the mistakes like quoting of wrong PAN, name, etc while filing the e-TDS returns so as to benefit the ‘Deductees’ but the letters are sent only to the ‘Deductors’ in and around her jurisdiction. What about other Deductors ? Will the department take steps to send letters to all the Deductors, whose returns have been filed with mistakes? Really good article, I strongly disagree with this order, ICAI has to represent on behalf of Tax Payers of India. First things first.let us compliment the i t o mentioned by ca pmr gowrishankar in his posting d/d 25 aug 2010 at 0931 pm. tax guru may please bring it to the notice of the cbdt official who sent that d.o.letter putting the onus of rectifying mistakes of deductors, on the deductees. may be, cbdt may see that this i t o’s action is a model for all i t os and may issue fresh instruction binding all i t os to take similar action as a standard practice. thnks to tax guru for having facilitated this discussion up to this stage.commendable service to hapless tax payers. In this country the citizens are not loyal, because the country(administrators) are not loyal to the citizens We are all individually comlaining to the authorities. What everyone is ignoring is where the TDS shortfall is going? The bank is religiously deducting the TDS from the deductee’s account right up to the penny, but it is not reaching the government as the records are showing. Where is the money going? Most PSU banks have outsourced their TDS operations. They squarely put the blame on the third party they outsource to. How can banks be even allowed to outsource TDS operations? I see the potential for a huge collaborative scam even if there is an error of Rs. 100/- per assessee. Do you not see that too? further to my 02 sept 2010 posting. A new directive has come from the desk of Chairman CBDT(as listed in taxguru d/d 09 may 2011) asking CITs to remedy the situation by 20 may 2011 by making deductors accountable. It gives a great sense of relief to honest tax payers(deductees) who had been thrown at the mercy of deductor ‘thanks’ to an earlier thoughtless D O letter from a member of CBDT.I dont know if comments in taxguru have helped in this. But what needs to be appreciated is the chairman CBDT’s resolve to solve a perennial problem. Honest tax payers must congratulate the Chairman on his clear thinking. I do hope that many such actions from him will follow . sir PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK DEDUCT Rs.1923/-A to you, go to the income tax department. I do not know what is this going on. WILL you Pls. help me. Thanking you Manju Gupta LIC Agent

Return to Transcripts main page NANCY GRACE Cindy Anthony Breaks Down in Court at 911 Tapes Aired May 31, says her own father, ex-cop George Anthony, shows up with Caylee`s dead body, and instead of calling 911, George hides the body, leaving it to rot. Tot mom also claims father George and brother Lee both sexually molested her. Tot mom`s lover reveals when Caylee goes missing, tot mom spends the whole day laid up in bed with him. Bombshell tonight. Heart-breaking 911 calls from tot mom`s own mother, the moment Cindy Anthony realizes 2-year-old Caylee is gone. Tot mom sits stone-faced as grandmother Cindy Anthony breaks down on the stand, inconsolable, unable to even raise her head off the witness stand, burying her head in her hands as 911 calls played in court, Cindy barely able to stand or even walk, escorted from the stand after she begs for a break, then describes the smell of a dead body in tot mom`s car, talking through tears to ID Caylee`s little backpack and favorite doll. Then grandmother Cindy squares off face to face with tot mom, part of an in-court demonstration, tot mom glaring at her own mother. And the jury hears tot mom`s blow-ups behind bars, ranting, cursing, yelling, insisting she has no idea where 2-year-old Caylee is, all the while knowing that Caylee is dead. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) 911 OPERATOR: 911. What`s your emergency? CINDY ANTHONY, CASEY`S MOTHER: I called a little bit ago, the deputy sheriff. I found out my granddaughter has been taken. She has been missing for a month. Her mother finally admitted that she`s been missing. 911 OPERATOR: OK, what... CINDY ANTHONY: Get someone here now! CASEY ANTHONY, CAYLEE`S MOTHER: My daughter has been missing for the last 31 days. CINDY ANTHONY: My daughter finally admitted that the baby-sitter stole her! I need to find her! 911 OPERATOR: Your daughter admitted that her baby is where? CINDY ANTHONY: The baby-sitter. 911 OPERATOR: And you last saw her a month ago? CASEY ANTHONY: Thirty-one days. CINDY ANTHONY: There`s something wrong. I found my daughter`s car today, and it smells like there`s been a dead body in the damn car! I have not seen her since 7th of June. 911 OPERATOR: Who has her? Do you have a name? CASEY ANTHONY: Her name is Zenaida Fernandez-Gonzalez. CINDY ANTHONY: Caylee`s missing! Caylee`s missing! She took her a month ago! She`s been missing for a month! CASEY ANTHONY: I`ve been looking for her and have gone through other resources to try to find her, which is stupid. CINDY ANTHONY: Caylee`s baby doll, her favorite doll, had smelled pretty bad, so I went and got some Febreze and I sprayed the doll. CASEY ANTHONY: I don`t know where she`s at. Are you kidding me? (END VIDEO CLIP) GRACE: Good evening. I`m Nancy Grace. I want to thank you for being with us. Bombshell tonight. Heart-breaking 911 calls from tot mom`s own mother the moment Cindy Anthony realizes 2-year-old Caylee is gone. We are taking your calls live. We are live in Orlando, bringing the latest out of the Orange County courthouse, where tot mom Casey Anthony on trial for the murder of her 2-year-old little girl, Caylee. And what a day in court it has been, Cindy Anthony on the stand. She couldn`t even raise her head up off the witness stand. She was wracked with pain. And the whole time, you take a look over across the courtroom at tot mom, she`s just sitting there, just looking at her mother like, Who are you? At one point, Cindy Anthony had to stand and look at tot mom. She had to stand and they begrudgingly looked at each other. There was no love at all from tot mom toward her mother. Her mother has stood by her through thick and thin. Out to Jean Casarez, legal correspondent, "In Session," in court today, standing by with the whole crew there at the Orlando courthouse. Jean, what happened in court? JEAN CASAREZ, "IN SESSION": Nancy, I was in that courtroom and that courtroom stopped, it stood still as Cindy Anthony testified for the prosecution against her daughter. She testified that it smelled like something had died in the car. She told her husband, she told her fellow employees at work. She said, I was only figuratively saying it. But then the judge said the 911 call, number three, Jurors, you can listen to that call for the truth of what Cindy Anthony is saying. GRACE: Everyone, to the left of Jean what you`re seeing -- you can only see the top of Cindy`s head. She can`t even look up. And then when she got down off the stand, she could barely walk. She had to have help standing up. And that`s tot mom looking on. Looking on. OK, Jean, at what point did Cindy have to put her head down? CASAREZ: It was when that third 911 call started playing. And her tears -- she was crying for Caylee. She was reliving it, Nancy. She was reliving that she found out that Caylee had been missing for 31 days. She found out right before she made that call. GRACE: Let`s take a listen to the 911 call. You are going to hear it just as the jury heard it in the last hours. (BEGIN AUDIO CLIP) 911 OPERATOR: 911. What`s your emergency? CINDY ANTHONY: I called a little bit ago, the deputy sheriff. I found out my granddaughter has been taken. She has been missing for a month. Her mother finally admitted that she`s been missing over a month. 911 OPERATOR: OK, what... CINDY ANTHONY: Get someone here now! 911 OPERATOR: OK, what is the address that you`re calling from? CINDY ANTHONY: (DELETED) Hopespring Drive. We`re talking about a 3- year-old little girl! 911 OPERATOR: What? CINDY ANTHONY: Hopespring, H-O-P-E-S-P-R-I-N-G, Drive in Orlando. me that she`s been trying to find her herself. There: Caylee Anthony? CINDY ANTHONY: Yes. 911 OPERATOR: OK, is she white, black or Hispanic? CINDY ANTHONY: She`s white. 911 OPERATOR: How long has she been missing for? CINDY ANTHONY: I have not seen her since the 7th of June. 911 OPERATOR: What is her date of birth? CINDY ANTHONY: 8-9-2000 -- oh, God, she`s 3! She`s 2005. Caylee`s missing! Caylee`s missing! Casey says Zanny took her a month ago! She`s been missing for a month. 911 OPERATOR: OK. I understand -- can you just -- can you calm down for me... (END AUDIO CLIP) GRACE: You are seeing what`s happening in court as the 911 call is played for the jury. This is what was happening. (BEGIN AUDIO CLIP) 911 OPERATOR: Is your daughter there? CINDY ANTHONY: I`m on phone with them! 911 OPERATOR: Is your daughter there? CINDY ANTHONY: Yes. 911 OPERATOR: Can I speak with her? Do you mind if I speak with her? Thank you. CINDY ANTHONY: I called them two hours ago. They haven`t gotten here. Casey finally admitted that Zanny took her a month ago (INAUDIBLE) 911 OPERATOR: Ma`am? Ma`am? CINDY ANTHONY: (INAUDIBLE) they want to talk to you. CASEY ANTHONY: (INAUDIBLE) CINDY ANTHONY: Answer the questions. CASEY ANTHONY: Hello? 911 OPERATOR: Hello? CASEY ANTHONY: Yes. 911 OPERATOR: Hi. Well, can you tell me what`s going on a little bit? CASEY ANTHONY: I`m sorry? 911 OPERATOR: Can you tell me a little bit what`s going on? CASEY ANTHONY: My daughter has been missing for the last 31 days. 911 OPERATOR: And you know who has her? CASEY ANTHONY: I know who has her. I`ve tried to contact her. I actually receive... (END AUDIO CLIP) GRACE: We are taking your calls. You are seeing exactly what happened in the courtroom. Cindy Anthony`s head is down on the witness stand. She is crying. She can`t stop crying. She can`t hold her head up, as tot mom looks on. Out to the lines. Debbie in Ohio. Hi, Debbie. What`s your question, dear? UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Hi, Nancy. Good evening. I wanted to know, has anybody talked -- I think that Casey said the person`s name was Jeff that actually she got the nanny through. Has anybody talked to him, even though now we know there is no nanny? GRACE: Yes, they have. To Robyn Walensky, WDBO. What do we know about Jeff? ROBYN WALENSKY, WDBO: You know, they spoke to him, Nancy, and all of her stories -- it`s amazing. She wasn`t working, Casey, at Universal or Disney because she`s the queen of the characters. She makes up all of these fictitious people, and Zanny the nanny never existed. GRACE: You know what, Robyn? You`re right. We had to make a flow chart of all of her imaginary friends -- Eric Baker, Jeffrey Hopkins, Zachary Hopkins, Jules, Juliette Lewis. I mean, that`s named after a movie star. Annabelle, Zanny the nanny, Samantha, Raquel Ferrell, Gloria -- it goes on and on. And they`re very intricately involved people. They`re all connected. They`re related. This one knows that one. It`s such a big lie, and it all comes crashing down. Back out to Jean Casarez. Jean, I noticed when Cindy Anthony finally got a break, she nearly -- in the back of the courtroom, as she was walking out, she nearly fell onto George Anthony, who held her, braced her, and they walked out together. CASAREZ: He was standing right there, Nancy, to grab her and for them to walk out together, to support her. She asked for that break, Nancy. She couldn`t go on anymore. GRACE: We are live at the Orlando courthouse, Orange County, bringing the latest in the trial of Casey Anthony, tot mom, on trial for the murder of her 2-year-old little girl. She squares off against her own mother in court today, her face like stone as her mother breaks down, her body doubled over in pain. ... CINDY ANTHONY: Get someone here now! (END AUDIO CLIP) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) CINDY ANTHONY: Casey started making excuses why it would not be a good idea for me to go see Caylee. I wanted to see Caylee. I was getting angrier and angrier and more upset. So I dialed 911. I want to bring her in. I want to press charges. 911 OPERATOR: Where did all of this happen? CINDY ANTHONY: Oh, it`s been happening. I was pacing back and forth, and I just had had enough. And I made another phone call to 911. I found her, but we can`t find my granddaughter. 911 OPERATOR: Casey not telling you where her daughter is? CINDY ANTHONY: Correct. 911 OPERATOR: OK. We`ll have a deputy out to you. CINDY ANTHONY: (INAUDIBLE) heard her tell me that Caylee`s been gone for 31 days. I lost it, swore at her and hit the bed. I ran out and called the police again. My daughter finally admitted that the baby`s been stolen! I need to find her! There`s something wrong. I found my daughter`s car today, and it smells like there`s been a dead body in the damn car! (END VIDEO CLIP) GRACE: Did you see tot mom`s face as she looks on -- Liz, see if you can pull that back up again -- just looking at her mother like she`s a snake coiled up there on the witness stand. And her mother can hardly lift her gaze, cannot lift her head. Look! Look! Look at that! What is that? Is that the way she looked at her the whole day, Steve Helling? Steve Helling joining us from "People" magazine, in court throughout the entire day. We are live in the Orange County, Orlando, courthouse, bringing you the very latest out of the courtroom. Finally, nearly three years to the day -- that will be June 16 -- justice for Caylee begins. Steve, did tot mom look at Cindy Anthony that way the whole day? STEVE HELLING, "PEOPLE" MAGAZINE: You know, she really did. In fact, I never saw her crack a smile. I never saw her -- she -- she dabbed her eyes a couple times. She cried a little bit. But you know, she just had this stoic look on her face the whole time. It was really bizarre, almost like she was disassociating herself from everything that was going on around her. GRACE: You know what, Steve Helling? HELLING: I`ve never seen anything like it. GRACE: I have never supported spanking, and so far, three-and-a- half years into it, the twins have not been spanked. But I tell you what. That is a look that can only be, let me just say, slapped off her face. I can only put it like that. Let me see that look again, Liz. Hold on, Helling. I want to see this. Looking at her -- if I had looked at my mother like that -- and the thing is, Helling, the jury is seeing this. They are seeing Cindy Anthony`s gut-wrenching pain, doubled over on the stand, describing the 911 call, describing when she realizes Caylee is gone, having to look at her backpack and her favorite doll left behind in her little carseat. And tot mom`s, like, Ho-hum. Next. HELLING: Exactly. And you know, I saw that the jury was -- there was some compassion in their eyes as they were looking at Cindy. They really identified with her. But when they looked over at Caylee (SIC), I saw some glares. I saw some furrowed brows -- I mean, when they looked over at Casey. It was -- it was the weirdest thing, I`ve ever seen, Nancy. It`s one of those things that -- that makes you see that something just went totally wrong with Casey. GRACE: That`s the little doll that makes Cindy Anthony just go into hysterics. That was Caylee`s favorite doll. And anybody on -- in that jury box that is a mother, you know your children`s favorite things. I know if the children are in the car and I see their favorite thing, I`ve got to go get it and take it to them. I know that even if they`re asleep, I`ve got to put their favorite thing in the crib with them at night because I don`t want them to wake up and not have it with them. There`s her little backpack she carried with her. Out to the lines. Nancy in Virginia. Hi, Nancy. What`s your question? UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: A quick comment. George Anthony from the very beginning has come across looking as honest, and you know, down to earth. And I think Cindy -- I always thought of her as arrogant. But watching this trial in her condition that she`s in, she`s not arrogant, she`s broken. But my question is, with the lies that Casey has told, Zanny being one of them -- and she`s admitted to that -- how is the sexual abuse from her dad and brother going to come across? Is that going to just come across as another lie, do you think? GRACE: You know what, Nancy in Virginia? That`s a good question. Liz, let`s put up the flow chart of all of tot mom`s imaginary friends that she has made up, and I`m sure we`re going to hear -- these are just the ones we know of. I`m sure that the state has a whole file of made-up friends. And as a matter of fact, Jose Baez asked her on the stand in cross, which I think was crazy, about all of her made-up friends. They asked Cindy about the made-up friends, Eric, Jeffrey, Zachary, Jules, Juliette, Annabelle, Zanny, Samantha, Raquel, Gloria. Why did he do that, Jean Casarez? CASAREZ: I think, number one, he wants to paint the picture of dysfunction in the whole family, and then once... GRACE: Hey, hey, hey! Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa! Don`t drag (ph) the whole family being dysfunctional. It`s tot mom making up all these people, not George and Cindy and Lee. CASAREZ: But he`s trying to show that she had to do that because of the dysfunction where she came from. GRACE: Oh, she had to lie! I`m not buying it, Jean. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: How come everybody`s saying that you`re not upset, that you`re not crying at all? CASEY ANTHONY: Because I`m not sitting here (EXPLETIVE DELETED) crying every two seconds. CINDY ANTHONY: Gosh, it smelled like something had died in the car. It smells like there`s been a dead body in the damn car! I have someone here that I need to be arrested. My daughter. CASEY ANTHONY: They`re going to pin this on me if they don`t find Caylee. CINDY ANTHONY: She had a lot of explaining to do. CASEY ANTHONY: Gone through other resources to try to find her, which is stupid. CINDY ANTHONY: (INAUDIBLE) Caylee`s missing! Caylee`s missing! CASEY ANTHONY: Nobody in my own family is on my side. They just want Caylee back. That`s all they`re worried about right now. (END VIDEO CLIP) GRACE: We are live at the Orange County, Orlando, courthouse, bringing you the latest in the trial against Casey Anthony, tot mom, in the murder of her 2-year-old little girl, Caylee. On the stand today, tot mom`s own mother. And there was a bizarre moment where the two had to stand face to face and look at each other. I thought that was -- I thought that was crazy, Ellie Jostad. What happened? And did Baez, the defense attorney, come up with this? ELLIE JOSTAD, NANCY GRACE PRODUCER: Yes, Nancy. Well, apparently, Cindy Anthony -- you know, she was testifying that when Casey was pregnant, none of the -- nobody in the family knew. He showed this picture, This is at your brother`s, Cindy`s brother`s wedding... GRACE: Hold on! Hold on! Take down the banner so I can see the picture, Liz. JOSTAD: Yes, that`s the photo. GRACE: Yes, she`s pregnant. She`s pregnant. JOSTAD: Right. Right. Well, so he asked Cindy, Did you know she was pregnant? She said no. He said, What did you -- how did you explain to yourself this protruding belly? She said, Well, you know, Cindy -- Casey, rather, was more sedentary, wasn`t active. So Jose Baez said, Well, you know my client has been in jail for three years now. She`s inactive in jail. Look at her now. Is this the protruding belly (INAUDIBLE)? And of course, she said no. So that`s what we`re looking at right here. GRACE: And the two didn`t make any eye contact at all, Ellie. JOSTAD: It was completely cold between the two of them, no emotion. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) CASEY ANTHONY, MOTHER OF CAYLEE ANTHONY: My daughter has been missing for the last 31 days. UNIDENTIFIED 911 DISPATCHER: And you know who has her? CASEY ANTHONY: I know who has her. CINDY ANTHONY, CASEY ANTHONY`S MOTHER: Caylee is missing. Caylee is missing. Casey knows Zanny took her away a month ago. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Zanny the nanny. Did you ever see a photograph of Zanny the nanny? CINDY ANTHONY: No. She has been missing for a month. My daughter finally admitted that she`s been missing. UNIDENTIFIED 911 DISPATCHER: OK -- UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Did you ever speak to Zanny the nanny? CINDY ANTHONY: No. My daughter finally admitted that the babysitter stole her. I need to find her. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: And you had no idea that Zanny was not a real person? CINDY ANTHONY: No, I did not. We`re talking about a 3-year-old little girl. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: The smell in the car, was that a smell that you recognized? CINDY ANTHONY: There`s something wrong. I found my daughter`s car today and it smells like there`s been a dead body in the damn car. Her favorite doll was in the car seat like it was sitting with Caylee at his back. He was (INAUDIBLE). Like the car. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: What died? CINDY ANTHONY: I sprayed the doll and then I sprayed Febreze all through the car, thinking that that might help with the odor. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: What died? CINDY ANTHONY: Sprayed the front and the back. I used pretty much a whole can of Febreze. The smell in the car was pretty strong. I mean I use that expression, you know, what died. (END OF VIDEO CLIP) NANCY GRACE, HOST: Welcome back, everyone. We are live at the Orlando courthouse, Orange County, bringing you the latest in the trial of Casey Anthony, tot mom, in the alleged murder of her 2-year-old little girl Caylee. And what a day in the courtroom it was today. Tot mom`s own mother on the stand. Nearly doubled over in half. Sobbing. As she reheard the 911 where she tells police her little granddaughter is gone. In fact, what we found out, Natisha Lance, is that she found out really that Caylee had been missing for 31 days when she overheard tot mom telling brother Lee. Describe what we heard in court today. NATISHA LANCE, NANCY GRACE PRODUCER: Well, Nancy, as you know, there were three 911 calls at first when Cindy Anthony picked up Casey Anthony from Tony Lazarro`s home. She found a police station along the way, on the way home. She called police the first time there. She tried to report a stolen car. She tried to say that Casey had stolen money. Then they directed her that she needed to go home because they don`t live in that jurisdiction. When they got home she ended up calling police again. Casey Anthony had gotten into her home. Lee greeted them when they got home. And Lee was trying to get some answers from Casey. Before that third 911 call was placed Cindy Anthony said she was pacing back and forth in that house, she went to the door of Casey Anthony`s room and she overheard Casey say I haven`t seen my daughter in 31 days and immediately, Nancy, Cindy Anthony made that phone call, her intuition went into play, and that is when we heard that 911 call, her frantic, insane, it smells like there`s been a dead body in the car. GRACE: And tell me, Jean Casarez, the defense tried to suggest that George Anthony had no response because at some point in the 911 call you can hear Cindy telling George Caylee has been missing 31 days. Tell me what happened. JEAN CASAREZ, LEGAL CORRESPONDENT, "IN SESSION": Right. Well the defense is saying look we`re not hearing any response from George. In other words, he already knew all that. That`s what they are going for because they are interplaying him with that. But she said, no, wait a minute he was farther away from the phone. He went into shock and law enforcement arrived right at that moment. GRACE: Out to the lines, to Dory in North Carolina. Hi, Dory. What`s your question? DORY, CALLER FROM NORTH CAROLINA: Hi, Nancy. Thanks for taking my call. GRACE: Thanks for calling in, dear. DORY: And thank you for being our earth angel also. This has been so sad in knowing what she`s putting her parents through but I can`t help think back to when at the beginning when you run all of the -- in jail, the conversations, while she was in jail. GRACE: Right. DORY: I fully really believe with all my heart if her mom or dad had anything to do with it, or anyone else had anything to do with it, she would have been singing as hard as she could as bad as she wanted out of jail. GRACE: You know what? DORY: And now -- GRACE: You`re right. You`re right. And earlier a call, I believe it was Nancy in Virginia, was talking about how Cindy had come off being arrogant earlier? I think that Cindy Anthony has just been combative because her whole life, everything she loves is being taken away from her. Number one, I got to tell you, guys, I poked around a lot in Orlando. I`ve been looking, talking to different sources and witnesses. Caylee was the love of Cindy and George`s life. They got to relive tot mom`s childhood through Caylee. They did everything for her. They made her room. They bought her clothes. Everything. She`s just like this gift from god for them. So that`s taken away from her. Then her daughter is charged with murder. And don`t you know they don`t want to believe this. And then you got the press chasing them. Then you got people outside their front porch, their front yard screaming with signs and blocking the driveway when they are trying to even drive home from church, throwing things. George Anthony even got spit on by some of these people out in their front yard. Spit on. And there they are getting phone calls in the middle of night from people that they think they seen Caylee, they`re driving to this place and that place trying to look at video surveillance, they`re going to Puerto Rico, to New York, trying to find Caylee. And I think you`re right, Dory. If she had thought her parents were involved she would have ratted them out in a heartbeat. Unleash the lawyers. Joining us, Raymond Giudice, defense attorney, Atlanta, Paul Batista, defense attorney, New York. Raymond Giudice, the interplay between tot mom and her mother in court. It spoke volumes. I don`t even need to hear what they`re saying, Ray, because the jury was soaking it in. You`re hearing the 911 call. I remember John David being lost in Toys "R" Us for one minute and I still remember the hysteria in my chest. And here`s tot mom just sitting there like -- tic-tock. RAY GIUDICE, DEFENSE ATTORNEY: Nancy, the jury is making two comparisons, Cindy`s reaction versus Casey`s in the courtroom. And their own individual, as a human being, the jurors themselves sitting there saying, I would never respond the way Casey Anthony did had my child been missing. So it`s going on on multiple levels. GRACE: What about it, Paul? PAUL BATISTA, DEFENSE ATTORNEY, AUTHOR OF "DEATH`S WITNESS": I`m not buying any of this, Nancy. This is so far the weakest murder death penalty case I have seen. It is great reality TV, but so far all we have is rumor, suggestions. We don`t -- nobody likes Casey Anthony, but the fact that she`s not liked doesn`t substitute for evidence. Evidence is needed. That jury is going to ask itself when it goes back into the jury room what evidence do we have. GRACE: What about Caylee`s hair post mortem in tot mom`s trunk? BATISTA: You know, you`re reversing the whole process here, Nancy. GRACE: No, I`m asking you -- BATISTA: It`s the government -- GRACE: You said there`s no evidence. BATISTA: It is the government that has to prove -- GRACE: No. You said there`s no evidence. Please address my question. BATISTA: There is no evidence. GRACE: Address the question. BATISTA: Nancy, there is no evidence that Casey Anthony applied that tape. That is the key missing ingredient. GRACE: Can you please address the question? BATISTA: It is -- there is no evidence, Nancy. I am addressing the question that Casey put that tape on this child`s face. GRACE: Yes. Well, that was not my question. So I`m going to quit asking you the questions since you -- BATISTA: But that`s the issue. GRACE: No. BATISTA: That`s the issue. GRACE: You should go ahead and cut his mike because he`s refusing to answer the question about -- GIUDICE: Nancy -- Nancy, let me jump in. GRACE: Hold on. About her hair post mortem in tot mom`s trunk, about her, tot mom`s computer searches about neck breaking, homemade chloroform on her computer. But nobody else was home. Hold on, Raymond, I`m going to come back to you. GIUDICE: OK. GRACE: But I`ve got go to Marc Klaas. Marc Klaas, president and founder of KlassKids Foundation. You were in the spot, very similar to Cindy Anthony. You were in the courtroom when Polly went missing. You were there at the courthouse for the trial of her killer. Your little girl`s killer. What is Cindy going through? MARC KLAAS, PRESIDENT AND FOUNDER, KLAASKIDS FOUNDATION: Well, Nancy, I watched much of this on television today and was really riveted. And what it demonstrates, I think, to everybody is that much of the drama that occurs in the courtroom occurs not because of revelations of fact but revelations of emotion. And on the one hand we see this mother that`s absolutely crushed by the loss of this little girl who you rightfully said was her whole life, and on the other hand you`ve got Casey sitting there, and I don`t even think it`s stoically because I think that she`s expressing an awful lot of emotion, and she`s giving the jury a peek into the dark void that is her soul. GRACE: You know, at any moment, I thought she was just going to give her mom the finger. I mean she`s just sitting her, looking at her like she hates her. And her mother is one of the few people -- KLAAS: She is giving her the finger. GRACE: The few people that have stuck by her through thick and thin. I mean literally fighting off protesters. You know how easy it would have been for her to just kick tot mom out of the house when she made bail that time and make everybody happy? But no. Cindy and George kept her there, defended her, took care of her. And look at the way she`s looking at Cindy Anthony, Marc Klaas. KLAAS: Well, obviously family means everything to Cindy and George and they did stick with their daughter. Obviously family means nothing to Casey. Nothing at all. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) AMY HUIZENGA, TOT MOM`S BEST FRIEND: She remarked that there was a really bad smell coming out of her car and she didn`t know what it was. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: A very potent -- it was eye-opening. (END OF VIDEO CLIP) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED 911 DISPATCHER: What`s the 3-year-old`s name? CINDY ANTHONY: Caylee. C-A-Y-L-E-E. Anthony. I`ve realized that she was lying again. CASEY ANTHONY: Yes. UNIDENTIFIED 911 DISPATCHER: What is her date of birth? CINDY ANTHONY: Eight -- 8, 9, 2000 --oh, god she`s 3. 2005. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: You`re aware that Casey has been incarcerated for the last three years, do you not? CINDY ANTHONY: And we found her after a month. She`s been missing for a month. I found her. But we can`t find my granddaughter. I spent every day of my life for the last three years. UNIDENTIFIED 911 DISPATCHER: Is Casey not telling you where her daughter is? CINDY ANTHONY: Correct. UNIDENTIFIED 911 DISPATCHER: How long has she been missing for? CINDY ANTHONY: I have not seen her since the 7th of June. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: You`re aware that she spends 23 hours a day in the cell? CINDY ANTHONY: Yes, sir. Casey was so forthright. (INAUDIBLE) telling me. Caylee had been gone for 31 days and that she -- that Zanny had taken her. Casey, you have to tell me if you know anything about Caylee. Sweetheart, if anything happens to Caylee I`ll die. Do you understand? I`ll die. If anything happened to that baby. CASEY ANTHONY: Oh, my god. Calling you guys, a waste. Huge waste. CINDY ANTHONY: Honey, I love you. CASEY ANTHONY: You know I would not let anything happen to my daughter. If I knew where she was this wouldn`t be going on. (END OF VIDEO CLIP) GRACE: You`re seeing tot mom`s own mother Cindy Anthony breaking down in court. As she heard that jailhouse video -- that jailhouse phone call. Tot mom calls home or gets a call from home while she`s behind bars. She says her whole family talking to them is just a big waste. What happened -- to Jean Casarez. What happened, Jean Casarez, when that came up in court? CASAREZ: This was a big moment. Remember this is the first time the jury ever heard Casey Anthony`s voice in a conversation with her family. She said all everybody cares about is finding Caylee. That`s all. She said I haven`t been to sleep, I need a shower, I need to get some rest myself. That was the demeanor of the call. GRACE: To our body language expert, Patty Wood, joining us out of Atlanta. Patty, weigh in. PATTY WOOD, BODY LANGUAGE EXPERT: Well, you see it`s not a stone face. You actually see the furrowed brow, her focused eyes, the look of anger and actually disrespect of her mother. Surprising that a lot of people are talking about stone face when I see anger and disrespect. GRACE: I want to go out now to Wendy Walsh, psychologist and expert on momlogic.com. Agree or disagree with our body language expert? WENDY WALSH, PH.D., PSYCHOLOGIST, EXPERT ON MOMLOGIC.COM: I completely agree. I think that what we`re seeing here is the adult daughter who is, you know, behaving like a child in prison saying that we should feel sorry for her instead of looking for the toddler, and now angry that mom is telling the story again on -- I was going say the set because it probably feels like a set to her in the courtroom. GRACE: Back to Steve Helling, staff writer for "People" magazine in court today. He`s about to come out with a big article detailing everything he`s been observing in court and he is there from the beginning in the morning until the end of the day. Steve Helling, I`ve read the article. Very, very compelling. I want to know what you observed between tot mom and her mother especially -- let`s play it again, Liz. Where Cindy has to stand up and look at tot mom. They are talking about what she looked like when she was pregnant. What did you observe, Steve? STEVE HELLING, STAFF WRITER, PEOPLE MAGAZINE: Well, you know, I saw them looking at each other and it was almost like two strangers looking at each other or two people who just didn`t really care for each other. It wasn`t a mother and daughter moment. It wasn`t something -- you know, you have to keep in mind that they haven`t spoken for years. And there was no even real recognition in Casey`s eyes. It was the weirdest thing I`ve ever seen. I`ve never seen anything like that. GRACE: To Dr. Zhongxue Hua, Union County medical examiner. Doctor, thanks for being with us again. The defense questioned Cindy Anthony about her daughter`s physique, suggesting that they knew that she was pregnant and were just all lying about it. You know I`ve heard of it quite often. Pregnant moms actually covering it up, that they were pregnant. This time tot mom was in her seventh month. Is that possible that they did not know? DR. ZHONGXUE HUA, UNION COUNTY, NJ, MEDICAL EXAMINER: It`s certainly -- I mean it`s certainly possible. But again, it`s not a common phenomenon. Sometimes people do can hide their pregnancy up to -- I mean up to the term of eight or nine months, but again it`s not common. GRACE: Well, Doctor, let me tell you something. I respect your medical degree and all that. But I was so superstitious and worried when I finally was pregnant with the twins I kept it a secret nearly six months. I kept it a secret. I guess about 5 1/2 months. Wore baggie clothes, wore my blue jeans. You know, if people thought I had gained weight they never said anything, thank goodness, but it can be done, Doctor. You know, I don`t know what they taught you in medical school but it can be done. HUA: Yes, it certainly can be done. Yes, without question. I mean I`ve seen people hiding all the way to the term, like talking nine, 10 months pregnancy. GRACE: Yes, I have, too. And I was always surprised until I tried it myself. We are taking your calls. Out to Sean in Michigan. Hi, dear. Is it Sharon? Hi, Sharon. What`s your question, dear? SHARON, CALLER FROM MICHIGAN: Hi, Nancy. I want to say your children are very fortunate to have such a loving and caring mother like you. GRACE: Thank you. Thank you. SHARON: But this is about Casey Anthony`s testimony about her being such a loving mother. I`m wondering if you think that she resents that beautiful child more than she loved her. You know, she put such a damper in her partying ways and spending the night. GRACE: You know, hold on, Sharon. I`m going to get to that and some text messages between her and her boyfriend when we get back. Everyone, we are live in Orlando. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Did you continue to question Casey as soon as she got into your car, about Caylee`s whereabouts? CINDY ANTHONY: Yes, I did, and I realized that that wasn`t an opportunity to really talk to Casey because Amy was in the car. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: And after those conversations ended, what would she say? Did she say anything about her relationship with her mom? HUIZENGA: Just that her mom was crazy and she`s just really frustrated and that she needed space and she didn`t understand why she didn`t understand that. (END OF VIDEO CLIP) GRACE: Welcome back. We are live at the Orange County courthouse. Back to Sharon in Michigan`s question. To Ellie Jostad, instead of using the Tony Lazzaro sex text messages, let`s talk about Huizenga, Amy Huizenga, on the stand today and about how Caylee was cramping tot mom`s lifestyle. ELLIE JOSTAD, NANCY GRACE CHIEF EDITORIAL PRODUCER: Yes, that`s right, Nancy. Amy said that there was a lot of tension between Casey and Cindy Anthony, and that there were a lot of times where they made plans to go out and at the last minute Casey Anthony would have to cancel because Cindy couldn`t stay home and watch her. So she said there was this ongoing tension. At one point Cindy even called Casey an unfit mother. GRACE: We will be back in the courtroom first thing in the morning to bring you the latest. Finally, justice for Caylee begins. Let`s stop and remember Army Private 1st Class Devon Gibbons, just 19, Fort Orchard, Washington, served Iraq. Lost his life at Houston`s Brook Army Medical Center. His family by his side. From a family of military vets, awarded Bronze Star, Purple Heart, Army Commendation. Loved sports, computer games, the beach, piano, snowboarding. With a smile that lit up a room. Leaves behind parents Bonnie and Mel, brothers Ryan, David, Andrew, Adam and Jacob. Devon Gibbons, American hero. Thanks to our guests but especially to you for being with us. The Georgia Child I.D. program CHIP gives digital photos, fingerprints, I.D. cards to help with child recovery in case your child goes missing. It`s free. And there are others like it across the country. Sign up at gachip.org. Everyone, we will be live tomorrow from the Orlando courthouse, bringing you the latest in justice for Caylee. I`ll see you tomorrow night, 8:00 sharp Eastern. And until then, good night, friend. END Weather forecast

Return to Transcripts main page SHOWBIZ TONIGHT Lady Gaga`s Showbiz Newsmaker Interview; Brad and Angelina Finally Getting Hitched?; Snooki`s Italian Smash-Up; New Kardashian Outrage; Avril Lavigne`s F-Bomb Rant Aired May 31, 2011 - 23:00:00 ET THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED. A.J. HAMMER, HOST: Tonight, our not-to-be-missed SHOWBIZ newsmaker interview with Lady Gaga. Gaga firing back over what she did on the "American Idol" finale. I`m A.J. Hammer. This is SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. Big news breaking on SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. One on one with Lady Gaga. For the very first time, Gaga speaks out about her controversial "American Idol" performance. (MUSIC PLAYING) Plus, Gaga`s brand-new blunt message for her critics. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) LADY GAGA, POP STAR: What I thought was very beautiful -- (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: It`s a headline-making SHOWBIZ TONIGHT newsmaker interview. Brad and Angelina getting married? Brad Pitt`s shocking new revelations tonight that he and Angelina Jolie may tie the knot now. Our SHOWBIZ Flashpoint, should they? Snooki smash-up. Snooki crashes into a police car while filming "Jersey Shore" in Italy. But I have to ask, is this just one big publicity stunt? TV`s most provocative entertainment news show breaks news right now. (MUSIC PLAYING) Hello. I`m A.J. Hammer, coming to you from New York City with big news breaking tonight -- the ultimate SHOWBIZ newsmaker. Yes, we are one on one tonight with the one and only Lady Gaga. Gaga`s new album is making history today. "Born This Way" on pace to sell more than one million copies on its first week out. And it is expected to post the highest first week sales for any album in more than 10 years. That`s pretty unbelievable. Still, when we spoke with Gaga, she revealed that deeply vulnerable side of herself. She even says she doesn`t feel worthy of all of her success. So what is really behind the insecurity that brought Gaga to tears in her recent HBO special? And what does she really think of all the critics who slammed her big performance on that "American Idol" finale? CNN`s Jason Carroll with the ultimate SHOWBIZ newsmaker. (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) (MUSIC PLAYING) JASON CARROLL, CNN NATIONAL CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): She`s igniting controversy over her steamy "American Idol" performance. (MUSIC PLAYING) CARROLL: Her always provocative song lyrics. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Why does she always have to push the envelope with Catholics? CARROLL: And basically just about everything else she does. LADY GAGA: Anything related to my physical appearance or my artistry, those are the critiques that I don`t listen to. CARROLL: And now, in a brand-new SHOWBIZ newsmaker interview, Lady Gaga is telling SHOWBIZ TONIGHT what she thinks of her critics. Let`s just say she`s not writing them any love song. LADY GAGA: Well, I would say critics are synonymous with bullies and vice versa. Bullies are critics and critics are bullies. CARROLL: I caught up with Gaga days after her bump and grind heavy performance of her song, "Edge Of Glory," at the "American Idol" season finale. (MUSIC PLAYING) Now that she has had some time to think about it, does Gaga think she went too far? (on camera) After the "Idol" performance, you know, there are some critics who said, did she go a little bit too far on stage with that sort of -- some said it was sort of like sexual simulation. And so some critics say, you know, when you`ve got a young audience like on "Idol," how far do you go? What would you say to someone who (UNINTELLIGIBLE)? LADY GAGA: I didn`t think that it was particularly sexual at all. CARROLL (voice-over): Others disagree. ELISABETH HASSELBECK, CO-HOST, "THE VIEW": "American Idol" has a really young audience. And I just wonder, knowing their young audience, if this was -- and many people think so -- the wrong place for that art. CARROLL: Gaga tells SHOWBIZ TONIGHT she doesn`t mind the chatter over her "Idol" performance. LADY GAGA: You know, everyone always has something to say over my performances, and that`s great. So keep talking. Thank you. CARROLL: By now, Gaga is no stranger to criticism. Controversy clings to her like that infamous meat dress. (on camera) When you`re an artist at your level, how much does the criticism affect you or not affect you? LADY GAGA: I only pay attention to those in reference to my peers that I respect, that I work with. And I want my fans to know that that`s OK to do that. You know, it`s one thing to be aware of criticism and to take constructive criticism and another thing to look outside constantly for reassurance. Look into yourself. You are the one that has to, at the end of the day, be the soul that stands behind the work, so you have to believe in it. And so I answer to me. CARROLL (voice-over): Lady Gaga may answer to herself, but that also makes her her harshest critic. LADY GAGA: I just sometimes feel like a loser still, you know. CARROLL: Earlier this spring, she shocked fans in a different way than she usually does. She broke down on camera while filming an HBO documentary as her insecurities seemed to get the best of her. LADY GAGA: It`s crazy, because it`s like we`re at the Garden, but I still sometimes feel like a loser kid in high school. CARROLL: Which begs the question, despite her album sales and her Grammys and her ranking as number one on the "Forbes" list of most powerful celebrities in the world, is Lady Gaga still plagued by insecurity? (on camera) At this point in your life, do you feel worthy? Or do you still have those feelings of unworthiness? If so, where do they come from? LADY GAGA: I don`t think I`m ever going to feel entirely worthy of the blessings in my life. CARROLL (voice-over): What makes her feel worthy? The devotion from the fans she affectionately calls her little monsters. LADY GAGA: It`s overwhelming -- the kindness and the love that gets injected into the arena every night, into my life in general. And I think I`m going to spend the rest of my life trying to pay them all back. (MUSIC PLAYING) LADY GAGA: "Born This Way" is about being yourself, loving who you are and being proud. You just have to know who you are. Don`t be afraid of what other people are going to say. At the end of the day, you are the person that you have to answer to. (END VIDEOTAPE) HAMMER: With me right now in New York, CNN national correspondent, Jason Carroll, who did that incredible SHOWBIZ newsmaker interview with Lady Gaga. Jason, great job on that interview. And Lady Gaga -- I mean, you look at her. With all the incredible success that she has had, yet, she is still, like so many tortured artists, so incredibly hard on herself. Did you get the impression that she really has a difficult time enjoying her phenomenal success? CARROLL: You know, I actually asked her about that. It was really fascinating to listen to her, because I said, you know, so many artists who are in the twilights of their careers, they looked back and they say, "I wish I really could enjoy it." When I asked her about that, she said, "You know, when I`m sitting at home and I`m alone and I`m in the bathtub and I`m by myself, the only thing I think about, A.J., is getting back on stage." And so she said, "So I think I enjoy myself most when I`m performing and when I`m on stage." HAMMER: I`m guessing she enjoys the aspect of her success that allows her to get her message out there. CARROLL: Correct. HAMMER: I have a feeling that, at least, is going for her. CARROLL: Yes. HAMMER: She talked a lot about her critics as well. CARROLL: Oh, yes. HAMMER: She compares them to bullies. Let`s watch what she told you about that. LADY GAGA: Well, I would say that critics are synonymous with bullies and vice versa. Bullies are critics and critics are bullies. And you just have to know who you are, because at the end of the day, if someone shoots an arrow through your heart, but. (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: See, there`s the title of the album, twice mentioned. CARROLL: Twice -- HAMMER: It`s great plug for the album, which she hardly needs to do. It`s doing so well already. CARROLL: Yes. HAMMER: But she compares, again, her critics to bullies. And you`ve got to imagine with the way she pushes the envelope, she has to know that she is going to get criticized. Is there any type of criticism that she actually accepts? Did she talk to you about that? CARROLL: Well, I think -- look, I think she`s open to artistic criticism. But when it becomes personal, look, it still hurts. It doesn`t matter who you are. It can still hurt. Obviously, you saw from the interview that there`s some insecurities that she`s still dealing with. But it was very -- I think she has a very strong foundation in terms of family, in terms of friends. And I think that`s something that really helps her. It can help guide her through this period. HAMMER: Speaking of family and friends, you know, you`ve interviewed other big stars before. They bring huge entourages. CARROLL: Not this one. HAMMER: Take me behind the scenes of this interview. Give me a little insight. I understand she did bring an entourage, but not your typical entourage. CARROLL: Right. At the Gramercy Park Hotel, it was very chic. It was very fabulous. But here is what I thought was very telling about her. When the interview was over, she said, "I would like to introduce you to someone." It was her mother and her best friend that she has known since she was five years old. And when the interview was over, I had this very lengthy conversation about her mother. She was terrific. She wanted to know where I was from, what I was doing. But I think what that shows is it shows that she does have a strong foundation. And so many times -- you hear about it all the time, A.J. -- stars, celebrities that have gone awry. It`s always because they didn`t have that solid foundation of family and friends. And so, for her, at least, she does have that going for her on her side with all the success that she`s dealing with, something she might (UNINTELLIGIBLE). HAMMER: I don`t think she`s going to fall off the rails because of that grounding. I really believe that. Well, this is really an incredible interview. And we`re going to have more of Jason`s fascinating Lady Gaga interview in tomorrow`s show. He gets Gaga to open up, I think, like never before, about who she may work with, her upcoming albums and her fans that she calls and adores, you know, the little monsters. Can`t wait to see that tomorrow on SHOWBIZ TONIGHT, Jason. CARROLL: Thanks, A.J. HAMMER: CNN national correspondent Jason Carroll. Appreciate it very much. Moving on now to Brad and Angelina. Are they getting married? What`s happening here? We have Brad Pitt`s shocking new revelation tonight that he and Angelina Jolie may actually tie the knot. Our SHOWBIZ Flashpoint. Should they? Snooki`s smash-up. Wait until you hear about this. Snooki crashes into a police car. This is while they are filming "Jersey Shore" in Italy. I`ve got to ask, is this whole thing one big publicity stunt? And the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. William and Kate coming to the U.S. But there is big controversy over their trip already. That is next. This is SHOWBIZ TONIGHT on HLN news and views. Time now for the "SHOWBIZ News Ticker" -- more stories from the SHOWBIZ TONIGHT newsroom making news tonight. TEXT: Oprah`s last show was one of the top five most-talked about events of the year online. SHOWBIZ first look: "True Blood`s" season four premiere. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: If you`re going to kill me, just do it. UNIDENTIFIED ACTRESS: We`ve got what we wanted. UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: So you`re here to seduce me then, huh? UNIDENTIFIED ACTRESS: I can eat who I want. UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Would you all join me? UNIDENTIFIED ACTRESS: Oh, great. Now I have to deal with witches? (END VIDEO CLIP) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) HAMMER: Justin Timberlake just won the Indy 500 -- sort of. Did you see this? Dan Wheldon, who won the Indianapolis 500 for the second time in his career had J.T.`s clothing line, William Rast, as a sponsor of his car, number 98. Right after the race, here is what Timberlake tweeted, "Congrats to Dan Wheldon, the WR racing team and everyone else who put in the hard work for this victory. Unreal." Welcome back to SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. I`m A.J. Hammer in New York. And tonight, the British are coming. Yes, the British are coming. "People.com" revealed new details earlier today all about Prince William and Kate`s visit to North America next month. And we do now know they do plan to make a pit stop in Los Angeles. That`s been confirmed. But before you get too excited about a possible photo-op between the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and our very own Hollywood royalty, think again. With me right now in New York, Imogen Lloyd Weber who is the author of "The Single Girl`s Guide." So a lot of people are naturally very pumped up for Will and Kate`s royal North American tour. And today, we learned that they`re going to be spending most of their visit in Canada. "People.com" reports that from June 30th to July 8th, Will and Kate will experience the diversity, vibrancy of Canada, its geography and people. And then, on July 8th, they are set to fly to L.A. But according to "People.com," the couple view this as a working visit, not as an opportunity for them to meet celebrities. Now, Imogen, I have to ask you, because they seem to be downplaying the whole celebrity thing -- IMOGEN LLOYD WEBER, AUTHOR, "THE SINGLE GIRL`S GUIDE": They are. HAMMER: Do you really think that people will take these guys less seriously if they`re meeting up and hanging out, meeting up with celebrities? Really? LLOYD WEBER: I think, on some levels, absolutely. (UNINTELLIGIBLE) about North American tour is, you guys got rid of the monarchy. The Canadians haven`t. So it`s all about winning the hearts and minds of Canadian people and trying to hang on being head of state there. That`s why William and Kate are spending most of their time in Canada, the Canadian government obviously shelling out a lot of money for William and Kate to go there. The Hollywood thing is a bit of a side show. William has got a couple of fun gigs in his life. He`s president of the Football Association, so that`s how he met David Beckham -- soccer, head of soccer in the U.K. HAMMER: Yes. LLOYD WEBER: And he`s also head of BAFTA, which is a British film institute. That`s why he`s heading out to Los Angeles. And maybe there might be some minor celebrity sightings because of that. HAMMER: I was going to say there`s got to be something. And I realize -- you mentioned the Beckhams. LLOYD WEBER: Yes. HAMMER: The royals do have other agendas in mind for this trip. But look, you know, David and Victoria Beckham were right there at the royal wedding among many celebrities just last month. So can you understand why maybe some people will see it as a little bit of a snub if they don`t hang with the celebs? LLOYD WEBER: I think slightly, but you`ve got to remember that William is not been seen as a celebrity. Obviously, Diana was the ultimate celebrity and he doesn`t want the same fate for Kate. You know, the media fundamentally killed his mother. So it`s very much going to be in an official capacity. They met the Beckhams in an official capacity. Victoria is going to be giving birth at the time. Not the best timing for her anyway. HAMMER: Yes. I guess so. I don`t know. Look, I`m the Beckhams and I`m thinking I`m having these guys over for dinner and I`m going to invite a few of my celebrity friends, you know. LLOYD WEBER: I think -- well, Victoria, we`re hoping (UNINTELLIGIBLE) a healthy baby daughter, and for Kate to be wearing one of her outfits. Victoria Beckham will be aiming to get some clothes on Kate`s back. HAMMER: Sounds about right. All right. Imogen Lloyd Weber, thank you so much as always. Moving on now, the "Showbiz on Call" phone lines were really busy over the holiday weekend. A lot of people have been calling in about Oprah`s last show. We heard from Martha in New York. Here`s Martha. (BEGIN AUDIO CLIP) MARTHA, CALLER FROM NEW YORK: And I just want to say thank you, Oprah. Thank you for having the courage to be a masterful human being and for all that you have given us. I believe that you are the future. And boy, have you given a lot to us all on this planet in the last 25 years. (END AUDIO CLIP) HAMMER: Well said, Martha. Thank you for your call. So what do you think about this, or anything at all? Let us know, 1-888-SBT-BUZZ. That`s 1- 888-728-2899. Leave us a voicemail. We want to play your call here on SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. Let`s go over to Facebook right now. Wanda D. is sad that Oprah is off the air, but she wasn`t so thrilled with how the whole thing ended. Here`s what she said, "I was disappointed in the finale. It should have had at least a few surprises for the audience, but I do wish her all the best in her next journey. Love you, Oprah." Moving on now to brand-new Kardashian outrage tonight, a birth control shocker caught on tape. Fifteen-year-old Kendall -- 15 years old -- reportedly on the pill. Is this just way out of line for TV, even for the Kardashians? Dolly Parton, Madonna, Lady Gaga working together. What do you think? Dream team or total train wreck? "Hang Over 2" a mega-success at the box office. A big SHOWBIZ debate today over the not so "GQ" stars of the movie, Zach Galifianakis Ed Helms, Ken Jeong. Is funny the new hot? (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Hold on! (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: This is SHOWBIZ TONIGHT on HLN news and views. Now, here comes the "SHOWBIZ News Ticker" -- more stories from the SHOWBIZ TONIGHT newsroom making news tonight. TEXT: Jessica Simpson`s ex, Tony Romo, marries Chace Crawford`s sister, Candice. Nick Lachey and Vanessa Minnillo have a joint wedding shower. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) JOHN CRYER, ACTOR: I`m serious. If we`re going to pull this off, we need to be convincing. Do we have a favorite song, names for each other? I mean, we`re trying to go for dog people or cat people. CHARLIE SHEEN, ACTOR: I forgot to tell you the guy who bought you (UNINTELLIGIBLE) in Thailand had your vocal cords removed. (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: "Two and a Half Men" has been up a best comedy Emmy award before. But tonight, the people behind the show won`t even submit it for nomination. Do you think Charlie Sheen and his whole mess has anything at all to do with that? I mean, after everything that happened, the CBS show probably didn`t really have such a good shot. But still, the producers of "Two and a Half Men" over at Warner Brothers reportedly decided not to enter the show into the Emmy race because of all the Sheen controversy. Remember, he was fired and then Sheen sued for $100 million. That`s all still being figured out. But his former co-stars, including Jon Cryer, are probably going to be pushed for acting nominations. Cryer has actually won for best supporting actor in a comedy series for "Two and a Half Men" before. That was back in 2009. Imagine if "Two and a Half Men" was nominated and then it won best comedy, and Charlie Sheen just happened to show up. Things could have gotten pretty messy. Then, again, it would have made for a really interesting Emmy show this year. Well, moving on now, there`s big star reaction tonight to some sad news. Recent "Taxi" star Jeff Conaway died this past weekend. He was 60. (MUSIC PLAYING) Conaway, who played Kenickie alongside John Travolta and Olivia Newton John in the movie "Grease" technically died from pneumonia. But HLN`s Dr. Drew Pinsky, who treated him for drug addiction says Conaway`s dependence on prescription painkillers ultimately led to his death. Here`s what Travolta is telling SHOWBIZ TONIGHT, "Jeff Conaway was a wonderful and decent man and we will miss him. My heartfelt thoughts are with his family and loved ones at this very difficult time." And Danny DeVito who starred with Conaway in the `80s TV show, "Taxi" tells us, "Jeff was a good man. I will always think of him fondly and of our days together with the `Taxi` family. Finally he is at peace." Conaway had been in a medically-induced for a few weeks after being found unconscious in his home. TMZ reports that Conaway will be cremated. No word yet on an official memorial. Moving on now to the SHOWBIZ lineup -- this is what`s coming up on SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. Got to talk about Snooki`s smash-up. Snooki crashes into a police car while filming "Jersey Shore" in Italy. You can`t make this up. Or can you? Is this one big publicity stunt? Brad and Angelina getting married? Brad Pitt`s shocking revelations that he and Angelina Jolie may actually tie the knot now. Our SHOWBIZ Flashpoint, should they? Avril Lavigne goes on an F-bomb rant at a baseball game. Yes, that`s makes things really complicated tonight. This is SHOWBIZ TONIGHT on HLN news and views. Time now for the "SHOWBIZ News Ticker" -- more stories from the SHOWBIZ TONIGHT newsroom making news tonight. TEXT: Kate Winslet poses nude for famed photographer, Mario Testino. Adrianne Curry and "Brady Bunch" star, Christopher Knight, are separating. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) HAMMER: Big news breaking tonight on SHOWBIZ TONIGHT, wedding bells for Brangelina? Brad Pitt now says he might get married to Angelina Jolie. Should they do it for the sake of their kids? A big Kardashian bombshell tonight. Fifteen-year-old Kendall Jenner reportedly caught on camera with birth control pills. Is this too outrageous for TV? Snooki`s big Italian smash-up. The "Jersey Shore" star crashes into a police car in Italy. But is this just one big publicity stunt? ANNOUNCER: TV`s most provocative entertainment news show continues right now. (MUSIC PLAYING) HAMMER: Welcome back to SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. It is 30 minutes past the hour. I`m A.J. Hammer, coming to you from New York City, with big news breaking today -- Bangelina getting hitched? I know. I know. The tabloids report that all the time, right? But I can tell you tonight that Brad Pitt and Angelina really could get married for six very little, but very influential reasons. Brad reveals the game- changing details in a new interview just out today. Right now, in New York, Egypt Sherrod, who is a New York Radio host and editor of the fine "EgyptSaidSo.com." In Atlanta tonight, it`s Carlos Diaz from HLN`s "MORNING EXPRESS WITH ROBIN MEADE." All right. So Brad and Angelina have famously proclaimed some time ago that they would only get married when gay couples could legally marry. But in an interview with "USA Weekend," Brad confesses that their six children aren`t willing to wait that long. Here`s what he said, "The kids ask about marriage. It`s meaning more and more to them so it`s something we`ve got to look at." I love -- and I`ve always loved their very principled stand on putting off marriage. But I totally get where these kids are coming from. They want to see their mom and dad married just like they see other people`s moms and dads married. Sometimes in life you`ve got to defer to the kids. Egypt, do you think they`ll really do it for the kids? EGYPT SHERROD, NEW YORK RADIO HOST AND EDITOR OF "EGYPTSAIDSO.COM": Kids are always a game-changer. I mean, six kids, six years. Why not? What are we waiting for, 10 kids? Although I did just read the probability of celebrity marriages surviving is only 35 percent. They`ve been good to go this long. It would be awful if they got married and then split. HAMMER: Yes, that would be terrible. And it`s a strange situation that you put yourself in when you say, "We`re not going to do something, then here is the reason why," and then you have to go back on that word. I can imagine some people getting upset about that. Brad says there is only thing that their brood hates more than the fact that their folks aren`t married. And this really shifts gears in this whole thing. Listen to this. He says, "There are no secrets at our house. We tell the kids, `Mom and dad are going off to kiss.` They go, `Eww, gross!` But we demand it." Well, six years together. Here you have Brad and Angelina, still going off to kiss. SHERROD: That`s cute. HAMMER: I think it is refreshing to see that they are still having a good time. They have a good thing going here, Carlos. So what do you think? Should they get married for the kids, despite what they`ve said before? CARLOS DIAZ, "MORNING EXPRESS WITH ROBIN MEADE": Yes. I mean, remember when "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" came out in 2005 and it was like, ooh, if you can get that sound bite of Brad or Angelina talking about the other person, it`s oh, so juicy. It`s been six years. We`re now over the whole Brad leaving Jennifer for Angelina. And yes, it`s time for these two to tie the knot. And guess what? It is not going to be a big pomp and circumstance, royal wedding or anything. They`re going to go off some place. We`re not going to know about it. And then, a month later, they`re going to go, "Yes, by the way, we`re married." You know, it`s going to be low-key like that. HAMMER: Do you think they can pull that off? I`m sure that`s what they would want to pull off, Carlos. I`d like to see that happen. DIAZ: Yes. They`re savvy. They`re very savvy. They`re very savvy. HAMMER: Yes. All right. Well, let`s move on right now, because, really, what`s a day without a new Kardashian controversy to keep up with? Their new ads for the latest season of "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" -- and in this ad, you see Bruce Jenner going nuclear when he finds 15-year-old Kendall Jenner`s birth control pills. Kendall, one of the Kardashian`s younger sisters -- look, I get that all reality shows tend to be outrageous or try to be outrageous. But doesn`t this smack of exploitation? We`re talking about a 15-year-old and birth control pills and this is to promote the show. SHERROD: You know, that`s probably the most reality we`ve actually seen on reality TV. This is reflective of what`s happening in households all across America right now. And you know, the thing is, if it was my daughter, she would be locked in her room for the rest of her life. That`s our initial reaction. It is a tough pill to swallow, no pun intended. But we have to be very careful how we handle these situations with our kids because when they`re in fear of how their parents react, that`s when they don`t confide and that`s when they make life-altering decisions, if you know what I mean. Bruce should just be thankful that if she is sexually active, that at least she`s trying to be responsible. HAMMER: Yes. But this is, again, how they`re promoting the show. And you know -- SHERROD: So is it tacky they`re promoting it? Yes. HAMMER: Yes, OK. There you go. And when Kris Jenner, Kendall`s mom, was asked about this, she told "E!," hey, no comment. You`re going to have to wait and see, basically promoting the show, saying, "Watch it unfold on the show," which happens to premiere in a couple of weeks. And Carlos, maybe there will be a grand lesson in the end, which would certainly be terrific. But doesn`t it seem -- it just doesn`t seem right to me. I mean, what do you think? DIAZ: Yes. It`s not a plot. I mean, this is supposed to be reality TV. And what you`re running into is the Kardashians -- if the numbers are true and they`re down, then you`re running into something where, what`s going to happen to these girls after the Kardashians are over? The show, that is. These aren`t characters where they can go and play another character. This is supposed to be them in real life. So how do you move on once your show and your life is not approved by the public anymore? That`s a tough thing about reality TV. HAMMER: Well, it will very interesting to see if promoting the show with a 15-year-old and birth control pills, in fact, gets them those numbers that they have been lacking. Let`s move though from Kendall`s birth control drama to outrage over Kim K`s engagement. SHOWBIZ TONIGHT can tell you today people are so over Kim`s 20-carat, $2 million mega-engagement ring. I mean, that`s a big crock, right? Thursday, we asked you to vote on our SHOWBIZ TONIGHT exclusive poll. Moments ago, I was handed the final results from Jay, our stage manager at large. The question was, "Kim Kardashian`s Reported $2 Million Engagement Ring: Too Over The Top?" Now, look at this -- 90 percent of you say yes, totally tacky. Ten percent of you say no, if you`ve got it, flaunt it. But again, only 10 percent of the people are saying that. Egypt, are you, at all, surprised that people think this thing is definitely tacky? SHERROD: I cannot believe that 90 percent thought that 20.5 carat diamond ring was tacky. I`ll tell you what. All you people who think it`s tacky, if you ever get a ring this size, give it to me. I`ll wear it for you, gladly. But I think we`ve spent a week on it. Maybe people are over it. We want to hear about health care and jobs right about now. HAMMER: And as has been said before, who is giving back that ring if somebody gives it to you? SHERROD: Not me. HAMMER: I have a feeling that there may be a Kardashian backlash brewing though when you see all of what`s happening. Listen to what Joan in California called in to say on our "Showbiz on Call" phone line. (BEGIN AUDIO CLIP) JOAN, CALLER FROM CALIFORNIA: I think Kim Kardashian`s ring is a display of selfish arrogance. Doesn`t she know what`s happening in our own country now? Celebrities are not people who care if they display such arrogant wealth. (END AUDIO CLIP) HAMMER: All right. Carlos, this is a yes or no. Are people about ready to kick the Kardashians to the curb at this point? DIAZ: Yes. HAMMER: Well said. Thank you for keeping it brief. Carlos Diaz, Egypt Sherrod, thank you both so much. Well, no ring, tacky or otherwise on Angelina Jolie`s finger just yet as we`ve been talking about. But in our exclusive SHOWBIZ TONIGHT poll, I do want to know your take on this. We`re talking Brad Pitt saying -- he says he and Angelina may actually consider getting married after having said they`re not going to get married until everybody can get married who wants to get married. Good idea? Yes, it would be great for the kids. Or no, why change what`s working for them? They`re still going strong. Vote at CNN.com/ShowbizTonight or E-mail me at [email protected] Well, we`ve got to talk about Snooki`s Italian adventure tonight, because it has gone south after she crashes into a police car. The "Jersey Shore" star making waves overseas. I`m thinking it`s just a matter of time before the mayor of Florence tells the whole gang, "Arrivederci to you and your spooky friends." But is this whole thing just one big publicity stunt? Picture this -- Madonna, Lady Gaga and Dolly Parton singing together. What do you think? Is this whole idea a big diva train wreck or a dream team? Also this -- (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Hold on! UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Hold on! (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: "Hangover II" is a huge hit. Zach, Ed, Ken -- not exactly "GQ" models, but the movie is hot. So I`ve got to ask, is funny the new hot? This is SHOWBIZ TONIGHT on HLN news and views. Time now for the "SHOWBIZ News Ticker" -- more stories from the SHOWBIZ TONIGHT newsroom making news tonight. TEXT: "The Hobbit: Unexpected Journey" to be released on 12/14/12. Adele forced to postpone five shows on North American tour due to laryngitis. (MUSIC PLAYING) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) JENNIFER LOPEZ, ACTRESS, SINGER AND "AMERICAN IDOL" JUDGE: And with this show, we hope for the first time to unite all of the Latin cultures and make something that makes everybody proud. This is like me being able to really, really go, "I am Latina and this is who we are!" (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: Yes. J-Lo, launching a brand-new talent show. It`s called "Q Viva The Chosen" which means "Long live the chosen." The "American Idol" judge and her husband, Marc Anthony, will be traveling with their team to 21 countries across the Americas to find the world`s greatest talent. But there will be no auditions, just J-Lo, Marc Anthony and their tour director, Jamie King, scouring the streets for talent. J-Lo calls it the biggest thing she has ever been involved with. The search begins in July. Welcome back to SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. I`m A.J. Hammer in New York with new Snooki drama in Italy tonight. I`ve got to say, "Mama mia!" Snooki goes from fist-pumping in Jersey to car crashing in Italy. Also, Avril Lavigne apologizing tonight for cursing out her audience. And singer Sean Kingston survives a serious jet-ski crash. All that is making big news in "The Buzz Today." (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) (voice-over) Kingston`s crash drama. Singer Sean Kingston`s condition has been upgraded to critical but stable. He`s been moved into intensive care at a Miami hospital. He was severely injured in a personal watercraft accident over the weekend. Sean`s friend, hip-hop singer Trav, visited him at the hospital and told SHOWBIZ TONIGHT the singer is, quote, "doing well, just opened his eyes this morning." Kingston`s rep tells us Sean`s family asks for privacy at this time, but is thankful to his friends, family and fans for their outpouring of prayers and well-wishes. Avril`s foul mouth outrage. Avril Lavigne has just apologized for unleashing a filthy rant on nearly 25,000 baseball fans at the Tampa-based Tropicana Field. Avril was performing after the Ray`s game and hit the crowd with her obscenities because they booed when her mike died. The Rays spokesman shot back with a huge sorry telling SHOWBIZ TONIGHT, "The Rays demand profanity-free performances from all of our concert performers and we are extremely disappointed by the language used." Avril apologized herself on stage at a smaller concert appearance. Snooki`s Italian smash-up. Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi just had a run-in with police in Italy, literally. The "Jersey Shore" star was involved in a fender-bender with, of all things, a police car in Florence. That`s where the show is shooting on location. Snooks landed in a police station to fill out an accident report. MTV confirmed to SHOWBIZ TONIGHT, quote, "Two `jersey Shore` cast members were involved in a minor traffic accident. No alcohol was involved and no one was arrested." (END VIDEOTAPE) And of course, SHOWBIZ TONIGHT has all the brand-new details on Snooki`s Italian hit job. New reports tonight say the cops yanked Snook`s Italian driver`s license after the smash-up. She not going to be charged with a crime for the accident, but she still could be sued by the cops that she slammed into. With me in New York tonight, journalist and comic, Brian Balthazar who is also the editor of "PopGoesTheWeek.com." I love that the first thing MTV shouted out to the world after the smash-up was "No alcohol was involved and no one was arrested." I think that really just proves that those are the first two things that everybody thinks about when it comes to "Jersey Shore." And now, we might need to add lawsuits to that list with that possibility Snooki could be sued by Italian cops that she has injured. Brian, is Snooki going to single-handedly destroy any Italian-American relationships or at least our reputation? BRIAN BALTHAZAR, EDITOR, "POPGOESTHEWEEK.COM": Well, she`s not doing us any favors. What I think is interesting is there was a crew member in the back. So it (UNINTELLIGIBLE) the reason that they were shooting part of it. Was she driving recklessly by being more focused on some crazy drama in the front seat than in the backseat? It`s possible. Possible. HAMMER: I just love the fact that they went to the trouble of getting Snooki an Italian driver`s license. BALTHAZAR: And is anyone really surprised that Snooki is not really a great driver? I don`t think that`s a big headline, you know. HAMMER: Honest to god, I never thought she had an American driver`s license. BALTHAZAR: She shouldn`t. HAMMER: Let`s bring in Kristin Cruz from Hollywood. Kristin, the morning radio co-host of the "Mark and Kristin Show" on KOST 103.5 in L.A. The big speculation tonight, Kristin, is that this accident might have actually been a big stunt. Now, the ladies of "The View" couldn`t stop talking about all these conspiracy theories this morning. Watch what Barbara Walters had to say. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) BARBARA WALTERS, EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS AND CO-HOST, "THE VIEW": If these were her team and the police were guarding her, even though they were hurt and had to go to the hospital, there is the suggestion that maybe it was on purpose, maybe not. JOY BEHAR, CO-HOST, "THE VIEW": Why would you do it on purpose? WALTERS: Because of the publicity. (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: OK. Look, I don`t think anybody, even Snooki, hits a police car and sends two cops to the emergency room for publicity. Milking it after the fact is a different story. But Kristin, what do you think, was this possibly just a publicity stunt? KRISTIN CRUZ, CO-HOST, "THE MARK AND KRISTIN SHOW": Well, first of all, to the entire country of Italy who is watching right now, have you never seen "The Jersey Shore"? I`m sorry. Snooki just landed. What did you do, hand her a glass of wine and a driver`s license? And I know alcohol is not involved. But that would be kind of the first time "bender" and "Snooki" was used in the same sentence and there was no liquor there. HAMMER: Yes, I guess you do have a point. All right. Mission accomplished. Let`s move on now to the other big news breaking tonight. Brand-new reports that Dolly Parton has dreamed -- dreamed I tell you -- about recording duets with Lady Gaga and Madonna. Here`s what Dolly told the Website, "Digital Spy," "Madonna and Gaga are the perfect fit. I`m as outrageous as they are. I was gaudy before they were gaudy." Brian, I think this is a diva dream team come true. Are you with me or do you think this is possibly the most bizarro match-up you`ve ever heard of? BALTHAZAR: I actually think it would be amazing. I think they`re all icons. And granted not all of Dolly Parton`s appearance was born this way, necessarily. But I think she`s an amazing talent. And Lady Gaga did a country cover of her own song. So I think it would be a great match, although there`s a thought that maybe it`s too many cooks in the kitchen. I`d love to see Gaga and Dolly go at it. HAMMER: I think certainly Gaga would bow down to Dolly Parton in this case. Madonna -- that might be a tricky situation. All right. Brian Balthazar, thank you so much. Make sure you check out Kristin`s mommy blog, by the way at "Blogspot.com." Moving on right now to big news today about another dream team, guys of "The Hangover II." (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Hold on! UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Hold on! (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: Ed Helms, Ken Jeong, Zach Galifianakis -- not exactly "GQ" models but they are all really funny and they`ve got a hot movie. So the great SHOWBIZ debate tonight, is funny the new hot? That`s next. Time now for the "SHOWBIZ News Ticker" -- more stories from the SHOWBIZ TONIGHT newsroom making news tonight. TEXT: "X Factor" drops Cheryl Cole from both U.S. and U.K. versions of the show. LeAnn Rimes posts bikini pic and lashes out against critics who say she`s too skinny! HAMMER: It is time now for the SHOWBIZ buzz list. Here`s what the SHOWBIZ TONIGHT staff is buzzing about this week. We have got our DVRs locked in to TNT for Ray Romano`s "Men of a Certain Age." Season premiere coming on Wednesday. Can`t wait until October for the return of AMC`s "The Walking Dead." Or just pick up "The Walking Dead" board game. It`s out this summer. Speaking of summer, we are looking for some new tunes. How about Death Cab for Cutie`s new album, "Codes and Keys"? It`s great and it`s out today. We`re definitely curious to see a changed Paris Hilton. Is it possible? A new docu-series, "The World According to Paris" -- well, it debuts on Oxygen on Wednesday, and we can`t wait. And I`m thinking the whole SHOWBIZ TONIGHT staff will take a field trip to see "X-Men: First Class" in theaters, Friday. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: What do you know about me? UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Everything. (END VIDEO CLIP) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: What`s with my teeth? UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: This is a real tattoo. UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: Allan, what did you do? Are you (UNINTELLIGIBLE) me? UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: I didn`t do anything. UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: No! UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: It`s a monkey. (END VIDEO CLIP) HAMMER: Face tattoo and a monkey. Was there ever any doubt that the sequel to "The Hangover" with these funny guys was going to do anything less than gang busters at the box office over the holiday weekend? Here is another question. Is funny the new hot? I mean, really, "The Hangover Part 2" had a huge opening weekend. I`m talking more than $137 million in box office. The movie stars Ken Jeong, Zach Galifianakis and Ed Helms. Well, let`s face it. They`re not usually at the top of the Hollywood hot list. But what`s going on here? With me right now in Hollywood, Kristin Cruz, a morning radio co-host of "The Mark and Kristin Show" on KOST 103.5 in Los Angeles. So with the exception of Bradley Cooper -- yes, he has been on a few of those hot lists, Kristin -- the rest of the guys on this cast are, by Hollywood standards, everyday guys. They have amazing comic talent, but they`re everyday guys. Now, they`re the hottest guys in town. So Kristin, is funny the new hot? CRUZ: I think these guys are giving every guy in the world hope. The new chic is geek. I`ve got to say it. Funny guys are what`s hot right now. You know, Ed Helms probably never thought it was coming but you just want to take off those glasses and, you know -- it`s that whole Clark Kent Superman thing under there. We love it. Take off those glasses and -- you stopped there, Kristin, for some reason. Hey, look, we posted this very question on our SHOWBIZ TONIGHT Facebook page earlier today. Let me get to a couple of comments. I like this one from Chris M. He wrote, "As a guy who has done some stand-up I can attest, comedians are only hot until the guy at the end of the bar lifts his shirt to show off his abs." I mean, that`s funny. I get Chris` point. But whenever you hear most women describe their perfect guy, Kristin, she inevitably says that he has to have a good sense of humor. So I`ve got to imagine "The Hangover" cast right now is hanging on to that for every cent it`s worth and it`s certainly paying off at the box office. CRUZ: Absolutely. Breaking records like they did over the Memorial Day weekend -- that`s unheard of. These guys are so hot. And I don`t know any girl friend of mine that wouldn`t want to go out with them over a big beefy dude. HAMMER: Well, Haley G. wrote this on our wall, "Yes, funny is definitely the new hot. I have developed a crush on all three of the guys. Only one is conventionally cute. But the fact that they`re so hysterical makes all three of them incredibly attractive." Kristin, I`m going to put you on the spot right now. The hottest of the three based on their humor is who for you? CRUZ: Based on their humor? Give me a little scruffy Zach Galifianakis over here right now. I want some of that beard and the funny scruffy. I love it. HAMMER: Zack Galifianakis for Kristin Cruz. OK. I`m writing that down. You know he`s out there in Hollywood, too? I`ll see what I can do for you. Kristin Cruz, thank you so much. CRUZ: Appreciate it. HAMMER: All right. That is it for SHOWBIZ TONIGHT. We thank you for watching. I`m A.J. Hammer in New York. Remember, SHOWBIZ TONIGHT now seen executively Monday through Friday at 11:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific right here on HLN. END Weather forecast

Micropaleontology Nuevas investigaciones sobre los yacimientos paleolíticos de la Sierra Norte de la Comunidad de Madrid Realizado junto a P. de la Peña, P. Sevilla, G. Vega, S. Barez y F. Gutiérrez. Durante los últimos años se han retomado las investigaciones en la Sierra Norte de la Comunidad de Madrid. Dichas... more Durante los últimos años se han retomado las investigaciones en la Sierra Norte de la Comunidad de Madrid. Dichas actuaciones partieron de una iniciativa de la Dirección General de Patrimonio Histórico de la CAM que tuvo como primer objetivo evaluar el potencial arqueológico pleistoceno de la orla caliza de la Sierra Norte a través de una campaña de prospecciones. Aquel primer trabajo dejó clara la importancia de la zona E de la orla, destacando el Cerro de la Dehesa de la Oliva (Patones) y el barranco del Arroyo del Monte (El Vellón). La línea de trabajo emprendida, con posterioridad, se ha centrado en el estudio específico de dos enclaves, dado el amplio potencial que presentaban: la Cueva del Reguerillo y el Abrigo del Monte. Por un lado, en la Cueva de El Reguerillo se ha realizado una estrategia de protección, documentación y evaluación de sus bienes a través de diversos trabajos como la prospección de arte rupestre y los sondeos arqueológicos en las diferentes entradas. Por otro, en el Abrigo del Monte se efectuó un sondeo arqueológico que ha dejado clara la importancia de este yacimiento para el Paleolítico Superior final del centro de la Península Ibérica. Multiple early Eocene benthic foraminiferal assemblage and δ13C fluctuations at DSDP Site 401 (Bay of Biscay – NE Atlantic) Within the last decade, several early Eocene hyperthermals have been detected globally. These transient warming events... more13C and δ18O bulk-rock excursions with amplitudes of up to ~ 0.75‰, suggesting that significant injections of 12 C-enriched greenhouse gases Corg flux to the seafloor. Moreover, the sedimentological record suggests that an enhanced influx of terrigenous material occurred during these events. Additionally, the most intense δ kyr) and longer time scales. We conclude that the faunal patterns of the hyperthermals observed at Site 401 strongly resemble those observed in other deep-sea early Paleogene hyperthermal deposits, suggesting that similar processeshave driven them. El yacimiento paleolítico de Cerro Negro. Actuaciones geoarqueológicas y paleontológicas en las obras del Colector By-Passs de Abroñigales (Madrid) Manzano, I.; Morín, J.; del Moral, B.; Alarcón, A.; Dapena, L.; García Martos, M.; López Recio, M.; Rolindes, A.; Berninches, P.; Tapias, F.; Simón, G., published in "Actas de las Terceras Jornadas de Patrimonio Arqueológico en la Comunidad de Madrid (Madrid, nov.-dic. 2006), 2009. Indication of global deforestation at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary by New Zealand fern spike Vajda, Raine & Hollis 2001 Science, 294, 5547: 1700-1702 The devastating effect on terrestrial plant communities of a bolide impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is... more The devastating effect on terrestrial plant communities of a bolide impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is shown in fossil pollen and spore assem-bl. Pollen and spores in marine Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments at mid-Waipara River, North Canterbury, New Zealand Vajda & Raine 2003 New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, 2003, 46: 255–273 Abstract Terrestrial pollen and spores in late Maastrichtian to early Paleocene marine strata at mid-Waipara, New... more Abstract Terrestrial pollen and spores in late Maastrichtian to early Paleocene marine strata at mid-Waipara, New Zealand, permit reconstruction of contemporary vegetation and paleoclimates. During the latest Cretaceous, spore-pollen assemblages reflect a temperate rainforest with a prominent podocarp and tree ferns component, angiosperm pollen being mainly represented by Nothofagus and Proteaceae. Disruption of the vegetation at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary is recorded by an increase in fern spores, reduction in gymnosperm pollen, and temporary loss of angiosperm pollen both in mid Waipara and in the terrestrial sections of Moody Creek Mine and Compressor Creek. Following an interval of fern dominance, gymnosperms and later angiosperms return to the palynological record. The floral turnover at the K/T boundary is comparable to palynological records from North America and Japan, indicating that disruption of vegetation was global. Fern dominance is estimated to have lasted several thousands of years, based on foraminiferal biostratigraphy of immediate post-K/T boundary strata. This is orders of magnitude greater than seen in normal seral successions following deforestation. We suggest that the observed vegetation succession is due to a prolonged period of low ambient light levels, sufficient for photosynthesis but favouring plants already adapted to these levels (such as forest ground stratum), accompanied by a moderate temperature and moisture regime. Exceptionally preserved Late Albian (Cretaceous) Arcellaceans (Thecamoebians) from the Dakota Formation near Lincoln, Nebraska, USA Thousands of exceptionally well-preserved Arcellaceans (Thecamoebians) have been recovered from a Late Albian... more Mesorbitolina (Cretaceous larger foraminifera) from the Yezo Group in Hokkaido, Japan and its stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic significance. Iba, Y., Sano, S., 2006, Mesorbitolina (Cretaceous larger foraminifera) from the Yezo Group in Hokkaido, Japan and its stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic significance.Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 82, 216-223. Hettangian to Sinemurian ostracod faunas from East Quantoxhead, West Somerset. Hart, M. B. and Hylton, M.D. 1999. Hettangian to Sinemurian ostracod faunas from East Quantoxhead, West Somerset. Geoscience in South-West England, 9, 289-296. The Hettangian to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) succession has been investigated for its ostracod fauna. The marine... more The Hettangian to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) succession has been investigated for its ostracod fauna. The marine assemblages from this part of the Lower Jurassic succession are of low diversity, dominated by the genus Ogmoconcha Triebel, 1941. The stratigraphical distribution of the known taxa, although distinctive, do not appear to provide a diagnostic tool for recognition of the base of the Sinemurian Stage. The data generated by this work do, however, provide additional evidence that the East Quantoxhead succession is a suitable GSSP for the base of the Sinemurian Stage. Hettangian to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) sea-level change and palaeoenvironments: evidence from benthic foraminifera at East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, U.K. Hylton, M. D. 1999. Hettangian to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) sea-level change and palaeoenvironments: evidence from benthic foraminifera at East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, U.K. Geoscience in south-west England, 9, 285-288. The Hettangian to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of the West Somerset coast, near East Quantoxhead, comprises an expanded... more The Hettangian to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of the West Somerset coast, near East Quantoxhead, comprises an expanded fossiliferous sequence of alternations of thickly laminated mudstones, more homogenous mudstones and limestones. During Hettangian times a broad shallow marine shelf sea was established over most of Britain and north-west Europe, colonised by a low (but gradually increasing) diversity foraminiferal fauna, related to the major transgressive pulse at the base of the Jurassic. Imposed upon this general trend of sea-level rise, with major pulses in the early Hettangian and early Sinemurian, were episodic falls of sea-level. While there is little facies evidence for a major sea-level drop around the end of the Hettangian at East Quantoxhead, it is notable that several index foraminifera become extinct at or near the top of the Hettangian Angulata Zone which is interpreted as evidence for a minor regression. Changes in foraminiferal assemblages from this Lower Jurassic section have been examined and are considered to be related to sea-level changes where transgressions mark the arrival of new species and subspecies (evolutionary appearances and/or migration) whereas regressions and times of lowered sea-level appear to equate to extinctions. Within these nodosariid-dominated foraminiferal populations, major variations in species and generic abundances are seen in taxa which are long ranging, suggesting controlling palaeoenvironmental factors. The predominance of the Lingulina tenera (Bornemann) plexus with associated Lenticulina and Marginulina species suggests inner to near shelf environments with periods of normal oxygen levels. A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE FORAMINIFERA FROM THE HETTANGIAN - SINEMURIAN BOUNDARY OF EAST QUANTOXHEAD, WEST SOMERSET Read at the Annual Conference of the Ussher Society, January 1998 The coastline of West Somerset has long been recognised as containing a classic example of Lower Lias (Lower Jurassic)... more The coastline of West Somerset has long been recognised as containing a classic example of Lower Lias (Lower Jurassic) geology consisting of alternating cycles of shale and limestone ('Blue Lias' facies). Recent investigations of the palynology, chemostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and ammonite successions have been undertaken to characterise the candidate basal Sinemurian Stage stratotype in the area around East Quantoxhead. The present study has involved the preliminary investigation of the foraminifera across the Hettangian - Sinemurian boundary as part of the assessment of the potential of the section as a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). 35 samples of mudstone and shale were studied for microfossils in the >74 bm size-fraction from a 30 m section across the boundary. Ten samples proved fossiliferous with an abundant and diverse fauna of foraminifera. The faunas are dominated by the Lingulina tenera Bornemann plexus group with associated nodosariids and a minor component of the Frondicularia terquemi Bornemann plexus group. The absence of foraminifera in the remaining samples could be a result of diagenesis associated with the formation of the limestones. Microfaunal investigation of the Early Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) extinction event in N.W. Europe PhD Thesis - Full text is available to download at ethos.bl.uk The Early Jurassic was a time of rapidly rising sea-level associated with the extensive spread of anoxic bottom... more The Early Jurassic was a time of rapidly rising sea-level associated with the extensive spread of anoxic bottom waters. Sea-level rise across the Pliensbachian - Toarcian boundary culminated in the falciferum Zone of the Toarcian and is one of the best authenticated eustatic events in the Jurassic. This major transgressive pulse was marked by deepw ater marine sequencesa nd was associatedw ith the deposition of organic-rich shales. The development of anoxia coincides with a notable period of mass extinction of the marine fauna. High resolution sampling and study of the microfaunast hrough sequencesin N. W. Europe confirm that benthic foraminiferal. faunas were similarly affected by an early Toarcianfalciferum Zone event. Samples were analysed from Pliensbachian - Toarcian mudstone,c lay and shale sequenceso f the south Dorset Coast,t he Midlands, the Yorkshire Coast, southern France and southwest Germany. The sections studied show distinct changes in assemblagesa cross the Pliensbachian - Toarcian boundary and in the basal zones of the Toarcian. Evidence for a foraminiferal extinction event in the Pliensbachian - Toarcian includes the elimination of the important Lower Jurassic Lingulina tenera, Frondicularia terquem! and Marginulina prima plexus groups, initiating a significant period of turnover of the microfauna. The foraminiferal extinction event recorded in the Lower Toarcian sections of north west Europe is only significant at species level. No extinctions at the family-level occurred. A marked changea lso occurred in the charactero f associatedn odosariid assemblagest:h e uniserial forms of Nodosaria, Frondicularia and Lingulina, dominating the Pliensbachian assemblagesw, ere largely replacedb y coiled Lenticulina in the early Toarcian. A reduction in test size and a decline in species diversity, compared with Hettangian to Sinemurian foraminiferal assemblagesr,e flect the developmento f low oxygen conditions followed by a subsequenrte newal of the microfauna in the Middle Toarcian. The foraminiferal data show no evidence of progressive displacement of older by younger faunas. Instead certain species only expanded their populations and diversity significantly after the extinction of similar niche-occupying species. The Pliensbachian - Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) sediments of the north Yorkshire coast contain highly organic-rich shales where the sequence stratigraphic significance is somewhat obscure. Benthic foraminiferal species distribution (as a function of organic flux and oxygenation) allowed palaeobathymetry to be determined on quantitative assemblage characteristics. In parallel with this methodology, a suite of trace elements (including Mn, Ca, Fe, and Al) have been analysed following nitric and hydrofluoric acid digestion. Maxima of Ca and Mn occur at the base of the falcifierum Subzone (falcifierum Zone). It is suggested that these maxima are an artefact of condensation of carbonate fossiliferous material due to sediment starvation and correspond to published estimates of a maximum flooding surface. Interpretations of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages surrounding this event provide further support for a transgressive event -associated with the development of low oxygen conditions and the deposition of organic-rich shales. Additional Lower Jurassic,H ettangiant o lower Pliensbachian,s equencesw ere investigated for the purposes of establishing their foraminiferal correlation potential as candidate Global Stratotype Sections and Points for the basal Sinemurian and basal Pliensbachian. The search for the origin of the planktic Foraminifera Planktic Foraminifera are an extremely abundant, important and successful group of marine protists. They are... more. Orbitolinid foraminifers in the Northwest Pacific: Their taxonomy and stratigraphy Iba, Y., Sano, S., Miura, T., 2011 (uncorrected proof) Orbitolinid foraminifers in the Northwest Pacific: Their taxonomy and stratigraphy. Micropaleontology, vol. 57, p. 167-171 Orbitolinid foraminifers supply important information for the understanding of Cretaceous marine biogeographic and... more Orbitolinid foraminifers supply important information for the understanding of Cretaceous marine biogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions. A pre-requisite for these palaeoenviromental interpretations is a sound taxonomy. The taxonomy of the orbitolinoids from the Northwest Pacific has been controversial, and this paper aims at a taxonomic and stratigraphic revision of this group. Four orbitolinid species (Eopalorbitolina transiens, Praeorbitolina cf. wienandsi, Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina.) parva, and O. (M.) texana) have been recognized. Orbitolinids occurred almost continuously from the Late Hauterivian to the late Early Albian. Species belonging to the Praeorbitolina cormyi–Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina) aperta evolutionary lineage are most common, while dictyoconids are missing in the Northwest Pacific. Following the last occurrence of O. (M.) parva in the Douvilleiceras mammilatum zone of the Early Albian, no orbitolinids have been recognized in the Northwest Pacific. It is possible that provincialism in orbitolinid foraminifers occurred during the Early Cretaceous of the North Pacific. Seasonal to Interannual Variability and Geographic Distribution of the Silicoflagellate Fluxes In the Western Mediterranean Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, María A. Bárcena, Francisco J. Sierro, José A. Flores, Iván Hernández-Almeida, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Albert Palanques, Serge Heussner. Volume 77, Issues 1-2, October 2010, Pages 46-57 , Marine Micropaleontology A total of 337 samples collected from five sediment traps located in the Gulf of Lions, Catalan margin and the Alboran... more A total of 337 samples collected from five sediment traps located in the Gulf of Lions, Catalan margin and the Alboran Sea have been analyzed in order to study the seasonal, interannual and geographical distributions of silicoflagellate fluxes in the Western Mediterranean. As a general trend, maximum fluxes of silicoflagellate skeletons always occurred during the spring bloom; i.e. during the winter–spring transition, while minimum fluxes were recorded during summer, characterised by a strong stratification and oligotrophic conditions. However, the sediment trap record of the Catalan margin did not exhibit any clear seasonal signal, probably owing to the fertilizing effect of the rivers Llobregat and Besos. Regarding interannual variability, no clear relationship between the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and the silicoflagellate fluxes was found. In contrast, the silicoflagellate assemblages from the Alboran Sea and the Gulf of Lions responded with low fluxes and a delay in their annual maximum to the anomalous conditions elicited by the 1997–98 El Niño Event. Furthermore, the 2003 summer heat wave over the Western Mediterranean had similar repercussions on the silicoflagellate spring maximum 2004 in the Gulf of Lions. Three silicoflagellate species were identified in the samples, following the taxonomic concepts of Throndsen (1997): Dictyocha fibula (Ehrenberg), Dictyocha speculum (Ehrenberg) and Octactis octonaria (Ehrenberg) Hovasse 1946. D. fibula was cosmopolitan and the dominant species at all sites, always accounting for more than 80%. Moreover, its maximum fluxes were recorded in those sampling sites which were under the influence of high nutrient concentrations caused by the river input. D. speculum was only recorded in the northern locations, which suggests an affinity for colder water masses. In contrast, O. octonaria was restricted to the Alboran Sea stations, where temperatures reached the highest values and nutrients were scarcer. Microplankton response to environmental conditions in the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean): One year sediment trap record I. Hernández-Almeida, M.A. Bárcena, J.A. Flores, F.J. Sierro, A. Sanchez-Vidal & A. Calafat.Volume 78, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 14-24. Marine Micropaleontology The present work analyses the seasonal evolution of planktonic assemblages and particle fluxes through the water... more The present work analyses the seasonal evolution of planktonic assemblages and particle fluxes through the water column in the Eastern Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean) at 35º55.47’N/01º <4 prevaling.

THE DUCKS OF DOOM Chapters 1-30 An Internet Serial by Robert Arthur Smith [email protected] THE DUCKS OF DOOM was a 2002 Independent e-Books finalist. Robert Arthur Smith, Chapter 1: Femme Fatale Some people think ducks spend all of their time floating around in ponds, quacking at the neighbors and drinking lime fizzers. This might be true on other planets, but not on Tockworld. Things are different on Tockworld, a world that sprang into existence when an alien opened the wrong door in the Grand Imperial Chinese restaurant. Anyway, ducks, being extremely clever at disguise and subterfuge, have invented decoys. Decoys look just like ducks, but they aren't. They're bits of painted wood. They were designed to float around in ponds all day, fooling humans, while the real ducks took over the world and began running large corporations. People in the know can always tell the difference between a duck and a decoy. Real ducks have feet. If you don't believe the part about ducks running large corporations, take a look at your own workplace. Unless, of course, you work at home; then you should examine other members of your family to make sure they don't have any feathers. If you find out one or more of your family members is really a duck, be grateful. Ducks will look after you when the aliens invade. But that's another story; we'll talk about it some other time. Anyway, there's no shame in working for a duck. You have to remember, it was a duck who saved the world from a fate worse than death. This is how it happened. A long time ago, a mild-mannered duck by the name of Macklin Macklino was sneaking a peek at the centerfold of MODEL RAILROADER magazine and thinking about a session with his train layout, when there was a knock on the door of his condo. Who can that be? Macklin wondered. He hated interruptions when he was thinking about his trains. He had a really neat model of the Southern Pacific, down around Indio, California, with several fruit-packing plants, dozens of refrigerator cars, and a lot of golf courses. Anyway, you're probably wondering what Macklin was doing at home at night, instead of toiling away in a stuffy cubicle like everyone else, forced to work overtime just to keep his job. And where did he get the loot for this nice condo overlooking a park near Mount Pleasant, a block away from George's Trains, a hobby shop known in every corner of the civilized world? Also, where was his mother? Why wasn't she calling him up, telling him how all of her friends were busy with their GRANDCHILDREN? Why wasn't he hearing her voice sweetly rasping: "You aren't getting any younger, you know, Macklin. You can still find a good woman if you hurry, but if you wait too long, she won't even look at you; she'll look at your wallet. You'll be divorced two weeks after the wedding, and I'll have to get a court order to see my grandchildren, assuming she took enough time out from shopping to make any. And you know how much court orders and lawyers cost! I'll be a pauper after the lawyers get through with me! Instead of a nice old age surrounded by friends and GRANDCHILDREN, relaxing in my comfy apartment, I'll be stuck in a poorhouse with drug addicts and psychotics. It'll be all your fault if I'm found dead one day, clutching a picture of my son, who never even came to my funeral...." Anyway, the reason Macklin was at home was this: he was a professional model railroader. He made model railroads for business people who had no time to make their own. You'd be surprised how many busy professionals hired Macklin to build and enjoy little railroad empires for them. The knocking came again. Quickly Macklin thrust his copy of Model Railroader under his mattress, in case it was his mom at the door. Who else would bother calling on him? She was in Miami, of course, visiting relatives, but, as we all know, certain mothers can be in two places at the same time, so you can never be too careful. Anyway, it was quite late. Thirteen minutes and thirteen seconds after midnight, if you want to be precise about it, and Macklin was always precise. "It's a feature," he would tell people, when they complained about this aspect of his character. Be neat, be precise, and you'll never be sorry. That was Macklin's philosophy. Who could be knocking after midnight? he wondered. Especially since it's Scary Pumpkin Eve, a time when all good little children are supposed to be in bed, so the Scary Pumpkin can come down the chimney and leave bundles of Durum wheat tied in ribbons. He peered through the peephole, but all he saw was Bartholomew Augustus Hoopenthrasher's door across the hall. Hoopenthrasher was not the sort of person who knocked on doors, only to flee in panic before anyone spotted him. Hoopenthrasher LIKED to be seen; he was a philosophy professor, and as you know, philosophy professors have doubts about their own existence. This is because nobody ever calls them up to fix broken philosophies. It's a little like the Maytag man.... We'll talk about that some other time. Macklin, by the way, wasn't the sort of duck who opened his door after midnight for unseen strangers. You never know what you're going to get when you open your door late at night: it could be someone dangerous, like an armadillo or a freelance telemarketer. But something changed Macklin's mind that night; some mysterious force penetrated the bright, orderly regions of his brain, spreading a little darkness. He composed his face into a special 'Hi, mom; nice to see you!' smile, in case it really was his mom. Then he opened the door, and the smile froze on his face. A femme fatale stepped out of the shadows. Now that's a simple thing to say; A femme fatale stepped out of the shadows. 'So what!' you might be saying to yourself. Femme fatales are always stepping out of the shadows; it's what they do best. Well, one of the things they do best. This femme fatale, however, was different. She wiped a bit of Black Magic chocolate from her beak and cocked a hip at Macklin, blowing every fuse in his brain. Macklin never had a chance. He gazed at her in a stupor, taking in her slinky red dress, her ruby earrings, and her red high heels. "Hello Macklin," she said in a throaty voice. "My name is Allura. I've come to invite you to a little party." Macklin was stupefied. "Quack," he said. Allura moved a little closer. Her red dress made slinky noises all over her ducky form. Her beak opened slightly and an exotic odor of wild rice and chocolate issued forth. It wasn't particularly warm in Macklin's condo that night, but he felt a sudden hot flash as he watched Allura's flame-colored hair stir gently in the updraft from her internal convection oven. A small voice in the back of his mind warned him to be careful: 'Don't go there! She's dangerous. Your mom wouldn't like her. Stay home and play with your trains!' But Macklin was beyond help now. He was a drake possessed; the only thing that mattered to him was the seductive Allura, a vision of slinkiness luring him down a forbidden track into a mysterious tunnel. She put an arm through his. He tried desperately to think of something charming and witty to say, but all he could manage was, "Do you like broccoli?" Allura gave him a little peck on the cheek as if to say, 'I'd do anything for a cup of broccoli," and Macklin's brain exploded. He was hers now; he would follow her anywhere. At least until his mom called. The Hippopotamus of Fate had a bad feeling about this.... CHAPTER 2: THE SMOOCH OF FATE Macklin had no idea why Allura would be interested in a shy, mild-mannered duck. Perhaps she'd mistaken him for his swashbuckling ancestor, the colorful Giseppe Macklino. Giseppe, a Florentine gangster inhabiting the early renaissance, had been the sort of duck who knew exactly what to do when mysteries happened to him. Once, while on a trade mission to Scotland, he'd been kidnapped by Scottish existentialists. He'd come to sell real estate; he was offering a special deal on a sunken piazza, a splendid place for raising sheep, with its abundance of tangy water, and its gently rippling features. The Scots didn't know what to make of him, especially when they got a better look at his hat, which, in typical renaissance style, looked like a dented cookie tin, so they put him through the Inquisition of the Haggis. They gave him a tartan sash, a kilt, and a set of bagpipes, and told him to play 'Scotland the Brave'. Giseppe had never heard of 'Scotland the Brave'. For all he knew, it might have been a documentary on haggis. So, always a quick thinker, he played 'How Much is That Doggie in the Window?' The Scots muttered and grumbled for a time, and their headman painted himself blue and shook his basket of skulls, but Giseppe never missed a beat. And then something magical happened. A few Scots began to hum along, then a few more, and before long, the entire clan was belting out the lyrics: "How much is that doggeee in the window? The one with the waggely tale.... " In the end, the Scots liked the song so much, they made Giseppe a clan chieftain, gave him the standard nine square feet of grazing land, a genetically modified cow, otherwise known as a bagpipe, and painted him blue. Even now, on the blasted heaths and parking lots of Scotland, if you listen very carefully, you can hear the mournful wail of Giseppe's bagpipes, and a ghostly Scottish choir singing, "How much is that doggeee in the window....." But enough of Macklin's colorful ancestor. Allura was growing impatient while Macklin dithered. Sweeping him up in her arms, she carried him off to the elevator, held him tightly while they descended the twenty floors to the lobby, then bore him past the astonished doorman to her waiting Harley-Davidson. Macklin, who panicked at the sight of mere ten-speed bikes, was terrified. But Allura smiled invitingly, and when she flashed a bit of slinky naughtiness through the slit in her red dress, all thought of danger fled from Macklin's mind. Quickly he jumped up behind her, held on for dear life, and away they sped. There was an odor of swamp grass about her that drove him wild. Suddenly he didn't care anymore; he could face any danger as long as it involved holding onto an exciting duck! It was a terrifying ride through the gridlocked streets of downtown Toronto. A dozen times, Macklin braced himself for instant death, only to find himself, moments later, still intact and facing an even scarier instant death. At last, Allura veered off the road onto a narrow pathway that led through a Gothic forest in the heart of Toronto's sinister financial district. Macklin glanced about nervously as they weaved their way through a maze of spruce, pine, and maple trees. Bankers and financial advisors hooted like owls in the treetops, while accountants swooped through the gloom in search of prey. Suddenly the path took a turning and Macklin found himself on the unkempt grounds of a Gothic mansion; a hulking, somber pile of stones that seemed to hoard the shadows, gathering darkness into itself like a malignant entity brooding on destruction. A sign in front said: City Hall. All major credit cards accepted. "We're not going in there, are we?" Macklin said nervously, his hand on his wallet. Allura slinked closer and touched his forehead, burning a hole through his skull. "No," she murmured. Macklin breathed a sigh of relief and thought about smooching with his new friend. "YOU are!" said Allura. "I am?" Allura touched Macklin's beak. "Of course you are, sweetie," she said. "That's why I brought you here." Macklin couldn't believe his ears. "You brought me here for this?" he squawked. "You had this evil pile of stones in mind all along? You used your feminine wiles to woo me away from...from--" "Your toy trains?" said Allura. Macklin blushed. "They aren't toys," he said. "They're models. Like in museums. Everything is realistic. The GP9 switchers, for instance, have dynamic brakes." "Do you really think I used feminine wiles?" said Allura, cupping his beak in her hands. "All I did was ask you to come with me." Macklin was on fire with passion. At the same time, he was trembling with fear. It was very confusing. "You didn't just ask me," he said. "You slinked." That's because I like you," whispered Allura. "I'll be waiting for you outside, when you're finished." "Finished what?" "Vlod wants to meet you. He's the one who sent for you." At the mention of this name, Macklin's blood turned to ice. "Vlod?" he gasped. "As in Vlod Ironbeak, the evil mayor of Toronto?" "Shhh!" Allura touched his feathers; then she kissed him, and their beaks clacked together in fiery passion. "Ohhhh...." she moaned. Macklin felt his DNA throbbing. Reason and logic seeped out of his brain like motor oil from a cracked block. He knew he was facing terrible danger, but he'd do anything Allura asked of him. He couldn't help himself; he wanted to be near her, he wanted to touch her and smooch with her. Just then, the front door creaked open, and a mysterious figure stepped out into the eerie glow of the forest. "Vlod will see you now," it said. Macklin had a bad feeling about this.... CHAPTER 3: BEAUTY MARKS The mysterious figure approached Macklin through the shadows. It was the strangest looking duck he'd ever seen. There were feathers, of course. EVERYONE has feathers. There were two bloodshot eyes, and there was a beak twisted into a hideous grimace, with a bit of drool on the end. The creature's moldy green feathers were set off by a moldy green corduroy suit blotched with port-wine stains. He wore shoes that looked like waffle irons, and a moldy blue bowler hat to go with his green suit. When he turned to show his profile, Macklin glimpsed an enormous bulge high up on his back. The stranger thrust his mottled, blue-green face at Macklin. "Do you see anything unusual about me?" he hissed. "Hmmm?" "Unusual?" quacked Macklin. "Um...IS there something?" One bloodshot eye squinted suspiciously at him. "The name is Polydoor," the stranger growled. "I am Vlod Ironbeak's acolyte and chief financial officer." "How do you do?" said Macklin. "I'm--" "Enough small talk." Polydoor said, covering his ears. "Don't inflict your personal history, anecdotes, dreams and ambitions on me. I don't even want to know the names of people who die so quickly in there." Macklin had the strangest feeling something bad was going to happen to him. He looked around for Allura, but she was gone. She'd melted away into the shadows like a bitterly disappointed date. Then he noticed a pair of eyes watching him from deep within a suspiciously wolf-like patch of deeper shadow. Something glittered on either side, like two ruby earrings catching a stray bit of light, and there was a sort of beakiness about the front of this object. My imagination is playing tricks on me, Macklin thought. Surely that can't be Allura! "Lots of strange things in the woods," said Polydoor, grinning hideously at him. "She'll be there when you get back. IF you get back. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha!" Macklin smiled politely, to show that he liked a joke as much as anybody else, but inwardly he was tremulous and perplexed. He sensed hostility emanating from Polydoor. How could he make Polydoor like him? This preyed on Macklin's mind, even as he followed the strange duck up the flagstone path to the door. Macklin wanted everybody to like him. He had to find a way of ingratiating himself. Should he prostrate himself? Or should he just compliment him on something? But what? Macklin's ancestor, Giseppe Macklino, never had to worry about things like this; people who didn't like him became part of the raw material in his glass factory. "Thank you for taking the trouble to lead me to the door," Macklin said to Polydoor, still trying to be liked. "It's true what they say, isn't it; 'ducks of a feather stick together!'" This gambit didn't work at all. In fact, it enraged Polydoor. "Are you calling me a duck?" he hissed. "Pardon?" said Macklin. "You're not a duck?" "Of course not, you idiot! I'm a canard." "Oh, I see," Macklin said nervously. "What's a canard!" "Canard is French for Supreme Being, you fool!" Macklin was at a loss for words. Fortunately, they'd reached the door. Polydoor tore it open with an irritable gesture, revealing an enormous hallway. Flambeaux lined the marble walls. In the ghastly, shifting light, Macklin glimpsed a reception area with a few nervous petitioners rotting on wooden benches. A tremor went through him; he wished he were at home in his cozy apartment, operating his museum-quality model railroad. At this very moment, instead of trying to ingratiate himself with a hideous acolyte, he could be switching little freight cars in the yard at Vulture's Breakfast. Or he could be talking on the phone to Gladys KindHeart, the only real friend he'd ever had. Gladys was a gentle, caring duck who always listened to Macklin's stories about switch motors that kept burning out, and freight cars that kept derailing. She held his hand when he was sad, kept him company, let him play with her caymans, and listened patiently to his tales of woe. So he'd rejected her as a girlfriend. Macklin thought anybody who was interested in HIM was either a loser, or secretly plotting a nasty surprise. He was deeply absorbed in these fascinating thoughts when, all at once, he heard a strange, haunting sound. It was Giseppe, his terrifying ancestor, gnashing his bill. A ghostly voice whispered inside Macklin's skull: "Forget about being liked, ye wee Willie wimpy! Sell this Polydoor fool some real estate. We still own that sunken piazza." This was followed by ghostly bagpipes, and a few mournful Scottish voices singing, "How much is that doggeee in the window; the one with the waggely tail...." Macklin was staring in horror at a spectral haggis, when Polydoor broke into his reverie. "What are you looking at?" the acolyte snarled. Suddenly Macklin realized the spectral haggis had been superimposed on Polydoor's hump. "Like my hump, do you?" Polydoor whispered. "Yes I do, very much," said Macklin. "It's...um...noble. It fills out your jacket very nicely." Polydoor leered and twitched, and shook his knobby fists at Macklin. "So you DO think I have a hump?" he hissed. "I suppose you think I'm a nothing but a camel with an entire canard pond stuffed into a hump, in case I have to cross a desert!" "Good grief, no!" exclaimed Macklin, sweating now. "The thought never crossed my mind!" "This thing on my back is a mole," said Polydoor. "Umm...you must be very proud of it," said Macklin. "Any time I want, I can have it removed. I'm only keeping it because females find it irresistible. They come after me in droves! Masses of them!" "I see," said Macklin. "You get to choose when you go into the acolyte business," said Polydoor. "It's either a monk's cowl or a big mole." "You made a wise choice," said Macklin. "I chose both, but I only use the cowl in budget meetings, when we have sacrifices and beheadings. Nasty things, cowls! They make me break out in spots. And they attract masses of armadillos. MASSES of them! A hump is much better, don't you think?" "Yes, much!" said Macklin. Then he clapped a hand over his beak. "I mean--" "Aha!" said Polydoor triumphantly. "So you DO think I have a hump!" Macklin wiped the spray from his face and looked around desperately for Allura. "Looking for help, are we?" jeered Polydoor. "Think your smarmy Allura's going to leap through a stained glass window, take you in her arms, and carry you away to safety, do we?" "No, I--" "That sloat! That flozzy! She thinks she's so special, slinking around the master, showing her ankles, mincing and prancing like a hippopotamus!" Polydoor began slinking around the room, mincing and prancing like a hippopotamus, batting his eyes, and puckering his beak. "Kiss me, you fool!" he rasped. Then a deep, powerful voice said, "That will do, Polydoor. You may scratch your fleas some other time; we have work to do now." The rotting taxpayers had a bad feeling about this.... CHAPTER 4: VLOD STAKES A CLAIM Macklin found himself transfixed by the penetrating gaze of a very tall duck dressed in a black frock coat, black, stovepipe trousers, and a black cape. It was the mayor of Toronto! Macklin had heard of him, of course, but he'd always assumed Vlod was a remote, mythical figure like Margaret Thatcher. In real life, he was more frightening than a mere politician. His staring red eyes were set into a bone-white face, like two drops of Tabasco sauce on Scarlett O'Hara's wedding dress. His beak glimmered in the flickering light, looking every bit as deadly as a the spike upon which a bankrupt's petition for clemency is skewered. He slipped a blood-red smart phone into a pocket of his frock coat, and twitched his beak in what might have been a smile, or a summons to an executioner. Then he turned to Polydoor. "Polydoor?" "Yes, master." "Go and prepare a snack for our guest. In the Agony Room, I think. And this time, try to remember--the silverware goes on the table, NOT in our guests." "Yes, master." "The haggis, I think. We'll have that, along with blood pudding, blood sausage, and the special tomato sauce." "Yes, master." "Anything you don't understand, look it up in the Martha Stewart book." Polydoor crabbed through the door, an evil look on his face. Macklin watched uneasily as the acolyte clumped away. Polydoor was nasty, but at least his nastiness was rational. It had something to do with self-esteem. There was nothing rational about Vlod. And where was Allura? "So Macklin; we meet at last!" Vlod said. "Vlod Ironbeak at your service. I've been looking forward to this. I know your ancestor." "You do?" said Macklin, momentarily stunned. "Which one?" Vlod's beak twitched. "You have only one ancestor." "Oh you mean Giseppe!" Macklin said quickly. "But he died centuries ago!" Vlod closed his eyes for a moment. When he opened them again, they were bigger. "Yes," he said. "I meant to say, MY ancestor, Vlodzille the Reptile, knew him." "Oh, good!" said Macklin, greatly relieved. "We're practically family, then. Surely this powerful duck wouldn't hurt a descendant of the man his ancestor had known and loved! "Vlodzille and Macklino loved the same Scottish princess," said Vlod. "A certain Lenore McBeauty." "That's wonderful!" said Macklin. "It's like a romance novel. Like WIND IN THE WILLOWS." "WIND IN THE WILLOWS is not a romance novel," Vlod snapped. "It's a book about psychotic toads and the mistreatment of weasels." Macklin decided to keep his mouth shut. Everybody was so touchy around here! How he wished he was back home with Gladys KindHeart! Dear, dear Gladys. So kind hearted, so loyal, and her caymans were okay too, as long as they stayed in the pond in her living room and.... Vlod cleared his throat. "Vlodzille and Macklino loved Lenore with a rare, unearthly passion. My ancestor's passion was more worthy than your ancestor's passion, of course." "This is so dramatic and eighteenth-century!" said Macklin, trying to ingratiate himself with this new object of terror. "How did they work it out?" "Badly," said Vlod. "One day, in an attempt to avoid savage conflict, the two rivals urged Lenore to choose. She was much too sensitive for this. She couldn't bear the thought of inflicting pain and sorrow. She loved both suitors with a mad passion." "I love this story!" said Macklin. "Does it have a happy ending?" "It does not!" said Vlod. "The beauteous Lenore, unable to face the prospect of hurting either of her suitors, threw herself in front of a flying haggis at the Highland games." "That's amazing," said Macklin. "It should be a movie--" "It was horrible," said Vlod. "Horrible! I grieved...I mean my ancestor grieved for weeks. He was inconsolable. I, VLOD IRONBEAK, am inconsolable for him." "I'm so sorry," said Macklin. "Have you tried grief counseling? You could check in the yellow pages...." A look from Vlod silenced him. "It gets worse," Vlod said. "In the midst of my ancestor's terrible grief, YOUR ancestor treacherously drove a stake through his heart and burned his entrails in a potting shed." "Oh my!" squeaked Macklin. "I'm sure he didn't mean to!" "It was infamous! My ancestor never got over it. He moped around for WEEKS brooding on it! He swore he would never rest until his enemy was paid back in full, and he bound all of his descendants by a tremendous oath to wreak a terrible vengeance on Giseppe's descendants." "Umm, I should be going," Macklin said. "Ha, ha, ha!" said Vlod. "Enough small talk. That's not why I invited you here." "It isn't?" said Macklin, still eyeing the door. "But what is a meeting without sustenance?" Vlod said. "The spilling of blood to symbolize our undying friendship." Macklin felt the Tabasco-sauce eyes scorching his feathers for a moment or two, then Vlod propelled him by sheer force of will through a small door, into a freezing cold meeting hall. There was an enormous stone table, suitable for lunch or a sacrifice. "This is where the budget committee meets," said Vlod. The table was set for one. How Macklin wished he were with Gladys! She'd be in her little garden now, with her John Deere tractor, planting Durum wheat. Or perhaps she'd be in her garage, cleaning out the cayman stables. Gladys's caymans were always pooping over everything. They couldn't seem to grasp the idea of flush toilets. But Macklin didn't mind. The caymans were okay. They were fun-loving creatures. Fluffy, for instance, liked to bite people's fingers off, but everyone always laughed. It was just playfulness. Anyway, Macklin was really surprised at how much he missed Gladys. Then he noticed that Vlod had stopped to admire an enormous portrait of a duck. At first Macklin thought it was just another boring ancestral portrait of a duck with fangs; when he moved a little closer, however, he saw that it was a gorgeous female. She had flowing, golden locks, and wore a gauzy, romance-on-the moors style of dress. She also had honking great webbed feet--the biggest webs Macklin had ever seen. You could surf across the Atlantic Ocean on webs like those. "Beautiful, isn't she!" said Vlod. "Umm, yes" said Macklin. "That was the word I was searching for." "Notice anything else about her?" Macklin couldn't help himself. Before he could clap his hands over his beak, he blurted out, "Her feet...." "YES?" said Vlod in a frosty voice. A doom prepared itself for Macklin. High above, in the Celestial Sphere, the Hippopotamus leaned forward in her rocking chair, waiting for his next words. "Um, they're so...quintessentially FEET!" he managed to say. "The very essence of footdom. Eternal forms such as Plato imagined, but never saw. I, however, now have the privilege of viewing--" "Don't get any ideas. She's taken." "She is? I mean, of course she is! With feet like those--" "That is Lenore McBeauty." "Really?" gasped Macklin. "She of the flying haggis?" "Indeed," said Vlod. "She was loved by my ancestor, who was cruelly and treacherously staked by a vile, slimy, armadillo-like fiend, known to the world as Giseppe Macklino." Macklin felt no comment on his part was called for. "I hate armadillos," said Vlod. "Come! Sit!" Then he noticed the table setting. Polydoor had worked quickly, but not well. "Didn't you consult Martha Stewart?" roared Vlod. "The water glass goes HERE! Use the crystal, not this plastic Daffy Duck glass. Now go and fetch the condiments for the blood pudding." Polydoor gave Macklin an evil look as he made his way out the door. "You don't deserve the crystal," he hissed. "I don't like wasting it on ducks who are about to DIE." Macklin slipped uneasily into a big, leather chair, studded with rivets and wired to a set of coils and cylinders on a sideboard. He picked up a lime fizzer with trembling hands. Vlod stood behind his chair, as silent and watchful as a Venus flytrap. Then Macklin noticed movement outside a window. A frightening shape peered in at him from the edge of the forest. The shape was vaguely wolf-like, with a beaky sort of muzzle and two ruby earrings. "A wolf!" Macklin squawked. "What?" said Vlod. "Oh, that's not a wolf; it's a big, furry duck." The wolf eyed Macklin with an expression that seemed to imply a certain urgency. It made him think of Allura for some reason. Had the wolf eaten Allura and put on her earrings? Macklin had a bad feeling about this.... CHAPTER 5: VLOD MAKES HIS PITCH "You have a problem?" Vlod said. Macklin twisted nervously around. "No sir...I mean VLOD," he stammered. When he looked back, the wolf had gone. Perhaps it had never really been there. Perhaps Macklin, himself, wasn't there. It was all a trick of the mind. Something to do with John Locke, and the association of ideas. If you start with an idea of bagpipes, for instance, you wind up by a process of association with the Flying Scotsman, a bowl of McBowel's Inflammable Porridge, and a dead squid. "Eat!" said Vlod. "Meanwhile, I will tell you why I invited you here." Macklin glanced down at his vittles. Blood pudding. Goodness how it reeked! And it moved, too, as though some ravenous parasite was swimming excitedly around the bowl, just waiting for the opportunity to leap into a vital part of Macklin's plumbing and bite it. "I want you to build a model railroad for me," said Vlod. Huh?" said Macklin. He was so astonished, all thought of gulping down the pudding fled from his brain. Actually he hadn't been thinking of that, but.... "Yes," said Vlod. "I've had my eye on you for a long time. I read your entire series of articles in RAILROAD MODEL CRAFTSMAN on building a model of the Spokane International, including the sawmills at Coeur d'Alene, the Bonner's Ferry bridge, and the crossing point at the Canadian border." "You did?" gasped Macklin, pleased and terrified. "It was brilliant!" said Vlod. No one could have done it better. Not Renoir, not Duns Scotus; not even Roy Rogers." Macklin was embarrassed. "Well, maybe not Renoir or Duns Scotus," he said. "But Roy Rogers could have done it. I always sort of liked his theme song: 'Happy trails to you, until we meet again--'" "Dale Evans wrote that," said Vlod. "Anyway, enough small talk! I want you to build me an exact replica of a famous model railroad." "Hmm," said Macklin, wiping the spray from his neck. "Um--" Before Macklin could stutter another syllable, Vlod tossed him a copy of SMALL RAILROADS YOU CAN BUILD. It fell open on a double-page spread featuring a tiny HO train layout on a 4-ft by 6-ft sheet of plywood. "I'm sure you know this layout," said Vlod. "It's the model railroad Gordon Varney commissioned, ages ago, to display his line of model railroad equipment. It was in Macy's shop window." "Oh, EVERYONE knows THAT model railroad," said Macklin. "But I don't see--" "I want you to build it precisely as it is depicted here," said Vlod. I WANT IT EXACT IN EVERY DETAIL! DO NOT FAIL ME." Macklin wiped another spray of droplets from the back of his neck. "Um, some of the structures and equipment may be hard to find--" "Money is no object," said Vlod. "You will have everything you need." "Everything?" Macklin was terrified, as usual. But if there's one thing that gets a model railroader's blood up, it's the offer of unlimited funds to build an entirely new model railroad. "Accuracy is crucial! I have extra drawings and plans. Lenore foresaw everything." "She did? I mean, She of the haggis? She foresaw the Gordon Varney line of model railroad equipment?" "Everything!" said Vlod. "It was an act of pure psychic genius. There were no railroads in her time, of course. None whatsoever." "That's horrible!" said Macklin. "I know. I found it--my ANCESTOR, that is--found it inconvenient. But the radiant and beautiful Lenore was not so easily thwarted by mere temporal forces. She had a vision. "I see," said Macklin, yawning. The minute anybody started talking about their dreams or visions, he nodded off. A violent shaking woke him up. "Comfy?" said Vlod, twisting his beak in an evil simulacrum of a grin. Macklin nodded vigorously to ward off evil. "Good," said Vlod. "Lenore, of course, was unable to construct the model railroad herself, not having any track, switches, or rolling stock; however she had the presence of mind to record her vision before she met the fateful haggis." "Gosh!" said Macklin. "Precisely. Lenore foresaw everything, even plastic baggies for left-over haggis. When I think so much intelligence, so much radiant beauty was destroyed in a split second by a flying HAGGIS, and all because your ancestor couldn't admit that he had lost out to the better drake!" "I'm terribly sorry," said Macklin. "I'm sure it was all my fault. I'm not worthy." "Anyway," said Vlod. "Imagine my surprise when I discovered the source of her vision--the famous Gordon Varney model railroad." "But if it's already been built--" stammered Macklin. "It doesn't count," said Vlod. "In art, Macklin, intention is everything. The original builders could not have known they were honoring the memory of a rare and radiant maiden. Hence, the little train layout remained merely a model, lacking in magic." "Gosh," said Macklin. "YOU, however, KNOWING FULL WELL the significance of this model, will honor Lenore with every piece of track you stick together--" "Actually--" said Macklin. "Something on your mind?" said Vlod, hovering like a guillotine blade over Macklin's trembling frame. "Umm, no," said Macklin. "Good, because this is important. The model railroad will be a tribute to Lenore. It must be perfect. It must be laid out exactly as you see it here. I will provide all of the funding you'll need. Allura will take care of the details." "Allura?" Vlod leaned closer. There was a smell of dead things about him. Long-dead things, like ancient eggs, and bits of pizza lost under the sofa in the TV room. "You like Allura, don't you!" Vlod said. Macklin was embarrassed. "Come on, Macklin!" said Vlod. "Be a drake! Admit it--you like Allura a lot." Macklin found himself compelled by the implacable force of Vlod's will, as though he were a balloon being squeezed by a child's ruthless fingers. "Yes," he gasped. "I like her. I LIKE HER!" Then a small voice whispered inside his head. NO, Macklin! What about Gladys KindHeart? You can't do this to her! Vlod's beak twisted in an evil grin. "Good!" he said. "Because you will be seeing a lot of Allura. She will be your assistant. Tell her what you need. Money, supplies, grief counseling. Anything at all! Do you agree to these terms?" Macklin knew he had a choice: painful death, or lots of fun building a neat little train layout. "I can buy anything I need?" he said, pretending not to shiver with excitement and terror. "Yes. Anything except armadillos. I won't have any armadillos on my model railroad." "Agreed," said Macklin, wondering what an armadillo was. Some sort of winged creature native to tropical climes, perhaps. Or a kind of ostrich. "Good," said Vlod. "It is done." He tried smiling again. It was an eerie thing to see. He got the curve of the beak right, but there was something subtly wrong. Macklin had seen pit vipers with more feeling in their smiles. That was just before they ate the mouse, of course. But he really WAS excited. An unlimited budget, and Allura at his side. What could go wrong? Lots of ducks sold their souls to the devil. It happened every day. Look at the stock market! All at once, ghostly bagpipes broke into Macklin's train of thought, and a mournful Scottish choir chanted, "How much is that doggeeee in the window...." Then a familiar, harsh voice cut through the fever mist in Macklin's brain. "Don't even think about turning him down, laddie!" Macklin recognized his ancestor at once. "You don't think I should back off, ancestor?" he said. "Och! What a wee brain it has! Listen to me, Wee Willie Wimpy; Vlod is plotting something nasty, and I want it all for meself." "You mean the model railroad, ancestor?" "Vlod doesn't care a hoot about little toy trains!" said Giseppe. "He's got some trick up his sleeve." "MODEL RAILROADS ARE NOT TOYS!" said Macklin peevishly. "They're museum artifacts." Giseppe ignored this outburst. Everyone ignored Macklin's outbursts, actually, because they were always about how his toy trains weren't really toys: they were museum pieces. "I want you to play along with old Tinbeak," said Giseppe. "Do exactly as he tells you to do, but report to me." "Why is this model railroad so important to Lenore, ancestor? I mean, she's dead, after all. She must be pretty busy." "You mean Big Webs? Oh, aye; she's busy enough, laddie; she was going out with Elvis, the last I heard." Macklin was horrified. "She's DATING somebody? If Vlod Ironbeak hears of this--" "Don't you worry about old Tinbeak, laddie! I have big plans. The world is going to be a much different place when I'm through with it. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha!" Macklin thought this was some sort of joke, so he ignored it. "Hop to it, laddie," said Giseppe. " Allura is waiting--she of the torn skirt and the checkbook. Tell her to buy herself a decent Scottish kilt. They don't tear so easily, and you can use them as weapons in a pinch." "Ancestor?" But Giseppe was gone, vanishing into the wailing skirl of the pipes and the mournful chant of the ghostly Scottish choir singing, "How much is that doggeee in the window...." Macklin had a bad feeling about this.... CHAPTER 6: ALLURA'S FLAME An unpleasant voice startled Macklin out of his ghastly reverie. "Are you going to eat that blood pudding, or are you just going to puke all over it?" It was Polydoor. He of the mole. "Um, would you like it?" said Macklin. "Tsk! Wastrel! Lucky for you I can't bear waste." Polydoor snatched up the bowl, sucked up the entire pudding in one clotted mass, gulped it down, and ate the bowl. Then he smacked his beak. "Delicious appetizer," he said, glaring hungrily at Macklin. "But I find I'm still ravenous." A bit of blood dripped from the end of his beak, splattering the lacy white table cloth. His breath stank of ancient haggises. In a flash, Macklin was clawing at the front door, trying to get it open. At the sound of Polydoor's approaching footsteps, he turned. "Umm..." he said. "Vlod asked me to get started on his model railroad right away. It's very important to him." "IS it?" said Polydoor, crabbing closer. "Yes, he was very clear about it. He said he'd kill anyone who interfered. AFTER he ate them." Macklin was a very poor liar. He blushed, coughed, shuffled his feet, blinked, and nearly blurted out the truth. Polydoor smiled. "Shouldn't tell lies, if I was you," he said. "The Jolly Fat Llama's watching. He knows who's been bad or good." Polydoor was quite close now. There was a terrific smell of moldy broccoli about him. Macklin wondered if it was meant to keep the elves away. "I don't know why the master chose YOU," hissed Polydoor. "ANYBODY can set up toy trains. You just go to a toy store, buy a nice set with an engine, some cars, a bit of track, and a power pack. A child could do it!" "Those aren't good enough for serious modeling," said Macklin. "The track isn't to scale, and the engines aren't the best quality. You have to weather everything and add details, and--" "Smarty pants!" hissed Polydoor. "Are you saying I couldn't set up a nice toy train? Are you saying people with moles can't build model railroads? PEOPLE WITH MOLES AREN'T AS GOOD AS EVERYONE ELSE?" "It's got nothing to do with moles," Macklin said. "ARE YOU A MOLE-IST, YOU CROMWELLIAN! DO YOU BURN ACOLYTES AT THE STAKE?" A hand reached for Macklin's throat. A bit of oily drool leaked from Polydoor's beak. Macklin tried frantically to open the door, but it would only budge a fraction of an inch or so before stopping. Then, too late, he realized he was blocking it. He was doomed! He was about to be plunged into the spectral world where his fierce ancestor would be waiting with a killer haggis. There was no escape anywhere. Macklin's last thought was of Gladys KindHeart in her rubber boots and her coveralls, discreetly spotted with cayman poop. Oh how he missed her! He even missed Fluffy. If only he'd resisted the slinky Allura! If only he hadn't cast his eyes on the slit up the side of her red dress! Then a sudden, terrifying growl startled him out of his terror. The evil Polydoor froze. One of his fangs dropped out and he stooped to pick it up. In that instant, a stained glass window shattered as though a bomb had been tossed through it, and a figure leaped into the gloomy hall. It was Allura! Macklin gaped at her in astonishment. She'd changed into a big fur coat, furry boots and gloves, and a fur hat that seemed to cover all of her face and neck. There was a slit up the side of her coat, revealing the slit up the side of her skirt, which revealed a furry ankle that stirred up Macklin's blood even now, as he cringed in the shadow of the unspeakable Polydoor. Polydoor released his grip and turned to hiss at the intruder. "There's ANOTHER mole-ist!" he shouted. "Keep away from me, you vomp!" With that, he bolted out of the room. Macklin sagged with relief. He could hear the evil acolyte's voice echoing down the hall. "I'll sue and I'll sue and I'll sue...." Allura gently pulled Macklin away from the front door and opened it for him. Her motorcycle gleamed in the night air like the Flying Scotsman. "Go and wait on the Harley," she said, in a throaty voice. "I'll be out in a second. There's something I have to do." Macklin obeyed at once. He could see eyes watching him in the eerie phosphorescence of the Gothic forest. He climbed nervously onto the big motorcycle and tried to make himself invisible. All thought of Gladys KindHeart had fled from his heart. His brain shook and trembled with feverish thoughts of the slinky, furry Allura. Then Allura came out of the house and slinked onto the Harley. She'd discarded her furs and was clad only in her scarlet dress--the famous one with the slit. Macklin couldn't see her ankle, but an image of it flashed through his turbulent mind. He could think of nothing else. Stop this nonsense! he thought. She doesn't want you; she wants your model railroading skills. Don't let her corrupt you! Show a little backbone! Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha! That was an inward laugh, of course. Introverts rarely laugh out loud, unless they've been into the scotch. And even then, it's usually a thin, barely audible laugh, like the sound a small animal might make in the safety of its burrow, after a few glasses of ale. There's no shame in being an introvert, by the way. Big tough guys like Robin Hood and his Merry Men may have spent a lot of time laughing, but look what happened to THEM! They never existed! And what about Attila the Hun! He was the quintessential introvert; he spent all of his time on his horse because he was too shy to mingle with strangers. In fact, he was so painfully shy, he killed anyone who wasn't a Hun so he wouldn't have to make small talk. Don't tell ME introverts are weenies! Anyway, Allura started the Harley, and they roared away, out of the eerie forest and through the sinister financial district. After a brief, terrifying ride, they pulled up outside Macklin's condo. Allura leaped down and tied up her steaming Harley. Macklin stood awkwardly at the door, wishing he was the strong, silent type, like Clint Eastduck. He'd boldly seize the moment, invite Allura up to his condo, and offer her a seductive lime fizzer. The mere thought of it made him sweat with anxiety. "Um...how do you like your broccoli?" he asked. "Steamed or fried?" Allura ignored this conundrum and touched the glass entrance door, which popped open as if by magic; then she strode past the astonished security guard and raced up the twenty floors to Macklin's apartment. Macklin puffed along some distance behind her, arriving exhausted and bewildered at his door, which was already open. He found Allura inside. She slammed the door shut behind him, then seized him and held him tightly in her arms. "Kiss me, you drake!" she breathed, and their beaks clashed together. It was a long, passionate kiss. And it was painful, too, because Allura was treading on Macklin's feet, and she had pretty good webs on her. Not in Lenore Big Webs' league, of course, but they were a considerable size. Then she released him, and he slumped back against the door. "Wowsers!" he murmured. At the same time, a dark thought crossed his mind, filling him with stark terror, an emotion not unfamiliar to him. "Um...about Vlod...." he stammered. "Will he exhibit the sort of jealousy that leads to acts of violent retribution?" Allura was astonished. "Vlod? Jealous?" Then she threw back her head and laughed. "Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha." Macklin waited politely until the last 'ha' had faded away. "I take it that means 'no'?" he said. For answer, Allura cupped Macklin's face in her hands. "Listen to me, my little duckling," she said throatily. "Vlod is dangerous. Keep your distance from him and do nothing to anger him. I'll take the meetings!" "I won't fail him," Macklin said nervously, and once again, he thought of Gladys KindHeart. How he wished he could be with Gladys right now! Then Allura took him in her arms, and his treacherous glands deleted Gladys from short-term memory. "You're so cuddly!" Allura whispered. "Like a teddy duck." Macklin kissed her gently on the beak, and they quacked for a time. "Don't worry about Vlod," she said. "We have a business partnership, nothing more. I kill people, and Vlod drinks their blood. It's a privately owned business. We keep emotions out of it because I'm not very good at sharing power. I usually tear people to pieces when they disagree with me." "Um, it's a good thing we agree," said Macklin. He laughed nervously. There was something oddly exciting about Allura. She kissed him again. "It's different with you," she said throatily. "We have the same business model." "We do?" Just then, there was a knock at the door. Macklin stiffened. It had to be Gladys! No one else ever called on him, except the cult people from the weird temple down the street, a few desperate politicians, the people from downstairs yelling about his overflowing bath tub, and the rubber duckie salesman. There was another knock at the door. Macklin had a bad feeling about this.... CHAPTER 7: EVIL TONY CAD Meanwhile, Gladys had been worrying. She hadn't heard from Macklin for several hours, and this bothered her. Macklin was the sort of duck you spent a lot of time worrying about. A few hours away from him, and questions started popping up like firecrackers: why is he so quiet? Has he glued his beak shut with model railroad glue again? Has he eaten something nasty? Usually Macklin would call Gladys in the evenings for a bit of soul-searching and whining. "Do you think I'm a complete failure?" he'd ask. "Compared to what?" Gladys would say, and they'd chat about that for awhile. Gladys was a down-to-earth, homespun sort of duck who didn't spend much time worrying; if there was a problem, you got out your tool box and fixed it. When Macklin didn't call, she thought he must be having a problem, so she decided to pay him a visit and fix whatever was ailing him. Being a practical type, she thought she'd kill two birds with one stone, and take Fluffy along for a bit of exercise. The thing about caymans is they're a lot of work. And Gladys's caymans weren't your ordinary, garden-variety caymans, the sort people buy on a whim at pet shops. These were SHOW caymans, very finicky and nervous. If Gladys didn't spend a lot of time grooming them and fussing over them, they'd sulk for hours at a time. Not only that, she had to check them daily for ear mites. Anyway, Gladys was a real sweetheart, a cheerful, down-to-earth duck, who worked hard, loved her caymans, never felt sorry for herself, and had strange, mixed-up feelings about Macklin. These feelings really puzzled her. Long ago, Gladys had decided that drakes weren't worth the trouble, but Macklin intrigued her. There was something different about him. He wasn't much good at sports, for instance. Anybody who thought the Super Bowl was something from Tupperware was in deep trouble, sports-wise. But this only endeared him to Gladys; she would spend hours and hours trying to explain what quarterbacks do, and how they manage to get back into the game after being mashed and broken to pieces by enemy panzer divisions, but none of it would sink in. Macklin would just nod his head while she talked, and go on with his daydreaming about engines and track. The caymans liked Macklin too, now that he'd learned not to run screaming in terror when Fluffy gave him a playful nibble. There's something about him, Gladys thought to herself as she pulled Fluffy away from a terrified pit bull. Something cuddly. He's such a teddy duck! And Gladys had no trouble handling Lucretia, Macklin's fierce, grandchild-deprived mommy. Lucretia was so desperate for a grandchild, ANY grandchild, she'd tie Macklin up in blue ribbons and deliver him personally to any female who showed the slightest interest. She'd even print out instructions on how to go forth and multiply. Of course, when the grandchildren arrived, things would be different. Two children would be about right, thought Gladys. She could teach them football and Kung Fu, and how to repair broccoli harvesters, and she could show them how to groom caymans. Goodness! she thought. Here were are at Macklin's door! How did we get here so soon? The doorman seemed to be in a state of shock; he was squatting on the floor plucking at his lower lip and muttering something about Wonder Duck. Gladys checked herself in the lobby mirror. She wasn't very happy about her appearance. She'd put on her best rubber boots--the brown ones that didn't show the cayman poop so much--matching brown coveralls, and she'd combed her crinkly, brown duck hair, but of course that didn't do any good; it just kept right on being crinkly. Then she helped the doorman back to his desk and gave him a glass of broccoli juice, which brought him to his senses immediately. "What a duck!" he murmured. Gladys knew at once he couldn't be talking about HER. "She met me, Stranger, upon life's rough way, And lured me towards sweet death...." said the guard. "There's no need to be like that!" said Gladys. "Act sensibly, wear a good pair of rubber boots, dress warmly in layers, and there's nothing you can't accomplish." Then she bounded up the steps with Fluffy at her back. She took the stairs because Fluffy occasionally got nervous on elevators and ate the other passengers. Once she reached Macklin's door, she gave it a good, sharp rap. "Won't Macklin be surprised!" she chuckled, and Fluffy giggled and hissed. There was a faint sound of voices coming from within, but the door remained closed. "I wonder if he's with a client," said Gladys. Fluffy snapped his jaws as if to say, What's a client? Do you eat them with garlic or with mint? By now, of course, you're probably wondering about Gladys's background, her past lives, her old boyfriends, her marks in high school geometry, etc. Well, here it is: Some people think they have it tough! Gladys could beat them in a hard-luck contest hands down. Born without any parents at all, poor Gladys had no time for dolls and cruelty to other little girls, etc. She brought herself up by hand in Tewksbury, aided only by a long-dead aunt, the Marchioness of Tewksbury, who advised her on where the salad fork went etc., and how to talk as though you had a hot rutabaga in your mouth. She did have an illustrious family, but they were all dead, including the ones who were still living, and, anyway, they were so exhausted from roulette and taxes, they only existed as weary voices. Gladys worked her way through an exclusive Swiss academy by mucking out the stables, killing and cooking the haggises, and teaching survival skills. Upon graduation, she moved to Toronto in search of a place to make her mark and raise caymans. She was working as a veterinarian's assistant when she met and married Tony Cad, a flashy duck with a pocket full of credit cards and a lot of fancy talk about index funds and privatizing ancient Egypt. Little did Gladys know, Tony Cad had been fired from his job as a technician in a Mister Tasty Chocolate factory. She soon found out, however, that Tony Cad was really only after her caymans, which he planned to sell to a wallet factory. Their relationship quickly deteriorated, until, one ghastly night, under a horned moon, when low ragged clouds scudded across the sky, driven by a wind that moaned among the gloomy financial analysts, Tony Cad tied Gladys to the railway tracks. "HA, HA, HA, HA, HA," he said. "Soon all of your caymans will be made into wallets and stuffed with credit cards and death threats. I never loved you, Gladys! I can't stand caymans, and I hate broccoli soup. I'm sick and tired of sleeping with caymans on the bed and I hate the name Fluffy, and your cayman shows are stupid, and you're NOT a beautiful slinky model with bones sticking out everywhere like twigs and a bruised look and the latest jogging outfit, SO THERE!" Gladys sobbed. Then she heard the whistle of an approaching train. Gladys had a bad feeling about this.... CHAPTER 8: VILLAINS GATHER Macklin was still reminiscing, in a state of shock after the sharp rap at his door, when Vlod Ironbeak crept down into the cavernous City Hall basement to operate his model railroad. Vlod understood the difference between toy trains and museum-quality model railroads. At the same time, three stealthy figures made their way to the service entrance, beyond the rutabaga garden. They were wearing black trench coats with the collars turned all the way up. Polydoor opened the door for them, confiscated their rubber duckies; then checked everyone for concealed stakes, silver bullets and garlic before leading them down the stone stairway into the dank basement. The three stood at a respectful distance while Vlod finished operating his model railroad. They watched him hiss with delight as he brought his HO-scale death train to a slow halt at Usher Station, where little plastic models of vampires waited hungrily for the bewildered passengers to disembark. Then he turned and nodded to the others. "I have commissioned Macklin Macklino to build a model railroad," he said. His visitors, whose names were Herman, Demo, and Loopy, by the way, said nothing. It was never a good idea to say anything at all in front of Vlod until you had determined what sort of mood he was in. "You three will have the task of following Macklin," said Vlod. "Keep him in sight at all times. He must not fail in his assigned task." "You can count on us, Vlod," said Loopy. Loopy was anxious to redeem himself after botching his last mission, which had been nothing more than a shopping expedition to pick up rutabagas. Certain vampires have an unaccountable taste for rutabagas. Redemption, by the way, is not usually associated with the wishes and desires of an agent-of-evil dressed in black jacket and black pants, and festooned with a Yankees cap. A more accurate term, perhaps, might be currying favor. "You, Demo," said Vlod, "will disguise yourself as a hockey player and follow Macklin on his daily rounds." "A hockey player?" said Demo. "What's hockey, Vlod?" Demo had managed to get through a Canadian childhood without noticing hockey. That tells you a lot about him. "It's a form of mortal combat," Vlod explained. "You'll find everything you need at a sporting goods shop. Skates, pads, odd-looking short pants, sweaters, and a goalie's mask. You must wear a goalie's mask so Macklin won't recognize you." Demo was perplexed. "Won't people notice the goalie's mask, Vlod?" "This is Canada, you fool! Thousands of hockey players walk the streets every day, looking for pucks. No one will notice you." "What about me, Vlod?" said Herman. "What should I do?" "You, Herman, will disguise yourself as an existentialist, and observe Macklin from some convenient sidewalk cafe." "Right, Vlod. What's an existentialist look like these days?" At these words, Demo held up his hand. He knew all about existentialism; in fact, he knew a little about every subject EXCEPT hockey. Vlod shook his head, ignoring Demo's hand. It was hopeless! Hopeless! "Existentialists carry baguettes," he said. "Big ones. And they recite poetry; usually their own." Demo urgently waved his hand. "What is it?" Vlod demanded. "Just a thought, boss. Because I was a seedy academic before I became a seedy gang member, I know a thing or two about existentialism. In fact I know more about existentialism than I do about hockey. I should be the one who pretends to be an existentialist." "This is a democracy, Demo; you do what I tell you to do. Besides, café existentialists are all students; if any of them found out that you had actually read books on the subject, they'd know you were a fake." Demo withdrew his objections; years of experience as an academic had taught him the truth of this, after all. Besides, while it was true he had once been a seedy academic, he'd given it up for a life of adventure, and had forfeited all perks and appurtenances of his former life. Now it was Loopy's turn.

ectopic pregnancy,trying to conceive message board,sudden interest,phone conversation,friendships. Cooking Up Love - Making a Family from Add a useful graphical tracker to your message board signature, home page or blogs using Trying To Conceive/Pregnancy, Wedding, Birthday, Anniversary. Welcome to Aphrodite's Discussion Forums This forum is For women who may be having trouble conceiving. New to TTC (Trying to conceive) join us here! [Archive] Teenagers trying to get pregnant -- advice needed. Mundane Pointless Stuff I Must Share (MPSIMS) Page 3- Assuming married people are trying to get pregnant The Ladies' Lounge. Send a message via MSN to Abi. Congratulations Neyite I am 45 am trying to conceive. We have been trying for the past 4 years. I got married after I turned 40. We started fertiliy testing before we got married and were Trying to conceive - ovulation. Mundane Pointless Stuff I Must Share (MPSIMS) Trying to conceive, pregnancy and parenting forums. Welcome to The Mommy Playbook Message Board, a new parenting community. Our mommy forums are Conceiving after Paraguard IUD; IUD instead of tubal ligation or I'm still trying to adjust and I think I just need lots of super tampons and .. lose some hair, right at the widows peak (I found out on some message boards that I I tried calling their office but couldn't get through to anyone (no after hours line). [+] Has anyone succesfully conceived within 6 months of having a C-Section? .. of support, informed advice, and success stories on other message boards. Connect in our message boards, access our video library and get all the info Mocha Manual has to offer. It's FREE and easy! Trying to Conceive? The Little -That the longer I try to conceive, the more pregnant women spring up . I didn't relise I'd be in a message board room cring because all things When I told her I'd prefer to try to have them naturally I got the unmistakable feeling that she was not open to discussing it She sent me this message last night: He doesn't want me to finally get pregnant when he's 53. Tubal Reversal Message Board - 42 and pregnant (page 2) from the discussion forums about tubal ligation If you don't mind me asking, did you do anything special to get pregnant? We have been trying since reversal. Threads in Forum : Trying to Conceive, Forum Tools Sticky: Trying to conceive/ Planned parenthood/Assisted Reproduction Chat thread. ( Multi-page thread Post new topic Reply to topic printer-friendly view, Verity Discussion Board Forum Index -> Trying to Conceive Trying to Conceive After Birth Control · Trying to Conceive after Loss · Trying to Conceive in General. Back to Top. Forum and message board for the experience group I Am Trying to Get Pregnant. Post in discussion forums and talk with a community of people like you. Would you mind posting this to the SK Message boards? We are incentivizing readers to complete this survey by entering them automatically in a giveaway for Here you can post a message for anyone to see. . What I am trying to do is collect the research surrounding a living legend, Dave Rabbit, and that heavy sprayed and exposed veterans could with in one year conceive and have a son but Trying to Conceive Message Boards - Message boards relating to the issues of trying to conceive a baby, fertility concerns, infertility issues, and other. Message Board :: Miscarriage & Stillbirth :: Trying To Get Pregnant After Loss (11 Viewing). « Page 620 of 620 Jump to page. Go [Search This Board] Trying To Conceive after TFMR: This is a group for anyone that is trying to Do not provide any personal information on the public boards. telephone numbers etc) please do so by PM (private message/pass a note) and Message Boards Settings - Message Boards Help Fertility and Pregnancy Topic | Newer Topic >. Re: trying to conceive 25-Feb-10 10:31 AM The board has now responded that such requests and thus abortions .. As far as this story is concerned, if you are *trying* go get pregnant and . The news item that led to this discussion was about gender-based abortion. Tubal Reversal Message Board - Still trying to get pregnant from the discussion forums about tubal ligation reversal from the premier center In case you're not up to speed (up to weed? this statement has turned up on trying-to-conceive (TTC) message boards across the Internet: FAIL SAFE TEST!! this other women trying to conceive. Message board topics include trying to conceive, infertility, cycle buddies, natural family planning, general pregnancy loss. because they are trying to prove they are adults. Teens who get pregnant or cause . messages to younger teens, but York City Board of Education. Columbia Accident Investigation Board. Subsequent .. An Agency Trying to Do Too Much With Too Little . the Board, a further discussion of foreign object debris may be found the External Tank was first conceived, particularly in com- Tagging onto this question, what do you think about running while TRYING to get pregnant? Currently, I run 4-5 days a week, with a total how long should i be off propecia before trying to get pregnant propecia price at sams club bushes propecia can propecia make you lose hair Dr Amos Grunebaum On Couples Trying To Conceive on WN Network Fertility Center and in charge of the WebMD TTC (Trying To Conceive) message board. After about a year of trying on our own we conceived after 6 months of treatment with Clomid. I also have an underactive thyroid (being A few other factors to remember when trying to figure out how this will play out. What message are we sending to our young ones. She is five months pregnant, did she get pregnant at sixteen? needs to go back to the drawing board to realize that her ideology is not the ideology of today's youth. There are some cases of inability to conceive due to failure to achieve not to be concerned unless you have been trying to conceive for at least one year. The latter two sites also have bulletin boards for discussion of insurance issues. Trying To Get Pregnant After Loss This is a place where members from all of the different message boards can come together as a community of friends and Trying to Get Pregnant and Possible Thyroid - Help please Lab Results Discussion Boards. Maybe he was trying to dominate me, or maybe he was just one of them boys who . Placing your hand flat on her shoulders firmly and saying "no" will convey the message. .. Is it possible for her to get pregnant from that? .. I had to board my 7 year old Havanese (a rescue) for an extended period of time My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for 4 years now. No luck yet. It's really made me think about my illness when I was younger. You are here: Home > Message Boards > Planning a Baby > Trying since long > Trying to conceive. Please do not give any personal Only about 20% get pregnant the first month, but you never know .. They don't get a lot of love on UB or IF boards, but they are open every day of the year. .. He should get the message that you're not going to discuss it. [ The MusicWeb Message Board ]. CELEBRATING I have been trying to do my best for Fricker on the Classical Good Music Guide Forum. I also treasure my How is a fetus conceived by rape any less important than one conceived . We're not trying to force anyone to take care of that baby, we're only trying to I merely copy & paste hate the message, not the messenger and all that. . Ha, tell that to the other posters on this board--they would agree with you trying, conceiving, conceive, trying to conceive, fertility, testing, ttc, opk, If you are just having sex to get pregnant, this is not the board for you. go to the charting Help group and read the Group Owners message there. Home · Message Boards · Videos · Join for Free · User Blogs · Board Index Sexual Health - Women > Sexual Issues facing trying to conceive. The Mommy Playbook - TTC, Trying to Conceive, Pregnancy, Parenting Message Board. Trying to conceive, pregnancy and parenting forums. I guess the real question is: how can we effectively get the message across? They both think they're trying to do what is best for their girls, but they can't agree on anything. Tags: college, College Board Advocacy and Policy Center, education, men, minority, research . Three in ten girls will get pregnant before age 20. It's the best message board I've ever been a member of. I think if we do get pregnant and it is another boy i might just have to try for another. Big Boards - The largest message boards on the web! Currently viewing trying- to-conceive forums and trying-to-conceive message boards. Message boards Other mailing lists are not moderated, and any messages mailed to the address of . Two clear trends seem to be emerging: to try to confirm to conventional journal form . There would be an Advisory Board of editors drawn broadly from the I am trying not to read all the different media reports but it's hard not to see all Kim Kardashian hoping to get pregnant this year | Payday Loans News . other message boards on which you may have missed this in the past. Overweight and trying to conceive:thoughts and experiences. Hi! I hope nobody minds me posting this link? I am doing some research about The moderator of this board is kathy4678. Toddlers: 24 Months+, |-- Potty Training, |- Trouble TTC, |- Trying to Get Pregnant, |- TTC after 35, |- TTC After a Loss Discussion of teen pregnancy, 0, 0, No posts. Trying to conceive. Discussion board related to attempts at trying to conceive. Also see the infertility section above. All Trying to Conceive Threads. Post new thread Quick Find Message Boards. Choose Message Board, News Board, Sport Boards, - Football (moderated) I am trying to get pregnant - my insurance is tapped out and we are having to pay. .. how much you feel they are on board with your timeline for family planning. Vasectomy Reversal, Trying To Conceive, Two Week Wait, Pregnant, Births, IVF, Vasectomy Reversal. Expand. > Trying To Conceive (TTC) Message Board To me, trying to get pregnant is something that requires you to schedule sex " trying to get pregnant because one is so desperate for a baby." Big-Boards tracks the most active message boards and forums on the web. We currently have 2337 message Trying to conceive Message Boards and Forums Foundation Board .. In my last annual message I presented a statement of the unsatisfactory .. by the courage and humanity which he had displayed on several trying occasions; and .. I am at a loss to conceive how this protection can be afforded to California and Oregon against such a naval power by any other means. UNABRIDGED INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE DICTIONARY . Break BB Be Back BB Bulletin Board (forum, message board)(2) BB4N Bye Bye For Now TTBOTW Throw The 'bot Out The Window TTC Trying To Conceive TTFN Ta Ta For Now Trying to Conceive. Forum Options V. Forum Options. V Mark forum as read and return. V Mark forum as read and return to board index. V Subscribe to this I can not imagine trying to give 10 children a great outlook on life! There isn't one person on this message board who wouldn't accept a VIP .. I conceived my children (twins) via IUI, and, while I can't speak for Kate, my Our mission in writing this book is to try and give mothers a better chance of keeping their children. . rights apply across the board. it comes to discussion why things aren't going well. never thought I could get pregnant, I never Trying To Conceive · Am I Pregnant? Help! Message Boards Preparing for Baby 15 Things You've Gotta Do Before You Get Pregnant · Ready for a Baby? the interviewees also serve on Pauktuutit's Board of Directors and, as such, they provides a good basis for an informed discussion of Inuit adolescent . The difference today is that I see a lot of young people get pregnant but the of drugs and alcohol; and the loss of compassion as people are too busy trying to make TWW Message Boards Trying to Conceive Do You Think I'm Pregnant? and its for all the women who are trying to conceive and haven't got that BFP yet! We have the right to — although we can't conceive in a natural way I was grateful to her for trying to set us free from the judgement that can be laid .. These message boards are living proof that this is an issue that many Does anyone have some great advice for trying to conceive? My husband and I have decided to try to conceive, and we are really excited to This forum is for people who are trying to conceive. This forum is for women with infertility issues who have been trying to conceive for more than one year or -For most women, it will take several attempts to get pregnant, so don't worry if you . all these messages gives me hope i pray to god that everyone gets what they Hi me and my husband have been trying to get pregnant with our first child for as a High Complexity Laboratory Director (HCLD) by the American Board of 24 Aug 2010 will know it's directed at you without "@MissGoldie" at the first of my message. .. I won't say yes or no.. but it's up to you, if you want to try." .. Before I went to the comment board, I told myself that the top rated comment Breastfeeding while trying to conceive?. Hi. Hubby and I have a four-year-old and 2 1/2 year old twins. I still nurse the twins about once a week, but we are trying Acupuncture & Trying to Conceive. Threads in Forum: Acupuncture & Trying to Conceive, Forum Tools. Announcement. Views: 7366 Announcement: Christian - Protestant Trying to Conceive. Page 1 of 2, 1, 2 · >. Threads in Forum: Christian - Protestant Trying to Conceive, Forum Tools. Announcement For women wanting to get pregnant, the soundest medical information is .. he is the co-chair of the Editorial Board for the National Guideline . in order to not dilute the message of healthy eating and physical activity. and trying to scare them about some unsubstantiated fear would be seen as wrong. It's time, once again for the Monday Message Board. that the current law protects women from being fired because they get pregnant. . And the claim that they we're trying to “avoid headlining of the numbers” is not credible This is an Indian Ladies discussion board where we discuss various topics, ask questions, get help, share tips, read and write .. Fertility & Trying to Conceive All Message Boards Now I am married since 2 years and I am trying to concieve since then Reply 2904467back to trying-to-conceive board All Trying to Conceive Threads. Post new thread Message for Suppi re contraception (was on saw Gyno message), Guest, 1 Quick Find Message Boards Many years ago I tried to install a modem program on a Mac. .. for the old “ Internal Server Error” encountered on message boards of yore. album, “I Think We're All Bozo's on This Bus” was conceived in the Caltech By the end of the episode, Turk gives up trying to scare Cole away and accepts him Jordan's father, Quinn Sullivan, had occupied a position in the Board of .. In episode 15 of season 6 ("My Long Goodbye"), J.D. sent a text message to was accidentally conceived via premature ejaculation during non-penetrative sex . In any case, my best advice is to have a quality discussion with your doctors. . Or she could try and conceive by insemination with donor sperm. No matter how many diplomas, years of practice and board certifications Liz - What gets tricky is that she is trying to get pregnant and this is where she's going to need to consult with a Dr. preferably an ob/gyn to see HealthBoards Message Boards > Health Issues > Trying to Conceive (TTC) Board Index: Click here to find threads on TTC (Trying to Conceive) by keywords [ Media Lens Message Board ] I'm at work at the moment, Keith, but I'll have a ponder on your comments and try to get back to you. Thanks. --Previous I was on Nuvaring for 5 months and took it out mid-cycle, we have been having unprotected sex the entire time. I bled for a day and half after i Trying to Conceive for the 1st. The Cradle Message Boards are available to members as a platform for participating in discussions relevant to they should not get pregnant and, if they to 12 months before trying to get pregnant. The Board of Directors of the Lupus Foundation of Pennsylvania is .. Under discussion during that landmark meeting was the formation of a Medical Trying to Conceive and Pre-conception,; Fertility or Conception Difficulties,; Trying to Conceive . Today, 21:16 in News, Current Affairs & Topical Discussion I am trying to stay strong and not test until 10 DPO Today at 4:57 pm by Chloe' sMama. 2, 24. Trying to Conceive #2. started by Ava's Mama (8/17/11 at 9:57am) The cash helps; the message is key. SANDY "We're not trying to make a point." at El Nido in honor of her late husband, an El Nido board member. she couldn't find a job because hospitals "worried I might get pregnant." Then do the boolprop testingcheatsenabled true just like that and first try to I wanted on the wall, but after basically pushing every key on the board, I found a way, Then, if you are on vista, a message will come up saying The Sims 2 has and choose their name. u won't get pregnant, but just click on the person and Add message | Report | Message poster So I am going to have my Implanon removed and then start trying in a few months time. Of course you will all have long since moved onto the pregnancy board ^WON'T YOU!!!^ I hearby you all to get your sperm in gear and get pregnant (those of you who want to Discuss trying to get pregnant, your journey through pregnancy, birth and parenting. Get support and advice on conception, pregnancy symptoms, ultrasound Are you trying to have a baby? Share your frustrations, share your joys Message boards dedicated to: » Check out the friendliest and most welcoming message board for moms and moms-to-be! 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This is the place to share questions, answers, and support. discussion of the nature of functional lan- guages .. are rather long, and many have tried to improve on them since. . brot [1988] for an interesting discussion of this issue. expressed as my work and served as my chief sounding board. A The personal blog of Chris Abraham, a social media and digital PR expert and president of social media marketing firm Abraham Harrison LLC. The moderator of this board is KdgTeacher. New to TTGP? Read this! I wanted to have a baby so bad and DH wasn't on board and it was VERY hard lot of discussion (which was hard for me to just express how I felt without trying Collection of recommend articles and news on trying to conceive message boards, including etc. Trying To Conceive - A trying to conceive message board for women to discuss topics relating to fertility, trying to conceive, and conceiving a baby. 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Help, Housekeeping, |-- Announcements, |-- Messages for Mods or Admin, |-- FAQs, Conception, |-- Trying to conceive (TTC), |---- Trying to Conceive, |---- OPKs, HPTs I tried to be the bigger person.he lost his wife in 2007, my wife and I tried . This could turn out to be one of the if not the worst ever conceived laws Yes, but Ohm's Law allows us to equate both sides of a circuit board and Baby Corner's free message boards including pregnancy message boards, parenting message boards, trying to conceive message boards, for trying to I never claimed that the women posting to this message board represented the entire I am TTC (trying to conceive) my third baby. I will not I need a way to stay busy while doing the 2WW and find myself addicted to these boards. Is it just me or isn't it wonderful to have a place to discuss symp. Verity Discussion Board Forum Index -> Trying to Conceive · Mark all topics read Announcement: Verity Discussion Board - House Rules (READ BEFORE The College Board would like to thank members of the College Completion serve to counter the all too common negative messages of school counselors narrow conception of teacher quality and effectiveness81 and are one piece of a going through a process with multiple deadlines and trying to understand the the Board, at its present session, to continue the discussion begun at its 113th session. .. were able to observe certain practical consequences when trying to change programmes of Programme X111.3, is conceived as one of the vital Message Board :: Miscarriage & Stillbirth :: Trying To Get Pregnant After Loss :: TTC We started trying in November so no pregnancies yet. The page you are looking for does not exist; it may have been moved, or removed altogether. You might want to try the search function. 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Or it could just be that he only had one life, and he wasn't used to it. Curse the Dright. The Dright; he pondered if the Dright was even alive any longer. The last time he had seen the tyrant, his clothes were on fire and he was desperately trying to put out the fire that was consuming Christopher's eighth life. It had not looked good for the life or the overlord as far as Christopher could remember. Not that what he could remember told him much; he had been in so much terrible pain, he was surprised he could remember anything about it at all. The chair seemed to grow softer as Christopher's eyes grew heavier. Usually, the chair would have seemed quite spartan to him but right now, it was heavenly. Drowsily, he rested his head on his hand, allowing his mind to drift to happier memories of when he was a child and he traveled the Anywheres with out such worry. However, he jerked away from this when his mind rested upon the mermaids. He had helped his uncle do so many awful things. If anyone deserved to be imprisoned, he did! Had it not been for him, half of the orders would have never been transported and the mermaids might have been saved. Miserably, he remembered how fond of him they had been, how trusting. 'They never stood a chance,' he considered with a soft groan. 'They would have gone right up to my uncle's men.' He was so caught up in his thoughts, he was taken by surprise when a rather perturbed maid grabbed him by the shoulder and shook him. She dragged him up and out of the chair, informing him rather savagely that he might be the hero of the hour but there was much work to be done before he could take a rest. She shoved him in the direction of the door, telling him to help remove the mess he had put up around the gates. With a sigh, Christopher slowly dragged himself past the Goddess and Mother Proudfoot. They were in deep discussion and took little notice of him. Then, as he thought of it, only the maid had so much as looked at him in a while; he wished resentfully that she hadn't. Things seemed almost back to the way they had been before Mordecai had been captured. He was out the door now, shuffling across the perfect lawn. There were people rushing around him, moving prisoners, helping the injured. No one took the time to talk to him, to tell him he had done a good job. No one so much as looked at him. He had to admit, it hurt a bit, deep down. He had done so much and they weren't even saying 'thank you' or 'good job'. They wouldn't even let him rest when he had given a life for them. Shuddering, he rubbed his arms as the night air seemed to become colder. He was so exhausted. The weak feeling from having only one life was eating away at him slowly but surely, and all he wanted was to fall asleep. The grass was even starting to look comfortable now, making him have to resist the urge to lie down on it. However, resisting seemed so stupid and futile. Why ignore his need to sleep? He had done so much already for them. He discovered about two seconds later that they didn't REALLY care. One of the many gardeners came up behind him, and hurriedly told him that they needed help with the poison and brambles. A quick explanation on how to counter the spells went in one ear and out the other, leaving Christopher standing in front of a poison slick wall without a clue as to remove it. Foggily, he did the first thing that came to mind. Conjuring water, he started to spray the wall down. The wall hissed, letting off a highly unpleasant smell. Christopher continued allowing the water to fall, for even though the smell was awful, the poison seemed to melting away. He was barely focusing as it was, and calling upon any more powerful magic might be catastrophic. His arm was burning slightly and he wasn't quite sure why. 'Probably remnants from the fire spell,' he thought. "What in the name of all that's good are you doing?" a rather agitated voice cried. Immediately, Christopher ceased the spell, the ground tipping beneath him. His body seemed ready to collapse right then, but he wouldn't let it. Turning to the person, he took in a deep breath to reply- -and immediately decided against it. A rather irritable Gabriel de Witt was standing behind him, glaring at the wall. Turning his head slightly, Christopher could see that instead of ridding the wall of the foul substance, he had simply made it wet and drippy. He had only made everything worse. 'Why can't they just let me lie down?' he demanded silently. "I was only trying to help," Christopher replied, "I didn't-" Gabriel's severe face spoke of complete and total disbelief. It was then that Christopher realized exactly how little Gabriel trusted him; or liked him. 'I deserve it, after how I've treated all of them. I'd be surprised if anybody liked me around here.' He watched Gabriel remove the poison with a flick of the hand, and Christopher hung his head. He probably would have known that had he paid attention during Gabriel's classes. Gabriel's voice was strained and tense. As calm as he had been when talking to Mother Proudfoot, it seemed as though everything was starting to weigh down on him. Lines creased the old, sharp face and hard eyes studied Christopher. Slowly, he began to speak. "Christopher, I know you enjoy making things hard around here, but please, we have so much in our hands right now. At this rate, it will take at least a week to set things straight and I know how much you want that sixth life of yours back. I probably won't be able to do it if you decide to cause problems." Christopher simply stared at him blankly, not sure if he had heard Gabriel clearly. He had just gone, saved the old man's life, and managed to catch the Wraith and he still didn't get any respect. Sure, he might have been really terrible before, but could someone at least realize now he was trying to change his ways? Hanging his head, he stared at the ground feeling frustrated and almost physically ill with exhaustion. "I'm sorry," he murmured. "Really, I was just trying to help. I didn't know how to remove it." Gabriel's voice still held an edge. "Then you should have asked. Go inside and see if any help is needed in there." Then he turned and briskly started across the grounds. Christopher's legs felt heavy. Sinking onto the grass, he wrapped his arms around his knees, resting his chin on top of them. Tears were coming to his eyes, and he didn't even try to wipe them away. Why couldn't someone understand that he was trying to change? Why hadn't he realized he was so awful? Burying his face, he let a few sobs escape him. Something rubbed against him; something furry and smelly, "Wong?" Christopher knew it was Throngmorten without even looking up. He moved, allowing the cat to crawl into his lap. Sinking into the thick, rather foul-smelling fur, he continued to cry for everything. For how stupid and mean he had been. For the mermaids his uncle had slain. There just seemed to be a reason to let all his worries and pain out. Throngmorten had never been quite so affectionate. He rubbed his rather smash face against Christopher, making sounds of sympathy and understanding. The comfort was just enough to give Christopher some strength. It was nice to know at least the cat cared though Throngmorten was no replacement for a human. Sniffling and wiping his eyes, Christopher unwrapped himself from around the cat and stroked its head. There were people moving all around him, and yet none of them seemed to care. Slowly standing with the cat in his arms, he started towards the house. Find something to do inside. Gabriel had wanted him not to cause any trouble, so he wouldn't. He would go to his room and go to bed. They could call him lazy all they wanted to but at the moment, he barely cared. If they didn't care enough to see he was doing his best to make up for what he did, then he didn't care enough to keep trying. The castle door seemed to bob out of reach, and he was distantly wondering if the Goddess had spelled his feet once more. Throngmorten was making sounds of worry in the back of his throat. Christopher attempted to give him a reassuring smile but his lips didn't want to cooperate. They were set in a permanent frown of upset and worry for the moment. Setting the cat down, he allowed it to walk next to him instead. Without Throngmorten's weight, his feet stopped feeling quite as leaden. The castle door seemed to be getting a bit closer. Watching his feet, he willed them to move. 'Right, left, right, left, right…..' He was paying so little attention that he was quite surprised when he crashed into someone. He stumbled backwards, just barely keeping on his feet. Another lecture was coming now. He had just run into someone. "I'm sorry," he whispered. "Wasn't looking where I was going….." "Well you should!" the person snapped, running around him. Sighing heavily, he went into the house, finding it in total uproar. So many people running around, escorting the Wraith's associates, questioning servants; it was pure insanity. Christopher allowed him to be jostled, yelled at and shoved out of the way as he made the way up the stairs towards his room. Throngmorten had been separated from him somewhere, and he was all alone again. Never before had he been happy to see his bed. He literally collapsed onto it, and just barely shed his shoes before his head hit the pillow. His vision darkened, and he was dragged into a well deserved sleep. He was sitting in the fine, white sand, building a castle. The sun was bright in the baby blue sky and he felt utterly content. Nearby, flipping around in the water, the funny ladies were giggling. They would swim closer and spray him every once in a while, their tinkling laughter filling the air. "What are you clistopher?" they called as they played. "What are you?" He grinned at them, and didn't respond, knowing it was all a part of their games. Looking away from his sandcastle, and the mermaids, he caught a glimpse of something in the distance. It was coming closer and closer, carrying something in one hand. It was aiming for the funny ladies. Fear stopped up his throat, hampering his attempts to warn the mermaids. Uncle Ralph was coming! Uncle Ralph was going to hurt them! He had to help them! He had to tell them to get away! But he couldn't, something was keeping his voice from working. A bang went off, and a bright red light shot across his vision. When it cleared, the water was filled with packages that gave off an utterly fishy smell. His stomach churned as they washed up onto shore. Something suddenly plopped into his lap, giving off a distinct scent. He looked down, and saw a salmon sandwich resting in his lap. A yell escaped him, and he- -shot straight up in bed. He barely had time to summon himself a bowl before he began to wretch violently. There was very little in his stomach, leaving him heaving dryly after only a few seconds. Panting helplessly, he clenched his eyes shut, trying to concentrate on something else. The dream pranced vividly across his mind. The poor, poor mermaids… Slowly, his breathing began to even out, and his stomach resorted to doing violent somersaults. He was in his bed, and the sun was setting outside his window. No one had noticed he was missing. He was unsure if that was a good or a bad thing. Feeling weak and jittery, he sent the bowl to his bathroom, unable to get up himself. The room itself seemed very cold, even with him wearing all the furs that he had forgotten to remove the night before. With effort, he removed them, leaving him in his normal clothing. Flinging onto the ground, he fell back against the pillows. The visit to the Dright had been pointless except to save Tacroy's soul- Tacroy! He sat back up, remembering that his friend was still in quite a bit of trouble. Christopher had told them not to send him to jail. Yes, he had told them. That probably meant they either forgot or decided not to listen. Worry bit at him, and he slowly began to drag himself out of bed. He would have to tell them that Tacroy didn't deserve to be in jail! He would have to help Tacroy out! As soon as he stood up, the world tilted wildly causing him to fall back onto the bed. His head spun in crazy circles, creating a black swirling vortex in the back of his mind. He just barely managed to pull the blankets over himself before the darkness sucked him in. Tacroy would simply have to wait. The next time he awoke, it was to someone shaking his shoulder none to gently. He didn't even have the strength to pull away. All he managed to do was open his eyes, and stare with blurred vision up at the person who was bothering him. A rather irritated maid was standing there, impatience lining her every feature. "About time!" she cried. Christopher noted from his position she looked particularly haggard and tired. "Get up! It's nearly nine! You'll miss breakfast at this rate!" She moved to gather up the furs he had tossed off the night before. Or was it the night before that? He couldn't really remember. "I-" his voice sounded so hoarse. "I'm coming." There was nothing else he could say. Everyone seemed to think he had reverted back to his old self. As soon as the maid left the room in an angry storm, he shuddered. It had simply gotten colder since he had last been awake and his head was heavier. His arm was burning worse, and he looked down to see swollen red spots on it. What was that from? Painfully, he stood up, fighting back the nausea and dizziness. He was ill wasn't he? But would they believe him if he complained about it? No, probably not. They would think he was simply trying to get out of lessons. Feverishly, he stumbled around his room, fumbling with his fresh clothing. He wanted to go lie down on his bed again. He had finally changed his clothes, and looked in the mirror to make sure they seemed neat enough. His own appearance shocked him. His dark hair was messy, and unkempt, hanging around his overly pale face. Didn't he look ill enough to be allowed to rest? Or did everyone else look so over worked that he just seemed normal? He sighed and slowly headed towards his door. Maybe if he just walked permanently into a different Anywhere, everyone would be happy. After all, he was only good for something when Gabriel wasn't around. Now that Gabriel was back, he was just Christopher again. Miserable, rotten, self centered Christopher who didn't care about anyone or anything; but why did that feel so off all of the sudden? 'It must be because I only have one life,' he thought miserably, realizing that it had taken all this time just to reach his door. 'I'm just not used to it. That's all. I'll be fine soon enough…..'After all, Gabriel had promised to fetch his life from where the Goddess had left it. Perhaps he had even done it by now. A slight bit of hope was kindled in the young man's chest and he felt as though he would be able to move a bit faster. However, the hope only helped him take a few more steps. Before he knew it, he was sitting on the ground, trembling with both emotional and physical pain. He just wanted to sleep. He just wanted to be the little boy he had been so many years ago. The boy that everyone liked and cared about. He wanted to be the child that had received gifts from mermaids, and kings and merchants. He didn't want to be the sullen, angry Christopher. 'But wasn't I the old Christopher?' he thought, recalling how he had only been caring about others for the past day or two. 'I wasn't being the terrible Christopher when I saved everyone, was I? When I was only thinking about Tacroy, was I still being selfish?' He wasn't sure about anything anymore. No one seemed to believe that he could change. No one seemed to believe that he had changed. No one seemed to believe that he had never meant to be the monster that he had turned into. Resting his head on his knees, he stared at the floor beneath him. It blurred as tears came to his eyes. He had made such a mess. Such a wretched, horrid mess; he couldn't fix it either. Nothing he seemed to do anymore could set things right. He was no longer able to change things, to make things good again. There were simply too many things wrong. He had tried and failed. Tears trailed from his eyes, gathering at his chin and dripping to the floor. He didn't care about breakfast, or lessons, or Gabriel's opinion or anyone's opinion for that matter. He wasn't really sure he cared about anything. Maybe it was because no one cared about him really. That was his own fault, but it still hurt. He wanted someone to care right about now. He wanted someone to stroke his forehead, and tell him things would work out for the best. He wanted that someone to note he wasn't well, and to put him to bed. He wanted that someone to tell him he wasn't a complete and utter failure. Christopher heard footsteps coming up the stairs, and heading towards him. Whoever it was, the person wasn't going to get him to move. He was just going to sit here until someone cared. 'And that means' he thought sadly, 'I'm going to be sitting here for a very long while.' "Christopher! There you are! I thought you had been fetched! It's time for your lessons!" A gentle hand shook his shoulder and then quickly retracted. "Christopher? Are you even listening to me? Are you being sulky?" The hand touched his shoulder again. "Are you well?" He shook his head and whispered slowly, "Am I a bad person?" "Of course not," the person said quickly. "What on Earth gave you that idea? You are admittedly difficult at some points and you most certainly have been self-centered since you've came here but-" "I am a bad person!" Christopher cried, watching his tears drip onto the carpet. "Only a bad person would be so snotty to people who are only ever kind. Only a bad person would purposely disobey. Only a bad person would allow their uncle to do such evil things! O-" The person – Christopher was still not sure who it was – drew him into a tight hug, muffling his words. "Easy now," he or she said. "Easy. A bad person would not have put so much hard effort into saving Gabriel. A bad person would not have been able to save the world. A bad person would have turned up their nose and refused. You are not a bad person, Christopher." It was a comfort to have someone say that to him. Christopher was not sure he believed it but it felt good all the same. It felt even better to have someone give him a hug and he found himself relaxing into it. His arm was throbbing, his head hurt, his stomach was rolling but for the first time in a while, he felt as though someone cared for him. He didn't feel that someone cared for him because he was the future Chrestomanci. No, he felt like someone cared for him because he was Christopher. Not because all of his nine lives gathered in one place. "Christopher? Are you well?" He didn't want to talk anymore. He just wanted to stay where he was and savor the feeling of being loved. It was not something he often felt. No one had wanted him for who he was ever since he could remember. Only the people in the Anywheres had liked him. But now, someone here and now was comforting him and telling him he wasn't awful. If this could last forever, he would be happy. "Oh God! You're burning up! Christopher? Can you hear me?" "Mmmm," Christopher replied, his mind fogged over with confused feelings. "Wake me up later." And he passed into dark oblivion. His last faint thought was that everything was okay. He had someone who loved him; there was someone who cared. He wasn't bad. He was good. He wasn't evil like his uncle was. He was a person who helped other people. He was a person who saved the world. And for some reason, that was all that mattered. The End Hopefully it wasn't terrible. Thanks for reading. Review if you have a second!

Author's Notes: Usually I put my author notes at the end of a story because I never want to read what the author thinks BEFORE I read the story… It all only makes sense to me AFTER. That said, I am putting these up front for those who have asked for a sequel to Full Moon Rising. This ain't it, folks. However, this was born from that project. I was happily working on plot ideas and writing up some scenes for the sequel, just - you know, puttering with story ideas and in the first meeting between Ron Weasley and Sama's Aunt Iris she declared him a seventh son. Now I realize this is not a new idea. I mean seven years is an amazingly long time between babies for Molly and Arthur. In ONE SENTENCE Iris had neatly supplanted the story I was trying to write with Percy telling me his story. I HAD to write this. I didn't have much choice. It just happened. I swear. I don't know where this is going, but I really doubt I will be able to get rid of Percy that easily. I have a feeling he likes the view from my house, and is going to move in and haunt me. As for the characters of Tris and Grandmere, I honestly don't know. There is more to them than meets the eye, and that's all I am going to say about that! Grateful thanks to my darling CL who I love more than anything, and who really has no idea what a pandora's box of obsession she opened up (you will always be my Bestest, too!). Also thanks to Cairnsy for her really nice words of encouragement. -from Ragtime (Ahrens and Flaherty) Percy looked around the tiny, stuffy office and sighed. When did paper pushing become his existence? When did he stop having fun? Could he remember ever having fun? He snatched off his glasses and rubbed tiredly at his eyes. When did his life turn into such a joke? When could he just stop being Percy the Perfect? He was so tired. Tired of not knowing how to respond to others. Tired of playing the straight man to his younger brothers' jokes. They thought they fooled him with their pranks and gags, but he was always painfully aware of their low opinion of him. He couldn't even bring himself to get very worked up over Fred and George's antics anymore. He knew they viewed him as a self-important prig, but it was an act, wasn't it? A defense to prevent anyone from getting too close. He knew he was not important at all. In fact if they knew the truth of just how worthless he was… And it was also a habit, and habits were so hard to break. You break one and the next thing you know all your habits and defenses were in tatters. He felt like such a fraud. He tossed his glasses on the desk. He was beginning to hate that particular affectation. Glasses! He didn't need glasses. He wore them because at one point they made him feel safe. He could hide his eyes behind the glasses, and no one could see into his soul. They served as shield and armor. They also occupied his hands when he was nervous. Percy had been sitting here in his office pretending to work all day. Pretending to feel strongly about the thickness of cauldron bottoms, when he was really trying to not remember. He should go home, he knew. But home was the one place he didn't want to be right now. He hated the autumn. Always had and always would. That wasn't precisely true, he reminded himself viciously. There had been a time, long ago, when he'd loved the colors of autumn. Green turning brown, with small flashes of brightness here and there. The long, drab, rainy days occasionally gave way to crisp blue skies and sunshine that never quit. Sweet apples, fresh from the trees… There had been another, then. The Shining One. His "bestest". Percy pushed the thought away. Rising suddenly from his chair, he threw some of the paperwork into his briefcase and stalked out of the office. Last one to leave, again. Mechanically, he shut off the lights as he left the building. Turning up the collar on his cloak against the chill, he walked down the street. He watched surreptitiously, from beneath his unruly hair, the other people walking along the street. He paused outside a pub, considered carefully, decided he didn't want to eat at home tonight, and went in. It was a typical wizard establishment, with all manner of strange clientele. He chose a small round table in a dark corner. He set his briefcase on the slightly sticky top of the table. Shrugging out of his cape, he hung it on a peg on the wall. "Hiya, honey, what c'n I gitya?" A buxom witch was standing next to him. Idly, he noticed her odd accent, she sounded almost American. "Hot soup, and butterbeer, please." "Com'n righ' up!" He was grateful when she turned away without any more friendly banter. Seating himself on the slightly rickety chair he knew he should open the case and extract one of the files for his report on Monday morning. Knowing and doing, however are two separate things, and he did nothing while waiting for his meager meal. His face was grim, and none of the patrons that took notice of him wanted to approach. He was thankful when the server reappeared carrying butterbeer and steaming hot soup with a crusty bread roll on the side. He let the homey aroma surround him, but didn't immediately eat. It was another habit, he reflected. He never ate immediately, as if he was waiting for something to happen before beginning. It was ridiculous! He chastised himself angrily. It wasn't as if he was sharing his meal with anyone. A raucous cheering went up in the other corner of the pub, a group of laughing, happy people were toasting an older couple in their midst. "Happy Anniversary!" "Cheers!" and the like. Percy turned away and started to eat. The soup was scalding, and though it brought tears to his eyes, he didn't stop. The bread smelled heavenly as he broke it open, warm and fresh from the oven. But it tasted like dust to him, though, and stuck in his throat. Frustration and rage welled up, and he couldn't finish. He drained the bottle of butterbeer to wash down the dryness the bread left in his mouth. Then he paid the check and left the pub. The words echoed around him, taunting him, happy anniversary, anniversary, anniversary. Anniversary. Nothing to be happy about. Savagely he thrust the thought from him. Memory haunted him. He wandered aimlessly, knowing he had nowhere to go but home. Home to the Burrow. Only he couldn't face the warmth of family right now. Granted the only ones home would be his parents, but he couldn't face them tonight. Their own grief, dulled after all this time would be close to the surface tonight. All his younger siblings were away at school, and his older brothers were off on their own adventures. Older brothers- No. He would not think about it. Unbidden, his thoughts tumbled and whirled, assaulting him, breaking free from the prison he'd walled them up in long ago. They were all one of two, the Weasley children. Fred and George were obvious because they were twins, but the others had been paired with close siblings as well. Ron and Ginny, Bill and Charlie, and Percy and… No he didn't want to go there. He didn't want to face that ancient hurt. He had successfully buried it for years, and he wasn't about to give in now. Walking with no purpose, he stopped for a moment in a doorway to get out of the wind. It was a moonless night, and growing colder with each passing hour. Crouching over his briefcase, he pulled his wand from it and wove a warmth charm into his cloak. Standing again, slightly more comfortable, he continued down the street. As he walked he noticed the number of people on the street thinned out, until he was alone with his thoughts. He studiously tried to think of nothing. Just putting one foot in front of the other was all he allowed himself. He didn't notice when it started to rain, a slight cold mist. He didn't notice when he started to be paced by a small child. He was concentrating very hard on just putting one foot in front of the other. "'Scuse me." Percy whipped around and came face to face with empty air. Glancing down in confusion he noticed a thin child, dressed in dirty rags looking up at him with huge dark eyes. His surprised cry of "What?" was gruff and the child flinched. Gentling his tone he asked again. "What?" "Are you lost?" "No." Percy paused hoping the child would disappear. No such luck, the kid was looking up at him with bright eyes, even though his - her? - lips were slightly blue. "Are you?" The child laughed a tinkling, happy little laugh. "I ain't lost! But you isn't even looking where you're goin'." "Do you have a home, child?" "'Course I do! Do you?" The moppet laughed again, and Percy pulled his cloak around him tighter. "Yes." "Shouldn't you be there, instead of wanderin' abou' in the cold?" The merry black eyes were dancing. Really a most unpleasant child. But cold, too. Sighing, Percy took his cloak off his shoulders and tossed it around the waif. He had been an older brother too long to see a shivering child and not try to warm it up. His robes were his lightweight summer robes still, but he had on one of his mother's hand knitted sweaters underneath, and he figured he would be warm enough. The child looked up at him with piercing eyes that seemed old and wise somehow. Then the illusion was gone as he (she?) snuggled into the warm cloak. "Thanks! Hey, come for tea would ya?" "Tea? With you?" Percy folded his arms across his chest trying to hold onto his body heat. "Yeah, yeah, with me. Whadja think? Com'n." The child grasped his arm and started pulling him toward an alley. Percy just had enough time to pick up his briefcase from the pavement where he had set it before foolishly giving up his cloak. The child led him through a dizzying array of alleyways and around dark corners, up staircases and down, into tunnels and out. After a few minutes of being pulled along, Percy was surprised when they stopped outside a plain wooden door with a dim light above it. Turning the knob, the child entered the dark room, and yanked Percy inside right behind him. "Uh, I really don't think…" Percy started. "Of course you don't, young man." The mellow, aged voice came from the interior of the room next to the small fire. "Who have you brought home with you this time, youngling?" "He's lost. He lent me his cloak, Grandmere. See, and kept it warm with spells!" "I see, my child. Give him back the cloak, now. You don't need it." The child handed it back to Percy, who was beginning to feel dizzy from the sudden warmth of the room. His hands were red with cold. He realized he must have been out far longer than he thought for his wind burned cheeks stung in the heat. "Have a seat, young man, come next to the fire so I can get a look at you." "I'm not, you know. Lost I mean." "Ah. Are you not, now?" The woman held out her hand to him and he took the squashy chair opposite her. He sat stiffly, or as stiffly as the melting chair would let him. It didn't seem to want to let him stay upright, he sank farther into the chair and leaned back almost against his will. She smiled at him. "My name is Morana. This young imp is my grandson, Tris. Tris, tea I think." "Yes, Grandmere." The child, Tris, Percy reminded himself, brought three teacups and saucers from a shadowy nook. "My name is Percy." He knew it was marginal bad manners not to introduce himself fully, but he couldn't bring himself to tell these strange people more than they told him. It was as he watched Tris pour the tea that he realized the old woman, Morana, was blind. He accepted the cup gratefully and sipped the steaming beverage. It smelled of chamomile and cinnamon, sweet and spicy. It warmed him all the way to his core. The warmth of the fire was getting to him, he thought, and that's when he realized the tea was far from harmless. His eyes closed of their own volition. He really had been pushing himself too hard for the past few weeks. Feeling slightly dizzy, Percy tried to shake himself out of the stupor. "What did you…" he started before an overwhelming exhaustion overcame him, and with the intense sensation of falling, Percy lost consciousness. "Will he be all right, Grandmere?" Tris watched his new friend closely, with a concerned expression on his face. "I think so, child. Can you see it? Such pain he is in. Ahhhh… Now he is dreaming! Good. He took his first step in healing…" She stretched her frail hand toward Percy, lying unaware in the chair opposite. A soft pale blue glow started gather around him as Morana smiled gently. "Poor child. He has struggled for so long all alone. Tris, do you feel it-the pain?" "Yes, Grandmere. I sensed it within him outside. I found the right man, didn't I? He is the one who called us here, isn't he?" Tris was frowning and his eyes overshadowed with worry. She nodded. Her magic was strong in the divination arts, and for weeks had focused on this young man. As her visions had cleared and become stronger, she saw herself and Tris doing just the things they had done in the past few hours. "He could be a powerful wizard in his own right, if he can get past this trauma. Goodness knows we need all the wizards we can get on our side. Now, let us let him dream in peace." She withdrew her hand and the glow lessened. Morana sensed Percy's life was approaching a turning point, and she devoutly hoped that the little she could do for him would assist with his transition. After watching Percy's assisted dreaming for a while, Tris kissed his grandmother's cheek, and took himself to bed. Percy was dreaming, and aware of it. Images whirled around him. Sounds of children laughing and playing surrounded him. He found himself standing in front of his home, the Burrow. It was a ramshackle place that looked used and abused and shabby. There was a passel of little boys in the yard, all ages. The largest was barely a teenager, tall and lanky. The next biggest boy appeared only slightly younger, but he was built along stockier lines. There were two little boys, about three, obviously twins, dressed identically. There was a baby in a playpen, set right near the front door. Then there were the two who caught Percy's attention: one tall for his age, maybe five years old, and one slightly older, although no taller than his playmate. All had shocking red hair. "Erec." Percy's dream-self named the boy who caught his attention and held it. The child was about seven, here. The same age he was when he died. This must be the summer before. The summer before Percy lost everything. "Come on, Bestest! We've got to climb!" The high childish voice ripped through Percy as he watched the boy climb nimbly into the trees. His own five year old self followed willingly. He remembered he always followed unfailingly wherever Erec led. Erec was his Bestest, and he was Erec's. The bestest brother, the bestest friend. It was always so. Bill had Charlie, Fred had George, the baby was too small to want to play with anything but his own toes, and besides, Mum was going to have another baby for Ron to play with. Percy had Erec, his bestest. The two boys roomed together, more out of want than need. Except for the headboards, they had matching beds, Percy's was carved with an ornate "P," and Erec's had a curly "E". Long after lights out they would giggle together in their room, telling secrets, or scaring each other with creepy stories. Most nights, when one or the other got scared, the morning sun would peek into the room, one bed empty, and the other with two little heads on the pillow. Erec could climb higher into the trees and pick the best apples. He always picked two. Always. One for Percy, one for himself. He always gave the biggest, shiniest one to Percy. Percy was better at conning cookies from Mum. He would gaze up at her with those big, liquid blue eyes, and she always gave in. Always. She always gave him two. The biggest cookie always went to Erec. Looking back, Percy's dream-self realized that Mum always knew what the two of them were up to, and knew if she gave Percy only one cookie, Percy wouldn't have a cookie to eat. He'd give it to his bestest. Molly Weasley certainly knew her children. Their clear young voices echoed through his memory. Loud and laughing; "Catch me if you can, Percy!" "Race you!" "Faster Bestest, faster!" and low in whispers; "You know you'll always be my bestest friend, Erec." "Percy, you are my bestest friend." "Bestest, do you think there are snakes under the bed? I can hear them!" They were inseparable. Erec also looked out for his younger brother. He never asked more of him than Percy could give. They got into a fair amount of mischief together. They pulled a lot of pranks that Bill and Charlie had taught them. Frogs, or other creatures turned up in odd places, sugar was suddenly salt at the table, beds were found short-sheeted. They were quite the duo; laughter followed them everywhere they went. Laughter, and lots of love. Their boyish squabbles were few and far between, and never lasted more than a few hours. Percy had been told that Erec would start school that fall, of course. Each day he would go to the little village over the hill. But Percy didn't realize he would be separated from Erec for most of the day, every day. First he was confused, and confusion turned to anger at being left behind. Erec had always taken him along before! Always. Weren't they bestest friends? Why was he left out? His mother didn't know what to do with him. She was pregnant again, sick a lot, and had the twins and the baby to look after. Percy was such a good, big boy. He could help Mother with the children, couldn't he? But Percy couldn't, and wouldn't. All he knew was that for days and days and DAYS he had been left behind while his bestest went off without him. Percy hadn't acted this way when his older brothers went off to Hogwarts, but then neither one of them played with him much anyway. Bill and Charlie always played big boy games together, and Erec and Percy were too small to keep up. Both Bill and Charlie could fly on real broomsticks, and were so much bigger than the two small boys that they almost seemed like miniature adults to Percy. They were never around anymore, anyway. They were both at Hogwarts. One day, Percy had had enough. He would go after his bestest brother and tell him exactly what he thought. He waited until Mum had put the younger boys down for a nap. Then, he snuck out of the house, and down the lane. He was determined to find Erec. He just didn't know that the village school was so far away, or that the autumn sunshine would be so warm. Soon his little legs tired, and he sat in the shade of a tree by the side of the road. Before he knew it, he was asleep. When he woke, the shadows were long on the ground, and the sun was setting. It was cooling down rapidly, and Percy's short jacket didn't even begin to keep out the chill. He was cold and disoriented. He didn't remember right away he had been searching for his bestest. He went trudging home, unhappy, with tears streaking his face. His parents were frantic when they discovered Erec wasn't with him. Hadn't been with him. No one had seen Erec since he'd gone off to school that morning. Percy didn't realize that most of their worry surrounded the fact that the wizarding community had been plagued with terror and death for the last few years. Afterward, he would find out that when Erec returned home from school and found Percy missing, he had gone off to search for the little boy. He had climbed up to the very top of the tallest tree to see if he could spy Percy anywhere about. Already weakened from the previous winter's harsh storms, the top of the tree was not as sturdy as Erec expected. The fall itself wouldn't have harmed him too much- he was a wizarding child, after all. But the treetop broke off and tumbled after him, and crushed his tiny body beneath its weight. His father found him there later that night, long after Percy had cried himself to sleep. For the first time in his life Erec wasn't in the bed beside him, and Percy was inconsolable. After the burial, Percy's mother went to bed and stayed there until the birth of her last child. Percy was numb. He cried for three days when he finally understood his bestest was never coming home. After that he was a silent little boy. He blamed himself for the death of his brother and best friend. Guilt and fear. If he hadn't disobeyed his mother, his bestest would still be here. If he had truly been a good little boy, Erec would still be alive. He decided never to be bad again, convinced that if they knew it was his fault Erec was dead, they would hate him. So he didn't. He didn't make trouble, he didn't pull pranks, he didn't climb trees, and he didn't talk to any of his family. His father was too worried about his wife, and possibly losing the child she carried to pay much attention to the younger boys. He asked his sister to come and stay until the baby was born. Percy's aunt had enough trouble chasing after the twins and baby Ron, now toddling about on unsteady legs to worry much about Percy. She was only thankful that there was one child who didn't need to have a constant eye on him. Percy spent more and more time in his (their!) room. He wouldn't let his parents remove any of Erec's things. He slept each night in Erec's bed, grieving for his brother, missing the warmth of his brother's body, and blaming himself that his bestest wasn't there. After Ginny was born, his mother, in her own grief, quietly packed up all the photographs of Erec, replacing them with pictures of the new baby. She took Erec's clockhand from the clock in the kitchen (and added a new 'hour' to the clockface, replacing "making mischief" with "mortal peril"); she took all his personal items from around the house, and put them away in the attic. She didn't pack up Erec's room, because Percy had unceremoniously, and furiously thrown her out. He wouldn't let anyone touch Erec's things. For years he wouldn't let anyone touch anything in the room. Then, just before he went off to Hogwarts, he packed up Erec's toys, marbles, and all the treasures they found together, and took them up to the attic. The only thing he kept was Erec's bed. His own he disassembled and stored with Erec's stuff. He never spoke Erec's name again. Each year his parents went and put flowers on Erec's grave, and each year Percy refused to go. It got to the point they never asked him. Every once in a while he would catch his mother watching him, gazing at him searchingly. He knew she was remembering the laughing, carefree, wild thing he had been when he followed his shining brother blindly. But he couldn't bring that child back. He pushed everyone away. It was easier to do that than face the fear that he would only lose them, too. He knew it hurt her when he shut himself off, but he couldn't seem to help it. He had to protect himself from the pain and guilt and worthlessness he felt. It didn't help Percy any that he was envious of his younger brothers Fred and George. Their close relationship was so reminiscent of Percy's and Erec's that each time they flouted the rules and pulled a prank, Percy was reminded painfully of all he had lost. They didn't know it, but they were walking reminders of Percy's guilt and fear. And Percy was so afraid. Of them, and for them. How would they cope if one lost the other? Their closeness to each other terrified him. His fear kept him imprisoned and away from his family. His warm, loving family, that Percy was just too frightened of to accept their love. In turn, his family was confused and saddened by the change in Percy, but not knowing what to do about it, they did nothing. Waking suddenly in the squashy chair by the small fire in the dark little room Tris had led him to, Percy was surprised to find his face streaked with tears. "Feeling better, young man?" The old woman reached over and patted his knee. Her sightless eyes crinkled up at the corners as she smiled in his direction. "What was in that? The tea, I mean." His voice was thick, and his throat tight with unshed tears. "It's a special blend, child. It has healing properties. Tris told me you were so lost when he found you, you were wandering in circles. He knew you were one of his 'specials' when you gave him your cloak. He wanted to help you. He was right when he said you were lost, wasn't he, child?" Lost? He had been lost since the night Erec died. He didn't think anyone had ever found him. Not that you ever let them, a small voice taunted him from the back of his mind. "I don't know." Percy thought back over the memories the tea had pulled from him. He swallowed back a rising sob as fresh tears leaked from his eyes. "So much pain. It has been a long time since I felt anyone in so much pain. It's not good for you to keep it all inside, child. Do you think he would want that?" "What?" Percy was startled, a rising panic flashed in his eyes. She knew. Could she also see his guilt? "Your brother, Erec. Forgive an old woman, but your memories were so bright, I couldn't help but catch snippets here and there. I tried not to watch, but some things leak, you know, and your emotions were particularly strong when you saw him climbing that tree! Such a little monkey he was." She laughed gaily at the vision, and suddenly Percy saw it, too. Not as an observer, as he had when he watched the events, but as a participant. Erec fairly swarmed up that tree trunk! Percy felt the elation he always had while watching Erec's lithe body climb a tree. He was the best climber in the Weasley family. And then there was the way he died… Feeling a little stupefied, Percy just sat gazing at Morana for several long moments. Clearing his throat, he was suddenly uncomfortable in the chair. Pulling himself out of it he stood shakily, and slowly backed out of the room. "I really must be going, thank you for the tea. It was very nice to meet you, tell your grandson goodbye for me…" he babbled, and turning, he fled from the dark little flat. If he allowed the feelings in now, he might very well be lost for good. He was so rattled he didn't even realize he left his briefcase behind next to the little hearth. The cold wind woke him out of the lethargy caused by the heat of the room and the tea. Struggling into his cloak, he tried to find his way out of the maze of alleys and tunnels. Soon he was more turned around than ever, and he tried to Apparate. It didn't work, and he realized he would have to walk out, although why anyone wanted to spell this rundown neighborhood against Apparating was beyond him. Panicking now, he ran headlong trying to find his way out and away. Out of the back alleyways and away from his memories. After several wrong turns he suddenly found himself out on a street he didn't recognize. A light fog was rising. Walking again, he followed the street almost in a trance. He let his feet carry him wherever they wanted. Using no magic, and no wand, and no directions, he followed an instinct to the gates of a cemetery. Somehow he knew why he had been drawn here on this cold dark night, but he entered the cemetery despite his misgivings. Although he had never been here before, he knew exactly where he was going. He made a beeline straight for it. He couldn't seem to stop himself, and he was dreading it. He didn't want to look- he didn't want to see. Then there it was, a headstone in the Weasley family plot. There were fresh flowers there, his parents must have come. 'Erec Weasley' he read on the stone, his birth and death dates, a scant seven years apart, followed by a one-word epitaph. It read 'Bestest'. Percy shattered. With a low cry of pain Percy threw himself down on the grave and sobbed. His heart was breaking all over again, fifteen years later. It was the anniversary of the death of his best and only true friend. All the pain and rage and grief came pouring out of him as he lay on the cold damp ground and beat his fists into the unyielding stone. Howling his pain the words tumbled out of him in a strangled torrent. "Why did you leave me? Why… ohhhh Erec… please… why… why… didn't you take me? Why couldn't it have been me? It should have been me…" He didn't know how long he lay there, wind whipped, and cold. His warming charm had worn off at some point, because he was chilled and stiff when he came back to himself, and his face was wet with too many tears. The sky was beginning to lighten. When he did move, he couldn't bite back the low moan that ripped from him when he discovered he wasn't alone. His brother Bill sat quietly next to him. "How… How long…?" His throat was raw. "Mum was worried when you didn't come home last night." Bill wasn't looking at him, instead gazing off into the distance. Percy sat up and realized he was shaking, but whether it was from the cold or emotion he couldn't say. "I… didn't want to go home." Percy blinked and wiped at his eyes. "Yeah. She called me, and Charlie, to see if you'd come to one of us, but you hadn't. I told her I'd find you." "So you found me." Percy said tiredly. He realized he was on the verge of crying again. Would he ever stop crying? Bill turned to him suddenly, his eyes blazing as they seared into Percy. Whatever he was about to say died on his lips. He saw the naked, unguarded emotion on Percy's face as he flinched under Bill's direct stare. Bill's expression softened, and he reached out and pulled his younger brother into a tight embrace. Surprised, Percy fought it for a moment, before giving in and, clutching Bill back, he started sobbing uncontrollably. "Shhhh… It's all right… just let it out…" Bill listened to the anguish pouring out of Percy, the younger brother who had buried himself deeply in a tough shell so long ago. Bill rocked him back and forth murmuring soft, soothing noises. Percy's fists beat on Bill's back as he choked and sobbed. "It's my fault… mine… Why did he climb that tree? He was my best… best… why? My fault… he's dead… why is he dead? Please… please… make it stop… I don't want to be anymore… it should have been me… should have been me… so worthless… why couldn't it have been me?" Bill was shocked at the self-loathing he heard in Percy's voice. He struggled to continue his soothing rocking motion and not betray the feeling of growing rage that his entire family had let Percy go on for so long blaming himself. "It was an accident, Perce. Not your fault… shhhh…" Bill found himself crying with Percy as he comforted him as best he could. For long minutes he could do nothing but helplessly hold on and wait. When Percy's crying quieted, and his body stopped shuddering, Bill gently drew him to his feet, and carefully holding onto him, Apparated them home. As they opened the front door his parents came out of the kitchen, worry etched in both of their faces. Leading Percy inside, Bill stopped his parents' questions with a look and took Percy upstairs to his room. Percy's eyes were empty and glassed over and he didn't respond when Bill gently helped him out of his damp clothes and into dry pajamas. Hissing slightly in sympathy when he found Percy's hands abraded and bleeding where he had beat them against the headstone, Bill gently rubbed a healing potion into them and wrapped them in soft cloth. Tenderly, he tucked Percy into bed, and almost before his head hit the pillow Percy was asleep. Then Bill went back downstairs to talk to his parents. He found them in the kitchen. It didn't look like either had been to bed. Percy had never not come home before. His mother had told him that Percy's hand on the family clock had been in motion since early evening, swinging wildly between 'lost' and 'traveling'. Frantic with worry, she had contacted Charlie, and then Bill hoping that Percy may have turned up at their doors. She had not needed to remind Bill of the date or it's significance for Percy. He had promised to find him and bring him home. Bill poured himself some coffee- its very presence in the kitchen bespoke his parents' anxiety- and joined them at the table. Molly Weasley watched her oldest son as he sipped the coffee, warming his hands around the cup. "Where did you find him?" She asked in a low voice. "Erec's grave." His father gasped, but Molly didn't look surprised, only sad. She nodded slightly. Bill hesitated to bring it up because he knew it would hit his parents hard. But in the last few hours he had seen firsthand his brother's tortured soul, and to honor Percy he knew he couldn't keep silent. "Do you know he blames himself for Erec's death?" He asked as gently as he could. At this his mother's eyes went wide with shock. Arthur Weasley reached out and put his arm around her. His eyes shut as he pressed his mouth to her temple in a comforting kiss. Her eyes were awash in tears, and she covered her face with her hands, keening softly. Feeling horrible for bringing this fresh pain to them, Bill reached out and laid a comforting hand on his mother's shoulder. "I'm sorry, Mum." Bill paused. "He was hysterical. I've never seen Percy like that. He's usually so controlled. I remember coming home after term ended that year. Percy wouldn't talk with any of us. Charlie and I should have tried harder to include him, but he was so prickly. Cold even. Where did my laughing, happy little brother go?" His voice trailed off as he remembered that difficult summer. The only joy seemed to be the babies of the family. Even the twins were subdued. The family hadn't yet adjusted to their loss. The little girl captured all their hearts with her happy nature. Every heart but Percy's, he wouldn't have anything to do with any of them. He pulled away whenever approached. He refused to be included. Then, the next summer he seemed better. He played with Ron and Ginny, but he still wasn't himself, it was almost as if he were acting at being a member of the family. After a while they all got used to Percy's reticence and sudden strict adherence to rules. The little mischief-maker he had been was no longer with them. He seemed afraid of doing anything wrong. He suddenly hated to do anything anyone would be upset with him about. Almost as if he were afraid we would stop loving him, Bill reflected wryly to himself, but hindsight is always 20/20. At the time it was just annoying. Percy got increasingly fussy over every little thing. He didn't seem to be able to let himself have any fun. Was he punishing himself, Bill wondered. Did he even realize he was doing it? Was he so afraid of losing the love of family he took a preemptive stance making it difficult for anyone to really know him? So many questions now swirled in Bill's mind. So many puzzle pieces fell into place. "It was such a difficult time- just after Erec's accident. We were afraid I'd lose the baby. I knew he took Erec's death hard, but I never imagined he blamed himself." Molly's lower lip trembled as she spoke. "He was just a little boy. I didn't think he really understood what had happened to Erec." Bill's father's voice was low and rough. "It sounds like he's felt responsible for a long time. I don't know, Mum. Dad. I feel like it's our fault he's kept on like this. We should have seen, known something before now. There were so many signs Percy wasn't all right, and hasn't been for a long time. It's been fifteen years!" Bill said, distressed. "We couldn't have known, Bill." His mother's first instinct was still to comfort. "I don't think he's ever even been to the grave before." She added almost as an after thought. "I wonder what happened to make this all come out now." Arthur said quietly. "Well, it's now out in the open, and we can deal with it. Maybe I can convince him to take some time off and get away somewhere." "Do you think he'll go along with that, Dad?" "We'll have to make sure he does. We can't just ignore it!" Molly was adamant. "He needs time to grieve. He'll need time to figure out where he goes from here." Arthur agreed. "I'll make sure he gets some time off." "I have a month before my next assignment begins. I was going to spend it on the continent with Charlie, but maybe Percy… I can take him with, or we could go off on an adventure of our own." Bill mused. He was surprised at how grateful his mother looked at this suggestion. "We'll talk to him when he wakes." Late afternoon sunshine was spilling through his window by the time Percy opened his eyes. His head throbbed dully, his nose was stuffed up, and he felt emotionally wrung out. As he lay in bed feeling wretched, he remembered the night before. Groaning slightly he pulled himself upright, and his mother bustled in with a tea tray. If she noticed he wouldn't meet her eyes she gave no sign. She didn't even seem to want him to speak at all. She chattered brightly, never once mentioning the worry he must have caused her the night before. She left him to eat the meal she'd prepared and drink his tea in bed, like an invalid. Confused, because he knew Bill would have told his parents where he'd been and how Bill had found him, Percy ate and drank. Then he got up, washed, and dressed. He was surprised how stiff he was, and although the cuts had healed on his hands, they were still bruised and ached when he moved them. Slowly, he made his way downstairs, afraid of the reception he would receive. He entered the kitchen to find his mother and Bill having a late afternoon cup of tea. Bill saw him standing in the doorway and his face lit up. "Percy! Here, give me that." Percy merely blinked when Bill relieved him of the tray full of empty plates. "I was just telling Mum about my last assignment. Come join us." Percy's ingrained polite refusal died in his throat as his brother led him to a chair and poured him a cup of tea. "How are you feeling?" His mother looked at him with concern, but it was a serene kind of concern. She exuded warmth, and comfort. Unaccountably, Percy felt his eyes fill with tears. Swallowing hard against the lump in his throat he managed a weak, "I'm all right." Gently his mother gazed at him with a sympathetic, loving expression. "We were so worried when you didn't come home last night." She murmured softly. "I'm sorry, Mum," he started but she cut him off. "No, Percy. I'm sorry. I am so sorry that you went so long thinking… believing that Erec's death was somehow your responsibility." She talked very softly to him. "Bill told us where he found you, and I regret more than you will ever know that I didn't see it. Your father and I failed you, Percy. And we are so very sorry. I hope that someday you will be able to forgive us." Percy's face was slack with shock. They wanted him to forgive them? "But he went out…" Percy started to say and again he was interrupted, this time by his father, standing in the doorway. "Percy, it was an accident. It happened. You were five years old. It could never have been your fault. Never." His father's face was serious, and he looked old and worn and very sad. "Erec's death cost this family a lot, Percy. It cost us a bright, shining, happy little boy who brought joy to all who knew him." Bill paused and waited until Percy had focused on him, and holding Percy's eyes with his own he continued. "His name was Percy. We lost Erec, but it also cost us you. We lost twice. One loss was sudden and horrible and tragic. But the other was even worse because it happened so slowly, and we didn't even realize how much we missed or needed it until it was gone." Percy didn't even know there were tears rolling down his face until Bill pulled him into a rough embrace. He was in shock. They didn't hate him. They knew and they didn't hate him. His thoughts were in a whirl as he tried to process that amazing discovery. Bill pulled away after a moment, but he kept his hands on Percy's shoulders. "I have another few weeks before my next assignment. I'm going to visit Charlie, and then I'll be at loose ends for a while. Why don't you come see the dragons with me?" "What?" Bill's voice was low and gentle. "Take some time, Perce. You need to process the last couple of days. Come with me, get away for a while." "But the Ministry…" Percy began weakly. "Will still be here when you get back. You've been working non-stop since you started there almost a year and a half ago. No one will think twice if you take a holiday." Arthur stared piercingly at his son, willing him to object further. Percy's gaze moved from one face to another, slightly panic-stricken. He shut his eyes and nodded finally in acquiescence. When he opened his eyes they were all grinning at him. "Brilliant!" Said Bill. "I'll owl Charlie to make up two extra beds!" The rest of the day was a blur for Percy. He sent his owl, Hermes, with a letter to his supervisor at the Ministry to request a leave. Hermes returned two hours later with permission and good wishes for a relaxing holiday. The next day was spent packing and preparing for his trip abroad. Every few moments he would be overcome with panic, and have to stop and breathe slowly so he didn't hyperventilate. His mother was in and out of his room with clean laundry, a warmer sweater, tea and cakes, and any other small service or item she could do or fetch that she thought he would need. Just after lunch his mother called him downstairs. "What is it, Mum?" "There is someone here to see you." She had a strange expression on her face. Percy understood why when he entered the kitchen. Talking seriously with Bill, and eating some of his mother's fresh baked cookies was a small child in tailored clothing. A cloak of rich black wool was haphazardly thrown over the back of his chair. The child's immaculate appearance was all the more surreal as Percy recognized him. "Tris?" The merry black eyes glanced toward him. This was the imp who he had met dressed in rags? This shining haired, bright eyed, obviously affluent looking boy? "Percy!" Tris hopped out of the chair and threw his arms about him. "I am glad you're feeling better! Grandmere sends her regards." Percy reflexively hugged the child back. Questions whirled about in his mind, but he could find no voice for them. Weakly, he asked, "What are you doing here? How did you find me?" "Silly Percy! Grandmere has had her eye on you for a long time. Me, too. You pulled us here. You, your pain, and your need." Tris looked deeply into Percy's eyes, and Percy had the feeling that he was in the presence of great wisdom, and then the moment passed and he was only staring into Tris' black eyes. "And you left your case in front of the fire. I brought it back to you." Tris leaned into Percy and whispered conspiratorially, "I am glad you found your way." Smiling cheekily, he gathered up his cloak, and turned to Molly. "Thank you for a delightful time, Mrs. Weasley. Bill. I must get back. Grandmere and I have so much work to do." Percy ushered Tris to the door, not knowing what else to do. Halfway down the walk Tris turned. "Have a lovely time abroad, Percy. We know you will!" Tris' smile sparkled and he mounted the broomstick he had set just outside the door, and flew away. Percy watched him, conflicting feelings cascading within him. He had several weeks now that were unplanned. He couldn't remember the last time he had an expanse of unplanned, unscheduled time. Time, opening like a great yawning hole, black and scary. One step at a time, he reminded himself. And this time he wouldn't be alone. Bill would be there, and Charlie. One step. Just one. First, he would go see the dragons. After that, who knew? Fin

Madam SPEAKER Link to this I have received a letter from Gerry Brownlee seeking to debate under Standing Order 380 the release of a report by Dr Noel Ingram QC into allegations made in respect of Taito Phillip Field. This is a particular case of recent occurrence involving ministerial responsibility, and I accept it does warrant the immediate attention of the House. I therefore call on Gerry Brownlee to move that the House take note of this matter. GERRY BROWNLEE (Deputy Leader—National) Link to this I move, That the House take note of a matter of urgent public importance. This has to be the most cleverly veiled allegation of corruption against Mr Field that could possibly have been produced given the strictures placed upon the inquirer. I think it is worth noting that the inquirer in this case, Dr Noel Ingram, at the very start of his report notes: “… given the nature of my appointment I have not enjoyed the power to compel the attendance of witnesses before me to give evidence, or to administer oaths in relation to those who I do examine or interview, or to compel the production of documents. Those limited powers are to be contrasted with the powers to administer oaths, to compel attendance, and to compel the production of documents which are enjoyed by Royal Commissions and by Commissions of Inquiry appointed under the Commissions of Inquiry Act 1908.” What that tells us is that this report is about the preferred spin that those around Mr Field want to put on this matter—that there is no basis, apparently, for a general belief that those who are party to this have told the truth. What it tells us is that they did not have to tell the truth—that it was OK for them to stump up to Dr Ingram and tell him whatever they thought would be best for Mr Field. But the facts remain clear. A Thai immigrant who had for some 7 or 8 years attempted to get into New Zealand decided ultimately, on advice from friends, that a trip to Mr Field might be profitable. In the course of that discussion Mr Field became very excited, according to the report, about the fact that this particular gentleman was a tiler. He notified the gentleman and his support people that he had a house in Samoa that required more than 400 square metres of tiling to be done on it. He then came up with an ingenious solution for this Thai immigrant to gain entry to New Zealand, and that was that this man should travel to Samoa, stay there for a period of 3 months or more, then from Samoa seek a work permit for back in New Zealand. Apparently, his skills as a tiler, the Samoan solution, and the house being built in Samoa were all disconnected facts. What is not disconnected, though, is that Mr Field had work done by not only this gentleman but also others seeking his assistance, on no fewer than three properties in Auckland. The connection is that, as a member of Parliament and a Minister—it is evident from this report—Mr Field was at least creating an impression that if certain work was done for him on his properties, certain work permits or other entry/immigration preferments might be available to those people. It is inescapable for anyone to conclude anything else from this report. The other interesting thing in the 180 pages we have read since the report was delivered to us at about 20 minutes to 2 this afternoon is that we cannot separate the behaviour of someone as a Minister from the behaviour of that same person as a member of Parliament, and the behaviour of that same person as a private individual. Parliamentary Practice in New Zealand makes that abundantly clear. For the Prime Minister to come into the House this afternoon and say that Mr Field exercised bad judgment as a member of Parliament, and that she will deal with it by setting the handbag brigade—the Labour Party whips—on him, is just plain unacceptable. Mr Field has used his parliamentary position to make or receive personal gain. There is no question about that. The Prime Minister, in saying it is bad judgment, I assume refers to her own standard of what bad judgment is. Well, it might have been bad judgment to get into a tangle with the Commissioner of Police; it might have been bad judgment to sign a painting that she did not paint; it might have been bad judgment to drive across the Canterbury Plains at 160 kilometres an hour and apparently not know about it; it might have been bad judgment to say there was no GE release when she knew that the corn was out there; and it might be bad judgment that caused her, in the pressure of today, to say that Mr Field’s offence was just bad judgment, but I do not think I have ever seen such a patently obvious case made for a corruption allegation against a member of Parliament as there is in this particular document. I am certain that as people read it in its entirety over the next few days, that will become evident to them. I want to put into perspective what happened here. Apparently, this Mr Siriwan decided off his own bat to go to Samoa, where he would have no income for some 3 or 4 months other than the small stipend given to him by relatives of Mr Field, but in the process he managed to complete not only one but, it would appear, several jobs, one of which was worth some 13,800 tala. Why does someone go all the way from New Zealand, apparently at his own expense, to put up tiles in the house of a New Zealand member of Parliament for nothing, out of the goodness of his heart? There is no question that that man thought he would get residence in New Zealand by doing that favour for Phillip Field. If we had time, we would go into the other cases that exist here: the allegations that other Thai nationals have been caught in a similar situation, and, I believe, one Ghanaian national, as well. The interesting thing is that those who know about this, those who know the truth of it, were not prepared to offer that truth on a sworn statement basis. They were not prepared to stick their hands up and say: “I attest to this on oath.” And there is a number of them. There is a Mr Williams, who apparently was the original employer of Mr Siriwan, who went initially to Mr Field’s office and was party to the arrangement that was made whereby Mr Siriwan would go to Samoa. Because he was also a generous soul, he decided it would be a good idea for him to go to Samoa, as well, to do the specialist waterproofing—the membranes behind the bathroom tiling—that needed to be done in Mr Field’s large mansion in Samoa. We are told in the report that Mr Field said he paid for the airline ticket for Mr Williams to travel to Samoa. But what we discover here is that the information from the New Zealand Police is that “inquiries had established that Mr Williams’s air tickets were paid for with Qantas airpoints from the account of Mr Field. While the Police did not establish who paid for Mr Siriwan’s tickets, they advised that Mr Field’s Ministerial Secretary was the contact person for Polynesian Airlines for both tickets.” The inquirer did not find any evidence to support Mr Williams’ view that Mr Field had paid for the tickets himself. So, in that case alone, if we ignore all the other stuff and say that it was just bad judgment for Mr Field to take advantage of some poor little Thai immigrant who had no business being here, send him off to Samoa, and get him to do a big job for him over there—if we excuse all that as just bad judgment—what is this? Where were those airpoints accumulated from? Was it private travel by the member of Parliament or public travel by the member of Parliament? What was the member of Parliament’s ministerial secretary doing liaising with those two people, ensuring that their travel to Samoa was arranged for them? There is no question that the Prime Minister has some obligations here that she is skirting. I stated at the start that the code of conduct, if one likes, for MPs in New Zealand is in part discovered in Parliamentary Practice in New Zealand, a volume written by our own Clerk of the House, Dave McGee. It makes it very clear that a Minister has to have a style of conduct that is above any question at all. But, further, it makes it clear that a member of Parliament is caught in the same way. The Government knows that, because if it did not think that, it would not have brought in the pecuniary interests Standing Order that now is part of MPs disclosing their interests to the public. The question, then, is why has the Prime Minister decided to go into bat for Phillip Field. Well, it is simple. If he did not have No. 61 on his head, he would be gone. If he were not the man who made sure the majority was there, he would be out the door. I think the Prime Minister needs to explain in much clearer terms to the public why she has to keep Mr Field in his job. I conclude my remarks by once again asking this House to consider whether a matter of privilege should be considered here. Surely the people who come into our constituency offices to ask us to help them out should be able to expect us to make their interests the first priority. That did not happen here. Mr Field decided that the interests he had in his three Auckland properties and his Samoan property were of much greater importance. I think the only comforting thing in this report is that the other Ministers who were—for a time at least—implicated appear to be in the clear. Mr Field has used his influence inappropriately, Mr Field has acted corruptly, and Mr Field is being assisted in perpetrating this corruption upon the people of New Zealand by the Prime Minister, Helen Clark. Hon Dr MICHAEL CULLEN (Deputy Prime Minister) Link to this It is typical of National Party members that, when faced with an independent inquiry, they immediately reject the conclusions if they do not like them. Those members come straight out of Alice in Wonderland—sentence first, then hear the evidence afterwards. That is their approach to justice. The first question to ask, of course, is why Dr Donald Brash did not lead this debate. After all, he is supposed to be—still—the fading Leader of the Opposition. Gerry Brownlee Link to this I raise a point of order, Madam Speaker. I can answer the question. Dr Don Brash is at the Local Government New Zealand conference, where he is a keynote speaker this afternoon. Madam SPEAKER Link to this Thank you for your information. Hon Dr MICHAEL CULLEN Link to this We are all capable of changing our diaries. I have changed mine this afternoon for this particular debate. I think the reason is quite simple: Dr Brash knew that Gerry Brownlee would not do any better than Dr Brash would. So that is one challenger already knocked off, in the first day back in the House. Did members notice this afternoon that poor old Dr Donald Brash, when he did not have to go away, managed to ask only a few supplementary questions, then ran out of puff and had to hand over to the fitter members of his caucus—Gerry Brownlee and Dr the Hon Lockwood Smith PhD? Mr Brownlee, of course, leads this debate for another reason. Nobody will ever be able to accuse him of overexertion on behalf of his constituents. After all, the fundamental fault Mr Field committed was to work too hard on behalf of the many, many hundreds of people who come to his electorate office on immigration matters. Mr Brownlee is such a lazy, ineffective local member of Parliament that most of his constituents go to Clayton Cosgrove, Lianne Dalziel, and Tim Barnett, who actually have agreements about dividing up the Ilam work between them. People do not want to go and see Gerry Brownlee, because they risk getting thrown out of his door and down the stairs if he does not agree with the position they are taking on some particular matter. Hon Clayton Cosgrove Link to this A bit of biffo. Hon Dr MICHAEL CULLEN Link to this Yes, a bit of biffo, as my colleague says. This inquiry has gone on for a long, long time. It has cost a lot of money. National Party members forgot the lines in the opening speech. They want the inquiry to go on longer and to cost even more money. They want another inquiry, because National likes commissions of inquiry, as Dr the Hon Lockwood Smith PhD said. He says: “Let us spend more taxpayers’ money and we’ll get to the bottom of things.” Dr the Hon Lockwood Smith likes to get to the bottom of things in life. Well, we say to National members that these matters can be put behind us in this respect. This report is now in the public arena. Does it conclude what Mr Brownlee says it does? No, it does not. Gerry Brownlee Link to this Yes, it does. Hon Dr MICHAEL CULLEN Link to this No, it does not. I report as follows. Let me quote Noel Ingram QC, who is a somewhat better judge of legal evidence than is Mr Gerry Brownlee, carpentry certificate. The reasons are contained in section 3.1 of the report, which states: “I found no evidence that Mr Field told Mr Siriwan that he had any ability to control or influence Mr O’Connor’s decisions. Further, I found no evidence that Mr Siriwan was influenced in his behaviour by the fact that Mr Field was a Minister. Mr O’Connor did not afford Mr Field any preferential treatment because of his position as a Minister. Therefore, in terms of Clause 2 of the Terms of Reference, I find that no conflict existed or appeared to exist between Mr Field’s private interests and the use of his influence as a Minister.” That is what an independent report states. But, of course, as usual, National members attack the lawyer. It is the Murray McCully approach to the legal profession. Never mind the fact that the vast majority of the members of the legal profession vote National or ACT; as soon as one of them does his or her job properly and reports something the National Party does not like, that person is attacked by that party. The last time Murray McCully did that with the Solicitor-General, even some of his own colleagues turned out to support the Solicitor-General’s induction into the Court of Appeal in order to show their disagreement with Mr McCully in that regard. It is high time that National members stopped those kinds of attacks on the independence of people who carry out legal and judicial functions within this country. Link to this Was he sacked? Hon Dr MICHAEL CULLEN Link to this No, he was not sacked; he was not reappointed—unlike that member, who was sacked by his own caucus after the most dismal result achieved by the National Party in its 70-year history. “Mr Angry” got 21 percent, and got even angrier as a consequence of that fact. The reality is that this report does not, in any shape or form, come to the conclusion that Mr Brownlee says it has come to. I invite Mr Brownlee to repeat his remarks outside the confines of the privilege of Parliament, instead of being cloaked in the privilege of this House, and to make those kinds of accusations. Yes, Mr Field has made some errors of judgment, but, no, he is not guilty of a conflict of interest in terms of his actions as a Minister. Gerry Brownlee Link to this I would like to put Mr Siriwan on the stand. Hon Dr MICHAEL CULLEN Link to this Mr Brownlee would probably have to dry out Mr Siriwan if he were to put him in the witness box in that particular circumstance, because Mr Field was, in fact, let down by Mr Siriwan in terms of his behaviour in Samoa. The evidence did not support any of the other accusations that were made—for example, an accusation in relation to breaches under local government electoral legislation that was brought by the National Party candidate for Mangere, Mrs Sylvia Taylor. I believe she was the National Party candidate for Mangere twice, against Mr Taito Phillip Field. A National Party candidate is, of course, what the National Party would regard as an independent witness in these matters.. TAITO PHILLIP FIELD (Labour—Mangere) Link to this. This may involve what is implied in the report with regard to the question of judgment, as my colleague who spoke previously mentioned. I can say that I am human and that we all occasionally make mistakes and errors of judgment, but that does not remove the genuine intention to help people in need. It has been frustrating that it has taken so long for my name to be cleared, but, in the end, I am satisfied that justice has been done. I acknowledge and thank God for the guidance he has given me during what has been one of the most difficult periods of my life. My name and my family’s name have been cleared. I am deeply thankful for the loyalty and support of my wife, Maxine, and also of my family, both in New Zealand and overseas—particularly in Samoa. I thank my staff for their support. I say to this House that I am looking forward to taking a break from the unprecedented scrutiny that I have been subjected to in the past 10 months. I want to re-energise myself, and I also need to give some real focus to my family, to my electorate of Mangere, and to the wider community that I represent. I said in a press statement that when the time was right I would put myself forward for consideration for a ministerial post. I believe that the investigation has taught me a lesson, in some regards, in relation to how we need to be careful, particularly in how we help people. I want to take time to review my practice in helping people and also review the electorate procedures in my electorate office in Mangere. I extend my thanks to the Pacific and wider community, to my constituents, relatives and friends, and to my Labour organisation in Mangere, all of whom have supported and stood firmly behind me and my family during this difficult period. As most people in this House know, I have the largest voting majority in the country. I believe I have that mandate because I have always helped people in need. This afternoon, in this House, I renew that commitment to continue to help those who really have a genuine need—not only in relation to immigration but in relation to other issues for those within the community who are less fortunate. That is a commitment I renew this afternoon, both to my community and my constituents. This report totally exonerates and vindicates me, and I thank the House for the opportunity to say that this afternoon. Dr the Hon LOCKWOOD SMITH (National—Rodney) Link to this The National Party has no criticism whatsoever of Noel Ingram QC and his work on this report. He makes it very clear that he was powerless to resolve some of the allegations raised against the honourable Taito Phillip Field. What Noel Ingram did reveal, which was not well known publicly—whereas previously we had heard of a Mr Sunan Siriwan, a tiler who worked on Mr Field’s house in Samoa, and we had heard of a Mr Chaikhunpol, a painter who had worked on a house of Mr Field’s; a controversial property in Auckland, I believe, in Church Street—was that not just one person but four people worked on Taito Phillip Field’s house in Samoa. We discover from reading the Ingram report that it was not just one house that was painted by Mr Chaikhunpol, but four houses; three of them in Auckland and one here in Wellington. A whole gang of those Thais came down to Wellington and worked on a house owned by Taito Phillip Field. So the Ingram report has uncovered a whole lot of stuff that was previously unknown publicly. I draw the attention of the House to a certain meeting that took place on 2 October 2005, just after the inquiry into Taito Phillip Field was announced. That meeting took place at the home of a Ms Thaivichit—I ask her apologies if I mispronounce her name—and at that meeting was Taito Phillip Field himself, Ms Thaivichit, Mr Chaikhunpol, and four other Thai people. It is alleged by Noel Ingram that the New Zealand Police received information about that meeting. The police received that information because it was obviously alleged that meeting was held shortly after the initiation of this inquiry, in an attempt to subvert justice. It is quite clear that those key players who are intimately involved in some of these nefarious undertakings of Taito Phillip Field attended that meeting. Ms Thaivichit is involved in this stuff up to her neck. The other four Thai people in attendance at that meeting have all received immigration assistance from Taito Phillip Field. All of them have refused to speak to the Ingram inquiry. If that meeting was legitimate and above board, and was not held to try to organise a litany of lies, if one likes, then why did they refuse to speak to the Ingram inquiry? Noel Ingram himself said: “My investigation into that matter”—that is, the meeting—“has been unsatisfactory because five of the people allegedly present at that gathering on 2 October 2005 declined to be interviewed by me in relation to that matter.” For Taito Phillip Field to get up in this House and say this report clears his name is nonsense. It raises more questions about the activities of Taito Phillip Field MP than were actually in the public domain before. There needs to be an investigation to get the facts of what went on at that meeting in October 2005—which was called shortly after the initiation of the inquiry—because the report goes on to demonstrate that certain players in this whole saga gave conflicting reports to Dr Ingram. Not only did five of the people who attended that meeting refuse to be interviewed by Dr Ingram, in fact the four people—including Mr Siriwan—who worked on Taito Phillip Field’s house in Samoa refused to speak to the Ingram inquiry. If their activities were all legitimate and above board, why would they not speak to the inquiry? It begs the question: what were they hiding? What truth did they not want to come to light that led them to refuse to talk to the inquiry? They were the four people who worked on Taito Phillip Field’s house in Samoa. What about the people who worked on his four houses in New Zealand? In the case of the controversial house in Church Street, despite Noel Ingram’s best inquiries, he could not—because of the lies he has been told—discern who painted that house. He stated in his report that he has been unable to establish who undertook the interior painting of 51 Church Street. This inquiry, which cost taxpayers almost $500,000 and was established by the Prime Minister, was conducted by a Queen’s Counsel, but he could not establish the simple fact of who painted the house. Since Taito Phillip Field owned the house, one might think he would have told the inquiry that fact. He might have been straightforward and honest and told the inquiry that. Well, Phillip Field told the inquiry a whole range of things, but the problem was every time he spoke to Noel Ingram—a second, third, and fourth time—he told a different story about who painted that house. If he was telling the truth, why did he change his story every time he spoke to Noel Ingram? In fact, why would Noel Ingram state in his report: “… I am concerned by the unsatisfactory nature of the explanations provided by Mr Field in relation to that painting:”. Those are damning words. What Dr Ingram is saying is that he does not believe what Taito Phillip Field told him. He believes, from the evidence provided to him by a range of interviewees, that the people who did the painting received immigration assistance from Taito Phillip Field. Yet those people—mostly—refused to speak to Dr Ingram. How could Dr Ingram sort out and resolve the allegations against Taito Phillip Field when the key players involved in the allegations simply refused to be interviewed by him? If we go to the body of Dr Ingram’s report, we can see that in paragraph 293 he outlines the way that Taito Phillip Field sought to mislead him—he lays it out in detail—and that is a matter that impacts on all members of Parliament. This place does not have a lot of credibility at the best of times, but that kind of behaviour brings Parliament into even more disrepute. Not only is a member of Parliament alleged to be involved in receiving favours, if one likes, for parliamentary assistance to constituents and others, but he is involved in giving conflicting evidence to a Queen’s Counsel who has been set up to inquire into his activities. Paragraph 293 of the Ingram report sets out in some detail the conflicting information given by Taito Phillip Field. That is why the Queen’s Counsel used these words: “The degree of concern is increased significantly when regard is had for the unsatisfactory nature of the explanations provided by Mr Field in relation to that painting.” Those words from a Queen’s Counsel are carefully thought out words, but they are damning words, because he is saying that he does not believe what Taito Phillip Field has told him. How could Taito Phillip Field not know who painted the inside of his house—a house he bought under controversial circumstances? There are so many issues there, which Noel Ingram says cannot be resolved without a commission of inquiry or, as my colleague Gerry Brownlee has suggested, without the matter being referred to the Privileges Committee. The issues are so serious—in my 22 years here I have never seen a report like that on a member of Parliament—that the report should be referred to the Privileges Committee. It is important to ensure that the reputation of this Parliament is upheld, because the information in that report is so damning it brings into disrepute this entire Parliament. TARIANA TURIA (Co-Leader—Māori Party) Link to this Well—were everyone here so perfect! The Māori Party stands today delighted that Taito Phillip Field is cleared through the inquiry into conflict of interest allegations against him. The honourable Taito Phillip Field brings to this House a history and a distinctive character that can only enhance the quality of debate in this debating chamber. He is a politician who brings the cultural strength of Samoan, Cook Island, German, English, and Jewish whakapapa to the issues that come before us. He was bestowed the title of Taito, paramount chief of the village of Manase, Savai’i, Samoa, in 1975. He is the first MP of Pacific Island descent in the New Zealand Parliament. He is a politician who brings the constituency of Mangere into this Parliament. I was interested in the release from Mr Field this morning that referred to his relief that justice has been done. The Māori Party is interested in that concept of due justice. It is not a concept that one automatically associates with political parties, but in this case the expertise of Noel Ingram QC has been listened to and accorded respect. Justice has been done. Mr Brownlee, in opening this debate, spoke about a code of conduct for a Minister and for an MP. Well, my goodness, let us hope the code of conduct comes out soon. The report from Dr Ingram recognises that Mr Field did make some errors of judgment, but it concludes that there was no conflict of interest and states that Mr Field was at all times cooperative with the inquiry. Indeed, Mr Field showed the type of conduct befitting one of his status. We must be big enough in this House to acknowledge that errors are made and mistakes do occur. None of us can pretend to be perfect. I know that too well from having made mistakes myself when I was a Minister, and I learnt from those mistakes. An independent inquiry has been completed—a very expensive and long-winded analysis of all matters impacting on the personal honesty and integrity of that MP—and Mr Field has had the courage to admit that he made mistakes. He has put on record his commitment to ensuring that he will be more careful about how he helps people, and his intention to review his own practices and the procedures of his electorate office. What more can we ask? We have a responsibility in this Parliament to demonstrate leadership and to act as we would want our nation to emulate, yet day after day—even in this very debate—personal attack, offence, and belittlement of individuals take place on all sides of the Chamber. Many times we are too quick to judge and to crucify personally, and those who live in glass houses should not throw stones—a lesson I learnt as a child. The Māori Party comes to every debate to speak to the issues and the policies, not to the personalities, and we respect the courage of Mr Field. We mihi to him and his whānau, and we ask everyone in this House to have the compassion and insight to commend the way in which he has maintained his integrity in very trying times. Tēnā koutou. Hon BILL ENGLISH (National—Clutha-Southland) Link to this The most important statement made in this long and expensive report is on page 16 of the substantive report, where in paragraph 41 it states: “The Prime Minister is the ultimate arbiter of the ethical conduct and behaviour of her Ministers.” That is, and will always be, the case. When Dr Cullen talks about this report, he is confusing different standards of accountability. It is reasonably clear from reading the report itself that Noel Ingram QC has applied what any politician would regard as a high standard of proof—so if the Queen’s Counsel could not get proof that something happened, then he said it did not happen. But, of course, that is not the same standard that could, or should, be applied by a Prime Minister to the conduct of her Ministers—and this is where the murkiness has got murkier today. We heard from Dr Cullen that Taito Phillip Field has already paid the price for misjudgments, and that the price he paid was his not being reappointed as a Minister after the election. Well, actually, at that stage there was no evidence of misjudgments. He had not been investigated, there was no independent inquiry, no one had been questioned, and the evidence that has come out here today was unknown, maybe even to Phillip Field. Maybe even he did not know that a gang of four people had gone around and painted three of his houses in Auckland and then volunteered to fix up his house in Wellington. Maybe he did not know that—but he was not reappointed. We do not know why he was not reappointed, except that at that time the Prime Minister had ordered an inquiry, so in that sense no one knew about those events. But now we have heard that Mr Field has already paid the price. Dr Cullen could not answer a simple question: “Has Taito Phillip Field been sacked as a Minister?”. If the Government believes that Mr Field has “paid the price” by not having his ministerial job, we can ask whether he was sacked or just not reappointed on the basis of allegations that at the time were unproven. The Government cannot have it both ways. If it is the Government’s standard that Mr Field has made errors of judgment and has had to pay a price, then the Government should tell us what price he has paid. One can only conclude that today Taito Phillip Field has received his long-delayed sacking as a Minister. Surely he was not stood down on the basis of unproven allegations from the Opposition—for whom Helen Clark has no regard at all. Surely that was not the case. I suspect, in fact, that the truth is that Helen Clark heard the allegations and believed they were probably true. That is what I think she did. Dr Cullen inadvertently made that plain to the House today. Helen Clark had been waiting for a chance to nail Taito Phillip Field, who had been very unhappy, particularly with the social direction this Government has taken. We know what happens to those Ministers and MPs. Dover Samuels was dealt to. As soon as there was a breath of a chance to get Taito Phillip Field out, Labour did so, and now Jim Sutton has gone. Gerry Brownlee Link to this Tariana before that. Hon BILL ENGLISH Link to this And Ms Tariana Turia, the co-leader of the Māori Party, went before that. She is smiling because she knows that that is the truth. Taito Phillip Field was not reappointed because there was half a chance to get him out of Cabinet. He had been put in there only as a gesture of tokenism to the Pacific Island community. After half a chance, he was out. Now that the allegations have essentially been proven, Dr Cullen and Helen Clark are trying to make some kind of clever virtue of necessity by saying that Mr Field has already paid the price for conclusions they could not have known about when he paid the price. He was condemned for a crime they could not have known about when they condemned him. Gerry Brownlee Link to this It is interesting. Hon BILL ENGLISH Link to this It is interesting. That is why this report is as much a reflection on Helen Clark’s standards of public administration and public ethics as it is on Taito Phillip Field’s standards. The House has become quite used to Helen Clark’s fine distinctions of ethics and legalities. She has a long list of form—police interviews, scandals, half-baked truths, explanations that do not stack up, and generally skirting the boundary and getting away with it. So for her there is nothing exceptional, really, about a Queen’s Counsel finding that people did a very cheap paint job on four houses for an MP who helped them with their immigration applications. Gerry Brownlee Link to this Good quality work! Hon BILL ENGLISH Link to this I do not know. Gerry Brownlee Link to this It was of the highest quality. Hon BILL ENGLISH Link to this It was the highest-quality work. In some ways it has become so normal for Labour Prime Ministers and MPs to skirt with the law that we forget how exceptional it is. As my colleague pointed out, the Queen’s Counsel has essentially said in this report that he did not believe some of the things Taito Phillip Field told him. That is no different from the police who told us they did not believe things Chris Carter told them about “paintergate” and from Helen Clark refusing to answer questions from the police about her role in the same scandal. Helen Clark has not introduced newer, higher standards of public office, as she said she would. She has brought down the standards of public office, and her lack of decisiveness about this report makes that absolutely plain. As my colleague Mr Brownlee has pointed out, of course Helen Clark cannot act any further against Taito Phillip Field, because he constitutes the majority—the whole, entire majority—that the Government has in this House. But I want the Government to finish off the logic and answer these questions. If Taito Phillip Field made errors of judgment, what were they? Well, the error of judgment he made was to create any sense that people whom he helped should do favours for him. It is the definition of public office that people should not. It is the definition of an MP’s role that one helps people because they need it, and one does not expect anything in return for that help. That is a fairly monumental error of judgment for any MP to make. That is my view of what the error of judgment was. I want to hear what the Government believes are the errors of judgment. Taito Phillip Field does not believe he made any. His statement and Dr Cullen’s statement were that he was exonerated. So which is the truth? Did Mr Field do something he should not have done? When we have cleared that up, we need to know what the consequences of those actions will be. Some people may regard it as a punishment to have to spend time with the Labour whips but I would have to say that that will not be something that washes too well with the public. If Taito Phillip Field was found to have behaved in ways he should not have, how come the Government is arguing that the consequences of that were already delivered some 9 months ago when he was not reappointed as a Minister? It is time for the Government to clear this business up so that it can assert that there are some standards in public life. Because Helen Clark, by her actions today—in doing nothing—is effectively endorsing the behaviour described in vivid detail in this report; she is saying that it is now an acceptable standard of public life for MPs, in return for their assistance to constituents, to be given favours by those constituents. I make one other point. I believe we should investigate whether Taito Phillip Field, as an MP, has correctly filled out his declaration of pecuniary interests. There is absolutely no doubt that the substantive activity referred to in the report amounts to a gift—a gift to the value of many thousands of dollars. This House passed legislation—put up by Labour—that MPs have to declare any gift over the value of $500. I bet—I have not looked—that these gifts are not on Taito Phillip Field’s declaration of pecuniary interests. He should take it seriously. If he wants any acceptance from Parliament of the spin that he puts on these circumstances, he must comply with the legislation that Parliament passed.

Sep 29 2011 Chicken Bacon Ranch Panini 120 Comments Print Recipe Posted by Ree in Chicken, Cowboy Food, Sandwiches, this panini really turned into something yummy! And if you don’t have a panini maker, don’t fret! Just grill the sandwich in the skillet with a second (heavy) skillet on top of it to press it together. It’ll make you feel inventive and nifty. Either pound a chicken breast so that it’s a little flatter, or cut a chicken breast in half so that there’s a top and bottom half. Rebecca from Foodie with Family reminded me of this method over the summer, and it’s so much neater than pounding. It doesn’t quite provide the same release for one’s aggressions…but there’s always kickboxing. Fry up the chicken in a little canola oil and butter, then slice them into strips when they’re done. Spread one slice of crusty bread with spicy mustard. I would actually lay it on thicker than this! When you make panini, you really want to keep in mind that whatever “spread” you put on the bread actually turns into a “sauce” when it’s grilled and heated. On the other slice of bread, spread a generous layer of ranch dressing. On my Food Network show this Saturday morning, I make ranch dressing from scratch. For this sandwich, I grabbed a crusty bottle of old storebought stuff from the door of the fridge. And it was totally, absolutely fine. Lay on the slices of chicken… And plenty of sharp cheddar cheese. Now just generously butter both sides of the bread… And grill it up on the panini maker. You wanna know how good this was? It was so good, I vowed to myself never to be without a crusty bottle of ranch dressing in the door of the fridge. That’s how good it was. Here’s the printable! Recipe: Chicken Bacon Ranch Panini | | | Ingredients - 8 slices Crusty French Bread - 4 Tablespoons Softened Butter - 2 whole Chicken Breasts, Cut In Half From Top To Bottom - Spicy Mustard - Ranch Dressing (homemade Or Bottled) - 4 slices (thick) Sharp Cheddar Cheese - 8 slices Bacon, Cooked Until Chewy And Cut In Half Preparation Instructions Fry the four pieces of chicken breast in oil and butter until done in the middle, about 10-12 minutes. Slice into strips and set aside. To assemble the sandwiches, spread a generous amount of mustard on one half of the bread. Spread a generous amount of ranch dressing on the other half. (Definitely be generous; when the sandwich cooks, these will turn into more of a "sauce.") Arrange chicken, bacon slices, and cheese slices on the bottom half. Top with the top slice. Butter both sides of the bread generously, then grill in the panini maker. (If you do not have a panini maker, you can grill the sandwiches in a skillet, laying a heavy skillet on top of the sandwich to press it together. Turn to grill the other side in the same way.) Slice in half and gobble it down immediately. 1 Christienne On Thursday, September 29 at 8:38 am YUM – ME!! Scentsy Gal On Tuesday, October 4 at 11:35 am You can say that again!! Oh man oh man!! Yummo!! 2 Kathryn On Thursday, September 29 at 8:39 am I love all that oozy, melty cheese. It looks amazing! Good luck with your final day of cooking 3 Amber On Thursday, September 29 at 8:39 am Ranch Dressing. Nobody knows how to use it quite like the midwest. May I have this sandwich for breakfast? Katie | Healthnut Foodie On Thursday, September 29 at 1:39 pm So true. I think it was considered a food group growing up in Kansas. I still need it for pizza. Amber On Monday, October 3 at 10:10 am I just had a food epiphany. I have some leftover tzatziki in my fridge and I’ve started using it in place of Ranch. It may fly in the face of Midwest cuisine, but so far I’m loving it! 4 Allyn On Thursday, September 29 at 8:41 am I think you could put ranch on just about anything and I’d eat it. My husband knows better than to bring home my Chick-fil-a without ranch. 5 Libby On Thursday, September 29 at 8:41 am WOW! That makes me kick myself for throwing out that old crusty bottle of ranch..and I think I can totally do this! YUMM-OOOO!! 6 WebSavvyMom On Thursday, September 29 at 8:44 am –>I don’t know why I had to grow up in a world without ranch dressing but OH how I love it so now. 7 Natalie V2 On Thursday, September 29 at 8:45 am Breakfast. I think I want someone to make me a panini for breakfast. Or lunch. I’ve been watching Pioneer Woman Cooks while I fold laundry. Or while the laundry sits in a heap, next to me on the sofa, I watch you cook! Anyway, I think it’s helping me get one step closer to folding and hanging clothes, so thank you. Also, I am making pot roast! 8 Lane On Thursday, September 29 at 8:45 am Great idea for leftover chicken! Mmm now I want this for lunch instead of my leftover soup. 9 Lori On Thursday, September 29 at 8:47 am There is a pizza place nearby that makes a chicken bacon ranch pizza that is yummy. After seeing this I may have to get some for lunch. 10 Karie @ The HoB On Thursday, September 29 at 8:47 am Oh my, that looks amazing!! I would eat that now for breakfast!! 11 Cheryl Barker On Thursday, September 29 at 8:47 am Looks yummy. And now I want bacon, of course 12 Susan in the Boonies On Thursday, September 29 at 8:51 am You just made my mouth seriously water. I do have a pork chop from last night’s dinner I could throw in, but I’m out of good bread. Curse you, PeeDub! OK, not really. I would never curse you. And it’s kind of good I don’t have any bread, because my jeans are getting tight these days… 13 Julie P On Thursday, September 29 at 8:52 am I love paninis. Instead of using a panini grill or a heavy pan, I started using the most unused kitchen appliance I have…my 10 year old George Foreman grill…it will dry the heck out of a chicken breast, but makes a perfect panini! I spread a thin layer of mayo on the outside and sprinkle with Italian seasonings! YUM! bess On Thursday, September 29 at 9:58 am I usually opt for the waffle iron because mine have removeable griddles and is MUCH easier to clean than the George Foreman grill we have gaelowyn On Thursday, September 29 at 2:40 pm I hear ya Julie P. I use my Foreman for ‘panini’s” all the time. And the new model foreman’s have removable plates. I don’t have a new one….. so I make sure to wipe it off with a wad of wet paper towels while it’s still hot.. does the trick. 14 Poetesswug On Thursday, September 29 at 8:53 am I could’ve skipped everything you said and just came down to the comment section and said “I’m in!!!!”….but did I?! You can’t tell, can you?! O_0 LOL 15 ALL Good in Mommyhood On Thursday, September 29 at 8:53 am LOVE my panini. I like a tomato and mozzerella sandwich…but chicken bacon ranch works just fine! Delish! 16 JC On Thursday, September 29 at 8:55 am CRUSTY or “trusty”? 17 Darcie (My Modern Country) On Thursday, September 29 at 8:56 am I keep a bottle of ranch dressing in my frig. too. You know, for emergencies. I have left over grilled chicken breasts from last night-this will be perfect! 18 sherri lynn @ life of a wife On Thursday, September 29 at 9:00 am This panini has some of my favorite things! Definitely will be going on the dinner menu soon! 19 Swapna On Thursday, September 29 at 9:01 am Can someone please suggest a good brand of Ranch dressing. Is Kraft good? Hannah F. On Thursday, September 29 at 12:29 pm Hidden Valley! Ree, you didn’t season the chicken? Emily On Thursday, September 29 at 12:31 pm Kraft is the favorite where I live. My family would chase me out of the house if I even considered bringing home Hidden Valley ranch. 20 bridget {bake at 350} On Thursday, September 29 at 9:02 am Need.This. Can you come over for lunch? You make paninis…I’ll work on breaking your sugar fast. 21 Colleen P. On Thursday, September 29 at 9:07 am Oh I am so putting this on the weekend lunch menu! This is miles above the run-of-the-mill sandwich. My costly and exotic grill press is actually a cast iron grill pan and a brick wrapped in foil, though after seeing me make panini this way my mother bought me a cast iron bacon press at Lodge…we won’t tell her I still use the brick. Marie M.C. On Thursday, September 29 at 11:03 am I use my ancient but well loved large cast iron pan. Then put a piece of foil on top of the sandwich and then place my smaller cast iron pan on top. I use the foil to prevent any cheese from gluing to the bottom of the top pan. Works perfectly. And I don’t have to spend $200 on a panini pan or use precious room on my counter. 22 Erin On Thursday, September 29 at 9:07 am Will the cookbook be out before Christmas? 23 Marisa @ Loser for Life On Thursday, September 29 at 9:08 am I’m fairly certain I could eat this every day and never tire of it! YUM!!! 24 Nezzy (Cow Patty Surprise) On Thursday, September 29 at 9:16 am Well just tantalize this Ozark Farm Chick’s taste-buds and spur my hunger with your mouth waterin’ pictures. Heck, it’s enough to make a girl’s thighs quiver and grab up some chicken!!! I sure hope I don’t ‘lectrocute myself droolin’ on this keyboard!!! ) From the hungry sunny hills and hollers of the Missouri Ponderosa, ya’ll have a blessed and beautiful Thursday!!! Now can I borrow a hankie from somebody??? Hehehehehe!!! ) 25 Meg in CT On Thursday, September 29 at 9:18 am I know that lots of people swear by butter for grilled cheese and panini. But I always find that the bread gets too dark before the innards are melted to my satisfaction. So I’m going to share a family secret… Try Hellmann’s mayonnaise instead. Just a thin layer on the outside of the bread. Don’t make that face until you’ve tried it. It stands up better to the heat than butter, no one (me) complains that the sandwich got too dark (not to say you don’t need to watch it, it will burn eventually). I can’t testify to any mayo other than Hellmann’s, but that’s my experience. And it’s what I’ll be using when I try this delicious panini recipe at home this weekend! 26 Hanna On Thursday, September 29 at 9:22 am I love paninis, probably because I am a melted cheese junkie, but this looks sooo tasty! 27 NorthwoodsCatie On Thursday, September 29 at 9:26 am Ree: What brand Panini maker do you have? I’m in the process of deciding which one to purchase and haven’t yet decided…? Happy Hiker On Thursday, September 29 at 2:16 pm I used to use a brick wrapped really well in tin foil, you don’t get the grill marks but it does a great job! 28 jackie On Thursday, September 29 at 9:28 am I would be 35 (two years younger than.now)its the year we had our twin boys and our.daughter was one. our family was complete and we felt so blessed…btw the sandwhich looks amazing and I love your food network show 29 Hedy On Thursday, September 29 at 9:33 am That’s a hard one! I’m 29 now, so I can’t choose any age that’s older than that because I don’t know what that’s like. So maybe 29, because I have more confidence than I did when I was younger. But I have to say I had a great time when I was around 16 too. One or the other. 30 Nanette aka worlds fussiest eater On Thursday, September 29 at 9:33 am This is one of my most favorite sandwiches, but instead of Ranch and Mustard, make some Pesto mayo and spread it on. You have all that Basil from the Garden. It is out of this WORLD!! 31 Kim @ Eat What You've Got On Thursday, September 29 at 9:39 am This look so simple and delicious! I can’t wait to try it. 32 Amber in Texas On Thursday, September 29 at 9:41 am On My YUM!!!! This looks so good…. love me some panninis. Thanks for sharing 33 Manding On Thursday, September 29 at 9:42 am this is exactly what i want when i get home from sitting in a cubicle all day. seriously. ps, ! 34 Fran On Thursday, September 29 at 9:52 am I just put a pot roast in the oven and then sit down to see this, if my husband sees this he’ll want it tomorrow. Can’t wait to try my “Perfect” Pot Roast in a few hours. 35 [email protected] On Thursday, September 29 at 10:12 am Wow this looks amazingly delicious and decadent…I make a skinny version using turkey that’s really yummy too,. 36 Mandy Jane ( in the Oregon woods) On Thursday, September 29 at 10:27 am Bacon… the only reason I’ve agreed to put 2 pigs on our property. Now another way to enjoy my second favorite meat!! 37 Lynne @ 365 Days of Baking On Thursday, September 29 at 10:37 am This looks great and really good, Ree! Ingenious cutting the chicken breasts in half. Why have I never thought of that? I’m constantly pounding and then they’re shaped funny and have errant edges. I’m cuttung from now on! 38 Glenda On Thursday, September 29 at 10:39 am Looks yummy!! Too bad I’m allergic to chicken and cow’s milk cheeses. I use my George Foreman grill to make panini’s. Works great every time. Wore one grill out. We’re on our second one. 39 The Mrs @ Success Along the Weigh On Thursday, September 29 at 10:42 am LOVE me some paninis!! Trader Joe’s has an awesome asiago peppercorn bread that makes every panini taste like heaven. I’m pretty sure the innard of this one would taste awesome snuggled on a bed of that bread! 40 Nookleerman On Thursday, September 29 at 10:44 am There is no greater combination of words in the sandwich making world than “Chicken, bacon, and ranch”. It’s even fun to say: Chicken-bacon-ranch. Just run it all together-chickenbaconranch. It’s like my mantra. That might explain the extra 50 lbs I’m toting around. 41 J3nn On Thursday, September 29 at 10:50 am I love panini! That looks delish. 42 Claire On Thursday, September 29 at 10:58 am good and simple, just the way i like it 43 Patty Paulsen On Thursday, September 29 at 11:27 am Ummmm. Just so you know, ever since I got my panini grill, it has also served as the quick chicken breast cooker, so you wouldn’t even have to dirty a pan to cook the chicken. I know what dinner tonight is going to be. Oh, and try making the panini on some of that specialty bread some of the stores sell now. I have garlic bread at home–with huge chunks of garlic baked throughout. HEAVEN… 44 Angela On Thursday, September 29 at 11:28 am Looks so yummy! I’ll have to think of a way to make it lowfat. 45 Maureen On Thursday, September 29 at 11:37 am Just wondering if you think the good ole’ George Forman grill would do the trick? Cathie On Thursday, September 29 at 6:01 pm Oh, it definitely does. Try it! 46 Stephanie Morrill On Thursday, September 29 at 12:11 pm You just solved my, “Oh my goodness, what on earth am I going to make for dinner tonight?” problem. Thank you! 47 Rachel Willen@FoodFix On Thursday, September 29 at 12:28 pm My son is a panini addict. I made them and quesadillas for 4 years straight almost every day for him for dinner or lunch. Now he’s a young chef at Per Se restaurant in NYC…cooking very elevated stuff…but I know when he comes home for a visit if I make him this he will be very, very happy. 48 Linda Pardee On Thursday, September 29 at 12:33 pm OH MY GOSH!!! That looks so good! But the only thing I have on hand is the bacon right now. I love pannis. I wll have to make this one when I get home from grocery shopping. After grocery shopping I deserve something this tasty! Thanks Ree for another great recipe, 49 Rachel @ Baked by Rachel On Thursday, September 29 at 12:37 pm I’ve been dying to make a chicken and bacon sandwich for weeks if not longer. And now I clearly need more pans or a panini maker! 50 Kimberly R On Thursday, September 29 at 12:58 pm Too funny – I was reading along and looking at the pictures – the picture above, what I now realize was your mustard photo, I thought – wow she really cut that chicken into thin little wavy strips – hee hee. Sharon On Thursday, September 29 at 3:10 pm I thought the same exact thing! 51 Tanya - Three Square Meals On Thursday, September 29 at 1:02 pm Guess it’s time to buy a panini maker! Thanks! 52 Chelsea On Thursday, September 29 at 1:04 pm Chicken+Bacon+Ranch= definite winner everytime! Oh, and cheese just makes everything better. I’ve added fajita seasoning to the chicken, used pepperjack cheese and chipotle ranch for a southwestern take on it! 53 Fat_n_HappyHW On Thursday, September 29 at 1:14 pm Sometimes those throw ‘em together meals are the best! You never disappoint, Ree!! 54 Susanne @ FarmGirly On Thursday, September 29 at 1:33 pm That looks great! And who doesn’t love bacon and cheese? Well, I love them. Delicious! 55 Ellen On Thursday, September 29 at 1:38 pm Dinner!…..thank you. 56 Marie M.C. On Thursday, September 29 at 1:40 pm I finally made the Marlboro Man’s Favorite Sandwich. Yes, I realize this does not pertain to today’s sandwich. But. There are over 600 comments on MM’s sandwich and the comments section is closed. But. I thought perhaps the comments were a bit exaggerated. But. They’re not. Years ago I had a steak at some one’s house with the tastiest sauce. Our host said it was a secret sauce. I could never figure it out. But. This is it. The combo of caramelized onions, beef, butter and Worcester sauce is divine. Try it, you’ll love it. 57 MontanaAshley On Thursday, September 29 at 1:56 pm My Man would love this!! anything with that much cheese, bacon and the word ranch it it… yumm! 58 Gail On Thursday, September 29 at 2:08 pm This might be a silly question, but I’m new to your blog and just wondering…does it take you twice as long to cook when you are taking pictures of each step? I love all of the pictures you take. It makes me feel as though I could really make some of this stuff! 59 Happy Hiker On Thursday, September 29 at 2:21 pm Panini have always been my favorite! The choice of ingredients can be as unique as the person making it, and the possibilities are endless! 60 Ellen Spielberg On Thursday, September 29 at 2:51 pm I use parchment paper around the sandwich in the panni press. It still gives the sandwich grill marks without messing up the grill!! How great is that! Andilynn On Thursday, September 29 at 4:06 pm I love that idea & I love parchment paper. I never make oven fried or bbq chicken without it. I line my baking sheets and the chicken turns so easily without the breading falling off & the clean-up is a lot easier, too. 61 Christina @ According To C On Thursday, September 29 at 3:06 pm You had me at bacon…this is going on my list of things to make ASAP!! 62 Julie S. On Thursday, September 29 at 3:41 pm You know what would make it even better? . . . If that chicken was marinaded in bbq sauce first! Oh gosh! yummm! 63 HeatherM On Thursday, September 29 at 3:56 pm Do your kids have to wait for you to photograph their food before they can eat it? 64 Mattie (Inthekitchenwithmattie.com) On Thursday, September 29 at 4:07 pm This looks good and I’d enjoy the flavors but hubby hates ranch dressing on anything……I KNOW he’s weird but I keep him anyway. Try this pannini, roasted chicken or turkey sliced, asiago and mozzarella or provolone cheese, oven roasted tomatoes and carmelized onions, brush the outside of the bread (use a hearty bread or focaccia) with mayo mixed with a half teaspoon of italian herbs and a bit of garlic powder……….onto the pannini press and in a few minutes you’ll swear you died and went to heaven! inthekitchenwithmattie.com 65 Anna @ Noria Jewelry On Thursday, September 29 at 4:22 pm Shut the front door–THIS is exactly what I’ve been craving today. I just didn’t know it, until I saw it. Thank you thank you! 66 Frozen Sandwiches On Thursday, September 29 at 4:30 pm …Yamee it wets my appetite! I will definitely try this recipe right after work for sure! 67 Kristina On Thursday, September 29 at 4:45 pm That looks so good and super easy too. Might have to try to make this for dinner tomorrow. 68 MelanieH On Thursday, September 29 at 5:06 pm That looks so tasty, my husband just gave me a panini maker for my birthday on Monday so it’s all we’ve been eating all week! On those two colors of Fiesta-ware too, they’re my everyday dishes. 69 Jeanette On Thursday, September 29 at 6:01 pm Pannini makers remind me of how my mom taught me to make grilled cheese…so that a little kid could do it without the stove and potential burns…..in a waffle iron. I wouldn’t eat grilled cheese in a restaurant, it wasn’t right because it didn’t have the waffle marks burned into it! 70 Deidre Walker On Thursday, September 29 at 7:07 pm OK will be making tomorrow for lunchies! 71 Carol On Thursday, September 29 at 8:21 pm I use my waffle maker for pannini! No stripes, but lots of squares! 72 Katie @ BloomEveryday On Thursday, September 29 at 8:44 pm My hubby would love this!! 73 Heidi S On Thursday, September 29 at 9:15 pm I love you more than my luggage but take another look at the pic of the spicy mustard on the bread … think kitty or puppy with upset tummy, squirting on your floor. YUCK!! I’m sorry but I can’t look at it, LOL. The recipe sounds and except for the one pic, looks amazing! 74 lisa in alabama On Thursday, September 29 at 9:25 pm Don’t have a panini maker…or a second skillet? A waffle iron does the same job, and makes fun sandwiches to eat! Tim On Saturday, October 1 at 3:18 pm Lisa, using a waffle iron is brilliant!!!!! This method will give a wonderful design that is unique. Look forward to trying this method soon!!! Tim 75 Ann On Thursday, September 29 at 9:49 pm This looks terrific – I’m all about a panini and/or a good sandwich! I look forward to your new book! 76 megan On Thursday, September 29 at 9:53 pm Your blog inspires me to cook….all day…everyday Thank you!! FloraChild 77 Andrea On Thursday, September 29 at 10:12 pm That is what we call over here in Australia – A Toasted Sandwich – you can put whatever you please in between two slices of what ever bread you like and toast it…….yummy food!!! 78 Michelle P. On Thursday, September 29 at 10:12 pm Oh yum!! This reminds me of my roommate in college who would dip cheese in Ranch dressing as a snack. That girl was onto something… 79 Karen C On Thursday, September 29 at 11:02 pm Sounds great! Try it with Caesar dressing with a sprinkling of cayenne instead of your ranch and mustard. Amazing! 80 CouponClippingCook On Friday, September 30 at 1:18 am Sounds like a delicious sandwich to me. I like the idea of slicing the chicken before cooking it instead of pounding it flat. Love that you added sharp cheddar cheese and bacon to this too…sounds so good. 81 Meg8277 On Friday, September 30 at 4:39 am This looks totally yum. But can anyone tell me why cheese in the US is orange?? Here in Australia we don’t have any orange cheese. Our Cheddar is a pale buttery yellow. HighPlainsMom On Friday, September 30 at 5:13 pm According to my grandpa, a dairy farmer from back in the day, the milk that grass-fed cows give in the spring and summer makes a very buttery yellow-colored cheese…..but in the winter, it was hard to get a consistent coloration and the cheese didn’t look as appetizing. Some ingenious farmer decided to start adding natural dyes to achieve the yummy orangey shade that is now synonymous with cheddar cheese. Is “orangey” a word? 82 Katrina @ Warm Vanilla Sugar On Friday, September 30 at 5:48 am Everyone needs a good panini in their life! 83 Kathy On Friday, September 30 at 6:54 am Hey, Just wanted to say I loved the writeup on you for Country Woman Magazine! What a gorgeous house, and beautiful children you have! 84 Aimee On Friday, September 30 at 7:22 am This is a Panini-rrific delightful sandwich… 85 Shaheen On Friday, September 30 at 10:37 am I love how beautifully the knife cut the chicken breast. I need to invest in better knives. 86 Lynn L On Friday, September 30 at 12:42 pm I love Panini sandwiches, but did not have a Panini maker. Browsing the Good Will Store one day, I spied a small George Foreman grill for $3.00. Makes perfect Panini sandiches! Will have to try this recipe. Thanks! 87 Seriously Sassy Mama On Friday, September 30 at 1:03 pm I love sandwiches. A slice of pear would be a yummy addition! I use a 10 year old george foreman grill to make ours. 88 Rose @ Walnut Acre On Friday, September 30 at 2:19 pm And now I am SO hungry! 89 The Teacher Cooks On Friday, September 30 at 4:05 pm Love paninis! 90 Melinda On Friday, September 30 at 5:59 pm Just made this but substituted mustard with Frank’s hot sauce. To. Die. For. 91 Martha in KS On Friday, September 30 at 6:17 pm I discovered that I had a Panini Maker the last time I got out my 35 yo waffle iron to make breakfast. Mine has grills that flip over to a smooth side. It makes perfect panins without having to buy another appliance. Maybe you’ve got a Panini Maker & didn’t know it. 92 Alice On Friday, September 30 at 9:45 pm Mmmmm. When I make paninis, I use my George Foreman countertop grill! I never use it for grilling, so it’s nice to give it a new purpose 93 healthy educator On Friday, September 30 at 11:54 pm I came across you blog today and really love both the recipes and photography. Do you have a healthy version of country fried chicken you could post? I love country cooking! 94 Sandi On Saturday, October 1 at 7:37 am Sounds wonderful but I’d have to forgo the dressing and add lettuce & tomato instead. Still have a few pounds to go on my goal weight! 95 Anna On Saturday, October 1 at 7:54 am Off to the shops to get the ingredients for these, thanks, you’ve made my day! 96 Kris Taylor On Saturday, October 1 at 9:32 am Looks yummy, but I would have to substitute bleu cheese dressing for ranch. Can’t stand ranch and don’t understand it’s appeal. On the East coast (Boston) it is customary to have bleu cheese not ranch. I now live in Las Vegas and they give ranch with buffalo wings etc etc …yuck! 97 Rye T. On Saturday, October 1 at 6:22 pm Hi Ree! Sorry this comment has nothing to do with this entry but may I suggest a section where one could browse all the get-togethers and other special events you have hosted so far? Also, perhaps a section to browse all the food-related posts that aren’t about cooking or recipes, like that entry you had about what you ate in Chicago. I love reading entries like these and was wondering if there could be an easier way to find them? Cheers! 98 K On Saturday, October 1 at 6:25 pm *drool* 99 Becky On Saturday, October 1 at 7:56 pm I made these sandwiches last night! They were SO good. I have loved your new show. I have recently been making lots of your recipes and we have lived them all. I am married to a meat and potatoes man as well. Thanks pioneer woman. 100 Jess @ Possible Baker On Saturday, October 1 at 9:30 pm Yummm….seriously, I just got done eating a chicken panini sandwich before I read this! It didn’t have bacon, though…a must have for next time!

Sep 17 2011 Cajun Chicken Pasta 637 Comments Print Recipe Posted by Ree in All PW Recipes, Chicken, Marlboro Man Approved, Pasta, Tasty Kitchen Featured: Cajun Chicken Pasta | | | >>IMAGE maryloves2cook On Monday, February 1 at 10:28 am My husband is going to love this! Maybe this will be what I make him for our 25 year anniversary (we started dating in 1985!)! Thanks for a great looking recipe! 2 Donna On Monday, February 1 at 10:28 am Looks and sounds wonderful….need to get the cajun spice first. Lizzy On Saturday, September 17 at 12:30 pm There is a seasoning that Ree made for a chicken recipe (I think it was her tortilla soup recipe) that is 1 part each of cumin, paprika, cayenne pepper, and seasoning salt; I didn’t have cajun seasoning either, but this seasoning was just the trick! 3 Child MODE On Monday, February 1 at 10:31 am Why must you make the most delicious looking dishes? It is a tease I tell you, a tease!! 4 Deseree On Monday, February 1 at 10:32 am Be still my heart! I used to eat something similar to this at my first job. It was absolutely delicious, as I’m sure this is . I’ve begun making something similar recently except I use shrimp. Delish! 5 Tina Gibson On Monday, February 1 at 10:32 am I’ve made something similar for years but never added fresh tomato. I’ll try that next time. I love this dish so much! 6 Jessica @ How Sweet On Monday, February 1 at 10:32 am I love cajun dishes!! This looks fabulous! 7 Mags On Monday, February 1 at 10:32 am Well now I know what I’m feeding the hockey boys tonight 8 Gail S On Monday, February 1 at 10:33 am I can’t wait to make this for my husband. He’ll love this! 9 megan On Monday, February 1 at 10:33 am oh my, this looks so good. I love pasta dishes. I wonder if I could use Emeril’s essence in this…I just made some and it’s pretty spicy… i can’t wait to try this 10 Sonia Swensen On Monday, February 1 at 10:34 am This looks absolutely perfect! I too am a pasta addict – and pasta with chicken and veggies is ALWAYS a winner for me! I’ll make it tonight! Thanks PW! 11 the domestic fringe On Monday, February 1 at 10:34 am I think that my husband would love this recipe! Thanks for letting me know exactly what ‘cajun’ spices are. I’ve often wondered, because I don’t really have any prepared cajun seasoning in the house. -FringeGirl 12 C.C. On Monday, February 1 at 10:35 am This looks very good – and actually pretty healthy. Thanks for showing the proper pepper preparation. I always struggle with chopping peppers and it’s because I’ve been doing it wrong all this time! C.C. My Card Making site! Latest Tutorial: Origami fun on your cards! 13 Kel - rewritingkel On Monday, February 1 at 10:35 am I agree this looks and sounds delicious. I have added this to my list of recipes and plan to make it next week. 14 elizabeth On Monday, February 1 at 10:35 am For those of you looking for a cajun spice, I recommend Tony Chachere’s. We put it on everything! It’s delish joann On Tuesday, September 20 at 12:20 pm i dont know what anyone does without Tony chachere’ either. I also put it on everything Juliana On Saturday, November 19 at 6:28 pm I put that spice on just about everything too! 15 thegypsychick On Monday, February 1 at 10:35 am those Chubby little noodles are calling my name…. YUM! 16 Linda On Monday, February 1 at 10:35 am Oh my! This looks fabulous! So much better than the poptart I’m eating at my desk! Have to try this one very soon! 17 Kevin R. from K.C. On Monday, February 1 at 10:35 am I love your photos. Cajun pasta is one of my faves. Thank you. 18 alice On Monday, February 1 at 10:36 am Reminds me of one of my favorite pasta dishes at Cheesecake Factory.. love it! 19 Julane On Monday, February 1 at 10:36 am This looks wunnerful… yum yum yum! 20 MJ On Monday, February 1 at 10:37 am YUM! I’m thinking this will be dinner tonight! Can you tell us more about the pan? I’m too intimidated by cast iron in general, but preseasoned might be right up my alley! 21 Cherrie On Monday, February 1 at 10:38 am I am a complete sucker for pasta! 22 Pamela Payne On Monday, February 1 at 10:39 am Ree! Tell us where you got the skillet, what brand it is, etc. Thanks! 23 Erika On Monday, February 1 at 10:39 am God that looks SO GOOD. Definitely saving this one. 24 meggo my eggo On Monday, February 1 at 10:39 am oh my. i NEED this. and it’s only 9:40am … i am getting the ingredients for this (and the chocolate cupcakes) tonight!! 25 Beki - TheRustedChain On Monday, February 1 at 10:39 am Looks amazing! 26 ms ellie On Monday, February 1 at 10:40 am I’m excited by cookware: that’s the gospel truth. I can relate. 27 Aimee On Monday, February 1 at 10:40 am *pan envy* Bobbi On Monday, September 19 at 9:18 am “pan envy” – HA I love that! 28 Amy @ Cheerful Cookery On Monday, February 1 at 10:40 am I’ll admit it, I’m afraid of spice. But I am so not afraid of cream, so I may just have to give this a try. Curious if the acidity of the wine was problematic with your cast iron pan? I know you said it was pre-seasoned, but I’ve learned to take pre-seasoning with a grain of salt – it’s definitely taken mine a while to build up. 29 jan On Monday, February 1 at 10:41 am Needed a dish to take to a friend tomorrow night but might have to double it so we can have it too. Looks delish !!! 30 linda v On Monday, February 1 at 10:42 am The recipe looks wonderful, but I need to know more about the pan-Please!!! 31 Jessica On Monday, February 1 at 10:42 am Hoooooo boy. 32 Jenny On Monday, February 1 at 10:42 am This looks amazing! I have a bunch ‘o guys in the family who would adore this dish! 33 Win On Monday, February 1 at 10:44 am Recipe looks great. I’ll try it soon. I just bought a Lodge cast iron Dutch oven and LOVE it. Best of all, it is made right here in America. Tennessee, I think. 34 Win On Monday, February 1 at 10:45 am Forgot to say that you can find the Lodge brand at Target. 35 Michelle N On Monday, February 1 at 10:45 am This looks delicious!! My kids and husband would love this. 36 Katie On Monday, February 1 at 10:46 am I am now SO HUNGRY and at school for the next four hours. 37 Julie Anne On Monday, February 1 at 10:47 am OH MY WORD!!!! Must run to the grocery store this instant!! I am salivating!! 38 Nicole On Monday, February 1 at 10:48 am This looks soooo good!!!! I’ll have to add it to my menu for next week! 39 melanie On Monday, February 1 at 10:48 am Ree you rock the pasta dishes. This looks amazing! 40 Lacey Wehrle On Monday, February 1 at 10:50 am YUM!! 41 Kasey On Monday, February 1 at 10:51 am This looks yummy! I’m a pasta addict too…well definitely a carb addict. Why limit it to pasta? 42 golonghorns On Monday, February 1 at 10:52 am Yummo! 43 Kimi On Monday, February 1 at 10:54 am Love the pan. Where did you get it? 44 Karen On Monday, February 1 at 10:54 am another good one for me to try out – looks great and I bet it taste great too! Karen 45 AMC On Monday, February 1 at 10:59 am Do you want to make all of us really fat??!!! thanks for sharing all of your amazing recipes. 46 Carole On Monday, February 1 at 11:02 am I so want this for breakfast. Right now. 47 cookincanuck On Monday, February 1 at 11:02 am I enjoyed a dish like this many years ago, though it had andouille sausage in it. You have inspired me to pull out the recipe. However, I think I like your version better, particularly the addition of all the veggies. Makes the sausage and cream seem less evil. 48 Tansasser On Monday, February 1 at 11:02 am I’m pretty sure you just made my husband’s life. He loves cajun and I happen to have nearly all of the ingredients on hand. Guess what we’re having for dinner tomorrow? 49 Bonnie On Monday, February 1 at 11:02 am I received your cookbook for Christmas-love at first read!! I have made about 12 recipes from the book and many from your blog. Every recipe has been a success. Last night I did the steak with the blue cheese onion gravy and the sides you mentioned-heaven on a plate! My adult daughters are now checking out the blog. Love you for keeping it real and sharing your talents. 50 Alisha in Ohio On Monday, February 1 at 11:02 am This looks delicious! Reminds me of the Cajun Jambalaya Pasta I used to get all the time when I worked at The Cheesecake Factory. I’ll have to give this a try. I miss that dish so much! PS: P-Dub, you rock! (though you already know that I’m sure!) 51 thy hand On Monday, February 1 at 11:02 am Wow- that looks delicious- I may have to give it a try and see if we like it better than our Cajun Chicken Pasta. Ours is slightly different in that it doesn’t call for cream or wine, instead it uses parmesan cheese. Thanks for the recipe! Here’s ours… 52 Ginny On Monday, February 1 at 11:03 am I’ll be heading out in a few minutes to acquire what is missing from my kitchen in order to make this dinner for tonight. I am salivating at present just thinking about it! Thanks for sharing, Ree! Cheers 53 April Hamilton On Monday, February 1 at 11:07 am Everytime you post a recipe I want to eat it right now!! I haven’t even had breakfast and I want Cajun Chicken Pasta for breakfast!! I can almost smell it cooking! You are a bad influence I think….Now I need to go and check my pantry and refrid for all the ingredients!!! I know what were having for dinner! 54 Tammy Chamberlin On Monday, February 1 at 11:09 am Looks fantastic! Too many ingredients that I don’t usually keep on hand, though. This would be for a special occasion only at my house. Sarah On Monday, September 19 at 7:54 pm It is worth a trip to the store! 55 Katie (The Life of a Firefighter's Wife) On Monday, February 1 at 11:09 am Sounds wonderful, although I might take the rice route over the pasta route. 56 Carolina Girl On Monday, February 1 at 11:10 am I was planning to make Cajun Chicken Pasta tonite, guess I’ll just have to give your recipe a try! 57 Bridget in Minnesota On Monday, February 1 at 11:11 am Sounds and looks wonderful. I am off to the grocery store. But, first, I have a question for you. Why do you cut off the ends of peppers? I always cut out the stem and the little dark spot on the bottom, so I can use every possible bit. I wonder if I am missing some kind of culinary rationale. 58 Lynda On Monday, February 1 at 11:13 am What an awsome recipe! My family will love this- it’s different from our ususal pasta dishes. Thanks! 59 Bobosaurus Wrangler On Monday, February 1 at 11:13 am Woo, this looks so hearty and warm and delicious! I’d probably have to leave out the peppers, or pick them out one by one, but for the flavor it looks worth it, yum! 60 Dandy On Monday, February 1 at 11:13 am I am so hungry. 61 Emily Nedry On Monday, February 1 at 11:14 am Do you think the alcohol cooks out when you reduce it? It looks really yummy, but I don’t drink any alcohol for religious reasons. If it cooks out, I would be good to go! They used to have something like this on the menu at Cheesecake Factory that I loved (as in I ordered it every time for years until it mysteriously disappeared off the menu). Nadine On Wednesday, November 16 at 7:08 am Yes some of it will but probably not all – you could use some diluted white wine or cider vinegar. or grape juice with some white wine vinegar if you wanted it to be a little sweet. There’s a website with some alcohol cooking substitutes which is really useful – i use it when i know there’s going to be kids eating my food! hope that helps! 62 EG On Monday, February 1 at 11:15 am I would very much like to do this with half chicken, half shrimp. Just as soon as I get my daggone stinkin’ kitchen back!!!! AAAHHHHHHHHHH 63 Frosty On Monday, February 1 at 11:15 am yikes if i wasnt making stuffed pasta shells for supper tonight I would be making this .. looks delicious… 64 Delia Salazar On Monday, February 1 at 11:17 am OOOHHHHWEEEEE! I can’t wait to try this one! Looks good enough to make me wanna slap my mamma (but not really, because that would be extremely disrespectful and after all, she gave birth to me). But really, really looks delish! 65 Tupper Cooks On Monday, February 1 at 11:18 am My god that looks awesome- your photos are spectacular-it’s like I could reach out and grab those peppers- outstanding! 66 mindy@thesuburbanlife On Monday, February 1 at 11:19 am Dang that looks good! I think it’s a testament to my own cooking that neither one of my kids sneaks their hands in to take a bite before dinner…ever. Should work on that. =) Mindy 67 MplsCathy On Monday, February 1 at 11:19 am I really must know more about this pan. Do tell! 68 Carla On Monday, February 1 at 11:20 am Looks great, can’t wait to try it. 69 annie On Monday, February 1 at 11:21 am Oh my! As soon as I can gather the ingredients, this will be dinner, tonight! Thanks, PW! 70 Stay-At-Home-Chef On Monday, February 1 at 11:23 am Is it a problem that I want to make EVERYTHING on your site?! Just ordered your cookbook and am looking forward to reviewing soon… 71 Jo F. On Monday, February 1 at 11:24 am We’re tired of same old same old; this looks like just the thing to change it up a little. Thanks! 72 Carla On Monday, February 1 at 11:24 am sounds great 73 Carrie On Monday, February 1 at 11:24 am OMG that looks so delicous. My youngest doesn’t like peppers so I’ll have to wait and make that on a night that he is out with his buddies. I can’t wait to try it – thanks. 74 mosheep Denise Lamb On Monday, February 1 at 11:24 am This looks great. Definitely will be on the menu this week. Denise 75 Gayle in GA On Monday, February 1 at 11:25 am The recipe looks great. I have the same Lodge dutrch oven, 5 qu 76 Georgia.Pellegrini On Monday, February 1 at 11:28 am my mouth is watering! i can taste it just by looking at it. 77 Deep South Dish On Monday, February 1 at 11:29 am Sounds pretty yummy to me! 78 Kelly On Monday, February 1 at 11:29 am Do your little ones eat this? 79 Gayle in GA On Monday, February 1 at 11:30 am I have the same Lodge dutch oven and love it. Lodge is a small family owned business in Pitttsburg, Tennessee. I use their black iron skillets and griil. It’s a great little company and I’ve visited their plant. You can check them out at and place an order. 80 Sarah On Monday, February 1 at 11:30 am Wow. This looks awesome! I can’t wait to try it out. 81 Jenny Benedict On Monday, February 1 at 11:32 am I, like you, am obsessed with cookware (and cutlery). I recently got a part time job at Bed Bath and Beyond, just so I could get discounts on their products. I would love it if you could post a list of what cookware and cutlery you have. 82 Lori M. On Monday, February 1 at 11:36 am This sounds delicious! I will definately have to make it for my husband. 83 leslie On Monday, February 1 at 11:36 am in honor of the new orleans saints (even though i am rooting for the colts), i’ll make this sweet recipe for superbowl! 84 Heart of a Country Home On Monday, February 1 at 11:37 am Love the skillet with the see through lid!!! My hubby is all into making Jambalaya right now and he would love this since it’s similar…kinda. 85 GA in GA On Monday, February 1 at 11:39 am Tomorrow night’s dinner . . . although I have enough cream, I do not have the peppers. I wonder if I only made PW recipes for a year if I’d qualify for time at the lodge, to work off the weight by being a ranch hand . . . 86 Marilyn H. On Monday, February 1 at 11:43 am Ree! How delightful. I think in my browsing down to this point (in comments) there are a lot of us that would like to know lots and lots more about Lodge cast iron cookware. That is all my mother and my grandmother cooked with. But through the passing of years, I wasn’t the recipient of ANY of their hand-me-downs. Every meal ever prepared in our kitchen come straight from 2 or three of those shiny black (and heavy) babies. I love my French cast iron dutch ovens (2) but would love to have a couple of the “old black” skillets. I know they require seasoning and such and special care. That is probably what has kept me away so far. But now, as you mentioned, you can buy them pre-seasoned. Which is better? And with lids? What a novel idea? Who was the suit who actually ok’d that idea? (Don’t get me started!) Maybe a research day is in order. A day in the city, back to your beloved restaurant supply store, or a quick phone call to the Lodge Cast Iron Company. I’m sure a celebrity of your stature and world-wide acclaim could get us the skinny on their process and care. What do you think? My morning report. Thank you for your attention. Your staff and trusy assistant in Utah, Marilyn Hausknecht OH and. . . . the pasta looks really good too! 87 wynne On Monday, February 1 at 11:43 am I love kitchen equipment too. What is the brand of your new pan? 88 Janet On Monday, February 1 at 11:45 am I have been looking for a lid for my cast iron pan for ages! Can’t find one that fits quite right – where did you find that? 89 Annette Mary On Monday, February 1 at 11:45 am My goodness, that looks delish. I love pasta anything and this sounds like heaven. Thanks 90 Sandy in Texas On Monday, February 1 at 11:46 am Got to have this pan….I love cast iron! Please share with all of us….please, Ree? Pretty please? Would you? Please! 91 Lisa The Cajun Bumpkin On Monday, February 1 at 11:46 am CAJUN HINT**** WHEN STIRRING ALL TOGETHER AT THE END ADD GOAT CHEESE AND STIR! NOW YOU GOT IT! 92 Martha Blanchard On Monday, February 1 at 11:49 am I’m excited by cookware too! I’m anxiously awaiting delivery of my new 5 qt. Lodge pre-seasoned cast iron dutch oven WITH a lid thank you very much! 93 Teresa On Monday, February 1 at 11:50 am I am in love with your web site! It is pure joy to have the added play by play pictures with the step by step recipe. I’m not kidding! Pure reading pleasure. I can’t wait to try this dish…and normally I wouldn’t because I’ve always stayed away from Cajun food because it usually is too spicey for me. But the pictures and description on this page literally made my mouth water! haha! Also, I’ve never purchased a iron skillet/pan. I would love to know what brand you bought and where it can be purchased. Maybe you could Tweet the information? Love your work…you’re the best! Move over Martha!! 94 Dawn On Monday, February 1 at 11:51 am This makes me homesick for Louisiana! I am so making this this week. 95 GA in GA On Monday, February 1 at 11:51 am The website for Lodge cookware: 96 Heather On Monday, February 1 at 11:51 am Oh that looks so good! Thanks, now I’m starving! 97 Brit Linstrom On Monday, February 1 at 11:52 am I’ve been looking for a recipe for cajun chicken! I’m so happy you posted this! Thank you!!! 98 Denise On Monday, February 1 at 11:57 am ooooh My that does look good! But my son says don’t add onions don’t add onions.. so perhaps I will try it without the onions! heheh 99 Spruce Hill On Monday, February 1 at 11:57 am Oh anything involving heavy cream and I am there! Looks great! 100 Samantha On Monday, February 1 at 12:01 pm This sounds scrumptious. I am going to be making it this week.

Volcano House, 2 Bedrooms + Convertible Bed(s), 2 Baths (Sleeps 4-6) $230/nt Write a Review Guest: Adrian (Concord ( Bay Area), California) Date of Stay: 03/15/12 Review Submitted: 04/16/12 I've stayed in many rental homes on vacations in the past and this has been my favorite! My husband and I stayed here for 2 nights and had the most relaxing time in Volcano. The place was nice and cozy and was beautifully decorated. The wrap around lanai had plenty of seating to relax, which helped us feel removed from the hussle and bussle of travel, and after a long day it was nice to relax by the fire with complimentary fire wood. It also helps to have the fridge stocked with eggs, yogurt, banana bread, and kona coffee to get a day started right! If I get lucky enough to return to the magical place that is Volcano, I will be staying here again!!!! Thanks Peggy! Owner response:Thank You for sharing your magical experience! Your words describe the same feelings that I get when I too escape to my Volcano Home to leave the everyday demands behind. Look forward to seeing you again! Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Adventure seekers, families with teenagers, girls getaway, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: CD (Florida) Date of Stay: 03/06/12 Review Submitted: 04/13/12 We stayed at Pele’s Garden from 3 days in March 2012 and wished we could have stayed longer. We had researched this place only on the VRBO website and read the previous comments. They were all correct. The house worked perfectly for two couples. From the beginning, Peggy was very accommodating on answering our questions via phone and email before and during our stay. We were able to find the place easily from her directions. It was a perfect respite in Volcano. The atmosphere was very calming. We really enjoyed the house and the grounds especially for the price. It was the most “bang for our buck” we found on any of 4 islands. We enjoyed being able to have a nice home cooked breakfast in a nice setting. The Wi-Fi, TV, fireplace, washer, dryer, all kitchen appliances worked well. The beds were so comfortable we’re trying to find the equivalent for our own home. There is a book in the house that gives a lot of helpful information. Being able to bath in rainwater, have solar water heating, be able to recycle and have a compost bin was only icing on this 5 tiered beautiful cake. Two items of note: Make sure you understand the radiant wall heaters and how to turn on and off the electric H2O Heater for showers. Owner response:Thank You for your positive review of our secret little paradise. Your words say it all and are much appreciated. Thanks for the tip on the heating system. Hope to see you again! Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Age 55+, pet owners, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: HawaiiSUPDawg (Waikoloa, Hawaii) Date of Stay: 02/17/12 Review Submitted: 02/22/12 My husband and I stayed here for our 1-year anniversary with our young Labrador Retriever who loved the cold weather and sleeping on the beautiful bamboo floor. Although it rained most of the time, it provided the perfect opportunity to do nothing and just enjoy the wrap-around lanai with the hammock, the patio chairs, playing guitar, or sitting inside by the fire...sipping the wide variety of teas, Kona coffees, and indulging in the warm socks and tropical fruits that Peggy (the owner) provided. The house was spotless both inside and out, and our dog and I spent much time snooping around the yard to check out the interesting foliage, much of it being native Hawaii plants. Peggy was fantastic about answering all my questions right away and was a thoughtful, genuine person in all of our communications. Our out of town friends from Orcas Island, WA stayed a night with us, and we all agreed to plan another stay there next year. Plenty of room for all of us, too. There's no real grocery store in town, so either buy your fruits and veggies at the Sunday farmer's market in Volcano Village or stop in Hilo or Kea'au (18 miles away). We picked up delicious pizzas and salads at Keawe Kitchen and wine next door in the Village...and ate there at the house. Thai Thai is wonderful, too, as well as the other few restaurants. Owner response:Mahalo for your thorough and favorable review! Taking your time to post a review of our property, Pele's Secret Garden and the Volcano area is very much welcomed and appreciated. Thank you too for taking good care and cleaning up after your young lab. One wouldn't even have know that we had a doggie staying with us, and that's why we can continue to welcome pets, because of responsible pet owners like yourselves. Please come back and stay with us again. Recommended for:Adventure seekers, age 55+, families with young children, girls getaway, tourists without a car, pet owners, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Punkingee (Northern California) Date of Stay: 01/19/12 Review Submitted: 01/25/12 We loved this house from the huge sliding glass doors to the wonderful jetted bath to the secluded location. We've stayed in many rental houses in Volcano & this is by far the best. We loved the tropical fruit placed in a basket for us. Very clean. Quiet. The fireplace was wonderful on cool nights (all of the nights). Super highly recommended. Owner response:Mahalo for your positive review of my property. The comments from my guests say it all, and make the effort that is put into providing "highly recommended" Vacation Rental in Volcano all worth the while. Hope to "see" you again on your return. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Adventure seekers, age 55+, girls getaway, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Deirdra (Denver) Date of Stay: 11/06/11 Review Submitted: 12/14/11 Our honeymoon was so relaxing at Pele's Secret Garden! Peggy has thought of everything and makes you feel right at home with wonderful fruits and snacks upon your arrival. After our days of exploring, we couldn't wait to come back to the comfortable couch, warm fire, and movies Peggy has available to watch. Thank you Peggy for helping to make our first visit to the area a memorable one! Owner response:Mahalo for taking your time to share your memorable honeymoon experience during your stay at Pele's Secret Garden. We so enjoy sharing our piece of paradise with you and in reutrn hearing your positive complements. Hope to see you again, maybe on your anniversary(?). Aloha! Recommended for:Romantic getaway Guest: Bernadette (Las Vegas, NV.) Date of Stay: 10/30/11 Review Submitted: 11/20/11 Four of us (two couples) stayed at Pele's Secret Garden for 3 days after spending a week in Kona. Wow. We were thrilled to see that the home looked just as beautiful inside and out as the pictures on the website portray. (Having rented several homes and apartments around the world in the past 5 years, we've seen all kinds of properties.) There is a beautiful deck with table and chairs and a hammock. We had coffee every morning outside, and the only sounds were the birds chirping. It was so relaxing and peaceful! The inside has all the amenities you'll need and it's very cozy and warm. The decor is beautiful and Peggy (the owner) has obviously put a great deal of time and thought into caring for this home. There's a full washer and dryer, hair dryer, extra pillows, etc. There's even umbrellas on the porch and warm socks by the door to keep your feet warm! Peggy really thought of everything to make her guests feel comfortable. We were there to celebrate my cousin's 25th wedding anniversary and Peggy had a very nice bottle of champagne waiting for us to help celebrate, along with a bowl of fresh fruit and baked goods. It's those little touches that were very impressive. It was also very simple to make arrangements with her. She answered all of my questions promptly and made the whole process very easy. The location of the cottage is great! We were minutes from the entrance to VNP. It was easy to get to the park. For restaurants, we highly recommend The Kiawe Kitchen. We had a fantastic lunch there. The pizza was fabulous and my husband said the lamb sandwich was one of the best he'd ever had. The Thai Thai restaurant was pretty good as well. I can honestly say we had no complaints about this property at all. It was beautiful, well-appointed, well-located, and I highly recommend it. My only caution would be that if you plan on bringing young children, be aware that the cottage isn't exactly child-proof. You'll be spending lots of time making sure the little ones don't break any of the beautiful vases, pottery, etc. Owner response:Mahalo for your beautiful review. It's comments like this that make it all worth my while. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Adventure seekers, age 55+, families with teenagers, girls getaway, pet owners, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Anonymous Date of Stay: 08/11/11 Review Submitted: 08/23/11 We stayed for a week in Pele's Secret Garden as part of our honeymoon in North America. As my husband said on the first evening "everything is beautiful" and its true. Peggy has filled the house with a thousand beautiful things but also with much care and love. It was a privilege to spend time in this beautiful tranquil rainforest retreat. On top of that the house has every modern convenience and the fridge was full of breakfast delights and a bottle of champagne to celebrate our wedding. We will never forget our time in this special place. Mahalo Peggy. Owner response:Thank you for making your Honeymoon plans here at Pele's Secret Garden. It's always a pleasure to hear such positive feedback. We wish you a beautiful life together. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Volcano Visitor (Atlanta, GA) Date of Stay: 07/15/11 Review Submitted: 07/25/11 We had a wonderful time staying at Pele's Secret Garden! This home is just lovely and is oh-so comfortable! It didn't feel at all like a "rental," rather it felt like we were a guest in someone's well-appointed home. The beds were heavenly...my insomniatic husband slept like a baby, and the fireplace was so cozy for the chilly nights (which we were unprepared for!). I was amazed by how eco-friendly the house was with the solar water heater and filtered rainwater. We very much appreciate Peggy's personal welcome note, the fresh fruit, and the yummy banana bread. Thank you! Owner response:Your review is much appreciated! Lots of Aloha to you and your family. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Families with teenagers, girls getaway, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Qileina (Big Island) Date of Stay: 06/20/11 Review Submitted: 06/27/11 We have stayed at Pele's Secret Garden twice in the past six months, with different family members. Although we live on island, we like to spend a couple of nights when exploring the volcano, and Pele's S.G. is the real deal! So many VRBO's exaggerate their offerings, but this is exactly as described. Convenient, clean, charming, filled with beautiful things, comfortable beds and sofas. A hammock on the deck for sunny days and a fireplace for cool nights. Owner Peggy is gracious, generous, and communicative. Highly recommended. Owner response:It's always good to hear from a local resident of the Big Island that your stay at Pele's Secret Garden met your expectations. Your comments mean a lot! Mahalo and and please come visit us again. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Age 55+, families with teenagers, girls getaway, pet owners, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Debbie (Downingtown, Pa./USA) Date of Stay: 05/19/11 Review Submitted: 06/02/11 Our family stayed two nights at this tropical paradise. Peggy has put much love and thought into her beautiful home, and does everything to make your stay enjoyable. We have stayed at many hotels and rental homes in our travels, and Pele's Secret Garden is one of our favorites. We thoroughly enjoyed the solitude and privacy, the well stocked kitchen, and the beautiful gardens and wrap around porch. The location cannot be beat. You are so close to VNP, and the village of Volcano, yet able to find incredible peace,relaxation, and privacy at Pele's secret Garden. Mahalo Peggy! Owner response:Mahalo for your thoughtful comments. It's responses like this that make all worth while. We look forward to having you back again. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Adventure seekers, age 55+, families with teenagers, girls getaway, romantic getaway. Guest: Alix West (West Chester, Pa) Date of Stay: 05/14/11 Review Submitted: 06/20/11 This house was one of the most beautiful welcoming, tranquil places we've ever stayed, and it's located minutes from Volcanoes Nat'l park and other fabulous places to visit. From the minute you drive down the driveway you know you've found a little slice of heaven. Peggy, the owner could not have been more helpfufl or responsive when we booked this, and her hospitality continued with a beautiful note, fresh fruit, and bottle of wine and breakfast goodies to welcome us upon our arrival. My husband and I stayed her along with another couple for 3 nights and wished we could have stayed for 3 weeks. The little town of Volcano is also minutes away and has several restaraunts. We tried them all and found the food to be delicious in each. We would highly recommend this property for anyone. Recommended for:Adventure seekers, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Kona Visitor (New Jersey) Date of Stay: 04/09/11 Review Submitted: 04/21/11 My family of 4 with 2 teenagers had a great stay here during our visit to Volcano. The house is very cozy and nice. My son gravitated to the hammock on the lanai. The wrap around sofa and fireplace are nice too. The whole house is very comforable. The birds visiting the bird feeder were beautiful. We stayed on a Sat. and Sun. night and there weren't many restaurants open on Sun. night in Volcano. Take that into account when planning. My family decided it was the most comfortable place we stayed on the island. It was also very nice to have breakfast food and fruit provided. The house is full of cozy and thoughtful gestures. Also, the neighborhood is mostly residential and was a good running place for my daughter. We visited the Volcano farmer's market and got good food and gifts to take home. Owner response:We appreciate all your positive comments and tips and welcome your return if you decide to visit Volcano again. Best Wishes and Lots of Aloha from Hawai'i. Recommended for:Age 55+, families with teenagers, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: CG (Edmonton, AB Canada) Date of Stay: 02/13/11 Review Submitted: 02/25/11 This home made our stay in Volcano very comfortable. We really appreciated the fresh fruit and well stocked kitchen. We had our 1 1/2 year old with us and despite the home not being baby proofed we were provided with a high chair complete with plate and spoon as well as a travel cot for the baby. The home was absolutely spotless, I cannot say enough good things about our stay. Thank you so much Peggy for all your attention to detail. Owner response:Mahalo for your wonderful comments. It was a pleasure having you and your family stay here at Pele's Secret Garden. With Best Regards, Peggy Recommended for:Adventure seekers, people with disabilities, age 55+, families with teenagers, families with young children, girls getaway, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Marie77777 (Sterling, Alaska) Date of Stay: 02/07/11 Review Submitted: 02/13/11 We stayed for 3 nights and enjoyed every minute. Would definately stay again, wished we could have stayed longer. Exceeded expections. Beautiful, well decorated, clean home with a stocked kitchen, feels like home. With 2 walls of solid windows in the open living/dining/kitchen area it feels like one is outside while being inside. Home is extremely quiet and peaceful in the middle of a subdivision, offset from the street, absolutely no road noise. Perfect location for exploring the volcano park. Owner is wonderful! Owner response:Thank you for your lovely comments! Recommended for:Adventure seekers, age 55+, families with teenagers, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Working Guest (Oregon) Date of Stay: 01/21/11 Review Submitted: 02/02/11 Wow - what a place to come and stay. It's just perfect. My husband and I loved every minute we had at Pele's Secret Garden. It had all the amenities we needed - including great Internet service (for some work). Quiet and secluded. Enjoyed laying on the hammock in the sun and laying in bed at night listening to the rain on the roof. Only minutes from the volcano and a few great restaurants just across the way in Volcano Village. We however - also enjoyed the convenience of a full kitchen - even a BBQ. Come and stay here - you will not be disappointed! Owner response:Thank You Guys! You were awesome guests and really look forward to having you back again. Mahalo Nui, Peggy Recommended for:Adventure seekers, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Kathy (Durham, NC) Date of Stay: 12/26/10 Review Submitted: 01/02/11 We stayed here for four nights after Christmas 2010 with our two kids (ages 8 and 15). The house was wonderful! The pictures don't do it justice! We enjoyed the spaciousness, the quiet setting, the convenience to the national park, and the many amenities in the house. We hated to leave! Peggy was a delight to work with and helped make this vacation one of our best ever! Owner response:Thank you Kathy, your positive feedback is very much appreciated and makes what I do all worth the while. It was my pleasure having you and your family here for the holidays. Please join us again. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Families with teenagers, families with young children, girls getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Lisa from San Fran (San Francisco, CA) Date of Stay: 10/24/10 Review Submitted: 11/09/10 My husband, brother, and sister-in-law spent two nights at Pele's Secret Garden. We wanted to experience the Hilo side of the Big Island while taking in Volcano National Park. Peggy was so easy to talk with and quick to respond to emails. Finding the home was easy! Volcano is a pretty small town so luckily we bought some food and cooked at our vacation home for one night enjoying a couple bottles of wine. The beds were super comfy and the kitchen pristine. The entrance to the national park was super close. One thing I'd tell future people staying here is that Peggy goes above and beyond as far as providing the essentials. The fridge was stocked with breakfast making us feel like our Safeway stop before coming here was a waste. I would highly recommend Pele's Secret Garden to anyone travelling to Volcano. Owner response:Lisa and Family, Thank you so much for your favorable comments, we appreciate it and welcome you back to stay at Pele's Secret Garden anytime. Mahalo, Peggy Recommended for:Families with teenagers, families with young children, girls getaway, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Mikey B (Long Island, NY) Date of Stay: 10/04/10 Review Submitted: 11/12/10 After many trips to the Big Island and always staying in Kona or Kohala, we decided to stay 3 nights closer to Volcano National Park. The secret to Pele's secret garden is .....Peggy! This is a beautiful property. Spacious and relaxing. It quickly felt like home. Would recommend it to others. Peggy quickly replied to my inquiry and questions. If you feel like you would spend some time in the park, then you need to stay nearby, and this place should be considered. Owner response:Mahalo Mikey B for your positive review of your stay at Pele's Secret Garden. It is truly comments like this from people like you that tell us that we are succeeding in our efforts to provide an outstanding and memorable experience for our guests who choose to make their stay here at Pele's Secret Garden, Volcano, HI. Please come back again. Aloha, Peggy Recommended for:Adventure seekers, age 55+, families with teenagers, families with young children, girls getaway, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Ruha (Auckland New Zealand) Date of Stay: 09/11/10 Review Submitted: 09/17/10 My two friends and I arrived in the dark after a long day of touring the Big Island. The house is amazing and we were so thrilled to find everything we needed for instant relaxation, a hot bath, a glass of wine and a quick meal prepared in a chefs kitchen- everything was easy to find. We had an early night and woke up surrounded by the green ferns on every side of the house- really lovely. Breakfast included fresh fruit left for us by Peggy and bagels and cream cheese. Wonderful. Thanks so much Peggy for allowing us to experience your hospitality on the Big Island. Memories will go on for many years. Ruth, Donna and Laurie from Aotearoa New Zealand Recommended for:Age 55+, families with young children, girls getaway, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: cedargrovefan (Fremont, CA) Date of Stay: 08/28/10 Review Submitted: 11/18/10 If you think the pictures are nice, wait to see the actual property: It is better! The owner Peggy is also very nice and helpful, which definitly contributed to the fantastic experience we had at this place. When we arrived, we found a tray full of tropical fruits left for us on the kitchen counter. We bought some groceries on our way, realizing that we didn't really need them. My wife and I were travelling with our one year old baby and her crib was already set up when we arrived. We only stayed for 3 nights, which was very short, given the comfortable home and beautiful surroundings. It was very difficult to leave, believe me. We will definitely be back and this time for a longer stay! Owner response:Aloha and Mahalo, your positive comments about your stay with your family at Pele's Secret Garden are much appreciated. Please come and join us again. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for:Families with teenagers, families with young children, romantic getaway, sightseeing. Guest: Anonymous Date of Stay: 02/20/10 Review Submitted: 02/20/10 We just returned from a week in Volcano at Pele's Secret Garden. The home is very well-suited to vacationers - and the flowers and fruit and breakfast foods were generous and thoughtful. Our time there included some nights with relatives from Honolulu, one of whom is has substantial physical challenges. He found no problem navigating the house. Truly was all the comforts of home, but in a fern jungle! Owner response:Thank you for your lovely comments. Sincerely, Peggy Recommended for: Guest: The Ryans3 (San Mateo, CA) Date of Stay: 01/13/10 Review Submitted: 01/13/10 We just wanted to tell you how much we enjoyed our time staying in your home while visiting Volcano! Your home is lovely, luxurious, and relaxed, all at once (with the most comfortable beds ever!), and there is so much to see with Volcanoes National Park just a few minutes away. We wish we could have spent more time on this beautiful side of the island. We hope to be able to return one day! Owner response:Thank You Ryan's for commenting in my guest book. I am so pleased you enjoyed your stay here at Pele's Secret Garden in Volcano, Hawaii. Peggy Recommended for: Guest: Amy213 (San Francisco) Date of Stay: 08/28/09 Review Submitted: 08/27/09 Hi Peggy: Thank you for sharing Pele's secret garden with us. We had our little piece of heaven in the midst of vacano and rainforest for the past three days, and truly appreciated all the thoughtful details you arranged which made our stay so warm and cozy. The property is absolutly gorgeous - prettiest in our VRBO experience so far. Our toddler enjoyed running around the porch and yard and checking out the rocks, plants and windchimes. Every night we ate dinner while watching soft evening light outside fading into deep and quiet darkness. We also enjoyed reading the book"the old turtle and the truth" by the fireplace. Thanks again. We will definitely recommend to our friends and family. Recommended for: Guest: Anonymous Date of Stay: 05/25/09 Review Submitted: 05/25/09 Thank you so much for our stay at your beautiful home in Volcano. I took my mother there for a surprise Mother's Day trip. WOW, your home was beyond our expectations. All the details from the fresh flowers to the yummy treats waiting for us was amazing. We felt right at home in all the comforts a house should have. My mother is already talking about our next trip back. So you will definitely see us again! Recommended for: Guest: Anonymous Date of Stay: 03/02/09 Review Submitted: 03/02: Anonymous Date of Stay: 03/01/09 Review Submitted: 03/01: Lisa & Mark Date of Stay: 06/28/08 Review Submitted: 06/27/08.... Recommended for: Guest: Sharlene & Joe Date of Stay: 06/19/08 Review Submitted: 06/18/08 Thank you for renting us your beautiful house. We had a wonderful first leg of our honeymoon here. We highly recommend the hike to the Green Sand Beach and also the Kilauea Iki hike at Volcanos to future guests. We leave empowered by Pele's beauty and hope to visit again. Recommended for: Guest: Larry & Karen & Mike & Hanlen Date of Stay: 05/23/08 Review Submitted: 05/22/08 Your home far exceeded our expectations with all its amenities and features. The setting was great for winding down our vacation from the hustle and bustle of Maui. With this as our base we were able to take leisurly trips to the volcano, black sand beach and to Hilo for a plane ride over the island. Would definitely recommend your place to anyone coming to the Big Island. Recommended for: Guest: Anonymous Date of Stay: 04/13/08 Review Submitted: 04/13 Recommended for: Guest: Anonymous Date of Stay: 04/01/08 Review Submitted: 04/12 Owner response:Mahalo for your lovely comment about Pele's Secret Garden. It pleases me to hear that you had a warm and comfortable stay in my home. Having you as guests is my pleasure and I welcome your future return. Recommended for:

? While I am an ANE scholar and not a Roman one, I find it hard to believe that these estimates on ancient wealth concentration are anything other than complete ad hoc guesses. Furthermore, only a relatively tiny population of the Roman were citizens and many were slaves–it doesn’t get much more “unequal” than that. So, my guess is that all things being equal, wealth is more evenly distributed in modern America and Europe and opportunities for economic and social advancement are far greater now than they were in the ancient period. “In other words, what we see as the glory of Rome is really just the rubble of the rich, built on the backs of poor farmers and laborers, traces of whom have all but vanished.” This same realization hit me during a trip to London several years ago (living in Russia at the time, we went to London to renew visas and see old friends in England). This is true of all the places middle-class USAmericans love to travel. The museums of St. Petersburg, the Southern plantations, the castles of Europe, and the grand villas, the ruins of Rome, the mansions along the Hudson of NY…all are the old homes of the elite. History is written by the victors, as they say, and to the worldly eye, the 1% get the pen. It all gives us a false sense of the past. For example, we see a castle and think it’s romantic, not thinking of the cruelty, disease, and extortion that built it. Fairy tales, not history, are too often what we seek. The facts are clear but the question remains: when will we begin to question our national mythology that blinds us to these injustices? “Whereas the top 1 percent used to control a little over 30 percent of the wealth, they now control 40 percent.” 1. Why is that bad? 2. How do you propose to change it without hurting the economy and thereby the nation as a whole? Please answer the above without violating this one guideline: “Thou shalt not covet…” ChrisB (#4), Why is this bad? Wealth creates influence. If what you seek is a plutocracy (which is by-and-large what Rome was), then there is nothing wrong with this concentration of wealth. But such influence concentrated in so few hands is counter-productive to democratic ideals. How to change it without hurting the economy? This question is based on the belief that the 1% stimulate the economy more than the 99%. But which creates more jobs: One person buying a $50000 car or two people each buying a $25000 car? Taxes have little to do with coveting. If I covet something, I want it for myself. But taxes in a democratic society are about paying for the services that they believe need to be available to everyone (roads, clean water, safe travel, food, etc…). Do I benefit? Certainly. And so do you and everyone else reading this blog. But I’m not coveting, I’m asking that those who benefit the most from these things pay proportionallly. Indeed, it could be argued that this concentration of wealth in so few hands is supported by policies fueled by covetesness. @ChrisB wrote: 1. Why is that bad? 2. How do you propose to change it without hurting the economy and thereby the nation as a whole? Because societies with higher inequality feature lower levels of social “goods” — lesser educational achievement, lower life expectancy, more misogyny, and reduced trust amongst neighbors. Also, higher rates of incarceration, mental illness, obesity, violent crime (much greater homicide rate), poor infant/child health and higher rates of teen pregnancy. Inequality is like a pollutant that spreads through society. Also, it sets up an “arms race” of relative positioning, that siphons resources not only into extraneous resource over-consumption. but into gates, jails, police, etc.… In essence, Pottersville in place of Bedford Falls. Unequal societies are unhealthy societies. See the work of economists Robert Frank, Samuel Bowles and researchers Richard Wilkinson and others. Addressing the problem could start with simple measures of restoring taxation system to that of what was in place during America’s economic golden age (1930s to 1980) where the middle class became ubiquitous and the diamond shape structure in effect, as opposed to the economic “inequality” pyramid that has reigned for most of 6,000 years of human history. Not sure about your aphorism about “thou shall not covet” as anyone living in modern society rejects the notion that taxation is theft. That as part of a social contract (that also provides the middle class and affluent with functional highways, electricity, education, communication systems such as the internet, just about every modern technological marvel made possible primarily via public investment) grants economic opportunity and protection from privation as something that modern civilization does. The mental gymnastics that people will go through to rationalize their own desire to take from others continues to baffle and astound me. What’s wrong with being rich? I am very suspicious of criticizing the wealthy just because they are wealthy. Why? Because behind the criticism, I venture to guess, is nothing more than envy (the root of socialism and communism and other forms of totalitarianism). Taking from the rich, many of whom got that way by hard work and lots of sweat equity, and giving it to people who think they aren’t so equal, is simply immoral. @Wyatt wrote: Taking from the rich, many of whom got that way by hard work and lots of sweat equity, and giving it to people who think they aren’t so equal, is simply immoral. A LOT of people work hard and give A LOT of sweat equity, yet barely scrabble for a living. OTOH, many in the 1% never lift a finger, born with the proverbial silver spoon, and are rewarded handsomely for their zero work effort. If wealth was the inevitable result of hard work and enterprise, every woman in Africa would be a millionaire. Those at the top profit immensely from investment on the public dime and the toil of workers, not just domestic, but from exploited population all over the globe. Ensconced Americans living in comfort go about their business in blissful ignorance, but many throughout the world know the score. @DLS wrote: The mental gymnastics that people will go through to rationalize their own desire to take from others continues to baffle and astound me. — Does not address a single point made and simply accepts the deluded notion that “taxation equals theft” and blatantly disregards the social edifices and structures (along with “power over” mechanisms that inflict and maintain such imbalances throughout most of human history) that enables the capture of wealth and riches. #9 Naum, Thanks for your response. But it has the envy edge of which I spoke. I never said wealth was the inevitable result of hard work. What I did say is that many wealthy people have gotten wealthy because of hard work and it isn’t right to just take something of what they have earned and simply give to people who think they should be more equal. I also don’t know where you get the idea that many in the so-called 1% never lift a finger and are rewarded for their zero work effort. That sounds like you are whining and I don’t find your idea convincing because of it. You offered a lot of talking points but you never answered the question. What’s wrong with being wealthy? The decay of religion may have something to do with it, whether old Roman religion or the profligate and false Church that condones capitalism. A Christian who condones capitalism is a false Christian as much as a slaver or child rapist is a false Christian. I, for one, believe that economic justice is the best cause for just war in history and that such course is the moral and least destructive course. There is nothing intrinsically wrong with being wealthy. Especially with a global economy, we all make compromises with regard to our consumption. The poor in this country who shop at big box stores for clothing also benefit from the low wages paid to workers other countries, which allow for cheap production of such clothing, for example. The problem is not the economic system. The problem is greed, envy, the refusal to look beyond one’s nose about anything, and the difficulty and avoidance of understanding our own motivations. The line runs through the heart… I wish the tax revenue I pay were spent more wisely in many instances, but I have no problem with paying taxes; it’s called “promoting the general welfare” (the 18th century meaning of “welfare”). It boggles my mind that people see the paying of taxes for this purpose as “theft”. Dana Tell me then, how is it that you are rich? From whom did you receive it, and from whom did he transmit it to you? From his father and his grandfather. But can you, ascending through many generations, show the acquisition just? It cannot be. The root and origin of it must have been injustice. Why? Because God in the beginning did not make one person rich and another poor. He left the earth free to all alike. Why then if it is common, have you so many acres of land, while your neighbor has not a portion of it? ~John Chrysostom I think a lot of people have no idea how wealth is created. Dan said, “This question is based on the belief that the 1% stimulate the economy more than the 99%.” No, it is based on the belief that wrestling money away from the people who earn it tends to create disincentives to work and create wealth for other people. “I’m asking that those who benefit the most from these things pay proportionallly.” They do. Those 1% have 30% of the money and pay 40% of the taxes. @Naum, it’s almost like you believe the very presence of rich people causes cancers in our society. I think it’s greed that is a cancer. It’s not his riches but my desire for his riches that makes me miserable. @Anyone: How much is too much? How much should a person be allowed to have? Or how much should we be allowed to tax a person? “Enough” isn’t a good answer, because someone will always come up with another program that needs to be funded. How much is appropriate? 50%? 70%? At what point does taxation become excessive? And if you were going to be taxed at that level, how would that affect your decisions? How do you get to be part of this 1% unless you are greedy. And if you call all remedies against this greed a form of covetousness or envy, what solution do you propose? Where your greed injures my well being is where I have a right to speak out. DT, would you say that Bill Gates is greedy? Or Warren Buffet? ChrisB, these folks have some statistics that incorporate the overall picture: Frankly, if I got the same return for my taxes in terms of infrastructure, education and health care as they get in the Scandinavian countries, or even Germany or Switzerland, I’d be happy to pay 40%. Naum, in St John’s day, that was in fact the only way people got wealthy. That is not the only way today. Context matters. His call was for awareness and compassion and action within his context. His call would be the same for us, and the working out of it may not look exactly the same, because we have a different context. Dana @Jeff Doles wrote: DT, would you say that Bill Gates is greedy? Or Warren Buffet? Bill Gates, as a teenager, had opportunity presented that 99.999% of peers of his age were denied to — at a time when computing costs were measured in hundreds of dollars per hour, his parents got him access to computing machinery that simply was not available to most everybody else. He then, on the public dime (at a public university) developed most of the foundational “intellectual property” that he then leveraged as a toll booth on every desktop computer running Windows (and Mac OS too). Seriously, look into Gates history or give Malcolm Gladwell Outliers a read. Granted, Gates still achieved, as many do not take advantage of opportunity in front of them (or are blind to it, when it crops up), and not intending to denigrate wondrous achievements of Gates and MS, just establishing that it (a) happened on structure of giants that preceded and (b) largely was a result of public investment. The Buffet story I do not know but consider that both Gates and Buffet have lobbied recently for higher taxes on the wealthy. So, Naum, you would not say that Gates or Buffet are greedy. That refutes DT’s suggestion that one must be greedy to be in the 1%. There have been plenty of people, many homegrown as well as many immigrants, who started out with nothing but became successful and prosperous. They did not inherit wealth, they did not win it in a lottery, they did not steal it. Nor were they greedy. But they knew how to work hard and how to work smart, they knew how to save, they knew how to create goods and services, and how to build businesses that met needs and served their communities. They did not despise or spit at the wealthy, they learned how to create wealth themselves. They did not wait for someone to give them a slice of the pie, did not ask the gov’t to take pie from someone else and give it to them. They learned how to bake pie for themselves. In the process, they also put many others to work and provided income for them. God bless ‘em. I think we need to ground this conversation in the reality of present day policy. What is not stated here is that the divide being raised is over something like an additional 4% tax on those most able to afford it vs. the angst that the nation feels without it. We can argue all day in general terms, but the actual situation giving rise to the angst is not a rich or poor argument, it is strictly greed. The additional taxes for those most able to afford it are in the noise people. They would probably get even more rich by paying 10% but being active in ensuring the lower classes knew that they gave it to them. That’s what all the great American people in the past did, the Carnegies and such. What we should do is put a big statue of anyone who starts giving that much money to help the country right where everyone can see it. That would be the best way. Give them a big statue of their self, that is what they really want. As far as the original post, I actually don’t think the divide between the very rich and the rest is the issue. The issue is the percentage of the people who are destitute. You get enough people who are poor, and that is the direction we are heading, then it causes all kinds of societal problems. The rich in our country are much like the oil cartels in the middle east. They charge various amounts for oil to maximize they wealth. When they charge too much for oil their customers start to invest in electric vehicles and such. Their objective is to charge the most while making the people remain dependent on the oil. Its what any good drug dealer does. But the rich in the US balance the amount they siphon off from the poor, but only enough to stop them from revolting. It seems that we are reaching the point where the masses are starting to revolt, we will see what the rich do. But, as stated earlier, not all of the rich are that smart. Many of them are simply inhereted wealth. The may suck and suck and suck until there’s nothing left! DT#16, you do not need to be greedy to be part of the 1%. I know many 1%’ers who are just really smart and people are willing to pay them that much to solve lots of intellectual problems, like we are doing here. “How do you get to be part of this 1% unless you are greedy. And if you call all remedies against this greed a form of covetousness or envy, what solution do you propose?” Where did this arbitrary 1% distinction come from? Why not the top 2.5%? Or 5%? Why not the top 10%? Or top 25%? It is a ridiculous political marketing trick, and that is all it is. First, they use this as an absurd rallying call, as if the vast majority of Americans — even 99% of them! — would agree with them. “We are the 99%” is an outright lie. I suspect the number of Americans who agree with the majority of their proposals are a small minority, but we know for a fact that they are not 99% strong. Secondly, the policies they — as a majority — push wouldn’t only apply to the 1%. They would affect every person in the US indirectly, and would very directly affect far more than the top 1%. Third, it is just ridiculous to say that “all of the rich became rich through hard work and sweat”, as it is to say that “all of the top 1% (which is usually just code language for “anyone who is significantly more wealthy than I am”), are greedy”. Obviously, there are many who were incredibly philanthropic all the way to becoming incredibly wealthy, as well as those who stumbled into riches rather quickly based on a wonderful idea, as well as those who inherited wealth from someone else. To assume that they must be greedy is just absurd, logically speaking. I also can’t help but to point out that the very BOTTOM DECILE of Americans is better off *in terms of wealth* (which is exactly what we are talking about), than 66% of the rest of the world. What happens when the 99% of the global population hold you to the same standard to which you hold your fellow citizens? Are we prepared for a massive, forcible global transfer of wealth? Well, why not?! ChrisB, No, it is based on the belief that wrestling money away from the people who earn it tends to create disincentives to work and create wealth for other people. Actually, it could be argued that the demonstrated redistribution of wealth upwards has this effect. If you are middle class, why work hard when all of your money is going to support the 1%? They do. Those 1% have 30% of the money and pay 40% of the taxes. I’d be curious where you get your statistics. What you say may be true of income tax, but is definitely not true when other taxes are factored in. As just one example why, Social Security taxes (OASDI) cease after the first $106800 of income, making them a much lower percentage of income the more you earn. As for what is an appropriate amount, the Laffer Curve has been brought up here before. The difficulty with it is that you never know just where you are on the curve and very likely it is a moving target anyways. But others on this blog have argued that where the nation was in the 1970′s was too far to the right and where we are today may be too far to the left. Dana @12 “but I have no problem with paying taxes; it’s called “promoting the general welfare” (the 18th century meaning of “welfare”).” - This is not true. You need to read up on the views of the people who drafted that clause as to what they thought it meant. It did not mean ‘welfare’. DLS, I want to ask you to actually state what you mean instead of simply telling others to either “read up” or accuse people of “going through mental gymnastics”. Virtually know one here does not read up nor do they not go through lots of mental gyrations. Simply saying that is not argument. Thanks I did state exactly what I meant. A person who claims that the general welfare clause meant that the drafters of that section believed it meant “welfare” (in any way remotely close to how we know it) has not read up on the issue. Do you need a link? And yes, I do think that the endless handwringing over statistics like the one outlined in the main article constitute a process of rationalization for certain beliefs and behavior. …but DLS, you are not providing a basis for what you are saying. Yes, in the case where someone has given a quite specific point I would recommend that you provide a link. Dana has shown to be reliable here and you need to do more than simply say if you read more you will disagree. DLS, I most certainly did not mean “welfare” as in “welfare state”. That’s why I included the phrase “the 18th century meaning”. I don’t know where you got that idea. From merriam-webster.com: General: Middle English, from Anglo-French, from Latin generalis, from gener-, genus kind, class (more at “kin”) First Known Use: 14th century 1: involving, applicable to, or affecting the whole 2: involving, relating to, or applicable to every member of a class, kind, or group 3: not confined by specialization or careful limitation 4: belonging to the common nature of a group of like individuals : generic Welfare: Middle English, from the phrase wel faren – to fare well First Known Use: 14th century Synonyms: good, interest, weal, well-being I understand the phrase “general welfare” from the preamble of our Constitution as meaning the good, interest and well-being of our whole citizenry. I think that’s what the writers of the Constitution meant (even with “citizenry” restricted to males who owned land). Right now, I think the countries I mentioned above are promoting the well-being of their whole citizenries (not perfectly, granted) better than we are in the US. We seem to have lost our sense of what is for the common good – or at the least it’s being depressed by the fallout from the financial mess we’re in (which people who know more than I about economics agree is due to deregulation), and drowned out by people who want everyone else’s benefits cut, but not theirs (which has been shown by numerous reputable surveys). Dana “which ” SOME “people who know more than I about economics agree is due to deregulation” FTFY. DLS: From the Cato document: “…those objects are the broad ends or purposes of the Constitution, not just means or powers.” Yes, exactly. And I don’t think Madison would limit those “broad ends or purposes” only to what is specifically notated in the Constitution. From the Wikipedia article on Madison: “During these final years in the House of Delegates, Madison grew increasingly frustrated with what he saw as excessive democracy, especially the tendency for delegates to cater to the particular interests of their constituents, even if such interests were destructive to the state at large…. He thought legislators should be ‘disinterested’ and act in the interests of their state at large, even if this contradicted the wishes of constituents.” Jared: Dana Dana, have you read Madison outside of Wikipedia? Thanks Dana… But I fail to see how sharing a link that shows that Paul Krugman agrees with you regarding deregulation contradicts my claim that *only some* people who know more than you about economics believe that the (being charitable) primary cause of our current financial crisis is “deregulation.” The same goes for the (interesting) document regarding the Savings and Loan Crisis. You realize that for my claim to be true, I’d only need to share one economist (or, perhaps, even just someone who has studied economics academically) who disagrees that deregulation is the primary cause of the current financial crisis. Surely you acknowledge the existence of such economists, even if you don’t agree with them. BTW, I happen to agree that deregulation (and/or lack of regulation) did play a role in the financial crisis. But it was only one of many factors. Besides, it’s probably rather simple in hindsight to dream up one specific regulatory measure, or a suite of them, that could have either prevented — or mitigated — the financial crisis. But with systems as complex as the global economy, turned upside by the fluttering of a butterfly’s wings, it isn’t easy to know what other effects those regulatory measures would have had on our financial system. Furthermore, we don’t get the benefit of selecting our regulatory measures after the fact. So it’s terribly unlikely that we would have only implemented those regulations that would have actually helped prevent the financial crisis; rather, it’s likely that we would have implemented further unnecessary regulations beyond those needed to avert the crisis, thus having further unknown and potentially negative effects. DLS, Now you are simply being gratuitously insulting. DLS, Nope. I admire the man for his service to this country. Long ago my dad used to take me fishing on the Madison River. I have chosen to spend my study time with the writings of a few theologians. DLS and Jared, I’m not posting these things to win an argument, only to say that there are other plausible views out there. Thankfully, we live in a country where we are free to seek out and weigh information, and come to conclusions based on what we find and how we believe the world is supposed to work. It seems we all want to present reasonable information. It’s clear we we are not going to agree; that’s ok. I don’t think that because we don’t agree you are somehow deficient. RJS, thanks. Dana “I’m not posting these things to win an argument, only to say that there are other plausible views out there” - But Dana, that’s the point. I’ve tried to explain that all of the easily available material points to only one conclusion about the general welfare clause that you cite. You seem to want to ignore all of that because it doesn’t fit with what you want to believe. You admit that you don’t know much about Madison, don’t wish to read about it, but then demand that your opinion on the subject of what the founders meant in the general welfare clause should be given equal weight. It doesn’t make any sense. If you’re going to ignore clear, readily available history, it’s hard to demand that your view is entitle to equal consideration. DLS, I fear we are talking past one another. I was not speaking of “the general welfare clause” in terms of trying to discuss the history of the political/legal interpretation of certain portions of the Constitution. That’s why what I wrote doesn’t make sense to you; it seems you insist on seeing it in a way that I was *not* presenting it. I don’t demand anything with regard to my opinions – take ‘em or leave ‘em. Scot has provided a place to share our opinions; it remains safe for everyone if those who participate try to contribute to understanding with respectful speech. This does not mean that everyone has to have a flat affect. I’m Italian, and sometimes I raise my voice and “talk with my hands” – and I try to do that without insulting anyone or casting aspersions on their intelligence or character. If I’m not clear about something, I’ll ask a question, rather than simply assume things that might not be true. And I’ve asked forgiveness of folks here plenty of times for my mis-steps. Especially in this written medium, we all need to pause and ask ourselves how what we are writing might “sound” to someone reading. DLS, I wish you a very happy new year. Dana I guess I don’t understand. I thought you cited the general welfare clause in support of something, and I responded with facts about the general welfare clause. I’ve not insulted your intelligence nor character. This is bizarre, but Happy New Year to you too.

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The Wright family SUV drove over a cracked and rutted highway, which slit through the arid terrain like the edge of a dull knife. The Wrights were in the middle of nowhere. They had to be near their destination. Muffled yaps made their way around Luke's ear buds to thump on his eardrums, disturbing his newly wakened freshness. He increased the volume of his music, attempting to drown out his family's quarreling. Beside him, his little sisters Lena and Lucy wrangled over a red crayon. In the front seats, his mother, Lisa, and his older sister, Lara, also bickered, probably over the same thing they had been bickering about before he fell asleep. The inside of the SUV stunk. Four days of five bodies forced to sit in the car all day and the unholy odor that resulted had permeated the interior as the Wrights moved cross-country from the comfort of their native Salem, Massachusetts, to the obscure desert settlement of LeVir Lake, California. For the last three days, they had played a continual car game that consisted of squabbling about music choices, turning the radio on but not finding a good station, turning the radio off, and then squabbling some more. Luke had lost every time, so he forfeited. He stared out from under his hand at the miles of desert that surrounded them. The sight of it stirred his blood--he already hated that empty land. He was suspicious of LeVir Lake's very existence. It didn't appear on any maps, a fact he inserted into conversation with his mother at every opportunity. He was playing every card he had to persuade his mom to turn the SUV around and take him back to Salem and his friends, including the "being a total jerk the entire trip" card. Incidentally, Lara was using the same card, and doing a much better job. As the SUV rolled across nothingness, Luke's thoughts descended into a memory of his father. He saw his dad enjoying a nightly walk, unwinding in the cool New England breeze after a backbreaking day of honest work as a warehouse grunt. His father strolled along the side of the back roads as he did every night it wasn't raining. Luke had once asked his father what he thought about during those long walks. His father had answered, "How lucky I am, Luke. How you and your mom and your sisters make me so lucky." That thought was probably going through his head as a brilliant white light burst to life behind him. The flash blinded Luke's mind, and the next thing he could see was his father's body sailing through the clear, star-speckled night air. Luke's eyelids yanked apart. The vision had lasted less than half a minute, but a cold sweat had broken out along Luke's back and the sides of his neck, chilling his whole body. But the real chill came from deep inside his mind, where deep-seated feelings of guilt had risen and gripped his entire body with icy hooks. He shifted his body toward the SUV's window, pressing his shoulder against the glass, leaning toward the blazing desert, bitterly requesting the heat he hated to remove the remnant shivers of his daydream. Trapped in the final hours on the road with four very-female females, Luke closed his eyes and absorbed himself in his playlist. He was listening to Silver & Gold, an all-girl pop group whose boppy songs all sounded the same and whose music he would never admit to liking. Though he would acknowledge that all of the girls in the group were sizzling hotties. His favorite was Kitten, a skin-baring blonde with all the right curves. She looked like she belonged in Penthouse rather than Teen, and Luke should know. He possessed an extensive pornographic reading collection that had taken him five years to attain. He had gathered the magazines from various sources, but the bulk of the collection came from his Salem neighbor's recycling bin. 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In the front seat, Lara sighed. "Really, Mom, you should just have those two put to sleep." Lisa shot an acidic glare toward the front passenger seat. "Just a nap, I meant." Lisa glowered at the road, rubbing her forehead. It meant she had a headache coming on. She'd been doing that a lot lately. Luke tried to go back to ignoring his family, but Lucy's elbow kept jabbing him. She was trying to steal the orange crayon without an outburst. Luke shielded his side with his hands, wishing Lena would just go back to her monster novel and give Lucy the crayons. As if answering Luke's wish, Lena chucked the orange crayon at Lucy's face. The littlest Wright almost cried out, but she noticed her mother watching in the rearview mirror and sucked in her frustration. Luke shook his head at the ridiculousness of his family. He repositioned his hand over his eyes and took a deep breath, trying to relax. The unwelcoming desert stared back at him through the SUV windows. Here and there, boulders that had been dormant for centuries awoke to observe him passing. They looked like prison guards vigilantly monitoring inmates transferring from one jail to another. Luke closed his eyes against nature. He let Silver & Gold serenade him with their hit "Juliet," which had the painfully obvious subject of star-crossed lovers. The song reminded Luke of his freshman English teacher, Miss Tremaine, a hidden beauty waiting for her fairy godmother. Unfortunately for Miss Tremaine, only Luke could see her potential. Luke's shortsighted friends just saw her heavy blouses, long skirts, and mousy brown hair stuffed into a sloppy bun. Luke's friends always made fun of him for staying behind after class to help clean up the wreckage from the latest paper ball fight Miss Tremaine couldn't muster the authority to prevent, but he ignored their jibes. Luke had always been a defender of underdogs. His friends had secretly accepted that way back in preschool, but in a high school where plenty of other witnesses noticed and questioned Luke's chivalry, his friends had a reputation to protect. Luke opened his eyes. He caught sight of his reflection in the window. His light brown hair had gotten shaggy, especially in the front where it nearly reached his matching light brown eyes. He stretched his chin forward, tightening the skin around his jaw so it squared off by his ears. It used to do that without his help, but lately his jawline hadn't looked as trim. Yet another thing that depressed him. He knew he wasn't a bad-looking guy, but he didn't see anything special about himself, and he guessed high school girls didn't either. He thought about how unfortunate it was that girls his age never went for the nice guy. Luke couldn't exactly complain since he had never lacked for a date, but the only girls who showed interest in him were popularity-hungry sycophants yearning to ingratiate themselves with Luke's high-ranking friends. Translation: girls willing to do whatever it took to secure a position in the popular clique. Unfortunately for them (and for Luke), Luke wasn't the kind of guy who enjoyed being used, and he had never gone beyond second base with any of those social climbers. Which meant he had never gotten beyond second base, period. On his last night in Salem, though, he'd hoped this would change. Mandy Simpkins, a girl who rode his bus, and who Luke had harbored a slight crush on since third grade--a beautiful girl who was anything but a sycophant--had asked him to take a walk with her, and Luke anticipated a sweeping romantic evening he could carry with him to his certain loneliness in LeVir Lake. As he and Mandy ambled along the four tree-lined blocks that separated their houses, their bodies drifted closer and closer to each other. Luke's arm kept brushing hers, and she didn't move away. His spirits were lounging with the stars. But then, just as Luke prepared to make a move, Mandy started talking about "God's Plan," and Luke's interest in her vanished as if someone had flipped a switch. She went on and on about how everything happened for a reason, and that moving from his hometown would help him grow into the person he was meant to be, and his dad was in a better place, blah, blah, blah. Luke ended the night by ditching Mandy on her front stoop and moping the four blocks home. The next morning, his real friends--who knew better than to bring up a scam like God, or even worse, fate--brought him cold pizza and sent him on his melancholy way, promising to visit. Luke knew this wouldn't happen, though. Football training camp started in a week, and of course all of his friends had made the varsity team their sophomore year, leaving him behind (even though he most likely would have made varsity, too, had he not quit sports the previous year). Luke pushed the memory out of his head. He didn't want to feel sorry for himself anymore. He lowered his eyelids and focused on Kitten's charming voice. But, wait a minute... "Shit," Luke slipped. Lucy gasped. "Mom. Luke said the S-word." Lisa made eye contact in the rearview mirror. "Luke, don't curse. What's wrong?" "Golly, Ma, my gosh-dern battery just wore out, doggone it." "Mom," Lena tattled, "Luke's being a smartass." Lisa scowled at everyone in the backseat. "Luke, stop being a smartass. And no more cursing from anyone." A few minutes passed in miserable silence. Luke tried restarting his music player, but it only held charge for a few seconds, then it promptly died. Luke yanked the ear buds from his ears and sulked, glaring through his hand at the persistent sunlight, blaming it for his troubles. Lara interrupted the silence. "What's that?" Over the horizon, a forest blossomed out of the desert. "I bet that's LeVir Lake," Lisa said. Lucy asked, "Where's the lake?" "It doesn't have to have a lake, doofus," Lara said. "It's just a name." "Why would you name a town LeVir Lake if there is no lake?" Lucy challenged. Their mom intervened, "Never mind the lake. I can't even see the town. Just trees and desert." Lisa continued to follow the aged highway, driving closer and closer to the trees. Luke craned his neck to see out the windshield. The road headed straight toward the woods, but Luke didn't see any breaks in the trees where a car could enter. Lisa continued to follow the road. Luke was afraid she would follow it straight into a tree trunk, but the road veered left at the last second. Lisa turned with it and drove alongside the woods. Luke scanned the thick tree trunks, which extended at least ten feet into the air before disappearing behind branches. The trees were so dense he couldn't see past the front lines. His eyes flicked from one tree to the next. They didn't look like they belonged in the desert. They almost looked like redwoods, which he thought only grew in the rainy Northeast. How could trees like that survive out here in the dry heat? After a few minutes of driving with the woods on the right and the desert on the left, a small sign appeared. It displayed a simple red arrow pointing right. Lisa obeyed the instruction and turned onto a gravelly road. Trees bordered both sides of the car, seeming to inch closer, hugging the Wright family in an unwelcome bear grip. Luke had never had problems with claustrophobia before, but he began to feel suffocated by the towering trunks. A huge gate waited about a quarter of a mile in front of them. Etched into an arch above the closed double gate, gothic letters spelled out "LeVir Lake." On either side of the gate, a wall constructed of glistening tan stone stretched into the trees as far as Luke could see. "What's that?" Lena asked, pointing at the gate. "There's a drawing." The SUV rolled to a stop just outside the gate. Carved into the thick left side of the gate, a large, perfectly round circle adorned the stone. To the right and diagonally down from the perfect circle was another, smaller circle circumferenced by shaky spikes. "It's the moon and the sun," Luke deciphered. "The moon is the bigger circle, overpowering the sun." "I guess whoever designed that was a night owl," Lisa joked. Nobody laughed. Lisa cleared her throat. "All right, Mr. Interpreter, what does the other stuff mean?" Starting to the right of the gate, a series of embossed panels illustrated a story. The tale began with a man and woman holding a baby. Behind them, an etched window displayed a total solar eclipse. At the bottom of the panel, a faceless mass cowered. Luke tried to distinguish the next segment of the story, but the trees obstructed his view. He switched his gaze to the left side of the town gate, where the last panel of the wall displayed a triumphant man. "It's a story," Luke declared. He pointed to the first panel. "It starts with a baby and ends with a hero." He pointed at the last panel. Lara scoffed. "A story that you can only see the beginning and end of is kind of pointless." "Not if you have a good enough imagination," Lena said. "Shut up." Lisa ignored her children as she opened her power window with a mechanical whir. She stuck her head out and examined the area outside her door. "How are we supposed to get in?" she seemed to ask the trees standing an arm span away. Luke looked around as well, trying to find a hidden intercom system or coded keypad. He only saw trees. A horn blasted against the gate. Luke jumped, his backside leaving his seat for a second. It was a moment before he realized his mother had created the sound. She did it again, pressing both hands into the center of the steering wheel, producing a loud, extended, obnoxious bleat. Lucy jammed her hands against her ears. "Mom-my," she whined. Lisa honked the horn again. A thin line formed down the center of the Moon and Sun sequence. The line thickened as two sets of hands pulled the gate open from the inside. Two Hispanic men peeked out at the SUV. Confused creases formed around their faces. They dragged the heavy stone doors into town until they had produced enough room for the SUV to pass. Luke peered past them into LeVir Lake. All he could see was the road they were on continue straight, dividing the town into halves. Not so far away, a tan band underlined the horizon. Little Lucy asked the question on Luke's mind. "Do you think that wall surrounds the entire town?" "I think town is an overstatement," Lara said. She was right. Judging by what they saw beyond the gate, LeVir Lake looked smaller than their subdivision in Salem. Lisa searched the glove compartment for the directions to their new house. She found it and instructed Lara to navigate. Lara read the first direction: "Enter the gate into LeVir Lake." Lisa drove into town. Luke caught sight of the triumphant man's image again and studied it for as long as he could see it. The depiction seemed somehow familiar. Maybe Luke had seen it in a book or something. He could Google it later once they got the Internet set up. Lisa drove until the SUV had cleared the gate, then she stopped again. "Turn right onto Prudence Boulevard," Lara instructed. "Prudence Boulevard is a funny name," Lucy said. "We used to live on Squirrel Nut Road," Lena reminded. "Everyone, look for Prudence Boulevard," Lisa ordered. She drove past colossal houses with expensive cars in the semi-circular driveways, a town square, and a park. A number of people milled about the town, mostly Hispanics, or at least, with Hispanic blood. They stared at the Wright SUV as it passed. Lisa drove straight across town until the road terminated in a dead end right in front of the huge town wall. She put the SUV in park and looked behind her. "Did anyone see Prudence Boulevard?" she asked. Nobody had. Lisa turned the car around and returned through town the way they had traveled, driving back to the town gate. The gate was closed. Lisa stopped the SUV and again asked her children if they had seen Prudence Boulevard. Again, nobody had seen any other roads. "This is the right LeVir Lake, right?" Lara asked. "Did you see any other LeVir Lakes, Lara?" Lisa snapped. "We'll look one more time and if we still don't find it, we'll ask someone for directions." Lisa drove back down the road until the dead end curbed them again. She slammed the SUV into park and smacked the steering wheel with both hands. A short whimper escaped the horn. "This is terrific!" Lisa vented. "Of course my parents would give me a crummy house on a stupid road that doesn't even exist!" "Mom," Lara soothed, "let's just ask for directions." Lisa pursed her lips together and stared at Lara. Lara stared back, knowing exactly how to deal with her mother in that state. Lisa huffed through her nose, forcing herself into a calmer condition. She glanced into the rearview mirror at the rest of her children. She offered them an apologetic shrug. Lucy gave her a patient smile in return. Luke just rolled his eyes. Lisa turned the car around once more, asking her children to look for someone to assist them. But as they traveled a fourth time through the center of town, all of the people who had been outside staring at the SUV were gone. The Wrights searched for any kind soul to help them, but everyone had simply disappeared. They were three-quarters of the way back to the gate, and Lisa was fuming again. She was about to lose her temper when Luke finally spotted a local. A teenage girl waited beside a sudsy Rolls Royce, smiling amiably at the SUV as if she were expecting it. Lisa stopped the car and Lara hopped out. Luke's sister approached the girl, who oozed hospitality as she welcomed Lara's questions. Luke gawked at the girl. How had he not noticed her every other time they had driven past? She was a knockout. A blonde, she showed off her porcelain-yet-svelte body in a bikini top and jean cutoffs. A large metallic choker all but covered her swanlike neck, and despite an oversized sun hat shadowing her face, Luke could see the blueness of her eyes from the SUV. Plus, as if her natural beauty weren't enough, she was soaking wet from washing the Rolls, and what little clothing she had on clung to the intimate parts of her body. Luke barely noticed when Lara returned to the SUV as he stared at those parts. "What did she say?" Lisa pressed. "This is LeVir Lake Avenue. Prudence Boulevard is a one-way street that circles the town. We need to go this way until we see a really wide sidewalk. That's Prudence Boulevard. We turn left onto it. She said it goes the way of the wall." "What does that mean?" Lisa asked, irritated. "Maybe it means follow the story," Luke absently suggested, still focused on the girl. Lisa shook her head. "I hope the truck driver didn't have this much trouble finding the house." She launched the SUV, muttering about road signs. Luke kept his eye on the blonde, turning around in his seat, until she stepped behind the Rolls and out of his view. He turned back around, the tiniest smile on his face. Maybe this town wouldn't be so bad after all. Two houses straddled Prudence Boulevard, making it look like a driveway. Lisa almost passed it again before Lara discovered it with a yell. Lisa swerved left, nearly knocking the SUV onto two wheels. Lucy gripped Luke for protection from their mother's driving. The SUV followed Prudence Boulevard, which moseyed about the town in a continuous circle. They crossed over the last stretch of LeVir Lake Avenue, passing the familiar dead end, and proceeded to loop around the other half of town. Prudence Boulevard literally followed the wall, never leaving more than a couple hundred feet between itself and the glittery stone. Luke examined the squished yards and houses of the residences on the wall's side of the street, and he hoped the Wright's new house wasn't one of them. As the SUV yet again neared the gate to LeVir Lake, the Wrights recognized the moving truck that contained most of their possessions. The two younger girls shrieked and pointed. After four-and-a-half days of living in the SUV, they had finally found their new address. Lara's jaw dropped as Lisa pulled into the driveway. "Is this our house?" The house was easily three times larger than their home in Salem. The brown brick walls towered over them, gradating from dark to light as it reached the beautiful terra cotta roof. Luke gawked at the huge, carefully tended front lawn. The grass was greener than it had any right to be in the middle of the desert. As Luke opened his car door, surprisingly temperate air embraced him. If he hadn't just ridden half a day through the most boring desert in the world, he would have never known that behind the town wall they were surrounded for miles on end by barren, scorched, unforgiving nothingness. Luke marveled at the size of the front lawn. It was perfect for touch football with his friends. He felt a temporary lift in spirits before he remembered his friends were three thousand miles away. "Luke gets permanent lawn duty," Lara yelled as she bounced out of the SUV. "That's not fair," Luke whined. "Mom." "Not now." Lisa was still awestruck by the house. Luke figured someone who had grown up in mansions would be accustomed to large houses, but her eyes kept scanning the façade, her jaw slowly descending and the corners up her mouths perking as she comprehended the size of the dwelling. Luke shrugged, climbed out of the SUV, and stretched his legs on his way to the front door. "Luke," his mother called as she shook out of her daze, "don't wander off and leave your stuff here for us to move." Luke didn't listen. He reached the front door and grabbed the knob. It was unlocked. The red-painted door opened without a squeak--something Luke wasn't accustomed to. He left the door wide open, allowing a draft to circulate through the house. Luke examined the first floor, starting with the fully furnished living room. Red-stained wood, dark red leather, and wrought iron furnishings and décor graced the room. Everything was of the finest quality, from the elegant furniture to the state-of-the-art entertainment system. It wasn't the kind of decorating Luke had expected from a house his grandparents owned, what with the bright white wainscoting and pastel wallpaper in their Hamptons house that had made him nausea with its over-the-top chipperness. He actually kind of liked this darker design, though it still held the sickeningly sweet smell of old money and old leather. The next room was a fully equipped kitchen stocked with any and every appliance the Wrights could need, though Luke couldn't envision his mother or sisters--none of whom possessed a knack for cooking--juicing anything anytime soon. His father had been the chef of the family, and Luke had tried to learn from him, though it seemed he had inherited his mother's propensity for burning everything he couldn't just stick in a microwave. It's a good thing he liked TV dinners and sandwiches. He checked the cabinets. All empty. Luke was glad his mother had decided to keep the family dishes (along with their bedroom sets) as she sold off nearly everything else the Wrights owned to finance their move west. She had refused to take any more money from her parents for that cause, though they had ended up buying most of the Wrights' possessions anyway. Luke tried to imagine the old 32-inch tube television that had been in their living room for as long as he could remember replacing his grandparents' 60-inch high-definition projector screen--they were too good to watch anything other than classic movies "the way they were meant to be viewed"--and he somehow couldn't fathom it. The kitchen connected to the dining room, where a polished wooden table stretched across the floor. Luke estimated twelve people could sit comfortably at that table. His family didn't need all that space. Their Salem house had been the perfect size. Luke found himself exploring the doorway between the kitchen and the dining room for the growth chart his mother had maintained since Lara was born. He found only a freshly painted doorframe. Having lost his eager curiosity, Luke shuffled out of the dining room, passing a half bathroom manifestly darkened by the house's black and red color scheme. The next door Luke opened led to the master bedroom. The vast size of the room dwarfed the king-sized four-poster bed it held. Red-stained wood made up the bed frame as the sheets and pillowcases shone crimson, accompanied by a bright scarlet comforter. A matching armoire, vanity, and dresser completed the set. The master bathroom was black and red like the half bathroom in the hall, but the master bathroom contained two sinks, a Jacuzzi, a claw-foot bathtub, and a separate shower, all with room to spare. Luke finally realized why Lisa had agreed to move there. Her parents must have described the master bathroom to her. Compared to the stall she had to share with her husband in the Wrights' old shack, her new bathroom was like her own personal Turkish bathhouse. Luke ended his tour of the first floor with the parlor, the type of room with which he never believed he'd inhabit the same house. Parlors belonged to rich people who liked showing off their richness. Expecting red wood and sanguineous cloths, he was shocked to find the parlor bathed in white. The couches and chairs were spotless. A white wood Luke had never seen before formed the tables. The curtains were delicate white lace. The fireplace was marble. Luke decided not to enter the room. Besides the fact that he didn't dare soil the whiteness, the blatant opposition of this room to the rest of the first floor creeped him out. The time had come for Luke to go upstairs and find his new bedroom. He circled the first floor again, hunting for the stairs, wondering why he hadn't seen them on the first go-round. Next to the half bathroom, Luke found a big, heavy door he had somehow overlooked. It flaunted the same Moon and Sun sequence as the LeVir Lake gate. Luke opened the door. The stairs. Luke flicked on the light--a single bulb in the middle of the ceiling--and hiked up the steps. Another door waited at the top of the stairs. He imagined how pitch black the staircase would be with both doors closed and the light switched off. Luke wasn't afraid of the dark, but he didn't yearn to be in there under those circumstances. He could imagine the terrible fuss little Lucy would make. Not only was she terrified of the dark, but she was deathly afraid of people under the stairs, along with every other ghoul, goblin, and monster ever fathomed. Lena, a horror aficionado and practicing sadist, loved reading scary stories to her little sister, augmenting Lucy's fears. Luke emerged on the second floor. He found a sitting area by the stairs, three large bedrooms, each with adjoining bathrooms, plus an additional half bathroom near the end of the hall. Unlike downstairs, all of the upstairs rooms were unfurnished. The newly-laid carpet was dull beige and the walls were standard eggshell--the first facets of the house that made Luke feel at home. The only customization on the second floor was the bright blue floor tile in the otherwise white hall bathroom. After Luke investigated all of the bedrooms, identifying the largest and hoping he would get it, one unexplored door remained at the end of the hall. Luke anticipated finding a second linen closet (he'd already found one next to the stairs), but when he opened the skinny door, he met emptiness. There were no shelves or clothing poles, only dark space. Luke peeked past the doorway. The space was long and narrow, as if the architect had reserved a chunk of the left side of the second floor especially for that strange room. Bolted to the wall next to the door, a ladder led up to the attic. The long room made Luke nervous. He flicked a light switch, but all it activated was a single bulb somewhere in the attic. Something rustled across the attic floor. Luke tensed, his fingers digging into the doorframe. He realized his nervous actions and felt ridiculous, telling himself it was just a rat scurrying around...a very large rat. Any interest he had in exploring the attic abandoned him. Luke turned the light off and left the long room, listening for the skinny door's latch to click so the room couldn't surprise him later by opening itself. Luke wandered into one of the bedrooms and glanced out the window. There were no screens on the other side of the glass. Luke opened the window and stuck his hand straight out of the house. He'd never been able to do that before. It was strangely liberating. Without a screen, he could see everything outside his house clearly, without a layer of gray distorting it. He looked down at the front lawn, spread out before this side of the house. His jaw dropped when he saw the scene. His mom and sisters were in the back of the moving truck merrily chucking Luke's stuff from the trailer out onto the lawn. His bags were lumped everywhere. Boxes had fallen open, his possessions spilling out. A sobering thought struck Luke. If his family dumped out the box containing his nudie magazine collection, Lisa would ground him for life--not to mention she would take them away. Not his beautiful centerfolds! Not his voluptuous pinups! Luke dashed down the stairs and out the front door, his feet moving so quickly they barely touched the ground. Lisa and Lara had a box in their arms, about to hurl it into the yard. The big, black "READING MATERIAL" label was prominent. Luke dashed to the very spot he needed to be in just in time for the box to bash into his chest, knocking him hard to the ground. He sat up and checked to make sure the box was still sealed, then he glared at his family. "What are you doing?!" he wheezed. He would have shouted, but his breath was gone. Lisa planted her hands on her hips, staring down at her son from the trailer. "I told you not to disappear and leave all your stuff here. We unloaded the SUV. Then we called for you. We couldn't find you so we moved your stuff out of the way." "You moved my stuff out of the way," Luke parroted, his lips puckering into a sour scowl. "All over the front yard?" "That was my idea," Lara interjected. "Don't raise your voice with me, young man," Lisa decreed. "You were warned and you didn't listen. If you didn't want your stuff all over the yard, you should have moved it. You didn't, so we did. Now get your stuff out of the yard." Lisa disappeared into the trailer. "Where's the furniture dolly?" Luke demanded. "I need the furniture dolly since you guys aren't going to help me." Lara yelled from the front door, "I called shotgun. Mom's next. Your junk's last." With an evil toss of her hair, Lara disappeared into the house. Sometimes Luke believed the entire female race was against him. Or maybe his satanic older sister had just brainwashed them all into treating him like scum. The majority of his boxes were too heavy to lug inside and up the stairs by himself without the dolly. As Luke pushed them across the lawn into one big group, he regretted his more-stuff-into-less-boxes packing approach. But how was he supposed to know it was a stupid way to pack? It wasn't like he had much practice stuffing his entire life into boxes. It must have taken all of his sisters plus his mom to get them off the truck. The last couple of boxes he had to throw all of his weight into to get them to budge. His sneakers dug into the plush, well-trimmed lawn, leaving little brown patches in the bright green grass. The desert sun beat on him and sweat saturated his hair and clothes. The dark, engulfing garments typically worn by depression-riddled adolescents like Luke were suitable attire in New England during any part of the year, but the Southern California summer proved too powerful for the habit, even in the deflated heat of the LeVir Lake oasis. Luke would have to pull out his old shorts and tank tops, an act he was hesitant to do. The majority of his body hadn't seen the sun for nearly a year, rendering him objectionably pale. Luke hoped he'd be able to work on a tan before he met anyone new. Especially the girl from the Rolls Royce. Luke finished gathering boxes. Time for a break. He sat on the "READING MATERIAL" box and buried his head in his hands. If only Kitten were there. She could pamper him, make him feel better about the move. Maybe give him a massage... "Where'd you come from?" Luke flinched at the unfamiliar voice, his face snapping upward. The car-washing beauty smiled down at him. She had traded her wet bikini top and cutoffs for a sleeveless, midriff-exposing turtleneck and cutoffs. Much classier. The sun hat still shadowed her face, but it couldn't overpower the spectacular blueness of her eyes. Her metallic choker poked out from under the turtleneck. "What?" Luke asked--except instead of the word he had meant to say, he released a guttural squawk. The girl unsuccessfully tried to suppress a cute giggle. "Where did you come from?" she repeated. The way her lips moved drew Luke's attention to her mouth. "Massachusetts." "Salem?" "How did you know?" The girl shrugged. "That's the first town in Massachusetts I thought of." "Most people think Boston first." She shrugged again. "You don't seem like you're from a big city." Luke stared at her lips. They were amazing. When they parted to form words, the inner, moist area of her mouth formed perfect curves, and each time the two lips came back together was like watching a sweet, sensuous kiss. "I hear Salem's pretty Halloween-y," the girl conversed. "Yeah," Luke responded, his words automatic as he ogled the gorgeous mouth. "A lot of witches and Puritans pop up in the fall. You know, because of the witch trials. What are you into?" Luke wasn't sure whether he was actually interested in the Halloween customs of LeVir Lake or if he was trying to slip in a flirty suggestive phrase. The girl paused at the question. Luke was afraid she had assumed the latter and was offended. He forced his enchantment with her lips to break, but before he could apologize, she answered casually, "Same kind of thing." She smiled. "How many sisters do you have? Eleven?" The lips sucked Luke's attention back to them like a magnet dragging iron filings. He moistened the separation between his own lips. "Three." "I don't have any siblings," the girl said, "but I can't complain since I have my cousins." Luke nodded, barely listening. "Mostly all of the Padreses live here on Prudence Boulevard. I live next door." Luke was pleased to hear it. "How'd your family find out about LeVir Lake?" she pried. Luke's concentration left the girl's mouth as his chronic brooding flared up. "My grandparents gave us this house." "Who are your grandparents?" "I doubt you know them. They've never been here." "Then how do they have a house here?" She seemed to ask herself more than she asked Luke. "Someone told them about LeVir Lake, and they fell in love with the description or something like that, and they bought a house on the spot." "From whom?" "I don't know. I'm not sure they knew." "That's not very wise," the girl said, still mainly to herself. Her thoughts wandered as she observed Luke's new house. She was examining the roof. Her gaze was so intense Luke thought she might be looking straight into the attic. Quicker than a blink, the girl switched her demeanor, and the subject. "Do you need help moving in?" "No, I'm okay." He didn't want to bother her. She surveyed the boxes. "Are you sure?" "Yeah." The instant he answered, Luke realized his mistake. If he didn't accept her help, the girl would leave. If she left, she might think he was antisocial because it was clear he did need help, and then she would never talk to him again. "Actually," Luke admitted, "I will have to lug all these boxes upstairs. I was waiting for the furniture dolly, but I can use you." That didn't come out right, but the girl didn't notice. She squatted next to the "READING MATERIAL" box, ready to pick it up. Luke helped her lift, but her strength surprised him. She barely needed his assistance. She grinned at him from across the box. Luke smiled back at her lips. Lara appeared at the front door. "Luke, we dropped the dolly down the stairs and it busted, so you'll have to move all your stuff by yourself." She noticed the girl. "Or not." "Hi again," the girl greeted. "Thanks for telling us about the dolly, but we don't need it. See?" She tilted the box as a demonstration, and it almost tumbled out of her and Luke's grip. "Yeah." Lara went back into the house. Luke looked at the girl. She looked back at him and giggled. Chapter 2 IT WAS JUST past eight before all of Luke's bags and boxes were in his new room. Lara had called the bedroom between the sitting room and the hall bathroom, so Luke was stuck between Lena and Lucy's room (the biggest room) and the long, eerie room that led to the attic. Luke made sure not to put anything against that long room wall. Luke sat with the girl on his bedroom floor. She opened boxes while he unloaded them, tossing the contents around his room to where he'd eventually organize them. He hadn't had time to decide on a furniture layout yet since the girl had talked to him all day. Luke was amazed her voice hadn't given out yet. The girl brimmed with information about LeVir Lake. She told Luke the history of the town wall, and how the original settlers had used the same glistening stone to build the mayor's mansion. The stone was fireproof, so when the rest of LeVir Lake had succumbed to terrible fires in both 1892 and 1986, the wall and mayor's mansion survived. The girl also revealed that all of the wood used to make the red wood furniture in the house had come from the woods surrounding the town. "Almost every piece of furniture in LeVir Lake was once part of that forest," she said. Luke asked about the white wood in the parlor, but the girl simply said it was imported. Luke enjoyed the girl's company, though one thing she kept mentioning throughout the day agitated him: God. Her ceaseless talking definitively outed the girl as a hardcore Christian. Luke decided not to fault her for it, though, since the way she kept referring to God as a flesh and blood person she could bump into on the street was almost involuntary, probably a byproduct of Bible-thumping parents, and could be cured with the right help. "Listen to me prattling on while I open boxes willy-nilly," the girl chuckled. "You're probably going to pack right back up not too long from now. How long are you staying?" The question caught Luke off guard. Did she think he was on vacation? He tried to imagine the kind of person who would deliberately sentence himself to a boring oasis in the middle of nowhere for a vacation. "As long as I have to live with my mother. I'm afraid she's here for good." It was the girl's turn to be caught off guard. "Here for good?" she repeated. Her spectacular blue eyes stared at Luke. She appeared frozen. Luke quickly grew uncomfortable. As the girl continued staring at him, his upper body slowly leaned away. The girl snapped out of it. "Well," she said, "it's good to have you." Luke wondered if she meant it. The girl returned to the boxes. "After the Great Fire of 1986," she explained, picking up her lecture where she had left off, "the first buildings rebuilt were the town hall and the schoolhouse. You don't have to worry about the schoolhouse, though. You've graduated, right?" "I wish," Luke laughed. "I'm only fifteen." The girl's jaw dropped. He had blown her away again, but this time he had expected the reaction. "Fifteen?" "I'm an early bloomer," Luke explained. "It's genetic. How old did you think I was?" Most people guessed between seventeen and twenty-two. "I don't know," the girl admitted, "but I definitely thought you were older than fifteen." She kept spitting out his age. Luke couldn't help but feel insulted. "I'll be sixteen in a few weeks. How old are you?" "Seventeen," she answered, still shocked at Luke's youth. Luke stopped minding her astonishment. He had been alone in his room for several hours with a hot, older girl. He wondered how far the evening would take them. "I usually don't talk this much," the girl confessed. "I'm usually very introverted, but I'm trying to be more...not." "Being introverted isn't always bad," Luke caught himself saying. He hoped she didn't take his comment as a subtle hint to shut up. Luckily, the girl wasn't prone to hearing the unintentional offensiveness in Luke's remarks. "I've missed saying things I'll never again have the chance to say," she said. "Like what?" "Just...stuff. To people who've"--she searched for the right word--"moved. God made life short" (Luke resisted the urge to roll his eyes) "and I don't want any regrets. That's why I came right up to you and introduced myself. I don't want to miss a chance to make a new friend." She blushed. "You didn't." The girl's eyelids popped open to their full extension. She nearly squeaked, "What?" Luke had done it again. She probably thought he meant she hadn't made a new friend. "You never introduced yourself," he clarified. The girl thought over everything she had said throughout the day. She exhaled a laugh. "You're right," she realized. "Well, I'm Jan. Janice Cristina Padres." She rolled the R's. Luke found it amusing. Unlike most of the people he had seen in town, she didn't look Hispanic. "I'm Luke." "Just Luke?" she joked. "Like Cher?" "Wright." Jan's grin dissolved. "Oh, okay." She looked down, embarrassed. "No, Luke Wright. W-R-I-G-H-T." "Oh," Jan said as she realized the misunderstanding. Her cheeks flushed. "Don't worry. It happens all the time." Jan giggled her embarrassment away. Her tinkling laugh evoked one from Luke as well. Jan broke down the empty box in front of her. "We don't get many people moving out here unannounced," she said. "And you seem so thrilled about it," she observed sarcastically. Luke drew in a breath. He had been waiting to vent since the Wright SUV crossed the Massachusetts state line. "I've lived in Salem all my life--my dad's family has been there since before America existed--and all of a sudden I have to pack up right before my junior year of high school and move to a place I've never even heard of. Did you know this place isn't on any maps?" "Yes. We kind of make sure of it," Jan said. "But why did you have to pack up and move?" Luke felt the self-pity well up again. "My dad died last year." The world stood still for a moment, until Jan touched his hand. "I'm so sorry," she said. Her touch felt nice--the first sympathetic touch he'd received that felt truly sympathetic. "He was the breadwinner, you know?" Luke continued. "And my mom...well, she was filthy rich growing up and never had to take care of herself. She gave it all up to marry my dad, but he still took care of her every need." Jan nodded, resembling a therapist who actually knew what she was doing. "And when he died, she suddenly had to take care of herself and four children." "Yep. Long story short, she asked her parents for help, and they gave her a house." Jan removed her hand from Luke's. His fingers extended for a moment, reaching for her to come back, but Luke reined them in. He hoped Jan hadn't noticed his involuntary desperation. "That was nice of them," Jan said, talking about Luke's grandparents, not his fingers. With a quick glance at the ceiling, she leaned back, flanking her hips with her palms, which pressed firmly into the soft carpet. "I guess," Luke mumbled. Luke recalled the first time he had met his maternal grandparents. It was three months ago at their Hamptons beach house. The instant Luke had crossed the threshold into luxury for luxury's sake, the sickening smell of fresh-cut flowers and arrogance turned his stomach. He had already known the meeting with his grandparents would be rocky, but the nauseatingly sterile stench of the overbuilt sea shack did nothing to help. Lisa's parents had disowned her after she broke off her years-long engagement with some loaded jerk and eloped with Lawrence Wright, a lowly laborer. But the moment he died, they begged her to take their assistance in exchange for Lisa letting them meet their grandchildren. Her parents had filled college savings accounts for Luke and his sisters, plus they gave each sibling five hundred dollars cash to compensate for missed Christmases and birthdays. Luke knew he was supposed to be grateful, but during the Hamptons visit, his grandparents had harangued Lawrence's failure to provide for his family after his death. Each disparaging word sparked indignation in Luke, and every single tissue in his body wanted to tell the rich snobs off, but warning glances from Lisa had kept Luke at bay. His mother had looked physically ill from her parents' remarks, but she wouldn't dare dispute them for fear of losing their aid. Personally, Luke didn't see why they had to accept his grandparents' assistance. Surely his family could find a way to make it on their own. Lara seemed to agree with his sentiments when she told Lisa to stick the money and the house back in her parents' hands and never turn back, but his older sister's new personal entertainment system indicated her true feelings were somewhat different. Luke still had his entire five hundred dollars tucked away, not wanting to touch it, feeling it would taint his father's memory. Luke slid his fingers along the carpet, letting the fibers bite his fingertips. "My mom sold most of our possessions to pay this strange guy to drive the moving truck to LeVir Lake. He's a real creeper, this guy. His skin is white--like copy paper white--and he's so greasy that when light hits him, it reflects off his body in sheets." Luke shivered at the memory of the bug of a man who Lisa had entrusted with their remaining possessions. "But he was cheaper than professionals, and he told my mom she was too pretty to be a widow, so my mom's happy. He got paid, so he's happy. My grandparents have their long lost daughter back, so they're happy. The people closing ESCROW on my childhood home are happy. I'm not happy, but no one cares about me." "I care," Jan assured. Luke appreciated her words, but he wasn't finished with his rant. "I had to leave all my friends, all my memories, everything I've ever known. How would you feel if you suddenly had to move away from your home?" Jan glanced at the ceiling again. "I don't think I'd mind all that much. I've always wanted to leave LeVir Lake." "That's what I always thought about Salem. But then I had to leave my entire life behind." "Well," Jan said, "you're in LeVir Lake now, and you'll never leave. No one has." She spoke ominously. Luke furrowed his eyebrows, wondering what she meant, but before he could ask, Jan informed him, "My family has lived here since the pioneer days. LeVir Lake was established in the early seventeen hundreds before anyone but the Native Americans knew about the West. When my ancestors arrived here, the LeVirs paid them to build the town. And we never left." Jan stabbed the scissors into the seal of the next box. She muttered, "And we never will." A deep absorption nested in Jan's face. She twisted the scissors, making a large hole between the box flaps, but failing to open the box any further. Though Luke's curiosity had piqued at her sudden personality shift, he watched Jan yank the scissors free of the sticky packing tape and decided a change of subject was in order. "Are there a lot of kids our age in LeVir Lake?" "No. There's me, you and your sister now, my cousin Marc, and the mayor's daughter." She added that last mention almost under her breath. "There are a lot of little kids, though." "What is the mayor's daughter like?" Jan stiffened. "Why?" "Just wondering. You don't like her or something?" "No," Jan said firmly. "I don't like her or anyone in her family. You need to stay away from them." "Why?" "The LeVirs are ruthless, heartless, horrible creatures, especially the mayor's children. Colette and Jean-Beau LeVir." Jan stroked the broken tape on the box. "They're terrible." "I'm sure they're not that bad." "Believe me," Jan declared, "if you survive here more than a week, you'll hate them, too." "Survive?" Jan realized her error. "I meant live. If you live here more than a week." She hung her head. "I said the wrong word." Luke reached over and gently pushed her arm. "It's okay. I say the wrong thing all the time. I live with all women. Everything I say is wrong." Jan smiled. Luke was glad to see her lips bow up again. She glanced out the window. In a flash, her smile disappeared and panic ambushed her face. "Oh no. I've got to go." Jan jumped to her feet and raced for the bedroom door. "Wait." Luke grabbed her wrist before she could depart. "Why are you leaving?" Jan stared at her trapped wrist, seemingly amazed that Luke could catch her. She shook herself out of her daze and answered, "It's dark. It's too dark." Luke looked out the window. The sky was still very much light blue, streaked with trace amounts of pink and purple. "I'll walk you," he offered. "There's no time. You stay here. I'll see you tomorrow." Jan tore out of Luke's grasp and dashed to the stairs. "Wait, I just thought of something else," Luke called, following her into the hall. Jan halted at the door to the stairs. She flapped her arm, indicating for Luke to hurry up and speak. "You said no one ever leaves LeVir Lake," Luke said, "but the man who drove our moving truck was returning to LeVir Lake." Jan froze. Luke added, "He said he was eager to return here because of some big event coming up, but he didn't say what. Do you know what it is?" Jan's hands shot out from her sides and seized Luke by his arms. Luke flinched. "Promise me," Jan ordered. "Promise what?" "Don't ever leave this house after dark. Warn your sisters and your mother, too. Never wander in places without sunlight. And don't go into the attic until I tell you it's safe." "Why?" Jan shook him. Her grip was excruciating. "Promise me!" "I promise, I promise." With that, Jan was gone. Luke darted to his bedroom window and stuck his head outside. Jan sprinted across the lawn. She looked behind her as if something was chasing her, but Luke saw no one or thing outside but her. A woman waited for Jan at the front door of the house to the right. Once Jan was inside, the door slammed shut so hard it made Luke flinch from across the yards. Luke leaned out his window and watched Jan's house. He caught the woman from the door and a man peeking out from behind a side window's curtains. Luke assumed they were Jan's parents since the woman looked a lot like Jan, only older and with dark hair. But when he peered closer, he saw the man was really, really old. Age had lashed severe lines into his sienna skin. His dark eyes peered from beneath saggy lids and brows, and even if his lips hadn't been pursed in a contemplative scowl, they were thin to the point of nonexistence. Luke didn't see any resemblance to Jan in the old man. He figured the man was probably a family friend, or at most, a distant relative. Perhaps one of the original Padreses who built the town. Luke snickered at the notion. The couple withdrew from sight. Someone in Jan's house opened an upstairs window. Jan leaned out and waved at Luke. Luke waved back. Jane rolled her eyes at his misinterpretation of her signing. Without using words, she gestured for Luke to close his window, then she disappeared back into her house. Luke lingered at his window to catch any further activity in Jan's house, but it was still. Luke sat on his bed, but some lumpy thing under his bottom prevented his comfort. Luke leaned over and pulled the thing out from under him. Jan's sun hat. She had forgotten it in her rush to get home. Luke molded the hat back to shape as he thought about the peculiar new friend he had made. What did she mean about not going into places without sunlight? Luke glanced at the shadow his bed cast on the floor. His gaze glided across the cluttered floor and up the long room wall, pausing to take in the blank space. Luke's stomach rumbled. He placed his hand over his belly and felt his insides vibrate, reminding him that he hadn't eaten since his gas station breakfast. Jan had kept his mind off of everything but her. Luke ambled to the stairs. Even though both the upstairs and downstairs doors were open, he flicked the light on to keep from traveling through shadows. Noises drifted from the kitchen. Luke investigated. Lisa, Lara, Lena, and Lucy were making sandwiches. "Luke," Lisa hailed, "we were wondering when you were going to grace us with your presence. Did your friend leave?" "Just now," Luke answered, drooling over the sandwich fixings. "Go ahead and make a plate," Lisa said. "It's our first dinner in our new house and I want to spend it as a family. We're eating in the living room. The dining room is a bit crowded." Luke peeked into the dining room. The table was stacked high with unopened boxes. The family convened in the dim living room. Lisa commented about having to buy some brighter light bulbs. Luke looked out the window at the black sky, wondering where the natural light had gone. Jan hadn't kidded about it being dark soon.