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What were the original members of the Arab League?
|
[
{
"docid": "52625#0",
"text": "The Arab League ( '), formally the League of Arab States ( '), is a regional organization of Arab states in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia. It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members, but Syria's participation has been suspended since November 2011, as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War.",
"title": "Arab League"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43472946#6",
"text": "The Arab League was formed on 22 March 1945 with five members, while a sixth member joined later that year. On 2 December 1945, it issued its first formal declaration of an economic boycott of the Jewish community of Palestine. The declaration urged both Arab United Nations member states and Arab states which had not yet obtained UN membership to prohibit the products and usage of the products of Jewish industry in Palestine, effective January 1, 1946. The declaration, contained in Arab League Resolution 16, stated:\nThe Arab League began to create the apparatus for implementing the resolution in February the same year. The first body established for this purpose was the Permanent Boycott Committee, based in Cairo, Egypt. On 12 June the Boycott Committee adopted a recommendation in Arab League Resolution 70, which called upon the Arab states to set up national boycott offices. Later measures adopted by the Committee included requiring those selling goods to Arab states to provide a certificate of origin to prove the goods were not manufactured by Palestinian Jews, the allocation of 50% of the value of goods confiscated in this manner to customs officials, the prohibition by Arabs of the use of Jewish banks, insurance companies, contractors, and transport in Palestine. Member states of the Arab League began implementing these resolutions through legal and administrative measures. After the Partition Plan of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states was introduced at the United Nations on 29 November 1947, efforts to apply the boycott were intensified. However, the boycott was unsuccessful, as noted in the first annual report of the Boycott Committee, and trade between Palestine (the vast majority by Jews) and Arab States neighboring Palestine continued to thrive.",
"title": "Arab League boycott of Israel"
},
{
"docid": "1358176#1",
"text": "Since its formation the Arab League has promoted the Palestinian Arab cause in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, including the imposition of the Arab League boycott of Israel. The Arab League opposed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. On 15 May 1948, the then seven Arab League members coordinated an invasion of what was by then the former British Mandate, marking the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In 1964, the Arab League created the Palestine Liberation Organization to operate within the territory of Israel. During the Six-Day War, the Arab League imposed an oil embargo, which lasted until the Khartoum Resolution in September 1967. The League members also agreed to continue the state of belligerency with Israel and not to negotiate a settlement to the conflict. The signing of the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was condemned, and Egypt was suspended from the Arab League in 1979, which lasted until 1989. The Arab League on 15 November 1988 recognized the proclamation of the State of Palestine. The Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel signed the Oslo Accords in 1993 which led to the setting up of the Palestinian National Authority. The Arab League has not made any official statements either supporting the establishment of the Palestinian Authority or condemning it. In October 1994, Jordan signed the Israel–Jordan peace treaty with Israel, and it was not ostracized by the Arab League, as Egypt had been in 1979. In 2002, the Arab League endorsed a Saudi Arabian Arab Peace Initiative which called for full withdrawal by Israel \"to the 1967 borders\" in return for fully normalized relations.",
"title": "Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict"
},
{
"docid": "1358176#7",
"text": "On Friday, 14 May 1948, a day before the British Mandate over Palestine expired (the next day being Shabbat), the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a \"proclamation\" declaring the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. The next day the seven Arab League members, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, coordinated a march with their forces into what the previous day had been the area of the British Mandate, marking the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In the introduction to the , the Arab League gave reasons for the \"intervention\" of the Arab States:",
"title": "Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict"
},
{
"docid": "13808#98",
"text": "Immediately following the declaration of the new state, both superpower leaders, US President Harry S. Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, recognized the new state.\nThe Arab League members Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq refused to accept the UN partition plan and proclaimed the right of self-determination for the Arabs across the whole of Palestine. The Arab states marched their forces into what had, until the previous day, been the British Mandate for Palestine, starting the first Arab–Israeli War. The Arab states had heavy military equipment at their disposal and were initially on the offensive (the Jewish forces were not a state before 15 May and could not buy heavy arms). On 29 May 1948, the British initiated United Nations Security Council Resolution 50 declaring an arms embargo on the region. Czechoslovakia violated the resolution, supplying the Jewish state with critical military hardware to match the (mainly British) heavy equipment and planes already owned by the invading Arab states. On 11 June, a month-long UN truce was put into effect.",
"title": "History of Israel"
},
{
"docid": "12908487#0",
"text": "The Arab League was founded in 1945, has 22 members and four observer members: Brazil, Eritrea, India and Venezuela. Turkey and Iran have also both expressed their desire to join as observers, but their requests were delayed due to political problems with other Arab states, especially Iraq, Egypt and Syria..",
"title": "Foreign relations of the Arab League"
},
{
"docid": "52625#14",
"text": "Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration. This was done by means of an annex that declared:\nAt the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today, State of Palestine is a full member of the Arab League.",
"title": "Arab League"
},
{
"docid": "30613979#1",
"text": "Five countries are observer states—a status that entitles them to express their opinion and give advice but denies them voting rights. These are Eritrea, where Arabic is one of the official languages, as well as Brazil and Venezuela, which have large and influential Arab communities. India is another observer to the Arab League, with a sizable number of people claiming Arab descent. Armenia was granted observer status in 2004.Only five Arabic-speaking countries remain outside of the League: Chad, Eritrea, Israel, Malta and South Sudan. Additionally, there are also two other Arabic-speaking states with limited recognition – Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Somaliland – but their disputed status, being claimed by League members Morocco and Somalia respectively, makes their membership unlikely for the foreseeable future.",
"title": "Member states of the Arab League"
},
{
"docid": "3559987#2",
"text": "During the mid-1920s the party began recruiting Arab members. Karl Radek, as head of the Comintern's Eastern department, instructed the PCP that it must \"become a party of Arab workers to which Jews can belong.\" According to British intelligence sources, the first Arab joined the party in 1924. By 1925 the party had 8 Arab members. In that year the party was in contact with the Palestine Arab Workers Society. Simultaneously the party establish relations with elite sections of the local Arab society. According to Fred Halliday, many Christian Arabs were attracted towards the party since they, being Orthodox, felt emotional bonds with Russia. Representatives from the party at the League against Imperialism's 1927 conference in Brussels clashed with Poale Zion, forming an anti-Zionist bloc with Arab nationalists from Palestine, Egypt and Syria within the League.",
"title": "Palestine Communist Party"
},
{
"docid": "1358176#15",
"text": "As a result of 1949 Armistice Agreements, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem were ruled by Jordan, while the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt until the 1967 Six-Day War. During the first few months of 1950, Israel and Jordan came very close to creating a separate \"five-year non-aggression agreement\". However, on 13 April 1950, Arab League members signed an agreement on \"Joint Defense and Economic Cooperation\", which committed the signatories to coordination of military defense measures, and \"the Arab League resolved to expel any Arab state which reached a separate economic, political or military agreement with Israel.\" Under pressure from the Arab League, the agreement between Israel and Jordan never came to pass. Jordan formally annexing the West Bank on 24 April 1950. King Abdallah was assassinated on 20 July 1951.",
"title": "Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict"
}
] |
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] |
968
|
What is the origin of the word "eureka"?
|
[
{
"docid": "2862755#4",
"text": "The exclamation 'Eureka!' is attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes. He reportedly proclaimed \"Eureka! Eureka!\" after he had stepped into a bath and noticed that the water level rose, whereupon he suddenly understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body he had submerged. (This relation is \"not\" what is known as Archimedes' principle—that deals with the \"upthrust\" experienced by a body immersed in a fluid.) He then realized that the volume of irregular objects could be measured with precision, a previously intractable problem. He is said to have been so eager to share his discovery that he leapt out of his bathtub and ran naked through the streets of Syracuse.",
"title": "Eureka (word)"
},
{
"docid": "14332904#2",
"text": "On June 7, 1911, seven ministers and sixteen congregations organized to form the Eureka Classis. The name of the Classis came from the Greek word ‘eureka’ which means ‘I found it’ and not on the town Eureka, South Dakota, where the second meeting of the Classis would be held. The name was designed to mean that they had found a solution to their doctrinal problems with the rest of the denomination.",
"title": "Eureka Classis"
},
{
"docid": "2862755#1",
"text": "\"Eureka\" comes from the Ancient Greek word \"heúrēka\", meaning \"I found (it)\", which is the first person singular perfect indicative active of the verb \"heuriskō\" \"I find\". It is closely related to heuristic, which refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery.",
"title": "Eureka (word)"
},
{
"docid": "107473#7",
"text": "\"Eureka\" received its name from a Greek word meaning \"I have found it!\" This exuberant statement of successful (or hopeful) gold rush miners is also the official motto of the State of California. Eureka is the only U.S. location to use the same seal as the state for its seal.",
"title": "Eureka, California"
},
{
"docid": "137018#1",
"text": "The city was named from the Greek word \"eureka\", meaning \"I have found it!\" The city and its history was explored on the show \"Ghost Adventures\" in 2018.",
"title": "Eureka, Utah"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2862755#7",
"text": "The expression is also the state motto of California, referring to the momentous discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848. The California State Seal has included the word \"eureka\" since its original design by Robert S. Garnett in 1850; the official text from that time describing the seal states that this word's meaning applies \"either to the principle involved in the admission of the State or the success of the miner at work\". In 1957 the state legislature attempted to make \"In God We Trust\" the state motto as part of the same post WWII anti-Communist movement that successfully added the term \"under God\" to the American Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, but this attempt did not succeed and \"Eureka\" was made the official motto in 1963.",
"title": "Eureka (word)"
},
{
"docid": "2862755#10",
"text": "Another mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss, echoed Archimedes when in 1796 he wrote in his diary, \"ΕΥΡΗΚΑ! num = Δ + Δ + Δ\", referring to his discovery that any positive integer could be expressed as the sum of at most three triangular numbers. This result is now known as Gauss' Eureka theorem and is a special case of what later became known as the Fermat polygonal number theorem.",
"title": "Eureka (word)"
},
{
"docid": "2862755#8",
"text": "The city of Eureka, California, founded in 1850, uses the California State Seal as its official seal. Eureka is a considerable distance from Sutter's Mill, but was the jumping off point of a smaller gold rush in nearby Trinity County, California in 1850. It is the largest of at least eleven remaining US cities and towns named for the exclamation, \"eureka!\". As a result of the extensive use of the exclamation dating from 1849, there were nearly 40 locales so named by the 1880s in a nation that had none in the 1840s. Many places, works of culture, and other objects have since been named \"Eureka\"; see Eureka (disambiguation) for a list.",
"title": "Eureka (word)"
},
{
"docid": "2862755#9",
"text": "\"Eureka\" was also associated with a gold rush in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The Eureka Stockade was a revolt in 1854 by gold miners against unjust mining license fees and a brutal administration supervising the miners. The rebellion demonstrated the refusal of the workers to be dominated by unfair government and laws. The Eureka Stockade has often been referred to as the \"birth of democracy\" in Australia.",
"title": "Eureka (word)"
},
{
"docid": "28768815#0",
"text": "Eureka is a small eastern suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia – (AU). It was originally part of Ballarat East but became its own suburb in 1946 in recognition of the area's significance to Australian history. Eureka is bordered by Specimen Creek to the north, Canadian Creek to the south, Queen and Joseph streets to the west and Kline and Stawell Street to the east. The suburb takes its name from the Eureka Lead – a lead is an ancient river bed that contains gold – of the Eureka Mining Company and is most notable as the site of the historic event of the Eureka Rebellion. This was the site where the rebel miners flew the Eureka Flag for the first time, a flag that has since become a symbol of the working class and trade union movement. The site is marked by several monuments and a museum called the Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka (M.A.D.E), which opened in May 2013 and houses the original Eureka Flag, on loan from the Art Gallery of Ballarat.",
"title": "Eureka, Victoria"
}
] |
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] |
970
|
Are there different sects of Judaism?
|
[
{
"docid": "58782528#0",
"text": "Black Judaism is the collective term used to describe sects of Judaism predominantly practiced by the members of the African communities, both within the African Continent and outside Africa (such as North America). It is theologically characterized by the selective acceptance of the Judaic faith (in some cases such selective acceptance has historical circumstances), and that the belief system of Black Judaism is significantly different from the mainstream sects of Judaism. In addition, although Black Judaic communities adopt Judaic practices such as Jewish holidays and Jewish prayers, they are generally not recognized by the mainstream Jewish societies as legitimately Jewish.",
"title": "Black Judaism"
},
{
"docid": "28703544#6",
"text": "In the first few centuries CE, there were many sects of Judaism (such as Pharisees, Essenes, and Sadducees) each claiming to be the correct faith. Some scholars treat Christianity, during that era, referred to as Early Christianity, as simply one of many sects of Judaism. Some sects wrote polemics advocating their position, and occasionally disparaging rival sects. Some scholars view the depictions of Jesus in the Talmud as a manifestation of those inter-sect rivalries – thus the depictions can be read as polemics by the rabbinic authors of the Talmud which indirectly criticized the rival sect (Christianity), which was growing and becoming more dominant.",
"title": "Jesus in the Talmud"
},
{
"docid": "15624#111",
"text": "Christianity was originally a sect of Second Temple Judaism, but the two religions diverged in the first century. The differences between Christianity and Judaism originally centered on whether Jesus was the Jewish Messiah but eventually became irreconcilable. Major differences between the two faiths include the nature of the Messiah, of atonement and sin, the status of God's commandments to Israel, and perhaps most significantly of the nature of God himself. Due to these differences, Judaism traditionally regards Christianity as Shituf or worship of the God of Israel which is not monotheistic. Christianity has traditionally regarded Judaism as obsolete with the invention of Christianity and Jews as a people replaced by the Church, though a Christian belief in dual-covenant theology emerged as a phenomenon following Christian reflection on how their theology influenced the Nazi Holocaust.",
"title": "Judaism"
},
{
"docid": "12142041#11",
"text": "There is no unilateral agreement among the different denominations of Judaism concerning truth. In Orthodox Judaism, truth is the revealed word of God, as found in the Hebrew Bible, and to a lesser extent, in the words of the sages of the Talmud. For Hasidic Jews truth is also found in the pronouncements of their rebbe, or spiritual leader, who is believed to possess divine inspiration. Kotzk, a Polish Hasidic sect, was known for their obsession with truth.",
"title": "Religious views on truth"
},
{
"docid": "20015427#13",
"text": "For centuries, the traditional understanding has been that Judaism came before Christianity and that Christianity separated from Judaism some time after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Starting in the latter half of the 20th century, some scholars have begun to argue that the historical picture is quite a bit more complicated than that. In the 1st century, many Jewish sects existed in competition with each other, see Second Temple Judaism. The sects which eventually became Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity were but two of these. Some scholars have begun to propose a model which envisions a twin birth of Christianity and Judaism rather than a separation of the former from the latter. For example, Robert Goldenberg (2002) asserts that it is increasingly accepted among scholars that \"at the end of the 1st century CE there were not yet two separate religions called \"Judaism\" and \"Christianity\"\".\nDaniel Boyarin (2002) proposes a revised understanding of the interactions between nascent Christianity and nascent Rabbinical Judaism in Late Antiquity which views the two religions as intensely and complexly intertwined throughout this period.",
"title": "Origins of Judaism"
},
{
"docid": "15624#118",
"text": "There are some movements that combine elements of Judaism with those of other religions. The most well-known of these is Messianic Judaism, a religious movement, which arose in the 1960s, that incorporates elements of Judaism with the tenets of Christianity. The movement generally states that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah, that he is one of the Three Divine Persons, and that salvation is only achieved through acceptance of Jesus as one's savior. Some members of the movement argue that Messianic Judaism is a sect of Judaism. Jewish organizations of every denomination reject this, stating that Messianic Judaism is a Christian sect, because it teaches creeds which are identical to those of Pauline Christianity.",
"title": "Judaism"
},
{
"docid": "15624#101",
"text": "Around the 1st century CE, there were several small Jewish sects: the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes, and Christians. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished. Christianity survived, but by breaking with Judaism and becoming a separate religion; the Pharisees survived but in the form of Rabbinic Judaism (today, known simply as \"Judaism\"). The Sadducees rejected the divine inspiration of the Prophets and the Writings, relying only on the Torah as divinely inspired. Consequently, a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees' belief system (which became the basis for modern Judaism), were also dismissed by the Sadducees. (The Samaritans practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism.)",
"title": "Judaism"
},
{
"docid": "27694#14",
"text": "Each sect of Judaism has its own interpretation of Satan's identity. Conservative Judaism generally rejects the Talmudic interpretation of Satan as a metaphor for the \"yetzer hara\", and regard him as a literal agent of God. Orthodox Judaism, on the other hand, outwardly embraces Talmudic teachings on Satan, and involves Satan in religious life far more inclusively than other sects. Satan is mentioned explicitly in some daily prayers, including during Shacharit and certain post-meal benedictions, as described in Talmud and the Jewish Code of Law. In Reform Judaism, Satan is generally seen in his Talmudic role as a metaphor for the \"yetzer hara\" and the symbolic representation of innate human qualities such as selfishness.",
"title": "Satan"
},
{
"docid": "53835#22",
"text": "Haredi Judaism is not an institutionally cohesive or homogeneous group, but comprises a diversity of spiritual and cultural orientations, generally divided into a broad range of Hasidic sects, Litvishe-Yeshivish streams from Eastern Europe, and Oriental Sephardic Haredim. These groups often differ significantly from one another in their specific ideologies and lifestyles, as well as the degree of stringency in religious practice, rigidity of religious philosophy, and isolation from the general culture that they maintain.",
"title": "Haredi Judaism"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "41306208#10",
"text": "Different Hindu sects have a variety of beliefs about the nature and identity of god, believing variously in monotheism, polytheism, pantheism, and panentheism. According to the Upanishads, the Mahabharata, and some Puranas, \"Narayana\" is the supreme deity. Today, the Vaishnavite sect considers Vishnu to be the supreme god, while Shaivites consider Shiva to be the supreme god.",
"title": "Hinduism and Judaism"
}
] |
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971
|
When was the Whig party founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "32078#0",
"text": "The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four presidents belonged to the party while in office. It emerged in the 1830s as the leading opponent of Jacksonian democracy, pulling together former members of the National Republican (one of the successors of the Democratic-Republican Party) and the Anti-Masonic Party. It had links to the upscale traditions of the long-defunct Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s. It originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson (in office 1829–1837) and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing. It appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal. Party founders chose the \"Whig\" name to echo the American Whigs (aka the Patriots) of the 18th century who fought for independence. The political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not related to the British Whig party. Historian Frank Towers has specified a deep ideological divide:",
"title": "Whig Party (United States)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5226320#66",
"text": "The Democratic Republican Party (or the Democratic Party) and the Whig Party (which had been pretty well destroyed after the 1852 elections) had been the major political parties in the United States. Corbett had been a Whig and follower of Henry Clay but when the Republican Party was founded on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan, he was one of its early and enthusiastic supporters. The Republican Party was founded as the anti-slavery party in opposition to the pro-slavery Democratic Party in one of the few fundamental reorganizations of the American political system.",
"title": "Henry W. Corbett"
},
{
"docid": "32078#22",
"text": "In 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the new territories to slavery, was passed. Southern Whigs generally supported the Act while Northern Whigs remained strongly opposed. Most remaining Northern Whigs, like Lincoln, joined the new Republican Party and strongly attacked the Act, appealing to widespread Northern outrage over the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Other Whigs joined the Know Nothing Party, attracted by its nativist crusades against so-called \"corrupt\" Irish and German immigrants. In the South, the Whig Party vanished—but as Thomas Alexander has shown, Whiggism as a modernizing policy orientation persisted for decades. Historians estimate that in the South in 1856 former Whig Fillmore retained 86 percent of the 1852 Whig voters when he ran as the American Party candidate. He won only 13% of the Northern vote, though that was just enough to tip Pennsylvania out of the Republican column. The future in the North, most observers thought at the time, was Republican. Scant prospects for the shrunken old party seemed extant and after 1856 virtually no Whig organization remained at the regional level. Twenty-six states sent 150 delegates to the last national convention in September 1856. The convention met for only two days and on the second day (and only ballot) quickly nominated Fillmore for President, who had already been nominated for President by the Know Nothing Party. Andrew Jackson Donelson was nominated for Vice President. Some Whigs and others adopted the mantle of the Opposition Party for several years and enjoyed some individual electoral successes.",
"title": "Whig Party (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "4227252#0",
"text": "The Patriot Whigs and, later Patriot Party, were a group within the Whig party in Great Britain from 1725 to 1803. The group was formed in opposition to the ministry of Robert Walpole in the House of Commons in 1725, when William Pulteney (later 1st Earl of Bath) and seventeen other Whigs joined with the Tory party in attacks against the ministry. By the middle of the 1730s, there were over one hundred opposition Whigs in the Commons, many of whom embraced the Patriot label. For many years they provided a more effective opposition to the Walpole administration than the Tories.",
"title": "Patriot Whigs"
},
{
"docid": "5043544#8",
"text": "Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party. The Democratic Party had a small yet decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s, when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery. In 1854, angry with the Kansas–Nebraska Act, anti-slavery Democrats left the party and joined Northern Whigs to form the Republican Party.",
"title": "Democratic Party (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "81455#36",
"text": "The Republican Party had been founded in 1854, in reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Its anti-slavery stance was attractive to Seward, but he needed the Whig structure in New York to get re-elected. In September 1855, the New York Whig and Republican parties held simultaneous conventions that quickly merged into one. Seward was the most prominent figure to join the new party, and was spoken of as a possible presidential candidate in 1856. Weed, however, did not feel that the new party was strong enough on a national level to secure the presidency, and advised Seward to wait until 1860. When Seward's name was mentioned at the 1856 Republican National Convention, a huge ovation broke out. In the 1856 presidential election, the Democratic candidate, former Pennsylvania senator James Buchanan, defeated the Republican, former California senator John C. Frémont, and the Know Nothing candidate, former president Fillmore.",
"title": "William H. Seward"
},
{
"docid": "43729#1",
"text": "Both parties began as loose groupings or tendencies, but became quite formal by 1784 with the ascension of Charles James Fox as the leader of a reconstituted Whig Party, arrayed against the governing party of the new Tories under William Pitt the Younger. Both parties were founded on rich politicians more than on popular votes, and there were elections to the House of Commons, but a small number of men controlled most of the voters.",
"title": "Whigs (British political party)"
},
{
"docid": "4700650#1",
"text": "The paper was founded on Aug. 7, 1841, by Palmer Chamberlain Ricketts (father of Palmer C. Ricketts, who would later become president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1901) to circulate the Whig political party beliefs in the wake of William Henry Harrison's presidential victory. The Whig promoted itself as “Devoted to Politics, Agriculture, The Useful Arts, Literature and General Intelligence.” It was originally published weekly, from Ricketts' log cabin near the intersection of Main and Bow streets in Elkton. In 1989, the Whig began daily circulation, publishing papers Monday through Friday. In 2012, the Whig began publishing three days a week on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.",
"title": "Cecil Whig"
},
{
"docid": "46351613#2",
"text": "Waleed Ghani and his fiancée Felicity Anscomb applied to register the Whig Party with the Electoral Commission on 27 May 2014. The Whig Party was registered with the Electoral Commission on 15 September 2014. The Electoral Commission lists Waleed Ghani as its Leader and Nominating Officer and Felicity Anscomb as its Treasurer. Ghani founded the party with the intention of filling a vacuum he saw in British politics. Jesse Norman, a Conservative Member of Parliament who in 2013 published a biography of the famous Whig politician Edmund Burke, proposed that Ghani may have exaggerated Whigs' historical progressive achievements.",
"title": "Whig Party (British political party)"
},
{
"docid": "46351613#3",
"text": "On 9 December 2014, Ghani was interviewed by Jo Coburn on the BBC's \"Daily Politics\". Ghani has also received support from American Whigs. The party was founded without any policies, but instead a group of values such as human rights, love of country and diversity, for which they use the Swedish word \"mångfald\" (meaning \"diversity\", \"variety\" or \"multitude\"). In early 2015, the Whig Party formed an agreement with Something New that meant both parties would cross-endorse candidates and they would not stand opposing candidates in the same seats.",
"title": "Whig Party (British political party)"
}
] |
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] |
972
|
Is Zeus the King of the Greek pantheon?
|
[
{
"docid": "2378930#13",
"text": "The story is based on the Greek mythological tale of Europa and the bull, where the white bull is the king of the Greek gods, Zeus, in disguise. Zeus, the sky and thunder god of the Olympic pantheon, often wore a disguise when romantically pursuing mortal women, so as to avoid the eye of his wife and sister, Hera.",
"title": "The White Bull"
},
{
"docid": "34398#25",
"text": "Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the Greek Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and was featured in many of their local cults. Though the Homeric \"cloud collector\" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity.",
"title": "Zeus"
},
{
"docid": "42012#5",
"text": "The Classical Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides reported the legend that the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty were descendants of Temenus, king of Argos, and could therefore claim the mythical Heracles as one of their ancestors as well as a direct lineage from Zeus, chief god of the Greek pantheon. Contradictory legends state that either Perdiccas I of Macedon or Caranus of Macedon were the founders of the Argead dynasty, with either five or eight kings before AmyntasI. The assertion that the Argeads descended from Temenus was accepted by the \"Hellanodikai\" authorities of the Ancient Olympic Games, permitting Alexander I of Macedon () to enter the competitions owing to his perceived Greek heritage. Little is known about the kingdom before the reign of AlexanderI's father Amyntas I of Macedon () during the Archaic period.",
"title": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)"
},
{
"docid": "11338027#2",
"text": "Nike and her siblings were close companions of Zeus, the dominant deity of the Greek pantheon. According to classical (later) myth, Styx brought them to Zeus when the god was assembling allies for the Titanomachy against the older deities. Nike assumed the role of the divine charioteer, a role in which she often is portrayed in Classical Greek art. Nike flew around battlefields rewarding the victors with glory and fame, symbolized by a wreath of laurel leaves (bay leaves).\nNike is seen with wings in most statues and paintings, with one of the most famous being the \"Winged Victory of Samothrace\". Most other winged deities in the Greek pantheon had shed their wings by Classical times. Nike is the goddess of strength, speed, and victory. Nike was a very close acquaintance of Athena, and is thought to have stood in Athena's outstretched hand in the statue of Athena located in the Parthenon. Nike is also one of the most commonly portrayed figures on Greek coins. After victory at the Battle of Marathon, Athenians erected the Nike of Callimachus.",
"title": "Nike (mythology)"
},
{
"docid": "25144466#13",
"text": "Greek version- Prometheus and Zeus\nIn the Greek version, the god Prometheus confronts is in fact the main head of the patriarchal pantheon, Zeus, who is almost always viewed in a positive light, as the loving All-Father, as the wise ruler of all, etc. The tale of Prometheus is one of the few instances where he is viewed negatively. Zeus guards the fire to keep humanity down, because he knows that once humanity has fire, it can make weapons, and progress, leading eventually to an ability to overthrow his rule. In some versions he also reasons that humanity is better off in ignorance and backwardness, without fire, often symbolized by its destructive nature contrasting its use for industry.",
"title": "Pkharmat"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4449171#10",
"text": "For example, Jenny Strauss Clay argues that Homer's poetic vision centers on the reign of Zeus, but that Hesiod's vision of the primordials put Zeus and the Olympians in context. Likewise, Vernant argues that the Olympic pantheon is a \"system of classification, a particular way of ordering and conceptualizing the universe by distinguishing within it various types of powers and forces.\" But even before the Olympic pantheon were the Titans and primordial gods. Homer alludes to a more tumultuous past before Zeus was the undisputed King and Father.",
"title": "Greek primordial deities"
},
{
"docid": "2417624#22",
"text": "The ancient Macedonians worshipped the Twelve Olympians, especially Zeus, Artemis, Heracles, and Dionysus. Ancient Greeks regarded it as an essential element of Hellenic identity to share common religious beliefs and to come together at regular intervals at Panhellenic sanctuaries (Olympia, Delphi, Nemea/Argos, etc.) in order to celebrate Panhellenic festivals. Most of the gods who were worshipped in southern Greece can also be found in the Macedonian pantheon and the names of the most important Macedonian religious festivals are also typically Greek. Evidence of this worship exists from the beginning of the 4th century BC onwards, but little evidence of Macedonian religious practices from earlier times exists. From an early period, Zeus was the single most important deity in the Macedonian pantheon. Makedon, the mythical ancestor of the Macedonians, was held to be a son of Zeus, and Zeus features prominently in Macedonian coinage. The most important centre of worship of Zeus was at Dion in Pieria, the spiritual centre of the Macedonians, where beginning in 400 BC King Archelaus established an annual festival, which in honour of Zeus featured lavish sacrifices and athletic contests. Worship of Zeus's son Heracles was also prominent; coins featuring Heracles appear from the 5th century BC onwards. This was in large part because the Argead kings of Macedon traced their lineage to Heracles, making sacrifices to him in the Macedonian capitals of Vergina and Pella. Numerous votive reliefs and dedications also attest to the importance of the worship of Artemis. Artemis was often depicted as a huntress and served as a tutelary goddess for young girls entering the coming-of-age process, much as Heracles Kynagidas (Hunter) did for young men who had completed it. By contrast, some deities popular elsewhere in the Greek worldnotably Poseidon and Hephaestuswere largely ignored by the Macedonians.",
"title": "Ancient Macedonians"
},
{
"docid": "1721757#71",
"text": "Much of the plot is woven around conflicts between the Minyans, the short, dark, matriarchal descendants of the earliest Greeks (or possibly the pre-Greek peoples that inhabited Hellas) and the Hellenes, the tall, blond, patriarchal people who long ago immigrated into Greece and slew, drove out or subjugated many of the Minyans. While the Hellenes worship the traditional Greek pantheon of gods—Zeus, Poseidon, Apollo, etc.—the Minyans principally worship Mother Dia. Theseus, a Hellene in all save height, candidly admits that he cannot understand the Minyan world view.",
"title": "The King Must Die"
},
{
"docid": "574742#3",
"text": "The Olympians were a race of deities, primarily consisting of a third and fourth generation of immortal beings, worshipped as the principal gods of the Greek pantheon and so named because of their residency atop Mount Olympus. They gained their supremacy in a ten-year-long war of gods, in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the previous generation of ruling gods, the Titans. They were a family of gods, the most important consisting of the first generation of Olympians, offspring of the Titans Cronus and Rhea: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia, along with the principal offspring of Zeus: Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes, and Dionysus. Although Hades was a major deity in the Greek pantheon, and was the brother of Zeus and the other first generation of Olympians, his realm was far away from Olympus in the underworld, and thus he was not usually considered to be one of the Olympians. Olympic gods can be contrasted to chthonic gods including Hades, by mode of sacrifice, the latter receiving sacrifices in a \"bothros\" (βόθρος, \"pit\") or \"megaron\" (μέγαρον, \"sunken chamber\") rather than at an altar.",
"title": "Twelve Olympians"
},
{
"docid": "25144466#15",
"text": "Vainakh version\nFor the most part, the Vainakh version is extremely similar to the Greek version of Prometheus. However, rather than the head of the pantheon, as Zeus is, Sela is a major god, but he is not the head of the pantheon (which would be Dela). Like Zeus, Sela owns thunder and lightning and uses lightning as a weapon. However, he shares certain characteristics with the Greek Uranus: he is the god of stars and the sky. Sela's personality also resembles that of Uranus.",
"title": "Pkharmat"
}
] |
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] |
973
|
Where can you find a Eurasian eagle-owl?
|
[
{
"docid": "200237#11",
"text": "The Eurasian eagle-owl is a member of the genus \"Bubo\", which may include either 22 or 25 extant species. Almost all the larger owl species in the world today are included in \"Bubo\". Based on an extensive fossil record and a central distribution of extant species on that continent, the \"Bubo\" appears to have evolved into existence in Africa, although early radiations seem to branch from southern Asia as well. Two genera belonging to the scops owls complex, the giant scops owls (\"Otus gurneyi\") found in Asia and the \"Ptilopsis\" or the white-faced scops owl found in Africa, although firmly ensconced in the scops owl group, appear to share some characteristics with the eagle-owls. The \"Strix\" is also related to the \"Bubo\" and is considered a \"sister complex\", with the \"Pulsatrix\" possibly being intermediate between the two. The Eurasian eagle-owl appears to represent an expansion of the genus \"Bubo\" into the Eurasian continent. A few of the other species of \"Bubo\" seem to have been derived from the Eurasian eagle-owl, making it a \"paraspecies\", or they at least share a relatively recent common ancestor. The Pharaoh eagle-owl, distributed in the Arabian Peninsula and sections of the Sahara Desert through North Africa where rocky outcrops are found, was until recently considered a subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl. It appears that the Pharaoh eagle-owl differs about 3.8% in mitochondrial DNA from the Eurasian eagle-owl, well past the minimum genetic difference to differentiate species of 1.5%. Smaller and paler than Eurasian eagle-owls, the Pharaoh can also be considered a distinct species largely due to its higher pitched and more descending call and the observation that Eurasian eagle-owls formerly found in Morocco (\"B. b. hispanus\") apparently did not breed with the co-existing Pharaoh eagle-owls. On the contrary, the race still found together with the Pharaoh eagle-owl in the wild (\"B. b. interpositus\") in the central Middle East has been found to interbreed in the wild with the Pharaoh eagle-owl, although genetical materials have indicated \"interpositus\" may itself be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle-owl, as it differs from the nominate subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl by 2.8% in mitochondrial DNA. The Indian eagle-owl was also considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle-owl until recently, but its smaller size, distinct voice (more clipped and high-pitched than Eurasians), and the fact that it is largely allopatric in distribution (filling out the Indian subcontinent) with other Eurasian eagle-owl races has led to it being considered a distinct species. The mitochondrial DNA of the Indian species also appears considerably distinct from the Eurasian species. The Cape eagle-owl (\"B. capensis\") appears to represent a return of this genetic line back into the African continent, where it leads a lifestyle similar to northern eagle-owls albeit far to the south. Another offshoot of the northern \"Bubo\" group is the snowy owl. It appears to have separated from other \"Bubo\" at least 4 million years ago.",
"title": "Eurasian eagle-owl"
},
{
"docid": "45597481#20",
"text": "In rare cases, other predators may kill a Eurasian eagle-owl. In Europe, there is one case of a white-tailed eagle killing an eagle-owl and there are at least four known incidents of eagle-owls being killed by golden eagles. Also, an eagle-owl was found among the prey remains at a golden eagle eyrie in Mongolia. An eagle-owl was also found amongst the prey in the nest of steppe eagles (\"Aquila nipalensis\") in Altai Krai, Russia. In 2016, a large female subadult Bonelli's eagle (\"Aquila fasciata\") apparently preyed upon a three-year-old male Eurasian eagle-owl in Spain. Pine martens (\"Martes martes\") and stone martens (\"Martes foina\") are opportunistic nest predators. Although martens could probably reach most eagle-owl nests due to their agility and climbing abilities, they probably will attack nests when disturbance or low food supply result in lower nest attendance by the parent owls. Cases where nests have atypically been accessible on foot (for both humans and wild predators) have resulted in Eurasian eagle-owl nests being predated. Eurasian badgers, wild boars and raccoon dogs and raccoons, the latter two both where non-native in Germany, have also reportedly preyed on nests that they can access. In coastal areas of Spain, red foxes were reported to have preyed on four eagle-owls, including one unsexed brooding adult, at nests found to be reachable on foot by researchers. Cases of red foxes killing Eurasian eagle-owls at nests have reported elsewhere albeit very rarely, normally the eagle-owl is a greater danger to the foxes (and many of its other nest predators) than vice versa. In May 2017, a red fox was filmed killing two chicks and raiding the larder of an eagle-owl in Denmark.",
"title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl"
},
{
"docid": "45597481#16",
"text": "Equally or even more so than the great horned owl, the Eurasian eagle-owl is a threat to any smaller type of raptor it encounters, whether other owls or diurnal birds of prey. All told, more than 20 species of accipitrid, 15 species of owl and 9 species of falcon have been found amongst their prey. The Eurasian eagle-owl is the primary predator of other birds of prey throughout Eurasia, not even the prolific raptor-killing northern goshawk (\"Accipiter gentilis\") equals the sheer number of raptors taken. Up to 6% of the overall food by number and 36% by prey biomass for Eurasian eagle-owls can be comprised by other raptorial birds. The primary raptorial prey taken by Eurasian eagle-owls in Europe are two species: the long-eared owl and the common buzzard. Both are taken in such large numbers that they rank in the top five most regularly hunted bird species in Europe. In Luxembourg, the long-eared owl and common buzzard were the fourth and fifth most regularly hunted prey species. Other high rankings have included the long-eared owl being the fourth most regular prey species in Bavaria and the buzzard being the third most regular prey species in a study from the Czech Republic. While migrating, long-eared owls appear to select areas to move through partially based on whether or not eagle-owls are detected, thus eagle-owls have a very serious influence on the behaviour of this prey. Despite the large numbers taken of both of these, the more scarce eagle-owl does not seem to have a serious deleterious effect on their overall population, especially compared to anthropogenic factors.\nOther than these two species, a large share of the raptorial prey for eagle-owls is made up of other owls. Given that all European owls are to some extent nocturnal, they may be encountered and killed upon detection by the Eurasian eagle-owl. In Europe, it has killed every other species of owl, from the tiny pygmy owl and scops owl to the large great grey owl and the snowy owl. The Eurasian eagle-owl is the only raptor that has been known to prey on snowy owl on multiple occasions. However, the threat Eurasian eagle-owls poses to other raptors can be exaggerated. Occasionally, with adequate mammal prey populations, they can nest as close as a few dozen meters of other raptors and never harass them. When nesting in the same groves as the long-legged buzzards (\"Buteo rufinus\") in southeastern Bulgaria, Eurasian eagle-owls did not predate the buzzards at any point. Long-legged buzzards have been killed however in Kazakhstan. Even in those occasional cases where they pick off one or several raptors, they do not effect the overall population, unless the raptorial prey is already heavily diminished due to some other (often human-based) cause. For example, despite both being a known predator of both, they did not significantly depress numbers of either northern goshawks or tawny owls in southern Finland. One study showed that many raptors engage in spatial avoidance during potential encounters with Eurasian eagle-owls and while the predation by eagle-owls did decrease raptor population densities, they seldom caused declines in breeding success or altered habitat occupancy.",
"title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl"
},
{
"docid": "200237#15",
"text": "Even those near the northern limits of their range, where winters are harsh and likely to bear little in food, the eagle-owl does not leave its native range. There are cases from Russia of Eurasian eagle-owls moving south for the winter, as the icebound, infamously harsh climate there is too severe even for these hardy birds and their prey. Similarly, Eurasian eagle-owls living in the Tibetan highlands and Himalayas may in some cases vacate their normal territories when winter hits and move south. Even in those two examples, there is no evidence of consistent, annual migration by Eurasian eagle-owls and the birds may eke out a living on their normal territories even in the sparsest times.",
"title": "Eurasian eagle-owl"
},
{
"docid": "45597481#19",
"text": "Generally speaking, there appears to be rather strictly adhered size hierarchy among birds of prey and the very largest raptorial prey attacked by Eurasian eagle-owl tend to roughly equal to their own size. Larger raptors, such as eagles and vultures, seem to be largely invulnerable to eagle-owls. However, in Scandinavia, there are two cases of eagle-owls preying on “fairly large” nestlings of white-tailed eagles (\"Haliaeetus albicilla\"). Given the size, average adult weight of , and formidable character of this eagle, it is possible that the young of other raptors larger than themselves may too be attacked. Eastern imperial eagles (\"Aquila heliaca\"), which are nearly as large as the white-tailed eagle at an average weight of , have been killed by eagle-owls in Kazakhstan. Remarkable, considering the greater threat that the eagle normally poses to the eagle-owl than vica versa, it appeared a golden eagle was amongst the prey remains found around a nest in the French Pyrenees. Cases in Spain where large, formidable birds of prey, the Egyptian vulture (\"Neophron percnopterus\") and Bonelli's eagle, that are roughly equal in size to the eagle-owls, both weighing just over , have been predated, these seem to be taken from the nest or shortly after independence and rare occurrences. However, in Turkey, the eagle-owl is apparently a regular and serious predator of Bonelli's eagles. The Eurasian eagle-owl predates the largest members of the most species-rich diurnal raptor genera: the northern goshawks from the \"Accipiter\" genus, the upland buzzards from the \"Buteo\" genus and the gyrfalcons (\"F. rusticolus\") of the \"Falco\" genus. Additional large raptors, i.e. those that can average or more in body mass, taken as prey include osprey (\"Pandion haliaetus\"), the red kites (\"Milvus milvus\"), short-toed eagles (\"Circaetus gallicus\"), the greater spotted eagle (\"Clanga clanga\"), the lesser spotted eagle (\"Clanga pomarina\"), and the rough-legged buzzards (\"Buteo lagopus\") and saker falcons (\"Falco cherrug\"), in both of which females average more than . The taking of rough-legged buzzards and snowy owls must be confined to full-grown victims, since they nest further north than Eurasian eagle-owls. Eurasian eagle-owls also hunt the smallest raptors available, including those such as lesser kestrels (\"Falco naumanni\") and Japanese sparrowhawks (\"Accipiter gularis\") that weigh less than . Some of these are cases of eagle-owls killing nestlings or fledglings but they can easily overtake adult buzzards, goshawks and falcons of any size.",
"title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl"
},
{
"docid": "45597481#6",
"text": "Throughout the western Mediterranean region, the Eurasian Eagle-Owl is something of a specialist on a single prey species: the European rabbit. The rabbit historically reached extremely high densities in Iberian scrub, i.e. more than 40 per every 1 square hectare (2471 square acres). In central Spain, up to 73.1% of the prey that were recorded for Eurasian eagle-owls, by number, can be rabbits. Where still available, they are also the main prey in Portugal and central France. However, following the devastation of the wild rabbit due to rabbit haemorrhagic disease, the local eagle-owls have frequently had to adapt to other, often smaller, prey. On the other hand, given the now much reduced numbers of rabbits, the eagle-owls still regularly select rabbits, seemingly out of proportion to their commonality. Although large mature wild rabbits commonly weigh , the eagle-owls usually hunt smaller specimens, often with an average weight around , with young rabbits usually selected in spring and summer and subadults selected in the autumn and winter. This is largely due to the behaviour of rabbits, with younger rabbits being forced to distribute following weaning, being less cautious in behaviour and occupying less primary habitat, thus being forced out of the confines of their burrows more regularly than mature adults. However, the estimated average weight of rabbits taken can be variable, reported from as little as in a study from Spain to as much as in the Netherlands.",
"title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl"
},
{
"docid": "200237#0",
"text": "The Eurasian eagle-owl (\"Bubo bubo\") is a species of eagle-owl that resides in much of Eurasia. It is also called the European eagle-owl and in Europe, it is occasionally abbreviated to just eagle-owl. It is one of the largest species of owl, and females can grow to a total length of 75 cm (30 in), with a wingspan of 188 cm (6 ft 2 in), males being slightly smaller. This bird has distinctive ear tufts, with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish colouring and tawny. The wings and tail are barred. The underparts are a variably hued buff, streaked with darker colour. The facial disc is poorly developed and the orange eyes are distinctive.",
"title": "Eurasian eagle-owl"
},
{
"docid": "41302685#37",
"text": "Owls, which may have dissimilar periods of activity, are not entirely exempt from golden eagle predation either. Several species have been recorded as prey, especially in Northern Europe, Slovakia (where owls make up 2.4% of prey remains) and some parts of the Western United States. Species hunted have ranged in size from tiny Eurasian pygmy owl (\"Glaucidium passerinum\") and little owl (\"Athene noctua\") to the formidable, large great horned, Eurasian eagle and great gray owls (\"Strix nebulosa\"). Barn owls (\"Tyto alba\") have been predated by golden eagles in both North America and Eurasia. On Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands, barn owls made up 4.5% of the diet, the largest known occurrence of that species in the eagles' diet. However, the great horned owl is the owl species that occurs most regularly in the diet of North American golden eagles. In Europe, golden eagles are relatively minor predators of owls compared to Eurasian eagle-owls and northern goshawks. The primary owls hunted by European eagles are Ural owls (\"Strix uralensis\") and short-eared owls (\"Asio flammeus\"). Few eye-witness accounts are known of owl predation, but one violent mid-day confrontation between a golden eagle and an adult great horned owl was witnessed in Jefferson County, Colorado. Although this owl was about a third of the eagle's weight, it was able to land some damaging blows on the larger bird. In the end, despite its wounds, the eagle was victorious over the dead owl. A case of kleptoparasitism by a golden eagle on a great horned owl has been recorded. Although the Eurasian eagle-owl is preyed upon by golden eagles (4 confirmed cases of golden eagles killing eagle-owls in Europe), in one case a golden eagle (age unspecified) was found amongst the prey in an eagle-owl nest.",
"title": "Dietary biology of the golden eagle"
},
{
"docid": "200237#9",
"text": "In the lower Himalayas of northern Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, along with the brown fish owl, the Eurasian eagle-owl at the limit of its distribution may co-exist with at least two to three other eagle-owls. One of these, the dusky eagle-owl (\"B. coromandus\") is smaller, with more uniform tan-brownish plumage, untidy uniform light streaking rather than the Eurasian’s dark streaking below and an even less well-defined facial disc. The dusky is usually found in slightly more enclosed woodland areas than Eurasian eagle-owls. Another is possibly the spot-bellied eagle-owl (\"Bubo nipalensis\"), which is strikingly different looking, with stark brown plumage, rather than the warm hues typical of the Eurasian, bold spotting on a whitish background on the belly, and somewhat askew ear tufts that are bold white with light brown crossbars on the front. It is possible that both species occur in some parts of the Himalayan foothills but they are not currently verified to occur in the same area, in part because of the spot-bellied’s preference for dense, primary forest. Most similar, with basically the same habitat preferences and the only one verified to co-occur with the Eurasian eagle-owls of the race \"B. b. turcomanus\" in Kashmir is the Indian eagle-owl (\"B. bengalensis\"). The Indian species is smaller with a bolder blackish facial disc border, more rounded and relatively smaller wings and partially unfeathered toes. Far to the west, the pharaoh eagle-owl (\"B. ascalaphus\") also seemingly overlaps in range with the Eurasian, in at least the country of Jordan. Although also relatively similar to the Eurasian eagle-owl, the pharaoh is distinguished by its smaller size, paler, more washed-out plumage and the diminished size of its ear-tufts.",
"title": "Eurasian eagle-owl"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "45597481#0",
"text": "The Eurasian eagle-owl (\"Bubo bubo\") may well be the most powerful extant species of owl, able to attack and kill large prey far beyond the capacities of most other living owls. However, the species is even more marked for its ability to live on more diverse prey than possibly any other comparably sized raptorial bird, which, given its considerable size, is almost fully restricted to eagles. This species can adapt to surprisingly small prey where it is the only kind available and to large prey where it is abundant. Eurasian eagle-owls feed most commonly on small mammals weighing or more, although nearly 45% of the prey species recorded have an average adult body mass of less than . Usually 55-80% of the food of eagle-owls is mammalian.",
"title": "Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl"
}
] |
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] |
974
|
Where is platinum most abundant?
|
[
{
"docid": "23324#15",
"text": "Platinum exists in higher abundances on the Moon and in meteorites. Correspondingly, platinum is found in slightly higher abundances at sites of bolide impact on Earth that are associated with resulting post-impact volcanism, and can be mined economically; the Sudbury Basin is one such example.",
"title": "Platinum"
},
{
"docid": "23324#1",
"text": "Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements. It has six naturally occurring isotopes. It is one of the rarer elements in Earth's crust, with an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/kg. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production. Because of its scarcity in Earth's crust, only a few hundred tonnes are produced annually, and given its important uses, it is highly valuable and is a major precious metal commodity.",
"title": "Platinum"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23324#10",
"text": "Platinum has six naturally occurring isotopes: Pt, Pt, Pt, Pt, Pt, and Pt. The most abundant of these is Pt, comprising 33.83% of all platinum. It is the only stable isotope with a non-zero spin; with a spin of /, Pt satellite peaks are often observed in H and P NMR spectroscopy (i.e., Pt-phosphine and Pt-alkyl complexes). Pt is the least abundant at only 0.01%. Of the naturally occurring isotopes, only Pt is unstable, though it decays with a half-life of 6.5 years, causing an activity of 15 Bq/kg of natural platinum. Pt can undergo alpha decay, but its decay has never been observed (the half-life is known to be longer than 3.2 years); therefore, it is considered stable. Platinum also has 31 synthetic isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 166 to 204, making the total number of known isotopes 39. The least stable of these is Pt, with a half-life of 300 µs, whereas the most stable is Pt with a half-life of 50 years. Most platinum isotopes decay by some combination of beta decay and alpha decay. Pt, Pt, and Pt decay primarily by electron capture. Pt and Pt are predicted to have energetically favorable double beta decay paths.",
"title": "Platinum"
},
{
"docid": "30044#30",
"text": "In the Earth's crust, thorium is much more abundant: with an abundance of 8.1 parts per million (ppm), it is one of the most abundant of the heavy elements, almost as abundant as lead (13 ppm) and more abundant than tin (2.1 ppm). This is because thorium is likely to form oxide minerals that do not sink into the core; it is classified as a lithophile. Common thorium compounds are also poorly soluble in water. Thus, even though the Earth contains the same abundances of the elements as the Solar System as a whole, there is more accessible thorium than heavy platinum group metals in the crust.",
"title": "Thorium"
},
{
"docid": "14752#23",
"text": "Iridium is one of the nine least abundant stable elements in Earth's crust, having an average mass fraction of 0.001 ppm in crustal rock; platinum is 10 times more abundant, gold is 40 times more abundant, and silver and mercury are 80 times more abundant. Tellurium is about as abundant as iridium. In contrast to its low abundance in crustal rock, iridium is relatively common in meteorites, with concentrations of 0.5 ppm or more. The overall concentration of iridium on Earth is thought to be much higher than what is observed in crustal rocks, but because of the density and siderophilic (\"iron-loving\") character of iridium, it descended below the crust and into Earth's core when the planet was still molten.",
"title": "Iridium"
},
{
"docid": "3154089#27",
"text": "Platinum is more likely to be affected by social, environmental, political and economic issues where as gold not as much. This is because platinum has large mineral resources already identified and is not expected to be depleted for many decades (potentially up to year 2040). Furthermore, the resource is geographically restricted with the 3 by far most significant resources BIC, The great dyke (Zimbabwe) and Noril'sk-Talnakh in Russia. An important detail to note is palladium has been and is considered as the alternative to platinum. Recently (2017), the supply-demand gap has greatly decreased. Looking at political and social issues, there have been quite a few platinum mining-related strikes since before the 21st century: 1986 Impala strike, 1986 Gencor, 2004 Impala & Anglo Plats strikes, 2007 South Africa miners' strike, 2012 Marikana killings, Lonmin 2013 strike, 2014 South African platinum strike.",
"title": "Bushveld Igneous Complex"
},
{
"docid": "39422232#15",
"text": "The species is abundant in the United States territorial waters of the Atlantic Ocean extending north into Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank and moving south along the East Coast of the United States and into the Gulf of Mexico along the continental shelf. Although Great northern tilefish are reported to be most abundant between deep at ., the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration report differs, by stating that the species lives at the bottom of the ocean where they burrow into the sediment, between deep where the temperature ranges from .",
"title": "Great northern tilefish"
},
{
"docid": "12240#86",
"text": "Although the prices of some platinum group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals, and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise \"Utopia\". On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party.",
"title": "Gold"
},
{
"docid": "904#27",
"text": "Aluminium's per-particle abundance in the Solar System is 3.15 ppm (parts per million). It is the twelfth most abundant of all elements and third most abundant among the elements that have odd atomic numbers, after hydrogen and nitrogen. The only stable isotope of aluminium, Al, is the eighteenth most abundant nucleus in the Universe. It is created almost entirely after fusion of carbon in massive stars that will later become Type II supernovae: this fusion creates Mg, which, upon capturing free protons and neutrons becomes aluminium. Some smaller quantities of Al are created in hydrogen burning shells of evolved stars, where Mg can capture free protons. Essentially all aluminium now in existence is Al; Al was present in the early Solar System but is currently extinct. However, the trace quantities of Al that do exist are the most common gamma ray emitter in the interstellar gas.",
"title": "Aluminium"
},
{
"docid": "26376332#10",
"text": "Carbon appears to be more important than moisture in defining good habitats for nematodes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica. \"Scottnema lindsayae\", a microbial feeder and the most abundant and widely distributed metazoan invertebrate, often occurs as the sole metazoan species in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. It makes its living eating bacteria and yeast out in the dry, salty soils that dominate the valleys. All other invertebrate species are more abundant in moist or saturated soils where algae and moss are more abundant. Distribution of most nematode species is correlated negatively with elevation (due to temperature and precipitation) and salinity, and positively with soil moisture, soil organic matter, and nutrient availability. \"Eudorylaimus\" spp. is the second most abundant nematode, followed by \"Plectus murrayi\" who are the least abundant nematodes. \"Plectus antarcticus\" eats bacteria and prefers living in ephemeral streams. An average 2-pound bag of dry valley soils contains approximately 700 nematodes, while the more fertile soil found at higher latitudes on the continent may contain approximately 4,000 nematodes.",
"title": "Antarctic microorganism"
}
] |
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975
|
What are pinheads powers?
|
[
{
"docid": "1625431#39",
"text": "Described by Doug Bradley as stronger than Jason Voorhees and Michael Myers, Pinhead is an extremely powerful being, and as such, has several supernatural abilities. His preferred method of attack is by summoning hooks and chains to mutilate victims, often pulling said victims in several directions to tear them apart. These chains are subject to his total mental control and he may direct them at will. The chains may even change shape after having attached to a victim. Pinhead is highly resistant to damage and direct assault, being able to resist both gunshots and futuristic energy weapons. His magic is also used for creating objects out of thin air, teleporting, creating explosions at distances and deceiving opponents with illusions. He is capable of creating other cenobites from both living and dead victims.",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"docid": "24236597#11",
"text": "Trivia:\nPinhead, along with Blade and Jester, are the only characters to appear in all the \"Puppet Master\" movies to date. He is 1'7\" and weighs 2 lbs. Before he became a puppet, Pinhead was a man named Herman Strauss. Strauss was a truck driver who secretly brought food to the Jewish ghettos; as a result, he was killed by the Nazis for treason. His retro version was the soul of a beggar André Toulon knew. The Retro version was the first puppet Toulon (with the help of Afzel) brought to life (Retro Puppet Master). Pinhead was used for evil under puppet masters Neil Gallagher, André Toulon (Puppet Master II), and Dr. Magrew, all whom he turned against in the end. Pinhead's only power is his two big hands, which can deliver quite a punch. He is unnaturally strong, able to move or drag a full grown human body with ease.",
"title": "List of Puppet Master characters"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1625431#40",
"text": "In order to act in the physical world, Pinhead needs to have been purposely summoned through the Lament Configuration, though this in itself is not usually enough for Pinhead to target the puzzle-solver: in \"Hellbound: Hellraiser II\", Pinhead stops the Cenobites from torturing an emotionally traumatised girl who was manipulated as a proxy into opening the Configuration, remarking \"...it is not \"hands\" that call us, it is \"desire\".\" In \"Hell on Earth\", he temporarily eliminates these restraints when he is separated from the part of him that is Elliot Spencer, wreaking havoc indiscriminately upon every human subject he encounters until he is finally defeated when Spencer willingly merges with Pinhead once again, the combination binding Pinhead as Spencer keeps his extremes in check. During this incident his powers were apparently expanded beyond their normal limits allowing him to physically warp reality to his will.",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"docid": "1625431#37",
"text": "In his demonic incarnations, Pinhead is irreverent toward Christianity: in the third film, club owner J.P. Monroe exclaims \"Jesus Christ,\" to which Pinhead mockingly replies, \"Not quite.\", and later on mockingly imitates the stigmata in a church, and states in the fourth \"Do I look like someone who cares what God thinks?\" In Clive Barker's \"Hellraiser\" comics published by \"BOOM!\" in 2011, Pinhead has reached a crisis point in his existence and now yearns for spiritual salvation and the opportunity to reach Heaven, and puts into motion a plan to destroy his fellow cenobites as a means of atonement.",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"docid": "1625431#34",
"text": "According to Clive Barker, as the writing of the \"Hellraiser\" script took place during the height of the \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\", \"Friday the 13th\" and \"Halloween\" film series, his intended portrayal of Pinhead as an articulate and intelligent character was initially not well received by the producers: some suggested that Pinhead should act more like Freddy Krueger and crack jokes, while others suggested that he be a silent character like Jason Voorhees and Michael Myers. Barker insisted that Pinhead's personality be more evocative of Christopher Lee's portrayal of Count Dracula: \"Part of the chill of Dracula surely lies in the fact that he is very clearly and articulately aware of what he is doing – you feel that this is a penetrating intelligence – and I don't find dumb things terribly scary – I find intelligence scary, particularly twisted intelligence; it's one of the reasons why Hannibal Lecter is scary, isn't it? It's because you always feel that he's going to be three jumps ahead of you.\"",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"docid": "1625431#27",
"text": "In the first eight Hellraiser films, Pinhead is portrayed by Doug Bradley. Because of his eventual skill at application and removal of the Pinhead appliances and costume, Bradley has been credited in some of the Hellraiser films as an assistant make-up artist. When he read the script for the first time, Bradley stated on interview that he saw Pinhead as a cross between Oscar Wilde and Noël Coward. Upon asking Barker how he should play Pinhead, Barker told him to \"[think] of him as a cross between an administrator and a surgeon who's responsible for running a hospital where there are no wards, only operating theatres. As well as being the man who wields the knife, he's the man who has to keep the timetable going.\" The two also decided early on that Pinhead was formerly human:",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"docid": "29202058#1",
"text": "The premise of \"Pinheads & Patriots\" is taken from a segment on O’Reilly’s talk show, “The Factor,” during which he calls out people who do good things (patriots) or bad things (pinheads). In the book, O’Reilly tries to be more precise about these terms. He defines a pinhead as someone who lacks intelligence or common sense. The term applies to individual actions, but O’Reilly warns that “Pinhead status is a slippery slope. Get in with the wrong crowd, get taken by your own success, or get some bad advice, and all of that can lead to residence in Pinheadville.” By way of contrast, “Patriotism is not short, frenzied outbursts of emotion, but the tranquil and steady dedication of a lifetime.”",
"title": "Pinheads and Patriots"
},
{
"docid": "1625431#4",
"text": "The character appears in various \"Hellraiser\" comics and received his own comic miniseries, entitled \"Pinhead\", published by Marvel Comics' Epic Comics imprint. In the comic book series, Pinhead is depicted as the latest incarnation of the cenobite spirit Xipe Totec, an entity derived from Aztec mythology. In the \"Harrowing\" storyline, Pinhead is revealed to have been romantically involved with a cenobite named Merkova, who was killed by the disciples of Morte Mamme, the sister and rival of Leviathan. In the Pinhead/Marshal Law crossover series, it is revealed that Pinhead's human incarnation, Captain Spencer, took part in the Battle of the Somme.",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"docid": "1625431#29",
"text": "Paul T. Taylor portrays Pinhead in \"Hellraiser: Judgment\", an experience he describes as a dream-come-true. According to Taylor, \"[Pinhead] was always my favorite horror icon because he was the most twisted and intelligent in my mind.\" The American actor used a faux British accent when portraying the character due to his belief that \"Pinhead has to be British\". Gary Tunnicliffe gave Taylor room to create his own interpretation of Pinhead, as Taylor brought an intentional vulnerability to the role. In addition to prior knowledge, Taylor used \"Hellraiser\" comic books as preparation for the film.",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"docid": "1625431#6",
"text": "In 2011, Barker began writing a series of \"Hellraiser\" comics for \"BOOM!,\" taking place sometime after the events of \"Hell on Earth.\" Pinhead is reunited in Hell with his cenobite entourage from the first two films (including Chatterer, the Female, and Butterball), where he comes to mourn the futility of his own existence. Deciding that he wants to permanently return to his human form and seek spiritual salvation, he begins sending anonymous clues to Kirsty Cotton as to the locations of artifacts that summon cenobites so she can destroy them. After Kirsty locates and opens the box, Pinhead and his fellow cenobites appear to her; but, rather than kill her, Pinhead instead betrays his fellow cenobites and he and Kirsty kill them together. As of the September 2011 issue, it is unclear whether Pinhead is attempting to coerce Kirsty into taking his place as the leader of the cenobites, or whether his plans to return to a human form involve romantic interests towards her.",
"title": "Pinhead (Hellraiser)"
}
] |
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976
|
How do you join the Catholic Church?
|
[
{
"docid": "24765072#23",
"text": "If membership by reception of the sacraments of initiation within an ordinariate is open not only to the Catholics mentioned in the 2013 amendment but to others also who have no Anglican background - something on which no express statement has been issued - anyone who has not yet received all three sacraments of initiation may join. This includes non-Christians, those who, in the view of the Catholic Church, do not have valid baptism (such as Mormons), and those who, again in the view of the Catholic Church, have valid baptism but not valid confirmation or Eucharist. Protestants in general are seen as lacking valid confirmation, but the Eastern churches and some Western ones, such as some Old Catholic churches and the Polish National Catholic Church, are recognized as having valid sacraments.",
"title": "Personal ordinariate"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14536973#17",
"text": "Devotions are prayers or pious exercises used to demonstrate reverence for a particular aspect of God or the person of Jesus, or for a particular saint. Catholic devotions have various forms, ranging from formalized prayers such as novenas to activities which do not involve any prayers, such as Eucharistic adoration, the veneration of the saints, and even horticultural practices such as maintaining a Mary garden. Common examples of Catholic devotions include the Rosary, the Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Holy Face of Jesus, the Immaculate Heart of Mary, and the veneration of various saints, etc. The Congregation for Divine Worship at the Vatican publishes a \"Directory of devotions and pious practices\". The Rosary is a devotion for the meditation of the mysteries of joy, of sorrow and the glory of Jesus and Mary.Sister Lucia dos Santos said:\"The Most Holy Virgin in these last times in which we live has given a new efficacy to the recitation of the Rosary to such an extent that there is no problem, no matter how difficult it is, whether temporal or above all spiritual, in the personal life of each one of us, of our families...that cannot be solved by the Rosary. There is no problem, I tell you, no matter how difficult it is, that we cannot resolve by the prayer of the Holy Rosary.\"",
"title": "Prayer in the Catholic Church"
},
{
"docid": "24765072#17",
"text": "Through the ordinariates, \"Anglicans who wish to enter the full communion of the Catholic Church, bringing with them some of the traditions and beauty of the Anglican heritage in which they were nurtured, may do so.\" However, Anglicans who join the Catholic Church are not obliged to become members of an ordinariate and can choose to belong to the Latin diocese of residence. In either form they are received by individual profession of faith. The rite of reception would normally also include the sacraments of Confirmation and Eucharist.",
"title": "Personal ordinariate"
},
{
"docid": "28037500#9",
"text": "The rite of reception of baptized Christians into the Communion of the Catholic Church states that \"one who was born and baptized outside the visible communion of the Catholic Church is not required to make an abjuration of heresy [publicly] but simply a profession of faith. Today, normally, an abjuration of heresy is made in the privacy of the confessional, though in the past it was often a public matter. After joining with the congregation in reciting the Nicene Creed, the person being received into the Catholic Church makes the following profession of faith:\nAs indicated in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults, adults joining the Catholic Church were formerly asked to abjure the previous faith to which they belonged (\"Hebrew superstititon\", the Islamic \"sect of the infidel\", or \"the heretical errors of the evil sect\" from which they came). The profession of faith used was the Tridentine Profession of Faith.",
"title": "Profession of faith (Catholic Church)"
},
{
"docid": "4958298#66",
"text": "In addressing the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life in 2009, Archbishop Charles J. Chaput of Denver discussed the need when talking about reforming immigration law, to do so \"...in a comprehensive way, so that justice is done and our borders are protected. It's always both/and; it's not either/or from my perspective.\" \"[N]o one can claim to be Catholic and think it's okay to treat immigrants unjustly or inhumanly. But you can disagree on immigration policies because you think that one works and one doesn't.\"",
"title": "Catholic Church and politics in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "39491098#11",
"text": "The scholarship of Polish-Catholic Churches does not depart from the faith and tradition of the Catholic Church. In the exercise of those sacred functions, the liturgical calendar of the church year is used. The Church offers the highest honour to God in the Holy Trinity. The church venerates angels, apostles, martyrs and saints – among them the Virgin Mary in a special way. The Church recognizes the traditional seven sacraments in accordance with the teachings of the Catholic Church. The Eucharist is celebrated in two forms: the Body and Blood of Christ. In the Church two forms of confession are celebrated: Individual (otic in the confessional) and overall (exercised as a ceremony in front of the altar or in combination with Holy Mass – called as Universal Confession). Children and young people are obliged to join the sacrament of Confirmation. Polish-Catholics do not recognize the dogma of papal infallibility.",
"title": "Polish Catholicism"
},
{
"docid": "239957#17",
"text": "The Council also said that even those who do not believe in Christ are related to the Church: \"All men are called to be part of this catholic unity of the people of God which in promoting universal peace presages it. And there belong to or are related to it in various ways, the Catholic faithful, all who believe in Christ, and indeed the whole of mankind, for all men are called by the grace of God to salvation.\" However, it added immediately that those who, \"knowing that the Catholic Church was made necessary by Christ, would refuse to enter or to remain in it, could not be saved\". In this way, the Catholic Church teaches that any person who knows that the Catholic Church is necessary for eternal salvation and knowingly rejects the Church with deliberate consent cannot be saved. On the other hand, \"those also can attain to salvation who through no fault of their own do not know the Gospel of Christ or His Church, yet sincerely seek God and moved by grace strive by their deeds to do His will as it is known to them through the dictates of conscience. Nor does Divine Providence deny the helps necessary for salvation to those who, without blame on their part, have not yet arrived at an explicit knowledge of God and with His grace strive to live a good life.\"",
"title": "Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus"
},
{
"docid": "44436539#15",
"text": "Baldisseri called for Catholic lay movements to help suggest solutions to the issues facing family life in the modern world, and to help to care for those families which are broken or wounded. Mike Phelan, director of the Office of Marriage and Respect Life for the Diocese of Phoenix, said the purpose of the survey was to determine what the Church needs to do \"to support families that are deeply broken and deeply suffering,\" adding that \"We need to be radically creative with how we go to where families actually are. So many families hurting, and how do we actually reach out to them?\"",
"title": "Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops"
},
{
"docid": "9406290#17",
"text": "On July 23, 2006 Bolivia's Cardinal Julio Terrazas told Catholics they needed to stop being \"passive\" and defend the faith. He warned them that “Great wars began with small theories ... with this discourse of hate, rancor, of unforgiveness.” Patzi then came out against the Catholic hierarchy stating, \"They are saying we are going to destroy the Church and its beliefs. How untrue! Excellencies, do not lie to the people, give them the whole truth, the hard truth. The truth does not destroy. Hypocrisy sooner or later will become visible.” By July 25, 2006 Catholic organizations had led street marches in cities including Santa Cruz and Tarija. After these protests Patzi went further in his claims, saying \"The Church is now showing her true face. The Church is now on the side of the oligarchy, because for 514 years the Church has been at the service of the oligarchy and the rich. Nobody can deny it.\" Morales then came out in support of Patzi accusing the bishops of acting “as if this were the Inquisition.” He claimed that the bishops were “still seeking a certain vestige of power.” Morales explained his comments to reporters, saying \"I want to ask the (church) hierarchies that they understand freedom of religion and beliefs in our country. It's not possible to impose their views. …[I am] worried by the behavior of some Catholic Church leaders who are acting like in times of the Inquisition.\"",
"title": "Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church"
},
{
"docid": "1704479#8",
"text": "In early 1968, \"The Tablet\" reported that Vatican sources had \"been quoted as saying that Catholics are now free to join the Masons in the United States, Britain and most other countries of the world. However, the European Grand Orient Lodge of Masons, established primarily in Italy and France, is still considered anti-Catholic or, at least, atheistic,\" and that \"the 'let it be known that Catholics joining the Freemasons are no longer automatically excommunicated. The Church's new attitude has been in effect for more than a year.' The Church's Code of Canon Law drawn up in 1918 and shortly to be reformed, provided for automatic excommunication of Catholics 'who enroll in the Masonic sect or in secret societies conspiring against the Church or the legitimate authorities.' Vatican sources added that this wording would be changed to modify the Church's position when the new Code of Canon Law was completed.\" These reports apparently caused consternation in the Vatican, and were quickly corrected. The Holy See publicly said that canon 2335 was not abrogated, and denied it planned to \"change profoundly\" its historic prohibition against Catholics joining Masonic groups, although confidential sources said \"a change in attitude in the future was considered possible.\"",
"title": "Papal ban of Freemasonry"
}
] |
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] |
977
|
Does The Wright Amendment of 1979 still exist?
|
[
{
"docid": "2270583#0",
"text": "The Wright Amendment of 1979 was a United States federal law that governed traffic at Dallas Love Field, an airport in Dallas, Texas, with some provisions also applying to other mid-size airfields in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, including Meacham Field and Addison Airport. It originally limited most non-stop flights from Love Field to destinations within Texas and neighboring states in order to encourage airlines to use Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) so that the investment in that new airport could be recouped. Additional states were allowed in 1997 and 2005. The law was amended and partially repealed in 2006 and then fully repealed in 2014 because DFW was well established.",
"title": "Wright Amendment"
},
{
"docid": "51410213#6",
"text": "The Wright Amendment of 1979 was a federal law that governed traffic at Dallas Love Field until many restrictions from the amendment were removed in late 2014. It originally limited most nonstop flights to destinations within Texas and neighboring states. The limits began to phase out in 1997 and 2005; in 2006, the amendment was repealed, with some restrictions intact until 2014, but added a restriction on the number of gates allowed.",
"title": "History of Southwest Airlines"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2270583#4",
"text": "After the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, Southwest Airlines entered the larger passenger market with plans to start providing interstate service in 1979. This angered the City of Fort Worth, the governing board of DFW International Airport, and Braniff International Airways, all of which had invested heavily in the move to DFW International. To help protect the airlines' investment of resources into DFW International Airport, Jim Wright, member of the U.S. House of Representatives serving Fort Worth, sponsored and helped pass an amendment to the International Air Transportation Act of 1979 in Congress that restricted passenger air traffic out of Love Field in the following ways:",
"title": "Wright Amendment"
},
{
"docid": "450479#9",
"text": "In the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Jim Wright is infamous for the Wright Amendment, a contentious law he sponsored that restricted air travel from Dallas's secondary airport, Love Field. Passed in 1979, the Wright Amendment was originally designed to protect the then-fledgling Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The Amendment allows non-stop flights originating from or bound to any commercial airport within of the DFW Airport Control Tower to serve only states bordering Texas. It was the compromise agreed to with Southwest Airlines to expand their territory beyond Texas. This requires any flight going to or coming from a destination within that radius (Dallas Love Field and the now-defunct Greater Southwest International Airport in Fort Worth were the only airports affected) to land in a contiguous (bordering) state before continuing on to its destination. This effectively limited traffic from Love Field and GSIA to small, regional airlines (and provided the springboard for the later success of Southwest Airlines, which initially flew only within Texas) who were largely unable to compete with DFW Airport as a result. While the Amendment was welcomed at first, there were increasing doubts about its necessity as DFW grew into one of the three largest airports in the world. Many saw it as a boondoggle to benefit one particular group. Others saw it as an unlawful restraint of trade imposed against the two affected airports, and no others, in spite of the fact that public officials of Dallas and Ft Worth had agreed to the restrictions (Virginia McGuire, daughter of James C. Wright, direct conversation). However, the largest opposition came increasingly from people who simply felt that the amendment had outlived its usefulness and was also an unwarranted intrusion on the free markets of the deregulated airline industry. In 2006 Congress passed the Wright Amendment Reform Act of 2006, which repealed the Wright Amendment in stages; the last restrictions on travel from Love Field were lifted on October 13, 2014. \nWright strongly supported the Superconducting Super Collider project in Waxahachie in Ellis County, but the work was halted in 1993.\nIn 1986 he was elected Speaker of the House, succeeding Tip O'Neill when the latter retired the following January.",
"title": "Jim Wright"
},
{
"docid": "1039562#7",
"text": "The ruling not only upheld export limitations on the grounds of national security (similar ones still exist today) but also established the broader principle of executive supremacy in national security and foreign affairs, one of the reasons advanced in the 1950s for the near success of the attempt to add the Bricker Amendment to the US Constitution.",
"title": "United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp."
},
{
"docid": "44279592#40",
"text": "In November 2004, Southwest announced their active opposition to the Wright Amendment, claiming that the law is anti-competitive and outdated - it placed banners throughout the airport grounds stating the phrase, \"Wright is wrong\". On November 30, 2005, Missouri was added to the list of states exempted from the Wright Amendment by an amendment written by Sen. Kit Bond. Southwest began nonstop flights to Kansas City and St. Louis on December 13. American Airlines and American Eagle began flights from Love to St. Louis, Kansas City, Austin, and San Antonio on March 2, 2006, although American Airlines subsequently pulled out of the market, leaving American Eagle to offer a reduced service to Austin and Kansas City alone. In 2008, American decided to terminate the Austin and Kansas City service and replace it with service to O'Hare International Airport (which Southwest does not serve) using 50-passenger regional jets in compliance with the Wright provisions regarding aircraft size, although American Eagle later stopped service from Love Field.",
"title": "Dallas Love Field"
},
{
"docid": "2270583#7",
"text": "In 1997, a law authored by Senator Richard Shelby of Alabama modified the Wright Amendment to allow flights to Alabama, Kansas, and Mississippi. Although Southwest started nonstop service to Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport from Love Field on March 11, 2007 and started nonstop service to Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport from Love Field on June 2, 2013, there is still yet to be service from Love Field to Mississippi. Southwest previously had flights to and from Jackson-Evers International Airport until Southwest pulled out of Jackson-Evers International Airport on June 7, 2014.",
"title": "Wright Amendment"
},
{
"docid": "2270583#11",
"text": "In late 2004, Southwest Airlines announced its opposition to the Wright Amendment. Shortly thereafter, the company began trying to garner public support for the repeal of the Wright Amendment by launching a massive public relations campaign. Print media, the Internet, billboards, and TV spots were all used, directing the viewer or reader to visit the Set Love Free website, created by Southwest Airlines. In response, a group opposed to the repeal of the amendment, spearheaded by the DFW Airport Board and American Airlines, launched their own media campaign directing visitors to their Keep DFW Strong site (DFW Airport has even painted advertising on one of its water tanks on the north side of DFW).",
"title": "Wright Amendment"
},
{
"docid": "2270583#14",
"text": "On June 15, 2006, it was announced that American, Southwest, DFW Airport and the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth had all agreed to seek full repeal of the Wright Amendment, with several conditions. Among them: The ban on nonstop flights outside the Wright zone would stay in place until 2014; through-ticketing to domestic and foreign airports (allowing connecting flights to long-haul destinations without requiring the previous workaround of buying separate tickets) would be allowed immediately; Love Field's maximum gate capacity would be lowered from 32 to 20 gates; and Love would handle only domestic flights non-stop.",
"title": "Wright Amendment"
},
{
"docid": "45156225#1",
"text": "She was at the San Francisco sit-in to support Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act in April 1977, as a personal assistant to Judy Heumann.\nIn 1979 she cofounded the Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DREDF) with Mary Lou Breslin and Robert Funk. From 1979 until 2005 she worked as Director of Government Affairs for DREDF. \nShe fought for the enactment of the Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1986 and amendments to the Fair Housing Act regarding people with disabilities. Wright represented disability concerns in an alliance of civil rights groups that were all working to pass the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987.",
"title": "Patrisha Wright"
}
] |
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] |
979
|
How many members are in the New York City Ballet?
|
[
{
"docid": "440878#4",
"text": "NYCB still has the largest repertoire by far of any American ballet company. It often stages 60 ballets or more in its winter and spring seasons at Lincoln Center each year, and 20 or more in its summer season in Saratoga Springs. City Ballet has performed \"The Nutcracker\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", and many more. City Ballet has trained and developed many great dancers since its formation. Many dancers with already developed reputations have also joined the ballet as principal dancers.",
"title": "New York City Ballet"
},
{
"docid": "440878#20",
"text": "The following is the current artistic staff (except dancers, who are listed at List of New York City Ballet dancers):The 66-member NYCB Orchestra is an important symphonic institution in its own right, having played for virtually all of the thousands of performances NYCB has given over the decades. It is one of the most versatile orchestras in the world, on any given week performing perhaps three or four times the repertoire that another symphony might be expected to do. Principal players of the orchestra also perform the majority of the concertos, other solos, and chamber music in the NYCB repertory as well. The orchestra accompanies the ballet on all of its North American tours, and while the ballet uses local orchestras on its international tours, members of the NYCB Orchestra often go along as soloists or extras.",
"title": "New York City Ballet"
},
{
"docid": "14437896#0",
"text": "New York City Ballet dances Winter, Spring and — since 2010 — Fall seasons each year at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center and tours. Their repertory exceeds 400 ballets, approximately 40 of which are danced each in the winter and spring seasons. This is a list of the dances in the City Ballet repertory:",
"title": "List of New York City Ballet repertory"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "440878#21",
"text": "Besides the members of the orchestra, the NYCB has six pianists on full-time staff. They all perform in the pit with the orchestra on a regular basis.",
"title": "New York City Ballet"
},
{
"docid": "17208713#3",
"text": "During her twelve years as a member of the New York City Ballet, she danced in the company's regular seasons at the City Center of Music & Drama, in New York, and traveled with NYCB on five extended European tours and three national American tours. She rose from corps de ballet to soloist, performed principal roles in Balanchine's one-act \"Swan Lake\" and in Frederick Ashton's \"Illuminations\" (as \"Profane Love\", an erotic role originally choreographed for Melissa Hayden), and danced in the premières of Balanchine ballets still in repertory today. She also danced in ballets by Balanchine that are only occasionally performed now, including his 1948 \"Orpheus\" (where she was first a Fury then promoted to Bacchante) and, when not dancing, was a page-turner for Balanchine's rehearsal pianist Nicholas Kopeikine. She performed in the 1954 Arnold Schönberg ballet \"Opus 34\" and, as a soloist, in the 1955 Georges Bizet ballet \"Roma\". She was one of the principal dancers in the 1956 \"Divertimento No. 15\", one of Balanchine's rare Mozart works, and in the 1957 Stravinsky-Balanchine collaboration \"Agon\", she danced the \"Gailliard\" duet with Barbara Walczak. This was the last new ballet Milberg performed with the company. With NYCB she played the role of Leto in the 1951 revival production of Balanchine's 1928 \"Apollo\" and one of the three Ladies of the Night in his choreography for \"NBC Opera Theatre\"'s production of \"The Magic Flute\", televised in 1956. With Balanchine and NYCB principal Francisco Moncion, Milberg was at Balanchine's invitation a co-choreographer of NYCB's 1955 production of Bizet's \"Jeux d'Enfants\".",
"title": "Barbara Milberg"
},
{
"docid": "12236366#2",
"text": "The original cast included four New York City Ballet stars of their time: Canadian ballerina Melissa Hayden and Americans Jacques d'Amboise, Allegra Kent and Diana Adams. It premiered January 17, 1958 at City Center of Music and Drama, New York, with costumes by Barbara Karinska and lighting by Mark Stanley. When Balanchine was asked for his reason to choreograph a ballet to Sousa's marches, he famously replied: \"Because I like his music. Melissa Hayden later coached Gillian Murphy for this ballet while Murphy was still a soloist with the American Ballet Theatre.",
"title": "Stars and Stripes (ballet)"
},
{
"docid": "440878#18",
"text": "New York City Ballet's Fourth Ring Society offers discounted tickets to members. This program was closed to new members in 2011.",
"title": "New York City Ballet"
},
{
"docid": "12686153#3",
"text": "Miami City Ballet features an international ensemble of over 50 dancers. The company has an active repertoire of 88 ballets and performs over 75 times annually. Miami City Ballet serves as the resident ballet company in theaters in the Fort Lauderdale, Miami, and West Palm Beach areas. In addition, the company regularly tours both domestically and internationally. Its North American appearances include the Kennedy Center, the 1996 Olympic Arts Festival, Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival, the Los Angeles Music Center, Spoleto Festival USA, Harris Theater (Chicago) and the New York City Center; while theaters and festivals in Europe, Central America, and South America have hosted the company.",
"title": "Miami City Ballet"
},
{
"docid": "6369645#2",
"text": "In the early 1940s, she moved to New York City to join the ballet corps at Radio City Music Hall. From 1945 to 1947, she was a member of the American Ballet Theatre; she joined the New York City Ballet shortly after its founding in 1948. She performed there many times with noted dancer Jacques d'Amboise. From 1955 until her retirement in 1973, Hayden was the prima ballerina of the New York City Ballet.",
"title": "Melissa Hayden (dancer)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
980
|
Who established the Jehovah's Witnesses?
|
[
{
"docid": "3897876#0",
"text": "Jehovah's Witnesses originated as a branch of the Bible Student movement, which developed in the United States in the 1870s among followers of Christian Restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. Bible Student missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and the first overseas branch was opened in London in 1900. The group took on the name International Bible Students Association and by 1914 it was also active in Canada, Germany, Australia and other countries. The movement split into several rival organizations after Russell's death in 1916, with one—led by Russell's successor, Joseph \"Judge\" Rutherford—retaining control of both his magazine, \"The Watch Tower\", and his legal and publishing corporation, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.",
"title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52547#0",
"text": "Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.58 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.",
"title": "Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "34284695#1",
"text": "Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the present world order, which they perceive as being under the control of Satan, will be ended by a direct intervention of Jehovah (God), who will use Jesus Christ to fully establish his heavenly government over earth, destroying existing human governments and non-Witnesses, and creating a cleansed society of true worshippers who can live forever. They see their mission as primarily evangelical (disseminating \"good news\"), to warn as many people as possible in the remaining time before Armageddon. All members of the denomination are expected to take an active part in preaching. Witnesses refer to all their beliefs collectively as \"the Truth\".",
"title": "Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs"
},
{
"docid": "158849#22",
"text": "In 1992, American religious scholar J. Gordon Melton placed the Jehovah's Witnesses denomination in a list of \"established cults\". However, he and others have since been more reluctant to use the term \"cult\" for various groups, including Jehovah's Witnesses, because the term is considered too controversial. Ex-cult watchdog John Bowen Brown II and \"Knocking\" producer Joel P. Engardio also reject the assertion that Jehovah's Witnesses is a cult. The two-volume encyclopedia \"Contemporary American Religion\" stated, \"Various critics and ex-members in recent years have wrongly labeled Jehovah's Witnesses a 'cult.'\"",
"title": "Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "52547#55",
"text": "Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The denomination does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the group's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of \"God's organization\". It also warns members to \"avoid independent thinking\", claiming such thinking \"was introduced by Satan the Devil\" and would \"cause division\". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as \"apostates\" who are \"mentally diseased\".",
"title": "Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "3897876#43",
"text": "The leadership structure of Jehovah's Witnesses was reorganized from January 1, 1976, with the power of the presidency passed to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and the establishment of six committees to oversee tasks such as writing, teaching, publishing and evangelizing work. At this time, Watch Tower Society publications began using the capitalized name, \"Jehovah's \"W\"itnesses\". Subsequent presidents of the Watch Tower Society after Knorr's death in 1977 have been Frederick William Franz, Milton George Henschel and Don A. Adams.",
"title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "13950825#5",
"text": "In July 1940 the government of Canada banned the Jehovah's Witnesses. Overnight it became illegal to be a member of this sect. The law, passed under the War Measures Act, was vigorously enforced. Beatings, mob action, police persecution, and state prosecution confronted the Jehovah's Witnesses as they ignored the ban and continued to go about their work spreading the word of God... The struggle was bitter indeed. Jehovah's Witness children who refused to sing the national anthem and salute the flag during patriotic exercises in public schools were often expelled from class, and in a few cases, removed from their parents' care and placed in foster homes and juvenile detention centres. Men of military service age who refused to fight spent the war trying to get out of alternative service camps established across Canada for conscientious objectors. Jehovah's Witness spent a good deal of time in the courts during the war years; they challenged government policies with which they disagreed, and were arrested in the hundreds and charged with being members of an illegal group.",
"title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "2384370#3",
"text": "Scholars estimate that during the Nazi regime, about half of all Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany were incarcerated in prison or concentration camps, where they were exposed to \"sadism marked by an unending chain of physical and mental tortures, the likes of which no language in the world can express.\" At the time, they were represented by several geographical Bible Students Associations, each of which considered itself affiliated with the Watch Tower Society despite little contact with their US headquarters in Brooklyn. When contact was re-established, a minority of German Jehovah's Witnesses either preferred their autonomy or disagreed with the doctrinal changes that had occurred in the meantime. Some disassociated themselves from the Watch Tower Society and some individual members established contact with non-Jehovah's Witness Bible Student groups.",
"title": "Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups"
},
{
"docid": "158849#16",
"text": "Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, and the denomination does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices. Members who openly disagree with the movement's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of \"God's organization\". They also warn members to \"avoid independent thinking\", claiming such thinking \"was introduced by Satan the Devil\" and would \"cause division\". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as \"apostates\" who are \"mentally diseased\".\nFormer Governing Body member Raymond Franz has accused the movement's Governing Body of resenting, deprecating and seeking to silence alternative viewpoints within the organization and demanding organizational conformity that overrides personal conscience. He claimed the Watch Tower Society confirmed its position when, in a 1954 court case in Scotland, Watch Tower Society legal counsel Hayden C. Covington said of Jehovah's Witnesses: \"We must have unity ... unity at all costs\". He also stated that Witnesses are subject to a disciplinary system that encourages informants.",
"title": "Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "34284695#2",
"text": "Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by their Governing Body, which Witnesses are taught Jesus uses as a channel for God's progressive revelations and to direct Christians on biblical matters. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and \"spokesman\" for God's \"faithful and discreet slave class\" (a limited number of \"anointed\" Jehovah's Witnesses). The Governing Body seeks neither advice nor approval from any \"anointed\" Witnesses other than high-ranking members at the Brooklyn headquarters. At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the \"faithful and discreet slave\" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only.",
"title": "Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs"
},
{
"docid": "140541#3",
"text": "Originally known as the \"Peoples Pulpit Association\", the organization was incorporated in 1909 when the Society's principal offices moved to Brooklyn, New York. In 1939, it was renamed \"Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Inc.\", and in 1956 the name was changed to \"Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc\". Until 2000, a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses was president of both the \"Watch Tower\" (Pennsylvania) and \"Watchtower\" (New York) corporations, as well as Britain's International Bible Students Association corporation; in 2001, it was decided that the corporations' directors need not be members of the Governing Body.\"Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc.\" was established to organize and administer the congregational affairs of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States. It filed for incorporation on August 21, 2000 in New York State as a “domestic non-profit corporation” in Putnam County, New York. An incorporation record was also filed with the State of Florida on March 3, 2006, as a \"foreign non profit corporation\" with agency in Collier County, Florida.",
"title": "Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "3897876#14",
"text": "Two missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and overseas branches were opened in London (1900), Germany (1903) and Australia and Switzerland (1904). The Watch Tower Society's headquarters were transferred to Brooklyn, New York in 1908.\nIn 1910 Russell introduced the name \"International Bible Students Association\" as a means of identifying his worldwide community of Bible study groups. The name was also used when advertising and conducting conventions of Russell's followers.",
"title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses"
}
] |
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] |
981
|
What is the currency in North Korea?
|
[
{
"docid": "9298034#10",
"text": "The yen was the currency of Korea during the Colonial rule, from 1910 to 1945, and was issued by the Bank of Joseon It was equivalent to the Japanese yen and consisted of Japanese currency and banknotes issued specifically for Korea. It was replaced by the South Korean won at par in 1945, and by the North Korean won in 1947.",
"title": "Korean currency"
},
{
"docid": "3754883#0",
"text": "The Korean yen was the currency of Korea between 1910 and 1945. It was equivalent to the Japanese yen and consisted of Japanese currency and banknotes issued specifically for Korea. The yen was subdivided into 100 sen. It replaced the Korean won at par and was replaced by the South Korean won and the North Korean won at par.",
"title": "Korean yen"
},
{
"docid": "21260#3",
"text": "Estimating gross national product in North Korea is a difficult task because of a dearth of economic data and the problem of choosing an appropriate rate of exchange for the North Korean won, the nonconvertible North Korean currency. The South Korean government's estimate placed North Korea's GNP in 1991 at US$22.9 billion, or US$1,038 per capita. In contrast, South Korea posted US$237.9 billion of GNP and a per capita income of US$5,569 in 1991. North Korea's GNP in 1991 showed a 5.2% decline from 1989, and preliminary indications were that the decline would continue. South Korea's GNP, by contrast, expanded by 9.3% and 8.4%, respectively, in 1990 and 1991.",
"title": "Economy of North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "21255#84",
"text": "North Korea has the structural profile of a relatively industrialized country where nearly half of the Gross Domestic Product is generated by industry and human development is at medium levels. Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP is estimated at $40 billion, with a very low per capita value of $1,800. In 2012, Gross national income per capita was $1,523, compared to $28,430 in South Korea. The North Korean won is the national currency, issued by the Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.",
"title": "North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "4136832#0",
"text": "The won is the currency of both North and South Korea. \"Won\" is a cognate of the Chinese currency unit, the yuan (//), and the Japanese currency unit, the yen (; ¥), meaning \"round object\". The won is subdivided into 100 jeon ().",
"title": "Etymology of the Korean currencies"
},
{
"docid": "298883#0",
"text": "The won (; , ; symbol: ₩; code: KPW) or Korean People's won is the official currency of North Korea. It is subdivided into 100 \"chon\". The won is issued by the Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, based in the capital city, Pyongyang.",
"title": "North Korean won"
},
{
"docid": "9298034#4",
"text": "In 1902, won was introduced as the official currency unit replacing yang at 1 won = 5 yang. The bank of Korea was established 1909 but soon after in 1910, Imperial Japan annexed Korean Empire. Under Colonial rule, the country was made to use the currency unit \"yen\" in the name of Korean yen, which took over the Korean won at par. After the division of Korea, the state of South Korea was established and recognized in 1948, and won was again made the official currency of the new state. \"jeon\" was made the subunit of the currency that divided it into 100 equal parts. Bank of Joseon issued the currency for independent South Korea for the first time that too in banknotes only.",
"title": "Korean currency"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50311923#3",
"text": "Special taxation laws also affect the special economic zones in North Korea (in particular the Kaesong Industrial Complex) where foreign companies are allowed to operate. There is therefore corporate tax in North Korea, as outlined by the Processing Trade Law, Lock Gate Law and Copyright Law, and related legislation, including laws on tax evasion. An estimate of this corporate tax in early 2000s was for 10-14%. North Korean workers there are subject to the usual indirect taxation: their wages are paid in hard currencies by foreign companies to North Korean government, which then pays the workers in North Korean currency, minus the value of \"insurance taxes and socio-cultural fees\". A 2013 estimate for the tax on individual workers suggested that the state takes 45% of their wages in a form of a tax.",
"title": "Taxation in North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "43742768#14",
"text": "Counterfeiting currency is alleged to have begun in the 1970s under Kim Jong-il's direction; however, the notes produced at the time were not of high quality. Since then, and within the jurisdiction of Room 39, the North Korean government has counterfeited $50 and $100 United States banknotes using increasingly sophisticated techniques. In 1994, authorities in Hong Kong and Macao apprehended five North Korean diplomats and trade-mission members carrying around $430,000 in bills that turned out to be \"superdollar\" (also called \"supernote\") counterfeits. There have been two primary reasons for counterfeiting: the first is to wage economic warfare against the United States, and secondly, to help ease North Korea's domestic economic problems. According to a report by Dr. Balbina Hwang of American University, North Korea circulated $100 million in counterfeit currency in 2001. The revenues from this are estimated at between $15 million and $25 million annually. In 2013, the United States released its newly redesigned 100 dollar bill. The primary purpose of the redesign was to fight against counterfeiting and prevent the recurrence of the \"supernotes\" which were produced by North Korea.",
"title": "North Korea's illicit activities"
},
{
"docid": "50681778#10",
"text": "Those who have hard currency can easily buy imported cigarettes from hard currency shops, although these will also stock the best domestic brands (such as Pak Ma, comparable in quality to makhorka) to convince tourists of the quality of North Korean tobacco. Cigarettes are popular gifts, and tourists are recommended to give Western brands of cigarettes to tour guides. Within the country, cigarettes are used as form of currency in bribery.\nThose who roll their own tobacco prefer to use sheets of \"Rodong Sinmun\"—the organ of the Central Committee of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea—as rolling paper. One piece of the paper can be used to roll some 40-50 cigarettes. According to one defector, when a North Korean \"starts to smoke the \"Rodong Sinmun\" tobacco, he cannot smoke other kinds of tobacco. I used to smoke the \"Rodong Sinmun\" tobacco, and after defection, couldn't smoke with Chinese paper tobacco due to the poor taste.\" Because the \"Rodong Sinmun\" is in limited circulation, most North Koreans roll their cigarettes with some other paper.",
"title": "Smoking in North Korea"
}
] |
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] |
982
|
Who plays Bones?
|
[
{
"docid": "4788937#4",
"text": "Conlin played Angela Montenegro on the popular Fox drama \"Bones,\" which stars Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz. In the series, Angela is married to Dr. Jack Hodgins (T. J. Thyne), while her father is ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons, who plays a fictionalized version of himself. Angela's full name is Angela \"Pookie Noodlin\" Pearly Gates Montenegro, with Pearly Gates also being the name of Gibbons' Les Paul guitar. In 2008, Conlin was nominated for an Asian Excellence Award in the category of Supporting Television actress for her role on \"Bones\".",
"title": "Michaela Conlin"
},
{
"docid": "970011#0",
"text": "Emily Erin Deschanel (; born October 11, 1976) is an American actress, director and producer. She is best known for her role as Dr. Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan in the FOX series \"Bones\".",
"title": "Emily Deschanel"
},
{
"docid": "970011#4",
"text": "In 2005, Deschanel was cast as Dr. Temperance Brennan with David Boreanaz as FBI agent Seeley Booth on the Fox crime procedural comedy-drama \"Bones\", based on the novels and the career of forensic anthropologist and author Kathy Reichs, created by Hart Hanson. The series ran for 12 seasons from September 13, 2005 to March 28, 2017. For her performance, she received a 2006 Satellite Award nomination and a 2007 Teen Choice Award nomination. Deschanel and Boreanaz served as co-producers at the start of the show's third season, before becoming producers in the middle of the show's fourth season. While \"Bones\" was still in production, Deschanel also played the Brennan character on a 2015 episode of \"Sleepy Hollow\" and a 2016 episode of \"BoJack Horseman\".",
"title": "Emily Deschanel"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24650344#8",
"text": "Bones' first television appearance was in the BBC Jubilee Play \"A Day in the Life\" by Ray Connolly, in 1977. In 1980 he appeared in an episode of \"Fox\" as Kemble. Bones played Sergeant Parkes in an episode of \"Spearhead\" (1981), played a small role in Series 3 of the long running TV series, The Bill (1987), Paul Roussillon in \"Bergerac\" (1988), and a Superintendent in \"London's Burning\" (1988). Also in 1988 Bones played Victorian medium Robert James Lees in ITV's \"Jack the Ripper\" starring Michael Caine. His first feature film was \"Bellman and True\" (1987) directed by Richard Loncraine and starring Bernard Hill. The \"New York Times\" film critic said \"Mr Bones makes a memorable screen debut as the bullying Gort.\" In 1995 Bones played Toussant in the film \"Cutthroat Island\", and in 1998 made appearances in \"Dangerfield\" and \"Cold Feet\". He played Admiral Bill Wilson in the 1999 film \"Wing Commander\", and in 2001 he played Banquo in a made-for-television film of the Royal Shakespeare Company's \"Macbeth\" which starred Antony Sher as Macbeth. The film was the televised version of a stage show which had an enormously successful run in Britain, Japan and the United States.",
"title": "Ken Bones"
},
{
"docid": "38700500#1",
"text": "The series was renewed for a ninth season on January 9, 2013. The season features two extra episodes that were produced during the eighth season, but were not aired; they aired during the first half of season nine. Recurring antagonist Christopher Pelant (Andrew Leeds) returned for two episodes, which concluded his multiple-episode arc. New recurring characters in the season include Danny Beck, played by Freddie Prinze, Jr., a covert CIA agent who is an old associate of Booth; and Aldo Clemens, played by Mather Zickel, who served as Booth's advisor when he was a sniper. Both characters first appeared in the season premiere. The season also introduces new recurring Jeffersonian intern Rodolfo Fuentes, played by Ignacio Serricchio, who is a Cuban forensic anthropologist seeking asylum in the U.S.\nThe ninth season of \"Bones\" was released on DVD format only (subtitled \"Til Death Do Us Part Edition\") in region 1 on September 16, 2014, in region 2 on September 15, 2014, and in region 4 on November 26, 2014. The set includes all 24 episodes of season nine on a 6-disc DVD set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include an audio commentary on \"The Woman in White\" by Hart Hanson, Stephen Nathan and Karine Rosenthal, deleted scenes, a gag reel, and two featurettes—\"Walking Down the Aisle, \"Bones Style\"\" and \"\"Bones\" at Comic-Con 2013\".",
"title": "Bones (season 9)"
},
{
"docid": "5910315#3",
"text": "In 2000, Billy Bones was introduced to James 'Hardslug' Harding (The Adicts) by a mutual friend, Keith Miller, who had performed with Bones in the past with other projects. After discovering Hardslug was also into performing music, a 'jam' was suggested and Bones (vocals), Miller (bass) and Hardslug(drums) got together, joined by a young Kevin Preston (guitar) who attended the same school as Bones' daughter. This band practiced by covering Skulls songs among others and was to be called the DB5's, apparently after Bones' favorite automobile and interest in old James Bond movies. A few weeks later, Bones was asked to put together a version of The Skulls to perform at the 'Tribute to 77' event at The El Rey in Los Angeles, where many of the early punk bands were to perform. That line-up was to be Bones (vocals), Preston (guitar), Sean 'Geronimo' Antillon (ex Gears, Snake Charmers) (drums, who'd also played with Bones at an impromptu quasi Skulls appearance a few years before) and Keith Miller on Bass. However, Miller had to bow out at the last minute and Bones asked Hardslug if he knew anybody who could jump in. The story goes that Hardslug bought a bass, learned the songs in a week, and after just a few rehearsals, the band nailed it at the El Rey. The new version of The Skulls was born, with the DB5 project left by the wayside.",
"title": "The Skulls (American band)"
},
{
"docid": "46438947#0",
"text": "Gerald Craft \"Bones\" Weatherly (December 26, 1928 – December 28, 2004) was an American football linebacker who played four seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the eighth round of the 1949 NFL Draft. He played college football at Rice University and attended Cuero High School in Cuero, Texas.",
"title": "Bones Weatherly"
},
{
"docid": "24650344#2",
"text": "Bones joined the Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury in 1976, and with whom he played Ernst Ludwig in \"Cabaret\", Mr Shanks in \"Habeas Corpus\", Trofimov in \"The Cherry Orchard\", Milo Tindal in \"Sleuth\" and Curly Delafield in \"Knuckle\". In 1977 he toured with the \"Mermaid Theatre\" educational company 'The Molecule Club' teaching science to children. In 1978 Bones played Lucifer in the first modern revival of \"The Lincoln Mystery Cycle\" in Lincoln Cathedral.",
"title": "Ken Bones"
},
{
"docid": "58155438#6",
"text": "Bones played multiple roles in the early Wilson White House; she was part of Ellen's secretarial staff but also her close personal friend and supporter, and she combined many social duties with administrative responsibilities. Ellen Wilson's health began to deteriorate in early 1914, and Bones took on additional hostess duties in the White House, which continued after Ellen’s death in August of that year. Bones shared the role of \"surrogate First Lady\" with the Wilsons' daughter Margaret, her primary job being to support the grieving widower. Within months, Bones's health also began to deteriorate under the pressure of Wilson's grief and her own. For therapy, the President's doctor suggested that she take up walking and recommended as her companion an elegant widowed socialite and businesswoman named Edith Galt.",
"title": "Helen Woodrow Bones"
},
{
"docid": "24650344#10",
"text": "During recent years Bones has appeared in \"Doctors\" (2007), \"Holby City\" (2008 and 2010) and \"The Bill\" (1987-2009) as DCI Ted Ackroyd, as well as in the film \"Perfect Hideout\" (2008) starring Billy Zane. In 2009, he played Erasmus in \"\", and in 2011 he appeared in the six-part series \"The Hour\". He has also played a character named Sethius in popular CBBC television series \"Young Dracula\".",
"title": "Ken Bones"
},
{
"docid": "6899856#1",
"text": "In this album, several new faces emerged in the Mo Thugs camp, such as: Thug Queen, Felecia and Powder (who collaborated with Krayzie Bone and Layzie Bone on the album's second single \"Ghetto Cowboy\".) This album also featured Bone Thugs N Harmony member, Wish Bone, who appeared on the album's first track. Long time producer and Bone musical director Romeo Antonio produced majority of album while co writing and playing all instruments.",
"title": "Chapter II: Family Reunion"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
}
] |
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] |
989
|
What was Connie Francis' first album?
|
[
{
"docid": "20901714#1",
"text": "After her breakthrough in early 1958 with her single \"Who's Sorry Now?\", a rock 'n' roll oriented version of the 1923 standard, and a subsequent album of the same title, Francis chose to take a more adult approach to her second album. For \"The Exciting Connie Francis\", she chose twelve American standards. Francis clearly marked the album as a concept album by dividing it into two sections with different moods: Side A is filled with songs differing between mid-tempo and up-tempo, while Side B consists solely of ballads.",
"title": "The Exciting Connie Francis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33019587#3",
"text": "Released in November 1968, \"Connie Francis sings Bacharach & David\" is the first album by Francis on MGM Records released exclusively in stereo. All previous albums had either been released in both stereo and mono or exclusively in mono. In 1979 Polydor Records released a two-record set of this album together with the \"Connie Francis Sings the Songs of Les Reed\" album.",
"title": "Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David"
},
{
"docid": "32465175#3",
"text": "In the wake of this success, Francis returned to Nashville several times to record further singles and albums with Bradley's highly prolific team of musicians and arrangers until her contract with MGM Records ended in 1969. \"\"Connie Francis sings Folk Song Favorites\" was the first of these album projects to be recorded. Another album, \"\"Connie Francis sings 'Never on Sunday'\"\", had was recorded two days later on August 10 and 11, 1961 but was released in October 1961, one month prior to the Folk Song album.",
"title": "Connie Francis Sings Folk Song Favorites"
},
{
"docid": "32411326#3",
"text": "In the wake of this success, Francis returned to Nashville several times to record further singles and albums with Bradley's highly prolific team of musicians and arrangers until her contract with MGM Records ended in 1969. \"\"Connie Francis sings 'Never on Sunday'\"\" was the first of these album projects to be released. Another album, \"\"Connie Francis sings Folk Song Favorites\"\", had been recorded two days before on August 8 and 9, 1961 but was released later.",
"title": "Connie Francis Sings "Never on Sunday""
},
{
"docid": "167051#38",
"text": "In 1978, Francis returned to the recording studio to cut an album titled \"Who's Happy Now?\" The leading recording on this album was a disco version of \"Where the Boys Are\". She recorded this song also in Japanese, Italian, and Spanish, as she had done before with her original 1960 version. Several songs from the \"Who's Happy Now?\" sessions were subsequently recorded in Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and German. The Spanish and German recordings became albums of their own in as \"Connie Francis en Español\" in Spain and as \"Was ich bin\" (What I Am) in Germany. All three albums and the singles culled from them were released on United Artists Records.",
"title": "Connie Francis"
},
{
"docid": "32466282#1",
"text": "The album follows the concept of a tribute to the great crooners of the 1950s and their most famous hits. Between August 22, 1959 and August 26, 1959, Francis recorded the following songs at EMI's legendary Abbey Road Studios in London:The album was scheduled for release in early 1960 as MGM Records 12\" Album SE-3815 (stereo) and E-3815 (mono), but the overwhelming success of Francis' first Italian album, \"Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites\", led to the cancellation of \"One for the Boys\" in favor of three further albums containing \"Spanish and Latin American Favorites\", \"Jewish Favorites\", and a second volume of \"Italian Favorites\". The project of a follow-up album to celebrate the female stars of the era, \"One for the Girls\", was abandoned and never recorded.",
"title": "One for the Boys (Connie Francis album)"
},
{
"docid": "32421645#3",
"text": "According to Ron Roberts, all the recording dates and titles included in the 1975 edition of his series of Connie Francis discographies were faithful copies of sessions logs compiled at the time by Connie herself. The entire Jewish album was recorded at EMI's Abbey Road studios, together with her preceding release, \"Connie Francis Sings Spanish & Latin American Favorites\", and subsequent album \"More Italian Favorites\". It was the last album that could not be completed during the July sessions, and final tracks by Connie were cut in September 1960.",
"title": "Connie Francis Sings Jewish Favorites"
},
{
"docid": "167051#17",
"text": "Following another idea from her father, Francis traveled to London in August 1959 to record an Italian album at EMI's famous Abbey Road Studios. Entitled \"Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites\", the album was released in November 1959. It soon entered the album charts where it remained for 81 weeks, peaking at number 4. To this day, it is still Francis' most successful album. \"Mama,\" the single taken from the album, reached number 8 in the United States and number 2 in the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Connie Francis"
},
{
"docid": "32356089#1",
"text": "Unlike the other installments in Francis' series of \"Favorites\"-albums, \"Connie Francis sings German Favorites\" does not focus on the traditional songs of a certain country or ethnic group. Beginning in 1960 with the overwhelming success of \"Die Liebe ist ein seltsames Spiel\", a German version of her U.S. #1 hit \"Everybody's Somebody's Fool\", Francis had established herself in Germany as a respected performer of contemporary German music. By the time of the album's release Francis had enjoyed six # 1 hits on the German charts. Hence, \"Connie Francis sings German Favorites\" is more a typical Greatest Hits Album in the Pop Music genre.",
"title": "Connie Francis Sings German Favorites"
},
{
"docid": "32355991#2",
"text": "In July 1960, Francis was in Hollywood for the interior shots of her first motion picture \"Where the Boys Are\" which made it impossible for her to record the album during live sessions at EMI's famous Abbey Road Studios in London as she had done with \"Connie Francis sings Italian Favorites\". Hence, the playbacks to these songs were pre-recorded in London under the supervision of Francis' British producer Norman Newell and were conducted by Geoff Love. The tapes containing these playbacks were shipped to Hollywood where Francis overdubbed her vocals.",
"title": "Connie Francis Sings Spanish and Latin American Favorites"
}
] |
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992
|
What started the May Revolution?
|
[
{
"docid": "27116134#8",
"text": "The last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th were marked in Argentina by a growing industrialization process and the arrival of huge numbers of European immigrants. Historiographical studies were increased by the \"\"New Historical school\"\", in order to forge a \"national identity\", and the May Revolution had great prominence. There were discussions about the level of influence that the many causes of the May Revolution actually had, or whose interventions were the most decisive, but two points shared by all historians were to consider the May Revolution as the birth of Argentina, and to consider it an inevitable consequence of the causes that led to it (meaning, the chance of the May Revolution never taking place is not considered a feasible possibility by historians). There was also a subtle change: the scope of the revolution as a subject of study originally \"started\" with the events of May 1810 in Buenos Aires and kept going on for decades. They were later split, and the name \"May Revolution\" made reference only to events that led to the removal of Cisneros and the creation of the Primera Junta. A new element added by those historians was to consider, either to support or reject the idea, whenever there was an active and strong popular support for the Revolution, instead of explaining it solely around the actions of a limited number of enlightened men. Nevertheless, they kept the previous approaches for the most part.",
"title": "Historiography of the May Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "2898959#9",
"text": "The news of the fall of the Junta of Seville reached Buenos Aires in May 1810. With both the king of Spain and the Junta removed of power, many people thought that Cisneros had no legitimacy to govern, starting the May Revolution. Cisneros tried to calm down the population, to no avail. He called the commanders of the local armies and requested their support, but they denied it. Cisneros was ultimately forced to allow an open cabildo, which would discuss what to do. Although those meetings were usually composed of the wealthiest population, the army and a group of rioters plotted to prevent the entry of many wealthy people and allow common people instead.",
"title": "Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros"
},
{
"docid": "1068513#1",
"text": "The May Revolution was a direct reaction to Spain's Peninsular War. In 1808, King Ferdinand VII of Spain abdicated in favor of Napoleon, who granted the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. A Supreme Central Junta led resistance to Joseph's government and the French occupation of Spain, but eventually suffered a series of reversals that resulted in the Spanish loss of the northern half of the country. On February 1, 1810, French troops took Seville and gained control of most of Andalusia. The Supreme Junta retreated to Cadiz and dissolved itself, and the Council of Regency of Spain and the Indies replaced it. News of these events arrived in Buenos Aires on May 18, brought by British ships.",
"title": "May Revolution"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27116134#0",
"text": "Historiographical studies of the May Revolution started in the second half of the 19th century in Argentina and have extended to modern day. All historiographical perspectives agree in considering the May Revolution as the turning point that gave birth to the modern nation of Argentina, and that the Revolution was unavoidable in 1810. The main topics of disagreement between Argentine historians are the specific weight of the diverse causes of the May Revolution, who were the leaders of it among the different involved parties, whenever there was popular support for it or not, and whenever the loyalty to the captive Spanish king Ferdinand VII was real or an elaborate masquerade to conceal pro-independence purposes.",
"title": "Historiography of the May Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "1007711#1",
"text": "In the German states, revolutions began in March 1848, starting in Berlin and spreading across the other states which now make up Germany. The heart of the revolutions was in Frankfurt, where the newly formed National Assembly, the Frankfurt Parliament, met in St Paul's Church from May 1848, calling for a constitutional monarchy to rule a new, united German nation. To form the Assembly, near-democratic elections had taken place across the German states; the majority of the members were Saxon democrats. On 28 March 1849 the Assembly passed the first \"Reichsverfassung\" (constitution) for Germany, and in April 1849, Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia was offered the crown.",
"title": "May Uprising in Dresden"
},
{
"docid": "50631312#0",
"text": "Cauliflower revolution () is the name of the spontaneous Lithuanian people revolution started by a dweller of the southwestern Lithuanian town of Vilkaviskis. She has bought the cauliflower at Maxima supermarket in Vilkaviskis, paying 3.49 euros ($3.90) for one head of cauliflower. She posted the photo on Facebook, and soon tens of thousands of Lithuanians shared the post, making it viral because of various talks on public earlier on rapidly rising prices and a subtle growth of salaries compared after the euro was introduced to Lithuania in 2015. Minimal wage per month in Lithuania of 350 euros in 2016 is what makes the prices too high for many people. Spontaneous three-day boycott occurred, between May 10 and 12, of all four main supermarket chains in Lithuania that control 80% of food distribution in the country, Maxima, Iki, Rimi, and Norfa.",
"title": "Cauliflower revolution"
},
{
"docid": "2646684#31",
"text": "By October, Moreno's measures started to generate resistance among some who initially supported the May Revolution. Traders did not like the protectionist policy, and some members of the military had close ties with rich people and opposed their punishment. On October 16 it was discovered that ten members of the Cabildo had sworn loyalty to the Regency Council the past July, and they were all jailed. This included Julián Leiva and Juan José de Lezica. Moreno and Saavedra had a dispute when the Junta was deciding what to do. Moreno proposed executing them as a deterrent, accusing them of working with the Montevideo Cabildo, the enemy of the Junta. Saavedra replied that the government should promote leniency, and rejected the use of the Patricians Regiment to carry out such executions. The prisoners were finally exiled to Luján, Ranchos, and Salto, and Leiva was housed by Gregorio Funes in Córdoba.",
"title": "Mariano Moreno"
},
{
"docid": "26558506#1",
"text": "The United States had emancipated themselves from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1776, which provided a tangible example that led Criollos to believe that revolution and independence from Spain could be realistic aims. In the time between 1775 and 1783 the Thirteen Colonies started the American Revolution, first rejecting the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and later the British monarchy itself, and waged the American Revolutionary War against their former rulers. The changes were not only political, but also intellectual and social, combining both a strong government with personal liberties. The text of the Declaration of Independence stated that all men are created equal (and thus become equal before the law), and had unalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. They had also chosen a republican form of government, instead of keeping a monarchic one. Even more, the fact that Spain aided the colonies in their struggle against Britain weakened the argument that ending allegiance to the mother country could be considered a crime.",
"title": "Causes of the May Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "26558506#4",
"text": "The Industrial Revolution started in Britain, with manual labour and horse-drawn vehicles being replaced by machine-based manufacturing and transportation aided by railways and steam power. This led to dramatic increases in the productive capabilities of Britain, and the need of new markets to sell the surplus of coal, steel and clothes. The Napoleonic Wars, where Britain was at war with France, made this a difficult task, after Napoleon countered the British naval blockade with the Continental System, not allowing Britain to trade with any other European country. Thus, England needed to be able to trade with the Spanish colonies, but could not do so because they were restricted to trade only with their own metropoli. For this end they tried to conquer key cities during the British invasions, and after it to promote their emancipation. The Industrial Revolution also gave room to authors who proposed a liberal economy, like Adam Smith. François Quesnay compared the worldwide economy with a living organism, stating that economics worked beyond political power and should not be affected by it.",
"title": "Causes of the May Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "1068513#0",
"text": "The May Revolution () was a week-long series of events that took place from May 18 to 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. This Spanish colony included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and parts of Brazil. The result was the removal of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the establishment of a local government, the Primera Junta (\"First Junta\"), on May 25. It was the first successful revolution in the South American Independence process.",
"title": "May Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "1068513#49",
"text": "On the morning of May 25, in spite of bad weather, a crowd gathered in the Plaza de la Victoria, as did the militia led by Domingo French and Antonio Beruti. They demanded the recall of the Junta elected the previous day, the final resignation of Cisneros, and the appointment of a new junta that did not include him. Historian Bartolomé Mitre stated that French and Beruti distributed blue and white ribbons, similar to the modern cockade of Argentina, among those present. Later historians doubt it, but consider it possible that the revolutionaries used distinctive marks of some kind for identification. It was rumored that the Cabildo might reject Cisneros' resignation. Because of delays in issuing an official resolution, the crowd became agitated, clamoring that \"the people want to know what is going on!\".",
"title": "May Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "1068513#7",
"text": "The mutiny of Aranjuez in 1808 led King Charles IV of Spain to abdicate in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. Charles IV requested that Napoleon restore him to the throne; instead, Napoleon crowned his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new Spanish King. These events are known as the Abdications of Bayonne. Joseph's coronation was met with severe resistance in Spain, which started the Peninsular War, and the Supreme Central Junta took power in the name of the absent king. This also led to Spain switching allegiances from France to Britain. France eventually invaded Sevilla, and a Council of Regency based in Cadiz replaced the disbanded Supreme Central Junta.",
"title": "May Revolution"
}
] |
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] |
993
|
When did Columbia tear apart in reentry?
|
[
{
"docid": "83390#56",
"text": "The Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" Memorial was dedicated on May 20, 1986, in memory of the crew of flight STS-51-L, who died during launch on January 28, 1986. Transcribed on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee, Jr. poem \"High Flight\", which was quoted by then President Ronald Reagan when he addressed the disaster. Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial, some were not, and were laid to rest under the marker. Two crew members, Scobee and Smith, are buried in Arlington. On February 1, 2004, NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe dedicated a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle \"Columbia\" broke apart during reentry on February 1, 2003. Astronauts Laurel Clark, David Brown and Michael Anderson, who were killed in the \"Columbia\" disaster, are also buried in Arlington.",
"title": "Arlington National Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "2230989#32",
"text": "On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle \"Columbia\" was destroyed on reentry due to a failure of the TPS. The investigation team found and reported that the probable cause of the accident was that during launch, a piece of foam debris punctured an RCC panel on the left wing's leading edge and allowed hot gases from the reentry to enter the wing and disintegrate the wing from within, leading to eventual loss of control and breakup of the shuttle.",
"title": "Space Shuttle thermal protection system"
},
{
"docid": "181049#3",
"text": "\"Columbia\" landed on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base on 16 November 1982, at 6:33 am PST, having traveled 2 million miles in 81 orbits during a mission that lasted 5 days, 2 hours, 14 minutes and 26 seconds. \"Columbia\" was returned to KSC on 22 November 1982. STS-5 was the first shuttle flight in which the crew did not wear pressure suits for the launch, reentry, and landing portions of the flight, similar to the Soviet Voskhod and Soyuz missions prior to the ill-fated Soyuz 11 mission in 1971.\nThe shuttle was formally declared \"operational\" after STS-4. However, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), in its report on the loss with all crew aboard of \"Columbia\" during STS-107 in 2003, asserted that the orbiter should never have been considered operational and that, while not intrinsically unsafe, it was in fact an experimental vehicle. The CAIB's rationale was that civilian and military aircraft that are considered operational must have been tested and proven over thousands of safe flights in their final operational configurations, whereas the shuttle had conducted under 200 flights, with continuous modification. NASA operated the Space Shuttle as an experimental vehicle for the remainder of the program.",
"title": "STS-5"
},
{
"docid": "177604#0",
"text": "David McDowell Brown (April 16, 1956 – February 1, 2003) was a United States Navy captain and a NASA astronaut. He died on his first spaceflight, when the Space Shuttle \"Columbia\" (STS-107) disintegrated during orbital reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. Brown became an astronaut in 1996, but had not served on a space mission prior to the \"Columbia\" disaster. Brown was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.\nBrown, the 1986 recipient of the Navy Operational Flight Surgeon of the Year award, received numerous decorations including:\nThe symbol indicates a posthumous award.",
"title": "David M. Brown"
},
{
"docid": "16421#17",
"text": "On February 1, 2003, \"Columbia\" and her crew of seven were lost during re-entry over Texas during the STS-107 mission (the 113th shuttle flight); a vehicle breakup triggered by damage sustained during launch from Pad 39A on January 16, when a piece of foam insulation from the orbiter's external fuel tank struck the orbiter's left wing. During reentry, the damage created a hole allowing hot gases to melt the wing structure. Like the \"Challenger\" disaster, the resulting investigation and modifications interrupted shuttle flight operations at KSC for more than two years until the STS-114 launch on July 26, 2005.",
"title": "Kennedy Space Center"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "177533#1",
"text": "An in-flight break up during reentry into the atmosphere on February 1 killed all seven crew members and disintegrated \"Columbia\". Immediately after the disaster, NASA convened the \"Columbia\" Accident Investigation Board to determine the cause of the disintegration. The source of the failure was determined to have been caused by a piece of foam that broke off during launch and damaged the thermal protection system (reinforced carbon-carbon panels and thermal protection tiles) on the leading edge of the orbiter's left wing. During re-entry the damaged wing slowly overheated and came apart, eventually leading to loss of control and disintegration of the vehicle. The cockpit window frame is now exhibited in a memorial inside the Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\" Pavilion at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.",
"title": "STS-107"
},
{
"docid": "32363#15",
"text": "Ten seconds after retrofire, commands were sent to separate the Vostok service module from the reentry module (code name \"little ball\" ()), but the equipment module unexpectedly remained attached to the reentry module by a bundle of wires. At around 07:35 UT, the two parts of the spacecraft began reentry and went through strong gyrations as Vostok 1 neared Egypt. At this point the wires broke, the two modules separated, and the descent module settled into the proper reentry attitude. Gagarin telegraphed \"Everything is OK\" despite continuing gyrations; he later reported that he did not want to \"make noise\" as he had (correctly) reasoned that the gyrations did not endanger the mission (and were apparently caused by the spherical shape of the reentry module). As Gagarin continued his descent, he remained conscious as he experienced about 8 g during reentry. (Gagarin's own report states \"over 10 g\".)",
"title": "Vostok 1"
},
{
"docid": "17854940#0",
"text": "\"Tearing Us Apart\" is a song recorded by English blues rock guitarist and singer Eric Clapton on his 1986 album \"August\", produced by Phil Collins. The song was about \"the committee\", the group of Pattie Boyd's friends whom Clapton blamed for coming between Pattie and him. \"Tearing Us Apart\" was a duet with Tina Turner and was released as the second single from the album in mid-1987, following \"Behind the Mask\". The song did not chart on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, but was a minor hit in the UK. The song has been included on several setlists of Clapton's live performances in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s; performed by other female vocalists such as Katie Kissoon, Tessa Niles, Shaun Murphy, Tracy Ackerman, Sheryl Crow, Sharon White and Michelle John (since 2011). Clapton resurrected the song for his 11-night residency at the Royal Albert Hall in May/June 2011 and his European/South American tours from February 14 to October 16.",
"title": "Tearing Us Apart"
},
{
"docid": "12694582#0",
"text": "Columbia: The Tragic Loss is a 2004 documentary film about the first Israeli astronaut, Ilan Ramon, who died when the Columbia spacecraft disintegrated upon reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. Two months after the disaster, Ramon's diary was found at one of the crash sites and was reconstructed by the Israel Museum along with Israeli police. Interviews with NASA officials and with Ilan's family offer both expert analysis of the flight and a personal look at the tragedy.",
"title": "Columbia: The Tragic Loss"
},
{
"docid": "177541#20",
"text": "\"Columbia\" was scheduled to land at 9:16 a.m. EST.\nIn 2008, NASA released a detailed report on survivability aspects of the \"Columbia\" reentry. The crew would have had less than a minute between the beginning of orbiter disintegration and depressurization. The structural failure of the left wing set off alarms in the cabin, although they had no way of knowing that the wing had broken apart as the rear of the orbiter could not be seen from the cabin. All evidence indicated that the crew frantically tried to regain control of \"Columbia\" as it began to spin out of control, but the loss of the left wing caused the orbiter to yaw to the right, exposing its underside to extreme aerodynamic forces and causing total structural disintegration. The crew cabin separated from the rest of the orbiter and rapidly depressurized, which would have killed or incapacitated the astronauts within seconds. Afterwards, the cabin spun around at high RPM, which caused the seat restraints on their upper bodies to fail. They were thus whipped around violently and pummeled by flying and falling objects from the disintegrating cabin, along with their heads and necks being slammed against the helmets, which were not designed to provide any head protection. Even if the cabin had remained structurally intact and reached a lower altitude where air could refill it, the high altitude depressurization would have been fatal to the astronauts unless they received medical attention within five minutes, approximately the amount of time it would take between cerebral hypoxia and brain death.",
"title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"
}
] |
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994
|
Are there black holes near the galactic nucleus?
|
[
{
"docid": "7901784#5",
"text": "The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies each contain a central supermassive black hole (SMBH), these being Sagittarius A* (ca. ) and an object within the P2 concentration of Andromeda's nucleus (). These black holes will converge near the centre of the newly formed galaxy over a period that may take millions of years, due to a process known as dynamical friction: As the SMBHs move relative to the surrounding cloud of much less massive stars, gravitational interactions lead to a net transfer of orbital energy from the SMBHs to the stars, causing the stars to be \"slingshotted\" into higher-radius orbits, and the SMBHs to \"sink\" toward the galactic core. When the SMBHs come within one light-year of one another, they will begin to strongly emit gravitational waves that will radiate further orbital energy until they merge completely. Gas taken up by the combined black hole could create a luminous quasar or an active galactic nucleus, releasing as much energy as 100 million supernova explosions. As of 2006, simulations indicated that the Sun might be brought near the centre of the combined galaxy, potentially coming near one of the black holes before being ejected entirely out of the galaxy. Alternatively, the Sun might approach one of the black holes a bit closer and be torn apart by its gravity. Parts of the former Sun would be pulled into the black hole.",
"title": "Andromeda–Milky Way collision"
},
{
"docid": "48732137#1",
"text": "The radio continuum emission along the galaxy's major axis is asymmetrical, being brighter in the southwestern part than in the northeast. But the overall radio surface brightness is on the low side. In the mid-infrared range, the spectrum shows indications of high ionization levels usually associated with an active galactic nucleus. However, optical observations show no signs of an active nucleus, which may just mean it is heavily obscured. Indeed, the amount of ionized matter appears to increase near the core. Although this galaxy lacks a bulge that could supply mass to a supermassive black hole, a large black hole was detected at the core by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2012. It is inferred to have a mass of around 10 to 10 times the mass of the Sun. This makes it one of the lowest mass nuclear black holes known.",
"title": "NGC 4178"
},
{
"docid": "864424#4",
"text": "The nucleus of the Sombrero galaxy is classified as a low ionization nuclear emission region (LINER). These are nuclear regions where ionized gas is present, but the ions are only weakly ionized (i.e. the atoms are missing relatively few electrons). The source of energy for ionizing the gas in LINERs has been debated extensively. Some LINER nuclei may be powered by hot, young stars found in star formation regions, whereas other LINER nuclei may be powered by active galactic nuclei (highly energetic regions that contain supermassive black holes). Infrared spectroscopy observations have demonstrated that the nucleus of the Sombrero Galaxy is probably devoid of any significant star formation activity. However, a supermassive black hole has been identified in the nucleus (as discussed in the subsection below), so this active galactic nucleus is probably the energy source that weakly ionizes the gas in the Sombrero Galaxy.",
"title": "Sombrero Galaxy"
},
{
"docid": "12558#38",
"text": "The standard model for an active galactic nucleus is based upon an accretion disc that forms around a supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the core region of the galaxy. The radiation from an active galactic nucleus results from the gravitational energy of matter as it falls toward the black hole from the disc. In about 10% of these galaxies, a diametrically opposed pair of energetic jets ejects particles from the galaxy core at velocities close to the speed of light. The mechanism for producing these jets is not well understood.",
"title": "Galaxy"
},
{
"docid": "59714879#2",
"text": "The nucleus of the galaxy is active and hosts a low luminosity transition Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). The most accepted theory for the energy source of AGNs is the presence of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. The mass of the black hole in the centre of NGC 3665 is estimated to be based on the velocity dispersion of the molecular gas around the nucleus , or based on the M-sigma relation.",
"title": "NGC 3665"
},
{
"docid": "43948#5",
"text": "A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus. A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active, emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet. This can limit further star formation. Massive black holes ejecting radio-frequency-emitting particles at near-light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies. However, the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation. Likewise, a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud.",
"title": "Star formation"
},
{
"docid": "215706#11",
"text": "The difficulty in forming a supermassive black hole resides in the need for enough matter to be in a small enough volume. This matter needs to have very little angular momentum in order for this to happen. Normally, the process of accretion involves transporting a large initial endowment of angular momentum outwards, and this appears to be the limiting factor in black hole growth. This is a major component of the theory of accretion disks. Gas accretion is the most efficient and also the most conspicuous way in which black holes grow. The majority of the mass growth of supermassive black holes is thought to occur through episodes of rapid gas accretion, which are observable as active galactic nuclei or quasars. Observations reveal that quasars were much more frequent when the Universe was younger, indicating that supermassive black holes formed and grew early. A major constraining factor for theories of supermassive black hole formation is the observation of distant luminous quasars, which indicate that supermassive black holes of billions of solar masses had already formed when the Universe was less than one billion years old. This suggests that supermassive black holes arose very early in the Universe, inside the first massive galaxies.\nA vacancy exists in the observed mass distribution of black holes. Black holes that spawn from dying stars have masses . The minimal supermassive black hole is approximately a hundred thousand solar masses. Mass scales between these ranges are dubbed intermediate-mass black holes. Such a gap suggests a different formation process. However, some models suggest that ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) may be black holes from this missing group.",
"title": "Supermassive black hole"
},
{
"docid": "215706#0",
"text": "A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest type of black hole, containing a mass of the order of hundreds of thousands, to billions times, the mass of the Sun (). This is a class of astronomical objects that has undergone gravitational collapse, leaving behind a spheroidal region of space from which nothing can escape; not even light. Observational evidence indicates that all, or nearly all, massive galaxies contain a supermassive black hole, located at the galaxy's center. In the case of the Milky Way, the supermassive black hole corresponds to the location of Sagittarius A* at the Galactic Core. Accretion of interstellar gas onto supermassive black holes is the process responsible for powering quasars and other types of active galactic nuclei.",
"title": "Supermassive black hole"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37939765#2",
"text": "Supermassive black holes reside in galactic nuclei. The total mass of the stars in a nucleus is roughly equal to the mass of the supermassive black hole. In the case of the Milky Way, the mass of the supermassive black hole is about 4 million Solar masses, and the number of stars in the nucleus is about ten million.",
"title": "Bahcall–Wolf cusp"
},
{
"docid": "510060#6",
"text": "In November 2004 a team of astronomers reported the discovery of GCIRS 13E, the first intermediate-mass black hole in our galaxy, orbiting three light-years from Sagittarius A*. This medium black hole of 1,300 solar masses is within a cluster of seven stars, possibly the remnant of a massive star cluster that has been stripped down by the Galactic Center. This observation may add support to the idea that supermassive black holes grow by absorbing nearby smaller black holes and stars. However, in 2005, a German research group claimed that the presence of an IMBH near the galactic center is doubtful, based on a dynamical study of the star cluster in which the IMBH was said to reside. An IMBH near the galactic center could also be detected via its perturbations on stars orbiting around the supermassive black hole.",
"title": "Intermediate-mass black hole"
},
{
"docid": "177092#9",
"text": "For a long time it has been argued that an AGN must be powered by accretion of mass onto massive black holes (10 to 10 times the Solar mass). AGN are both compact and persistently extremely luminous. Accretion can potentially give very efficient conversion of potential and kinetic energy to radiation, and a massive black hole has a high Eddington luminosity, and as a result, it can provide the observed high persistent luminosity. Supermassive black holes are now believed to exist in the centres of most if not all massive galaxies since the mass of the black hole correlates well with the velocity dispersion of the galactic bulge (the M-sigma relation) or with bulge luminosity. Thus AGN-like characteristics are expected whenever a supply of material for accretion comes within the sphere of influence of the central black hole.",
"title": "Active galactic nucleus"
},
{
"docid": "59800990#1",
"text": "NGC 4278 is an elliptical galaxy. Its nucleus has been found to be active (AGN) and based on its spectrum has been identified as a LINER. The most accepted theory for the power source of active galactic nuclei is the presence of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. In the centre of NGC 4278 lies a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass based on stellar velocity dispersion. The X-ray emission of the nucleus is consistent with one of a black hole fed by a low radiative efficiency accretion flow.",
"title": "NGC 4278"
}
] |
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] |
998
|
What are landed gentry?
|
[
{
"docid": "873137#3",
"text": "The term \"landed gentry\", although originally used to mean nobility, came to be used of the lesser nobility in England around 1540. Once identical, eventually these terms became complementary, in the sense that their definitions began to fill in parts of what the other lacked. The historical term gentry by itself, so Peter Coss argues, is a construct that historians have applied loosely to rather different societies. Any particular model may not fit a specific society, yet a single definition nevertheless remains desirable. The phrase \"landed gentry\" referred in particular to the untitled members of the landowning upper class. The most stable and respected form of wealth has historically been land, and great prestige and political qualifications were (and to a lesser extent still are) attached to land ownership.",
"title": "Landed gentry"
},
{
"docid": "873137#0",
"text": "The landed gentry, or simply the gentry, is a largely historical British social class consisting in theory of landowners who could live entirely from rental income, or at least had a country estate. It was distinct from, and socially \"below\", the aristocracy or peerage, although in fact some of the landed gentry were wealthier than some peers, and many gentry were related to peers. They often worked as administrators of their own lands, while others became public, political, religious, and armed forces figures. The decline of this privileged class largely stemmed from the 1870s agricultural depression; however, there are still a large number of hereditary gentry in the UK to this day, many of whom transferred their landlord style management skills after the agricultural depression into the business of land agency, the act of buying and selling land.",
"title": "Landed gentry"
},
{
"docid": "873137#1",
"text": "The designation \"landed gentry\" originally referred exclusively to members of the upper class who were landlords and also commoners in the British sense – that is, they did not hold peerages – but usage became more fluid over time. Similar or analogous social systems of landed gentry also sprang up in countries that maintained a colonial system; the term is employed in many British colonies such as the Colony of Virginia and some parts of India. By the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers such as the Duke of Westminster who lived on landed estates. The book series \"Burke's Landed Gentry\" recorded the members of this class. Successful burghers often used their accumulated wealth to buy country estates, with the aim of establishing themselves as landed gentry.",
"title": "Landed gentry"
},
{
"docid": "873137#4",
"text": "The primary meaning of \"landed gentry\" encompasses those members of the land-owning classes who are not members of the peerage. It was an informal designation: one belonged to the landed gentry if other members of that class accepted one as such. A newly rich man who wished his family to join the gentry (and they nearly all did so wish), was expected not only to buy a country house and estate, but also to sever all financial ties with the business which had made him wealthy in order to cleanse his family of the \"taint of trade\". However, during the 19th century, as the new rich of the Industrial Revolution became more and more numerous and politically powerful, this expectation was gradually relaxed. From the late 16th-century, the gentry emerged as the class most closely involved in politics, the military and law. It provided the bulk of Members of Parliament, with many gentry families maintaining political control in a certain locality over several generations (see List of political families in the United Kingdom). Owning land was a prerequisite for suffrage (the civil right to vote) in county constituencies until the Reform Act 1832; until then, Parliament was largely in the hands of the landowning class.",
"title": "Landed gentry"
},
{
"docid": "11762046#0",
"text": "Polish landed gentry (, from \"ziemia\", \"land\") was a social group or class of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically, \"ziemianie\" consisted of hereditary nobles (\"szlachta\") and landed commoners (). The Statutes of Piotrków (1496) restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to hereditary nobility. The non-nobles thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves (not an easy task), or had their property taken away. A rare exception was the burgesses of certain specially privileged \"ennobled\" royal cities who were titled \"nobilis\" and were allowed to buy and inherit manorial estates and exercise their privileges (such as jurisdiction over their subjects) and monopolies (over distilleries, hunting grounds, etc.). Therefore, in the \"szlachta\"-dominated Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth there was almost no landed gentry in the English meaning of the term, i.e. commoners who owned landed estates. With the Partitions these restrictions were loosened and finally any commoner could buy or inherit land. This made the 20th-century Polish landed gentry consist mostly of hereditary nobles, but also of others.",
"title": "Polish landed gentry"
},
{
"docid": "873137#15",
"text": "The popularity of \"Burke's Landed Gentry\" gave currency to the expression \"Landed Gentry\" as a description of the untitled upper classes in England (although the book also included families in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, where, however, social structures were rather different). An alternate name was employed by the publishers of a similar, though less genealogical, series, known as \"Walford's County Families\", wherein the term \"county family\" referred more or less to the same people Burke covered by the term, \"landed gentry\". They were also known as the upper ten thousand.",
"title": "Landed gentry"
},
{
"docid": "21244171#0",
"text": "Gentry (from Old French \"genterie\", from \"gentil\", \"high-born, noble\") are \"well-born, genteel and well-bred people\" of high social class, especially in the past. In the United Kingdom, the term \"gentry\" refers to the landed gentry, the majority of the land-owning social class who were typically armigerous (having a coat of arms), but did not have titles of nobility. \"Gentry\", in its widest connotation, refers to people of good social position connected to landed estates (see manorialism), upper levels of the clergy, and \"gentle\" families of long descent who never obtained the official right to bear a coat of arms. The historical term \"gentry\" by itself, so Peter Coss argues, is a construct that historians have applied loosely to rather different societies. Any particular model may not fit a specific society, yet a single definition nevertheless remains desirable. Linguistically, the word \"gentry\" arose to identify the social stratum created by the very small number, by the standards of Continental Europe, of the Peerage of England, and of the parts of Britain, where nobility and titles are inherited by a single person, rather than the family, as usual in Europe.",
"title": "Gentry"
},
{
"docid": "21244171#26",
"text": "In the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, \"gentry\" is often used in English to describe the Polish landed gentry (, from \"ziemia\", \"land\"). They were the lesser members of the nobility (the \"szlachta\"), contrasting with the much smaller but more powerful group of \"magnate\" families (sing. \"magnat\", plural \"magnaci\" in Polish), the Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. Compared to the situation in England and some other parts of Europe, these two parts of the overall \"nobility\" to a large extent operated as different classes, and were often in conflict. After the Partitions of Poland, at least in the stereotypes of 19th-century nationalist lore, the magnates often made themselves at home in the capitals and courts of the partitioning powers, while the gentry remained on their estates, keeping the national culture alive.",
"title": "Gentry"
},
{
"docid": "21244171#38",
"text": "The landed gentry is a traditional British social class consisting of gentlemen in the original sense; that is, those who owned land in the form of country estates to such an extent that they were not required to actively work, except in an administrative capacity on their own lands. The estates were often (but not always) made up of tenanted farms, in which case the gentleman could live entirely off rent income.",
"title": "Gentry"
},
{
"docid": "873137#19",
"text": "So devastating was this for the ranks formerly identified as being of the landed gentry that \"Burke's Landed Gentry\" began, in the 20th century, to include families historically in this category who had ceased to own their ancestral lands. The focus of those who remained in this class shifted from the lands or estates themselves, to the stately home or \"family seat\" which was in many cases retained without the surrounding lands. Many of these buildings were purchased for the nation and preserved as monuments to the lifestyles of their former owners (who sometimes remained in part of the house as lessees or tenants) by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. The National Trust, which had originally concentrated on open landscapes rather than buildings, accelerated its country house acquisition programme during and after the Second World War, partly because of the widespread destruction of country houses in the 20th century by owners who could no longer afford to maintain them. Those who retained their property usually had to supplement their incomes from sources other than the land, sometimes by opening their properties to the public.",
"title": "Landed gentry"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1001
|
What class of drug is Cannabis?
|
[
{
"docid": "57074470#3",
"text": "As of January 2009, \"cannabis, cannabis resin, cannabinol and its derivatives\" are categorized as Class B drugs, in accordance with \"(Amendment) Order 2008\" of the United Kingdom's Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Following a proposal by UK politician David Blunkett \"to seek the reclassification of cannabis from a Class B drug to a Class C drug\" in 2001, the classification was moved to the less stringent Class C in January 2004, but was returned to Class B in January 2009.",
"title": "Cannabis and international law"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1577619#0",
"text": "Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom refers to the class of drugs, as determined by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, that cannabis is placed in. Between 1928 and 2004 and since 2009, it has been classified as a class B drug. From 2004 to 2009, it was in class C. From 2017 till now it is in class B and is illegal in many places.",
"title": "Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "20565421#7",
"text": "Cannabis use is controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. Possession of any amount of cannabis is illegal. The maximum penalty for possession of cannabis is imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or a $500 fine, although section 7(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 contains a rebuttable presumption against imprisonment in respect of possession offences in respect of class C controlled drugs, which include cannabis. Cultivation of cannabis carries a maximum penalty of seven years' imprisonment. Selling cannabis, offering to sell or supplying cannabis to a person under the age of 18 years carries a maximum penalty of eight years' imprisonment. Cannabis oil and hashish are defined as class B drugs, and those convicted of manufacturing or supplying face a maximum penalty of 14 years' imprisonment. Possession of a class-B controlled drug carries a maximum sentence of up to three months' imprisonment or a fine not exceeding $500.",
"title": "Cannabis in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "1481886#33",
"text": "After revisions to cannabis scheduling in the UK, the government moved cannabis back from a class C to a class B drug. A purported reason was the appearance of high potency cannabis. They believe skunk accounts for between 70 and 80% of samples seized by police (despite the fact that skunk can sometimes be incorrectly mistaken for all types of herbal cannabis). Extracts such as hashish and hash oil typically contain more THC than high potency cannabis flowers.",
"title": "Cannabis (drug)"
},
{
"docid": "20573708#0",
"text": "Cannabis in the United Kingdom is illegal for recreational use as a Class B drug. In 2004 cannabis was made a Class C drug with less severe penalties but it was moved back to Class B in 2009. Medical use of cannabis was legalised in November 2018.",
"title": "Cannabis in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "20573708#10",
"text": "With the passage of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, cannabis was listed as a \"Class B\" drug. It remained Class B, except for the 2004–2009 period where it was classified as Class C, a lower punishment category, before being moved back to B.",
"title": "Cannabis in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "20573708#18",
"text": "Cannabis has remained a Class B drug since the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act, except for a period from 2004 to 2009 during which it was classified as Class C. The 2004 reclassification (originally announced in 2001) removed the threat of arrest for possession of small amounts, for the purpose of allowing police to focus on harder drugs and violent crime. In May 2008, under the leadership of Prime Minister Gordon Brown, it was announced that cannabis would be moved back to Schedule B, against the recommendations of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.",
"title": "Cannabis in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "662856#1",
"text": "Under New Zealand's Misuse of Drugs Act 1975, cannabis is currently classed (depending on product / substance) as either a Class B drug (\"Very high risk of harm\") or a Class C drug (\"moderate risk of harm\").",
"title": "Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party"
},
{
"docid": "1487987#15",
"text": "NIDA administers a contract with the University of Mississippi to grow the nation's only legal cannabis crop for medical and research purposes, including the Compassionate Investigational New Drug program. A \"Fast Company\" article pointed out, \"Based on the photographic evidence, NIDA's concoction of seeds, stems, and leaves more closely resembles dried cat brier than cannabis\".\nAn article in \"Mother Jones\" describes their crop as \"brown, stems-and-seeds-laden, low-potency pot—what's known on the streets as \"schwag\"\"aka \"Bobby Brown\" United States federal law currently registers cannabis as a Schedule I drug. Medical marijuana researchers typically prefer to use high-potency marijuana, but NIDA's National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse has been reluctant to provide cannabis with high THC levels, citing safety concerns:",
"title": "National Institute on Drug Abuse"
},
{
"docid": "723762#32",
"text": "Huhne was an avid supporter of Professor David Nutt after he was dismissed by Home Secretary Alan Johnson as chairman of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) in November 2009. Nutt had criticised the government's decision to reclassify cannabis as a Class B drug rather than keeping it as a class C. Huhne said the decision to sack Nutt was \"disgraceful\" and commented: \"what is the point of having independent scientific advice if as soon as you get some advice that you don't like, you sack the person who has given it to you?\". Attacking the government, he said that if they did not want to take expert scientific advice they might as well have a \"committee of tabloid newspaper editors to advise on drugs policy\". Cannabis had been re-classified as a class C drug in 2004 by then Home Secretary David Blunkett, only for Jacqui Smith to reverse the ruling in 2008, a decision taken despite official advisers recommending against it.",
"title": "Chris Huhne"
}
] |
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] |
1004
|
How many children were taken for the Residential Schools?
|
[
{
"docid": "46893463#0",
"text": "The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) is an agreement between the Government of Canada and approximately 86,000 Native Canadians who at some point were enrolled as children in the Canadian Indian residential school system, a system which was in place between 1879 and 1996. The IRSSA recognized the damage inflicted by the residential schools and established a $2 billion compensation package for all former IRS students and, in particular, those who had been abused or otherwise harmed. The agreement, announced in 2006, was the largest class action settlement in Canadian history. As of December 2012 a total of $1.62 billion has been paid to 78,750 former students.",
"title": "Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2360980#17",
"text": "CBC has reported that \"In all, about 150,000 aboriginal, Inuit and Métis children were removed from their communities and forced to attend the schools.\" The 150,000 enrollment figure is an estimate not disputed by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, but it is not clear what percentage were \"removed from their communities and forced to attend the schools.\" A percentage of the residential schools were in or close by the children's communities. Moreover, while many aboriginal parents distrusted the residential schools or preferred to raise and educate their children in a traditional manner, other parents willingly enrolled their children, partly from a belief that the schooling of the \"white man\" would benefit them, and partly from a knowledge that schools would provide shelter, food and clothing which dire conditions on the reserve could not provide. Harsh criticism has been leveled at Scott and the residential school system, as children who attended some of the more poorly maintained or administered schools lived in terrible conditions; in some cases the mortality rate exceeded fifty percent due to the spread of infectious disease. Furthermore, Scott continued with his advocacy knowing that death from illness (such as influenza and tuberculosis) and suicide was common. This situation was made worse by the federal policy that tied funding to enrollment numbers, which resulted in some schools enrolling sick children in order to boost their numbers. Echoing Scott's desire to absorb aboriginals into the wider Canadian population, many residential and day schools strongly discouraged students from speaking their native language, and harsh punishments were administered. Corporal punishment was sometimes justified by the belief that it was the only way to \"save souls\", \"civilize\" the native children and, in the residential schools, punish runaways who might make the school responsible for injury or death while trying to return home. Many reports of physical, sexual and psychological abuse in the residential schools have surfaced over the years. Exact numbers are unknown, as the government at the time did not see fit to keep track of such things. Because any kind of scandal coming out of the residential schools would have caused Indian Affairs, the churches and the government of the day much embarrassment, incidents of abuse were often discounted or covered up. However, based on survivor's accounts, as many as 75% of the children in particularly awful schools may have been sexually assaulted. He clearly condoned the policy of removing the children's cultural identity, praising practices such as referring to students only by a number and beating them when they dared to speak their own language.",
"title": "Duncan Campbell Scott"
},
{
"docid": "10476826#3",
"text": "Between 1949 and 1979, thousands of Indigenous children were taken from their communities to attend five residential schools that were run by the International Grenfell Association or Moravians. Many said they were sexually and physically abused, and suffered language and cultural losses.",
"title": "International Grenfell Association"
},
{
"docid": "5138691#4",
"text": "As in many Canadian Indian Residential Schools (IRS), some children died while under the care of the school staff and administration. In one particularly tragic incident at the Lejac Residential School, four boys ran away on New Year's Day in 1937 and were found dead, frozen on a lake shortly thereafter. Allen Willie (age 8), Andrew Paul (age 9), Maurice Justin (age 8), and Johnny Michael (age 9) had fled the school \"without caps and lightly clad\" and had covered six of the seven miles to Nadleh reserve before succumbing to the cold. It was incidents of this sort that prompted some residential school administrators to inflict harsh punishment on those who attempted to run away from their school.",
"title": "Lejac Residential School"
},
{
"docid": "44186233#8",
"text": "The formula for funding was on a per child basis. To raise money, the number of children placed in the institution was increased. The school was built for 125 students; however, in the first year 146 children were placed in the institution, 62 students were in the single grade 1 class By 1938, 175 children were placed in the institution to try to make up for the financial hardship the institution faced. In 1957, there were 160 students, divided among four classrooms. Inspector in 1957 indicated, children required “much more individual attention”",
"title": "Shubenacadie Indian Residential School"
},
{
"docid": "498815#22",
"text": "Some Poor Law Unions opted to send destitute children to the British colonies, in particular to Canada and Australia, where it was hoped the fruits of their labour would contribute to the defence of the empire and enable the colonies to buy more British exports. Known as Home Children, the Philanthropic Farm school alone sent more than 1000 boys to the colonies between 1850 and 1871, many of them taken from workhouses. In 1869 Maria Rye and Annie Macpherson, \"two spinster ladies of strong resolve\", began taking groups of orphans and children from workhouses to Canada, most of whom were taken in by farming families in Ontario. The Canadian government paid a small fee to the ladies for each child delivered, but most of the cost was met by charities or the Poor Law Unions.",
"title": "Workhouse"
},
{
"docid": "1747334#11",
"text": "Catholic Missionaries were sent to convert First Nations children to Christianity. By 1891, the first group of students were sent to receive a so-called \"formal\" education. The program continued for the next six decades until a point when Native children were allowed into the public school system. Ninety years after the start of the Residential School program, the mission school closed circa 1981. Throughout that period, Indian agents were empowered to remove children from homes to attend St. Joseph's Mission school in 150 Mile House. This led some to attempt to hide their children by sneaking out to hunting grounds or fields. Children fled the schools, and within the first 30 years, three investigations on the physical abuse and malnutrition were conducted; however, the Natives were said to be \"wild\", deserving the treatment.",
"title": "Tsilhqot'in"
},
{
"docid": "58840293#4",
"text": "Enrolments grew rapidly and the temporary buildings were extremely uncomfortable and overcrowded. By May 1878, 1,035 children were enrolled and this had grown to 1,405 by the end of the year. By 1879 there were 1,608 children enrolled. During the winter three teachers found the over-crowding and draughty conditions so difficult that they asked for removal to another school. No action was taken, since the new building was expected to solve the school's problems.",
"title": "Crown Street Public School"
},
{
"docid": "7953446#16",
"text": "CINI has mainstreamed over 10,000 children into formal schools, both residential and non-residential. The majority of these children are from the slums, squatter colonies, railway platforms and red light areas.",
"title": "Child In Need Institute"
},
{
"docid": "15884342#11",
"text": "The first school in the village was an iron building, originally constructed in 1906 in Forest Town near Mansfield Woodhouse and moved in 1924. It housed 120 pupils, and a further 100 were housed in a corrugated iron extension added in 1925. Soon, 70 children were taken to Carlton-in-Lindrick each day, and 90 infants were taught in the room above the Co-op. The first five classrooms in a permanent school were available from 1 September 1926, and the \"Tin School\" was abandoned in January 1927 when the new school was completed. An infant school was built on the same site, and was completed by September 1928. The infant school catered for 388 children, the junior school 360, and the senior school 384, although some pupils went to one of the Retford schools if they passed their 11+ examination. The older school, or \"Tin School\", as it was and is popularly referred to in the village and surrounding areas, was partially demolished between 2003 and 2004, and fully gone by 2007.",
"title": "Langold"
}
] |
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] |
1005
|
How many people live in Europe?
|
[
{
"docid": "19136211#7",
"text": "Europe is home to more than 700 million people, most of them city dwellers. Much of its wildlife has suffered as a result, but efforts are underway to protect and reintroduce some species. Others have exploited new opportunities offered by man-made environments. In Rome, the first metropolis on the continent, winter tourists watch swirling clouds of starlings flocking over the city. Buildings and structures have replaced caves and cliffs as preferred perches and nest sites for some birds, including kestrels and white storks. On a nearby landfill site, griffon vultures and red foxes forage and scavenge food. Wildlife and people are coming into contact more often. Joggers in the woods around Budapest often encounter wild boars, while farmers in the Carpathian Mountains live alongside Europe's biggest populations of bear, wolf and lynx. These predators were hunted to extinction in Western Europe, but are now returning, aided by green corridors such as the European Green Belt and wildlife-friendly development. Beavers have also returned in large numbers due to protection and the clean-up of Europe's polluted rivers. A chemical spill in the 1960s killed all the fish in the Rhine, but now there is a project to reintroduce Atlantic salmon to the river. There are, however, new dangers. Invasive species such as Chinese mitten crabs, Asian long-horned beetles and Japanese knotweed threaten the native flora and fauna. Climate change could also have a dramatic effect on the continent, but Europe's natural history has experienced many such changes in the past.",
"title": "Europe: A Natural History"
},
{
"docid": "9239#91",
"text": "In 2017, the population of Europe was estimated to be 742 million according to , which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population. This number includes Asian Russia (Siberia, about 36 million people) but excludes the European part of Turkey, Cyprus and the Transcaucasian countries.\nA century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population. The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. Among the continents, Europe has a relatively high population density, second only to Asia. Most of Europe is in a mode of Sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is being less populous than the older.\nThe most densely populated country in Europe (and in the world) is the microstate of Monaco.",
"title": "Europe"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11502649#12",
"text": "15,000 Irish live in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, where more than 1/2 million people regularly attend Irish music, cultural and sports events. These countries host the Nordic Feis annually, with Irish dancing schools from across the region and Irish Festivals. Irish societies and associations in Northern Europe actively arrange Irish literature, theatre, sport, music and dancing events across Scandinavia. The region hosts Irish & Celtic Studies Centres in Sweden and Denmark. Many of the more than 230 Irish Pubs have regular live Irish music, as well as live Irish sports coverage - GAA, Soccer and Rugby. Norway has a Celtic Irish association football club, Finland has a hurling club; Sweden and Denmark played each other in Gaelic football and in Hurling this past summer. Latvia hosts live GAA coverage.",
"title": "Irish people in mainland Europe"
},
{
"docid": "464879#3",
"text": "There are also many differences, with some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000-4,000 people (e.g., Sesklo in Greece) whereas Neolithic groups in Britain were small (possibly 50-100 people) and highly mobile cattle-herders.",
"title": "Neolithic Europe"
},
{
"docid": "9239#48",
"text": "The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe. The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment, and the rise of a new working class. Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the first laws on child labour, the legalisation of trade unions, and the abolition of slavery. In Britain, the Public Health Act of 1875 was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities. Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. The last major famine recorded in Western Europe, the Irish Potato Famine, caused death and mass emigration of millions of Irish people. In the 19th century, 70 million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States. Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"docid": "6021384#2",
"text": "At the end of 2007, it was estimated that around 800,000 people were living with HIV in Western and Central Europe. This represents 8.1% increase over the estimated 740,000 in 2006. The highest rates were reported from Estonia, Portugal and Russia; the lowest rates were reported by Slovakia, the Czech Republic (0.025%) and Romania. Although the numbers are relatively small when compared to the number of people living with HIV in areas such as Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS in Western and Central Europe is still considered a major public health issue.",
"title": "HIV/AIDS in Europe"
},
{
"docid": "1558354#3",
"text": "330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916. In 1950 there were 549,000,000. The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations, which was slightly less than 11% of the world population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe. The population of the European Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015. Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety account for another 94 million. Five transcontinental countries have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"docid": "26152#16",
"text": "For a variety of reasons, many Romanis choose not to register their ethnic identity in official censuses. There are an estimated 3.8 million Romani people in Europe (as of 2002), although some high estimates by Romani organizations give numbers as high as 14 million. Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkans, in some Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. Several million more Romanies may live outside Europe, in particular in the Middle East and in the Americas.",
"title": "Romani people"
},
{
"docid": "11502649#3",
"text": "30,000 Irish live in Benelux countries of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. More than 3/4 million attend the Netherlands', Belgium's and Luxembourg's Irish music, cultural and sports events. The region has Irish clubs, societies and associations, Irish theatre groups, Irish and Celtic studies centres, and James Joyce groups. Its 200+ Irish bars have regular live Irish music, as well as live Irish sports coverage - GAA, Soccer and Rugby. As well as Irish Dancing Schools & Groups, the region has many local Irish music bands, and festivals. It also has Irish soccer clubs, darts, rugby, badminton and GAA clubs, as well as Irish golf societies.",
"title": "Irish people in mainland Europe"
},
{
"docid": "49073548#16",
"text": "The United States and other European countries have sold multiple tanks and weapons to the Turkish Government under the pretense that they would not be used against civilians, however, that is not how some see it. For many years the United States and Europe sold military grade weapons to Turkey and did not speak out against or condemn any of the instances where the Turkish Army harmed civilians. This caused outrage and distrust in the districts among the civilians. The civilians believe that the United States and Europe share responsibility with Turkey for every civilian harmed with their weapons and tanks and that they too are committing these war crimes. Some civilians call the United States and Europe hypocrites by promoting human rights and safety while they supply tanks to a ruthless regime and there should be children and people in the streets, not tanks. This sheds light on how many civilians in Turkey believe that the United States and Europe do not care about lives unless it is their own.",
"title": "Civil Protection Units"
}
] |
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1008
|
When were the first mososaur fossils discovered?
|
[
{
"docid": "800373#17",
"text": "The first publicized discovery of a partial fossil mosasaur skull in 1764 by quarry workers in a subterranean gallery of a limestone quarry in Mount Saint Peter, near the Dutch city of Maastricht, preceded any major dinosaur fossil discoveries, but remained little known. However, a second find of a partial skull drew the Age of Enlightenment's attention to the existence of fossilized animals that were different from any known living creatures. When the specimen was discovered between 1770 and 1774, Johann Leonard Hoffmann, a surgeon and fossil collector, corresponded about it with the most influential scientists of his day, making the fossil famous. The original owner, though, was Godding, a canon of Maastricht cathedral.",
"title": "Mosasaur"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43257654#2",
"text": "The first documented fossils to be recovered from the Bridger Formation were discovered on 11 August 1849 by Captain Howard Stansbury, who documented the discovery of fossilized shells and wood in his expedition report while scouting out the region for the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. In the early-1860s, trapper Jack Robinson claimed to have discovered a number of sites along the base of the Uinta Mountains where grizzly bears had been turned to stone. When these claims were called into question by judge William A. Carter, Robinson brought Carter a bag filled with the fossils. One of the specimens recovered by Robinson was a well-preserved skull which resembled that of a grizzly bear. Judger Carter invited Louis Agassiz to observe the local strata, but Agassiz declined as the journey would have involved riding horseback to the site, a mode of transportation Agassiz abhorred. Carter's son-in-law, Dr. J. Van A. Carter, would go on to send a number of fossils to palaeontologist Joseph Leidy at the University of Pennsylvania in 1869. These fossils included the first Bridgerian fossil taxa, \"Omomys carteri\"; and the skull discovered by Robinson, which was described as \"Palaeosyops paludosus\". Another researcher responsible for sending off specimens was Dr. Joseph K. Corson, a close friend of Leidy's who hosted him and his family on two three to Fort Bridger in 1872, 1873, and 1879.",
"title": "Bridger Formation"
},
{
"docid": "29474416#5",
"text": "Around 1765 the skull of a \"Mosasaurus\" was discovered here in a limestone quarry, one of the first recognised reptile fossils, which was later acquired by the Teylers Museum in Haarlem. A more famous \"Mosasaurus\" fossil was found between 1770 and 1774 but was confiscated by the French in 1794 and is now in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris. Later dinosaur remains were discovered here as well, belonging to \"Betasuchus\" and \"Orthomerus\", as well as turtles and fossils of smaller creatures of the sea.",
"title": "Mount Saint Peter"
},
{
"docid": "1096641#4",
"text": "The first fossils classified as \"Sauroposeidon\" were four neck vertebrae discovered in rural Oklahoma, not far from the Texas border, in a claystone outcrop that dates the fossils to about 110 million years ago (mya). This falls within the Early Cretaceous Period, specifically between the Aptian and Albian epochs. These vertebrae were discovered in May 1994 at the Antlers Formation in Atoka County, Oklahoma by dog trainer Bobby Cross and secured by Dr. Richard Cifelli and a team from the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in May 1994 and August 1994. Initially the fossils were believed to be simply too large to be the remains of an animal, and due to the state of preservation, believed to be tree trunks. In fact, they are the longest such bones known in dinosaurs. Thus, the vertebrae were stored until 1999, when Dr. Cifelli gave them to a graduate student, Matt Wedel, to analyze as part of a project. Upon their realization of the find's significance, they issued a press release in October 1999, followed by official publication of their findings in the \"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\" in March 2000. The new species was named \"S. proteles\", and the holotype is OMNH 53062.",
"title": "Sauroposeidon"
},
{
"docid": "6249443#1",
"text": "During the upper Triassic period, about 210 million years ago, the region around Frick was a dry lowland with flat hills and small depressions. During the rainy season, the depressions filled with water and dinosaurs congregated around the ponds. When they died, their bodies were covered by the mud in the ponds and fossilized, creating rich fossil beds in Frick. The first Plateosaurus fossils were discovered in 1961 and further excavations during the following decades have discovered numerous fossils. In 2006, the only Coelophysoidea (a small flesh-eating dinosaur species) fossil in Switzerland, was found by an amateur paleontologist in Frick.",
"title": "Frick, Aargau"
},
{
"docid": "37799171#8",
"text": "Since 1836, at least five discoveries of mammoths have been made in Alaska. One of the earliest occurred in 1897 when mammoth bones were discovered in a volcanic cave on St. Paul Island. This location was regarded as so unusual that some researchers had expressed suspicions that the remains were planted there as a practical joke. In 1850, another major paleontological milestone in the state was reached with what was probably the first publication on the state's Tertiary plants. Alaska's Tertiary plant fossils were first discovered in places such as the Alaska Peninsula, the Cook Inlet's shoreline, and Unga Island. Between 1902 and 1908, hundreds of sources for Cretaceous plant fossils were discovered. Among the finds were algae, \"Ampelopsis\", conifers, elm, \"Ficus\", a great diversity of hepaticae, laurel, magnolia, oaks, \"Pinus\", \"Platanus\", and sequoias. Invertebrate remains were also found with the plants. In 1903, several sources of Tertiary plant fossils were discovered between Awik and Eagle City. In the 1930s, several lengthy scientific papers shed even more light on Alaska's Cretaceous flora. As such, Alaska's Cretaceous plants did not receive serious treatment in the scientific literature until 50 years after its Tertiary flora. No more mammoth remains were found until 1952 when a partially fossilized mammoth tooth was discovered. The specimen weighed 3 pounds and 11 ounces while measuring in at 9.75 inches long. In the mid-to-late twentieth century, the University of Michigan sent summer expeditions into Alaska to look for Cenozoic vertebrates, but after three failed attempts they called off the effort.",
"title": "Paleontology in Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "1551709#1",
"text": "Infant and juvenile fossils of \"Mussaurus\" were first discovered by an expedition led by Jose Bonaparte during the 1970s to the El Tranquilo Formation. There the team found fossilized eggs and hatchlings, which added insight into the reproductive strategies of \"Mussaurus\" and other sauropodomorph dinosaurs. The first adult specimens of \"Mussaurus\" were described in 2013. Some of these specimens had first been described in 1980 and were originally attributed to the genus \"Plateosaurus\".",
"title": "Mussaurus"
},
{
"docid": "1241943#3",
"text": "The first \"Hylaeosaurus\" fossils were discovered in West Sussex. On 20 July 1832, fossil collector Gideon Mantell wrote to Professor Benjamin Silliman that when a gunpowder explosion had demolished a quarry rock face in Tilgate Forest, several of the boulders freed showed the bones of a saurian. A local fossil dealer had assembled the about fifty pieces, described by him as a \"great consarn of bites and boanes\". Having doubts about the value of the fragments, Mantell had nevertheless purchased the pieces and soon discovered they could be united into a single skeleton, partially articulated. Mantell was delighted with the find because previous specimens of \"Megalosaurus\" and \"Iguanodon\" had consisted of single bone elements. The discovery in fact represented the most complete non-avian dinosaur skeleton known at the time. He was strongly inclined to describe the find as belonging to the latter genus, but during a visit by William Clift, the curator of the Royal College of Surgeons of England museum, and his assistant John Edward Gray, he began to doubt the identification. Clift was the first to point out that several plates and spikes were probably part of a body armour, attached to the back or sides of the rump. In November 1832 Mantell decided to create a new generic name: \"Hylaeosaurus\". It is derived from the Greek ὑλαῖος, \"hylaios\", \"of the wood\". Mantell originally claimed the name \"Hylaeosaurus\" meant \"forest lizard\", after the Tilgate Forest in which it was discovered. Later, he claimed that it meant \"Wealden lizard\" (\"wealden\" being another word for \"forest\"), in reference to the Wealden Group, the name for the early Cretaceous geological formation in which the dinosaur was first found.",
"title": "Hylaeosaurus"
},
{
"docid": "37798932#2",
"text": "Paleontology has a long history in the State of Illinois, stretching at least as far back as the 1850s, when the first Mazon Creek fossils were being found. Early in the ensuing 20th century a Silurian age fossil reef system was discovered in the state. In the 1950s Francis Tully discovered the \"monster\" that would later be named in his honor. The Pennsylvanian species \"Tullimonstrum gregarium\" (\"Tully Monster\") is the Illinois state fossil. It is one of the few officially designated state fossils that is endemic to the state it represents.",
"title": "Paleontology in Illinois"
},
{
"docid": "37799075#5",
"text": "Some of the first scientifically documented fossil finds in Vermont occurred in the mid-19th century. In 1848 men working on the railroad in Rutland County uncovered the tusk, teeth, and bones of a mammoth. In 1849 the complete skeleton of a primitive whale was discovered. Since then, it has been locally known as the 'Charlotte Whale'. Like the 1848 mammoth remains, this find also occurred at the railroad. However, this find occurred in a Chittenden County Rutland Railroad cut near the town of Charlotte. In 1950, an abundance of fossils were discovered on the Connecticut River three miles southwest of Claremont, New Hampshire. These included corals, brachiopods, crinoids, cephalopods, and a possible trilobite. The fossils date back to the Silurian or Devonian periods. More recently, in 1993, the Pleistocene Beluga whale \"Delphinapterus leucas\" was designated the Vermont state fossil. In 2014, the 1848 mammoth tooth and tusk were designated as the state terrestrial fossils of Vermont, with the beluga whale skeleton being redesignated as the state marine fossil. The beluga whale is permanantly housed at the Perkins Geology Museum in Burlington, with the mammoth remains housed at the Mount Holly Community Historical Museum in Belmont.",
"title": "Paleontology in Vermont"
}
] |
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] |
1011
|
How long has the species homo sapiens existed?
|
[
{
"docid": "44248650#10",
"text": "200,000 years ago, \"Homo sapiens\" evolves in East Africa. At the time, \"Homo sapiens\" was one of many human species, such as Neanderthals. Since 13,000 years ago, \"Homo sapiens\" has been the only surviving human species. Harari suggests that one of the key reasons why Sapiens is able to take control of the world is Sapiens' advanced language.",
"title": "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19554533#47",
"text": "\"Homo erectus\" is the most, or one of the most, long-lived species of \"Homo\", having existed well over one million years and perhaps over two million years;\nby contrast, \"Homo sapiens\" emerged about a quarter million years ago.\nIf considering \"Homo erectus\" in its strict sense (that is, as referring to only the Asian variety) no consensus has been reached as to whether it is ancestral to \"H. sapiens\" or any later human species.\"Wushan Man\" was proposed as \"Homo erectus wushanensis\", but is now thought to be based upon fossilized fragments of an extinct non-hominin ape.",
"title": "Homo erectus"
},
{
"docid": "32156908#1",
"text": "DNA and anthropologic data consider modern humans (\"Homo sapiens sapiens\") a primate and the descendants of ape-like species. Species of the genus ‘Homo’ are all extinct except humans, which are thought to have evolved from australopithecine ancestors originating in East Africa. The development of the modern human has taken place over some 300,000 years and unique adaptations have resulted from ecological pressures that \"Homo Sapiens\" has faced. Due prominently to ecological and behavioral factors, the modern human muscular system differs greatly from that of our early primate ancestors. These adaptations and changes have allowed \"Homo sapiens\" to function as they do today.",
"title": "Muscular evolution in humans"
},
{
"docid": "25614#18",
"text": "Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species \"Homo sapiens\". However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus \"Homo\", \"Homo habilis\", evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time. \"Homo erectus\" evolved more than 1.8 million years ago, and by 1.5 million years ago had spread throughout Europe and Asia. Virtually all physical anthropologists agree that \"Archaic Homo sapiens\" (A group including the possible species \"H. heidelbergensis\", \"H. rhodesiensis\" and \"H. neanderthalensis\") evolved out of African \"Homo erectus\" (\"sensu lato\") or \"Homo ergaster.\" Anthropologists support the idea that anatomically modern humans (\"Homo sapiens\") evolved in North or East Africa from an archaic human species such as \"H. heidelbergensis\" and then migrated out of Africa, mixing with and replacing \"H. heidelbergensis\" and \"H. neanderthalensis\" populations throughout Europe and Asia, and \"H. rhodesiensis\" populations in Sub-Saharan Africa (a combination of the Out of Africa and Multiregional models).",
"title": "Race (human categorization)"
},
{
"docid": "99645#5",
"text": "The species was initially thought to have emerged from a predecessor within the genus \"Homo\" around 300,000 to 200,000 years ago.\nA problem with the morphological classification of \"anatomically modern\" was that it would not have included certain extant populations. \nFor this reason, a lineage-based (cladistic) definition of \"H. sapiens\" has been suggested, in which \"H. sapiens\" would by definition refer to the modern human lineage following the split from the Neanderthal lineage. Such a cladistic definition would extend the age of \"H. sapiens\" to over 500,000 years.",
"title": "Homo sapiens"
},
{
"docid": "99645#1",
"text": "Extinct species of the genus \"Homo\" include \"Homo erectus\", extant during roughly 1.9 to 0.4 million years ago, and a number of other species (by some authors considered subspecies of either \"H. sapiens\" or \"H. erectus\"). \"H. sapiens idaltu\" (2003) is a proposed extinct subspecies of \"H. sapiens\".",
"title": "Homo sapiens"
},
{
"docid": "442638#0",
"text": "Homo heidelbergensis is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, which radiated in the Middle Pleistocene from about 700,000 to 300,000 years ago),\nknown from fossils found in Southern Africa, East Africa and Europe. African \"H. heidelbergensis\" has several subspecies. The subspecies are \"Homo heidelbergensis heidelbergensis, Homo heidelbergensis daliensis, Homo rhodesiensis,\" and \"Homo heidelbergensis steinheimensi.\" The derivation of \"Homo sapiens\" from Homo rhodesiensis has often been proposed, but is obscured by a fossil gap from 400–260 kya. The species was originally named \"Homo heidelbergensis\" due to the skeleton's first discovery in Heidelberg, Germany.",
"title": "Homo heidelbergensis"
},
{
"docid": "10880198#7",
"text": "The first species in the genus \"Homo\", \"Homo habilis\", has been found in Tanzania and Kenya at sites dating between 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago. Species within the genus \"Homo\" showed no difference within molar size up until \"Homo floresiensis\", where smaller molars were beginning to be expressed. Species after \"H. floresiensis\" such as \"H. heidelbergensis\", \"H. neanderthalensis\", and \"H. sapiens\" began to show instead wider frontal teeth and a decrease in size of the molars compared to earlier species. \"H. sapiens\" shows significantly smaller molars, mandible, and a prominence of the chin.",
"title": "Post-canine megadontia"
},
{
"docid": "488341#2",
"text": "\"Homo sapiens\" (anatomically modern humans) emerges close to 300,000 to 200,000 years ago, most likely in Africa, and \"Homo neanderthalensis\" emerges at around the same time in Europe and Western Asia.\n\"H. sapiens\" dispersed from Africa in several waves, from possibly as early as 250,000 years ago, and certainly by 130,000 years ago, the so-called Southern Dispersal beginning about 70,000 years ago leading to the lasting colonisation of Eurasia and Oceania by 50,000 years ago.\nBoth in Africa and Eurasia, \"H. sapiens\" met with and interbred with archaic humans. Separate archaic (non-\"sapiens\") human species are thought to have survived until around 40,000 years ago (Neanderthal extinction), with possible late survival of hybrid species as late as 12,000 years ago (Red Deer Cave people).",
"title": "Homo"
},
{
"docid": "682482#12",
"text": "The earliest members of the genus \"Homo\" are \"Homo habilis\" which evolved around . \"Homo habilis\" has been considered the first species for which there is clear evidence of the use of stone tools. More recently, however, in 2015, stone tools, perhaps predating \"Homo habilis\", have been discovered in northwestern Kenya that have been dated to 3.3 million years old. Nonetheless, the brains of \"Homo habilis\" were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, and their main adaptation was bipedalism as an adaptation to terrestrial living. During the next million years a process of encephalization began, and with the arrival of \"Homo erectus\" in the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled. \"Homo erectus\" were the first of the hominina to leave Africa, and these species spread through Africa, Asia, and Europe between . One population of \"H. erectus\", also sometimes classified as a separate species \"Homo ergaster\", stayed in Africa and evolved into \"Homo sapiens\". It is believed that these species were the first to use fire and complex tools. The earliest transitional fossils between \"H. ergaster/erectus\" and archaic humans are from Africa such as \"Homo rhodesiensis\", but seemingly transitional forms are also found at Dmanisi, Georgia. These descendants of African \"H. erectus\" spread through Eurasia from c. 500,000 years ago evolving into \"H. antecessor\", \"H. heidelbergensis\" and \"H. neanderthalensis\". The earliest fossils of anatomically modern humans are from the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago such as the Omo remains of Ethiopia and the fossils of Herto sometimes classified as \"Homo sapiens idaltu\". Later fossils of archaic \"Homo sapiens\" from Skhul in Israel and Southern Europe begin around 90,000 years ago.",
"title": "Human"
}
] |
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] |
1014
|
What is the population of Lisbon?
|
[
{
"docid": "751770#1",
"text": "The Lisbon metropolitan area, centered in the Portuguese capital city of Lisbon, is the largest population concentration in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,821,876, of whom 547,733 (19.4%) live in the city of Lisbon. About 26.7% of the total population of Portugal lives in the Lisbon metropolitan area. The area of the Lisbon metropolitan area is 3,015.24 km, which is 3.3% of the total area of Portugal.",
"title": "Lisbon metropolitan area"
},
{
"docid": "18091#0",
"text": "Lisbon (; , ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km. Its urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people, being the 11th-most populous urban area in the European Union. About 3 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (which represents approximately 27% of the country's population). It is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus. The westernmost areas of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe, which is known as Cabo da Roca, located in the Sintra Mountains.",
"title": "Lisbon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1342652#2",
"text": "In 1959, the parish was split and gave origin to the parish of São Domingos de Benfica. In this period, Lisbon was experiencing a fast growth, in the 1950s the population of the parish was 17,843 inhabitants, forty years later it exceeded 50,000. However, in the 1990s, the population of Lisbon started to decline, with thousands of people leaving to the suburbs and the parish population declined to the present 38,500 inhabitants.",
"title": "Benfica (Lisbon)"
},
{
"docid": "108821#0",
"text": "Lisbon is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States, by road northeast of Norwich. The population was 4,338 at the 2010 census. The town center is also known as the village of Newent. The town school is Lisbon Central School.\nLisbon has one of the weakest municipal identity foundations in Connecticut. Its only postal code, 06351, is Jewett City, Connecticut, which is a village of the town of Griswold, Connecticut and encompasses all of Lisbon and Griswold.",
"title": "Lisbon, Connecticut"
},
{
"docid": "21146257#0",
"text": "Pena is a former parish (\"freguesia\") in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. At the administrative reorganization of Lisbon on 8 December 2012 it became part of the parish Arroios. In 2001, the population of the district included 6038 residents, in an area of 0.5 km², representing a highly compact population.",
"title": "Pena (Lisbon)"
},
{
"docid": "18091#43",
"text": "Among European cities with a population above 500,000, Lisbon ranks with one of the warmest winters (less than Valencia or Málaga) and one of the mildest night time temperatures, from an average of in the coldest month, and in the warmest month. The minimum temperature recorded in Lisbon was in February 1956 and in January 1985. The maximum temperature recorded in Lisbon was on 1 August 2003.",
"title": "Lisbon"
},
{
"docid": "115857#0",
"text": "Lisbon is a town in Androscoggin County, Maine, United States. The population was 9,009 at the 2010 census. It is included in both the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan statistical area and the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan New England city and town area. Lisbon includes the village of Lisbon Falls.",
"title": "Lisbon, Maine"
},
{
"docid": "259570#0",
"text": "Lisbon is a census-designated place (CDP) and the main village in the town of Lisbon in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population of the CDP was 980 at the 2010 census, out of 1,595 people in the entire town of Lisbon.",
"title": "Lisbon (CDP), New Hampshire"
},
{
"docid": "18091#71",
"text": "Lisbon has 552,700 inhabitants within the administrative center on the area of only 100.05 km Administratively defined cities that exist in the vicinity of the capital are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. The urban area has a population of 2,666,000 inhabitants, being the eleventh largest urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, Ruhr area, Madrid, Milan, Barcelona, Berlin, Rome, Naples and Athens. The whole metropolis of Lisbon (metropolitan area) has about 3 million inhabitants. According to official government data, the Lisbon Metropolitan Area has 3,121,876 inhabitants. Other sources also show a similar number, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – 2,797,612 inhabitants; according to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations – 2,890,000; according to the European Statistical Office Eurostat – 2,839,908; according to the Brookings Institution has 2,968,600 inhabitants.",
"title": "Lisbon"
},
{
"docid": "21144993#0",
"text": "Lapa is a former parish (\"freguesia\") in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. It has a total area of 0.72 km² and total population of 8,671 inhabitants (2001); density: 12,026.4 hab/km². At the administrative reorganization of Lisbon on 8 December 2012 it became part of the parish Estrela.",
"title": "Lapa (Lisbon)"
}
] |
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] |
1016
|
Is Margaret Claire Hoover related to president Hoover?
|
[
{
"docid": "15365796#0",
"text": "Margaret Claire Hoover (born December 11, 1977) is an American political commentator, political strategist, media personality, feminist, gay rights activist, author, and great-granddaughter of Herbert Hoover, the 31st U.S. President. She is the best-selling author of the book \"American Individualism: How A New Generation of Conservatives Can Save the Republican Party\", published by Crown Forum in July 2011. Hoover is currently host of PBS's reboot of the conservative interview show \"Firing Line\".\nHoover was born in Colorado, the daughter of Jean (Williams), a flight attendant, and Andrew Hoover, a mining engineer.",
"title": "Margaret Hoover"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27873989#13",
"text": "Herbert Charles Hoover was married to Margaret Ava Watson. They had 3 children: Margaret Ann Hoover (1926–2011), Herbert Clark \"Pete\" Hoover III (1927–2010) and Joan Leslie Hoover (1930–2002).",
"title": "Herbert Hoover Jr."
},
{
"docid": "37210657#1",
"text": "Hoover was born in London on July 17, 1907. His elder brother was Herbert Charles Hoover (1903–1969). He graduated from Palo Alto High School, Stanford University, and Harvard Business School. He was married to Margaret Coberly Hoover with two sons, Andrew and Allan Jr., and a daughter, Lou Henry. His grand-daughter (via Andrew) is Margaret Hoover.",
"title": "Allan Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "15365796#11",
"text": "Margaret Hoover is the host of \"Firing Line with Margaret Hoover\", a relaunch of \"National Review\" founder William F. Buckley Jr.'s public affairs television show, Firing Line that aired on PBS for 33 years, the longest-running public affairs show in television history with a single host. The show premiered on June 2, 2018 on WNET, which serves the New York metropolitan area, and is the largest PBS market in the country.",
"title": "Margaret Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "15365796#2",
"text": "Hoover worked in the White House for the administration of George W. Bush as the Associate Director of Intergovernmental Affairs. She worked on President Bush's re-election campaign in 2004 and was Deputy Finance Director to Rudy Giuliani's presidential bid in 2006–2007. She also worked as a staffer on Capitol Hill for Congressman Mario Díaz-Balart and as Advisor to the Deputy Secretary at the Department of Homeland Security.",
"title": "Margaret Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "15365796#5",
"text": "She is on the Board of Overseers at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, and on the boards of the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Association and the Belgian American Educational Foundation. Hoover serves on the Advisory Council of The American Foundation for Equal Rights and GOProud.",
"title": "Margaret Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "15365796#14",
"text": "\"The New York Times\" wrote that, \"Under Ms. Hoover's direction, the discourse is civil and substantive.\" A show review by the \"National Review\" states, \"the reincarnation of Firing Line comes at an interesting time, and a needful one.\" In the run-up to the show's premier Politico said, \"It seems like a great idea, so let's test drive it and see what happens.\" CNN anchor Poppy Harlow stated that \"Firing Line with Margaret Hoover\" \"is appointment television in my house\" on \"CNN Newsroom\".",
"title": "Margaret Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "15365796#7",
"text": "Hoover's work is committed to publicizing her great-grandfather Herbert Hoover's legacy as a humanitarian and pioneer of the international non-governmental organization, as well as his many other achievements. She appeared in a PBS documentary, \"Landslide\", in 2010.",
"title": "Margaret Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "15365796#17",
"text": "In 2013, Hoover was a signatory to an \"amicus curiae\" brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage in \"Hollingsworth v. Perry\".",
"title": "Margaret Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "13849005#1",
"text": "Hoover was born in Berwick, Illinois to John Calvin Hoover and Margaret Delilah Roadcap Hoover. Growing up poor, he worked with his father on the railroad and on their tenant farm during breaks from school. He described his early economic and political beliefs as a sort of \"primitive socialism,\" which he came to after noticing the inequities of income in Berwick. His father also read the newspaper The Appeal to Reason, which further fostered his left-leaning ideas. Hoover was also an avid reader of history and literature, and compared to the world in his books he saw his small hometown as boring. Looking back on his youth, he once wrote \"I wanted to see far places and to have the adventures which both historians and novelists agreed had happened to me through the ages.\"",
"title": "Calvin B. Hoover"
}
] |
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] |
1019
|
What was the biggest typhoon?
|
[
{
"docid": "1037778#0",
"text": "Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling, was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. The forty-third tropical depression, nineteenth tropical storm, and twelfth typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season, Tip developed out of a disturbance from the monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei. Initially, a tropical storm to the northwest hindered the development and motion of Tip, though after the storm tracked farther north, Tip was able to intensify. After passing Guam, Tip rapidly intensified and reached peak sustained winds of and a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of on October 12. At its peak strength, it was also the second-largest tropical cyclone on record, with a wind diameter of , behind only Typhoon Winnie in 1997. Tip slowly weakened as it continued west-northwestward and later turned to the northeast, in response to an approaching trough. The typhoon made landfall in southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter.\nU.S. Air Force aircraft flew 60 weather reconnaissance missions into the typhoon, making Tip one of the most closely observed tropical cyclones. Rainfall from Tip indirectly led to a fire that killed 13 Marines and injured 68 at Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji in the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan. Elsewhere in the country, the typhoon caused widespread flooding and 42 deaths; offshore shipwrecks left 44 people killed or missing.",
"title": "Typhoon Tip"
},
{
"docid": "1037778#1",
"text": "At the end of September 1979, three circulations developed within the monsoon trough that extended from the Philippines to the Marshall Islands. The westernmost disturbance developed into a tropical depression on October 1, to the west of Luzon, which would later become Typhoon Sarah on October 7. On October 3, the disturbance southwest of Guam developed into Tropical Storm Roger, and later on the same day, a third tropical disturbance that would later become Typhoon Tip formed south of Pohnpei. Strong flow from across the equator was drawn into Roger's wind circulation, initially preventing significant development of the precursor disturbance to Tip. Despite the unfavorable air pattern, the tropical disturbance gradually organized as it moved westward. Due to the large-scale circulation pattern of Tropical Storm Roger, Tip's precursor moved erratically and slowly executed a cyclonic loop to the southeast of Chuuk. A reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system late on October 4 confirmed the existence of a closed low-level circulation, and early on October 5, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued its first warning on Tropical Depression Twenty-Three-W.\nWhile executing a loop near Chuuk, the tropical depression intensified into Tropical Storm Tip, though the storm failed to organize significantly due to the influence of Tropical Storm Roger. Reconnaissance aircraft provided the track of the surface circulation, since satellite imagery estimated the center was about from its true position. After drifting erratically for several days, Tip began a steady northwest motion on October 8. By that time, Tropical Storm Roger had become an extratropical cyclone, resulting in the southerly flow to be entrained into Tip. An area of a tropical upper tropospheric trough moved north of Guam at the time, providing an excellent outflow channel north of Tip. Initially, Tip was predicted to continue northwestward and make landfall on Guam, though instead, it turned to the west early on October 9, passing about south of Guam. Later that day, Tip intensified to attain typhoon status.",
"title": "Typhoon Tip"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3158870#23",
"text": "Tropical Depression Ruth existed from September 8 to September 10.\nSuper Typhoon Sarah, which peaked at 190 mph (310 km/h) on September 15, weakened to a 115 mph (185 km/h) typhoon just before making landfall on southern South Korea on the 17th. It continued to the northeast, and dissipated on the 19th over northern Japan. In the Ryūkyū Islands, Sarah's high winds and rain caused 6 deaths and destroyed 6,000 houses, causing $2 million in crop damage. In all of Korea, extreme flooding and storm surge killed 669 people and left 782,126 homeless one day before Chuseok, which is one of the Korea's biggest holidays. Extreme crop damage and property damage amounted to $100 million (1959 USD) ($638 million 2005 USD). Flooding in Japan killed 24, with thousands of houses either destroyed or damaged.",
"title": "1959 Pacific typhoon season"
},
{
"docid": "3239593#7",
"text": "Typhoon Imbudo was the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon since Typhoon Zeb five years prior, and was the fifth storm in eight weeks to affect the country. The typhoon left widespread areas flooded for several days. Cagayan Valley was largely isolated after a bridge was damaged in Ilocos Norte. Damage was heavy in the region, totaling P2.2 billion (PHP, $40 million USD), and over 80,000 people were displaced by the storm. Damage was heaviest in Isabela, where damage was estimated at P1.9 billion (PHP, $35 million USD), mostly to crops and killed livestock. There, winds and rain knocked down trees and caused a province-wide power outage. Most trees less than three years old fell during the high winds. In Isabela province, the banana crop was almost entirely destroyed, and most of the corn and rice crops were heavily damaged. The high damage caused the gross regional product, or overall economy of the Cagayan Valley, to decrease by 0.3% than what would have happened without the typhoon.",
"title": "Typhoon Imbudo"
},
{
"docid": "2401432#1",
"text": "Throughout the season, many typhoons made landfall at a higher intensity. Typhoon Saomai was the most powerful typhoon to strike China for over 50 years, as a Category 4 typhoon, responsible for over 400 deaths. Typhoon Shanshan struck Japan and became the costliest typhoon this season with a total damage of about $2.5 billion. The Philippines got hit by a total of six typhoons, which saw the highest number since 1974. All six typhoons were responsible for over 1,000 casualties and several millions of damages. Typhoon Ioke, which formed from the Central Pacific, entered the basin and became the strongest Central Pacific hurricane. Moreover, it was stated that the ratio of intense typhoons was 0.73, which was the highest since 1970.",
"title": "2006 Pacific typhoon season"
},
{
"docid": "34051975#0",
"text": "Typhoon Joan of October 1997 was the longest-lasting super typhoon at the time, maintaining 1-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 240 km/h (150 mph) for 4.5 days. Joan, concurrently with Typhoon Ivan to its west, also became the strongest typhoons at the same time in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The 25th named storm during the active 1997 Pacific typhoon season, Joan developed from the same trough as Typhoon Ivan on October 11. It moved northwestward and later to the west, undergoing explosive deepening to its peak intensity on October 15. One typhoon warning agency estimated that Joan was among the strongest storms on record in the basin, and that Ivan and Joan marked the first occurrence of simultaneous super typhoons. While near peak intensity, Joan passed between Anatahan and Saipan in the Northern Marianas Islands. Later, the typhoon weakened and turned to the north and east, becoming extratropical on October 24.",
"title": "Typhoon Joan (1997)"
},
{
"docid": "3215948#7",
"text": "Typhoon Mike was the strongest typhoon to strike the Philippines since Typhoon Irma in November 1981. Mike was also the most severe typhoon to hit the Philippines since Typhoon Ike during September 1984, which killed over 1,000 people. The typhoon destroyed a television broadcast tower, radio towers, electric cables and bridges, which resulted in widespread power outages and several radio stations briefly went off air. Hundreds of villages were also rendered impassable.",
"title": "Typhoon Mike"
},
{
"docid": "33805535#5",
"text": "A report by Time Magazine in early October 1958 referred to Ida as the worst Japanese typhoon in 24 years, since the 1934 Maruto typhoon. In the Tokyo area, the storm caused widespread power outages and severely disrupted the transportation system. During the storm, communications were severed with the Izu Peninsula, where damage was heaviest. Across the country, more than 520,000 homes were flooded, which is the most on record. As a result, the Japan Meteorological Agency gave Ida the special local name of the \"Kanogawa Typhoon\". The typhoon damaged 16,743 homes to some degree, including 2,118 that were destroyed and another 2,175 that were severely damaged. Although it was initially reported that the storm left about 500,000 people homeless, the total was later lowered to 12,000 people left homeless due to the storm. In addition, the typhoon destroyed more than 244 road or rail bridges. Overall damage was estimated at $50 million (1958 USD), or 20.6 billion yen. Overall, the typhoon injured 1,138 people and killed a total of 1,269 people. This makes Ida the sixth-deadliest storm in the country, behind Typhoon Ruth in 1951, Typhoon Marie in 1954, Typhoon Ida in 1945, the 1934 Muroto typhoon, and Typhoon Vera in 1959. Included in the death toll were 381 people that were missing and presumed killed.",
"title": "Typhoon Ida (1958)"
},
{
"docid": "3219317#2",
"text": "The 1964 Pacific typhoon season was the most active season in recorded history with 39 storms. Notable storms include Typhoon Joan, which killed 7,000 people in Vietnam; Typhoon Louise, which killed 400 people in the Philippines, Typhoons Sally and Opal, which had some of the highest winds of any cyclone ever recorded at 195 mph, Typhoons Flossie and Betty, which both struck the city of Shanghai, China, and Typhoon Ruby, which hit Hong Kong as a powerful 140 mph Category 4 storm, killing over 700 and becoming the second worst typhoon to affect Hong Kong.",
"title": "1964 Pacific typhoon season"
},
{
"docid": "3248499#0",
"text": "Typhoon Omar of 1992, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Lusing, was the strongest and costliest typhoon to strike Guam since Typhoon Pamela in 1976. The cyclone formed on August 23 from the monsoon trough across the western Pacific Ocean. Moving westward, Omar slowly intensified into a tropical storm, although another tropical cyclone nearby initially impeded further strengthening. After the two storms became more distant, Omar quickly strengthened into a powerful typhoon. On August 28, it made landfall on Guam with winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The typhoon reached its peak intensity the next day, with estimated 1‑minute winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), making it a \"super typhoon\" according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Omar weakened significantly before striking eastern Taiwan on September 4, proceeding into eastern China the next day and dissipating on September 9.",
"title": "Typhoon Omar"
},
{
"docid": "3092190#18",
"text": "The highest reliably-estimated maximum sustained winds on record for a typhoon were those of Typhoon Haiyan at shortly before its landfall in the central Philippines on Nov. 8, 2013. The most intense storm based on minimum pressure was Typhoon Tip in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure of and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 knots (85 m/s, 190 mph, 310 km/h). The deadliest typhoon of the 20th century was Typhoon Nina, which killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a flood that caused 12 reservoirs to fail. After Typhoon Morakot landed in Taiwan at midnight on August 8, 2009, almost the entire southern region of Taiwan (Chiayi County/Chiayi City, Tainan County/Tainan City (now merged as Tainan), Kaohsiung County/Kaohsiung City (now merged as Kaohsiung), and Pingtung County) and parts of Taitung County and Nantou County were flooded by record-breaking heavy rain. The rainfall in Pingtung County reached 2,327 millimeters (91.6 in), breaking all rainfall records of any single place in Taiwan induced by a single typhoon, and making the cyclone the wettest known typhoon.",
"title": "Typhoon"
},
{
"docid": "255812#28",
"text": "The most notable typhoon is in 1987, when Sorsogon was devastated by Super Typhoon Nina named \"Sisang\". It was a major disaster in the Province of Sorsogon. Damages in properties cost million of pesos, and killing 200 people. It is said that Sisang is the strongest typhoon that hit the Province, especially its capital, Sorsogon City. According to PAGASA, Typhoon Nina ravaged with a wind of 180 kilometers per hour and a gustiness of 200 kph. Thousands of houses plus business establishments were destroyed by the said natural calamity. Typhoon Sisang hit the Sorsogon soil at around 7:00 pm and it last until dawn of the next day. it also caused massive storm surges particularly around the Sorsogon Bay area which contributed to the many fatalities during the battering of the typhoon.",
"title": "Sorsogon"
}
] |
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] |
1020
|
Is Kathy Beale married?
|
[
{
"docid": "3093963#13",
"text": "In 2001, Kathy marries a friend of Ted's called Gavin Sullivan (Paul Nicholas) in South Africa. Years later, Ian hears that Kathy and Gavin have been killed in a traffic collision. Ian travels to South Africa and returns with Ben; eventually Phil gains custody of Ben.",
"title": "Kathy Beale"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22274543#4",
"text": "In 1993, Phil married Nadia Borovac (Anna Barkan) in 1993 so she could stay in the country, but started a relationship with Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) alongside the fake marriage. In order to marry her, he divorced Nadia, and Phil and Kathy marry in 1995. Their son, Ben, was born in 1996, however, he contracted meningitis, which left him partially deaf. Whilst in France, Phil confessed to Kathy that he'd been having an affair with Lorna Cartwright (Janet Dibley). Phil and Kathy divorced in 1999. Kathy emigrated to South Africa with Ben in 1998.",
"title": "Mitchell family"
},
{
"docid": "3160862#13",
"text": "Kathy starts a relationship with Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden), opposed by Pauline until she figured out what sort of person Pete was and realised that Kathy was happy with Phil. Grant obtains a tape of a drunk Michelle and Sharon's recorded conversation about Sharon's affair with Phil, which Grant plays at Kathy and Phil's engagement party (see Sharongate). Kathy and Michelle's relationship becomes strained, but they soon make up. Michelle graduates from University with a B.A. and Kathy secretly marries Phil in early 1995.",
"title": "Beale family"
},
{
"docid": "3093963#3",
"text": "Kathy and her husband Pete Beale (Peter Dean) are financially stable. Kathy works as a barmaid in The Queen Victoria pub with her best friend, Angie Watts (Anita Dobson), whilst helping Pete on their fruit and veg stall. Kathy feels she has put her troubled past behind her but Nick Cotton (John Altman) breaks into Dr Harold Legg's (Leonard Fenton) surgery and reads Kathy's medical records. He discovers that she gave a child, Donna Ludlow (Matilda Ziegler), the product of rape when Kathy was 14, up for adoption. Nick uses this to blackmail her, which eventually forces her to tell Pete her secret and he reacts badly.",
"title": "Kathy Beale"
},
{
"docid": "10803239#37",
"text": "Kathy Beale (also Mitchell and Sullivan), played by Gillian Taylforth between 1985 and 2000, and then from 2015 onwards, is the mother of Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt). Though it was never used on screen, in 2010 the BBC website named the character as Kathy Sullivan due to a marriage after she left the show in 2000. Kathy Beale is one of the serial's original characters, appearing in the first episode of \"EastEnders\" on 19 February 1985. One of the longest-running original characters, Kathy remains in a prominent role, covering issues such as rape and domestic violence until April 1998, when Taylforth quit. A year later, in 1999, Taylforth returned for a temporary stint to aid the departure of actor Ross Kemp who played her brother-in-law Grant Mitchell, and later in December 1999 for the wedding of her screen son Ian. She made her final appearance in January 2000. Despite various rumours of a possible return for Kathy in the press, this did not occur and the character was supposedly killed off-screen in a road accident in late February 2006 in a storyline to facilitate the return of her son Ben to his father Phil (Steve McFadden). In tribute to the character, the soap's café is named \"Kathy's\". Kathy returned for the 30th anniversary episode in February 2015, when it was revealed that Kathy never died in a surprise showdown with her ex-husband, Phil.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1985)"
},
{
"docid": "3093963#5",
"text": "Kathy learns that Donna, now an adult, wants to meet her but she refuses. Undeterred, Donna moves to Walford, keeping her identity secret. To get closer to Kathy, Donna calls her workplace at The Samaritans and grows close to Kathy's son Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt), who becomes attracted to his half-sister. When Kathy tells Donna to stay away from Ian, Donna reveals that she is her daughter. Donna thinks Kathy will be pleased but Kathy is horrified and demands she leave Walford. Donna stays and causes various problems for Kathy. Finally Kathy tells Donna that she is actually the product of rape; Kathy gave her up at birth and wants nothing to do with her now. Donna spends the rest of the year in a downward spiral.",
"title": "Kathy Beale"
},
{
"docid": "3093963#25",
"text": "Author Christine Geraghty has described Kathy as a character that could \"be trusted by the audience to divine what is right and to hold firmly to that position\". Described as a woman who naturally worked on behalf of the community, other characters frequently turned to Kathy for advice or support, and this was explored on-screen to greater effect in the 1980s when, as a result of the hardship she had faced in her youth, Kathy volunteered with the charity group The Samaritans. It has been noted that \"as a result of becoming a counsellor for The Samaritans Kathy Beale 'in turn [...] increasingly [came] to adopt the role of expert advisor\".",
"title": "Kathy Beale"
},
{
"docid": "3160862#9",
"text": "Pete and Kathy's marriage broke down following her rape by James Wilmott-Brown. Also, Kathy's illegitimate daughter Donna Ludlow turned up to find her mother, but Kathy rejected her and she later died of a heroin overdose. Lou Beale died of angina in July 1988, and Pete broke down at her funeral. Wilmott-Brown convinced Kathy to drop charges, and Pete drunkenly went after him in a stolen car, only to be stopped by the police. He was convicted of drink-driving and received a driving ban.",
"title": "Beale family"
},
{
"docid": "3093963#0",
"text": "Kathy Beale (also Mitchell and Sullivan) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Gillian Taylforth. Portrayed as \"an attractive, bright, caring and highly moral woman\", Kathy is one of the serial's original characters, appearing in the first episode of \"EastEnders\" on 19 February 1985. Taylforth was originally dismissed for the role of Kathy due to her young age, but was reconsidered when she impressed show bosses. Kathy remained in a prominent role throughout her original stint on the serial, featuring in high-profiled storylines involving her rape at the hands of James Willmott-Brown (William Boyde) and the discovery of a long-lost daughter, Donna Ludlow (Matilda Ziegler), following her rape as a teenager.",
"title": "Kathy Beale"
},
{
"docid": "3093963#33",
"text": "Despite various obstacles, including objection from Kathy's son Ian (Adam Woodyatt), and the public unveiling of Phil's prior affair with his sister-in-law Sharon (Letitia Dean), Phil and Kathy married in 1995 and a baby was written into their narratives the following year; Kathy becoming a mother again for the third time at the age of 46. The storyline was used to spread a public message, when Kathy's baby son Ben contracted a rare form of meningitis, leaving him with impaired hearing and the threat of brain damage. Kathy was shown to \"irrationally\" blame herself for her son's condition. In 1996, Gillian Taylforth summarised her character's fears: \"[Ben]'s not been very well since he was born and Kathy hasn't wanted to leave him for a minute.\" Ian McKee, journalist for the \"Daily Record\" added that \"Ben fell ill when his mum was out for the evening. Irrationally, Kathy blames herself - but she won't trust him with anyone else\" and according to Dr Richard Lansdown of London University's Institute of Child Health, \"Such extreme anxiety is only natural [...] This constant checking is very, very common when children are seriously ill.\" Kathy's concern for Ben was shown to have a negative effect on her relationship with Phil, leading into the start of the couple's most notable storyline, Phil's descent into alcoholism and the consequences the condition has upon the sufferer's domestic life.",
"title": "Kathy Beale"
}
] |
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] |
1021
|
What does a paradox mean?
|
[
{
"docid": "13696101#10",
"text": "Paradox, however, is essential to the structure and being of the poem. In \"The Well Wrought Urn\" Brooks shows that paradox was so essential to poetic meaning that paradox was almost identical to poetry. According to literary theorist Leroy Searle, Brooks' use of paradox emphasized the indeterminate lines between form and content. \"The form of the poem uniquely embodies its meaning,\" and the language of the poem \"affects the reconciliation of opposites or contraries.\" While irony functions within the poem, paradox often refers to the meaning and structure of the poem and is thus inclusive of irony. This existence of opposites or contraries and the reconciliation thereof is poetry and the meaning of the poem.",
"title": "Paradox (literature)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1918286#0",
"text": "The paradox of thrift (or paradox of saving) is a paradox of economics. The paradox states that an increase in autonomous saving leads to a decrease in aggregate demand and thus a decrease in gross output which will in turn lower \"total\" saving. The paradox is, narrowly speaking, that total saving may fall because of individuals' attempts to increase their saving, and, broadly speaking, that increase in saving may be harmful to an economy. Both the narrow and broad claims are paradoxical within the assumption underlying the fallacy of composition, namely that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole. The narrow claim transparently contradicts this assumption, and the broad one does so by implication, because while individual thrift is generally averred to be good for the economy, the paradox of thrift holds that collective thrift may be bad for the economy.",
"title": "Paradox of thrift"
},
{
"docid": "13696101#2",
"text": "Cleanth Brooks, an active member of the New Critical movement, outlines the use of reading poems through paradox as a method of critical interpretation. Paradox in poetry means that tension at the surface of a verse can lead to apparent contradictions and hypocrisies. Brooks' seminal essay, \"The Language of Paradox\", lays out his argument for the centrality of paradox by demonstrating that paradox is \"the language appropriate and inevitable to poetry.\" The argument is based on the contention that referential language is too vague for the specific message a poet expresses; he must \"make up his language as he goes.\" This, Brooks argues, is because words are mutable and meaning shifts when words are placed in relation to one another.",
"title": "Paradox (literature)"
},
{
"docid": "13696101#1",
"text": "Literary or rhetorical paradoxes abound in the works of Oscar Wilde and G. K. Chesterton. Most literature deals with paradox of situation; Rabelais, Cervantes, Sterne, Borges, and Chesterton are recognized as masters of situation as well as verbal paradox. Statements such as Wilde's \"I can resist anything except temptation\" and Chesterton's \"spies do not look like spies\" are examples of rhetorical paradox. Further back, Polonius' observation that \"though this be madness, yet there is method in't\" is a memorable third. Also, statements that are illogical and metaphoric may be called paradoxes, for example: \"The pike flew to the tree to sing.\" The literal meaning is illogical, but there are many interpretations for this metaphor.",
"title": "Paradox (literature)"
},
{
"docid": "677#17",
"text": "Christianity and Judaism employ the concept of paradox synonymously with 'ambiguity'. Many Christians and Jews endorse Rudolf Otto's description of the sacred as 'mysterium tremendum et fascinans', the awe-inspiring mystery which fascinates humans.[dubious – discuss] The orthodox Catholic writer G. K. Chesterton regularly employed paradox to tease out the meanings in common concepts which he found ambiguous or to reveal meaning often overlooked or forgotten in common phrases. (The title of one of his most famous books, Orthodoxy, itself employing such a paradox.)",
"title": "Ambiguity"
},
{
"docid": "32412518#1",
"text": "Salwāǧa corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Aquarius. \"Salwāǧa\" literally means \"pail of water\" in Pashto.",
"title": "Salwāǧa"
},
{
"docid": "12857474#4",
"text": "To sum up, although it is deceptively similar to what we mean by \"logically follows\" in ordinary usage, material implication does not capture the meaning of \"if... then\".",
"title": "Paradoxes of material implication"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "32412340#1",
"text": "Ǧwayay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Taurus. \"Ǧwayay\" literally means \"bull\" in Pashto.",
"title": "Ǧwayay"
},
{
"docid": "32412462#1",
"text": "Waǵay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Virgo. \"Waǵay\" literally means \"virgin\" in Pashto.",
"title": "Waǵay"
}
] |
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1024
|
When was Naomi Clark cast as AnnaLynne McCord?
|
[
{
"docid": "10046756#1",
"text": "In 2008, she was the eighteenth actress to be cast in The CW series \"90210\", portraying antiheroine Naomi Clark. Initially, the part of Clark was conceived as a supporting role. However, by the end of the first season, media outlets had begun referring to McCord as the series' lead. For the role of Naomi Clark, she was nominated for a Teen Choice Award and received the \"Hollywood Life\" Young Hollywood Superstar of Tomorrow award in 2009. In 2010, she won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in the category of \"Breakthrough Standout Performance\".",
"title": "AnnaLynne McCord"
},
{
"docid": "10046756#8",
"text": "In 2008, McCord was cast in the series \"90210\" as Naomi Clark. Throughout the show, McCord's character vies for social power and love. McCord was nominated for multiple awards for her work in the role, winning the \"Hollywood Life\" Young Hollywood Superstar of Tomorrow in 2009, and a nomination for a Teen Choice Award for \"Breakthrough Standout Performance\" in 2010.",
"title": "AnnaLynne McCord"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19206012#25",
"text": "Shortly after the premiere of Season 2, Tanner Stransky of \"Entertainment Weekly\" stated that the series \"is getting better and better this season as it deliciously morphs into \"The AnnaLynne McCord Show\"\". In a later \"EW\" review, Jennifer Armstrong labeled Naomi \"awesome\", and declared McCord \"a treasure\" in the role.\nIn an autumn television recap, the magazine proclaimed the series' second season an improvement on the first, and remarked that, \"Moving AnnaLynne McCord's immensely entertaining anti-heroine, Naomi, front and center certainly didn't hurt.\" While noting \"90210\"'s continuing focus on its younger cast in 2010, \"E! Online\" stated, \"AnnaLynne McCord, we're looking at you\". While discussing Jennie Garth of the original series, \"HollywoodLife.com\" proclaimed McCord \"the modern-day leading lady\". In the midst of Season 2, the actress was labeled \"the star of \"90210\"\" by \"Shape\" magazine, also appearing on the cover.",
"title": "Naomi Clark"
},
{
"docid": "19206012#12",
"text": "During the initial development of \"90210\", the character Annie Wilson was conceived as the central role of the series. As the first season progressed, however, AnnaLynne McCord gained recognition as the show's breakout performer in the role of Naomi. Media outlets began referring to McCord as the series' lead throughout Seasons 1 and 2; the actress was also nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the category of \"Breakout Star Female\" in 2009. Rebecca Sinclair, the series' show-runner, had also become impressed with Naomi's portrayal. Though McCord's cast billing would remain the same in the second season, Naomi Clark was placed \"front and center\", largely becoming the show's central character.",
"title": "Naomi Clark"
},
{
"docid": "19206012#0",
"text": "Naomi Clark, played by AnnaLynne McCord, is a fictional character from the CW primetime drama \"90210\", the fourth series of the \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" franchise. The character was created by Rob Thomas, Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah, with later developments by Rebecca Sinclair, and occasional input from McCord.",
"title": "Naomi Clark"
},
{
"docid": "16406821#40",
"text": "The first actor to be cast was Dustin Milligan as lacrosse player Ethan Ward, followed by AnnaLynne McCord as Naomi Clark. The role of aspiring actress Annie Wilson, won by Shenae Grimes, was originally offered to Hilary Duff, who turned it down due to dissatisfaction with the pilot script.",
"title": "90210 (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "19206012#2",
"text": "Often regarded as the show's central figure, Naomi has received critical acclaim from the \"Los Angeles Times\", \"Entertainment Weekly\", \"People\" magazine, and other media outlets. Reviews have praised AnnaLynne McCord's performance and the complexity of the role. Conversely, Naomi has also been a recipient of criticism, particularly during the second season. For her work in the role, McCord was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2009, and won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in 2010.",
"title": "Naomi Clark"
},
{
"docid": "19206012#24",
"text": "In its biographical page on McCord, \"Yahoo!\" states that via the role of Naomi, the actress \"became one of Hollywood’s top young stars-to-watch after the series premiered to more than 5 million viewers worldwide.\" In a review of the series premiere, Tom Gliatto of \"People\" magazine stated that, \"The standout is AnnaLynne McCord as bad-girl Naomi Clark: She’s very striking physically—almost startling, somewhere between Charlize Theron and Courtney Love—and she conveys a mix of high drama, meanness and little-girl self-pity that’s a lot of fun.\" Staff members of the \"Fort Worth Star-Telegram\" found McCord's performance \"surprisingly more nuanced\" than her previous work as Eden Lord. The article also declared that Naomi appeared to be the most complex of the younger characters early on, labeling her a \"popular but vulnerable but snotty but misunderstood but vindictive high-school queen.\" \"Seventeen\" magazine called the character \"the ultimate queen bee\" in 2009. Following the completion of Season 1, McCord appeared on the premiere cover of \"Beauty Entertainment\" magazine, which made reference to Naomi's \"Good Girl, Bad Girl\" status.",
"title": "Naomi Clark"
},
{
"docid": "19206012#27",
"text": "While reviewing the third season, Andy Swift of \"HollywoodLife.com\" compared McCord to Joan Collins, stating that she \"gives every scene 110 percent\". \"Entertainment Weekly\"'s Archana Ram wrote, \"I've said it before, and I'll say it again: AnnaLynne McCord is the best part of \"90210\". And last night, she proved it again by giving us a glimpse of all the colors of the Naomi rainbow—bitchy, scared, confident, relieved, and more.\"",
"title": "Naomi Clark"
},
{
"docid": "19206012#3",
"text": "Naomi Clark was initially developed by the series' original show-runner, Rob Thomas, who was succeeded by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah prior to the premiere. Early press releases described the character as a privileged, attractive, and popular teenager, prompting the media to draw comparisons to Kelly Taylor of \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", the first series of the franchise which launched \"90210\". As production of the spin-off began, the part would become more defined, with actress AnnaLynne McCord, who received the role, labeling Naomi an intelligent girl who possessed both manipulative and sensitive sides. She further described the character as \"kind of a chameleon\", stating that \"she'll be someone with the principal and then someone else with her mother and then someone else with her friend.\"",
"title": "Naomi Clark"
}
] |
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1025
|
When is the next Isle of Man TT Festival?
|
[
{
"docid": "41457004#0",
"text": "The 2014 Isle of Man TT Festival was held between Saturday 24 May and Friday 6 June 2014 on the 37.73-mile Isle of Man TT Mountain Course. The main races were six solo motorcycle races and two sidecar races. The festival also included Pre-TT Classic Races held on 23, 24 & 26 May 2014 at the Billown Circuit in Castletown. Post-TT races scheduled for 7 June 2014 were cancelled by race organisers on safety grounds due to a thunderstorm and heavy overnight rain.",
"title": "2014 Isle of Man TT"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "29218221#0",
"text": "The 2011 Isle of Man TT Festival was scheduled to be held between Monday 30 May and Friday 10 June 2011 on the 37.73-mile Isle of Man TTMountain Course in the Isle of Man. The main celebration for the 2011 Isle of Man TT Races the \"Milestones of the Mountain Course\" special parade lap held on 10 June 2011 to commemorate the centenary of the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course included the former FIM World Champions Giacomo Agostini and Phil Read. The 2011 Isle of Man TT Festival also included the Pre-TT Classic Races on 27, 28 and 30 May 2011 and the Post-TT Races on 11 June 2011 and both events held on the Billown Circuit.",
"title": "2011 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "25220821#0",
"text": "The 2010 Isle of Man TT Festival was held between Saturday 29 May and Friday 11 June on the 37.73-mile Isle of Man TT Mountain Course. The 2010 races again included a second 600 cc Supersport Junior TT race. The Lightweight TT and Ultra-Lightweight TT race class previously held on the Billown Circuit in the Isle of Man for the 2008 Isle of Man TT and 2009 Isle of Man TT were dropped from the 2010 race schedule. The 2010 Isle of Man TT Races included the one-lap TT Zero for racing motorcycles \"to be powered without the use of carbon based fuels and have zero toxic/noxious emissions.\" which replaced the TTXGP and also a Suzuki 50th Anniversary Lap of Honour and the TT Classic Parade which were held before the main Senior TT race.",
"title": "2010 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "14209455#0",
"text": "2008 Isle of Man TT Festival was held between Saturday 24 May and Saturday 7 June on the 37.733-mile Snaefell Mountain Course and was the 89th Isle of Man TT Race. After the 2007 Centenary TT Races, the 2008 event included a second 600cc Supersport Junior TT race and the re-introduction of two-stroke motor-cycle racing with a Lightweight TT and Ultra-Lightweight TT race on the (4.25 mile) Billown Circuit in the Isle of Man.",
"title": "2008 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "37750794#0",
"text": "2013 Isle of Man TT Races were held between the Saturday 25 May and Friday 7 June 2013 on the 37.73-mile Isle of Man TT Mountain Course in the Isle of Man. The event celebrated the 90th anniversary of the first Sidecar TT with a special parade lap for racing sidecar outfits. The 2013 Isle of Man TT Festival also included the Pre-TT Classic Races on 24, 25 & 27 May 2013 and the Post-TT Races on 8 June 2013 and both events held on the Billown Circuit.",
"title": "2013 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "21607058#0",
"text": "The 2009 Isle of Man TT Festival was held between Saturday 30 May and Friday 12 June on the Mountain Course. The 2009 TT races again include a second 600 cc Supersport Junior TT race and the Lightweight TT and Ultra-Lightweight TT races held on the Billown Circuit in the Isle of Man. A new event for the 2009 Isle of Man TT races was the one-lap TTXGP for racing motorcycles \"to be powered without the use of carbon based fuels and have zero toxic/noxious emissions.\"",
"title": "2009 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "32900903#0",
"text": "2012 Isle of Man TT were held between Saturday 26 May and Saturday 9 June 2012 on the 37.73-mile Isle of Man TT Mountain Course. The 2012 Isle of Man TT Festival also included the Pre-TT Classic Races on the 25, 26 & 28 May 2012 and the Post-TT Races on 9 June 2012 and both events held on the Billown Circuit.",
"title": "2012 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "136960#5",
"text": "It is still billed in popular culture as the most dangerous motorsport event in the world, with the \"New York Times\" stating the number of deaths \"to 146 since it was first run in 1907; if one includes fatal accidents occurring during the Manx Grand Prix, the amateur races held later in the summer on the same Snaefell Mountain Course, the figure rises above 250.\" fatalities in its history. An on-site account of the 2003 race by \"Sports Illustrated\" writer Franz Lidz called the spectacle \"38 Miles of Terror... a test of nerves and speed that may be sport's most dangerous event.\" In 1976, the Isle of Man TT lost its world championship status; this was transferred to the United Kingdom by the FIM and run as the British Grand Motor-Cycle Grand Prix for the 1977 season. The Isle of Man TT Races then became an integral part of the new style TT Formula 1, Formula 2 and Formula 3 World Championships between 1977 and 1990 to develop and maintain the international racing status of the Isle of Man TT races. The event was redeveloped by the Isle of Man Department of Tourism as the \"Isle of Man TT Festival\" from 1989 onwards. This included new racing events for the new Isle of Man TT Festival programme, including the Isle of Man Pre-TT Classic Races in 1989 followed by the Isle of Man Post-TT Races from 1991 and both held on the Billown Circuit. In 2013, the Isle of Man \"Classic TT\" was developed by the Isle of Man Department of Economic Development and the Auto-Cycle Union for historic racing motorcycles, and along with the Manx Grand Prix now forms part of the 'Isle of Man Festival of Motorcycling' held in late August of each year.",
"title": "Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "8627683#0",
"text": "The Ultra-Lightweight TT is a motorcycle road race that takes place during the Isle of Man TT festival, an annual event at the end of May and beginning of June. Between 1951 and 1974 this race was part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at world-level, representing the British round. The Ultra-Lightweight TT and the Lightweight TT races were both dropped from the 2005 Isle of Man TT race calendar due to lack of entries, but were later reinstated to the 2008 TT race schedule to be held on the Billown Circuit.",
"title": "Ultra-Lightweight TT"
},
{
"docid": "6666609#0",
"text": "The 1950 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy festival was the second year the Isle of Man TT races were part of the Grand Prix World Championship.",
"title": "1950 Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "136960#0",
"text": "The International Isle of Man TT (Tourist Trophy) races are an annual motorcycle sport event run on the Isle of Man in May/June of most years since its inaugural race in 1907, and is often called one of the most dangerous racing events in the world.",
"title": "Isle of Man TT"
},
{
"docid": "136960#2",
"text": "The first Isle of Man TT race was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 and was called the International Auto-Cycle Tourist Trophy. The event was organised by the Auto-Cycle Club over 10 laps of the Isle of Man St John's Short Course of 15 miles 1,470 yards for road-legal 'touring' motorcycles with exhaust silencers, saddles, pedals and mudguards.",
"title": "Isle of Man TT"
}
] |
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] |
1026
|
What's an epigraph in writing?
|
[
{
"docid": "437585#0",
"text": "Epigraphy (, \"inscription\") is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document and the artistic value of a literary composition.",
"title": "Epigraphy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27651838#1",
"text": "Initially known as Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao () interpreted as \"Lord Who Rules Sky\", the controversy surrounding this names illustrates the limitations of epigraphy. This science studies inscriptions or epigraphs as writing, to identify graphemes, clarify their meanings, classify their uses according to dates and cultural contexts. Texts inscribed on steles are often missing the top or bottom portions, just where one would expect dates, complicating the drawing of conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document, and the artistic value of a literary composition. These complications led to the ruler in early life being simply Hao (หาว).",
"title": "Si Inthrathit"
},
{
"docid": "291229#0",
"text": "In literature, an epigraph is a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document or component. The epigraph may serve as a preface, as a summary, as a counter-example, or to link the work to a wider literary canon, either to invite comparison or to enlist a conventional context.",
"title": "Epigraph (literature)"
},
{
"docid": "33482120#0",
"text": "Epigraphs is an album by Norwegian pianist Ketil Bjørnstad with American cellist David Darling recorded in 1998 and released on the ECM label in 2000. Tracks from this album were used as part of the soundtrack of Jean-Luc Godard's film In Praise of Love.",
"title": "Epigraphs (album)"
},
{
"docid": "437585#80",
"text": "Latin inscriptions are the meeting point of Roman history and several arts. These are arts of expression or composition, writing in the strictly physical sense, and design or arrangement. The history is Roman history in its largest sense, involving men and women in many of their affairs, such as life and death, government, law, religious worship — all as illustrated above. The related fields one has to enter in order to fully appreciate the epigraphical study, are many: beside all aspects of Roman history, such more restricted but still large fields as ancient jewelry, Etruscology, Italic and Latin philology, ancient pottery, comparative palaeography, Roman nomenclature, Latin verse, lexicography (including inconsistencies of spelling, the early lack of a standard orthography0, Roman architecture and prosopography, and the pronunciation of Greek as revealed by the rendering of Greek words in Latin inscriptions and of Latin words in Greek.",
"title": "Epigraphy"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "248888#1",
"text": "Ƒ is used in writing the Ewe language in a straight form to represent the sound , as distinct from the letter F, which represents an .",
"title": "Ƒ"
},
{
"docid": "37366706#0",
"text": "ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet. It represents the retroflex nasal (IPA: ) which is ण in Devanagari and is transliterated . In Saraiki it is written as ݨ.",
"title": "ڼ"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
}
] |
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] |
1028
|
What is the name of the home stadium of the San Francisco 49ers?
|
[
{
"docid": "7719913#0",
"text": "Levi's Stadium is a football stadium located in Santa Clara, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. It has served as the home venue for the National Football League (NFL)'s San Francisco 49ers since 2014. The stadium is located approximately south of San Francisco and is named for Levi Strauss & Co., which purchased naming rights in 2013.",
"title": "Levi's Stadium"
},
{
"docid": "173970#32",
"text": "Plans were underway to construct a new 68,000-seat stadium at Candlestick Point. On November 8, 2006, however, the 49ers announced that they would abandon their search for a location in San Francisco and begin to pursue the idea of building a stadium in Santa Clara. As a result, San Francisco withdrew its bid for the 2016 Olympics on November 13, 2006, as its centerpiece stadium was lost. Groundbreaking for the Santa Clara stadium occurred on April 19, 2012. On May 8, 2013, the media announced that the name of the new stadium would be Levi's Stadium. The stadium opened on July 17, 2014, in time for the 2014 NFL season. The 49ers christened their new home a month after it opened.",
"title": "Candlestick Park"
},
{
"docid": "173970#0",
"text": "Candlestick Park was an outdoor sports and entertainment stadium on the West Coast of the United States, located in San Francisco, in the Bayview Heights area. The stadium was originally the home of Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants, who played there from 1960 until moving into Pacific Bell Park (since renamed Oracle Park) in 2000. It was also the home field of the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League from 1971 through 2013. The 49ers moved to Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara for the 2014 season. The last event held at Candlestick was a concert by Paul McCartney in August 2014, and the demolition of the stadium was completed in September 2015.",
"title": "Candlestick Park"
},
{
"docid": "27169#0",
"text": "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team located in the San Francisco Bay Area. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The team currently plays its home games at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, located southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley. Since 1988, the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara.",
"title": "San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"docid": "27169#1",
"text": "The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged. The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco. The name \"49ers\" comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush. The team is legally and corporately registered as the San Francisco Forty Niners. The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014.",
"title": "San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"docid": "37982255#0",
"text": "The San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 64th season in the National Football League, the 68th overall and the third under the head coach/general manager tandem of Jim Harbaugh and Trent Baalke. This was the 49ers' final season playing their home games at Candlestick Park before moving into Levi's Stadium for the 2014 season.",
"title": "2013 San Francisco 49ers season"
},
{
"docid": "7719913#14",
"text": "On May 8, 2013, the 49ers announced that San Francisco-based Levi Strauss & Co. purchased the naming rights to the new stadium. The deal calls for Levi's to pay $220.3 million to the city of Santa Clara and the 49ers over 20 years, with an option to extend the deal for another five years for around $75 million. On September 14, 2015, ESPN's Chris Berman coined the name \"The Big Bellbottom\" in reference to the stadium. In a Deadspin article covering the 49ers on August 18, 2015, article writer Drew Magary coined the nickname \"the Jeanhole\" for the stadium.",
"title": "Levi's Stadium"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27169#59",
"text": "The 49ers sponsored \"Measure J\", which appeared on the June 8, 2010 Santa Clara ballot, to build a new stadium as the future home of the San Francisco 49ers in that city. The measure passed with 58.2% of the total vote. This was seen as the first step for the 49ers stadium relocation to a new venue to be built in Santa Clara.",
"title": "San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"docid": "27169#64",
"text": "On May 8, 2013, the NFL's San Francisco 49ers announced that San Francisco-based Levi Strauss & Co. had purchased the naming rights to their new stadium in Santa Clara. The naming rights deal calls for Levi's to pay $220.3 million to the city of Santa Clara and the 49ers over 20 years, with an option to extend the deal for another five years for around $75 million.",
"title": "San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"docid": "49988927#12",
"text": "In early 2016, it was announced that San Francisco Deltas would play their home games at Kezar Stadium. In December 2016, more than 3,800 Candlestick Park seats from the former home of the San Francisco 49ers were acquired by the San Francisco Deltas and installed at Kezar Stadium. This was part of $1 million in improvements The Deltas agreed to make to use Kezar Stadium, including new flood lights and updated locker rooms for the players.",
"title": "San Francisco Deltas"
},
{
"docid": "9999365#17",
"text": "The 49ers won their divisional playoff game, 17–14 against the defending conference champion Minnesota Vikings, thus setting up a matchup against the Dallas Cowboys for the NFC Championship. In what would be the final home game for the 49ers at Kezar Stadium the 49ers kept up with the Cowboys before losing, 17–10, thus giving the Cowboys their first conference championship.",
"title": "History of the San Francisco 49ers"
}
] |
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] |
1029
|
Where is the most Navajo at?
|
[
{
"docid": "176526#0",
"text": "Navajo or Navaho (; Navajo: or ) is a Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, by which it is related to languages spoken across the western areas of North America. Navajo is spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States, especially on the Navajo Nation. It is one of the most widely spoken Native American languages and is the most widely spoken north of the Mexico–United States border, with almost 170,000 Americans speaking Navajo at home as of 2011. The language has struggled to keep a healthy speaker base, although this problem has been alleviated to some extent by extensive education programs on the Navajo Nation.",
"title": "Navajo language"
},
{
"docid": "125929#0",
"text": "Navajo () is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 2,097 at the 2000 census. Navajo is the most Navajo town in the United States, with 95.04% of residents having full or partial Navajo ancestry.",
"title": "Navajo, New Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "3007285#1",
"text": "At more than 300,000 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the second largest federally recognized tribe in the U.S. (the Cherokee Nation being the largest) and has the largest reservation in the country. The reservation straddles the Four Corners region and covers more than 27,000 square miles of land in Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. The Navajo language is spoken throughout the region, with most Navajos speaking English, as well.",
"title": "Navajo"
},
{
"docid": "165741#79",
"text": "There are developed and potential oil and gas fields on the Navajo Nation. The oldest and largest group of fields is in the Paradox Basin in the Four Corners area. Most of these fields are located in the Aneth Extension in Utah but there are a few wells in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. The first well was drilled in the Aneth Extension in 1956. In 2006 the Paradox Basin fields were injected with water and Co2 to increase declining production. There are also wells in the Checkerboard area in New Mexico that are on leased land owned by individual Navajos.",
"title": "Navajo Nation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "106555#34",
"text": "The Ganado community today is of the most advanced communities on the Navajo Nation. Agricultural parcels are managed by a local board of Farming advocates, and the surrounding ranches are sources of organic beef and mutton. The high school men and woman basketball teams are state renowned for their gamesmanship. Sage Memorial Hospital serves thousands of Hopi and Navajo patients, while affording ethnic Navajo experience to resident physicians and nurses. Hubbell Trading Post hosts a yearly art show in late summer which includes displays of art, jewelry, and rug weaving. The Ganado Rodeo Club also hosts events. The greater Ganado community is quite active, and throughout the winter months hold numerous Navajo religious ceremonies. Ganado municipal legislators also contribute largely to the policy and decision making of the Navajo Nation Government, most recently, in the tribal decision to reorganize the membership of the Navajo Nation Council.\nGanado is served by the Ganado Unified School District. The district is served by Ganado Elementary School (North and South); Ganado Middle School; and Ganado High School, which host the region's athletic (football, track and field, swimming, basketball) facilities.",
"title": "Ganado, Arizona"
},
{
"docid": "53896927#0",
"text": "Navajo Mountain High School is a senior high school in Navajo Mountain, an unincorporated area in San Juan County, Utah and within the Navajo Nation. The school, a part of the San Juan School District, uses an Arizona mailing address. It is located in a low income area away from the closest gas station; the Navajo Mountain Chapter stated that Navajo Mountain is the most isolated community in the entire Navajo Nation.",
"title": "Navajo Mountain High School"
},
{
"docid": "27079097#33",
"text": "The Navajo language has the most speakers of any indigenous language in the U.S. The Rock Point school was created in an attempt to improve student achievement among the Navajo people in Rock Point, New Mexico as well as improve self-image of individuals who did not speak the prestige language. Navajo is the primary language spoken by the majority of people in this area and children were not doing well due to low English proficiency, which in turn resulted in low reading and math scores. In the late 1960s and early 1970s there was a bilingual-bicultural program created for kindergarten through 6th grade. The classroom time was jointly taught in English and Navajo with a heavier dependence on Navajo in the earlier years. Despite this program, Navajo has fewer and fewer children entering kindergarten fluent each year, which may suggest the need for future programs.",
"title": "Intercultural bilingual education"
},
{
"docid": "87952#5",
"text": "Navajo County offers not only the Monument Valley, but Keams Canyon, part of the Petrified Forest National Park, and one of the largest contiguous ponderosa pine forest in North America. Navajo County has of federally designated Indian reservation within its borders, the third most of any county in the United States (neighboring Apache County and Coconino County are first and second). In descending order of territory within the county, the reservations are the Navajo Nation, Hopi Indian Reservation, and Fort Apache Indian Reservation, all of which are partly located within Navajo County.As of the 2000 census, there were 97,470 people, 30,043 households, and 23,073 families residing in the county. The population density was 10 people per square mile (4/km²). There were 47,413 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile (2/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 47.74% Native American, 45.91% White, 0.88% Black or African American, 0.33% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.15% from other races, and 55.94% from two or more races. 8.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24.77% reported speaking Navajo at home, 5.94% other Southern Athabaskan languages, 4.71% Spanish, and 3.23% Hopi.",
"title": "Navajo County, Arizona"
},
{
"docid": "63881#21",
"text": "According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys, the largest Native American language-speaking community by far is the Navajo. Navajo is an Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, with 178,000 speakers, primarily in the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Altogether, Navajo speakers make up more than 50% of all Native American language speakers in the United States. Western Apache, with 12,500 speakers, also mostly in Arizona, is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it. Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska.",
"title": "Languages of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "6595938#0",
"text": "Navajo Springs is an unincorporated community located on the Navajo Nation, near Holbrook, Arizona. The community is almost exclusively Native American, and a permit is required from the Navajo Nation for off-road travel in that area. During the time of the Old West, this area was frequented by notable western characters, such as Commodore Perry Owens. Navajo Springs was a stopping place for travelers to water their horses and themselves. The Beale Wagon Road, a precursor of the transcontinental railroad built through the area in 1882 as well as the \"mother road\", U.S. Route 66, (now Interstate 40) ran through Navajo Springs. The Arizona territorial government was organized here, and later a monument at the springs was erected to commemorate the event. At the insistence of the Santa Fe Railway company, all Navajos were forcibly moved away from the Navajo Springs area, and by the 1930s, all allotted lands within the area were extinguished and the lands forcibly vacated. But by the late 1980s, the lands were once again occupied by Navajos, this time by Navajo \"refugees\" from the Navajo-Hopi land dispute.",
"title": "Navajo Springs, Arizona"
}
] |
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] |
1030
|
When were thermostats invented?
|
[
{
"docid": "27944981#98",
"text": "A thermostat is a device for regulating the temperature of a system so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint temperature. The thermostat does this by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. The thermostat was invented in 1883 by Warren S. Johnson.",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "265822#11",
"text": "Possibly the earliest recorded examples of thermostat control were built by the Dutch innovator Cornelis Drebbel (1572–1633) around 1620 in England. He invented a mercury thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken incubator. This is one of the first recorded feedback-controlled devices.",
"title": "Thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "265822#24",
"text": "The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren Johnson in 1895 soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim was awarded a patent for a pneumatic-to-digital interface that allows pneumatically controlled buildings to be integrated with building automation systems to provide similar benefits as direct digital control (DDC).",
"title": "Thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "9300583#0",
"text": "The wax thermostatic element was invented in 1934 by Sergius Vernet (1899–1968). Its principal application is in automotive thermostats used in the engine cooling system. The first applications in the plumbing and heating industries were in Sweden (1970) and in Switzerland (1971).",
"title": "Wax thermostatic element"
},
{
"docid": "265822#13",
"text": "Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) of Wisconsin patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later filed a patent for the first multi-zone thermostatic control system.\nAlbert Butz (1849–1905) invented the electric thermostat and patented it in 1886.",
"title": "Thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "265822#12",
"text": "Modern thermostat control was developed in the 1830s by Andrew Ure (1778–1857), a Scottish chemist, who invented the bi-metallic thermostat. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so to achieve this Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.",
"title": "Thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#3",
"text": "Manual thermostats (also known as analog thermostats) are the oldest and simplest type of thermostats. These thermostats are set to one temperature and do not change until the user manually adjusts the temperature.\nProgrammable thermostats, first introduced in the 1970s, are a type of thermostat that allows the user to set a schedule for different temperatures at different times. Most programmable thermostats also have a hold feature which suspends the schedule and effectively turns the thermostat into a manual thermostat. The idea of the scheduling feature is that users will set a warmer or cooler temperature when the home is unoccupied to save energy and money. Due to this assumed energy savings, some building codes and government programs began requiring the use of programmable thermostats. Unfortunately, due to human error in using these devices, many programmable thermostats result in more energy use than the basic manual thermostat.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "9300583#4",
"text": "The first thermostats used a sealed capsule of an organic liquid with a boiling point just below the desired opening temperature. These capsules were made in the form of a cylindrical bellows. As the liquid boiled inside the capsule, the capsule bellows expanded, opening a sheet brass plug valve within the thermostat. As these thermostats could fail in service, they were designed for easy replacement during servicing, usually by being mounted under the water outlet fitting at the top of the cylinder block. Conveniently this was also the hottest accessible part of the cooling circuit, giving a fast response when warming up.",
"title": "Wax thermostatic element"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#10",
"text": "In 2011, Nest Labs developed the Nest Learning Thermostat. The Nest Thermostat attempted to reduce home energy consumption by addressing the problems with programmable thermostats through the use of better technology. This new technology included the implementation of sensors, algorithms, machine learning, and cloud computing. These technologies learn the behaviors and preferences of the occupants, and adjust the temperature up or down to make the occupant comfortable when they are home and to save energy when they are away. Additionally, the Nest Thermostat connects to the home Wi-Fi. This allows users to change the temperature, adjust the schedule, and check energy usage from a smartphone or laptop. All of these features were part of Nest's goal to create an easy to use thermostat that saves users energy and money.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "23774097#4",
"text": "Placebo thermostats work on two psychological principles, which are classical conditioning and the placebo effect. First, placebo thermostats work in accordance with classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov and is a type of learning which pairs a stimulus with a physiological response. Applied to placebo thermostats, this is when the employee adjusts the thermostat and hears the noise of hissing or a fan running and consequently physically feels more content. This is due to the countless trials involving the thermostat in their own home, which actually works. The employee has paired the sound of hissing or a fan running to being more physically content due to the actual temperature change and therefore when they experience the noise at work they feel the same way even though there is no change in temperature. As long as individuals get the result they are looking for (noise associated with temperature change) they will continue with the practice (changing the placebo thermostat). Additionally, placebo thermostats work due to the placebo effect. The placebo effect works on the basis that individuals will experience what they believe they will experience. This is attributed to Expectancy theory, which states that the placebo effect is mediated by overt expectancies. The most common example is in medical testing: inactive sugar pills are given to patients who are told they are actually medicine. Some patients will experience relief from symptoms regardless. According to expectancy theory, if people believe they are going to experience a temperature change after changing a placebo thermostat they may psychologically experience one without an actual change happening. Both psychological concepts of classical conditioning and the placebo effect may play a role in the effectiveness of placebo thermostats.",
"title": "Placebo button"
}
] |
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] |
1031
|
How many remaining British colonies or territories are there?
|
[
{
"docid": "1805790#15",
"text": "Within twenty years of the partition and independence in 1947 of British India (considered to be the most important colonial possession), most of the Empire's territories had achieved full independence. Today 14 former colonies (since 2002 known as British Overseas Territories) remain under British rule; the term \"colonies\" is no longer officially used to describe these.",
"title": "Territorial evolution of the British Empire"
},
{
"docid": "4721#67",
"text": "Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Three are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remaining eleven are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option, and three territories have specifically voted to remain under British sovereignty (Bermuda in 1995, Gibraltar in 2002 and the Falkland Islands in 2013).",
"title": "British Empire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52507#1",
"text": "Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the 17th century. These were charter colonies, proprietary colonies, and royal colonies. A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a successful revolution, establishing the modern United States. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), the remaining British territories in North America were slowly granted more responsible government. In 1838 the Durham Report recommended full responsible government for Canada, but this was not fully implemented for another decade. Eventually, with the Confederation of Canada, the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became a self-governing Dominion in 1867. Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace. In this way, two countries in North America, ten in the Caribbean, and one in South America have received their independence from Great Britain or the later United Kingdom. All of these, except the United States, are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth realms. The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self-government.",
"title": "British colonization of the Americas"
},
{
"docid": "4721#65",
"text": "In 1980, Southern Rhodesia, Britain's last African colony, became the independent nation of Zimbabwe. The New Hebrides achieved independence (as Vanuatu) in 1980, with Belize following suit in 1981. The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981, which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as \"British Dependent Territories\" (renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002) meant that, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts, the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire. Britain's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power. The same year, the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain. The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. Similarly, the Australia Act 1986 (effective 3 March 1986) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states, while New Zealand's Constitution Act 1986 (effective 1 January 1987) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain. In 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, gained its independence.",
"title": "British Empire"
},
{
"docid": "9895830#2",
"text": "The Royal Proclamation of 1763 organized on paper much of the new territorial gains in three colonies in North America—East Florida, West Florida, and Quebec. The rest of the expanded British territory was left to Native Americans. The delineation of the Eastern Divide, following the Allegheny Ridge of the Appalachians, confirmed the limit to British settlement established at the 1758 Treaty of Easton, before Pontiac's War. Additionally, all European settlers in the territory (who were mostly French) were supposed to leave the territory or get official permission to stay. Many of the settlers moved to New Orleans and the French land on the west side of the Mississippi (particularly St. Louis), which in turn had been ceded secretly to Spain to become Louisiana (New Spain). However, many of the settlers remained and the British did not actively attempt to evict them.",
"title": "Indian Reserve (1763)"
},
{
"docid": "6331094#12",
"text": "Britain approached the task of governing its New World territories in a less centralized manner, establishing about twenty distinct colonies in North America and the Caribbean from 1585 onward. Each British colony had its own governor and most would have representative assemblies. Most of the North American Thirteen Colonies that became the United States had strong self-government via popular assemblies that countered the authority of governors with their own assertions of rights via parliamentry and other English sources of authority. Only property owners could vote in British polities, but since so many free men in mainland British Colonial America owned land, a majority could vote and participate in popular politics. The British challenge to the authority of colonial assemblies, especially via taxation, was a major cause of the American Revolution in the 1770s.",
"title": "Atlantic World"
},
{
"docid": "207114#10",
"text": "After the independence of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in Africa in 1980 and British Honduras (now Belize) in Central America in 1981, the last major colony that remained was Hong Kong, with a population of over 5 million. With 1997 approaching, the United Kingdom and China negotiated the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which led to the whole of Hong Kong becoming a \"special administrative region\" of China in 1997, subject to various conditions intended to guarantee the preservation of Hong Kong's capitalist economy and its way of life under British rule for at least 50 years after the handover. George Town in the Cayman Islands has consequently become the largest city in the Overseas Territories.",
"title": "British Overseas Territories"
},
{
"docid": "34681#63",
"text": "Besides these thirteen colonies, Britain had another dozen in the New World. Those in the British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war (although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over, and later sold it to the United States). There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies, but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation. The British crown had only recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec and Florida.",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"docid": "4544202#1",
"text": "British America gained large amounts of new territory following the Treaty of Paris (1763) which ended the French and Indian War in America, and ended British involvement in the Seven Years' War in Europe. At the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the British Empire included 20 colonies north and east of New Spain, including areas of Mexico and the Western United States. East and West Florida were ceded to the Kingdom of Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1783) which ended the American Revolution, and then ceded by Spain to the United States in 1819 after treaty negotiations to settle the old southwest border with Spanish Florida (eastern Louisiana, southern Alabama, Mississippi, and western Georgia). The remaining continental colonies of British North America to the northeast formed the Dominion of Canada by uniting provinces between 1867 and 1873. The Dominion of Newfoundland to the east joined Canada in 1949.",
"title": "British America"
},
{
"docid": "207114#9",
"text": "The growth of the British Empire in the 19th century, to its territorial peak in the 1920s, saw Britain acquire nearly one quarter of the world's land mass, including territories with large indigenous populations in Asia and Africa. From the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, the larger settler colonies – in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa – first became self-governing colonies and then achieved independence in all matters except foreign policy, defence and trade. Separate self-governing colonies federated to become Canada (in 1867), Australia (in 1901), South Africa (in 1910), and Rhodesia (in 1965). These and other large self-governing colonies had become known as Dominions by the 1920s. The Dominions achieved almost full independence with the Statute of Westminster (1931).Through a process of decolonisation following the Second World War, most of the British colonies in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean gained independence. Some colonies became Commonwealth realms, retaining the British monarch as their own head of state. Most former colonies and protectorates became member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a non-political, voluntary association of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people.",
"title": "British Overseas Territories"
}
] |
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] |
1033
|
How many episodes of The Good Wife are there?
|
[
{
"docid": "24460798#2",
"text": "On May 11, 2015, CBS renewed the series for a seventh season. It was announced in a commercial that aired during Super Bowl 50 that the seventh season would be the final season of \"The Good Wife\". A total of 156 episodes of \"The Good Wife\" aired over seven seasons.",
"title": "List of The Good Wife episodes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22851889#26",
"text": "On October 7, 2009, CBS gave the series a full-season pickup, extending the first season from 13 to 22 episodes,\nlater extended to 23 episodes. On January 14, 2010, CBS renewed the drama for a second season, which premiered on September 28, 2010. On May 18, 2011, CBS renewed \"The Good Wife\" for a third season, airing Sundays at 9:00 pm On March 14, 2012, CBS renewed the show for a fourth season. On March 27, 2013, CBS renewed \"The Good Wife\" for a fifth season. On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed the show for a sixth season.",
"title": "The Good Wife"
},
{
"docid": "26875508#5",
"text": "They co-created a second, far more successful, legal drama series, \"The Good Wife\", which ran for seven seasons from 2009 to 2016 on CBS. Aside from the pilot episode, they co-wrote the episodes \"Stripped\", \"Unorthodox\", \"Hi\", and twelve other episodes. King and the writing staff were nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best New Series for \"The Good Wife\".",
"title": "Robert King (writer)"
},
{
"docid": "26864536#3",
"text": "She became a co-producer and writer for new legal drama \"The Good Wife\" in 2009, writing 10 episodes over the course of 67 episodes produced. Brinkerhoff and the writing team were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for best new television series in 2010 for their work on the first season of \"The Good Wife\".",
"title": "Corinne Brinkerhoff"
},
{
"docid": "46670909#3",
"text": "The finale episode of \"The Good Wife\": \"End\" had a divided reaction among viewers and critics, with many praising a fitting ending to a complex character with others who argued of its ambiguity and absence of a conclusion - particularly with Alicia's love life. The finale drew controversy in its last scene when Diane Lockhart slaps Alicia Florrick after betraying her in court to save Peter from jail. Alicia is then left alone in a hallway before walking away to a future of uncertainty regarding her relationship with Jason, her career and political life. Vanity Fair noting \"As Breaking Bad famously tracked the evolution of Walter White \"from Mr. Chips to Scarface,\" \"The Good Wife\" followed Alicia as she evolved into Peter. The Kings claim the show was \"moving in the direction where there wasn't much difference between who Alicia was and who her husband was.\" Is Alicia a villain or an anti-hero? It's hard to quite see her that way after all the good she's done for so many seasons. But the inclusion of Will Gardner in the finale momentarily humanizes Alicia while also highlighting the idea that Alicia's transformation into Peter has been a longtime coming.\" and claiming that \"The show's incredible finale belongs to an earlier age of television.\" Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker said \"it was an ending that commanded respect.\" The show garnered a huge backlash on social media and has been rated one of the lowest episodes of the series on IMDB. In anticipation of a divided audience, Robert and Michelle King penned a letter to the fans explaining their creative decisions.",
"title": "The Good Wife (season 7)"
},
{
"docid": "46778723#4",
"text": "Chris Harnick of The Huffington Post called it a \"riveting hour of TV that I wished could have lasted forever.\" James Poniewozik of Time stated, \"You title an episode “Hitting the Fan,” and you had best \"bring\" it. Last night’s The Good Wife–in which Lockhart Gardner discovered Alicia and Cary’s plans to bolt the firm–brought it.\" Alan Sepinwall on HitFix said that, \"Earlier this week, I wrote about how terrific this season of \"The Good Wife\" has been, and tonight's episode was a cut above even what's come before. On The A.V. Club it won the \"Golden TV Dinner\" in their \"Tournament of Episodes\" by beating the \"Cooperative Polygraphy\" episode of \"Community\". In the discussion Myles McNutt praised it for \"pulling every piece of the show into the fray and never looking back\" while Scott Von Doviak voted for \"Cooperative Polygraphy\" instead as he felt \"Hitting the Fan\" might be best for longtime viewers. Zack Handlen also indicated \"Hitting the Fan\" might be less rewarding to newcomers. The episode was nominated for a , but lost to the \"Breaking Bad\" episode \"Confessions\".",
"title": "Hitting the Fan"
},
{
"docid": "22851889#28",
"text": "Under the deal, the first six seasons of \"The Good Wife\" are available on Amazon Prime. Hulu Plus rolled out previous seasons of the show in September 2013, while Hallmark Channel, which reportedly paid $350,000 and $400,000 per episode, began airing \"The Good Wife\" in January 2014. However, not long after premiering on the Hallmark Channel the show was pulled from the schedule. A weekend broadcast syndication run is scheduled to begin in September 2014, with the series sold in 85% of the country.",
"title": "The Good Wife"
},
{
"docid": "25923164#0",
"text": "The first season of \"The Good Wife\" first began airing on September 22, 2009 and finished on May 25, 2010. It consisted of 23 episodes.",
"title": "The Good Wife (season 1)"
},
{
"docid": "40666266#2",
"text": "Scott D. Pierce, of the \"Salt Lake Tribune\" remarked: \"I cannot imagine that any series on any network is going to come up with an episode better than [the October 27, 2013 episode]. Television doesn't get any better than this.\" James Poniewozik of \"TIME\": \"A civil war breaks out in the office, and \"Hitting the Fan\" proves, if there was any doubt, why \"The Good Wife\" is currently the best thing on TV outside cable.\" Chris Harnick; News Editor, HuffPost TV: \"'Hitting The Fan' May Be The Best Episode Ever\" Stephen Marche of \"Esquire\": \"The Good Wife\" is network TV's most intellectually ambitious show. It's a rare show that starts to come into its own in the middle of its fifth season, but somehow CBS's \"The Good Wife\" has managed to do it. This season has been among the strongest I've seen, and the last two episodes may be the best television produced this year. Phil Dyess-Nugent of \"The A.V. Club\" wrote that \"My recollection is that it was not one of the greatly anticipated new shows of the fall 2009 season, but for four years now, it's been a great example of a network show refusing to calcify and settle into formula. There was a scene in a recent episode where Robin came to Kalinda to beg for her old job back, and Kalinda instead counseled her to make herself invaluable to her new bosses; it was what Kalinda had to do herself, and she tells Robin, \"Losing a job changes you.\" That line could be on this show's coat of arms.\" Patrick Freyne of the \"Irish Times\": \"The Good Wife [is] the best-made, most nuanced show on television\"",
"title": "The Good Wife (season 5)"
},
{
"docid": "46670909#0",
"text": "The seventh season of \"The Good Wife\" was ordered on May 11, 2015, by CBS. It premiered on October 4, 2015, on CBS and consisted of 22 episodes. A promotional advertisement for the series that aired during Super Bowl 50 announced that the seventh season would be its last.",
"title": "The Good Wife (season 7)"
}
] |
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] |
1035
|
Are there salmon in the Sacramento River?
|
[
{
"docid": "37392#40",
"text": "Second only to the Columbia River on the west coast of the United States in Chinook salmon runs, the Sacramento and its tributaries once supported a huge population of this fish. Millions of salmon once swam upstream to spawn in the Sacramento; as recently as 2002 eight hundred thousand fish were observed to return to the river. The Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems are home to the southernmost existing run of chinook salmon in North America.",
"title": "Sacramento River"
},
{
"docid": "741511#27",
"text": "The Shasta Dam has had a severe negative effect on populations of Pacific salmon in the Sacramento River watershed ever since its gates were first closed in 1943. The massive structure completely prevents salmon migration from the lower reaches of the river to the Upper Sacramento, Pit, McCloud and other tributary streams. It is estimated that half of the best salmon habitat in the Sacramento basin lies upstream of Shasta Dam. Also, the dam caused temperatures in the river to rise because it released waters from higher elevations of Shasta Lake, which are warmed by the sun far more than the surface of the original river pre-dam. Warm waters are harmful to salmon, which prefer colder temperatures, and also impact other fish populations such as steelhead and wild California trout.",
"title": "Shasta Dam"
},
{
"docid": "471440#22",
"text": "The river is considered a prime habitat for Chinook salmon, Coho salmon, and rainbow trout. Once the river was the third-largest producer of salmon on the West Coast, after the Columbia and Sacramento Rivers, but the salmon run has been reduced since the construction of six dams between 1908 and 1962. Coho salmon in the Klamath River are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. In 1963, the upper Trinity River—the largest single tributary to the Klamath—was virtually removed from the Klamath drainage with the completion of the Lewiston and Trinity Dams, diverting 90 percent of the upper Trinity's flow to the Sacramento Valley. From 1963 to 1991, only from the main stem above the dams was left to flow to the Klamath. In 1991, a minimum annual Trinity flow of was established, or about .",
"title": "Klamath River"
},
{
"docid": "33577077#23",
"text": "From Keswick Dam south to Red Bluff, California, the Sacramento River is relatively narrow and deep with some areas of broader alluvial floodplain. Most of the Chinook-salmon-spawning habitat in the river is located in this reach. The variability and magnitude of natural seasonal flows of the Sacramento River have been significantly altered for the purposes of irrigation and flood control. The dams and diversions operated by the Central Valley Project and local irrigation districts control much of the flow in the Sacramento River. Since 1993, to protect the holding and spawning of winter-run Chinook salmon, Reclamation has been required to manage cold-water reservoir storage and releases to maintain daily average water temperatures at or below between Keswick Dam and compliance locations between Balls Ferry and Bend Bridge, from May 15 to September 30.",
"title": "Keswick Dam"
},
{
"docid": "37392#43",
"text": "By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the government blamed crashing fish populations on overfishing, especially off the Northern California and Oregon coast, which lie directly adjacent to the migration paths of Sacramento River salmon. This has resulted in a ban on coastal salmon fishing for several years since 2002. The Red Bluff Diversion Dam, although not a large dam and equipped with fish passage facilities, also presents a major barrier. Because of inadequate design, roughly 25–40% of the incoming fish get blocked by the dam each year. The dam has also become a \"favorite spot\" for predatory fish to congregate, feasting on the salmon that get trapped both above and below the dam. As of 2010, the salmon run has shown slight signs of improvement, probably because of that year's greater precipitation.",
"title": "Sacramento River"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "479159#20",
"text": "Once, profuse runs of anadromous fish—salmon, steelhead, and others—migrated up the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to spawn in great numbers. The construction of CVP dams on the two rivers and many of their major tributaries—namely Friant Dam and Shasta Dam—mostly ended the once-bountiful Central Valley salmon run. From north to south, the Sacramento upriver of Shasta Dam, the American upriver of Folsom Dam, the Stanislaus upriver of New Melones Dam, and the San Joaquin upriver of Mendota—have become inaccessible to migrating salmon. In three of these cases, it is because the dams are too high and their reservoirs too large for fish to bypass via fish ladders. The San Joaquin River, however, had a different fate. Almost of the river is dry because of diversions from Friant Dam and Millerton Lake. Even downstream of Mendota, where the Delta-Mendota Canal gives the river a new surge of water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, irrigation runoff water, contaminated with pesticides and fertilizer, has caused the river to become heavily polluted. To make matters worse, efforts by the California Department of Fish and Game to route the San Joaquin salmon run into the Merced River in the 1950s failed, because the salmon did not recognize the Merced as their \"home stream\".",
"title": "Central Valley Project"
},
{
"docid": "1880230#3",
"text": "Pink salmon are coldwater fish with a preferred temperature range of 5.6 to 14.6 °C, an optimal temperature of 10.1 °C, and an upper incipient lethal temperature of 25.8 °C. The native range of the species is in the Pacific and Arctic coastal waters and rivers, from the Sacramento River in northern California to the Mackenzie River in Canada; and in the west from the Lena River in Siberia to Korea and Honshu in Japan. In North America pink salmon spawn from the Mackenzie River in the Arctic to as far south as tributaries of Puget Sound, Washington, although they were also reported in the San Lorenzo River near Santa Cruz, California in 1915 and the Sacramento River in northern California in the 1950s. In 2013 a new record for the southernmost extent of spawning pink salmon was published for the Salinas River. In the fall of 2017 a dozen pink salmon were counted in Lagunitas Creek about north of San Francisco, California.",
"title": "Pink salmon"
},
{
"docid": "753233#4",
"text": "The river also supports a remarkable diversity of fishes and recovering salmonid populations, especially chinook salmon (\"Oncorhynchus tshawytscha\") and steelhead trout (\"Oncorhynchus mykiss\"). In 2003 the Napa County Resource Conservation District began an ongoing salmon monitoring program, and have recorded a run of approximately 400 - 1000 fall-run Chinook salmon the past several years. The Chinook run begins in late October through January. Conclusive evidence of historical chinook salmon populations in the Napa River basin have not been established, but the river provides appropriate habitat for salmon and its location near the entrance to the Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers make it likely that salmon would have at least ventured into the Napa River. In 2013, a genetics study of Napa River chinook salmon revealed that two adults migrated from the Klamath River and successfully spawned in the Napa River, since four juvenile chinook collected from the Napa River in 2010 were proved to be siblings from the close similarity of their DNA and that the latter was characteristic of Klamath River chinook. These findings have important implications for the protection of the federally endangered Coastal California Chinook Salmon ESU since the Napa River, nor any stream in the Bay Area, was included in this ESU.",
"title": "Napa River"
},
{
"docid": "2082333#14",
"text": "The Chinook salmon run in Coyote Creek may be the most viable for restoration in the South Bay, since the breeding salmon in the Guadalupe River have severely declined subsequent to installation of extensive concrete channels in the river in downtown San Jose, California by the SCVWD. These are \"fall run\" fish primarily adapted to the Sacramento and San Joaquin River watersheds. Since Chinook salmon spawn in early winter and juveniles migrate to the ocean in their first spring, they are able to use habitats that turn very warm or have low water quality in summer. In 2012, the Santa Clara Valley Habitat Plan reported that Chinook salmon currently spawn in Coyote Creek as well as the Guadalupe River and its tributaries.",
"title": "Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)"
},
{
"docid": "37392#42",
"text": "In 1999, five hydroelectric dams on Battle Creek, a major tributary of the Sacramento River, were removed to allow better passage of the fish. Three other dams along the creek were fitted with fish ladders. The river is considered one of the best salmon habitats in the watershed because of its relatively cold water and the availability of ideal habitat such as gravel bars.",
"title": "Sacramento River"
}
] |
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] |
1037
|
Did the Georgia Bulldogs make the playoffs in 2018?
|
[
{
"docid": "48966894#5",
"text": "The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.",
"title": "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship"
},
{
"docid": "334276#28",
"text": "In the 2018 Rose Bowl, the Georgia Bulldogs (12–1) defeated the Oklahoma Sooners (12–1) 54–48 in double overtime in a semifinal playoff game to advance to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game. It was the first Rose Bowl game to ever go into overtime.",
"title": "Rose Bowl Game"
},
{
"docid": "52779947#11",
"text": "On January 1, 2018, Georgia defeated Oklahoma 54–48 in a College Football Playoff semifinal game played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Oklahoma led by 14 points at halftime, but Georgia used a strong running game to storm back in the second half. The game was tied at 45 at the end of regulation time. After the teams traded field goals in the first overtime period, Georgia prevailed on a 27-yard Sony Michel touchdown run in double overtime following an Oklahoma field goal attempt blocked by Lorenzo Carter. The senior duo of Chubb and Michel combined for 367 total yards and 6 touchdowns in the highest-scoring Rose Bowl of all time.",
"title": "2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7215326#3",
"text": "The 2000 season turned out to be an excellent turnaround for the team. Changing their name during the wintertime, the Bulldogs went from no wins in 1999 to an 8-12-0 record. They failed to make the playoffs that year, but did qualify for the \"Tier II\" Championship—and won. Since winning the Tier II title, Halton has not had a losing season. The only unfortunate point is that the Bulldogs, despite having some regular season success, have yet to do very well in the playoffs. In six straight playoff berths, the Bulldogs have yet to get past the quarter-finals. Another highpoint in their recent history is that for the past six seasons, the team's goals for have surpassed the number of goals against. Once again though, making the playoffs is one thing, having success in them is another.",
"title": "Halton Hills Bulldogs"
},
{
"docid": "56268621#1",
"text": "The 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team finished the regular season 11–1 with the only loss coming on the road to Auburn 17–40. Key wins included defeating Notre Dame on the road in week 2, 20–19. After winning the SEC East, Georgia won their first SEC Championship since 2005, defeating Auburn 28–7. Georgia was selected to play in the College Football Playoff for the first time in school history as the #3 seed to face the #2 seed Oklahoma in the Rose Bowl. In an instant classic, Georgia roared back from a 14 point halftime deficit to defeat Oklahoma 54–48 in 2 overtimes earning their first National Championship game appearance. In the National Championship, Georgia was defeated by Alabama 26–23 in overtime. Georgia finished the season 13–2.",
"title": "2018 Georgia Bulldogs football team"
},
{
"docid": "15104267#10",
"text": "Because of the agreement made in 1946 by what are now the Big Ten and the Pac-12 Conferences (and their respective predecessors), this was Georgia's lone appearance in the Rose Bowl game until the agreements that starting in the 1998 season, the Rose Bowl would be part of any national championship format. That agreement meant Georgia would not appear until the 2018 game, when they were the third seed in the College Football Playoff in the year the game was a semifinal game. For the 2008 Rose Bowl, a hopeful matchup was examined that Georgia might play USC, but the Sugar Bowl would not give up the Bulldogs.",
"title": "1943 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "58165813#0",
"text": "The 2018–19 Georgia bulldogs basketball team will represent the University of Georgia during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team's head coach will be Tom Crean in his first year at Georgia. They will play their home games at Stegeman Coliseum in Athens, Georgia as members of the Southeastern Conference.",
"title": "2018–19 Georgia Bulldogs basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "56268621#0",
"text": "The 2018 Georgia Bulldogs football team represents the University of Georgia in the 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Bulldogs play their home games at Sanford Stadium. They play as members of the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference. They are led by third-year head coach Kirby Smart.",
"title": "2018 Georgia Bulldogs football team"
},
{
"docid": "25709952#20",
"text": "The Bulldogs have been to the 1-A football state championship game a few times, but have never been able to get a victory. In 1976, the Bulldogs defeated Angier 8-6 to advance to the championship game. However, the Bulldogs lost to the Robbinsville Black Knights 34-6. In 1979, the Princeton Bulldogs once again went to the championship game by defeating Manteo 30-14. The Bulldogs then had to face Robbinsville just as in 1976. Again, the Robbinsville Black Knights defeated the Bulldogs 46-8. In 1981, the Bulldogs lost to J. Wilkinson 26-8 in the second round of the playoffs. With that win, J. Wilkinson went on to lose 68-0 to Robbinsville in the championship game. The Bulldogs have not reached the championship game since 1979. However, the Bulldogs did have a turnaround season in 2009 by reaching the third round of the playoffs since that 1979 season. Even though the Bulldogs won as many playoff games in 2009 as in 1979, they did not reach the championship game in 2009 because there are more rounds in the playoffs now than in previous years. The Bulldogs finished the 2012 fall season with a 3-1 record in playoff games, advancing to the Eastern Region Championship game before losing to eventual state champion Plymouth Vikings.\nDNQ = Did Not Qualify",
"title": "Princeton High School (North Carolina)"
},
{
"docid": "54515882#9",
"text": "Georgia traveled to its first away and out-of-conference game against the No. 24 Notre Dame Fighting Irish on September 9, 2017. The score was back-and-forth the whole game, until Rodrigo Blankenship scored a field goal with 3:34 to go in the fourth quarter, giving Georgia a 20–19 lead. On 1st-and-10, Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy sacked quarterback Brandon Wimbush, and forced a fumble, which Georgia's Lorenzo Carter recovered. The Bulldogs held the field, winning the game. The Bulldogs returned home for the next two weeks, beating the Samford Bulldogs 42–14 and the No.17 Mississippi State Bulldogs 31–3.",
"title": "2018 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "52779947#10",
"text": "The No. 10 Auburn Tigers ended a three-game losing streak against the Bulldogs as they dominated No. 1 Georgia at home. Georgia scored a quick touchdown on their first drive but struggled to touch the scoreboard for the remainder of the game. Auburn took advantage of huge special teams blunders by Georgia and held Nick Chubb and Sony Michel to a combined 48 yards on the ground. Auburn RB Kerryon Johnson shredded the Georgia defense for 233 total yards in the blowout victory.\nGeorgia bounced back from their crushing loss to Auburn with a dominant home win over Kentucky. Sony Michel and Nick Chubb had a huge day on the ground, combining for 238 rushing yards and five touchdowns, and the Georgia defense held Kentucky's physical offense to 124 yards on the ground.\nThe No. 7 Bulldogs avenged their final loss of the previous season with a blowout win over Georgia Tech in Atlanta. Jake Fromm was a very efficient 12 of 16 for 224 yards and two touchdowns, while Georgia's running backs added 247 yards and three touchdowns in the win. The Georgia defense was strong, holding Georgia Tech to a season-low 226 yards of total offense\nAfter losing a terribly one-sided game to Auburn in the regular season, No. 6 Georgia had a chance to redeem themselves with a rematch against No. 2 Auburn in the SEC Championship game. Auburn started off strong, going 75 yards on 10 plays for a touchdown on their first drive. However, in a complete reversal of the regular season game, Auburn was unable to score from there on out. Georgia grabbed the momentum after recovering an Auburn fumble at the beginning of the second quarter, and the Bulldogs would go on to score 28 unanswered points in a blowout victory. This time, the Georgia defense held a banged-up Kerryon Johnson to just 45 total yards, while Sony Michel and Nick Chubb each had over 80 total yards of their own. True freshman QB Jake Fromm played well in the biggest game of his career, going 16 of 22 for 183 yards and two touchdowns. Another true freshman, D'Andre Swift, all but assured Georgia's victory with a 64-yard 4th quarter touchdown run to put the Bulldogs up by three scores. The win gave Georgia its first SEC title since 2005 and secured a spot for Georgia in the 2018 College Football Playoff.",
"title": "2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team"
},
{
"docid": "52779947#9",
"text": "On September 2, 2017, Georgia faced Appalachian State University. Returning starting QB Jacob Eason suffered a knee injury early into the game, prompting true freshman QB Jake Fromm to enter. The freshman went 10 of 15 for 143 yards and a touchdown, and the defense kept the Mountaineers off the scoreboard for most of the game as the Bulldogs took care of business in Athens.\nGeorgia traveled to Notre Dame for the first game between the two teams since the 1981 Sugar Bowl, which gave the No. 1 Bulldogs the 1980 National Championship. An estimated 70,000 Georgia fans traveled with the Bulldogs for the team's first trip north of the Mason-Dixon line in over 50 years. Notre Dame had just gained over 400 rushing yards in a blowout of Temple the week before, but Georgia's dominant front seven was able to hold Notre Dame's powerful rushing attack to just 55 yards in the victory. Rodrigo Blankenship kicked the game winning field goal late in the fourth quarter, and linebacker Lorenzo Carter recovered a fumble forced by Davin Bellamy on the ensuing drive to seal the game.\nGeorgia dominated the Samford Bulldogs in Athens. Jake Fromm was efficient, going 8 of 13 for 165 yards and three touchdowns, and senior RB Nick Chubb gained 131 yards and two touchdowns on 16 carries. \nFresh off of three dominant victories in a row, including a 37–7 blowout of LSU, Mississippi State came into Athens as one of the hottest teams in the country. Georgia almost immediately took control, however, with a 59-yard touchdown pass from Jake Fromm to Terry Godwin on their first play from scrimmage. Fromm would go 9 of 12 for 201 yards and two touchdowns as Georgia's defense suffocated Mississippi State's offense in the home win.\nGeorgia traveled to Knoxville in search of payback for a heartbreaking loss the year before. The result was a 41–0 shutout of the Volunteers, their first shutout since 1994 and their worst home loss in over a century. Jake Fromm accounted for three total touchdowns while the Georgia defense held Tennessee to just 142 yards of offense. This was Georgia's largest margin of victory against the rival Volunteers since the 1981 season, when Georgia won 44–0.\nFor the second week in a row, Georgia traveled to an opposing SEC stadium to avenge a loss from the year before. This time, Georgia blew out Vanderbilt in Nashville. Georgia's running backs had a field day as Nick Chubb and Sony Michel combined for nearly 300 yards and three touchdowns, and the team gained a total of 423 rushing yards in the blowout win.\nThe game started out surprisingly close thanks to the strong arm of Drew Lock as Missouri was able to match Georgia score-for-score into the second quarter. Georgia began to pull away by halftime, however, as the Bulldogs gained 696 total yards in the victory, the second-most in school history.\nGeorgia broke its three-game losing streak to Florida with a dominant performance in Jacksonville, their best win in the series since 1982. Senior RB Sony Michel had one of the best games of his career, rushing for 137 yards and two touchdowns on a mere 6 carries, and the Georgia defense dominated once again. Florida's defeat in this game sealed the fate of the Gators' Head Coach Jim McElwain, who was fired within a few days of the crushing loss.\nRanked No. 1 in the College Football Playoff Poll for the first time ever, and for the first time in any poll since the beginning of the 2008 season, Georgia defeated South Carolina in Athens behind a balanced offensive attack. Jake Fromm completed 16 of 22 passes for 196 yards and two touchdowns, while the duo of Sony Michel and Nick Chubb combined for 183 yards. The win, combined with a Kentucky loss on the same day, clinched the SEC East for Georgia.",
"title": "2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team"
}
] |
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1038
|
Is Iodine radioactive?
|
[
{
"docid": "621749#45",
"text": "Some organs concentrate certain elements and hence radionuclide variants of those elements. This action may lead to much lower removal rates. For instance, the thyroid gland takes up a large percentage of any iodine that enters the body. Large quantities of inhaled or ingested radioactive iodine may impair or destroy the thyroid, while other tissues are affected to a lesser extent. Radioactive iodine-131 is a common fission product; it was a major component of the radioactivity released from the Chernobyl disaster, leading to nine fatal cases of pediatric thyroid cancer and hypothyroidism. On the other hand, radioactive iodine is used in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases of the thyroid precisely because of the thyroid's selective uptake of iodine.",
"title": "Radioactive contamination"
},
{
"docid": "26240598#33",
"text": "In 1953, the AEC ran several studies at the University of Iowa on the health effects of radioactive iodine in newborns and pregnant women. In one study, researchers gave pregnant women from of iodine-131, in order to study the women's aborted embryos in an attempt to discover at what stage, and to what extent, radioactive iodine crosses the placental barrier. In another study, they gave 25 newborn babies (who were under 36 hours old and weighed from ) iodine-131, either by oral administration or through an injection, so that they could measure the amount of iodine in their thyroid glands, as iodine would go to that gland.",
"title": "Unethical human experimentation in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "31150160#80",
"text": "It was reported that radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi, Gunma, Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Niigata, and radioactive caesium in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi and Gunma. Radioactive caesium, iodine, and strontium were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima. There may be a need to replace the contaminated soil. Many radioactive hotspots were found outside the evacuation zone, including Tokyo. Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan. On 5 April 2011, the government of the Ibaraki Prefecture banned the fishing of sand lance after discovering that this species was contaminated by radioactive caesium above legal limits. As late as July 2013 slightly elevated levels of radioactivity were found in beef on sale at Tokyo markets.",
"title": "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14750#46",
"text": "Iodine-131 (usually as iodide) is a component of nuclear fallout, and is particularly dangerous owing to the thyroid gland's propensity to concentrate ingested iodine and retain it for periods longer than this isotope's radiological half-life of eight days. For this reason, people at risk of exposure to environmental radioactive iodine (iodine-131) in fallout may be instructed to take non-radioactive potassium iodide tablets. The typical adult dose is one 130 mg tablet per 24 hours, supplying 100 mg (100,000 micrograms) of ionic iodine. (The typical daily dose of iodine for normal health is of order 100 micrograms; see \"Dietary Intake\" below.) Ingestion of this large dose of non-radioactive iodine minimises the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland.\nAs an element with high electron density and atomic number, iodine absorbs X-rays weaker than 33.3 keV due to the photoelectric effect of the innermost electrons. Organoiodine compounds are used with intravenous injection as X-ray radiocontrast agents. This application is often in conjunction with advanced X-ray techniques such as angiography and CT scanning. At present, all water-soluble radiocontrast agents rely on iodine.",
"title": "Iodine"
},
{
"docid": "51718#15",
"text": "The AEC had a history of involvement in experiments involving radioactive iodine. In a 1949 operation called the \"Green Run,\" the AEC released iodine-131 and xenon-133 to the atmosphere which contaminated a area containing three small towns near the Hanford site in Washington. In 1953, the AEC ran several studies on the health effects of radioactive iodine in newborns and pregnant women at the University of Iowa. Also in 1953, the AEC sponsored a study to discover if radioactive iodine affected premature babies differently from full-term babies. In the experiment, researchers from Harper Hospital in Detroit orally administered iodine-131 to 65 premature and full-term infants who weighed from . In another AEC study, researchers at the University of Nebraska College of Medicine fed iodine-131 to 28 healthy infants through a gastric tube to test the concentration of iodine in the infants' thyroid glands.",
"title": "United States Atomic Energy Commission"
},
{
"docid": "2526953#23",
"text": "Colloquially, radioactive materials can be described as \"hot,\" and non-radioactive materials can be described as \"cold.\" There are instances in which cold iodide is administered to people in order to prevent the uptake of hot iodide by the thyroid gland. For example, blockade of thyroid iodine uptake with potassium iodide is used in nuclear medicine scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are not targeted to the thyroid, such as iobenguane (MIBG), which used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinogen, which is used in fibrinogen scans to investigate clotting. These compounds contain iodine, but not in the iodide form. However, since they may be ultimately metabolized or break down to radioactive iodide, it is common to administer non-radioactive potassium iodide to insure that metabolites of these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by thyroid gland and inadvertently administer a radiological dose to that tissue.",
"title": "Isotopes of iodine"
},
{
"docid": "10638591#31",
"text": "According to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 20 states in the USA have requested stocks of potassium iodide which the NRC suggests should be available for those living within of a nuclear power plant in the unlikely event of a severe accident. Radioactive iodine (radioiodine) is one of the products that can be released in a serious nuclear power plant accident. Potassium iodide (KI) is a non radioactive form of iodine that may be taken to reduce the amount of radioactive iodine absorbed by the body’s thyroid gland. When taken before or shortly after a radiological exposure, potassium iodide blocks the thyroid glands ability to absorb radioactive iodine. Potassium iodide should be taken by the public during an emergency only when directed by public health officials.",
"title": "Nuclear safety in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "31275000#201",
"text": "The isotope iodine-131 is easily absorbed by the thyroid. Persons exposed to releases of I-131 from any source have a higher risk for developing thyroid cancer or thyroid disease, or both. Iodine-131 has a short half-life at approximately 8 days, and therefore is an issue mostly in the first weeks after the incident. Children are more vulnerable to I-131 than adults. Increased risk for thyroid neoplasm remains elevated for at least 40 years after exposure. Potassium iodide tablets prevent iodine-131 absorption by saturating the thyroid with non-radioactive iodine. Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission recommended local authorities to instruct evacuees leaving the 20-kilometre area to ingest stable (not radioactive) iodine. CBS News reported that the number of doses of potassium iodide available to the public in Japan was inadequate to meet the perceived needs for an extensive radioactive contamination event.",
"title": "Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"
},
{
"docid": "13492#37",
"text": "As radioactive iodine treatment results in the destruction of thyroid tissue, there is often a transient period of several days to weeks when the symptoms of hyperthyroidism may actually worsen following radioactive iodine therapy. In general, this happens as a result of thyroid hormones being released into the blood following the radioactive iodine-mediated destruction of thyroid cells that contain thyroid hormone. In some patients, treatment with medications such as beta blockers (propranolol, atenolol, etc.) may be useful during this period of time.",
"title": "Hyperthyroidism"
},
{
"docid": "13492#32",
"text": "In iodine-131 (radioiodine) radioisotope therapy, which was first pioneered by Dr. Saul Hertz, radioactive iodine-131 is given orally (either by pill or liquid) on a one-time basis, to severely restrict, or altogether destroy the function of a hyperactive thyroid gland. This isotope of radioactive iodine used for ablative treatment is more potent than diagnostic radioiodine (usually iodine-123 or a very low amount of iodine-131), which has a biological half-life from 8–13 hours. Iodine-131, which also emits beta particles that are far more damaging to tissues at short range, has a half-life of approximately 8 days. Patients not responding sufficiently to the first dose are sometimes given an additional radioiodine treatment, at a larger dose. Iodine-131 in this treatment is picked up by the active cells in the thyroid and destroys them, rendering the thyroid gland mostly or completely inactive.",
"title": "Hyperthyroidism"
}
] |
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] |
1041
|
How many countries are in Asia?
|
[
{
"docid": "689#29",
"text": "Asia is the largest continent on Earth. It covers 9% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area), and has the largest coastline, at . Asia is generally defined as comprising the eastern four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas. It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Asia is subdivided into 48 countries, three of them (Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkey) having part of their land in Europe.",
"title": "Asia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24305657#2",
"text": "On 1 January 1994, NBC it was officially launched to grand inaugurated a pay television channel in Asia called NBC Asia available in Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Cayman Islands, Micronesia, British Virgin Islands, India, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, South Korea, People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau, Republic of China, Thailand and Philippines at how many of 20-countries of the Asia it like of NBC Europe, NBC Asia featured most of NBC programs as well as NBC Nightly News (a flagship daily evening primetime television news program for NBC News), The Tonight Show, Saturday Night Live and Late Night. Like its European counterpart, it could not broadcast United States-produced primetime shows due to rights restrictions. It also had NBC Sports for the latest action in selected sporting events such: NFL on NBC (a subsidiary of NFL), Major League Baseball on NBC (a subsidiary of MLB), NBA on NBC (a subsidiary of NBA) and NHL on NBC (a subsidiary of NHL). During weekday evenings, NBC Asia had a regional evening news program. It occasionally simulcast some programs from CNBC Asia and MSNBC.",
"title": "National Geographic (Asia)"
},
{
"docid": "106539#0",
"text": "The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN , ) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia. It also regularly engages other countries in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances and dialogue partners and is considered by many as a global powerhouse, the central union for cooperation in Asia-Pacific, and a prominent and influential organisation. It is involved in numerous international affairs, and hosts diplomatic missions throughout the world. It is a major partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, developing cooperation model with the organisation for the peace, stability, development and sustainability of Asia.",
"title": "Association of Southeast Asian Nations"
},
{
"docid": "19605700#7",
"text": "China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia - as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China. Other usages define China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China. Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater sphere of Chinese influence. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country. Mongolia is geographically north of China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had no impact in Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.",
"title": "East Asia"
},
{
"docid": "6224864#16",
"text": "East Asia is home to many countries that have dominated the international community's attention in recent years. Human rights conditions in many East Asian countries have been the subject of numerous debates at the international level given the notable international actors being examined (i.e. China, Japan, etc.). The varying types of governments found in Eastern Asia have affected their respective countries' transparency regarding human rights; furthermore, these Eastern Asian countries have varying level of human rights, with some states choosing to uphold the strictest human rights issues while others sanction numerous human rights violations and atrocities.",
"title": "Human rights in Asia"
},
{
"docid": "689#48",
"text": ", Hinduism has around 1.1 billion adherents. The faith represents around 25% of Asia's population and is the largest religion in Asia. However, it is mostly concentrated in South Asia. Over 80% of the populations of both India and Nepal adhere to Hinduism, alongside significant communities in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Bali, Indonesia. Many overseas Indians in countries such as Burma, Singapore and Malaysia also adhere to Hinduism.\nBuddhism has a great following in mainland Southeast Asia and East Asia. Buddhism is the religion of the majority of the populations of Cambodia (96%), Thailand (95%), Burma (80–89%), Japan (36–96%), Bhutan (75–84%), Sri Lanka (70%), Laos (60–67%) and Mongolia (53–93%). Large Buddhist populations also exist in Singapore (33–51%), Taiwan (35–93%), South Korea (23–50%), Malaysia (19–21%), Nepal (9–11%), Vietnam (10–75%), China (20–50%), North Korea (2–14%), and small communities in India and Bangladesh. In many Chinese communities, Mahayana Buddhism is easily syncretized with Taoism, thus exact religious statistics is difficult to obtain and may be understated or overstated. The Communist-governed countries of China, Vietnam and North Korea are officially atheist, thus the number of Buddhists and other religious adherents may be under-reported.",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"docid": "11500650#0",
"text": "Child Workers in Asia(CWA) - is a small support group that developed in 1985. This small support group began working with a few NGOs, but in the last fifteen years it has grown from working with 5 organizations to now over 50 different organizations and groups. These groups and organizations work together to try and reduce child labor as much as possible in 14 different countries.\nCWA is partnered with many organizations and groups across the Asian continent but some of the first ones they partnered with in 1998 are:Child Labor is defined as a child who is under 18 years old (this varies from country to country), who is working in an environment that can harm them physically and mentally. This includes possibly delaying or hurting they're physical and mental development. Child labor is also defined by a child missing school in order to work, or having an excessive amount of work before or after school, which could interfere with their studies or sleep, which will ultimately effect their health.\n(Mekong region, South Asia) Some countries that are involved with Child Workers in Asia are:These countries have come along way and in 2016 they made major advancements to try and eliminate child labor; by adding regulations and different laws. This worked for some countries but more work needs to be done. Even for Sri Lanka and Maldives, who now have decreased their level of child labor drastically, still have some flaws in the system that need to be worked on, but it is a start.",
"title": "Child Workers in Asia"
},
{
"docid": "19242037#3",
"text": "Each year, the Asia Cross Country Rally provides participants with a variety of terrain challenges spread over 6 to 9 days and covering from 2,000 km to 4,200 km over as many places as possible. In addition to this, it also provides the opportunity for the young people to meet and make friends with others from different countries in the region.",
"title": "Asia Cross Country Rally"
},
{
"docid": "10042176#0",
"text": "Tropical Asia is a region in Asia that experiences tropical climate. It is physiogeographically and economically rich in natural resources and biodiversity, including many species of agricultural value. There are 16 countries of tropical Asia ranging in size from around 610 km² (Singapore) to 3,000,000 km² (India). Its population, is dominantly rural—however, in 1995, a census showed a region with 6 out of 25 of the large cities. The population is 1.6 billion, likely to reach 2.4 billion in 2025. Climate in tropical Asia is subject to seasonal weather patterns with the two monsoons and the amount of tropical cyclones in the three core areas of cyclogenesis (the Bay of Bengal, north Pacific Ocean and South China Sea). The climate varies over several environmental factors such as: growing urbanization, land industrialization and economic development or the opposite land degradation, environmental issues, and increased pollution.",
"title": "Tropical Asia"
},
{
"docid": "39717389#0",
"text": "Goodbye Conflict, Welcome Development\nThe g7+, established in 2010, is an intergovernmental voluntary organisation bringing together countries that are either facing active conflict or have recent experience of conflict and fragility. It has 20 member countries from Asia, the Pacific, Africa and the Caribbean with a combined population of 260 million.The g7+ was first conceived at the 3rd High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Accra, Ghana, in 2008 where a side meeting convened the representatives of countries in a fragile situation to discuss how development cooperation works in these countries. The group was further formalized at the first Dialogue for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding (IDPS) meeting, held in Dili, Timor-Leste in April 2010.",
"title": "G7+"
},
{
"docid": "4338045#1",
"text": "The 49 generally recognized sovereign states listed herein include two countries that generally are classified as European or African nations but with portions of their territory being in Asia, while the two substantially but not generally recognized states are both fully encompassed in Asia. While most of Russia's area is in Asia, it generally is classified as a European country because its capital (Moscow) and most of its population is in Europe. In addition, while Egypt extends into Asia through the Sinai Peninsula, it generally is considered an African country because most of its population and geographic area is in Africa.",
"title": "List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia"
},
{
"docid": "689#1",
"text": "In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. It is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity. The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East–West cultural, linguistic, and ethnic differences, some of which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa; and to the east of the Turkish Straits, the Ural Mountains and Ural River, and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas, separating it from Europe.",
"title": "Asia"
}
] |
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] |
1044
|
When was the code of ethics for psychology written?
|
[
{
"docid": "46816157#23",
"text": "A second committee was formed and headed by Nicholas Hobbs. This 8-member committee was responsible for the creation of the first document. The committee used contributions from over 2,000 psychologists to create the first principles. The committee reviewed the situations submitted by psychologists to the first committee and attempted to organize the situations into themes. Themes that emerged reflected many of the political and social issues of the time including racial segregation, post-war politics, and the testing industry. The first version of the Ethical Standards of Psychologists was adopted in 1952 and published in 1953 by the American Psychological Association (APA). The document was over 170 pages in length. The first version contained many ethical dilemmas that psychologists had written about and submitted to the first committee as case examples.",
"title": "APA Ethics Code"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12691183#16",
"text": "Countries that currently have limited or no regulation of the profession include India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Thailand and Turkey. Several of these countries are working toward licensing legislation, and several have developed ethical standards of practice to guide.\nMany national psychology associations have adopted a code of ethics such as, for instance, APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. EFPA has adopted several codes of ethics in recent years, and the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) adopted a unified code of ethics in 1988, which they revised in 1998 to be more consistent with EFPA’s meta-code (Pettifor, 2007). Moreover, IUPsyS and IAAP adopted, in 2008, a Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists. Such codes and declarations tend to be aspirational in nature.",
"title": "International psychology"
},
{
"docid": "22921#110",
"text": "The ethics code of the American Psychological Association originated in 1951 as \"Ethical Standards of Psychologists\". This code has guided the formation of licensing laws in most American states. It has changed multiple times over the decades since its adoption. In 1989, the APA revised its policies on advertising and referral fees to negotiate the end of an investigation by the Federal Trade Commission. The 1992 incarnation was the first to distinguish between \"aspirational\" ethical standards and \"enforceable\" ones. Members of the public have a five-year window to file ethics complaints about APA members with the APA ethics committee; members of the APA have a three-year window.",
"title": "Psychology"
},
{
"docid": "702607#4",
"text": "The American Sociological Association is governed by a code of ethics and ethical standards. In 1970, the first ASA code of ethics was written. Since 1970, the code of ethics has been revised. The Committee on Professional Ethics worked to write this code and upon completing and approving it in 1997, the code focused on three goals. These three goals were to make the code more educative, accessible, easier to use, and more helpful for sociologists to understand ethical issues.",
"title": "American Sociological Association"
},
{
"docid": "237248#37",
"text": "There is much documentation of the history and necessity of the Declaration of Helsinki. The first code of conduct for research including medical ethics was the Nuremberg Code. This document had large ties to Nazi war crimes, as it was introduced in 1947, so it didn't make much of a difference in terms of regulating practice. This issue called for the creation of the Declaration. There are some stark differences between the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki, including the way it is written. Nuremberg was written in a very concise manner, with a simple explanation. The Declaration of Helsinki is written with a thorough explanation in mind and including many specific commentaries.",
"title": "Medical ethics"
},
{
"docid": "45040575#1",
"text": "The Turkish Psychological Association follows several main objectives:\nTheir Code of Ethics was adopted in 2004. It was created by Yesim Korkut (PhD), Serra Muderrisoglu (PhD), and Melis Tanik (PsyD) in Istanbul.",
"title": "Turkish Psychological Association"
},
{
"docid": "59207400#0",
"text": "Medical Ethics; or, a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons is a medical book focused on public health and medical ethics. It was written by English physician Thomas Percival and published in 1803. The book is widely regarded as the first on public health and ethics in medicine. Prior to 1803 medical ethics was more focused on medical etiquette. \"Medical Ethics\" was the first book to coin the term \"medical ethics\". The book \"adopts a holistic approach to patient care\" and set the standard for many future textbooks.",
"title": "Medical Ethics (book)"
},
{
"docid": "152626#40",
"text": "While there is no international standard on Ethnographic Ethics, many western anthropologists look to the American Anthropological Association for guidance when conducting ethnographic work. In 2009 the Association adopted a code of ethics, stating: Anthropologists have \"moral obligations as members of other groups, such as the family, religion, and community, as well as the profession\". The code of ethics notes that anthropologists are part of a wider scholarly and political network, as well as human and natural environment, which needs to be reported on respectfully. The code of ethics recognizes that sometimes very close and personal relationship can sometimes develop from doing ethnographic work. The Association acknowledges that the code is limited in scope; ethnographic work can sometimes be multidisciplinary, and anthropologists need to be familiar with ethics and perspectives of other disciplines as well. The eight-page code of ethics outlines ethical considerations for those conducting Research, Teaching, Application and Dissemination of Results, which are briefly outlined below.",
"title": "Ethnography"
},
{
"docid": "46816157#3",
"text": "The introduction of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct is designed to describe the document's purpose. It also informs the reader of its organization, applicability, and procedural matters. The introduction states that the code applies to psychologists' scientific, educational, and professional roles, that may include \"clinical psychology; counseling psychology; school psychology; research; teaching; supervision; public service; policy development; social intervention; development of assessment instruments; conducting assessments; educational counseling; organizational counseling; forensic activities; program design and evaluation; and administration,\" (pg. 2) The introduction also includes information on what contexts these situations apply to, including electronic and face-to-face communication. It provides information on the procedures for filing an ethical complaint, along with a description the investigation process and possible outcomes. The preamble is a description of aspirations which the American Psychological Association expects of psychologists, and reviews the main purpose for having such an ethical code.",
"title": "APA Ethics Code"
},
{
"docid": "46816157#0",
"text": "The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (for short, the Ethics Code, as referred to by the APA) includes an introduction, preamble, a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice, research, and education. The principles and standards are written, revised, and enforced by the APA. The code of conduct is applicable to psychologists in a variety of areas across a variety of contexts. In the event of a violation of the code of conduct, the APA may take action ranging from termination of the APA membership to the loss of licensure, depending on the violation. Other professional organizations and licensing boards may adopt and enforce the code.",
"title": "APA Ethics Code"
}
] |
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] |
1045
|
Which is the smallest planet?
|
[
{
"docid": "22915#74",
"text": "The smallest known planet is PSR B1257+12A, one of the first extrasolar planets discovered, which was found in 1992 in orbit around a pulsar. Its mass is roughly half that of the planet Mercury. The smallest known planet orbiting a main-sequence star other than the Sun is Kepler-37b, with a mass (and radius) slightly higher than that of the Moon.",
"title": "Planet"
},
{
"docid": "44687845#9",
"text": "The smallest known extrasolar planet that is likely a \"gas planet\" is Kepler-138d, which has the same mass as Earth but is 60% larger and therefore has a density that indicates a thick gas envelope.",
"title": "Gas giant"
},
{
"docid": "17984126#1",
"text": "The discovery of a planet, MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb, orbiting this object was announced on June 2, 2008. This planet, with a mass of approximately 3.3 times that of Earth, is one of the smallest known extrasolar planets. It was found when it caused a gravitational microlensing event on the night of May 24, 2007, which was detected as part of the MOA-II gravitational microlensing survey at the Mount John University Observatory in New Zealand.",
"title": "MOA-2007-BLG-192L"
},
{
"docid": "56688955#0",
"text": "K2-148b is a confirmed Super-Earth, probably rocky, closely orbiting a small orange dwarf star. It is the innermost of three Super-Earths around the star K2-148, which is in a wide binary pair with the M0.5V red dwarf EPIC 220194953. K2-148b is the smallest planet of the system, at about a third larger than Earth, and could be terrestrial in nature. However, the three planets do not exhibit significant transit timing variations, implying that they could have relatively low masses. The planet was validated in early 2018 by Hirano \"et al.\" and is too hot for known life.",
"title": "K2-148b"
},
{
"docid": "19694#6",
"text": "Mercury is one of four terrestrial planets in the Solar System, and is a rocky body like Earth. It is the smallest planet in the Solar System, with an equatorial radius of . Mercury is also smaller—albeit more massive—than the largest natural satellites in the Solar System, Ganymede and Titan. Mercury consists of approximately 70% metallic and 30% silicate material. Mercury's density is the second highest in the Solar System at 5.427 g/cm, only slightly less than Earth's density of 5.515 g/cm. If the effect of gravitational compression were to be factored out from both planets, the materials of which Mercury is made would be denser than those of Earth, with an uncompressed density of 5.3 g/cm versus Earth's 4.4 g/cm.",
"title": "Mercury (planet)"
},
{
"docid": "6395779#8",
"text": "With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (asteroids and comets). For almost 50 years Pluto was thought to be larger than Mercury, but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon Charon, it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates. It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the asteroid belt, Ceres, it had one-fifth the mass of Earth's Moon. Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large orbital eccentricity and a high orbital inclination, it became evident that it was a different kind of body from any of the other planets.",
"title": "Dwarf planet"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3847321#1",
"text": "OGLE-2005-BLG-390L has one known planet, which was discovered using the technique of gravitational microlensing. Indications are that the planet is about five times Earth mass, orbiting at about 2.6 astronomical units from the parent star. The discovery was announced on January 25, 2006. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb is considered one of the smallest known extrasolar planets around a main sequence star, possibly rocky, with a mass around 5.5 times that of the Earth. The orbital\nradius (assuming a circular orbit) of the planet is 2.6 AU, however the orbital elements are unknown. Based on its low mass and estimated temperature of around 50 K, the planet is thought to consist mainly of ices, like Pluto or Uranus, rather than being a Jupiter-like gas giant.",
"title": "OGLE-2005-BLG-390L"
},
{
"docid": "12614899#0",
"text": "Gliese 777 c, often catalogued as Gliese 777 Ac or simply HD 190360 c, is an extrasolar planet approximately 52 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus. The planet was discovered orbiting the primary star of the Gliese 777 system in 2005 using the radial velocity method and confirmed in 2009. The planet was once called the \"smallest extrasolar planet discovered\", but this is currently no longer the case. With a minimum mass just 18 times that of the Earth, the planet is likely a \"hot Neptune\" planet, a small Jovian planet, or possibly a large terrestrial planet (a super-Earth).",
"title": "Gliese 777 c"
},
{
"docid": "51353977#1",
"text": "Mars – fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, after Mercury. Named after the Roman god of war, it is often referred to as the \"Red Planet\" because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth.",
"title": "Outline of Mars"
},
{
"docid": "4922903#1",
"text": "The planet was discovered by a team of French and Swiss astronomers, who announced their findings on November 30, 2005, as a discovery of one of the smallest extrasolar planets ever found, with one conclusion being that planets may be more common around the smallest stars. It was the fifth planet found around a red dwarf star (after Gliese 876's planets and Gliese 436 b).",
"title": "Gliese 581b"
}
] |
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1047
|
When was Walter Devereux made a knight?
|
[
{
"docid": "41261728#3",
"text": "Walter Devereux assumed a position in the retinue of Henry IV following the death of his father on 25 July 1402 at the Battle of Pilleth. On 13 December 1402 Sir Edmund Mortimer declared his rebellion against Henry IV, but Devereux stayed loyal to the king. He was probably present at the Battle of Shrewsbury on 21 July 1403, and subsequently was knighted. Sir Walter Devereux was placed on a Commission of array for Herefordshire on 8 September 1403 to raise troops for the defense against the king’s enemies who have lately invaded the realm. It is probable that Devereux was present when Henry IV faced off with a combined Welsh and French force in South Wales during the summer of 1405, but no major battle occurred and the English force had dispersed by October of that year. Devereux remained an important supporter of the efforts to suppress the rebellion in Wales as Prince Henry assumed responsibility for the fight. Walter Devereux would be among 14 men below the rank of baron who would be retained for life by Prince Henry (the future Henry V).",
"title": "Walter Devereux (1387–1419)"
},
{
"docid": "14067002#6",
"text": "Following the death of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, on 18 January 1425, Richard, 3rd Duke of York inherited his estates along the Welsh Marches. This brought Walter Devereux into the retinue of the Duke, and he remained his loyal supporter throughout the War of the Roses. Devereux had been knighted by 22 September 1429 when he first represented Herefordshire in Parliament. He probably was in attendance on the Duke when he travelled with Henry VI to France for his coronation on 16 December 1429. On his return Devereux represented Herefordshire again in Parliament on 16 January 1430. He was listed on the subsidy rolls for Herefordshire of 12 January 1431 as holding his 1/3 of half a fee in Byford.",
"title": "Walter Devereux (1411–1459)"
},
{
"docid": "262223#1",
"text": "Walter Devereux was the eldest son of Sir Richard Devereux, who was created a Knight of the Bath on 20 February 1547 and died that same year, in the lifetime of his father, The 1st Viscount Hereford. Walter Devereux's mother was Lady Dorothy Hastings, daughter of The 1st Earl of Huntingdon and Anne Stafford, said to have been a mistress of Henry VIII. Through his paternal ancestry he was related to the Bourchier family, to which previous Earls of Essex had belonged: John Devereux, son of Walter Devereux who died at the Battle of Bosworth, married Cecily Bourchier, sister of Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex.",
"title": "Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex"
},
{
"docid": "6525714#9",
"text": "Walter Devereux was with the army as Edward IV marched north, and fought in the victory at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461, where he was knighted. On 8 July Devereux was appointed Justice of the Peace, and place on the Commission of Array for Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and Shropshire to raise troops to stamp out Lancastrian resistance in Wales. He was also placed on a commission of Oyer and terminer to inquire into all treasons, insurrections and rebellions in South Wales, and granted the authority to receive submission into the king's peace of rebels. In September Walter Devereux met with the king and William Herbert at Ludlow Castle where they were assigned to take into the king's hands all the castles, lordships, manors, land and possessions of the late Humphrey, Duke of Buckingham, in South Wales. On 30 September 1461, Herbert and Devereux captured Pembroke Castle. On 16 October Herbert and Devereux defeated the Lancastrians under Pembroke and Exeter at the Battle of Twt Hill, effectively ending resistance in Wales. Walter Devereux attended Parliament on 4 November 1461, but was back in Wales for the capture of Denbigh Castle in January 1462.",
"title": "Walter Devereux, 7th Baron Ferrers of Chartley"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44773874#4",
"text": "Walter acknowledged a debt of 77s 4d to Laurence Lodelawe on 8 May 1289. Devereux was a knight prior to 1290 when he witnessed his father's grant to the Priory and Convent of St. Guthlac of Hereford. He was listed among the knights witnessing Roger Ragun’s bond to pay John Pennebruge 40s yearly for life on 12 Nov 1291. Devereux was probably knighted for participation in the campaigns against the Welsh that his father, William Devereux, was involved in.",
"title": "Walter Devereux (died 1305)"
},
{
"docid": "43037255#11",
"text": "Walter Devereux died about 1197, and as a member of the retinue of William de Braose this probably occurred in May 1197. At this time Braose was accompanying Richard I as England resumed its wars in France to recapture lands lost during his captivity. Many knights from the Welsh border were injured in the assault on the castle at Milly-sur-Therain where William Marshall himself led many into the fray. After Walter's death, his sons were fostered for training as knights: Stephen Devereux with William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke; Nicholas Devereux with Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath; and John Devereux with William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber. These sons would sire the three Devereux families that would play an integral role in controlling the Welsh marches during the thirteenth century. Also following the death of her husband, Cecilia began a series of legal fights to establish her dower rights which when added to the holdings of her eldest son, Stephen Devereux, provides an indication of the extent and influence of the Devereux holdings at the time.",
"title": "Walter Devereux (born 1173)"
},
{
"docid": "41261728#0",
"text": "Sir Walter Devereux of Bodenham was a prominent knight of Herefordshire during the reigns of Henry IV and Henry V. He is the ancestor of the Devereux Earls of Essex and Viscounts of Hereford.",
"title": "Walter Devereux (1387–1419)"
},
{
"docid": "48880795#1",
"text": "John Devereux was born about 1193, the son of Walter Devereux and Cecilia de Longchamp. His father was a member of the retinue of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, and upon Walter's death about 1197 his estates were taken into de Braose's hands for the king. Walter Devereux's sons were fostered for training as knights: John Devereux with William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber; Stephen Devereux, with William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke; and Nicholas Devereux, with Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath. The three brothers would sire the three Devereux families that would play an integral role in controlling the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century.",
"title": "John Devereux of Bodenham and Decies"
},
{
"docid": "43037255#8",
"text": "About 1186 Walter had witnessed with his father the land grant of Maud de Hagarnel to the priory of Brecon. About 1190 Devereux granted 12 acres of land near Berrington (Hereford) to the same priory ‘for the love he bore his lord, William de Braose the younger.’ This identifies Walter Devereux as a member of the military retinue of the Braose family. Devereux also witnessed the grant of land by William de Bradfelde of lands in Bradfield, Petercroft, Laneglege, lands near Mara, Estlege, and in Weteroft near the chapel to the priory of Brecon. In 1211, Walter Devereux was listed as having held 1/2 knight's fee of the honor of Brecon.",
"title": "Walter Devereux (born 1173)"
},
{
"docid": "6525714#7",
"text": "On 26 June 1460 the earls of Warwick and Salisbury landed at Sandwich, and raised a Yorkist rebellion. They marched on London, and captured Henry VI at the Battle of Northampton on 10 July 1460. Walter Devereux was appointed to arrest and imprison any in Herefordshire resisting the rebellion, Richard of York returned to England and Walter Devereux attended Parliament on 7 October as a knight of the shire for Herefordshire. The Duke became Protector of the Realm again on 31 October, and Devereux was granted a general pardon.",
"title": "Walter Devereux, 7th Baron Ferrers of Chartley"
}
] |
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] |
1049
|
When was the Marlboro Man retired from Marlboro's ads?
|
[
{
"docid": "1857466#0",
"text": "Darrell H. Winfield (July 30, 1929 – January 12, 2015) was an American rancher and model best known as \"The Marlboro Man\" in television commercials and magazine advertisements for Marlboro cigarettes. Winfield was born in Kansas, Oklahoma. His family relocated to California's San Joaquin Valley when he was 6 years old. This move was inspired by the \"Okie migration\" that was prominent in the 1930s where many mid-west farmers, devastated by the Dust Bowl, headed west to California to start over. He was the Marlboro man from 1968 until 1989. He is also credited with being the most portrayed man in the world by some. Philip Morris has used many cowboys for their ads but has declared that Winfield was \"really the Marlboro man.\"",
"title": "Darrell Winfield"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#20",
"text": "The most famous of the 'Marlboro Men' lived a long life after fading from the public limelight. Darrell Winfield, a resident of Riverton, Wyoming, was the longest living Marlboro Man to appear on billboards and in advertisements. Leo Burnett Ad Agency discovered him in 1968 while he was working on the Quarter Circle 5 Ranch in Wyoming. Winfield's chiseled rugged good looks made him the macho face of Marlboro cigarettes on television, in newspapers, magazines and on billboards, from the 1968 to 1989. Winfield was survived by his wife, a son, five daughters, and grandchildren.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1017033#13",
"text": "Wayne McLaren testified in favor of anti-smoking legislation at the age of 51. During the time of McLaren's anti-smoking activism, Philip Morris denied that McLaren ever appeared in a Marlboro ad, a position it later amended to maintain that while he did appear in ads, he was not the Marlboro Man; Winfield held that title. In response, McLaren produced an affidavit from a talent agency that had represented him, along with a pay check stub, asserting he had been paid for work on a 'Marlboro print' job. McLaren died before his 52nd birthday in 1992.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#15",
"text": "Eric Lawson, who appeared in Marlboro print ads from 1978 to 1981, died at the age of 72 on January 10, 2014, of respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. A smoker since age 14, Lawson later appeared in an anti-smoking commercial that parodied the Marlboro Man, and also in an \"Entertainment Tonight\" segment to discuss the negative effects of smoking.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "36639760#0",
"text": "William Leo Thourlby (January 22, 1924 – April 15, 2013) was an American actor, model and writer. He was known for his rugged, cowboy look, when he appeared as the face of the Marlboro Man campaign in the 1950s. This ad campaign was one of the 20th century's most famous, redefining the Marlboro brand image from a cigarette for women to one for men.",
"title": "William Thourlby"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#7",
"text": "When the new Marlboro Country theme opened in late 1963, the actors utilized as Marlboro Man were replaced, for the most part, with real working cowboys. In the same year the campaign began to use Elmer Bernstein's 1960 theme music from \"The Magnificent Seven\". \"In 1963, at the 6 6 6 6 Ranch in Guthrie, Texas, they discovered Carl \"Big-un\" Bradley. He was the first real cowboy they used, and from then on the lead Marlboro men were real cowboys, rodeo riders, stuntmen.\" Another of this new breed of real cowboys was Max Bryan \"Turk\" Robinson, of Hugo, Oklahoma; Turk says that he was recruited for the role while at a rodeo simply standing around behind the chutes, as was the custom for cowboys who had not yet ridden their event. It took only a few years for the results to register. By 1972, the new Marlboro Man would have so much market appeal that Marlboro cigarettes were catapulted to the top of the tobacco industry.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#5",
"text": "The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. Burnett's inspiration for the exceedingly masculine \"Marlboro Man\" icon came in 1949 from an issue of \"Life\" magazine, whose photograph (shot by Leonard McCombe) and story of Texas cowboy Clarence Hailey Long caught his attention.\nWithin a year, Marlboro's market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand. This convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy. In the mid fifties, the cowboy image was popularized by actor Paul Birch in 3 page magazine ads and in TV ads.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "2326300#1",
"text": "McLaren worked as a stuntman and rodeo rider before being hired to appear in ads for Marlboro. McLaren competed in bronc riding and bull riding events. In 1976, he did promotional work for the famous Marlboro cigarette advertising campaign as the \"Marlboro Man\".",
"title": "Wayne McLaren"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#1",
"text": "The Marlboro advertising campaign, created by Leo Burnett Worldwide, is said to be one of the most brilliant advertisement campaigns of all time. It transformed a feminine campaign, with the slogan \"Mild as May\", into one that was masculine, in a matter of months. The first models were a Navy Lieutenant and Andy Armstrong, the ad agency’s art supervisor. Other early models were sales promotion director of Philip Morris, Robert Larking, and others from the Leo Burnett ad agency, Lee Stanley and Owen Smith. A number of models who have portrayed the Marlboro Man have died of smoking-related diseases.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "2851362#2",
"text": "Since the Marlboro man was an image that stood since 1954, it was considered one of the biggest marketing icons, investors reasoned that to see the Marlboro icon give in to a price war, the marketing itself must be ineffective. As a result of plummeting stock value in major American brands, 1993 marked a slight decrease in U.S. ad expenditures.",
"title": "Marlboro Friday"
}
] |
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] |
1050
|
When was the Beat Generation?
|
[
{
"docid": "157208#4",
"text": "Kerouac introduced the phrase \"Beat Generation\" in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, anti-conformist youth movement in New York. The name arose in a conversation with writer John Clellon Holmes. Kerouac allows that it was Huncke, a street hustler, who originally used the phrase \"beat\", in an earlier discussion with him. The adjective \"beat\" could colloquially mean \"tired\" or \"beaten down\" within the African-American community of the period and had developed out of the image \"beat to his socks\", but Kerouac appropriated the image and altered the meaning to include the connotations \"upbeat\", \"beatific\", and the musical association of being \"on the beat\", and \"the Beat to keep\" from the \"Beat Generation\" poem.",
"title": "Beat Generation"
},
{
"docid": "5342362#5",
"text": "Young adults returning to college under the G.I. Bill adopted an unpretentious, functional wardrobe, and continued to wear blue jeans with shirts and pullovers for general informal wear after leaving school. Jack Kerouac introduced the phrase \"Beat Generation\" in 1948, generalizing from his social circle to characterize the underground, anti-conformist youth gathering in New York at that time. The term \"beatnik\" was coined by Herb Caen of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" in 1958, and the stereotypical \"beat\" look of sunglasses, berets, black turtlenecks, and unadorned dark clothing provided another fashion alternative for youths of both sexes, encouraged by the marketing specialists of Madison Avenue.",
"title": "1945–1960 in Western fashion"
},
{
"docid": "62385#1",
"text": "In 1948, Kerouac introduced the phrase \"Beat Generation\", generalizing from his social circle to characterize the underground, anticonformist youth gathering in New York at that time. The name came up in conversation with John Clellon Holmes, who published an early Beat Generation novel titled \"Go\" (1952), along with the manifesto \"This Is the Beat Generation\" in \"The New York Times Magazine\". In 1954, Nolan Miller published his third novel \"Why I Am So Beat\" (Putnam), detailing the weekend parties of four students.",
"title": "Beatnik"
},
{
"docid": "157208#0",
"text": "The Beat Generation was a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-war era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s. The central elements of Beat culture are the rejection of standard narrative values, making a spiritual quest, the exploration of American and Eastern religions, the rejection of materialism, explicit portrayals of the human condition, experimentation with psychedelic drugs, and sexual liberation and exploration.",
"title": "Beat Generation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "433079#5",
"text": "After the break-up of The Beat in 1983, Dave Wakeling and Ranking Roger went on to form General Public and had a couple of hit singles in the US and Canada, while Andy Cox and David Steele formed Fine Young Cannibals with vocalist Roland Gift from the ska band Akrylykz. Drummer Everett Morton and Saxa formed The International Beat along with the Birmingham-based singer, Tony Beet, and the band released an album titled \"The Hitting Line\" on Blue Beat Records in 1990 (BBSLP 009). The album was produced by Ranking Roger and he often guested with the band at some of their shows. The International Beat toured the UK and United States before calling it a day in 1992. Ranking Roger also briefly joined Mick Jones' post-Clash band Big Audio Dynamite and performed at several live shows with the band. However, the band broke up shortly after he joined when its last album was shelved by the record company. Meanwhile, \"March of the Swivelheads\", an instrumental version of the Beat's song \"Rotating Heads\", was used in the climactic chase scene of 1986's \"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\"; the band was listed in the end credits as \"The (English) Beat\". \"Save It for Later\" was featured on the soundtrack album to 1996's \"Kingpin\", 2010's \"Hot Tub Time Machine\" and 2017's \"\".",
"title": "The Beat (British band)"
},
{
"docid": "340909#41",
"text": "While many critics still consider the word \"beat\" in its literal sense of \"tired and beaten down,\" others, including Kerouac himself promoted the generation more in sense of \"beatific\" or blissful. Holmes and Kerouac published several articles in popular magazines in an attempt to explain the movement. In the November 16, 1952 \"New York Times Sunday Magazine\", he wrote a piece exposing the faces of the Beat Generation. \"[O]ne day [Kerouac] said, 'You know, this is a really beat generation' ... More than mere weariness, it implies the feeling of having been used, of being raw. It involves a sort of nakedness of mind, and ultimately, of soul: a feeling of being reduced to the bedrock of consciousness. In short, it means being undramatically pushed up against the wall of oneself.\" He distinguishes Beats from the Lost Generation of the 1920s pointing out how the Beats are not lost but how they are searching for answers to all of life's questions. Kerouac's preoccupation with writers like Ernest Hemingway shaped his view of the beat generation. He uses a prose style which he adapted from Hemingway and throughout \"On the Road\" he alludes to novels like \"The Sun Also Rises\". \"How to live seems much more crucial than why.\" In many ways, it is a spiritual journey, a quest to find belief, belonging, and meaning in life. Not content with the uniformity promoted by government and consumer culture, the Beats yearned for a deeper, more sensational experience. Holmes expands his attempt to define the generation in a 1958 article in \"Esquire\" magazine. This article was able to take more of a look back at the formation of the movement as it was published after \"On the Road\". \"It describes the state of mind from which all unessentials have been stripped, leaving it receptive to everything around it, but impatient with trivial obstructions. To be beat is to be at the bottom of your personality, looking up.\"",
"title": "On the Road"
},
{
"docid": "15890#26",
"text": "In July 1957, Kerouac moved to a small house at 1418½ Clouser Avenue in the College Park section of Orlando, Florida, to await the release of \"On the Road\". Weeks later, a review of the book by Gilbert Millstein appeared in \"The New York Times\" proclaiming Kerouac the voice of a new generation. Kerouac was hailed as a major American writer. His friendship with Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs and Gregory Corso, among others, became a notorious representation of the Beat Generation. The term Beat Generation was invented by Kerouac during a conversation held with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke. Huncke used the term \"beat\" to describe a person with little money and few prospects. \"I'm beat to my socks\", he had said. Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would ultimately be his undoing.",
"title": "Jack Kerouac"
},
{
"docid": "630393#0",
"text": "The Beat Generation is a 1959 American crime film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer starring Steve Cochran and Mamie Van Doren, with Ray Danton, Fay Spain, Maggie Hayes, Jackie Coogan, Louis Armstrong, James Mitchum, Vampira, and Ray Anthony. It is a sensationalistic interpretation of the beatnik culture of the \"Beat Generation\" (and is sometimes considered one of the very last films noir to be produced.) The movie was also shown under the title \"This Rebel Age\".",
"title": "The Beat Generation"
},
{
"docid": "62385#5",
"text": "Kerouac explained what he meant by \"beat\" at a Brandeis Forum, \"Is There A Beat Generation?\", on November 8, 1958 at New York's Hunter College Playhouse. The seminar's panelists were Kerouac, James A. Wechsler, Princeton anthropologist Ashley Montagu and author Kingsley Amis. Wechsler, Montagu, and Amis wore suits, while Kerouac was clad in black jeans, ankle boots and a checkered shirt. Reading from a prepared text, Kerouac reflected on his beat beginnings:",
"title": "Beatnik"
},
{
"docid": "157208#2",
"text": "The core group of Beat Generation authors – Herbert Huncke, Ginsberg, Burroughs, Lucien Carr, and Kerouac – met in 1944 in and around the Columbia University campus in New York City. Later, in the mid-1950s, the central figures (with the exception of Burroughs and Carr) ended up together in San Francisco where they met and became friends of figures associated with the San Francisco Renaissance.",
"title": "Beat Generation"
}
] |
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] |
1052
|
What country are the Dutch from?
|
[
{
"docid": "1656551#15",
"text": "By the middle of the 16th century an overarching, 'national' (rather than 'ethnic') identity seemed in development in the Habsburg Netherlands, when inhabitants began to refer to it as their 'fatherland' and were beginning to be seen as a collective entity abroad; however, the persistence of language barriers, traditional strife between towns, and provincial particularism continued to form an impediment to more thorough unification. Following excessive taxation together with attempts at diminishing the traditional autonomy of the cities and estates in the Low Countries, followed by the religious oppression after being transferred to Habsburg Spain, the Dutch revolted, in what would become the Eighty Years' War. For the first time in their history, the Dutch established their independence from foreign rule. However, during the war it became apparent that the goal of liberating all the provinces and cities that had signed the Union of Utrecht, which roughly corresponded to the Dutch-speaking part of the Spanish Netherlands, was unreachable. The Northern provinces were free, but during the 1580s the South was recaptured by Spain, and, despite various attempts, the armies of the Republic were unable to expel them. In 1648, the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War, acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic, but maintained Spanish control of the Southern Netherlands. Apart from a brief reunification from 1815 until 1830, within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (which included the Francophones/Walloons) the Dutch have been separated from the Flemings to this day.",
"title": "Dutch people"
},
{
"docid": "28150141#0",
"text": "Dutch Crossing is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to all aspects of Low Countries studies: history and art history, Dutch and Flemish (and occasionally Afrikaans) literary and cultural studies, Dutch language, Dutch as a foreign language, and intercultural and transnational studies. Its stated purpose is to cover \"all aspects of 'Global Dutch', not only the Netherlands and the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium but also other places where Dutch historically had or continues to have an impact, including parts of the Americas, Southern Africa, and South-East Asia.\" A special focus concerns exchanges between the Low Countries and the English-speaking world in all periods from the late Middle Ages to the present day. \"Dutch Crossing\" is the official journal of the Association for Low Countries Studies.\"",
"title": "Dutch Crossing"
},
{
"docid": "8591118#1",
"text": "Emigration from the Netherlands has been occurring for at least four hundred years, and may be traced back to the international presence of the Dutch Empire and its monopoly on mercantile shipping in many parts of the world. Dutch people settled permanently in a number of former Dutch colonies or trading enclaves abroad, namely the Dutch Caribbean, the Dutch Cape Colony, the Dutch East Indies, Surinam, and New Netherland. Since the end of World War II, the largest proportion of Dutch emigrants have moved to Anglophone countries, namely Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, mainly seeking better employment opportunities. Postwar emigration from the Netherlands peaked between 1948-63, with occasional spikes in the 1980s and the mid-2000s. Cross-border migration to Belgium and Germany has become more common since 2001, driven by the rising cost of housing in major Dutch cities.",
"title": "Dutch diaspora"
},
{
"docid": "1656551#0",
"text": "Dutch people (Dutch: ) or the Dutch are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Aruba, Suriname, Guyana, Curaçao, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United States. The Low Countries were situated around the border of France and the Holy Roman Empire, forming a part of their respective peripheries, and the various territories of which they consisted had become virtually autonomous by the 13th century. Under the Habsburgs, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from Spain as the Dutch Republic. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a relatively early date. During the Republic the first series of large-scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place.",
"title": "Dutch people"
},
{
"docid": "2555166#10",
"text": "While the Netherlands was a small country, the Dutch Empire was quite large so emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices. New Amsterdam was not high on their list, especially because of the Native American risk. The major Dutch cities were centers of high culture, but they still sent immigrants. Most new arrivals were farmers from remote villages who, on arrival, in America scattered into widely separated villages with little contact with one another. Even inside a settlement, different Dutch groups had minimal interaction. With very few new arrivals, the result was an increasingly traditional system cut off from the forces for change. The people maintained their popular culture, revolving around their language and their Calvinist religion. The Dutch brought along their own folklore, most famously \"Sinterklaas\" (the foundation of the modern day Santa Claus) and created their own as in \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\". They maintained their distinctive clothing, and food preferences and introduced some new foods to America, including beets, endive, spinach, parsley, and cookies.",
"title": "Dutch Americans"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1241811#2",
"text": "Geographically the area referred to as Amish/Dutch country centers on the cities of Allentown, Hershey, Lancaster, Reading, and York. Pennsylvania Dutch Country encompasses the counties of Lancaster, York, Adams, Franklin, Dauphin, Cumberland, Lebanon, Berks, Northampton, Carbon, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Snyder, Union, Juniata, Mifflin, Huntingdon, Northumberland, and Centre. Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants would spread from this area outwards outside the Pennsylvania borders between the mountains along river valleys into neighboring Maryland (Washington and Frederick counties), West Virginia, New Jersey (Warren and northern Hunterdon counties), Virginia (Shenandoah Valley), and North Carolina. The larger region has been historically referred to as Greater Pennsylvania. The historic Pennsylvania Dutch diaspora in Ontario, Canada has been referred to as Little Pennsylvania.",
"title": "Pennsylvania Dutch Country"
},
{
"docid": "13289#112",
"text": "The Dutch also dominated trade between European countries. The Low Countries were favorably positioned on a crossing of east-west and north-south trade routes and connected to a large German hinterland through the Rhine river. Dutch traders shipped wine from France and Portugal to the Baltic lands and returned with grain destined for countries around the Mediterranean Sea. By the 1680s, an average of nearly 1000 Dutch ships entered the Baltic Sea each year. The Dutch were able to gain control of much of the trade with the nascent English colonies in North America and following the end of war with Spain in 1648, Dutch trade with that country also flourished.\nRenaissance Humanism, of which Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1466–1536) was an important advocate, had also gained a firm foothold and was partially responsible for a climate of tolerance. Overall, levels of tolerance were sufficiently high to attract religious refugees from other countries, notably Jewish merchants from Portugal who brought much wealth with them. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France in 1685 resulted in the immigration of many French Huguenots, many of whom were shopkeepers or scientists. Still tolerance had its limits, as philosopher Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677) would find out. Due to its climate of intellectual tolerance the Dutch Republic attracted scientists and other thinkers from all over Europe. Especially the renowned University of Leiden (established in 1575 by the Dutch stadtholder, William of Oranje, as a token of gratitude for Leiden's fierce resistance against Spain during the Eighty Years' War) became a gathering place for these people. For instance French philosopher René Descartes lived in Leiden from 1628 until 1649.",
"title": "History of the Netherlands"
},
{
"docid": "1241811#4",
"text": "The term \"Dutch\" is from an archaic sense of the English word \"Dutch\", which once referred to any people speaking a non-peripheral continental West Germanic language on the European mainland. The German-speaking settlers came from a variety of countries and religious backgrounds, but most became assimilated to Anglo-American language and culture beginning in the later 19th century with English language evangelism efforts and the outlawing of German language schooling. The assimilation process continued soon after the turn of the 20th century with World War I, consolidated schools, and the advent of mandatory public education until the age of 16, with added pressures from increased mobility, the influence of English-language media, communications, and urbanization. Also, many German-Americans hid their ethnicity with the spread of Anti-German sentiment and negative propaganda against the German people.",
"title": "Pennsylvania Dutch Country"
},
{
"docid": "13849806#1",
"text": "Before the formation of the Dutch Republic the land of the Low Countries had been inhabited by a number of disparate peoples who migrated from other lands and left only traces of their culture on the territory of the Low Countries. In the 10th century the Franks, Frisians and Saxons who lived in the territory of the Low Countries had no sense of common identity or unifying factors. The name “Dutch” that binds the people together as a single, unified group was not yet in use. Instead, the inhabitants of the lands were loyal to local lords, the territory that they lived on and to the towns of which they were burghers. In the early stages of existence, the concept of national identity had not been developed as a way by which a group of people could self-identify as such. Instead, they were labeled according to the place that they live and by their professions. Over time, these independent towns were subordinate to German, French, Roman or Spanish rule.",
"title": "History of Dutch nationality"
},
{
"docid": "177674#5",
"text": "The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in Southeastern and in Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area that includes South Central Pennsylvania, in the area stretching in an arc from Bethlehem and Allentown through Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster to York and Chambersburg. Some Pennsylvania Dutch live in the historically Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia.",
"title": "Pennsylvania Dutch"
}
] |
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] |
1053
|
When did Doctor Who first premier?
|
[
{
"docid": "471755#0",
"text": "Doctor Who, also referred to as Doctor Who: The Movie to distinguish it from the television series of the same name, is a 1996 television film continuing the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". It was developed as a co-production between BBC Worldwide, Universal Studios, 20th Century Fox, and the American network Fox. It premiered on 12 May 1996 on CITV in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (which was owned by WIC at the time before being acquired by Canwest Global in 2000), 15 days before its first showing in the United Kingdom on BBC One and two days before being broadcast in the United States on Fox. It was also shown in some countries for a limited time in cinemas.",
"title": "Doctor Who (film)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8209#79",
"text": "Premiering the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the first episode of \"Doctor Who\" was repeated with the second episode the following week. \"Doctor Who\" has always appeared initially on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel, where it is regarded as a family show, drawing audiences of many millions of viewers; episodes were also repeated on BBC Three, before its transition to an online-only channel . The programme's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades, with three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the \"Dalekmania\" period (circa 1964–1965), when the popularity of the Daleks regularly brought \"Doctor Who\" ratings of between 9 and 14 million, even for stories which did not feature them. The second was the mid to late 1970s, when Tom Baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million.",
"title": "Doctor Who"
},
{
"docid": "37802794#3",
"text": "A comic strip also regularly appeared in the pages of \"Doctor Who Magazine\". This began as a Marvel Comics publication under the name \"Doctor Who Weekly\" in 1979 (soon changing to \"Doctor Who Monthly\"), and the magazine continued to be published after the programme ceased production in 1989. The comic strip has usually featured the current Doctor in a series of adventures independent of the novels and the audios, and with another companion, though several crossovers with the worlds of the audio and literary \"Doctor Who\" and the comics have occurred. Creators who have worked on the \"Doctor Who Magazine\" strip include such notables as writer Alan Moore and artists Dave Gibbons, Mike McMahon, and John Ridgway. Selected stories were reprinted in North America by Marvel Comics, which was also the publisher of \"Doctor Who Magazine\" at the time. \"Marvel Premiere\" #57 (December 1980) was the first Doctor Who comic published in North America. When \"Doctor Who Magazine\" was published by Marvel, some characters occasionally crossed over between the \"Doctor Who\" comic and other titles published by Marvel UK; these include the froglike Venusian businessman Josiah Dogbolter and the robotic bounty hunter Death's Head. In the \"Flood Barriers\" feature in the trade paperback \"Doctor Who: The Flood\", it is revealed the comic strip was given the opportunity to show the regeneration of the Eighth Doctor into the Ninth Doctor.",
"title": "List of Doctor Who comic stories"
},
{
"docid": "6704437#15",
"text": "One of the results of this combination of factors was that the Australian premiere of first-run episodes – which, by 1975, was still a year behind BBC1 – began to again drift further and further behind the UK. In Sydney in 1975, the ABC screened just fourteen weekly installments of \"Doctor Who\" – The Time Warrior, Death to the Daleks and The Monster of Peladon – between March and June. These were the first episodes to be broadcast by the ABC in colour. (Due to the BBC's accidental wiping of the master tape of Invasion of the Dinosaurs' first episode, that story wasn't screened at all by the ABC until November 1984, when they simply broadcast it – without any preceding explanation – as a five-part story, starting from episode 2. They never actually broadcast the full six episode story until 2004).",
"title": "Doctor Who in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "53244824#18",
"text": "On 16 July 2017, a minute-long clip was released on the \"Doctor Who\" web site, introducing Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor. The first teaser for the series was released during the final of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 15 July 2018, almost exactly a year following the official announcement. Whittaker, Gill, Cole, Chibnall and Strevens promoted the show with a panel at the San Diego Comic-Con on 19 July 2018, where the first trailer was released. The second trailer for the series was released on 20 September 2018. The premiere of the new series was held at The Moor, Sheffield on 24 September 2018, as part of a red carpet event for the first episode and eleventh series.",
"title": "Doctor Who (series 11)"
},
{
"docid": "6704437#46",
"text": "When the BBC revived \"Doctor Who\" in 2005 with Christopher Eccleston as the Doctor and with Russell T. Davies as producer, the ABC responded by scheduling the series in the prime-time 7:30pm Saturday slot. Following the UK broadcast by less than two months, Series 1 of the new \"Doctor Who\" premiered in Australia with the first episode, \"Rose\", on 21 May 2005, going on to win its timeslot in four out of five capital cities.",
"title": "Doctor Who in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "18012738#20",
"text": "In the United States, the Sci Fi Channel originally passed on the new series as it found it lacking and believed it did not fit in its schedule, but the network later changed its mind. After it was announced that the first series would start in March 2006, Sci Fi Channel Executive Vice President Thomas Vitale called \"Doctor Who\" \"a true sci-fi classic\", with creative storytelling and colorful history, and was excited to add it to its line up. The network also took an option on the second series. Candace Carlisle from BBC Worldwide found The Sci Fi Channel the perfect home for \"Doctor Who\". \"Doctor Who\" finally debuted in the U.S. on the Sci Fi Channel on 17 March 2006 with the first two episodes airing back-to-back, one year after the Canadian and UK showings. The series concluded its initial U.S. broadcast on 9 June 2006.",
"title": "Doctor Who (series 1)"
},
{
"docid": "804487#43",
"text": "The first part of the sixth series of \"Doctor Who\" was broadcast on BBC America in the U.S. and Space in Canada on the same day as it was in the UK – on Saturday, 23 April – making it the first series since the show's revival in 2005 to be broadcast on the same days in America and Canada as the UK broadcast. The BBC America airings also featured a short prelude, with Amy Pond recapping the events of her first meeting with the Doctor in the series 5 premiere The Eleventh Hour and the rest of the fifth season. Amy then tells the audience of her fantastic adventures with the Eleventh Doctor, travelling through time and space, alongside her boyfriend/fiancé/husband Rory Williams. This recap featured short clips from series 5, except for \"The Beast Below\", \"Amy’s Choice\", \"Vincent and the Doctor\" and \"The Lodger\". This prologue was dropped after Amy Pond's departure from the show.",
"title": "Doctor Who in Canada and the United States"
},
{
"docid": "32063037#0",
"text": "The seventh series of the British science fiction television programme \"Doctor Who\" aired from 1 September 2012 to 18 May 2013, being split into two parts, as with the previous series. The series was broadcast concurrently on BBC One in the United Kingdom, BBC America in the United States, and on Space in Canada, and also on ABC in Australia, with the first five episodes each released a week after its UK and North American premiere and the remainder released the day after each episode's UK premiere. Following its premiere on 1 September 2012, the series aired weekly until 29 September 2012. Six episodes were broadcast in 2012, including the 2012 Christmas special, \"The Snowmen\", which aired separately from the main series. The remaining eight episodes began broadcasting on 30 March 2013. \"The Snowmen\" introduced a new TARDIS interior, title sequence, theme tune, and outfit for the Doctor.",
"title": "Doctor Who (series 7)"
},
{
"docid": "654700#3",
"text": "Beginning March 2, 1964, \"The Doctors\" ceased its experimental anthology format and became a traditional continuing serial, like all the other daytime dramas on air then. For most of the series, storylines revolved around Hope Memorial Hospital and its patriarchal Chief of Staff Dr. Matt Powers (played by James Pritchett), who started on the program on July 9, 1963, although Pritchett originally appeared on the series during its weekly anthology period, in another role.\nThe cast for the original daily concept, which lasted from the premiere on April 1, 1963 until July 19, 1963, was:The early cast for the second, weekly concept, which lasted from July 22, 1963 until February 28, 1964, was:In the program's early years, \"The Doctors\" was considered to be more risqué in storyline choices than its rival, \"General Hospital\" (which premiered on the same day, with a similar premise to \"TD\"). While the doctors on \"General Hospital\" worked in harmony with one another for the most part and in some cases were intimate friends, the physicians on \"The Doctors\" were much more cutthroat. Also, \"The Doctors\" incorporated far more incidental humor and realism into its storylines, and remained anchored to actual medical work in its setting far longer than \"GH\" did. \"General Hospital,\" by contrast, was much more conventional, relying much more heavily on traditional soap devices such as murder trials, melodrama, extensive sexual trysts and affairs, love triangles, and amnesia than \"The Doctors.\"",
"title": "The Doctors (1963 TV series)"
}
] |
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] |
1060
|
What is the oldest building in Briarcliff Manor?
|
[
{
"docid": "127545#2",
"text": "Briarcliff Manor was historically known for its wealthy estate-owning families, including the Vanderbilts, Astors, and Rockefellers. It still remains primarily residential and its population is still considered affluent by U.S. standards. It has about of recreational facilities and parks, all accessible to the public. The village has seven Christian churches for various denominations and two synagogues. The oldest church is Saint Mary's Episcopal Church, built in 1851. Briarcliff Manor has an elected local government, with departments including police, fire, recreation, and public works. It has a low crime rate: a 2012 study found it had the second-lowest in the state. In the New York State Legislature it is split between the New York State Assembly's 95th and 92nd districts, and the New York Senate's 38th and 40th districts. In Congress the village is in New York's 17th District.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor, New York"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "127545#69",
"text": "According to the National Bridge Inventory, Briarcliff Manor has 15 bridges, with estimated daily traffic at 204,000 vehicles. Briarcliff Manor has 64 roads, with a total length of . Twelve are named after trees, eleven after local residents and eight after veterans, and most have the road type of \"lane\" or \"avenue\", while the only \"street\" in the village is Stafford Street. The village's oldest existing road is Washburn Road, on which is the oldest standing house in the village, Century Homestead. The longest road in the village, at , is Pleasantville Road; the shortest is Pine Court, . Around the time when the Briarcliff Lodge was active, Briarcliff Manor roadways were constructed of macadam and lined with concrete drains and stone fences. Early in Briarcliff Manor's history, the first person to own an automobile was Henry Law (son of Walter Law), who owned a buckboard with an engine.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor, New York"
},
{
"docid": "127545#10",
"text": "The Briarcliff Manor Fire Department was founded on February 10, 1903 from Briarcliff Manor's first fire company, the 1901 Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1. Scarborough was incorporated into Briarcliff Manor in 1906, and the Police Department was organized two years later. The Village Municipal Building was built in 1913 and was opened on July 4, 1914. The high school opened in 1928, and in 1946, the People's Caucus party, an organization which calls out interested residents for candidacy, was created. Briarcliff Manor celebrated its semicentennial celebration from October 10–12, 1952, publishing a book about the village and its history; that year, the Crossroads neighborhood of 84 houses was completed.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor, New York"
},
{
"docid": "127545#35",
"text": "Briarcliff Manor maintains strong ties to its history and traditions. During Briarcliff Manor's 1952 semicentennial, nine people served on the Historical Committee and published a village history book. In March 1974, after the mayor appointed twelve people for a 75th anniversary committee, the committee began by forming the Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society (BMSHS). The historical society published an updated village history (\"A Village Between Two Rivers: Briarcliff Manor\") in 1977, marking the 75th anniversary of the village. The historical society was initially located at the since-demolished Briarcliff Middle School building; it later moved to the second floor of a realty building on Pleasantville Road, and moved back to the school building after it was leased by Pace University. On March 21, 2010, the BMSHS was given a permanent location at the Eileen O'Connor Weber Historical Center, established as part of the expanded Briarcliff Manor Public Library. Members of the historical society joined the nine-member Centennial Committee in 2002 to organize events for Briarcliff Manor's centennial.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor, New York"
},
{
"docid": "127545#65",
"text": "Briarcliff Manor has a post office in its central business district on Pleasantville Road and in Scarborough by the train station. The first post office opened in 1881 in the first train station; it was named for Whitson's Corners. The post office was renamed the Briarcliff Manor Post Office in 1897. When the station building was moved to Millwood, New York, the post office was temporarily moved to a building near the new station. The following post office, a concrete building, was to its east on Pleasantville Road. It was demolished to make way for the Briarcliff-Peekskill Parkway. The post office then moved to an inn, and subsequently to John Whitson's house, the Crossways. In 1933 a replacement building was constructed in the central business district, followed in 1953 by a new brick building next to the present-day village hall. The current post office was constructed at a cost of $500,000 ($ in ) and was completed in November 1978. The building is located just south of its prior location. Post office house-to-house delivery began on November 17, 1952.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor, New York"
},
{
"docid": "42428242#9",
"text": "The original 1902 Briarcliff Lodge building burned to the ground on September 20, 2003. The building was scheduled for demolition within 18 months (they had applied for demolition permits the week before the fire). The owner, Barrington Venture, had planned to raze the building and construct the Garlands, a 385-unit senior living center, which was opposed by local historians and architects. The fire thus ended the preservation effort. The fire started near the main entrance and was suppressed by mid-day; it was deemed suspicious by fire officials, including Briarcliff's fire chief. Residents began calling at 6:37 am, after noticing smoke coming from the site. The Briarcliff Manor Fire Department was the first to arrive, at 6:40 am, later followed by Ossining, Sleepy Hollow, Millwood, Pleasantville, Chappaqua, Croton, and Pocantico Hills, totaling about 150 firefighters. The fire also spread to the lodge's 9-story west wing, through its wooden attic even though a concrete block firewall stood between both sections. The fire departments contained the fire to prevent it from spreading north or to the village water tower, and therefore saved the water tower and village and commercial radio antennae. The north wing was damaged but still standing. After the fire, Westchester County's Cause & Origin Team sent an arson investigative unit, which sifted through the debris along with trained dogs, and found no evidence of arson. Most that remained of the original section was the stone facade and chimneys. Contemporary portions of the lodge and other campus buildings were later demolished.\nThe site will be developed as the Club at Briarcliff Manor, what \"The New York Times\" has described as \"a super-luxury retirement community\", with up to $2 million entrance fees. The Club was scheduled to open in 2013 and include tennis courts, a health spa, a Tudor-style clubhouse, gardens, a surround-sound theater, hiking trails, an indoor pool, a business center, a cocktail lounge, and multiple restaurants. , 65 people have put down deposits, although the Club is planned to include 325 residences, including thirteen houses, 24 townhouses, and 288 apartments. Briarcliff Manor's village government took about five years to grant zoning changes, and several more years to approve the site plan. The Club at Briarcliff Manor has sponsored a variety of village amenities, including a $2.25 million pledge for the village library's extension, sponsoring the extension's opening celebration. developing a playing field, contributing $500,000 for a village fire truck, and replacing the water tower with a modern water system.",
"title": "Briarcliff Lodge"
},
{
"docid": "42311767#1",
"text": "The Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1 was founded in 1902 by Frederick C. Messinger. He became the first chief of the department, founded February 10, 1903. In 1906, the Briarcliff Fire Company was established. The village's municipal building and first permanent firehouse was built in 1914 in downtown Briarcliff Manor. Seven years later, in 1921, the Scarborough Fire Company was established. From 1930 to 1971, the Archville Fire Department was dissolved into Scarborough's fire company, which expanded its fire protection to Archville. In 1936, the Briarcliff Manor Hook and Ladder Company was formed. For the department's 50th anniversary, the village hosted numerous events, including a parade with twelve fire departments present. In 1963, the Briarcliff Manor Village Hall was constructed, again housing the fire and police departments. In 1974, a replacement firehouse was built for the Scarborough Engine Company. The fire department's 75th anniversary in 1976 drew a parade of 650 firemen from fourteen companies. In 1982, one of the most notable fires took place, in Briarcliff's downtown. The fire lasted three and a half hours and took over a hundred firefighters to control. The department also participated in fighting the Briarcliff Lodge fire in 2003, which demolished the 1902 Walter Law-built hotel. In 2010, Scarborough's firehouse was again replaced, doubling its size.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor Fire Department"
},
{
"docid": "127545#11",
"text": "In 1953, Todd Elementary School opened to free space at the Law Park grade school. The Putnam Division of the New York Central Railroad was discontinued in 1958, and the following year the Briarcliff Manor Public Library opened in the former Briarcliff Manor train station. The village's first corporate facility (part of Philips Research) opened in 1960. In 1964 the new Village Hall opened, replacing the Municipal Building. The present high school opened in 1971 to ease the large enrollment at the grade-school building. In 1980, Pace University began leasing the middle-school building, and the middle school was moved to a portion of the new high-school building. The grade-school building was demolished in 1996, and a retirement home was built on its site the following year. The village celebrated its centennial in 2002, which involved celebratory events. A two-story addition to the village library was built in 2009, and the original portion was renovated to become the village's community center in 2016.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor, New York"
},
{
"docid": "44395564#7",
"text": "On January 19, 1959, the library moved to its fifth location and first permanent home, the former Briarcliff Manor station originally on the New York City & Northern Railroad (later the New York and Putnam Railroad). The station had been built in 1906 by village founder Walter W. Law in the Tudor Revival style, as a replacement for a smaller station, which was moved to nearby Millwood. In its later operation as a station, the building was rarely used, and only four trains stopped there each day. Due to the railroad's tracks ending in the Bronx and requiring a transfer to continue on to Manhattan, many Briarcliff Manor residents would drive to Pleasantville or Scarborough, which had stations along lines ending in Manhattan, and more trains ran along those lines. The passenger railroad, then known as the Putnam Division of the New York Central Railroad, discontinued service in 1958, freeing up use of the building for the library.",
"title": "Briarcliff Manor Public Library"
},
{
"docid": "45211150#15",
"text": "The Briarcliff Farms office, Walter Law's personal office, was also the first dairy building; it burned down in 1901, and was rebuilt the following year. From Briarcliff Manor's 1902 incorporation to the construction of its first municipal building in 1913, the office housed the village government. During the 1960s the building was redesigned, rebuilt and became a local union headquarters for the International Union of Operating Engineers. The farm was enclosed, and its pastures were divided by stone walls from within the farm; the stones were also used for roadbeds, and for walls of the farm buildings, office, and Law's house.",
"title": "Briarcliff Farms"
}
] |
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] |
1064
|
When was the game Monopoly first released?
|
[
{
"docid": "51830507#0",
"text": "Monopoly is a Sega Master System video game based on the board game \"Monopoly\", released in 1988. Developed by Nexa Corporation and published by Sega itself, this title was one of many inspired by the property. According to Game Freaks 365, the game was \"one of the first real boardgames that was programmed\" into a video game.",
"title": "Monopoly (1988 video game)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6490348#33",
"text": "In early 2010, Hasbro began selling the \"Free Parking\" and \"Get out of Jail\" add-on games, which can be played alone or when a player lands on the respective \"Monopoly\" board spaces. If played during a \"Monopoly\" game, success at either game gets the winning player a \"free taxi ride to any space on the board\" or \"out of jail free\", respectively. A new, customizable edition called \"U-Build\" is also released. Later in 2010, for the 75th anniversary of the game's publication, Hasbro released \"Monopoly Revolution\", giving the game a graphic redesign, as well as returning it to a round shape, which had not been seen since some of Darrow's 1930s custom-made sets. The game includes \"bank cards\" and keeps track of players' assets electronically, as was introduced in the \"Electronic Banking Edition\" earlier in the decade. The game also features clear plastic playing pieces for movers, and electronic sound effects, triggered by certain events (for instance, a \"jail door slam\" sound effect when a player goes to jail). \"Monopoly Live\" was announced at the New York Toy Fair in February, 2011. The \"Monopoly Millionaire\" version of the game was released in 2012.",
"title": "History of the board game Monopoly"
},
{
"docid": "23555221#0",
"text": "Monopoly City is a spin-off of the original Monopoly board game. It was released by Hasbro in 2009, making its first public appearance at the Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was named 'Game of the Year 2009' by the British Toy and Hobby association at the 57th London Toy Fair. Gameplay is similar to, but more complex than, the original Monopoly.",
"title": "Monopoly City"
},
{
"docid": "6490348#39",
"text": "The original hand made editions of the \"Monopoly\" game had been localized for the cities or areas in which it was played, and Parker Brothers has continued this practice. Their version of \"Monopoly\" has been produced for international markets, with the place names being localized for cities including London and Paris and for countries including the Netherlands and Germany, among others. By 1982, Parker Brothers stated that the game \"has been translated into over 15 languages...\". In 2009, Hasbro reported that \"Monopoly\" is officially published in 27 languages, and has been licensed by them in 81 countries. In 2013, Hasbro stated that the game is now available in 43 languages and 111 countries.\nThe game has also inspired official spin-offs, such as the board game \"Advance to Boardwalk\" from 1985. There have been six card games: \"Water Works\" from 1972, \"Free Parking\" from 1988, \"Express Monopoly\" from 1993, \"\" from 1999, \"Monopoly Deal\" from 2008 and \"Monopoly Millionaire Deal\" from 2012. Finally, there have been two dice games: \"Don't Go to Jail\" from 1991 and an update, \"Monopoly Express\", (2006–2007). A second product line of games and licenses exists in \"Monopoly Junior\", first published in 1990. In the late 1980s, official editions of \"Monopoly\" appeared for the Sega Master System and the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128. A television game show, produced by King World Productions, was attempted in the summer of 1990, but lasted for only 12 episodes. In 1991–1992, official versions appeared for the Apple Macintosh and Nintendo's NES, SNES, and Game Boy. In 1995, as Hasbro (which had taken over Kenner Parker Tonka in 1991) was preparing to launch Hasbro Interactive as a new brand, they chose \"Monopoly\" and \"Trivial Pursuit\" to be their first two CD-ROM games. The Monopoly CD-ROM game also allowed for play over the Internet. CD-ROM versions of the officially licensed \"Star Wars\" and FIFA World Cup '98 editions also were released. Later CD-ROM exclusive spin-offs, \"Monopoly Casino\" and \"Monopoly Tycoon\", were also produced under license.",
"title": "History of the board game Monopoly"
},
{
"docid": "51837562#0",
"text": "Monopoly is a 2000 computer game based on the board game \"Monopoly\", released for Microsoft Windows & Macintosh. Developed by Artech Studios and published by MacSoft, this title was one of many inspired by the property dealing board games. A remastered version of the game entitled \"Monopoly New Edition\" (also known as Monopoly 3) was released on September 30, 2002, and published by Infogrames. A PlayStation Portable version was released in 2008.",
"title": "Monopoly (2000 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "6490348#30",
"text": "The first changes to the gameplay of the \"Monopoly\" game itself occurred with the publication of both the \"Monopoly Here & Now Electronic Banking Edition\" by Hasbro UK and \"Monopoly: The Mega Edition\" by Winning Moves Games in 2006. The Electronic Banking Edition uses VISA-branded debit cards and a debit card reader for monetary transactions, instead of paper bills. This edition is available in the UK, Germany, France, Australia and Ireland. A version was released in the U.S. in 2007, albeit without the co-branding by Visa. An electronic counter had been featured in the Stock Exchange editions released in Europe in the early 2000s (decade), and is also a feature of the \"Monopoly City\" board game released in 2009.",
"title": "History of the board game Monopoly"
},
{
"docid": "6490348#28",
"text": "In March 1999, Hasbro announced that the winner was the sack of money (with 51 percent of the vote, compared to 29 percent for the biplane and 20 percent for the piggy bank). Thus, the sack of money became the first new token added to the game since the early 1950s. In 1999, Hasbro renamed the Rich Uncle Pennybags mascot \"Mr. Monopoly\", and released Star Wars: Episode I, Pokémon and Millennium editions of Monopoly. A second European edition is released in 1999, this time using the Euro as currency, but incorrectly listing Geneva as the capital of Switzerland.",
"title": "History of the board game Monopoly"
},
{
"docid": "6490348#34",
"text": "In early 2013, a board game version of the \"Monopoly Hotels\" online game was released. From January 8 to February 5, 2013, through the \"Monopoly\" page on Facebook in a campaign called \"Save Your Token\", Hasbro took votes from the public to make another permanent change in the lineup of game tokens. The token with the least number of \"Save Your Token\" votes will be retired, and replaced with one of five other tokens, depending on which of the new candidates gets the most votes. The potential tokens were a robot, a helicopter, a cat, a guitar or a diamond ring. Neither the biplane nor the piggy bank from the 1998 vote are being considered this time. Early on February 6, it was announced that the iron would be retired for having received the least votes, and the cat would be replacing it, having received the most votes. Starting in February 2013, the U.S. discount chain Target began selling a \"Golden Token\" set with the eight classic tokens and all five candidates. Special editions with the thirteen golden tokens have also been released in the UK and France. The first Monopoly game to have the new token lineup was released in June 2013. In 2015, the game celebrated its 80th anniversary with eight tokens from each decade in a special edition.",
"title": "History of the board game Monopoly"
},
{
"docid": "51813457#2",
"text": "The game was developed by Las Vegas software development company Westwood Studios, on behalf of publisher Hasbro Electronic Entertainment (later Hasbro Interactive). The division was created by Hasbro in 1995 to create video game adaptions of their most popular titles. In a May 1995 edition of Bangor Daily News, it was reported that Hasbro Interactive was currently testing the game, which the company claimed would be the first to have a multiplayer feature allowing players to play each other over the Internet. While Hasbro stockholders expected to see the game during the company's annual New York City meeting on May 12, 1995, the game was officially previewed at the 1995 Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles. \"Monopoly\" was released in September 1995 to coincide with the board game's 60th anniversary, allowing over 23 million players to players in a variety of languages; the game offered immediate translations of currency exchange and properties, allowing international players to view regional versions of the game when playing.",
"title": "Monopoly (1995 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "6490348#26",
"text": "In 1994, the license to the company that would become USAopoly was issued, and they produced a San Diego, California edition as their first board. In 1995, a license for new game variations and reprints of \"Monopoly\" was granted to Winning Moves Games. See the Localizations, licenses, and spin-offs section below for details on further releases by both companies.",
"title": "History of the board game Monopoly"
}
] |
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] |
1067
|
Who formed the New Zealand Company?
|
[
{
"docid": "54476132#0",
"text": "The New Zealand Company was a 19th-century English company that played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand. The company was formed to carry out the principles of systematic colonisation devised by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who envisaged the creation of a new-model English society in the southern hemisphere. Under Wakefield's model, the colony would attract capitalists who would then have a ready supply of labour—migrant labourers who could not initially afford to be property owners, but who would have the expectation of one day buying land with their savings.",
"title": "New Zealand Company ships"
},
{
"docid": "315351#0",
"text": "The New Zealand Company, chartered in the United Kingdom, was a company that existed in the first half of the 1800s on a business model focused on the systematic colonisation of New Zealand. The company was formed to carry out the principles devised by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who envisaged the creation of a new-model English society in the southern hemisphere. Under Wakefield’s model, the colony would attract capitalists who would then have a ready supply of labour—migrant labourers who could not initially afford to be property owners, but who would have the expectation of one day buying land with their savings.",
"title": "New Zealand Company"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11017870#4",
"text": "In 1838 the New Zealand Company was formed in England with the purpose of facilitating and encouraging migration from overcrowded cities to New Zealand, selling land to settlers who would work as farmers and labourers. A separate enterprise, the Plymouth Company, was established in Plymouth in February 1840, where it was run under the guidance of agent Thomas Woolcombe. (Many streets in New Plymouth bear the names of the company’s directors, including Woolcombe, the Earl of Devon, Thomas Gill, Sir Anthony Buller, Lord Eliot, George Leach, Sir Charles Lemon, Edward St Aubyn, E.W.W. Pendarvis, Lord Courtenay and Hussey Vivian.) The company merged with the New Zealand Company in April 1841 after suffering financial losses through the collapse of its bank.",
"title": "History of New Plymouth"
},
{
"docid": "14110461#5",
"text": "The \"New Zealand Sugar Company\" was formed in June 1883 by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, the Victorian Sugar Company, and a number of prominent Auckland businessmen, including Sir Frederick Whitaker, Allan Kerr Taylor, LD Nathan (of Lion Nathan), and AG Horton and JL Wilson (of Wilson & Horton). However, a collapse in the world sugar market in the 1880s led the New Zealand Sugar Company to be re-amalgamated into its parent company Colonial Sugar in 1888. In 1959, the present New Zealand Sugar Company was formed to allow local autonomy. Wilmar International currently own 75% of the New Zealand Sugar Company, and Mackay Sugar own 25%.",
"title": "Chelsea Sugar Refinery"
},
{
"docid": "315351#16",
"text": "Three weeks after the Bill's defeat, the New Zealand Association held its final meeting and passed a resolution to the effect that \"notwithstanding this temporary failure\", members would persevere with their efforts to establish \"a well-regulated system of colonization\". Two months later, on 29 August 1838, 14 supporters of the association and the 1825 New Zealand Company convened to form a joint-stock company, the New Zealand Colonisation Association. Chaired by Lord Petre, the company was to have paid-up capital of ₤25,000 in 50 shares of ₤50, and declared its purpose was \"the purchase and sale of lands, the promotion of emigration, and the establishment of public works\". A reserved share of ₤500 was offered to Wakefield, who by then was in Canada, working on the staff of that colony's new Governor General, Lord Durham. By December, although it was still yet to attract 20 paid-up shareholders, the company decided to buy the barque \"Tory\" for ₤5250 from Joseph Somes, a wealthy shipowner and member of the committee.",
"title": "New Zealand Company"
},
{
"docid": "315351#5",
"text": "The earliest organised attempt to colonise New Zealand came in 1825, when the New Zealand Company was formed in London, headed by the wealthy John George Lambton, MP. The company unsuccessfully petitioned the British Government for a 31-year term of exclusive trade and for command over a military force, anticipating that large profits could be made from New Zealand flax, kauri timber, whaling and sealing.",
"title": "New Zealand Company"
},
{
"docid": "46672068#3",
"text": "Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.",
"title": "252nd Tunnelling Company"
},
{
"docid": "46572646#3",
"text": "Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.",
"title": "172nd Tunnelling Company"
},
{
"docid": "46671885#3",
"text": "Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.",
"title": "182nd Tunnelling Company"
},
{
"docid": "46620765#3",
"text": "Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.",
"title": "173rd Tunnelling Company"
}
] |
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] |
1069
|
Where can black wildebeest be found?
|
[
{
"docid": "2596633#25",
"text": "Where it lives alongside the blue wildebeest, the two species can hybridise, and this is regarded as a potential threat to the maintenance of the species. The black wildebeest was once very numerous and was present in Southern Africa in vast herds, but by the end of the 19th century, it had nearly been hunted to extinction and fewer than 600 animals remained. A small number of individuals was still present in game reserves and at zoos, and from these, the population was rescued.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#5",
"text": "Features necessary for defending a territory, such as the horns and broad-based skull of the modern black wildebeest, have been found in their fossil ancestors. The earliest known fossil remains are in sedimentary rock in Cornelia in the Orange Free State and date back about 800,000 years. Fossils have also been reported from the Vaal River deposits, though whether or not they are as ancient as those found in Cornelia is unclear. Horns of the black wildebeest have been found in sand dunes near Hermanus in South Africa. This is far beyond the recorded range of the species and it has been suggested that these animals may have migrated to that region from the Karoo.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#12",
"text": "Black wildebeest act as hosts to a number of external and internal parasites. A study of the animal in Karroid Mountainveld (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa) revealed the presence of all the larval stages of the nasal bot flies \"Oestrus variolosus\" and \"Gedoelstia hässleri\". The first instar larvae of \"G. hässleri\" were found in large numbers on the dura mater of wildebeest calves, specially between June and August, and these later migrated to the nasal passages. Repeated outbreaks of mange (scab) have led to large-scale extinctions. The first study of the protozoa in blue and black wildebeest showed the presence of 23 protozoan species in the rumen, with \"Diplodinium bubalidis\" and \"Ostracodinium damaliscus\" common in all the animals.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "5526592#7",
"text": "This species of wildebeest seems to have evolved around 2.5 million years ago. The black wildebeest is believed to have diverged from the blue wildebeest to become a distinct species around a million years ago, in the mid- to late Pleistocene. Fossil evidence suggests that blue wildebeest were quite common in the Cradle of Humankind in the past. Apart from eastern Africa, fossils are commonly found in Elandsfontein, Cornelia, and Florisbad.",
"title": "Blue wildebeest"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2596633#17",
"text": "Before the arrival of Europeans in the area, wildebeest roamed widely, probably in relation to the arrival of the rains and the availability of good forage. They never made such extensive migrations as the blue wildebeest, but at one time, they crossed the Drakensberg Range, moving eastwards in autumn, searching for good pastures. Then they returned to the highvelds in the spring and moved towards the west, where sweet potato and Karoo vegetation were abundant. They also moved from north to south as the sourgrass found north of the Vaal River matured and became unpalatable, the wildebeest only consuming young shoots of sourgrass. Now, almost all black wildebeest are in reserves or on farms, and the extent of their movements is limited.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "34033#7",
"text": "Blue wildebeest fossils dating back some 2.5 million years ago are common and widespread. They have been found in the fossil-bearing caves at the Cradle of Humankind north of Johannesburg. Elsewhere in South Africa, they are plentiful at such sites as Elandsfontein, Cornelia, and Florisbad. The earliest fossils of the black wildebeest were found in sedimentary rock in Cornelia in the Orange Free State and dated back about 800,000 years. Today, five subspecies of the blue wildebeest are recognized, while the black wildebeest has no named subspecies.",
"title": "Wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "5526592#23",
"text": "Blue wildebeest are mainly found in short-grass plains bordering bush-covered acacia savannas in southern and eastern Africa, thriving in areas that are neither too wet nor too arid. They can be found in habitats that vary from overgrazed areas with dense bush to open woodland floodplains. Trees such as \"Brachystegia\" and \"Combretum\" spp. are common in these areas. Blue wildebeest can tolerate arid regions as long as a potable water supply is available, normally within about distance. The southern limit of the blue wildebeest stops at the Orange River, while the western limit is bounded by Lake Victoria and Mount Kenya. The range does not include montane or temperate grasslands. These wildebeest are rarely found at altitudes over . With the exception of a small population of Cookson's wildebeest that occurs in the Luangwa Valley (Zambia), the wildebeest is absent in the wetter parts of the southern savanna country, and particularly is not present in miombo woodlands.",
"title": "Blue wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "5526592#17",
"text": "The blue wildebeest is a herbivore, feeding primarily on the short grasses which commonly grow on light, and alkaline soils that are found in savanna grasslands and on plains. The animal's broad mouth is adapted for eating large quantities of short grass and it feeds both during the day and night. When grass is scarce, it will also eat the foliage of shrubs and trees. Wildebeest commonly associate with plains zebras as the latter eat the upper, less nutritious grass canopy, exposing the lower, greener material which the wildebeest prefer. Whenever possible, the wildebeest likes to drink twice daily and due to its regular requirement for water, it usually inhabits moist grasslands and areas with available water sources. The blue wildebeest drinks 9 to 12 litres of water every one to two days. Despite this, it can also survive in the arid Kalahari desert, where it obtains sufficient water from melons and water-storing roots and tubers.",
"title": "Blue wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#11",
"text": "The black wildebeest is particularly susceptible to anthrax, and rare and widely scattered outbreaks have been recorded and have proved deadly. Ataxia related to myelopathy and low copper concentrations in the liver have also been seen in the black wildebeest. Heartwater (\"Ehrlichia ruminantium\") is a tick-borne rickettsial disease that affects the black wildebeest, and as the blue wildebeest is fatally affected by rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease, it is also likely to be susceptible to these. Malignant catarrhal fever is a fatal disease of domestic cattle caused by a gammaherpesvirus. Like the blue wildebeest, the black wildebeest seems to act as a reservoir for the virus and all animals are carriers, being persistently infected, but showing no symptoms. The virus is transmitted from mother to calf during the gestation period or soon after birth.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "5526592#1",
"text": "The blue wildebeest is a herbivore, feeding primarily on short grasses. It forms herds which move about in loose aggregations, the animals being fast runners and extremely wary. The mating season begins at the end of the rainy season and a single calf is usually born after a gestational period of about 8.5 months. The calf remains with its mother for 8 months, after which it joins a juvenile herd. Blue wildebeest are found in short-grass plains bordering bush-covered acacia savannas in southern and eastern Africa, thriving in areas that are neither too wet nor too arid. Three African populations of blue wildebeest take part in a long-distance migration, timed to coincide with the annual pattern of rainfall and grass growth on the volcanic soil short-grass plains where they can find the nutrient-rich forage necessary for lactation and calf growth.",
"title": "Blue wildebeest"
}
] |
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] |
1070
|
What is a magnetic field?
|
[
{
"docid": "39204926#8",
"text": "The magnetostatic energy is the energy stored in the field generated by a material's magnetic moments. The magnet's field reaches its maximum intensity if all the magnetic moments orient in one direction; this is what occurs in a hard magnet. In order to prevent building up the magnetic field, sometimes magnetic moments tend to form loops. That way, the energy stored in the magnetic field can be constrained; this is what occurs in a soft magnet. What determines whether a magnet is hard or soft is the dominant term of its magnetic energy. For hard magnets, the anisotropy constant is relatively large, making the magnetic moments align with easy axis. The opposite case applies to soft magnets, in which the magnetostatic energy is dominant.",
"title": "Exchange spring magnet"
},
{
"docid": "36563#0",
"text": "A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials. In everyday life, the effects of magnetic fields are often seen in permanent magnets, which pull on magnetic materials (such as iron) and attract or repel other magnets. Magnetic fields surround and are created by magnetized material and by moving electric charges (electric currents) such as those used in electromagnets. Magnetic fields exert forces on nearby moving electrical charges and torques on nearby magnets. In addition, a magnetic field that varies with location exerts a force on magnetic materials. Both the strength and direction of a magnetic field varies with location. As such, it is an example of a vector field.",
"title": "Magnetic field"
},
{
"docid": "19716#42",
"text": "A very common source of magnetic field found in nature is a dipole, with a \"South pole\" and a \"North pole\", terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe. Since opposite ends of magnets are attracted, the north pole of a magnet is attracted to the south pole of another magnet. The Earth's North Magnetic Pole (currently in the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada) is physically a south pole, as it attracts the north pole of a compass.\nA magnetic field contains energy, and physical systems move toward configurations with lower energy. When diamagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, a \"magnetic dipole\" tends to align itself in opposed polarity to that field, thereby lowering the net field strength. When ferromagnetic material is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic dipoles align to the applied field, thus expanding the domain walls of the magnetic domains.",
"title": "Magnetism"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "65890#1",
"text": "The magnetic interaction is described in terms of a vector field, where each point in space (and time) is associated with a vector that determines what force a moving charge would experience at that point (see Lorentz force). Since a vector field is quite difficult to visualize at first, in elementary physics one may instead visualize this field with field lines. The magnetic flux through some surface, in this simplified picture, is proportional to the number of field lines passing through that surface (in some contexts, the flux may be defined to be precisely the number of field lines passing through that surface; although technically misleading, this distinction is not important). Note that the magnetic flux is the \"net\" number of field lines passing through that surface; that is, the number passing through in one direction minus the number passing through in the other direction (see below for deciding in which direction the field lines carry a positive sign and in which they carry a negative sign).\nIn more advanced physics, the field line analogy is dropped and the magnetic flux is properly defined as the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field passing through a surface. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is\nwhere \"B\" is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m (tesla), \"S\" is the area of the surface, and \"θ\" is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S. For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the field to be constant: \nA generic surface, S, can then be broken into infinitesimal elements and the total magnetic flux through the surface is then the surface integral\nFrom the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be defined as:\nwhere the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface \"S\", which is denoted ∂\"S\".",
"title": "Magnetic flux"
},
{
"docid": "44216842#0",
"text": "Magnetic resonance is a phenomenon that affects a Magnetic dipole when placed in a uniform static magnetic field. Its energy is split into a finite number of energy levels, depending on the value of quantum number of angular momentum. This is similar to energy quantization for atoms, say in H atom; in this case the atom, in interaction to an external electric field, transitions between different energy levels by absorbing or emitting photons. Similarly if a magnetic dipole is perturbed with electromagnetic field of proper frequency(formula_1), it can transit between its energy eigenstates, but as the separation between energy eigenvalues is small, the frequency of the photon will be the microwave or radio frequency range. If the dipole is tickled with a field of another frequency, it is unlikely to transition. This phenomenon is similar to what occurs when a system is acted on by a periodic force of frequency equal to its natural frequency.",
"title": "Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics)"
},
{
"docid": "36563#3",
"text": "Magnetic fields are widely used throughout modern technology, particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics. Rotating magnetic fields are used in both electric motors and generators. The interaction of magnetic fields in electric devices such as transformers is studied in the discipline of magnetic circuits. Magnetic forces give information about the charge carriers in a material through the Hall effect. The Earth produces its own magnetic field, which shields the Earth's ozone layer from the solar wind and is important in navigation using a compass.\nAlthough magnets and magnetism were studied much earlier, the research of magnetic fields began in 1269 when French scholar Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt mapped out the magnetic field on the surface of a spherical magnet using iron needles. Noting that the resulting field lines crossed at two points he named those points 'poles' in analogy to Earth's poles. He also clearly articulated the principle that magnets always have both a north and south pole, no matter how finely one slices them.",
"title": "Magnetic field"
},
{
"docid": "7085992#0",
"text": "The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), now more commonly referred to as the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), is the component of the solar magnetic field which is dragged out from the solar corona by the solar wind flow to fill the Solar System.\nThe coronal and solar wind plasmas are highly electrically conductive, meaning the magnetic field lines and the plasma flows are effectively \"frozen\" together and the magnetic field cannot diffuse through the plasma on time scales of interest. In the solar corona, the magnetic pressure greatly exceeds the plasma pressure and thus the plasma is primarily structured and confined by the magnetic field. With increasing altitude through the corona, solar wind acceleration results in the flow momentum exceeding the restraining magnetic tension force and the coronal magnetic field is dragged out by the solar wind to form the HMF.",
"title": "Interplanetary magnetic field"
},
{
"docid": "36563#57",
"text": "The Lorentz force is always perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the magnetic field that created it. When a charged particle moves in a static magnetic field, it traces a helical path in which the helix axis is parallel to the magnetic field, and in which the speed of the particle remains constant. Because the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the motion, the magnetic field can do no work on an isolated charge. It can only do work indirectly, via the electric field generated by a changing magnetic field. It is often claimed that the magnetic force can do work to a non-elementary magnetic dipole, or to charged particles whose motion is constrained by other forces, but this is incorrect because the work in those cases is performed by the electric forces of the charges deflected by the magnetic field.",
"title": "Magnetic field"
},
{
"docid": "36563#25",
"text": "The magnetic field of permanent magnets can be quite complicated, especially near the magnet. The magnetic field of a small straight magnet is proportional to the magnet's \"strength\" (called its magnetic dipole moment ). The equations are non-trivial and also depend on the distance from the magnet and the orientation of the magnet. For simple magnets, points in the direction of a line drawn from the south to the north pole of the magnet. Flipping a bar magnet is equivalent to rotating its by 180 degrees.",
"title": "Magnetic field"
},
{
"docid": "2404348#0",
"text": "In classical electromagnetism, magnetization or magnetic polarization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. The origin of the magnetic moments responsible for magnetization can be either microscopic electric currents resulting from the motion of electrons in atoms, or the spin of the electrons or the nuclei. Net magnetization results from the response of a material to an external magnetic field, together with any unbalanced magnetic dipole moments that may be inherent in the material itself; for example, in ferromagnets. Magnetization is not always uniform within a body, but rather varies between different points. Magnetization also describes how a material responds to an applied magnetic field as well as the way the material changes the magnetic field, and can be used to calculate the forces that result from those interactions. It can be compared to electric polarization, which is the measure of the corresponding response of a material to an electric field in electrostatics. Physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume.\nIt is represented by a pseudovector M.",
"title": "Magnetization"
}
] |
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] |
1072
|
Where was Sir Harry Ricardo born?
|
[
{
"docid": "414980#24",
"text": "In 1974, at the age of 89, Ricardo suffered a pelvic injury in a fall. He died six weeks later, on 18 May.\nOn 16 June 2005 a blue plaque was placed outside the house where Ricardo was born in Bedford Square, London. On 1 July 2010, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers bestowed an Engineering Heritage Award on Sir Harry Ricardo in recognition of his life and work as one of the foremost engineers of the twentieth century. The first internal combustion engine which Harry Ricardo designed and built as a schoolboy currently displays this Engineering Heritage plaque in the Ricardo plc company exhibition area.",
"title": "Harry Ricardo"
},
{
"docid": "414980#2",
"text": "Harry Ricardo was born at 13 Bedford Square, London, in 1885, the eldest of three children, and only son of Halsey Ricardo, the architect, and his wife Catherine Jane, daughter of Sir Alexander Meadows Rendel, a civil engineer. Ricardo was descended from a brother of the famous political economist David Ricardo, a Sephardi Jew of Portuguese origin. He was one of the first people in England to see an automobile when his grandfather purchased one in 1898. He was from a relatively wealthy family and educated at Rugby School. In October 1903 he joined Trinity College, Cambridge as a civil engineering student. Ricardo had been using tools and building engines since the age of ten.",
"title": "Harry Ricardo"
},
{
"docid": "8434248#3",
"text": "Harry (later Sir Harry) Ricardo was born in London in 1885 and was educated at Rugby and Cambridge where he studied at Trinity College. The first internal combustion engined cars were made by Daimler and Benz in the year of his birth and in his childhood days he was clearly highly influenced by these new forms of transport. He was renowned for his research into the problem of knock in engines; the results of his work on fuel and reducing fuel consumption assisted Alcock and Brown to cross the Atlantic for the first time by aircraft. Over the years, he was responsible for significant developments in the design of piston engines for a number of applications and derivatives of his original designs are still in production.",
"title": "Ricardo plc"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57733366#1",
"text": "Ricardo was born London, the son of Percy Ricardo (1820–1892) and his wife, Matilda Mawdesley Hensley (1826–1880), daughter of John Isaac Hensley of Holborn in Middlesex. He was the brother of Colonel Francis Ricardo (1852–1924), Amy Gordon-Lennox, Countess of March (1847–1879) and Ellen Maud, Lady Bruce, of Downhill (1848–1924). He was educated at Eton College.",
"title": "Horace Ricardo"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "37612467#1",
"text": "George Lyttleton-Rogers was born on 10 July 1906 in Athy, Ireland to Frank Lyttleton-Rogers. His grandparents Daniel Upton and Marie Lloyd Upton were land-owners in Dublin. In the Irish War of Independence the family home, \"Holyrood Castle\" in Sandymount, was requisitioned as a machine gun nest by the British Army. His aunt Alice Upton Harvey was a famous Irish music composer. His cousin was George U. Harvey, borough president of Queens between 1929–1941. Rogers studied in the Imperial Service College in Windsor.",
"title": "George Lyttleton-Rogers"
},
{
"docid": "40018418#1",
"text": "He was born in Thornham, Royton, Lancashire, the son of Ernest Platt, a velvet cutter and later chairman of United Velvet Cutters, Ltd. Harry developed a tuberculous knee as a child and his early education was at home. He entered the Victoria University of Manchester to study medicine and qualified in 1909 from both Victoria and London Universities. After resident and registrar appointments he demonstrated anatomy at Manchester Royal Infirmary. His orthopaedic training was mainly at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in London, and in Boston, USA. On his return to England in 1914, he was appointed surgeon at Ancoats Hospital but on the outbreak of World War I he was appointed to be surgeon-in-charge of a military orthopaedic centre in Manchester as a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps.",
"title": "Harry Platt"
},
{
"docid": "58097918#1",
"text": "Margaret Roach was born in 1943 in South Dakota to Rubey (née Massey) and Diamond Roach. Her mother, of Chickasaw ancestry, grew up in Tishomingo, Oklahoma, after her great grandmother, Nancy Mahota, (also called \"Emahota\") had been removed from her traditional homelands in the area between Holly Springs and Oxford, Mississippi. Her father, of Choctaw heritage, worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as a teacher and the family moved often, living in \"North Carolina, Arizona, South Dakota, Washington state and Montana\" at different times. She had two older siblings, Lawanda and Robert. Among the various tribes with whom they lived, Roach enjoyed the rich cultural exposure and was encouraged to pursue her interest in painting. As a child, Roach watched her mother and grandmother use various fibers in their knitted and crocheted, embroidered, and sewed works.",
"title": "Margaret Roach Wheeler"
},
{
"docid": "9369247#1",
"text": "Ricardo was born into a jockey family that included as riders his father and two uncles. Since making a professional racing debut in 1976, he has tallied 400 winning races in one year on five occasions and has been Brazil's leading tally winning jockey twenty-five consecutive years from 1982 through 2006.",
"title": "Jorge Ricardo"
}
] |
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1077
|
When did the Phanerozoic Eon begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "11603215#14",
"text": "The Phanerozoic Eon is the current eon in the geologic timescale. It covers roughly 541 million years. During this period continents drifted about, eventually collected into a single landmass known as Pangea and then split up into the current continental landmasses.",
"title": "Geological history of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "23645#6",
"text": "Excluding a few contested reports of much older forms from North America and India, the first complex multicellular life forms seem to have appeared at roughly 1500 Ma, in the Mesoproterozoic era of the Proterozoic eon. Fossil evidence from the later Ediacaran period of such complex life comes from the Lantian formation, at least 580 million years ago. A very diverse collection of soft-bodied forms is found in a variety of locations worldwide and date to between 635 and 542 Ma. These are referred to as Ediacaran or Vendian biota. Hard-shelled creatures appeared toward the end of that time span, marking the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon. By the middle of the following Cambrian period, a very diverse fauna is recorded in the Burgess Shale, including some which may represent stem groups of modern taxa. The increase in diversity of lifeforms during the early Cambrian is called the Cambrian explosion of life.",
"title": "Precambrian"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23743#0",
"text": "The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period when diverse hard-shelled animals first appeared. Its name was derived from the Ancient Greek words () and (), meaning \"visible life\", since it was once believed that life began in the Cambrian, the first period of this eon. The term \"Phanerozoic\" was coined in 1930 by the American geologist George Halcott Chadwick (1876–1953). The time before the Phanerozoic, called the \"Precambrian\", is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons.",
"title": "Phanerozoic"
},
{
"docid": "2068726#2",
"text": "The Hadean eon represents the time before a reliable (fossil) record of life; it began with the formation of the planet and ended 4.0 billion years ago. The following Archean and Proterozoic eons produced the beginnings of life on Earth and its earliest evolution. The succeeding eon is the Phanerozoic, divided into three eras: the Palaeozoic, an era of arthropods, fishes, and the first life on land; the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign, and climactic extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs; and the Cenozoic, which saw the rise of mammals. Recognizable humans emerged at most 2 million years ago, a vanishingly small period on the geological scale.",
"title": "History of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "23743#32",
"text": "The Quaternary spans from 2.58 million years ago to present day, and is the shortest geological period in the Phanerozoic Eon. It features modern animals, and dramatic changes in the climate. It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene.",
"title": "Phanerozoic"
},
{
"docid": "2068726#57",
"text": "The Phanerozoic is the current eon on Earth, which started approximately 542 million years ago. It consists of three eras: The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, and is the time when multi-cellular life greatly diversified into almost all the organisms known today.",
"title": "History of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "23743#1",
"text": "The time span of the Phanerozoic starts with what appears to be the rapid emergence of a number of animal phyla; the evolution of those phyla into diverse forms; the emergence and development of complex plants; the evolution of fish; the emergence of insects and tetrapods; and the development of modern fauna. Plant life on land appeared in the early Phanerozoic eon. During this time span, tectonic forces caused the continents to move and eventually collect into a single landmass known as Pangaea (the most recent supercontinent), which then separated into the current continental landmasses.",
"title": "Phanerozoic"
},
{
"docid": "58134#5",
"text": "The Proterozoic Eon was a very tectonically active period in the Earth’s history. The late Archean Eon to Early Proterozoic Eon corresponds to a period of increasing crustal recycling, suggesting subduction. Evidence for this increased subduction activity comes from the abundance of old granites originating mostly after 2.6 Ga. The appearance of eclogites, which metamorphic rocks created by high pressure (>1 GPa), are explained using a model that incorporates subduction. The lack of eclogites that date to the Archean Eon suggests that conditions at that time did not favor the formation of high grade metamorphism and therefore did not achieve the same levels of subduction as was occurring in the Proterozoic Eon. As a result of remelting of basaltic oceanic crust due to subduction, the cores of the first continents grew large enough to withstand the crustal recycling processes. The long-term tectonic stability of those cratons is why we find continental crust ranging up to a few billion years in age. It is believed that 43% of modern continental crust was formed in the Proterozoic, 39% formed in the Archean, and only 18% in the Phanerozoic. Studies by Condie 2000 and Rino et al. 2004 suggest that crust production happened episodically. By isotopically calculating the ages of Proterozoic granitoids it was determined that there were several episodes of rapid increase in continental crust production. The reason for these pulses is unknown, but they seemed to have decreased in magnitude after every period.",
"title": "Proterozoic"
},
{
"docid": "37799196#4",
"text": "The Phanerozoic eon began following the Precambrian. The first major unit of time it contained was the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era. At the time, earth's continents were in a very different arrangement and were generally smaller than they are today. The southeastern part of the US was connected to South America and Africa and located in the polar latitudes of the southern hemisphere. The western states were located near the equator.",
"title": "Prehistory of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "53489192#25",
"text": "There is evidence for multiple euxinic events during the Phanerozoic. It is most likely that euxinia was periodic during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, but geologic data is too sparse to draw any large scale conclusions. In this eon, there is some evidence that euxinic events are potentially linked with mass extinction events including the Late Devonian and Permian–Triassic.",
"title": "Euxinia"
}
] |
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] |
1079
|
What percentage of the Pakistani population is Hindu?
|
[
{
"docid": "28972#40",
"text": "Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindu residents, with 7.5% of Sindh's population overall, and 11.56% of Sindh's rural population, classifying itself as Hindu, and over 40% of residents in Tharparkar District identifying themselves as Hindu. The communal harmony between Sindhi Muslims and Hindus is an example of Sindh's pluralistic and tolerant Sufi culture.",
"title": "Sindh"
},
{
"docid": "2127300#0",
"text": "Hindus comprise approximately 1.85% of Pakistan's population. Hinduism is the second largest religion in Pakistan after Islam. As of 2010, Pakistan had the fifth largest Hindu population in the world and PEW predicts that by 2050 Pakistan will have the fourth largest Hindu population in the world. However, around 5,000 Hindus migrate from Pakistan to India every year.",
"title": "Hinduism in Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "2127300#1",
"text": "According to Pew Research, the Hindu population will reach 5.6 million and Hindus will constitute 2% of the Pakistan population by 2050. After Pakistan gained independence from British India on 14August 1947, 4.7 million of West Pakistan's Hindus and Sikhs moved to India as refugees.",
"title": "Hinduism in Pakistan"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4513212#53",
"text": "Hindus in what is now Pakistan have declined from 23% of the total population in 1947 to 1.5% today. The report condemns Pakistan for systematic state-sponsored religious discrimination against Hindus through bigoted \"anti-blasphemy\" laws. It documents numerous reports of millions of Hindus being held as \"bonded laborers\" in slavery-like conditions in rural Pakistan, something repeatedly ignored by the Pakistani government.",
"title": "Human rights in Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "265059#82",
"text": "The population in the Tharparkar district in the Sind province of West Pakistan was 80% Hindu and 20% Muslim at the time of independence in 1947. During the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971, the Hindu upper castes and their retainers fled to India. This led to a massive demographic shift in the district. In 1978 India gave citizenship to 55,000 Pakistanis. By the time of the 1998 census of Pakistan, Muslims made up 64.42% of the population and Hindus 35.58% of the population in Tharparkar.",
"title": "Partition of India"
},
{
"docid": "175924#14",
"text": "Persecution of Hindus refers to the religious persecution inflicted upon Hindus. Hindus have been historically persecuted during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent and during Portuguese rule of Goa. In modern times, Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh have also suffered persecution. Most recently, thousands of Hindus from Sindh province in Pakistan have been fleeing to India voicing fear for their safety. After the Partition of India in 1947, there were 8.8 million Hindus in Pakistan (excluding Bangladesh) in 1951. In 1951, Hindus constituted 22% of the Pakistani population (including present-day Bangladesh which formed part of Pakistan). Today, the Hindu minority amounts to 1.7 percent of Pakistan's population.\nThe Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. An article in \"Time\" magazine dated 2 August 1971, stated \"The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred.\" Senator Edward Kennedy wrote in a report that was part of United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations testimony dated 1 November 1971, \"Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked \"H\". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad\". In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that 80% of the refugees in India were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such as UNESCO and World Health Organization the number of East Pakistani refugees at their peak in India was close to 10 million. In a syndicated column \"The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored\", Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Sydney Schanberg wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. \"Other reminders were the yellow \"H\"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army\" (by \"Muslim army\", meaning the Pakistan Army, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well), (Newsday, 29 April 1994).\nIn Bangladesh, on 28 February 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal sentenced Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the Vice President of the Jamaat-e-Islami to death for the war crimes committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Following the sentence, activists of Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir attacked the Hindus in different parts of the country. Hindu properties were looted, Hindu houses were burnt into ashes and Hindu temples were desecrated and set on fire. The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, the rape of Hindu women, and the desecration and destruction of, according to community leaders, more than 50 Hindu temples; 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts. While the government has held the Jamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has directed the law enforcement to start \"suo motu\" investigation into the attacks. US Ambassador to Bangladesh express concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community.",
"title": "Persecution"
},
{
"docid": "28170161#3",
"text": "At the time of the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the Hindus were 80% while the Muslims were 20% of the population. In the years 1965 and 1971, population exchanges took place in the Thar between India and Pakistan. Thousands of Hindus (particularly the upper class Communists) migrated from Pakistani Thar to the Indian section of the Thar. 3,500 Muslim families also shifted from the Indian section of the Thar to Pakistani Thar. The Muslim families were given 12 acres of land each (a total of 42,000 acres).",
"title": "Tharparkar District"
},
{
"docid": "25424461#0",
"text": "Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates include expatriates from Pakistan who have settled in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as Emirati people who have Pakistani heritage. With a population of over 1.2 million, Pakistanis are the second largest national group in the UAE after Indians, constituting 12.5% of the country's total population. They are the third largest overseas Pakistani community, behind the Pakistani diaspora in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. The population is diverse and consists of people from all over Pakistan, including Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Balochistan, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. The majority of Pakistanis are Muslim, with significant minorities of Christians, Hindus and other religions. The majority are found in Dubai and Abu Dhabi respectively, while a significant population is spread out in Sharjah and the remaining Northern Emirates. Dubai alone accounts for a Pakistani population of 400,000.",
"title": "Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates"
},
{
"docid": "1736936#31",
"text": "According to the 2000 census, Hindus made up 1.79% of the total Indonesian population. Bali had the highest concentration of Hindus with 88.05% of its population professing Hinduism agama. The percentage of Hindus in the total population declined from the 1990 census, and this is largely attributed to lower birth rates and immigration of Muslims from Java into provinces with high Hindu populations. In Central Kalimantan there has been progressive settlement of Madurese from Madura. The details are given below:A common feature among new Hindu communities in Java is that they tend to rally around recently built temples (pura) or around archaeological temple sites (candi) which are being reclaimed as places of Hindu worship.",
"title": "Hinduism in Indonesia"
},
{
"docid": "7481621#2",
"text": "According to 1951 census, Dominion of Pakistan(both east and West Pakistan) had a population of 75 million population, in which West Pakistan had a population of 33.7 million and East Pakistan( modern Bangladesh) had a population of 42 million. In 1951, Hindus constituted 12.9% of the Pakistani population (this includes East Pakistan, modern day Bangladesh),which made Dominion of Pakistan second biggest Hindu-population country after India. In the 1951 census, West Pakistan had 1.6% Hindu population, while East Pakistan (modern Bangladesh) had 22.05%. After Partition of India in 1947, two-thirds of the Muslims resided in Pakistan (both east and West Pakistan) but a third resided in India.",
"title": "Census in Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "2127300#7",
"text": "In 1951, Hindus constituted 12.9% of the Pakistani population (this includes East Pakistan, modern day Bangladesh), which made the Dominion of Pakistan the second largest Hindu-population country after India.",
"title": "Hinduism in Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "1939276#0",
"text": "Pakistan has various religious minorities. According to the 1941 census of India, there were 5.9 million non-Muslims in the provinces that today form Pakistan. During and after Pakistan's independence in 1947, about 5 million Hindus and Sikhs emigrated, with Punjab alone accounting for migration of 3.9 million. Farahnaz Ispahani states that 23% of Pakistan's population, including Bangladesh, was non-Muslim minorities in 1947, the bulk of which was in East Pakistan which is now known as Bangladesh. Since the Partition of India, it has fallen to approximately 3% almost entirely due to the separation of East Pakistan and the resulting creation of Bangladesh . In the 1951 census, West Pakistan had 1.6% Hindu population, while East Pakistan (modern Bangladesh) had 22.05%. By 1997, the percentage of Hindus remained stable at 1.6% in Pakistan, while Bangladesh has witnessed a decline with Hindus migrating from it because of insecurity due to fear of persecution, conflict, communal violence (as a result of newly-created Bangladesh's assertion of its Muslim identity) and poverty. The percentage of Hindus in Bangladesh had dropped to 9.7% by 2011, with non-Muslims accounting for 10.2%\nof the population.",
"title": "Minorities in Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "2127300#34",
"text": "Some Hindus in Pakistan feel that they are treated as second-class citizens and many have continued to migrate to India. According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan data, just around 1,000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013. In May 2014, a member of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Dr Ramesh Kumar Vankwani, revealed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year.",
"title": "Hinduism in Pakistan"
}
] |
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1080
|
When was Resonance of Fate released?
|
[
{
"docid": "22355608#18",
"text": "\"Resonance of Fate\" was first hinted at prior to April 2009, then announced as an untitled \"mystery\" RPG at the beginning of the month. According to Shimano, its codename \"Project Cobra\" had been bandied about prior to the reveal, but no-one had suspected anything about its true nature. Its official Japanese title, along with details such as tri-Ace's partnership with Sega, were unveiled on April 8, 2009. \"Resonance of Fate\" marked the first collaboration between tri-Ace and Sega—most of tri-Ace's previous games had been published by Square Enix. The reason for the choice was two-fold: tri-Ace wanted a different publisher due to the radical nature of their new game, and Sega wanted a title to break into the RPG market. As \"Resonance of Fate\" seemed unique enough to stand out in the market, Sega agreed to take up publishing duties. According to staff, the Japanese title was originally going to be either \"Resonance of Fate\" or \"Resonance of Time\", but Sega asked it to be changed to \"End of Eternity\". This fell in line with a trend among many Japanese games of referencing endings in their titles. It was officially announced for a Western release in May 2009. The game debuted in Japan on January 28, 2010 with a March release in North America and PAL regions. The European version came with text localization in English, French, German, Spanish and Italian.",
"title": "Resonance of Fate"
},
{
"docid": "22355608#0",
"text": "Resonance of Fate is a role-playing video game developed by tri-Ace and published by Sega for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was released in January 2010 in Japan and March 2010 in Western territories. The game uses a fast-paced strategic combat system revolving around different types of firearms and combination moves between the three playable characters. A 4K/HD remaster was released worldwide for PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows on October 18th, 2018.",
"title": "Resonance of Fate"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22355608#26",
"text": "On September 18, 2018 it was revealed that Resonance of Fate would be re-released on the PlayStation 4 and on Steam for PC as a \"4K/HD Remaster.\" The release date was October 18, 2018.",
"title": "Resonance of Fate"
},
{
"docid": "22355608#19",
"text": "\"Resonance of Fate\" received \"mildly positive\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The game launched in Japan with 145,000 copies sold in the first week across both platforms but dropped off Media Create's top 30 list within a month. Critics were most vocal in their praise of the gameplay and battle system. Eurogamer called its innovative design \"one of the most inspired approaches to the role-playing video game seen in a decade.\" IGN stated that \"the battle system in \"Resonance of Fate\" is strong enough to hold everything together\" and added \"the unique combat system steps up to be the star of the show.\" GameSpot noted that \"the cinematography used during hero actions is so over-the-top and exciting to watch that it makes battles a joy to take part in.\" USgamer also lauded the faster pace of the combat system and its emphasis on teamwork to win battles. But some reviewers noted that \"the flow of combat in \"Resonance of Fate\" is initially confusing, especially if you don't take the optional tutorial.\" The game was the runner-up for RPGamer's Best Battle System award.",
"title": "Resonance of Fate"
},
{
"docid": "22355608#10",
"text": "Development of \"Resonance of Fate\" took place over three years, beginning around 2007, using the codename \"Project Cobra\". The game was developed by tri-Ace, whose other notable games include \"Valkyrie Profile\" and the \"Star Ocean\" series. It was directed by Takayuki Suguro, produced by Mitsuhiro Shimano and Jun Yoshino, and programmed by Yuichiro Kitao and Yoshiharu Gotanda. At the start of development, the team decided upon the key concepts: a story focusing on the world's fate, a setting where human life was \"managed\", a limited number of characters, a unified game area that was expansive while not being open world, and a combat system that revolved around firearms. During the planning stages, production time and costs were taken in account, and all the features were carefully planned and chosen so as little content as possible needed to be cut. According to Suguro, the game began development on Xbox 360 because it was the first major seventh generation console to be released, and it was relatively easy to develop games on the system. It was ported to the PlayStation 3 later in production.",
"title": "Resonance of Fate"
},
{
"docid": "21703103#0",
"text": "A Twist of Fate is an EP by singer John Arch, released on June 17, 2003 through Metal Blade Records. At the time, the EP was Arch's first musical work in over seventeen years since leaving progressive metal band Fates Warning in 1987, with whom he recorded their first three albums; the last being \"Awaken the Guardian\" (1986). Consisting of only two tracks, \"A Twist of Fate\" features Fates Warning founder and guitarist Jim Matheos, with whom Arch would later release a collaborative album in 2011, entitled \"Sympathetic Resonance\", under the banner of Arch/Matheos. Also among the line-up are former Dream Theater drummer Mike Portnoy and current Fates Warning bassist Joey Vera.",
"title": "A Twist of Fate"
},
{
"docid": "24100330#1",
"text": "\"Resonance\" was recorded in December 2006 at Studio X in Olsztyn, Poland, with producer Szymon Czech. The album was released on 15 May 2007 in the US and 21 May internationally. Antigama hosted a record release show in their hometown on 17 June 2007 at the Aurora Club, in support of the album.",
"title": "Resonance (Antigama album)"
},
{
"docid": "22355608#23",
"text": "An artbook titled \"End of Eternity Design Works\" was released on June 11, 2010 in Japan. Published by Enterbrain, Inc., this 176-page artbook is divided in four chapters: Character, Enemy, World view and Benefits.",
"title": "Resonance of Fate"
},
{
"docid": "28558315#0",
"text": "Escape the Fate is the third studio album by American post-hardcore band Escape the Fate. It was released worldwide on November 2, 2010. It is the band's first and only album released on DGC/Interscope following their departure from Epitaph Records. The album charted No. 25 on the \"Billboard\" 200, No. 1 at Hard Rock Albums\", \"No. 14 in a Rock Albums, No. 13 in Alternative and Independent charts and No. 118 in Digital Albums Chart\". \"Upon release, the album has received generally positive reviews, and is Escape the Fate's most successful album to date.",
"title": "Escape the Fate (album)"
},
{
"docid": "17428232#0",
"text": "\"Resonance\" is the twenty-second single from T.M.Revolution released on June 11, 2008 in Japan by Epic Records Japan. \"Resonance\" was released three years after T.M.Revolution's twenty-first single \"Vestige\". The single was released in three types of editions: CD-only, CD+DVD and CD+Blu-ray Disc; this is the first time in history for an artist to release a CD+Blu-ray Disc format. The first edition releases also came with a \"T.M.Revolution×Soul Eater Wide Cup\" sticker. The PV uses segments from all his past music videos edited to make it look like he's singing the lyrics to \"Resonance.\" \"Resonance\" is used as the opening theme to the anime \"Soul Eater\", and the song \"Soul's Crossing\" on the single is used as the theme song to the video game based on the \"Soul Eater\" series, \"Soul Eater: Monotone Princess\".",
"title": "Resonance (T.M.Revolution song)"
}
] |
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] |
1084
|
When did common law originate?
|
[
{
"docid": "5254#1",
"text": "The common lawso named because it was \"common\" to all the king's courts across Englandoriginated in the practices of the courts of the English kings in the centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. The British Empire spread the English legal system to its historical colonies, many of which retain the common law system today. These \"common law systems\" are legal systems that give great precedential weight to common law, and to the style of reasoning inherited from the English legal system.",
"title": "Common law"
},
{
"docid": "5254#48",
"text": "The common lawso named because it was \"common\" to all the king's courts across Englandoriginated in the practices of the courts of the English kings in the centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Prior to the Norman Conquest, much of England's legal business took place in the local folk courts of its various shires and hundreds. A variety of other individual courts also existed across the land: urban boroughs and merchant fairs held their own courts, as did the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and large landholders also held their own manorial and seigniorial courts as needed. Additionally, the Catholic Church operated its own court system that adjudicated issues of canon law.",
"title": "Common law"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18949668#25",
"text": "Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the British Empire (except Malta, Scotland, the U.S. state of Louisiana, and the Canadian province of Quebec). In medieval England, the Norman conquest the law varied-shire-to-shire, based on disparate tribal customs. The concept of a \"common law\" developed during the reign of Henry II during the late 12th century, when Henry appointed judges that had authority to create an institutionalized and unified system of law \"common\" to the country. The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when King John was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws. This \"great charter\" or \"Magna Carta\" of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at \"a certain place\" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country. A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralized. In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the English Court of Common Pleas had five. This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a systematized process of developing common law.",
"title": "Law"
},
{
"docid": "54007565#5",
"text": "Stevens ambitiously tried to mix understated humor with serious legal comment. He explained that the article's purpose was \"to examine whether the same types of forces that shaped the development of the common law also generated the Infield Fly Rule.\" Noting that England was the birthplace both of common law and of proto-baseball, Stevens discussed the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, the first team using codified baseball rules, in 1845. For the club's members, the \"rules which governed their contests clearly indicate that the game was to be played by gentlemen. Winning was not the objective; exercise was.\" As winning, however, came to be valued over exercise when the game spread beyond its gentlemanly origins, \"written rules had to be made more and more specific in order to preserve the spirit of the game.\"",
"title": "The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule"
},
{
"docid": "34070165#6",
"text": "During the seventeenth century, when settlers started establishing permanent settlements in North America, decisions concerning how the new legal system would work needed to be decided. The people who established the New England colonies came to the new world so that they could create a new society that fashioned itself on the rules and teachings of their religion. The Puritans who founded the colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts created many rules that had basis in the Puritan faith. However, differences occurred within each colony as to the application of the law. For example, laws created in Massachusetts or Connecticut differed from laws created in Pennsylvania. Some of the differences in the rules within colonies came from the fact that different groups with different ideological backgrounds founded each colony. The Puritans founded the New England colonies, while the Quakers led by William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania. Due to the strong religious background of these colonies, colonists sought changes and improvements to the English common law. In many situations, the colonists would use a particular aspect of common law to build the foundation of a legal principle, but the details, such as the wording, implementation, and enforcement of said law fell to the colonists. The colonists did not want a carbon copy of English common law, as many of them left England and Europe in dispute of those laws, nor did the colonists decide upon a single, unified set of laws to govern the colonies as a large group. The colonies sought the means to create a legal system that looked out for each individual colony’s interests. If English common law coincided with what the colonists wanted, then the law remained unaltered. However, if the common law did not represent all of what the colonists wanted, they sought the freedom to change laws to something that best suited them.",
"title": "Colonial American bastardy laws"
},
{
"docid": "39126660#4",
"text": "The law of trusts first developed in the 12th century from the time of the crusades under the jurisdiction of the King of England. The \"common law\" regarded property as an indivisible entity, as it had been done through Roman law and the continental version of civil law. Where it seemed \"inequitable\" (i.e. unfair) to let someone with legal title hold onto it, the King's representative, the Lord Chancellor who established the Courts of Chancery, had the discretion to declare that the real owner \"in equity\" (i.e. in all fairness) was another person. When a landowner left England to fight in the Crusades, he conveyed ownership of his lands in his absence to manage the estate and pay and receive feudal dues, on the understanding that the ownership would be conveyed back on his return. However, Crusaders often encountered refusal to hand over the property upon their return. Unfortunately for the Crusader, English common law did not recognize his claim. As far as the King's courts were concerned, the land belonged to the trustee, who was under no obligation to return it. The Crusader had no legal claim. The disgruntled Crusader would then petition the king, who would refer the matter to his Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor could decide a case according to his conscience. At this time, the principle of equity was born. The Lord Chancellor would consider it \"unconscionable\" that the legal owner could go back on his word and deny the claims of the Crusader (the \"true\" owner). Therefore, he would find in favour of the returning Crusader. Over time, it became known that the Lord Chancellor's court (the Court of Chancery) would continually recognize the claim of a returning Crusader. The legal owner would hold the land for the benefit of the original owner, and would be compelled to convey it back to him when requested. The Crusader was the \"beneficiary\" and the acquaintance the \"trustee\". The term \"use of land\" was coined, and in time developed into what we now know as a \"trust\".",
"title": "History of equity and trusts"
},
{
"docid": "1348555#1",
"text": "While English common law originated in thirteenth century England and has then been transplanted through colonization and occupation to England’s ex-colonies (United States, Canada, Australia, and several countries in Central America, Africa and Asia), the Scandinavian common law was developed in Denmark and Sweden and the German common law sprang in Germany and Switzerland [Guerriero 2016a, p. 54]. These last four countries then exported their common law model to the respective colonies or to those jurisdictions (China, Greece, Japan, Romania, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Turkey), which were never colonized but borrowed their initial legal order from the European codes considered most advanced at the time [Guerriero 2016a, p. 54]. Civil law instead has its roots in Roman law, was incorporated by the Napoleonic codes first and then by both the Austrian and Russian Civil codes, and has been then introduced via mainly colonization and occupation into continental Europe, the Near East, Latin America, Africa, and Indochina. Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Iran, and Kazakhstan instead purposely borrowed their initial legal order from either France, Russia, or England [Guerriero 2016a, p. 54].",
"title": "Legal origins theory"
},
{
"docid": "54007565#0",
"text": "The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule is the title of an article by William S. Stevens published in 1975 in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. The brief eight-page article has vastly surpassed its modest original context, having been cited in federal and state judicial opinions and more than 100 works of legal literature. It has been included in a number of anthologies of baseball law, and prompted copycat and parody articles. \"The New York Times\" called the Article \"one of the most celebrated and imitated analyses in American legal history.\"",
"title": "The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule"
},
{
"docid": "5254#15",
"text": "As used by non-lawyers in popular culture, the term \"common law\" connotes law based on ancient and unwritten universal custom of the people. The \"ancient unwritten universal custom\" view was the view among lawyers and judges from the earliest times to the mid-19th century. But for 100 years, lawyers and judges have recognized that the \"ancient unwritten universal custom\" view does not accord with the facts of the origin and growth of the law, and it is not held within the legal profession today.\nUnder the modern view, “common law” is not grounded in “custom” or \"ancient usage\", but rather acquires force of law instantly (without the delay implied by the term \"custom\" or \"ancient\") when pronounced by a higher court, because and to the extent the proposition is stated in judicial opinion. From the earliest times through the late 19th century, the dominant theory was that the common law was a pre-existent law or system of rules, a social standard of justice that existed in the habits, customs, and thoughts of the people. Under this older view, the legal profession considered it no part of a judge's duty to make new or change existing law, but only to expound and apply the old. By the early 20th century, largely at the urging of Oliver Wendell Holmes (as discussed throughout this article), this view had fallen into the minority view: Holmes pointed out that the older view worked undesirable and unjust results, and hampered a proper development of the law. In the century since Holmes, the dominant understanding has been that common law “decisions are themselves law, or rather the rules which the courts lay down in making the decisions constitute law”. Holmes wrote in a 1917 opinion, “The common law is not a brooding omnipresence in the sky, but the articulate voice of some sovereign or quasi sovereign that can be identified.\" Among legal professionals (lawyers and judges), the change in understanding occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (as explained later in this article), though lay dictionaries were decades behind in recognizing the change.",
"title": "Common law"
},
{
"docid": "7038409#5",
"text": "During the 15th century, the common law courts were challenged by the civil law and equity found in the Chancery and similar courts. These courts and legal methods were much faster than the common law courts, so lawyers and claimants flocked to them. This was perceived as a threat to the common law courts, for good reason; between 1460 and 1540, the business of the common law courts significantly dropped, while the Chancery's cases rose massively in number. In reaction to this, the Court of King's Bench developed its own, faster system, intent on winning cases back, and through procedures such as the Writ of Quominus and Bill of Middlesex acquired a wider jurisdiction. While this succeeded in forming an equilibrium between the old common law courts and the new courts, it was viewed with suspicion by the Common Pleas, who became highly reactionary to the changes the King's Bench attempted to introduce. When the King's Bench attempted to use the Bill of Middlesex to widen its jurisdiction, the Common Pleas became increasingly conservative in its attempts to avoid ceding cases. This was limited by the fact that the three Common Pleas prothonotaries could not agree on how to cut costs, leaving the court both expensive and of limited malleability while the King's Bench became faster, cheaper and more varied in its jurisdiction.",
"title": "Court of Common Pleas (England)"
},
{
"docid": "5254#100",
"text": "The state of New York, which also has a civil law history from its Dutch colonial days, began a codification of its law in the 19th century. The only part of this codification process that was considered complete is known as the Field Code applying to civil procedure. The original colony of New Netherland was settled by the Dutch and the law was also Dutch. When the English captured pre-existing colonies they continued to allow the local settlers to keep their civil law. However, the Dutch settlers revolted against the English and the colony was recaptured by the Dutch. When the English finally regained control of New Netherland they forced, as a punishment unique in the history of the British Empire, the English imposed common law upon all the colonists, including the Dutch. This was problematic, as the patroon system of land holding, based on the feudal system and civil law, continued to operate in the colony until it was abolished in the mid-19th century. The influence of Roman-Dutch law continued in the colony well into the late 19th century. The codification of a law of general obligations shows how remnants of the civil law tradition in New York continued on from the Dutch days.",
"title": "Common law"
},
{
"docid": "299903#7",
"text": "Traditionally Oxford and Cambridge did not see common law as worthy of study, and included coursework in law only in the context of canon and civil law and for the purpose of the study of philosophy or history only. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the same rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729. William Blackstone became the first lecturer in English common law at the University of Oxford in 1753, but the university did not establish the programme for the purpose of professional study, and the lectures were very philosophical and theoretical in nature. Blackstone insisted that the study of law should be university based, where concentration on foundational principles can be had, instead of concentration on detail and procedure had through apprenticeship and the Inns of Court.",
"title": "Bachelor of Laws"
}
] |
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] |
1086
|
What gun was used in the assassination of JFK?
|
[
{
"docid": "872103#0",
"text": "Ruth Hyde Paine (born September 3, 1932) was a friend of Marina Oswald, who was living with her at the time of the JFK assassination. According to five government investigations, Lee Harvey Oswald stored the 6.5 mm caliber Carcano rifle that he used to assassinate U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Ruth Paine's garage, unbeknownst to her and her husband, Michael Paine.",
"title": "Ruth Paine"
},
{
"docid": "32866171#108",
"text": "Also, in late November 1963, an employee of New Orleans private investigator Guy Banister named Jack Martin began making accusations that fellow Banister employee David Ferrie was involved in the JFK assassination. Martin told police that Ferrie \"was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the assassination.\" He said that Ferrie had outlined plans to kill Kennedy and that Ferrie might have taught Oswald how to use a rifle with a telescopic sight. Martin claimed that Ferrie had known Oswald from their days in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol, and that he had seen a photograph, at Ferrie's home, of Oswald in a Civil Air Patrol group. Ferrie denied any association with Oswald.",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24386619#9",
"text": "Show creator Nicolas Falacci's comment about the use of an acoustics test in the JFK assassination inspired Port to include one in the episode. Port consulted Paul Ginsberg, an acoustics engineer, for details about the test. Dr. Gary Lorden, one of the math consultants, provided the equations for the audience-vision comparing figure skating ratings to the case.",
"title": "Guns and Roses (Numbers)"
},
{
"docid": "319492#3",
"text": "Early speculation came from assassination researchers Josiah Thompson and Richard Sprague who noticed the open umbrella in a series of photographs. Thompson and Sprague suggested that the \"umbrella man\" may have been acting as a signaler of some kind, opening his umbrella to signal \"go ahead\" and then raising it to communicate \"fire a second round\" to other gunmen. The \"umbrella man\" is depicted as performing such a role in Oliver Stone's film \"JFK\" and \"The X-Files\" episode \"Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man.\" Another theory proposed by Robert B. Cutler and endorsed by Colonel L. Fletcher Prouty is that the umbrella may have been used to fire a dart with a paralyzing agent at Kennedy to immobilize his muscles and make him a \"sitting duck\" for an assassination.",
"title": "Umbrella man (JFK assassination)"
},
{
"docid": "9563770#8",
"text": "Carr participated in the investigation of the JFK assassination. He led the state probe and cooperated with the Warren Commission, which was appointed by President Johnson to determine the circumstances leading to Kennedy's death. Carr said that the combined state-federal probe was a success and that both teams worked well together. Years later, at the dedication of the Bob Bullock Texas State History Museum in Austin, Carr recalled that the investigation into the Kennedy assassination was thorough and professional: \"It makes me sad that it [the assassination] happened, but it doesn't make me sad to share with the interested people of Texas about what this investigation revealed and how thorough it was and how nonpolitical it was.\"",
"title": "Waggoner Carr"
},
{
"docid": "28276468#4",
"text": "McLaren's third book, \"Sunflower\", is a historical work graphically depicting the real life experiences of his own grandfather, one of Australia's longest-serving foot soldiers from the First World War. McLaren co-wrote the fourth \"Underbelly\" book with famous Australian authors Andrew Rule and John Silvester. He then published his fifth book, \"JFK: The Smoking Gun\", concerning the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in November 2013. McLaren decided to approach the assassination of Kennedy as a cold case investigation. After more than four years of work, made far quicker and easier by the availability of documents such as the Warren Commission report and testimony as searchable files, McLaren found lost testimonies of dozens of witnesses, which told a different story to the Warren Commission outcome. He published his book both in USA and Australia. The book is in print and also available for kindle.",
"title": "Colin McLaren"
},
{
"docid": "28276468#9",
"text": "He also was a key expert on a US television show on assassination called \"Inside the Evidence\" which was headed by America's most known anchorman Bill Kurtis. It aired on Reelz TV channel across USA. This was followed by a 90 minute docuemtary of his findngs in \"JFK:The Smoking Gun\" The documentary aired on Australian and American television. Directed by Malcolm McDonald, it features re-enactments, archival footage, and also new interviews with witnesses to the shooting. A one-hour abridged version of this documentary aired in the United Kingdom, entitled \"JFK's Secret Killer: The Evidence\". In the television special, McLaren argues that the truth was covered-up to hide impropriety on the part of Secret Service agents.",
"title": "Colin McLaren"
},
{
"docid": "24950744#6",
"text": "Cutler researched extensively the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King. He was known for constructing one of the most detailed maps of Dealey Plaza. On April 4, 1995, Cutler opened The Conspiracy Museum to promote his theories, which included the belief that Kennedy was shot and poisoned by three men, one of whom used a gas-powered umbrella pistol to fire a dart with a paralyzing agent at Kennedy to immobilize his muscles and make him a \"sitting duck\" for an assassination. He also believed that Lee Harvey Oswald was actually a C.I.A. spy named Alek Hidell. Gerald Posner, author of \"Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK\", told the \"New York Times\" that \"even among conspiracy theorists [Cutler is] not in the mainstream.\"",
"title": "Robert B. Cutler"
},
{
"docid": "32866171#130",
"text": "Colin McLaren, a former Australian police detective sergeant, was inspired by Bonar Menninger's \"Mortal Error\", to approach the assassination of Kennedy as a cold case investigation, and treating Howard Donahue's expert testimony as that of just one witness of many. After more than four years of research, he published a book titled \"JFK: The Smoking Gun\", which was accompanied by a documentary. As an investigator, McLaren focuses on the existing witness testimony, including testimony from people present at Kennedy's autopsy rather than on his own ballistics or similar tests. Rather than just dismiss the ballistics tests carried out for the Warren Commission as inexpert, their testimony to the commission, including their qualifications, is quoted and critiqued, and also any cross-examination. He quotes many more witnesses than Donahue or Menninger as having believed that shots were fired at ground level, and observes a pattern of concealment of evidence. His conclusion, like those of Reppert and of Menninger, is that Donahue is correct in both the broad theory and the details.",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories"
},
{
"docid": "15270337#12",
"text": "In 1978 Marchetti published an article about the JFK assassination in the far-right newspaper of the Liberty Lobby, \"The Spotlight.\" Marchetti, a proponent of the organized crime and the CIA conspiracy theory, claimed that the House Select Committee on Assassinations revealed a CIA memo from 1966 that named E. Howard Hunt, Frank Sturgis and Gerry Patrick Hemming in the JFK assassination. Marchetti also claimed that Marita Lorenz offered sworn testimony to confirm this. The HSCA reported that it had not received such a memo and rejected theories that Hunt was involved in a plot to kill Kennedy.",
"title": "Victor Marchetti"
}
] |
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] |
1087
|
What currency is used in Switzerland?
|
[
{
"docid": "10815#15",
"text": "The Swiss franc (ISO code: CHF or 756), which appreciated significantly against the new European currency from April to September 2000, remains one of the world's strongest currencies, worth today around five-sixths of a euro. The Swiss franc is used in Switzerland and in Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein retains the ability to mint its own currency, the Liechtenstein franc, which it does from time to time for commemorative or emergency purposes.",
"title": "Franc"
},
{
"docid": "27461#40",
"text": "Switzerland's most important exports during the war were precision machine tools, watches, jewel bearings (used in bombsights), electricity, and dairy products. During World War Two, the Swiss franc was the only remaining major freely convertible currency in the world, and both the Allies and the Germans sold large amounts of gold to the Swiss National Bank. Between 1940 and 1945, the German Reichsbank sold 1.3 billion francs worth of gold to Swiss Banks in exchange for Swiss francs and other foreign currency.",
"title": "History of Switzerland"
},
{
"docid": "6362573#0",
"text": "The WIR Bank, formerly the Swiss Economic Circle (German: \"Wirtschaftsring-Genossenschaft\"), or WIR, is an independent complementary currency system in Switzerland that serves businesses in hospitality, construction, manufacturing, retail and professional services. WIR issues and manages a private currency, called the WIR Franc, which is used in combination with the Swiss Franc to generate dual-currency transactions.",
"title": "WIR Bank"
},
{
"docid": "2341370#48",
"text": "The official currency of Switzerland is the Swiss franc (CHF). The motifs used are:",
"title": "List of motifs on banknotes"
},
{
"docid": "361362#31",
"text": "The Swiss franc is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also legal tender in the Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia. Although not formally legal tender in the German exclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein (the sole legal currency is the euro), it is in wide daily use there; with many prices quoted in Swiss francs. The Swiss franc is the only version of the franc still issued in Europe.",
"title": "Swiss franc"
},
{
"docid": "267793#50",
"text": "The Swiss franc is also the currency used for administrative and accounting purposes by most of the numerous international organisations that are headquartered in Switzerland.",
"title": "Legal tender"
},
{
"docid": "6018611#30",
"text": "The currency of Switzerland is the Swiss franc. Switzerland (with Liechtenstein) is in the unusual position of being surrounded by countries that use the euro. As a result, the euro is \"de facto\" accepted in many places, especially near borders and in tourist regions. Swiss Federal Railways accept euros, both at ticket counters and in automatic ticket machines. Also many public phones, vending machines or ticket machines accept euro coins. Many shops and smaller businesses that accept euros take notes only, and give change in Swiss francs, usually at a less favourable exchange rate than banks. Many bank cash machines issue euros at the traded exchange rate as well as Swiss francs.",
"title": "Switzerland–European Union relations"
},
{
"docid": "17815#0",
"text": "The economy of Liechtenstein is based roughly equally on services (especially financial services) and industry, with a small but significant agricultural sector. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 85% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) since 1991 (previously its interests had been represented by Switzerland). It also has been a member of the European Economic Area (EEA) since May 1995 and participates in the Schengen Agreement for passport-free intra-European travel.",
"title": "Economy of Liechtenstein"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "407203#2",
"text": "On March 9, 2011, a parliamentary initiative was introduced in the National Council of Switzerland to institute a gold franc as additional currency for Switzerland: \nThis initiative was examined by the Committee for Economic Affairs and Taxation, which rejected it at the June meeting.",
"title": "Gold franc"
},
{
"docid": "361362#9",
"text": "To solve this problem, the new Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848 specified that the federal government would be the only entity allowed to issue money in Switzerland. This was followed two years later by the first Federal Coinage Act, passed by the Federal Assembly on 7 May 1850, which introduced the franc as the monetary unit of Switzerland. The franc was introduced at par with the French franc. It replaced the different currencies of the Swiss cantons, some of which had been using a franc (divided into 10 \"batzen\" and 100 \"centimes\") which was worth 1.5 French francs.",
"title": "Swiss franc"
}
] |
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] |
1088
|
When was the Berlin Observatory created?
|
[
{
"docid": "2512514#0",
"text": "The Berlin Observatory (Berliner Sternwarte) is a German astronomical institution with a series of observatories and related organizations in and around the city of Berlin in Germany, starting from the 18th century. It has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the \"Brandenburg Society of Science″ (\"Sozietät der Wissenschaften\") which would later (1744) become the Prussian Academy of Sciences (\"Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften\"). The Society had no observatory but nevertheless an astronomer, Gottfried Kirch, who observed from a private observatory in Berlin. A first small observatory was furnished in 1711, financing itself by calendrical computations.",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "2512514#13",
"text": "The construction of the new Berlin Observatory proceeded from a cabinet order of 10 November 1830 according to the design of Schinkel. An approximately one hectare plot was acquired at a price of 15,000 Thalers in the present-day area of Berlin-Kreuzberg. The foundation stone was laid on 22 October 1832 and the observatory was ready by 1835, on the area currently bounded by the streets ″Friedrichstraße″, ″Besselstraße″ and ″Lindenstraße″. The southern end of the ″Charlottenstraße″ was later named ″Enckeplatz″ in honor of the director at that time and the observatory acquired the address of Enckeplatz 3 A (now: ″Enckestraße 11″).",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2512514#9",
"text": "When the time came to seek a successor by virtue of Bode's retirement, both Carl Friedrich Gauß and Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel turned the post down. On the recommendation of Bessel, Johann Franz Encke, since 1822 Director of the Seeberg Observatory near Gotha, was called to Berlin by King Frederick William III in 1825 and named director of the Berlin Observatory. Thanks to the influence of Alexander von Humboldt, expensive instruments were obtained and with his aid Encke was also able to get the Prussian King to agree to the construction of a new observatory, situated on the edge of the city at that time. A condition was that the observatory should be made available to the public on two evenings in the week.",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "2512514#7",
"text": "Johann III Bernoulli served from 1764 to 1787 as Director of the Old Observatory and was succeeded by Johann Elert Bode. Lambert fetched Bode to Berlin in 1773, in order to publish an almanac; after Lambert' death, Bode became the sole editor. The first edition of the \"Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch\" (for 1776) had already appeared by 1774, initiating the longest-lasting publication series in astronomy, lasting until 1959. By virtue of this medium, Berlin Observatory developed into an information source of prime importance within Europe. Originally Bode had the venerable Christine Kirch to assist him with the work on the calendar. In 1774, he married a granddaughter of one of her sisters; she was likewise entrusted with astronomical work in line with the Kirch family tradition. Christine Kirch died in 1782. As director of the observatory, Bode was able, through favors from Frederick William III of Prussia, to extend the till then rather third-class-equipped institution with a second observing level. When Bode entered a petition to this effect on 2 November 1798, space for observing within the tower was still limited to the third storey. The two storeys over it were united to a single spacious level. From there, the observing activities could be extended, once the calculated cost of 4465 Thalers and the plan was approved on 7 April 1800 and the required conversion was completed by June 1801. The construction work was supervised by Oberhofbaurat and Schlossbaumeister Bock.",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "7059317#6",
"text": "In 1946 the city of Berlin renamed the observatory \"Archenhold-Sternwarte\". On 1 June 1948 Diedrich Wattenberg, who had been working with Archenhold, was made director. Annual visitor numbers rose from 8,000 in 1946 to 25,000 in 1949. In 1958, the Great Refractor was decommissioned, but retained as a monument of technology. From 1959 onwards, the observatory was increasingly used for school education in physics and astronomy. To support this, in the 1960s, two further domes were erected in the grounds. A lecture theatre was also added, and in 1966 the #Solar physics cabinet][solar physics cabinet was created, which could project the Sun at diameter or a solar spectrum at length.",
"title": "Archenhold Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "2512514#4",
"text": "In September 1699, the Reichstag decided to introduce an \"improved calendar\" to the Protestant German states without having to take on the Gregorian Calendar, introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. The 'improved calendar' was introduced the following year and resulted in 18 February 1700 being followed by 1 March. A patent for the calendar was granted to the planned Berlin Observatory by Prince-elector Frederick III on 10 May 1700 and eight days later Gottfried Kirch was appointed to Director of the Observatory. On 11 July (his 43rd birthday) the Kurfürst signed a document formally founding an Academy and an Observatory in Berlin. Therefore, Berlin received an academy just like those already existing in London, Paris and Rome - the Prussian Academy of Sciences (originally German name: ″Kurfürstlich-Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften″), based on the plans of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Leibniz became the first president of the Academy. The fees resulting from the calendar patent were the almost single financial basis of the institution for a long period. The society originally had no actual observatory of its own and Kirch carried out his observations at various private observatories including, from 1705, the private observatory of Geheimrat Bernhard Friedrich von Krosigk on the Wallstrasse, in Cölln. Kirch was assisted by his wife Maria Margarethe and his son Christfried. Maria Margarethe discovered, among other things, the comet of 1702. In the meantime the Kurfürst had been raised in 1701 to the rank of King in Prussia. On 1 January 1710, the capital was expanded by uniting the previously independent towns of Dorotheenstadt, Friedrichstadt, Friedrichwerder, and Cölln and Berlin (the oldest ones).",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "2512514#21",
"text": "Wilhelm Foerster led the observatory until the end of his life in 1903. It was his impulse that led to the erection of the Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums Potsdam in 1874 for on the Telegrafenberg in Potsdam. On the Telegrafenberg stood formerly the „Telegraphenstation 4\" which given the hill its name. In the same year Foerster founded the Berlin Astronomische Rechen-Institut (as \"Rechen-Institut zur Herausgabe des Berliner Astronomischen Jahrbuchs\"), on the basis of the ever-growing extent of calculation of astronomical ephemerides, which occupied its own building at ″Lindenstraße 91″, but on the grounds and in association with the observatory. Most of the astronomers now worked in this theoretical section – separate from the practical, observational section. The section was led by Friedrich Tietjen, who had been working at the obervatory since 1861. In 1865 he discovered the asteroid (86) Semele. After Tietjens death, Julius Bauschinger was called to Berlin in 1896 as his successor. In the following year he achieved in making the institute fully independent of the observatory. In 1912 it moved into a new building in Berlin-Lichterfelde. In 1944 it was placed under the control of the Navy and transferred to Sermuth in Saxony to avoid the bombing. After the Second World War the greater part was brought to Heidelberg in 1945. Only a small remaining section returned to the observatory, which by now had moved to Potsdam-Babelsberg and it was again incorporated in 1956.",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "2512514#18",
"text": "On 23 September 1846, Galle and astronomy student Heinrich Louis d’Arrest, since 1845 assistant at the observatory, discovered the planet Neptune, on the basis of positional calculations send by the Frenchman Urbain Le Verrier. After an initial lack of success they conferred the Le Verrier data with a newly published sheet of the „Berliner Akademische Sternkarte\", edited by the Prussian Academy of Science. The letter from Le Verrier had coincidentally reached his close acquaintance Galle on the same day as Encke's 55th birthday, who gave his permission to search around the given celestial positions. At other observatories, the request of the French astronomer was viewed as not having sufficiently promising chances of success, of detecting another large planet on the basis of the deviations between theory and observations for the orbit of Uranus. This included Paris Observatory, whose director Le Verrier later became. By virtue of the discovery of Neptune, Berlin Observatory gained worldwide renown.",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "2512514#27",
"text": "In 1913, the Berlin Observatory moved again after 78 years in its second home to Babelsberg (since then it is often referred to as Babelsberg Observatory). The Observatory in Kreuzberg was cleared out and torn down in August 1913. The sale of the land covered the cost of the construction of the new building (1.1 million Goldmarks and the purchase of new instruments to the sum of 450.000 Goldmarks). The land itself on the Babelsberg in the Schlosspark cost the Royal establishment nothing. The hill giving the area its name is situated about three kilometers north-east of the Telegrafenberg.",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "2512514#22",
"text": "Because Foerster was not a member of the Academy, the Observatory was separated from the Academy in 1889 and affiliated to the Berlin University. The original Academy Observatory had already been used by the University since the founding of Berlin University in 1809. In 1890 Friedrich Simon Archenhold became a worker at the Observatory and erected on the instructions of Foerster a photographic outpost on the Halensee in Grunewald for the photographing of nebulae.",
"title": "Berlin Observatory"
}
] |
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] |
1089
|
How long was Takeo Fukuda prime minister of Japan?
|
[
{
"docid": "4963076#2",
"text": "Takeo Fukuda was an expert in economics. He took on the role of an ‘economic prime minister’ under Miki's administration from 1974 to 1976. During this time, he established the Ministerial Conference on Economic Measures, enabling cross-ministry and agency talks on finance, wage and labor issues.\nFukuda subsequently became the 67th prime minister of Japan, lasting for only one term from 1976 to 1978. However, he was not forced out of office before he had gotten two major diplomatic reforms executed. Under Fukuda cabinet, Japan conducted an omnidirectional peace diplomacy, and signed Japan-China Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1978. He pushed forward Japan's pacifistic position while making an effort to strengthen relations with Asian countries.",
"title": "Fukuda Doctrine"
},
{
"docid": "3067600#3",
"text": "Fukuda was born in Takasaki, Gunma, the eldest son of politician (later the 67th Prime Minister) Takeo Fukuda. He grew up in Setagaya, Tokyo, attending Azabu High School and graduating from Waseda University in 1959 with a degree in economics. After university, he joined Maruzen Petroleum (now part of the Cosmo Oil Company). He was only minimally involved in politics over the next seventeen years, working his way up to section chief as a typical Japanese \"salaryman\". He was posted to the United States from 1962-64. While his father Takeo Fukuda was prime minister from 1976–78, Yasuo became a political secretary. From 1978 to 1989, he was a director of the Kinzai Institute for Financial Affairs, serving as a trustee from 1986 onward.",
"title": "Yasuo Fukuda"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "961365#22",
"text": "He was named after Japan's 41st Prime Minister Takeo Miki after Spikes' parents saw a news report. Miki's successor, who was appointed the nation's 42th Prime Minister on December 24, 1976, a week after Takeo was born, was also a Takeo (Fukuda). Takeo's younger cousin Brandon Spikes is currently a free agent.",
"title": "Takeo Spikes"
},
{
"docid": "4963076#0",
"text": "The Fukuda Doctrine is based on a speech by Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda. In 1977, while on a tour of the ASEAN member states, the prime minister made a speech in Manila in which he articulated Japan's foreign policy that later became known as the Fukuda Doctrine.",
"title": "Fukuda Doctrine"
},
{
"docid": "3067600#0",
"text": "Following the resignation of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Fukuda was elected as President of the Liberal Democratic Party and became Prime Minister in September 2007. Fukuda was the first son of a former Japanese Prime Minister (Takeo Fukuda) to also take up the post.",
"title": "Yasuo Fukuda"
},
{
"docid": "4963076#57",
"text": "References to the Doctrine are still being made. The son of Fukuda Takeo, Fukuda Yasuo, made a reference to it when he became Prime Minister in 2007. Although he did not update the Doctrine as anticipated, he declared that ASEAN and Japan would be ”partners thinking together, acting together and sharing a future vision.”",
"title": "Fukuda Doctrine"
},
{
"docid": "174184#6",
"text": "Fukuda was married and had five children: three sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Yasuo Fukuda, after the sudden resignation of Shinzō Abe, became Prime Minister in September 2007, and remained in that office for one year, making him the first son of a Japanese prime minister to become a prime minister himself. In addition, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi began his political career as a secretary to Fukuda, and the two were very close in their political and personal lives from the 1970s onward (Fukuda was the best man at Koizumi's wedding).",
"title": "Takeo Fukuda"
},
{
"docid": "174184#3",
"text": "Fukuda was elected party secretary in 1957 and served as Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (1959–69), Minister of Finance (1969–71), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1971–73), and Director of the Economic Planning Agency (1974–76). He was a candidate for prime minister in 1972 but lost to Kakuei Tanaka.",
"title": "Takeo Fukuda"
},
{
"docid": "6859#75",
"text": "Although Japan recognized the People's Republic in 1972, shortly after Kakuei Tanaka succeeded Sato as Prime Minister of Japan, the memory of this relationship was strong enough to be reported by \"The New York Times\" (15 April 1978) as a significant factor inhibiting trade between Japan and the mainland. There is speculation that a clash between Communist forces and a Japanese warship in 1978 was caused by Chinese anger after Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda attended Chiang's funeral. Historically, Japanese attempts to normalize their relationship with the People's Republic were met with accusations of ingratitude in Taiwan.",
"title": "Chiang Kai-shek"
},
{
"docid": "16906586#21",
"text": "The controversial nature of the shrine has figured largely in both domestic Japanese politics and relations with other Asian countries. The controversy has been reignited nearly every year since 1975, when prime minister Miki Takeo visited the shrine as a private individual on August 15, the day that Japan commemorates the end of World War II. The next year, his successor Fukuda Takeo visited as a private individual yet signed the visitors' book as prime minister. Several other Japanese prime ministers have visited the shrine since 1979: Masayoshi Ohira in 1979; Zenko Suzuki in 1980, 1981 and 1982; Yasuhiro Nakasone in 1983 and 1985 (on the latter occasion, he offered flowers which had been paid for with government money); Kiichi Miyazawa in 1992, this visit was kept secret until 1996 (he had paid a visit in 1980 before becoming Prime Minister); Ryutaro Hashimoto in 1996; and Junichiro Koizumi, who visited six times (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006). Visits by Japanese prime ministers to the shrine have resulted in official condemnation by neighbouring countries since 1985, as they see it as an attempt to legitimize Japan's past militarism.",
"title": "Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine"
}
] |
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] |
1090
|
What is stainless steel?
|
[
{
"docid": "36065243#2",
"text": "Stainless steel is considered stainless because it has at least 11% chromium by mass. Chromium is a relatively inert metal and does not rust or react as easily as plain carbon steel. This is what makes it an exceptional material for cooking. It is also fairly inexpensive, but does not have a very high thermal conductivity. From a surface standpoint, this is because of the thin layer of chromium oxide that is formed on the surface. This thin layer protects the metal from rusting or corroding. While it is protective, the oxide layer is not very conductive, which makes cooking food less efficient than it could be. For most cooking applications, high thermal conductivity is desirable to create an evenly heated surface on which to cook. In this way, stainless steel is usually not considered high-grade cookware.",
"title": "Surface chemistry of cooking"
},
{
"docid": "27059#90",
"text": "Stainless steels have a long history of application in contact with water due to their excellent corrosion resistance. Applications include a range of conditions from plumbing, potable and waste water treatment to desalination. Types 304 and 316 stainless steels are standard materials of construction in contact with water. However, with increasing chloride contents higher alloyed stainless steels such as Type 2205 and super austenitic and super duplex stainless steels are utilized.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1171780#3",
"text": "Surgical stainless steel is a grade of stainless steel that is used in biomedical applications. The most common \"surgical steels\" are austenitic 316 stainless and martensitic 440 and 420 stainless steels. There is no formal definition on what constitutes a \"surgical stainless steel\", so product manufacturers and distributors apply the term to refer to any grade of corrosion resistant steel.",
"title": "Body piercing materials"
},
{
"docid": "270806#0",
"text": "Surgical stainless steel is a grade of stainless steel used in biomedical applications. The most common \"surgical steels\" are austenitic 316 stainless and martensitic 440 and 420 stainless steels. There is no formal definition on what constitutes a \"surgical stainless steel\", so product manufacturers and distributors apply the term to refer to any grade of corrosion resistant steel.",
"title": "Surgical stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "27059#115",
"text": "Some 3D printing providers have developed proprietary stainless steel sintering blends for use in rapid prototyping. One of the more popular stainless steel grades used in 3D printing is 316L stainless steel. Due to the high temperature gradient and fast rate of solidification, stainless steel products manufactured via 3D printing tend to have a more refined microstructure; this in turn results in better mechanical properties. However, stainless steel is not used as much as materials like Ti6Al4V in the 3D printing industry; this is because manufacturing stainless steel products via traditional methods is currently much more economically competitive.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "27059#85",
"text": "The stainless steel production in China accounts for more than 50% of the world production in 2017Breakdown of production by families of stainless steels in 2017:This breakdown is quite stable over the yearsStainless steel is used for buildings for both practical and aesthetic reasons. Stainless steel was in vogue during the art deco period. The most famous example of this is the upper portion of the Chrysler Building (pictured). Some diners and fast-food restaurants use large ornamental panels and stainless fixtures and furniture. Because of the durability of the material, many of these buildings still retain their original appearance. Stainless steel is used today in building construction because of its durability and because it is a weldable building metal that can be made into aesthetically pleasing shapes. An example of a building in which these properties are exploited is the Art Gallery of Alberta in Edmonton, which is wrapped in stainless steel.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "27059#38",
"text": "At elevated temperatures all metals react with hot gases. The most common high temperature gaseous mixture is air, and oxygen is the most reactive component of air. Carbon steel is limited to ~ in air. Chromium in stainless steel reacts with oxygen to form a chromium oxide scale which reduces oxygen diffusion into the material. The minimum 10.5% chromium in stainless steels provides resistance to ~, while 26% chromium provides resistance up to ~. Type 304, the most common grade of stainless steel with 18% chromium is resistant to ~. Other gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, etc. also attack stainless steel. Resistance to other gases is dependent on the type of gas, the temperature and the alloying content of the stainless steel.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "27059#96",
"text": "Stainless steels are used extensively in:\nAcidic foods with high salt additions, such as tomato sauce, and highly salted condiments, such as soya sauce may require higher alloyed stainless steels such as 6% Mo superaustenitics to prevent pitting corrosion by chloride.The Allegheny Ludlum Corporation worked with Ford on various concept cars with stainless steel bodies from the 1930s through the 1970s to demonstrate the material's potential. The 1957 and 1958 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham had a stainless steel roof. In 1981 and 1982, the DeLorean DMC-12 production automobile used Type-304 stainless steel body panels over a glass-reinforced plastic monocoque. Intercity buses made by Motor Coach Industries are partially made of stainless steel.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "27059#54",
"text": "Austenitic stainless steel is the largest family of stainless steels, making up about two-thirds of all stainless steel production. They possess an austenitic microstructure, which is a face-centered cubic crystal structure. This microstructure is achieved by alloying with sufficient nickel and/or manganese and nitrogen to maintain an austenitic microstructure at all temperatures from the cryogenic region to the melting point. Thus austenitic stainless steels are not hardenable by heat treatment since they possess the same microstructure at all temperatures.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "270806#1",
"text": "316 stainless steel, also referred to as marine grade stainless steel, is a chromium, nickel, molybdenum alloy of steel that exhibits relatively good strength and corrosion resistance. Along with the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, 316 stainless is a common choice of material for biomedical implants. Although Ti6Al4V provides greater strength per weight and corrosion resistance, 316 stainless components can be more economical to produce. However, immune system reaction to nickel is a potential complication of 316. \nImplants and equipment that are put under pressure (bone fixation screws, prostheses, body piercing jewelry) are made out of austenitic steel, often 316L and 316LVM compliant to ASTM F138.\n316 surgical steel is used in the manufacture and handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic contamination. \nASTM F138-compliant steel is also used in the manufacture of body piercing jewellery and body modification implants.",
"title": "Surgical stainless steel"
}
] |
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] |
1091
|
Is Halo Wars part of the Halo saga?
|
[
{
"docid": "1205872#2",
"text": "Strong sales of the games led to the franchise's expansion to other media; there are multiple best-selling novels, graphic novels, and other licensed products. \"Halo Wars\" took the franchise into new video game genre territory, as a real-time strategy game, while the rest of the games in the series are first-person shooters. Beyond the original trilogy, Bungie developed the expansion \"\", and a prequel, \"Halo: Reach\", their last project for the franchise. A high-definition remake of the first game, entitled \"\", was released on November 15, 2011, ten years after the release of the original. A new installment in a second series of games, \"Halo 4\", was released on November 6, 2012. \"\", a remastered compilation of the four primary \"Halo\" titles, was released for the Xbox One on November 11, 2014. In October 2015, \"\" was released. In February 2017, \"Halo Wars 2\" was released. In June 2018, the next main installment of the \"Halo\" series was announced as \"Halo Infinite\".",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "1205872#61",
"text": "The \"Halo\" franchise has been highly successful commercially and critically. During the two months following \"Halo: Combat Evolved\"s release, it sold alongside more than fifty percent of Xbox consoles and sold a million units by April 2002. \"Halo 2\"s sales generated US$125 million on its premiere day, making it the fastest selling United States media product in history up to that time. Combined with \"Halo\"s sales, the two games sold 14.8 million units before \"Halo 3\"s release.\nGameSpot reported 4.2 million units of \"Halo 3\" were in retail outlets on September 24, 2007, a day before official release – a world record volume. \"Halo 3\" broke the previous record for the highest grossing opening day in entertainment history, making US$170 million in its first twenty-four hours. Worldwide, sales exceeded US$300 million the first week, helping to more than double the sales of the Xbox 360 when compared with the weekly average before the \"Halo 3\" launch. At the end of 2007, \"Halo 2\" and \"Halo: Combat Evolved\" were the number one and two best-selling Xbox titles, respectively, and \"Halo 3\" was the best-selling Xbox 360 title. \"Halo Wars\" was the best-selling RTS console game, selling more than one million units. The \"Halo\" series went on to sell more than 27 million copies by August 2009, and more than 34 million copies by May 2010. Tor Books reported that sales of all franchise materials are greater than $1.7 billion, and Bungie's games before \"Reach\" accounted for $1.5 billion in sales. The soundtracks to \"Halo 2\", \"Halo 3\", \"ODST\" and \"Reach\" all appeared on the Billboard 200 charts for at least one week. By May 2011, total gross of \"Halo\" merchandise was $2 billion, with 40 million copies of the games sold. The total amount climbed to $2.3 billion in July 2011, and $2.8 billion in January 2012. Total franchise grosses exceeded $4.6 billion by October 2015, with 25% of the figure from non-game-related merchandise.",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1205872#50",
"text": "A collection of \"Halo\" short stories, \"Halo: Evolutions\", was simultaneously released in print and audiobook formats in November 2009. \"Evolutions\" includes original material by Nylund, Buckell, Karen Traviss and contributions from Bungie. Tor re-released the first three \"Halo\" novels with new content and cover art.\nScience fiction author Greg Bear wrote a trilogy of books focusing on the Forerunners, called \"The Forerunner Saga\". The first book, entitled \"\", was released in January 2011, followed by \"\" in January 2012 and \"\" on March 19, 2013. Karen Traviss wrote the \"Kilo-Five\" trilogy, which takes place after the events of \"Halo 3\" and \"Halo: Ghosts of Onyx\". The first book, \"Halo: Glasslands\", came out October 2011, followed by \"Halo: The Thursday War\" on October 2, 2012, and \"Halo: Mortal Dictata\" on January 21, 2014. The fourteenth Halo book (the thirteenth novel) was released in November 2014: \"Halo: Broken Circle\" by John Shirley, the author of novels based on \"BioShock\", \"Borderlands\", and other games.",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "37224739#0",
"text": "Halo: Silentium is a military science fiction novel by Greg Bear, based on the \"Halo\" series of video games. The book was released in March 2013 and is the twelfth \"Halo\" book (the eleventh novel) and the last book in the trilogy of novels focusing on the Forerunners, called \"The Forerunner Saga\". \"Silentium\" was released in hardcover, e-book, and audiobook following 2012's \"Halo: The Thursday War\", the second book in the separate \"Kilo-Five\" trilogy. \"Silentium\" concludes the efforts of the Ur-Didact and the Librarian to stop the Flood from destroying the universe. The book reached number eight on the New York Times Bestseller List for Hardcover Fiction.",
"title": "Halo: Silentium"
},
{
"docid": "1205872#19",
"text": "The third part of the Reclaimer Saga, \"Halo Infinite\", was announced during E3 2018. \"Halo: Infinite\" will shift its focus back on to the Master Chief and will take place after the events of \"Halo 5: Guardians\".",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "324415#4",
"text": "In Book Three, the darkest part of the saga, ten years have elapsed and Halo has become a soldier serving in a Vietnam-style guerrilla interstellar war which has appeared as back-story in the previous two books, and is courted by a famous, fearsome-looking general, Luiz Cannibal. The series ends with the cessation of hostilities, after which Halo commandeers a spaceship and deserts, determined to take charge of her own fate.Other places she had visited or spent time in included Proxima IV, Vescue, Sirius, Skinner's World, and Popotoplec. Although it is mentioned that she met the famous historical figure Sally Quasa, this meeting does not take place in the first 3 books.",
"title": "The Ballad of Halo Jones"
},
{
"docid": "33736052#1",
"text": "On July 19, 2011, Tor Books revealed the cover, title, and release date of the second book in the Forerunner Saga. On October 12, 2011 the book was completed and submitted to the publisher. On December 28, 2011 the first chapter of the book was made available on the publishers website and chapters 2, 3, and part of 4 were made available on the Halo Waypoint website. Video game website Kotaku was given a five-minute audio clip of the book being read by Tim Dadabo, who voiced the character of 343 Guilty Spark in previous Halo games. At a Comic-Con panel on the Halo Universe, Frank O'Connor stated that the book would have \"resonant connections\" with Halo 4. Bear stated that the interactions of the humans and the Forerunners were some of his favorite parts of the Forerunner trilogy. On April 12, 2013 Tor Books ran a promotion giving away the entire book trilogy to one participant.",
"title": "Halo: Primordium"
},
{
"docid": "32746312#0",
"text": "Halo: Cryptum is a military science fiction novel by Greg Bear, based on the \"Halo\" series of video games. The book was released in January 2011 and is the eighth \"Halo\" book (the seventh novel) and the first in the trilogy of novels focusing on the Forerunners, called \"The Forerunner Saga\". \"Cryptum\" was released in hardcover, e-book, and audiobook following 2009's \"\", a collection of \"Halo\" short stories. It is succeeded by \"\", published in January 2012, and \"\", in March 2013. Bear was given little restriction on the story of the novel; the \"Halo\" universe had not yet been explored in that time period.",
"title": "Halo: Cryptum"
},
{
"docid": "47429624#15",
"text": "In 2009, Microsoft Studios launched \"Halo Wars\", a real-time strategy spin-off from the first-person shooter series \"Halo\". It was developed by Microsoft subsidiary Ensemble Studios. While \"Halo Wars\" was a commercial success, Ensemble Studios was shut down after development. Before its closure, the studio had started planning a story for a sequel. According to \"Halo Wars\" lead writer Graeme Devine, this script explored the history of the Forerunners and involved \"Spirit of Fire\" arriving at a Forerunner station tracked by Anders. In 2007, Microsoft formed an internal division, 343 Industries, to develop \"Halo\" products, and the studio searched for a developer to partner on a \"Halo Wars\" sequel. They viewed working with other developers and using external experience as key to maintaining quality across their projects.",
"title": "Halo Wars 2"
},
{
"docid": "23775587#3",
"text": "Following Bungie's departure from Microsoft in 2007, 343 Industries was eventually given complete control of the \"Halo\" franchise including servers and data on March 31, 2012. The studio's development of \"Halo 4\", which began in 2009, was completed ahead of schedule the same year in September. It was released on November 6, 2012, as the first title of a new \"Halo\" Reclaimer Trilogy which will include at least two more installments over the years. At E3 2013, Microsoft and 343i announced the next \"Halo\" installment set for release on the Xbox One. Shortly after the announcement, the Reclaimer Trilogy was confirmed by Microsoft Studios corporate vice president Phil Spencer to be expanded into a Reclaimer Saga. The following year at E3 2014, the official title was revealed as \"Halo 5: Guardians\" along with plans for its release on October 27, 2015. Microsoft, in a contract with Mega Bloks, is in conjunction with 343i to manufacture a new line of toys and other memorabilia for the upcoming \"Halo\" saga. \"\" was released on October 27, 2015, with semi-exclusive content to those who purchased select Mega Bloks sets. 343 Industries has since released free monthly content updates since Halo 5's launch.",
"title": "343 Industries"
},
{
"docid": "21996185#33",
"text": "In addition to the standard retail version, a Limited Collector's Edition of \"Halo Wars\" was made available. To attract \"Halo 3\"s player base, Microsoft bundled early access to the Mythic Map Pack, a collection of three \"Halo 3\" multiplayer maps, with the collector's edition. A 48-page, half-size hardcover graphic novel was also included; titled \"Halo Wars: Genesis\", it was created by Phil Noto, Graeme Devine, and Eric Nylund. It explores the background stories of Anders, the Arbiter, Forge and Cutter. Other bonuses included a unique in-game vehicle, trading cards, and a \"Spirit of Fire\" patch. Players who pre-ordered the game from certain retailers received a special in-game Warthog vehicle with flame decals. GameStop announced that on February 28, 2009, one thousand stores in the United States would hold \"Halo Wars\" tournaments, and two thousand GameStop stores held midnight releases for the game. European markets sold a \"Best of \"Halo\"\" bundle of \"Halo Wars\", \"Halo 3\" and an Xbox 360.",
"title": "Halo Wars"
},
{
"docid": "13587263#22",
"text": "\"Halo 4\" and \"\" were both officially announced on June 6, 2011, at the E3 2011. \"Halo 4\" is the first installment in the Reclaimer Saga of \"Halo\" games. The studio's creative team, which included nearly 200 people led by creative director Josh Holmes, started developing the game as early as 2009. Prior to the release of the game, Microsoft Studios Vice President Phil Spencer stated that the \"Halo\" franchise is the \"most important entertainment product in the company\" and that \"Halo 4\" was the most expensive game that Microsoft had made. A demonstration of the game's campaign was first shown at E3 2012. The developers described it as a pivotal moment in development, as it was the first time the game had been shown publicly. The positive reaction was a morale boost for the team, who were unsure how the public would react. On July 7, 2012, a pre-release build of \"Halo 4\"s Forge mode was showcased by 343 Industries and Certain Affinity at RTX which took place at the Austin Convention Center. On September 26, 2012, O'Connor announced that the game's development was complete.",
"title": "Halo 4"
},
{
"docid": "1205872#17",
"text": "Following Bungie's split from Microsoft, 343 Industries – a studio established by Microsoft in 2009 – took the helm of the \"Halo\" franchise. 343 had already co-developed the \"Halo Legends\" animated series and had overseen production of \"\" and \"\". The next game in the series, \"Halo 4\", was announced at E3 2011 as the first entry in what would be a new series of \"Halo\" games, also known as the \"Reclaimer Trilogy\". The game included many staples of previous games, such as new or redesigned weapon types, an improved map-editing tool and expanded multiplayer options and maps. \"Halo 4\" was released worldwide on November 6, 2012, achieving record sales for the franchise. In a new addition to the series, a story-driven multiplayer campaign entitled \"Spartan Ops\" was released over the weeks following \"Halo 4\"s release, telling what happened after the end of the main game.",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "1205872#13",
"text": "The games of the main \"Halo\" trilogy were developed by Bungie, and are first-person shooters in which the player experiences most action from the protagonist's perspective. The first title in the series is \"\" on Xbox, released on November 15, 2001. The game was initially intended to be released for Windows and Mac OS, until Microsoft's purchase of Bungie in 2000 led to the game becoming an Xbox launch title and delaying any release for personal computers for 2 years. \"Halo: Combat Evolved\" introduced many gameplay and plot themes common to the whole trilogy. Players battle various aliens on foot and in vehicles to complete objectives, while attempting to uncover the secrets of the eponymous Halo. One concept introduced in \"Halo: Combat Evolved\", is limiting the number of weapons players could carry to two, forcing them to carefully select their preferred armament. Players fight with ranged and melee attacks, as well as a limited number of grenades. Bungie refers to the \"weapons-grenades-melee\" format as the \"Golden Triangle of \"Halo\"\", which has remained fundamentally unchanged throughout the trilogy. In \"Halo: Combat Evolved\", the player's health is measured in both hit points and a continually recharging energy shield; the sequels forgo the hit point system, although it returns in spin-offs. A Windows and Mac OS X port was later developed by Gearbox Software, and released on September 30 and November 11, 2003, respectively. A stand-alone expansion, entitled \"Halo: Custom Edition\", was released as a Windows exclusive, and allowed players to create custom content for the game.",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "1205872#16",
"text": "At E3 2014, Microsoft and 343 Industries announced \"\", released on November 11, 2014, for the Xbox One. The game includes the full campaign and multiplayer modes of \"Halo: Combat Evolved\", \"Halo 2\", \"Halo 3\", and \"Halo 4\". The campaign of \"Halo 3: ODST\" was later released as downloadable content, and was free for those who bought \"The Master Chief Collection\" during late 2014.",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "1205872#64",
"text": "The main trilogy, particularly its protagonist, are considered iconic and a symbol of today's video games; a wax replica of l Master Chief was made by Madame Tussauds in Las Vegas, where Pete Wentz compared the character to notable characters from previous generations like Spider-Man, Frodo, and Luke Skywalker. \"The Escapist\" author Roger Travis compared \"Halo\"s story to Virgil's \"Aeneid\", saying the religious and political struggle described in the games relates to the modern epic tradition. \"GamesTM\" stated \"Halo: Combat Evolved\" \"changed video game combat forever\", and \"Halo 2\" showcased Xbox Live as a tool for communities. GameDaily noted \"Halo 2\"s launch was \"easily comparable to the biggest in other sectors of the entertainment industry\", marking the first time a video game launch has become a major cultural event in the United States. \"Time\" magazine included the franchise in the \"2005 Time 100\", highlighting that in the first ten weeks after the release of \"Halo 2\", players spent 91 million combined hours playing the game online. A \"The New York Times\" report noted the success of \"Halo 3\" was critical for Microsoft, persuading consumers to buy the Xbox 360 console which was experiencing waning sales compared with the Nintendo Wii, as well as helping restore the console's image. On September 25, 2007, the release date for \"Halo 3\", Microsoft's shares rose 1.7% based on sales expectations for the game. \"Halo\" has been described as a series that \"has reinvented a genre that didn't know it needed to be reinvented\", with aspects of the main trilogy being duplicated in other first-person shooter games multiple times.",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
}
] |
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] |
1092
|
When did Sudan become a republic?
|
[
{
"docid": "27422#1",
"text": "The modern Republic of Sudan was formed in 1956 and inherited its boundaries from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, established in 1899. For times predating 1899, usage of the term \"Sudan\" for the territory of the Republic of Sudan was somewhat anachronistic, and may have referred to the more diffuse concept of the Sudan.",
"title": "History of Sudan"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30975922#0",
"text": "Southern Sudan ( \"Ḥukūmat Janūb al-Sūdān\") was an autonomous region consisting of the ten southern states of Sudan between its formation in July 2005 and independence as the Republic of South Sudan in July 2011. The autonomous government was initially established in Rumbek and later moved to Juba. It was bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south; and the Central African Republic to the west. To the north lies the predominantly Arab and Muslim region directly under the control of the central government. The region's autonomous status was a condition of a peace agreement between the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) and the Government of Sudan represented by the National Congress Party ending the Second Sudanese Civil War. The conflict was Africa's longest running civil war.",
"title": "Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11)"
},
{
"docid": "32359491#1",
"text": "South Sudan seceded from the Republic of Sudan in 2011.\nGeographically, South Sudan is not part of the Sudan region at all (the Sahel), forming as it does part of Sub-Saharan Africa. In modern terminology, it does, however, include parts of the East Sudanian Savanna. \nIts inclusion in \"Sudan\" is due to the southward expansion of the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt in the 19th century, and its consequent inclusion in Mahdist Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Republic of Sudan during 1885 to 2011.",
"title": "History of South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "32350676#1",
"text": "South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest and the Central African Republic to the west. It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the \"Bahr al Jabal\", meaning \"Mountain Sea\". Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon broke out, ending in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following 98.83% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum.",
"title": "South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "30975922#6",
"text": "A referendum on independence for Southern Sudan was held from January 9–15, 2011. Preliminary results released by the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission on January 30, 2011 indicate that 98% of voters selected the \"separation\" option, with 1% selecting \"unity\". Southern Sudan became an independent country on July 9, 2011, a date set by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. On 31 January 2011, Sudanese Vice-President Ali Osman Mohamed Taha stated the Sudanese Government's \"acceptance\" of the referendum results. On January 23, 2011, members of a steering committee on post-independence governing told reporters that upon independence the land would be named the Republic of South Sudan \"out of familiarity and convenience.\" Other names that had been considered were Azania, Nile Republic, Kush Republic and even Juwama, a portmanteau for Juba, Wau and Malakal, three major cities.",
"title": "Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11)"
},
{
"docid": "32350676#35",
"text": "The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The \"New York Times\" reported that \"South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid.\" The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives. Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a license, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan. A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, \"The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa’s Newest Country\", identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.",
"title": "South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "985801#0",
"text": "The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( \"\") was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt in the eastern Sudan region of northern Africa between 1899 and 1956, but in practice the structure of the condominium ensured full British control over the Sudan with Egypt having local influence instead. It attained independence as the Republic of the Sudan, which since 2011 has been split into Sudan and South Sudan.",
"title": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "2799081#1",
"text": "The region of Southern Sudan (currently the independent republic of South Sudan) became autonomous for the first time, within Sudan, in 1972, through the Addis Ababa Agreement, and its local government had five presidents until 1983, when the Sudanese central government revoked the autonomy. Autonomy was gained again in 2005, through the Comprehensive Peace Agreement meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, and the position of president of Southern Sudan was restored. Then, on 9 July 2011, South Sudan became independent and a new constitution was adopted.",
"title": "List of heads of state of South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "32359491#32",
"text": "At midnight on 9 July 2011, South Sudan became an independent country under the name Republic of South Sudan. On 14 July 2011, South Sudan became the 193rd member state of the United Nations. On 28 July 2011, South Sudan joined the African Union as its 54th member state.",
"title": "History of South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "32399246#0",
"text": "The Republic of South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011 from Sudan and issued its first stamps on 13 July 2011. Only almost three months later, on 4 October 2011, did South Sudan become a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Before independence, South Sudan used stamps issued by Sudan. The \"Directorate of Postal Services of the Ministry of Telecommunication and Postal Services\" is responsible for postal affairs in South Sudan.",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of South Sudan"
}
] |
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] |
1093
|
How many officers are apart of The Metropolitan Police Department?
|
[
{
"docid": "30871408#1",
"text": "The Metropolitan Police, with a staff of more than 40,000 police officers, and over 2,800 civilian personnel, manages 102 stations in the prefecture.",
"title": "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22423554#39",
"text": "Female police officers were initially given six-day, 48-hour work weeks, and were not allowed to work night shifts apart from when on-call duties until 1973. Female officers did in fact do a week of nights at least from 1965. Female officers were usually seconded to the Criminal Investigation Department, but in 1921 Lilian Wyles was appointed the first female Inspector to the Criminal Intelligence Department. A policy in place from 1927 until 1946 forced women to leave the Metropolitan Police if they got married. Female police officers were not authorised to take fingerprints until 1937. The Police Federation, the rank-and-file staff association, let women join in 1948.",
"title": "History of the Metropolitan Police Service"
},
{
"docid": "1313586#0",
"text": "The Metropolitan Police Department (MPD), officially the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC), is the law enforcement agency for the District of Columbia, in the United States. With approximately 3,900 officers and 400 civilian staff, it is the sixth-largest municipal police department in the United States. The department serves an area of and a population of 672,228 people.",
"title": "Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia"
},
{
"docid": "11463677#9",
"text": "Since 2005, The Metropolitan Nashville Police Department has been involved in Operation Safer Streets.\nDue to the growing gang problem on the streets of Nashville with gangs such as Kurdish Pride,\nMS-13, Bloods, and Crips, the Department has set up surveillance in the South Nashville neighborhoods to put pressure on the gang members. The\nteam had originally only 14 officers who worked Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.\nThese 14 officers stepped up Patrol in areas that have had a high concentration of gang activity, which include Madison and Antioch areas. In\nMarch 2008, the Department added 23 more officers to the anti-gang team. Then-Chief of Police\nRonal W. Serpas stated that this step up in patrol was intended to send a message that he would not tolerate gang activity in Nashville.",
"title": "Metropolitan Nashville Police Department"
},
{
"docid": "2509805#2",
"text": "The department was formed in 1998, with the consolidation of the Long Island Rail Road Police and the Metro-North Railroad Police Departments. Since 9/11, the department has expanded in size and has ramped up dramatically its counter-terrorism capabilities, adding canine teams and emergency services officers. There are 1 lieutenant, 4 sergeants, and 44 police officers who are assigned to the K-9 Unit and serve as handlers with their canine partners. The department now has one of the best trained K-9 units in the United States. At a national competition in 2013, two MTA Police dogs took third and fourth place in explosives detection.",
"title": "Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department"
},
{
"docid": "1578776#6",
"text": "Metro has more than 5,100 members. Of these, over 2,700 are police officers of various ranks and over 750 are corrections officers of various ranks.",
"title": "Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department"
},
{
"docid": "2359082#9",
"text": "Law enforcement in Washington, D.C. is complicated by a network of overlapping federal and city agencies. The primary agency responsible for law enforcement in the District of Columbia is the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD). The MPD is a city agency headed by the Chief of Police, currently Peter Newsham, who is appointed by the mayor. The Metropolitan Police has 3,800 sworn officers and operates much like other municipal police departments elsewhere in the country. However, given the unique status of Washington as the United States capital, the MPD is adept at providing crowd control and security at large events. Despite its name, the MPD only serves within the boundaries of the District of Columbia and does not have jurisdiction within the surrounding Washington Metropolitan Area.",
"title": "Crime in Washington, D.C."
},
{
"docid": "1578776#45",
"text": "A typical substation or area command has a captain, three or four police lieutenants, sixteen police sergeants, and 130–150 police officers.",
"title": "Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department"
},
{
"docid": "2509805#4",
"text": "On June 1, 2005, the MTA Staten Island Railway Police Department, with 25 officers, was merged with the MTA Police. The MTA Staten Island Railway Police Department was responsible for policing the Staten Island Rapid Transit System (SIRT) in the Staten Island borough of New York City. This was the final step in consolidating MTA agency law enforcement, and increased the total workforce of the department to 716, including civilians.",
"title": "Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department"
},
{
"docid": "665172#10",
"text": "The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is the largest police department in the valley and the state and exercises jurisdiction in the entire county. There are approximately 3,000 police officers that cover the city of Las Vegas; unincorporated areas; the town of Laughlin, about from Downtown Las Vegas; and desert, park, and mountain areas within Clark County. The department does not exercise primary jurisdiction in areas with separate police forces such as North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Nellis Air Force Base and the Paiute reservation.",
"title": "Las Vegas Valley"
}
] |
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] |
1094
|
How is hardness determined?
|
[
{
"docid": "1710040#3",
"text": "Hardness measurements quantify the resistance of a material to plastic deformation. Indentation hardness tests compose the majority of processes used to determine material hardness, and can be divided into two classes: \"microindentation\" and \"macroindentation\" tests. Microindentation tests typically have forces less than . Hardness, however, cannot be considered to be a fundamental material property. Classical hardness testing usually creates a number which can be used to provide a relative idea of material properties. As such, hardness can only offer a comparative idea of the material's resistance to plastic deformation since different hardness techniques have different scales.",
"title": "Indentation hardness"
},
{
"docid": "19883#5",
"text": "\"Hardness\" is determined by comparison with other minerals. In the Mohs scale, a standard set of minerals are numbered in order of increasing hardness from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond). A harder mineral will scratch a softer, so an unknown mineral can be placed in this scale by which minerals it scratches and which scratch it. A few minerals such as calcite and kyanite have a hardness that depends significantly on direction. Hardness can also be measured on an absolute scale using a sclerometer; compared to the absolute scale, the Mohs scale is nonlinear.",
"title": "Mineralogy"
},
{
"docid": "407299#2",
"text": "Water's hardness is determined by the concentration of multivalent cations in the water. Multivalent cations are positively charged metal complexes with a charge greater than 1+. Usually, the cations have the charge of 2+. Common cations found in hard water include Ca and Mg. These ions enter a water supply by leaching from minerals within an aquifer. Common calcium-containing minerals are calcite and gypsum. A common magnesium mineral is dolomite (which also contains calcium). Rainwater and distilled water are soft, because they contain few ions.",
"title": "Hard water"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52774663#3",
"text": "Typically cupules were created by direct percussion, i.e. using hand-held hammer-stones. Replication studies have shown that the time required for their production varies greatly, depending on the rock type. It can take one minute to create a 12 mm deep cupule on weathered sandstone, but 45,000 and 60,000 hammer-stone strokes on unweathered quartzite. The resistance of a rock to kinetic impact is determined by its hardness, toughness and strength. Hardness, in this context, is a complex articulation of several factors, essentially a measure of how resistant rock is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied to it. These factors include scratch or abrasion resistance (Rosiwal scale), toughness, strength, ductility, indentation hardness (measured by the Brinell scale and expressed in BHN, or measured by the Vickers test and expressed in kg/mm²) and brittleness factor. Abrasion hardness, indentation hardness and brittleness factor (ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength and the uniaxial tensile strength) combine to determine the “composite hardness index” \"θ\", which governs the production coefficient \"ρ\":",
"title": "Cupules"
},
{
"docid": "47843705#2",
"text": "This approach has undergone numerous modifications since its inception. Most recently, Jha et al. found that the Korsunsky work-of-indentation approach measures the nominal hardness of a material which is defined as the maximum load divided by the area of maximum contact. The nominal hardness of a material is fundamentally different than its true hardness (determined by the Oliver-Pharr method), but the two concepts are interrelated. Jha et al. derived an expression that determines the true hardness of a material from its nominal counterpart. In doing so, they employed a dimensionless energy-based parameter that relates the contact depth to the maximum depth of penetration. For a soft material, the difference between the contact depth and the maximum depth of penetration is small, and hence its nominal and true hardness values are practically the same. For a harder material these two types of hardness are remarkably different as the difference between them is relatively large. The model proposed by Jha et al. in its current form is applicable when the indenter is ideally sharp or when the maximum depth of penetration is sufficiently large in comparison to the indenter tip radius. The advantage of the modified work-of-indentation is that it does not require the computation of contact area, which is the main limitation of the conventional Oliver-Pharr method. The approach requires further modification in order to incorporate effect of bluntness at the tip of an indenter on the measured hardness of a material.",
"title": "The Korsunsky Work-of-Indentation Approach"
},
{
"docid": "47843705#1",
"text": "The original application of the approach was to the problem of finding the composite hardness of a coated system. The composite hardness is known to vary depending on the applied load and/or indentation depth. In the Korsunsky work-of-indentation approach, the composite hardness is given by a simple expression (the “knee function”) of the relative indentation depth (the indentation depth normalized with respect to the coating thickness), and the substrate and coating hardness. The function contains a single fitting parameter, which describes a wide range of composite and indenter properties such as coating brittleness, interfacial strength, indenter geometry, etc. This model of hardness determination has been successfully verified by numerous researchers investigating different coated systems.",
"title": "The Korsunsky Work-of-Indentation Approach"
},
{
"docid": "15618045#0",
"text": "The Barcol hardness test characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the depth of penetration of an indentor, loaded on a material sample and compared to the penetration in a reference material. The method is most often used for composite materials such as reinforced thermosetting resins or to determine how much a resin or plastic has cured. The test complements the measurement of glass transition temperature, as an indirect measure of the degree of cure of a composite. It is inexpensive and quick, and provides information on the cure throughout a part.",
"title": "Barcol hardness test"
},
{
"docid": "634216#26",
"text": "While identifying the “neural correlates of consciousness” is undoubtedly important, it is hard to see how it could ever lead to a satisfactory explanation of what consciousness is and how it comes about. As will be illustrated below, IIT offers a way to analyze systems of mechanisms to determine if they are properly structured to give rise to consciousness, how much of it, and of which kind.",
"title": "Hard problem of consciousness"
},
{
"docid": "2109782#11",
"text": "In the Feasibility stage, costs of the requirements are determined. For user requirements, the current cost of work is compared to the future projected costs once the new system is in place. Questions such as these are asked: “What are data entry errors costing us now?” Or “What is the cost of scrap due to operator error with the current interface?” Actually, the need for the new tool is often recognized as these questions come to the attention of financial people in the organization.",
"title": "Requirements management"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
1096
|
What do water rails eat?
|
[
{
"docid": "463419#7",
"text": "This rail forages in shallow water near cover and eats mainly aquatic insects and crustaceans. It forages by probing the mud while moving around in shallow water.",
"title": "King rail"
},
{
"docid": "310661#6",
"text": "The Virginia rail probe with its bill in mud or shallow water, also picking up food by sight. It mainly eat insects and other aquatic invertebrates, like beetles, flies, dragonflies, crayfish, snails and earthworms. It can also eat aquatic animals like frogs, fish and some small snakes, as well as seeds. Animal preys constitute the biggest part of this bird's diet, but vegetation contributes to its diet in the fall and winter.",
"title": "Virginia rail"
},
{
"docid": "8230409#4",
"text": "These birds probe with their bill in mud or shallow water, also picking up food by sight. They mainly eat insects, crabs and other small aquatic animals.",
"title": "African rail"
},
{
"docid": "311236#24",
"text": "Water rails are omnivorous, although they mainly feed on animals. These include leeches, worms, gastropods, small crustaceans, spiders, and a wide range of both terrestrial and aquatic insects and their larvae. Small vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, birds and mammals may be killed or eaten as carrion. Vertebrates are impaled with a strike of the bill which breaks the prey's spinal cord. Plant food, which is consumed more in autumn and winter, includes the buds, flowers, shoots and seeds of water plants, berries and fruit. In south Asia, paddy (harvested rice kernels) may sometimes be eaten. The young rails are fed mainly on insects and spiders. Food obtained on land or from mud is normally washed in water before it is eaten. After rain, rails may probe soft ground for earthworms. This species will occasionally feed in the open even when not forced to do so by cold weather; Edmund Meade-Waldo described seven rails feeding in an open meadow. Despite its skulking nature, the water rail appears to thrive in captivity when fed on animal food such as raw meat or earthworms; one individual was taught to jump for worms suspended from a fishing rod.",
"title": "Water rail"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "311236#26",
"text": "Predators of the water rail include a number of mammals and large birds. The American mink was partly responsible for the extinction of the Icelandic population, and cats and dogs have also been recorded as killing this species. At least locally, otters will also eat rails and other water birds. The Eurasian bittern, another reed bed bird, will consume rails, as will grey herons. Water rails are particularly vulnerable to the heron when forced out of the cover of the reeds by very high tides. Wetland-hunting harriers are predictable predators, but more unusually, the rail has also been recorded as a prey item of the tawny owl, short-eared owl, Eurasian eagle-owl, greater spotted eagle, common kestrel, and night-hunting peregrine falcons.",
"title": "Water rail"
},
{
"docid": "311236#29",
"text": "Introduced predators are a threat to vulnerable island populations. In addition to the extirpation of the Icelandic race, mink have been responsible for marked declines in the populations of water rails and other ground-nesting birds in the Hebrides, where the mainly fish-eating otter was the only native carnivore. The mink derived from fur farms on Lewis, from whence they spread through Harris, North Uist and South Uist. Mink and ferret eradication programmes have enabled the rail to return to islands including Lewis and Harris, and further projects are ongoing or planned on the Scottish mainland. Locally, habitat may be affected by the drainage of marshes, canalisation of water courses, urban encroachment, and by pollution.",
"title": "Water rail"
},
{
"docid": "451936#3",
"text": "These birds eat crustaceans, aquatic insects, and small fish. They search for food while walking, sometimes probing with their long bills, in shallow water or mud.",
"title": "Clapper rail"
},
{
"docid": "330574#20",
"text": "Lowe speculated in his 1927 paper that, in the absence of mammalian predators on the island, the brown skua would be the Inaccessible Island rail's only predator. A study of the diet of brown skuas on Inaccessible Island confirmed this, but found that although skuas do eat adults of this species, the rail and other landbirds formed only a small part of the diet of that seabird, especially compared to their abundance on the island. They noted that the landbirds alarm-called when brown skuas were seen. After hearing another rail make an alarm call, adult Inaccessible Island rails become alert, while chicks fall silent. Adults are rarely preyed upon, but the mortality of chicks is high and predation by Tristan thrushes is a major cause of death.",
"title": "Inaccessible Island rail"
},
{
"docid": "12434046#17",
"text": "This bird feeds at night, eating various invertebrates and small vertebrates. While in mangroves, it commonly feeds on crabs. Otherwise, it will generally feed on molluscs, arthropods, frogs, seeds, berries, palm fruits, and the occasional water snake. Maize, rice, and bananas are also viable food items for the grey-necked wood rail. It is also known to feed on the feces of giant otters at latrines.",
"title": "Grey-necked wood rail"
},
{
"docid": "972966#18",
"text": "Gerrids, or water striders, are preyed upon largely by birds and some fish. Petrels, terns, and some marine fish prey on Halobates. Fish do not appear to be the main predators of water striders, but will eat them in cases of starvation. Scent gland secretions from the thorax are responsible for repelling fish from eating them. Gerrids are largely hunted by birds of a wide range of species dependent on habitat. Some water striders are hunted by frogs, but they are not their main food source. Water striders are also sometimes hunted by each other. Water strider cannibalism involves mainly hunting nymphs for mating territory and sometimes for food. To escape predators, water striders will either fly away to a neighboring pond or dive under water. This avoidance of predation aids the dispersal process and thus spread of a species over a larger area of land. As species encounter new areas of land, they adapt to new environments. There are so many species of water strider partially as a result of this dispersion and adaptation over time.",
"title": "Gerridae"
}
] |
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] |
1097
|
Who developed the capacitor?
|
[
{
"docid": "33307786#10",
"text": "Since capacitors' energy content increases with the square of the voltage, researchers were looking for a way to increase the electrolyte's breakdown voltage. In 1994 using the anode of a 200V high voltage tantalum electrolytic capacitor, David A. Evans developed an \"Electrolytic-Hybrid Electrochemical Capacitor\". These capacitors combine features of electrolytic and electrochemical capacitors. They combine the high dielectric strength of an anode from an electrolytic capacitor with the high capacitance of a pseudocapacitive metal oxide (ruthenium (IV) oxide) cathode from an electrochemical capacitor, yielding a hybrid electrochemical capacitor. Evans' capacitors, coined Capattery, had an energy content about a factor of 5 higher than a comparable tantalum electrolytic capacitor of the same size. Their high costs limited them to specific military applications.",
"title": "Supercapacitor"
},
{
"docid": "44889502#20",
"text": "The development of solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors began in the early 1950s as a miniaturized, more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement the newly invented transistor. The solution found by R. L. Taylor and H. E. Haring of the Bell Labs was based on experience with ceramics. They ground down tantalum to a powder, pressed this powder into a cylindrical form and then sintered the powder particles into a pellet (“slug”) at high temperatures, between 1500 and 2000 °C, under vacuum conditions. These first sintered tantalum capacitors used a non-solid electrolyte not consistent with the concept of solid state electronics. 1952 a targeted search in the Bell Labs for a solid electrolyte by D. A. McLean and F. S. Power led to the invention of manganese dioxide as a solid electrolyte for a sintered tantalum capacitor.",
"title": "Niobium capacitor"
},
{
"docid": "3733488#11",
"text": "In 1789, Franz Aepinus developed a device with the properties of a \"condenser\" (now known as a capacitor.) The Aepinus condenser was the first capacitor developed after the Leyden jar, and was used to demonstrate conduction and induction. The device was constructed so that the space between two plates could be adjusted, and the glass dielectric separating the two plates could be removed or replaced with other materials.",
"title": "History of electrochemistry"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1342988#43",
"text": "Industrial espionage was implicated in the capacitor plague, in connection with the theft of an electrolyte formula. A materials scientist working for Rubycon in Japan left the company, taking the secret water-based electrolyte formula for Rubycon's ZA and ZL series capacitors, and began working for a Chinese company. The scientist then developed a copy of this electrolyte. Then, some staff members who defected from the Chinese company copied an incomplete version of the formula and began to market it to many of the aluminium electrolytic manufacturers in Taiwan, undercutting the prices of the Japanese manufacturers. This incomplete electrolyte lacked important proprietary ingredients which were essential to the long-term stability of the capacitors and was unstable when packaged in a finished aluminum capacitor. This faulty electrolyte allowed the unimpeded formation of hydroxide and produced hydrogen gas.",
"title": "Capacitor plague"
},
{
"docid": "35034187#146",
"text": "The \"film capacitors\" were developed together with the growing market of broadcast and electronic equipment technology in the mid-20th century. These capacitors are standardized under the rules of IEC/EN 60384-1 “Capacitors for use in electronic equipment” and different \"film materials\" have their own sub standards, the IEC/EN 60384-\"n\" series. The \"power capacitors\" begin at a power handling capacity of approximately 200 volt-amps, such as for ballast capacitors in fluorescent lamps. The standardization of power capacitors follows the rules of IEC/EN 61071 and IEC/EN 60143-1, and have for various different applications their own sub standards, such as for railway applications.",
"title": "Film capacitor"
},
{
"docid": "9221221#9",
"text": "The easy-to-mold ceramic material facilitated the development of special and large styles of ceramic capacitors for high-voltage, high-frequency (RF) and power applications.\nWith the development of semiconductor technology in the 1950s, barrier layer capacitors, or IEC class 3/EIA class IV capacitors, were developed using doped ferroelectric ceramics. Because this doped material was not suitable to produce multilayers, they were replaced decades later by Y5V class 2 capacitors.",
"title": "Ceramic capacitor"
},
{
"docid": "35034187#30",
"text": "With the development of plastic materials by organic chemists during the Second World War, the capacitor industry began to replace paper with thinner polymer films. One very early development in film capacitors was described in British Patent 587,953 in 1944. The introduction of plastics in plastic film capacitors was approximately in the following historic order: polystyrene (PS) in 1949, polyethylene terephthalate (PET/\"polyester\") and cellulose acetate (CA) in 1951, polycarbonate (PC/Lexan) in 1953, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE/Teflon) in 1954, polyparylene in 1954, polypropylene (PP) in 1954, polyethylene (PE) in 1958, and polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) in 1967. By the mid-1960s there was a wide range of different plastic film capacitors offered by many, mostly European and US manufacturers. German manufacturers such as WIMA, Roederstein, Siemens and Philips were trend-setters and leaders in a world market driven by consumer electronics.",
"title": "Film capacitor"
},
{
"docid": "4932111#13",
"text": "Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a \"Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes\". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: \"It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.\"",
"title": "Capacitor"
},
{
"docid": "9550#40",
"text": "The capacitor is a development of the Leyden jar and is a device that can store charge, and thereby storing electrical energy in the resulting field. It consists of two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating dielectric layer; in practice, thin metal foils are coiled together, increasing the surface area per unit volume and therefore the capacitance. The unit of capacitance is the farad, named after Michael Faraday, and given the symbol \"F\": one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb. A capacitor connected to a voltage supply initially causes a current as it accumulates charge; this current will however decay in time as the capacitor fills, eventually falling to zero. A capacitor will therefore not permit a steady state current, but instead blocks it.",
"title": "Electricity"
},
{
"docid": "343492#28",
"text": "The ancestor of the modern electrolytic capacitor was patented by Samuel Ruben in 1925, who teamed with Philip Mallory, the founder of the battery company that is now known as Duracell International. Ruben's idea adopted the stacked construction of a silver mica capacitor. He introduced a separated second foil to contact the electrolyte adjacent to the anode foil instead of using the electrolyte-filled container as the capacitor's cathode. The stacked second foil got its own terminal additional to the anode terminal and the container no longer had an electrical function. This type of electrolytic capacitor combined with an liquid or gel-like electrolyte of a non-aqueous nature, which is therefore dry in the sense of having a very low water content, became known as the \"dry\" type of electrolytic capacitor.",
"title": "Electrolytic capacitor"
}
] |
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] |
1098
|
Where are the Muhajir originally from?
|
[
{
"docid": "47432559#69",
"text": "There are over 400,000 Urdu-speakers in the UK, some of whom are Muhajirs. Muhajirs originally migrated from present-day India to Pakistan following the partition of British India in 1947. Most of them settled in Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, where they form the demographic majority. Many Muhajir Pakistanis later migrated to Britain, effecting a secondary migration. Altaf Hussain, leader of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)—the largest political party in Karachi, with its roots lying in the Muhajir community—has been based in England in self-imposed exile since 1992. He is controversially regarded to have virtually \"ruled\" and \"remotely governed\" Karachi from his residence in the north London suburb of Edgware.",
"title": "British Pakistanis"
},
{
"docid": "28170568#6",
"text": "Muhajirs are also called \"Urdu Speaking people\". Muhajirs are a collective multiethnic group, which emerged by the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of world's largest mass migration. Majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. But there are other parts of Pakistan, including cities like Lahore, Multan, Islamabad, Peshawar where Muhajirs have sizable community.Muhajirs held a dominating position during the nation building early years of Pakistan. Most Muslim politicians of pre-independence era who supported the Pakistan movement were Urdu speakers.The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.",
"title": "Ethnic groups in Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "28175444#0",
"text": "The Muhajir people (also spelled Mahajir and Mohajir) () are Muslim immigrants, of multi-ethnic origin, and their descendants, who migrated from various regions of India after the independence of Pakistan. Although many of them speak different languages at the native level, they are primarily identified as native Urdu speakers and hence are called Urdu-speaking people. The term Muhajirs generally refers to those Muslim migrants from India who settled in urban Sindh.",
"title": "Muhajir people"
},
{
"docid": "17123#43",
"text": "Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants from North India who became known by the Arabic term for \"Migrant\" – Muhajir. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the Great Calcutta Killings and subsequent 1946 Bihar riots. The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi. The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following Partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities. Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades. The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population. Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi's middle class. Muhajirs are regarded as the city's most secular community, while other minorities such as Christians and Hindus increasingly regard themselves as part of the Muhajir community.",
"title": "Karachi"
},
{
"docid": "28175444#31",
"text": "Christophe Jaffrelot says that, as per the 1951 census, Muhajirs in the generic sense constituted 6.3 million souls, or one-fifth of the total population of 33.7 million, but the towering majority were from East Punjab, India, who migrated into West Punjab, Pakistan, not constituting a different community because of obvious ethnic similarities, and in fact not using the \"Muhajir\" tag anymore ; the Muhajirs in the more accepted formal sense, that is diverse set of communities from Hindu-majority provinces which eventually adopted Urdu and formed a socio-linugistic group of its own, were numbered at around 1.2 million, 1.1 million being from Uttar Pradesh, Bombay Presidency, Delhi, Rajasthan and Gujarat who went to West Pakistan, while 100 000 Biharis went to East Pakistan, now Bangladesh.",
"title": "Muhajir people"
},
{
"docid": "1030551#4",
"text": "Muhajirs were the Urdu-speaking Muslims, who migrated to Pakistan when the country emerged independent from the British Raj in 1947. Karachi was then home to a very diverse set of ethnicities including Urdu and Gujarati speaking immigrants, Punjabis, Pashtuns, Baluch and foreigners from several South Asian countries. Muhajirs advanced in commerce and the bureaucracy, but many resented the quota system which facilitated Sindhis in gaining university slots and civil service jobs. It was this very ethnic rivalry that led to Muhajir political mobilization, which was further provoked by the stagnant economy and the condition of Biharis in Bangladesh concentration camps.",
"title": "Muttahida Qaumi Movement"
},
{
"docid": "44783078#0",
"text": "Muhajir culture () is the culture of Urdu speaking Muslims that migrated mainly from North India after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 generally to the Sindh province and mainly to the city of Karachi. They are also known as Urdu speakers, on account of Urdu being their native language, and have also been referred to as Hindustani Musalman (\"Indian Muslims\"). Many Muhajirs of Pakistan are closely related to the Muslims of Uttar Pradesh in India. The Muhajirs are concentrated in urban areas of Sindh.",
"title": "Muhajir culture"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "28175444#19",
"text": "The Muhajirs (Urdu-speakers) of Pakistan were largely settled in the Sindh province, particularly in the province's capital, Karachi, where the Muhajirs were in a majority. As a result of their domination of major Sindhi cities, there had been tensions between Muhajirs and the native Sindhis. The Muhajirs, upon their arrival in Pakistan, soon joined the Punjabi-dominated ruling elite of the new-born country due to their high rates of education and urban background. They possessed the required expertise for running Pakistan's nascent bureaucracy and economy. Although the Muhajirs were, socially, urbane and liberal they sided with the country's religious political parties such as Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP).",
"title": "Muhajir people"
},
{
"docid": "28175444#16",
"text": "The Muhajirs (Urdu-speakers) of Pakistan were largely settled in the Sindh province, particularly in the province's capital, Karachi, where the Muhajirs were in a majority. As a result of their domination of major Sindhi cities, there had been tensions between Muhajirs and the native Sindhis. The Muhajirs, upon their arrival in Pakistan, soon joined the Punjabi-dominated ruling elite of the new-born country due to their high rates of education and urban background. They possessed the required expertise for running Pakistan's nascent bureaucracy and economy. Although the Muhajirs were, socially, urbane and liberal they sided with the country's religious political parties such as Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP).",
"title": "Muhajir people"
},
{
"docid": "44798886#2",
"text": "Many Muhajirs have emigrated from Pakistan and have settled permanently in Europe, North America and Australasia. There are also a significant number of Muhajirs who are working in the Middle East, especially in the Persian Gulf countries:",
"title": "Muhajir diaspora"
}
] |
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] |
1100
|
How old was János Kádár when he died?
|
[
{
"docid": "441860#0",
"text": "János Kádár (; ; 26 May 1912 – 6 July 1989) was a Hungarian communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, presiding over the country from 1956 until his retirement in 1988. His 32-year term as General Secretary covered most of the period the People's Republic of Hungary existed. Due to Kádár's age, declining health and declining political mastery, he retired as General Secretary of the party in 1988 and a younger generation consisting mostly of reformers took over.",
"title": "János Kádár"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "441860#39",
"text": "He died of cancer on 6 July 1989 at age 77, three months before the formal end of the regime he had largely created.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#19",
"text": "Kádár, as in 1946, was a Communist Party campaigner, and was described by historian Robert Gough as \"a great success\". The Communist Party won a majority in parliament in 1947, and because of the escalation of the Cold War, the Soviet leadership ordered them to create a one-party state. Kádár played an active role in the creation of the Hungarian Working People's Party; created by a merger of the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party. At the unification congress Kádár made a speech which made little impact on the Communist movement in Hungary. In May 1948 Kádár visited the Soviet Union, and for the first and last time in his life he saw Joseph Stalin with his own eyes. During his visit to the USSR, Kádár's brother, Jenő died. On 5 August 1948 László Rajk was appointed to the office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Kádár took his place as Minister of the Interior. As Interior Minister, he did not have real power as the most important organizations of internal state security operated under the direct control of Rákosi and his closest associates. In 1949, Borbála died, and Kádár married Mária Tamáska.\nJust as Stalin had launched a Great Purge against those with knowledge of the pre-Stalin party, Rákosi launched a purge against those who had worked in Hungary, and not in the Soviet Union, during World War II and before. In retrospect, it is clear that Kádár was appointed Minister of the Interior with the deliberate aim to involve him in the \"show trial\" of Laszlo Rajk, although the investigations and proceedings were handled by the State Security Agency with the active participation of the Soviet Secret Police. Rákosi later boasted of \"spending many a sleepless night\" in unraveling the threads of the \"anti-party conspiracy\" led by Rajk and his \"gang.\" During the public trial, Rákosi personally gave instructions to the judge over the phone. Rákosi would later attempt to blame Kádár for Rajk's death. Later in his life Rákosi said that Rajk died screaming \"Long live Stalin! Long live Rákosi!\" while Tibor Szönyi died without saying a word and András Szalai crying. Farkas and Gábor Péter, upon the death of Rajk and the others, said \"provocateurs to their last breaths\". This event didn't assure Kádár; making him doubt if any of the accusation leveled against his co-workers were true. It is believed that after Rajk's death Kádár was seen vomiting; these rumours have not been confirmed by any sources from that time. Rákosi contacted him the following the day, asking him why he was in such a bad mood, and continued, saying; \"Did the executions affect you that much?\". According to certain rumours, which are probably not reliable, Kádár visited Rákosi to tell him about his reaction to the execution. Later, during a party presentation to a college, Kádár emphasised party austerity. This presentation might reflect on Kádár's reaction to Rajk's execution and his revelation that he might become the next victim of government repression. When holding his presentation, he was described by his audience as a \"haggard\", \"distressed\" and as a man under a lot of \"strain\".",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#21",
"text": "On 18 April 1951, Zöld had killed his whole family and committed suicide after finding out that Rákosi and his associates had decided to purge him from the party. When the authorities found their bodies, they decided to quickly gather the remaining two before they did something rash too. Kádár, who did not know what had just taken place, was at home taking care of his wife Maria, who had been in and out of the hospital. The Hungarian leadership decided to call him, asking Kádár to meet them at the party headquarters, when leaving his home he was stopped by ÁVH officers and the ÁVH head Gábor Péter.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#37",
"text": "János Kádár held power in Hungary until the \"apparat coup\" in the spring of 1988, when he resigned under pressure as General Secretary in the face of mounting economic difficulties and his own ill health. At a party conference in Budapest on 22 May 1988, at which half a dozen of his Politburo associates were also removed, Kádár announced his resignation and was officially replaced as General Secretary by Prime Minister Károly Grósz, who strove to continue Kádár's policies in a modified form adapted to the new circumstances. Kádár was named instead to the ceremonial position of Party President. He did not wish to be re-elected to the Political Committee, the most important decision-making body of the party. In May 1989, as Grósz and his associates in turn were being sidelined by a faction of young \"radical reformers\" who set out to dismantle Communism altogether, Kádár, his health visibly failing, was officially removed from office completely.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#1",
"text": "Kádár was born in Fiume to a poor family. He never met his father, who left his mother when he was young. After living in the countryside for some years, Kádár and his mother moved to Budapest. After quitting school, Kádár joined the Communist Party of Hungary's youth organisation, KIMSZ. Kádár would go on to become a prominent figure in the pre-World War II communist party, even becoming First Secretary. As leader, he dissolved the party and reorganised it as the Peace Party. This new party failed to win any popular support for the communist cause and he would later be accused of dissolving the Hungarian communist party. With the German invasion of Hungary, the Peace Party tried again to win support from the Hungarian populace, but failed. At the time of the Soviet occupation, the communist movement led by Kádár was small.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "48549965#0",
"text": "Flóra Kádár (; August 4, 1928 – January 3, 2003) was a Hungarian stage, film, television, dubbing and voice actress. She died on January 3, 2003 at the age of 74. She was known for her roles of \"Mrs. Hackl\" in the film Sunshine, of \"Redl's sister\" in the film Colonel Redl, and of \"Erzsi, Jóska's wife\" in the film Adoption.",
"title": "Flóra Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#8",
"text": "Kádár attended and passed the admission exam to the Cukor Street Elementary School. It offered what Borbála always wanted for him, and Kádár proved to be a bright student. However his discontent regarding his current situation manifested in him skipping school on various occasions. Endangering Borbála's future hopes of him, she usually hit him many times when it became known to her that he skipped class. He proved to be an able student in most subjects on only moderate efforts. Yet he saw no reason to study too hard, and usually skipped school to play football or other sports. He did read often however, but his mother was unimpressed by this and ironically asked him if he was a \"gentleman of leisure\". Kádár left school at the age of fourteen in 1926. His education gave him a promising opportunity in light industry, it did however, take a year for him to find a job after being turned down as a car mechanic. In 1927, he became a typewriter mechanic, a profession which had a high standing among the Hungarian working class, there were only 160 of them in the country.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "441860#6",
"text": "His mother was able to visit during the holidays, meaning only a few times a year. His foster father, Imre Bálint took care of him. But it was Bálint's brother, Sándor Bálint, Kádár would remember as his \"true\" foster father. While Imre had joined the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I, Sándor was left to take care of Kádár. Sándor clearly showed much interest in the boy, and seems to be the only man Kádár had a good relationship with throughout his early childhood. Due to the great strain put on the family because of World War I, Kádár started working at an early age and helped Sándor take care of his sick wife. Kádár, as an old man, noted how early experiences in his childhood moved him towards Marxist-Leninism, the most notable one being when he was accused of setting a building on fire instead of catching the true culprit, the inspector's son. Suddenly in 1918, at the age of six, Borbála reclaimed him, moved him to Budapest and enrolled him in school. In school he got bullied by classmates and his teacher for his bumpkin manners and his peasant terms. At the same time as his troubles at school, it took time before he and Borbála became \"friends\". His mother being a devoted Catholic, was surprised to find out that Kádár was not brought up as one.",
"title": "János Kádár"
}
] |
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] |
1102
|
What years did Akbar the Great live?
|
[
{
"docid": "18945005#0",
"text": "Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (15 October 1542– 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar I (), also as Akbar the Great (\"Akbar-i-azam\" ), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.",
"title": "Akbar"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47608629#9",
"text": "\"... Akbar’s African-American organized crime network, called The Family, continues to operate. It is based in Essex County and consists of over two hundred members. Pray’s organization started in the early 1970s as [an outgrowth of] the New World of Islam. The Muslim [name] Akbar means omnipotent, all powerful, or the great one. In fact, Akbar referred to himself as Akbar Akbar in some cases, or the greatest of the great. He lived up to this name by assuming control over a vast and durable criminal network. The New World of Islam initially focused on supporting bank robberies and even operated a bank robbery school. Pray’s drug trafficking venture started out in a small area of Essex County and eventually extended to several states, including Ohio, Michigan, New York and Southern Florida.",
"title": "Akbar Pray"
},
{
"docid": "30875220#4",
"text": "Akbar was born Mark Fidel Kools on April 21, 1971, and grew up in Watts, Los Angeles, California. His father, John Kools, converted to Islam while in prison on a gang-related charge, and changed his surname to Akbar before his release in 1974. Akbar's mother later converted to Islam before marrying William M. Bilal, also a Muslim convert. She took the name Quran Bilal. She changed her son's name to Hasan Karim Akbar, to reflect his father's surname and their religion. He was raised from a young age as a Muslim. In 1988, Akbar was admitted to the University of California, Davis. He graduated nine years later in 1997 with Bachelor's degrees in both Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering. The university said that Kools had stopped and restarted his studies during those years, lengthening the time it took him to complete his degrees. He participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps during college, but he did not receive a commission. Deeply in debt, he joined the Army as an enlisted member.",
"title": "United States v. Hasan K. Akbar"
},
{
"docid": "24144301#4",
"text": "Akbar produced-directed and also played the title role of Emperor Akbar in the classic TV serial \"Akbar The Great\". In 2005, Akbar produced-directed the magnum opus \"\". He also launched Pakistani legend actress-singer Noor Jehan's granddaughter Sonya Jehan in the film, which also starred Kabir Bedi, Zulfi Syed, Arbaaz Khan and Pooja Batra. It was the costliest film made in India at that time, with a budget of INR 60 crores. It was also the first Indian film to release in Pakistani cinemas, as Indian films were banned there since the Indo-Pak war of 1965. Akbar, along with his family and other Indian film stars also visited Pakistan in April 2006 and actively promoted the film. The film was badly sabotaged and ill-marketed in India by Mukta Arts, which led to a dispute between Akbar, Subhash Ghai and Yash Chopra. The film was highly appreciated at nearly all international film festivals. Akbar plans to re-release the film in India and abroad very soon, as many people didn't know that it actually released in 2005. Akbar starred in Vashu Bhagnani's \"Faltu\" (2011) and played the main lead in \"Faraar\" (2011).",
"title": "Akbar Khan (director)"
},
{
"docid": "18945005#59",
"text": "During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi – a Shia buried in Delhi – because of the grave's proximity to that of Amir Khusrau, arguing that a \"heretic\" could not be buried so close to the grave of a Sunni saint, reflecting a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s. He suppressed Mahdavism in 1573 during his campaign in Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Sheik Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months. However, as Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, it caused a great shift in his outlook and culminated in his shift from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, in favour of a new concept of Islam transcending the limits of religion. Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict. In the year 1578, the Mughal Emperor Akbar famously referred to himself as:\nIn 1580, a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of \"fatwas\", declaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by Qazis. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. To further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a \"mazhar\", or declaration, that was signed by all major \"ulemas\" in 1579. The \"mahzar\" asserted that Akbar was the \"Khalifa\" of the age, a higher rank than that of a \"Mujtahid\": in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees that did not go against the \"nass\". Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the \"Mazhar\" helped stabilize the religious situation in the empire. It made Akbar very powerful because of the complete supremacy accorded to the \"Khalifa\" by Islam, and also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman \"Khalifa\" over his subjects, thus ensuring their complete loyalty to him.",
"title": "Akbar"
},
{
"docid": "24217897#9",
"text": "Akbar the Great (reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad in the Rajput Umarkot Fort, to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River. He created a new class of nobility loyal to him from the military aristocracy of India's social groups, implemented a modern government, and supported cultural developments. At the same time, Akbar intensified trade with European trading companies. India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. Akbar allowed free expression of religion, and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. He left his successors an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge.",
"title": "Mughal Empire"
},
{
"docid": "1984531#0",
"text": "Jimmy Saied Wehba (September 29, 1934 – August 19, 2010) was an American professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring name Skandor Akbar, which translates as \"Alexander the Great\". Akbar led the villainous stable Devastation, Inc. in Bill Watts's Universal Wrestling Federation during the promotion's heyday in the 1980s, as well as other regional territories, including World Class Championship Wrestling and the Global Wrestling Federation.",
"title": "Skandor Akbar"
},
{
"docid": "356275#36",
"text": "Sikandra, the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great, is on the Delhi-Agra Highway, only from the Agra Fort. Akbar's tomb reflects the completeness of his personality. The vast, beautifully carved, red-ochre sandstone tomb with deers, rabbits and langurs is set amidst a lush garden. Akbar himself planned his own tomb and selected a suitable site for it. To construct a tomb in one's lifetime was a Turkic custom which the Mughals followed religiously. Akbar's son Jahāngīr completed construction of this pyramidal tomb in 1613. The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb.",
"title": "Agra"
}
] |
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] |
1103
|
When was BOAC founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "44866611#1",
"text": "On 24 November 1939, BOAC was created by Act of Parliament to become the British state airline, formed from the merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. The companies had been operating together since war was declared on 3 September 1939, when their operations were evacuated from the London area to Bristol. On 1 April 1940, BOAC started operations as a single company. Following the Fall of France (22 June 1940), BOAC aircraft kept wartime Britain connected with its colonies and the allied world, often under enemy fire, and initially with desperate shortages of long-range aircraft. During the war, the airline was sometimes loosely referred to as 'British Airways', and aircraft and equipment were marked with combinations of that title and/or the Speedbird symbol and/or the Union Flag.",
"title": "British Overseas Airways Corporation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "482403#1",
"text": "Ghana Airways was founded on 4 July 1958 by the government of Ghana with start up capital of ₤400,000; the government holding a 60 percent stake, with BOAC holding the remainder. When the company was founded, a seven-year agreement between the airline and BOAC was signed, which saw BOAC personnel being seconded to Accra, and Ghanaian personnel being trained in order for them to take over management and operation of the airline. Prior to the foundation of the company, BOAC and West African Airways Corporation were responsible for international services from Ghana, operating pool services from West Africa to London. For their initial operations, Ghana Airways joined the pool services, when BOAC began operating the Accra–London route on 16 July 1958 with a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, with the aircraft being operated with the Ghanaian flag and in a livery minimally adapted from that of the UK carrier. The airline's relationship with West African Airways ceased on 30 September, and on 1 October they began operating the domestic and regional flights formerly offered by WAAC . The airline's first aircraft, and hence the first aircraft to be registered in Ghana since the nation became independent, was a de Havilland Heron delivered on 30 December. At the end of the airline's first year of operation they had made a net profit of US$28,000.",
"title": "Ghana Airways"
},
{
"docid": "18741152#3",
"text": "\"The Jesuits in the Philippines 1581-1768\", a book written by Fr. Horacio de la Costa, states that Archbishop Miguel Garcia Serrano of Manila entrusted the island of Marinduque to the care of the Society of Jesus in 1621. The Jesuits stayed in the province and founded the town of Boac on 8 December 1622 and later on the towns of Sta. Cruz and Gasan. By virtue of a Spanish royal decree dated 19 May 1864, the Augusti-nian Recollect Fathers took over the spiritual administration of Boac in exchange for the curacies they left behind to the hands of the Jesuit missionaries in Mindanao.",
"title": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Boac"
},
{
"docid": "24558847#9",
"text": "The first attempt to create a new combined British airline through the merger of BOAC with BEA arose in 1953 out of inconclusive attempts between the two airlines to negotiate air rights through the British colony of Cyprus. The Chairman of BOAC, Miles Thomas, was in favour of the idea as a potential solution to a disagreement between the two airlines as to which should serve the increasingly important oil regions of the Middle East. In this proposal Thomas had backing from the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time, Rab Butler. However, opposition from the Treasury blocked the idea, and an agreement was reached instead to allow BEA to serve Ankara in Turkey, and in return to leave all routes east and south of Cyprus to BOAC. However, the solution was not entirely satisfactory to BOAC, as BEA's effective control of Cyprus Airways gave it the ability to continue to serve destinations ostensively ceded to BOAC, including Beirut and Cairo by using Cyprus Airways as its proxy.",
"title": "History of British Airways"
},
{
"docid": "44866611#14",
"text": "The first attempt at a merger of BOAC with BEA arose in 1953 out of inconclusive attempts between the two airlines to negotiate air rights through the British colony of Cyprus. The Chairman of BOAC, Miles Thomas, was in favour of the idea as a potential solution to a disagreement between the two airlines as to which should serve the increasingly important oil regions of the Middle East, and he had backing for his proposal from the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time, Rab Butler. However, opposition from the Treasury blocked the idea, and an agreement was reached instead to allow BEA to serve Ankara in Turkey, and in return to leave all routes east and south of Cyprus to BOAC. Paradoxically, through its effective control of Cyprus Airways, BEA was able to continue to serve destinations ceded to BOAC, including Beirut and Cairo by using Cyprus Airways as its proxy.",
"title": "British Overseas Airways Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "44866611#10",
"text": "BOAC was also permitted to spend dollars on six new Boeing 377 Stratocruisers for its key transatlantic routes from October 1949, offering a double-deck non-stop eastbound service from New York City to London Airport (later Heathrow). However, because of the prevailing westerly winds, the westbound flights needed re-fuelling at Shannon and Gander before reaching New York. Another four Stratocruisers were taken over from a frustrated SAS order and seven were bought secondhand in the mid-1950s. The Handley Page Hermes and Canadair DC-4M \"Argonaut\" joined the BOAC fleet between 1949 and 1950, replacing the last of the non-pressurised types on passenger services. When service entry of the Bristol Britannia was delayed in late 1956, BOAC was permitted to purchase ten new Douglas DC-7Cs. These long-range aircraft enabled BOAC to operate non-stop westbound flights from London and Manchester to New York and other US East Coast destinations, in competition with DC-7Cs of Pan American World Airways and Lockheed Super Constellations of Trans World Airlines (TWA). This was the first purchase of aircraft direct from the Douglas Aircraft Company in BOAC's history.",
"title": "British Overseas Airways Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "331245#87",
"text": "The first attempt at a merger of BEA and BOAC arose in 1953 out of inconclusive attempts between the two airlines to negotiate air rights through the British colony of Cyprus. The Chairman of BOAC, Miles Thomas, was in favour of the idea as a potential solution to a disagreement between the two airlines as to which should serve the increasingly important oil regions of the Middle East, and he had backing for his proposal from the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time, Rab Butler. However, opposition from the Treasury blocked the idea, and an agreement was reached instead to allow BEA to serve Ankara in Turkey, and in return to leave all routes east and south of Cyprus to BOAC. Paradoxically, through its effective control of Cyprus Airways, BEA was able to continue to serve destinations ceded to BOAC, including Beirut and Cairo by using Cyprus Airways as its proxy.",
"title": "British European Airways"
},
{
"docid": "44866611#8",
"text": "Since 1941, the advanced pressurised Lockheed Constellation had been under development, and in 1946 BOAC was permitted to use dollars to purchase an initial fleet of five for the prestigious North Atlantic route (there were no equivalent British types available). Throughout the whole of BOAC's existence, the argument over buying American or (often delayed) British products continued, and Parliament, the press, British manufacturers and the unions accused BOAC management of only wanting American aircraft. Whilst the major world airlines abandoned flying-boats at the end of WWII, BOAC continued with theirs until 1950, and even introduced the new Short Solent on the leisurely Nile route to South Africa. In 1948, the unpressurised Yorks were still operating passenger services as far afield as Nairobi (Kenya), Accra (Gold Coast, later Ghana), Delhi and Calcutta (India), and the type continued to operate freight schedules until late 1957.",
"title": "British Overseas Airways Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "8724591#22",
"text": "BOAC countered Eagle's move to establish itself as a full-fledged scheduled transatlantic competitor on its Heathrow—JFK flagship route by forming BOAC-Cunard as a new £30 million joint venture with Cunard Steamship Co. BOAC contributed 70% of the new company's capital and eight Boeing 707s. Cunard Eagle's long-haul scheduled operation — including the two new 707s — was absorbed into BOAC-Cunard before delivery of the second 707, in June 1962. BOAC-Cunard leased any spare aircraft capacity to BOAC to augment the BOAC mainline fleet at peak times. As part of this deal, BOAC-Cunard also bought flying hours from BOAC for using the latter's aircraft in the event of capacity shortfalls. This maximised combined fleet utilisation. The joint fleet use agreement did not cover Cunard Eagle's European scheduled, trooping and charter operations.",
"title": "British Eagle"
},
{
"docid": "331245#10",
"text": "BOAC formed a British European Airways division on 1 January 1946 in anticipation of that year's Civil Aviation Act. Following its formation, BOAC's new division began taking over Transport Command's operations from 4 March 1946. On that day, it inaugurated a weekly Dakota service from Northolt to Madrid and Gibraltar, followed by additional Dakota services to Stavanger and Oslo, Copenhagen, as well as Athens via Marseille and Rome. On each of these flights, half of the Dakota's 16 seats were reserved for UK government officials. Initially, crews continued to wear BOAC uniforms. Although some services still used Croydon for some time, the main operating base moved to RAF Northolt.",
"title": "British European Airways"
}
] |
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] |
1105
|
Did the Imperial Japanese Navy also have submarines?
|
[
{
"docid": "2909357#16",
"text": "The Imperial Japanese Navy's doctrine of fleet warfare (\"guerre d'escadre\") resulted in its submarines seldom posing a threat to allied merchant convoys and shipping lanes to the degree that the Kriegsmarine's U-boats did as they pursued commerce raiding against Allied and neutral merchant ships. During the war, IJN submarines did sink about 1 million tons (GRT) of merchant shipping (184 ships) in the Pacific; by contrast U.S. Navy submarines sank 5.2 million tons (1,314 ships) in the same period, while U-boats of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\", the IJN's Axis partner, sank 14.3 million tons (2,840 ships) in the Atlantic and other oceans. During the last two years of the War in the Pacific, many IJN submarines were also occupied serving to transport supplies to isolated island garrisons, ones that had been deliberately bypassed by the Americans and the Australians and which could not be reached by surface transports because of blockade by Allied warplanes and naval vessels.",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "2909357#9",
"text": "Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) submarines formed by far the most varied fleet of submarines of World War II, including manned torpedoes (\"Kaiten\"), midget submarines (\"Kō-hyōteki\", ), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines (many used by the Imperial Japanese Army, see Type 3), fleet submarines (many of which carried an aircraft), submarines with the highest submerged speeds of the conflict (\"Sentaka\" ), and submarines able to carry multiple bombers (World War II's largest submarine, the Sentoku ). They were also equipped with the most advanced torpedo of the conflict, the oxygen-fuelled Type 95 (which are sometimes confused with the famed Type 93 Long Lance torpedo).",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "2909357#11",
"text": "The IJN submarine arm did have a number of notable successes against American warships, however. During the Battle of Midway, administered the final \"coup de grace\" that sank the fleet carrier , as well as sinking the destroyer . A few months later, on September 15, 1942, with a single salvo of torpedoes, Japanese submarine sank the fleet carrier and damaged both the battleship and the destroyer . On November 13, 1942, the submarine torpedoed and sank the anti-aircraft cruiser , and a year later on November 23, 1943 the submarine torpedoed and sank the escort carrier , both with heavy loss of life. The had the distinction of both severely damaging the heavy cruiser , knocking her out of the war for a year, on October 20, 1942, and of also sinking (the only American submarine to be sunk by a Japanese submarine in the entire war) on November 16, 1943.",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "2909357#45",
"text": "The submarines (\"I-52\"-class) were submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, designed and built by Mitsubishi Corporation, between 1943 and 1944, as cargo carriers. They were quite long and carried a crew of up to 94 officers and enlisted. They also had a long cruising range at a speed of .",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "2909357#0",
"text": "Imperial Japanese Navy submarines originated with the purchase of five Holland type submarines from the United States in 1904. Japanese submarine forces progressively built up strength and expertise, becoming by the beginning of World War II one of the world's most varied and powerful submarine fleets.",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "13403402#3",
"text": "Despite these advantages, IJN submarines achieved remarkably little during World War II primarily having in hindsight suffered from the antiquated strategy of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff, who viewed submarines as little more than scouts whose main role was to locate and shadow enemy naval task forces in preparation for a decisive surface conflict. Maybe the IJN General Staff was slow to change as the submarines were generally slow to dive, easy to track with radar and sonar, difficult to maneuver underwater, and less sturdy than their German U-boat counterparts.",
"title": "6th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)"
},
{
"docid": "51338138#0",
"text": "Following World War I, the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff began to re-consider submarine warfare as an element of fleet strategy. Before the war, the Japanese Navy regarded submarines as useful only for short-range coastal point defense. However, based on the success of the Imperial German Navy in deployment of long-range cruiser-submarines for commerce raiding Japanese strategists came to realize possibilities for using the weapon for long range reconnaissance, and in a war of attrition against an enemy fleet approaching Japan. Procurement for a large, long-range Japanese submarine was authorized in fiscal 1918 under the Eight-six fleet program, under the designation S22.\n\"Project S22\" was based on the latest Royal Navy design, the British K class submarine. Japanese ties to Great Britain via the Anglo-Japanese Alliance were still strong. \"Project S22\" was laid down at Kure Naval Arsenal on 6 April 1921, launched on 29 November 1921 and completed on 20 June 1924.",
"title": "Japanese submarine I-51"
},
{
"docid": "2909357#39",
"text": "The (\"I-15\"-class) submarines (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ) were the most numerous type of submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. In total 20 were made, starting with \"I-15\", the class ship. These were fast, very long ranged, and carried a single Yokosuka E14Y seaplane, located in a hangar in front of the conning tower, launched by a catapult.",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "2909357#4",
"text": "In 1904 Kawasaki Dockyard Company purchased plans for a modified version directly from Holland, and built two boats (Hulls No. 6 and 7), with the help of two American engineers, Chase and Herbert, who had been assistants to Holland. The Kawasaki-type submarines displaced 63 and 95 tons when submerged, and measured in overall length, respectively. both vessels measured at the beam. This contrasted with the original five imported Hollands-type submarines which had arrived that same year, at over 100 tons submerged, in overall length and beam. The Kawasaki Type #6 and #7 submarines had gained extra speed and reduced fuel consumption by . However both boats could launch only one torpedo, and each was manned by 14 sailors, whereas the imported Holland-type submarines could fire two torpedoes and could be operated by 13 sailors. This new type was designated the Type 6 submarine by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and was used primarily for test purposes.",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "2909357#2",
"text": "The submarines that Electric Boat sold to Japan were based on the Holland designs, known as Holland Type VIIs similar to the American s. The five imported Hollands were originally built at Fore River Ship and Engine Company in Quincy, Massachusetts under Busch's direction for the Electric Boat Company back in August–October 1904. They were shipped by freighter from Seattle, Washington in Knock-down kit form to Japan, and then reassembled by Arthur Leopold Busch at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, which was then Japan's largest naval shipyard, to become Hulls No. 1 through 5 and were designated Type 1 submarines by the Japanese Navy.",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2909357#14",
"text": "However, as fuel oil diminished and air superiority was lost, Imperial submarines were no longer able to continue with such successes. Once the United States was able to increase its production of destroyers and destroyer escorts, as well as bringing over highly effective anti-submarine techniques learned during the Battle of the Atlantic, they continually took more and more of a toll on Imperial Japanese submarines, which also tended to be not as deeply diving as their \"Kriegsmarine\" counterparts.",
"title": "Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy"
},
{
"docid": "342641#72",
"text": "While Japan had a large number of submarines, they did not make a significant impact on the war. In 1942, the Japanese fleet submarines performed well, knocking out or damaging many Allied warships. However, Imperial Japanese Navy (and pre-war US) doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles, not \"guerre de course\" (commerce raiding) could win naval campaigns. So, while the US had an unusually long supply line between its west coast and frontline areas, leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack, Japan used its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance and only occasionally attacked US supply lines. The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little.",
"title": "Pacific War"
}
] |
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] |
1107
|
How is intellect measured?
|
[
{
"docid": "7478736#2",
"text": "In 1939, David Wechsler realized the limitation of the Stanford-Binet and designed an intellect by tapping a diverse sample of capabilities. In earlier methods of assessment, Weschler devised the format that we currently known as the Wechsler scales, consisting of a collection of subsets. He believed in the unitary nature of intelligence but subscribed to the idea that intellect can be best measured through interdependent, qualitatively different abilities. Historical, the picture arrangement subsets of the Wechsler scales have been characterized repeatedly as being nonverbal and verbal measure of social competence. For this reason, clinicians interpret performance on the picture arrangement subsets as measures of social ability.\nAlthough picture arrangement (PA) has been viewed as predictive of social intelligence, there has been considerable difficulty defining social intelligence, social functioning and/or social competence. Wechsler believed that general intelligence could be applied to all situations. Thus, “social” intelligence might best be conceptualized as one aspect of general intelligence.",
"title": "Picture arrangement test"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "374559#6",
"text": "Intellect that reaches its maturity is referred as self-management. At this state intellect can encounter every problem it faces and not only change itself in the most efficient manner, but also alter the reality in the most desirable way. Overall, success and failure turn to depend primarily on the extent of intellectual capabilities.\nAccording to J.P.Guilford, intellect consists of three key parameters: operations, contents and products. Each parameter contains specific elements, which are independent and therefore should be measured individually and considered as autonomous units of human intellect.",
"title": "Intellect"
},
{
"docid": "46536057#5",
"text": "Some psychologists have recently pointed out that previous instruments used to measure openness actually assessed two distinctive aspects. The first is intellect, which reflects intellectual engagement and perceived intelligence and is marked by ideas, while the second is emotion, which reflects the artistic and contemplative qualities related to being engaged in sensation and perception and is marked by fantasy, aesthetics, feelings and actions. On this basis, intellect was found to be associated with the neural system of the working memory, which is related to \"g\", whereas openness was not. In addition, according to a study of genetic behaviour, intellect is genetically closer to intelligence than openness.",
"title": "Intelligence and personality"
},
{
"docid": "374559#0",
"text": "Intellect is a term used in studies of the human mind, and refers to the ability of the mind to come to correct conclusions about what is true or real, and about how to solve problems. Historically the term comes from the Greek philosophical term \"nous\", which was translated into Latin as \"intellectus\" (derived from the verb \"intelligere\", \"to understand\", from \"inter\", \"between\" and \"legere\", \"to choose\") and into French and then English as \"intelligence\" (other than \"intellect\"). Intellect is in fact considered as a branch of intelligence (see Intellect vs intelligence).",
"title": "Intellect"
},
{
"docid": "162776#12",
"text": "Aristotle says that the intellect (\"nous\"), the ability to think, has no bodily organ (in contrast with other psychological abilities, such as sense-perception and imagination). In fact, he says that it is not mixed with the body and suggests that it can exist apart from the body. This seems to contradict Aristotle's claim that the soul is a form or property of the body. To complicate matters further, Aristotle distinguishes between two kinds, or two parts, of intellect. These two intellectual powers are traditionally called the \"passive intellect\" and the \"active (or agent) intellect\". Thus, interpreters of Aristotle have faced the problem of explaining how the intellect fits into Aristotle's hylomorphic theory of the soul.",
"title": "Hylomorphism"
},
{
"docid": "39426637#43",
"text": "The intellect is \"the faculty of suiting measures to circumstances,\" or \"the faculty judging according to sense.\" Intellect is linked initially to fancy, such that their functioning forms a law by which man \"is impelled to abstract the changes and outward relations of matter and to arrange them under the form of causes and effects.\" This law is necessary for man's awareness and freedom, but if not conjoined with a new participative capacity (the Goethean \"Gemüt\") would \"prevent or greatly endanger man's development and progression.\" The intellect in man, as contrasted with animals, is the ability not only to obey rules, but to create them and to know what the term \"rule\" means. It is the possibility of sense experience. Sensation is \"already intelligence in process of constructing itself.\" Thus, \"intelligence is a self-development and sensation itself is but vision nascent, not the cause of intelligence, but intelligence itself revealed as an earlier power in the process of self-construction\" working on the sense-data to provide names of objects and the relationships of their outer forms in terms of cause and effect (what Suzanne Langer terms 'figuration').",
"title": "Romantic epistemology"
},
{
"docid": "11336666#7",
"text": "The variables studied were \"intelligibility\" and \"fidelity\". Intelligibility was a measure of how \"understandable\" the sentence was, and was measured on a scale of 1–9. Fidelity was a measure of how much information the translated sentence retained compared to the original, and was measured on a scale of 0–9. Each point on the scale was associated with a textual description. For example, 3 on the intelligibility scale was described as \"Generally unintelligible; it tends to read like nonsense but, with a considerable amount of reflection and study, one can at least hypothesize the idea intended by the sentence\".",
"title": "Evaluation of machine translation"
},
{
"docid": "13530209#3",
"text": "Work Measurement is a technique for establishing a Standard Time, which is the required time to perform a given task, based on time measurements of the work content of the prescribed method, with due consideration for fatigue and for personal and unavoidable delays. \nMethod study is the principal technique for reducing the work involved, primarily by eliminating unnecessary movement on the part of material or operatives and by substituting good methods for poor ones. Work measurement is concerned with investigating, reducing and subsequently eliminating ineffective time, that is time during which no effective work is being performed, whatever the cause.\nWork measurement, as the name suggests, provides management with a means of measuring the time taken in the performance of an operation or series of operations in such a way that ineffective time is shown up and can be separated from effective time. In this way its existence, nature and extent become known where previously they were concealed within the total.To see how much work has been done by the worker and how much salaries is given to him",
"title": "Work measurement"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "3657390#21",
"text": "The passage tries to explain \"how the human intellect passes from its original state, in which it does not think, to a subsequent state, in which it does\" according to his distinction between potentiality and actuality. Aristotle says that the passive intellect receives the intelligible forms of things, but that the active intellect is required to make the potential knowledge into actual knowledge, in the same way that light makes potential colours into actual colours. As Davidson remarks:\nJust what Aristotle meant by potential intellect and active intellect - terms not even explicit in the \"De anima\" and at best implied - and just how he understood the interaction between them remains moot. Students of the history of philosophy continue to debate Aristotle's intent, particularly the question whether he considered the active intellect to be an aspect of the human soul or an entity existing independently of man.",
"title": "Nous"
}
] |
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1110
|
Is it normal to not experience sexual arousal?
|
[
{
"docid": "35334391#8",
"text": "Sexual arousal for most people is a positive experience and an aspect of their sexuality, and is often sought. A person can normally control how they will respond to arousal. They will normally know what things or situations are potentially stimulating, and may at their leisure decide to either create or avoid these situations. Similarly, a person's sexual partner will normally also know his or her partner's erotic stimuli and turn-offs. Some people feel embarrassed by sexual arousal and some are sexually inhibited. Some people do not feel aroused on every occasion that they are exposed to erotic stimuli, nor act in a sexual way on every arousal. A person can take an active part in a sexual activity without sexual arousal. These situations are considered normal, but depend on the maturity, age, culture and other factors influencing the person.",
"title": "Sexual arousal"
},
{
"docid": "35536844#42",
"text": "Though the traditional model of sexual response was founded on the belief that sexual thoughts and fantasies are normally sufficient to initiate arousal, which should then lead to orgasm and end in a resolution phase, “sexual hunger” in the form of initial arousal is not the sole reason women report for being sexual. A lack of spontaneous desire is not necessarily indicative of sexual dysfunction. Women often express a desire to engage in sexual intimacy as a means to get closer to their partners, to increase emotional closeness, commitment, tenderness, tolerance and to express their appreciation for their partner both physically and/or emotionally. Women are more likely to experience spontaneous desire early in relationships, midcycle, after a partner has been absent emotionally or physically, however, women may also follow no particular pattern in their experiences of spontaneous sexual desire.",
"title": "Sexual desire and intimate relationships"
},
{
"docid": "35334391#12",
"text": "It is normal to correlate the erection of the penis with male sexual arousal. Physical or psychological stimulation, or both, leads to vasodilation and the increased blood flow engorges the three spongy areas that run along the length of the penis (the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum). The penis grows enlarged and firm, the skin of the scrotum is pulled tighter, and the testes are pulled up against the body. However, the relationship between erection and arousal is not one-to-one. After their mid-forties, some men report that they do not always have an erection when they are sexually aroused. Equally, a male erection can occur during sleep (nocturnal penile tumescence) without conscious sexual arousal or due to mechanical stimulation (e.g. rubbing against the bed sheet) alone. A young man — or one with a strong libido — may experience enough sexual arousal for an erection to result from a passing thought, or just the sight of a passerby. Once erect, his penis may gain enough stimulation from contact with the inside of his clothing to maintain and encourage it for some time.",
"title": "Sexual arousal"
},
{
"docid": "403653#18",
"text": "Even when not coupled with \"touching\", sounds can be highly sexually arousing. Commercial erotic material (mainly produced for the male market) uses such sounds extensively. As early as the 1920s and 30s, several genres of singers turned to \"low moans\" for erotic effect. Vaudeville Jazz singers often incorporated sex sounds into the narrative of the lyrics. Even contemporary music such as Prince's \"Orgasm\" or Marvin Gaye's \"You Sure Love to Ball\" includes sounds of the female orgasm. Research has shown music to be an auditory sexual stimulant. In one mood induction study, exposure to certain music resulted in significantly greater penile tumescence and subjective sexual arousal for men. In a similar experiment, women did not show significant physiological responses to certain types of music but did report higher levels of sexual arousal. Further studies have looked at the connection between auditory stimulation and the experience of sexual pleasure. Whilst the highest levels of physiological and subjective arousal were found for visual stimuli, spoken-text was found to elicit sexual arousal in men, implicating sounds as a means of sexual stimulation. Phone sex is one type of arousal inducer that makes use of this effect.",
"title": "Sexual stimulation"
},
{
"docid": "53366398#3",
"text": "Some researchers found that men are more aroused by sexual media than are women, especially in response to sexually violent or dehumanizing materials. Also, sexual violence may only appeal to sex offenders and other violence-prone men and even to \"normal\" men if the victim is portrayed as being aroused by the assault. Slides or verbal descriptions of coercive sex are more appealing to sexually coercive men physiologically than \"normal\" men.\nSince the Internet provides unlimited number of websites that feature any sexual desire that the user wants, it results in sexual arousal because the stimuli are new. Carnes think that the Internet can allow people to see any of their fantasy, which usually do not exist in most people's daily lives. These images can be reactivated during the sexual intercourse.",
"title": "Effects of sex in the media"
},
{
"docid": "35334391#24",
"text": "Research suggests that cognitive factors like sexual motivation, perceived gender role expectations, and sexual attitudes play important roles in women's self-reported levels of sexual arousal. In her alternative model of sexual response, Basson suggests that women's need for intimacy prompts them to engage with sexual stimuli, which leads to an experience of sexual desire and psychological sexual arousal. Psychological sexual arousal also has an effect on physiological mechanisms; Goldey and van Anders showed that sexual cognitions impact hormone levels in women, such that sexual thoughts result in a rapid increase in testosterone in women who were not using hormonal contraception. In terms of brain activation, researchers have suggested that amygdala responses are not solely determined by level of self-reported sexual arousal; Hamann and colleagues found that women self-reported higher sexual arousal than men, but experienced lower levels of amygdala responses.",
"title": "Sexual arousal"
},
{
"docid": "18841893#10",
"text": "In general and across cultures, public indications of sexual arousal are commonly regarded as embarrassing, both to the person aroused and the onlooker, and for this reason those parts of the human body that would indicate arousal are normally covered. Arousal is most evidently indicated by the sex organs and women's breasts, which are routinely covered, even when other parts of the body may be freely uncovered. Yet the nudity taboo may have meanings deeper than the immediate possibility of sexual arousal, for example, in the cumulative weight of tradition and habit. Clothing also expresses and symbolizes authority, and more general norms and values besides those of a sexual nature.",
"title": "Nudity"
},
{
"docid": "20611030#8",
"text": "Whereas some men may have refractory periods of 15 minutes or more, some men are able to experience sexual arousal immediately after ejaculation. A short recovery period may allow partners to continue sexual play relatively uninterrupted by ejaculation. Some men may experience their penis becoming hypersensitive to stimulation after ejaculation, which can make sexual stimulation unpleasant even while they may be sexually aroused.",
"title": "Ejaculation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "46895003#11",
"text": "The body's physical arousal response (vaginal lubrication and engorgement of the clitoris in women and erection in men) occurs due to two separate pathways which normally work together: psychogenic and reflex. Arousal due to fantasies, visual input, or other mental stimulation is a psychogenic sexual experience, and arousal resulting from physical contact to the genital area is reflexogenic. In psychogenic arousal, messages travel from the brain via the spinal cord to the nerves in the genital area. The psychogenic pathway is served by the spinal cord at levels T11–L2. Thus people injured above the level of the T11 vertebra do not usually experience psychogenic erection or vaginal lubrication, but those with an injury below T12 can. Even without these physical responses, people with SCI often feel aroused, just as uninjured people do. The ability to feel the sensation of a pinprick and light touch in the dermatomes for T11–L2 predicts how well the ability to have psychogenic arousal is preserved in both sexes. Input from the psychogenic pathway is sympathetic, and most of the time it sends inhibitory signals that prevent the physical arousal response; in response to sexual stimulation, excitatory signals are increased and inhibition is reduced. Removing the inhibition that is normally present allows the spinal reflexes that trigger the arousal response to take effect.",
"title": "Sexuality after spinal cord injury"
},
{
"docid": "35334391#9",
"text": "However, when a person fails to be aroused in a situation that would normally produce arousal and the lack of arousal is persistent, it may be due to a sexual arousal disorder or hypoactive sexual desire disorder. There are many reasons why a person fails to be aroused, including a mental disorder, such as depression, drug use, or a medical or physical condition. The lack of sexual arousal may be due to a general lack of sexual desire or due to a lack of sexual desire for the current partner. A person may always have had no or low sexual desire or the lack of desire may have been acquired during the person's life. There are also complex philosophical and psychological issues surrounding sexuality. Attitudes towards life, death, childbirth, one's parents, friends, family, contemporary society, the human race in general, and particularly one's place in the world play a substantive role in determining how a person will respond in any given sexual situation.",
"title": "Sexual arousal"
}
] |
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] |
1111
|
What are the names of Donald Duck's three nephews?
|
[
{
"docid": "666378#0",
"text": "Donald's Nephews (1938) is a Donald Duck animated cartoon which features Donald being visited by his three nephews, Huey, Dewey, and Louie. This cartoon is Huey, Dewey, and Louie's very first appearance in animation. The short, and the three nephews, was the idea of Al Taliaferro, the artist for the \"Silly Symphonies\" comic strip, which featured Donald Duck. The Walt Disney Productions Story Dept. on February 5, 1937, sent Taliaferro a memo recognizing him as the source of the idea for the planned short. Taliaferro subsequently introduced the nephews in his comic strip, which by this time had been renamed \"Donald Duck\", on Sunday, October 17, 1937, beating the theatrical release of \"Donald's Nephews\" by almost six months.",
"title": "Donald's Nephews"
},
{
"docid": "24205497#0",
"text": "Donald Duck and the Gorilla is a Donald Duck short adventure disaster and monster film which was originally released in 1944. It stars Donald Duck along with his three nephews; Huey, Dewey and Louie and Ajax, the killer gorilla. The 1930 Mickey Mouse cartoon \"The Gorilla Mystery\" has a similar plot involving a gorilla named Beppo who captures Minnie Mouse.",
"title": "Donald Duck and the Gorilla"
},
{
"docid": "77548#0",
"text": "The Duck family is a fictional family of cartoon ducks related to Disney character Donald Duck. The family is also related to the Coot, Goose, and Gander families, as well as the Scottish Clan McDuck. Besides Donald, the best-known members of the Duck family are Huey, Dewey, and Louie, Donald's three nephews.",
"title": "Duck family (Disney)"
},
{
"docid": "76029#36",
"text": "Donald Duck and his maternal uncle Scrooge McDuck received nearly equal exposure in comics. Other primary characters include Donald's three young nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie, and girlfriend Daisy Duck.",
"title": "Donald Duck universe"
},
{
"docid": "77548#72",
"text": "Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck are Donald's three nephews and identical triplet sons of Della Duck and an unnamed father.",
"title": "Duck family (Disney)"
},
{
"docid": "51551135#2",
"text": "After not speaking to each other for ten years, Scrooge McDuck is reunited with his nephew Donald Duck after he asks Scrooge to babysit his three nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie for the day. The presence of the newcomers rekindles Scrooge's sense of adventure, leading the group to go on many new treasure-hunting expeditions. The nephews and their new friend Webby seek the truth behind their uncles' strained relationship and the unexplained disappearance of Huey, Dewey, and Louie's mother and Donald's twin sister Della Duck.",
"title": "DuckTales (2017 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "208067#3",
"text": "When Donald Duck decides to join the US Navy, he enlists his uncle Scrooge McDuck to look after his nephews, Huey, Dewey, and Louie. Although reluctant to do so due to their hyperactivity, along with his continual pursuit of increasing his wealth and maintaining harsh business ethics, he eventually warms to them upon seeing how smart and resourceful they are, and takes them into his manor as well as a number of adventures. In addition to them, the show features frequent appearances by Gyro Gearloose, an established comic book character, as well as guest appearances by Donald in the first season – this was either a full appearance, or in a cameo scene when Scrooge and his nephews read letters he sends to them, and a few minor appearances by Scrooge's old flame, Glittering Goldie, whose character was adapted from the comic books. The show introduced new characters to the Duck universe; while some were minor including: the nanny Mrs. Beakley, whom Scrooge hires to babysit the nephews; Mrs. Beakley's granddaughter Webby; Scrooge's pilot Launchpad McQuack; Doofus Drake, an admirer of Launchpad and a close friend of the nephews; and the McDuck Manor butler, Duckworth. The second season later introduced three new additional characters as part of the show's stories: \"caveduck\" Bubba Duck and his pet triceratops Tootsie; and Fenton Crackshell, Scrooge's personal accountant who secretly works as a superhero named Gizmoduck.",
"title": "DuckTales"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2018532#99",
"text": "Later on he was used by Don Rosa as he made a cameo appearance in \"Return to Plain Awful\" when he sees off the disguised Scrooge McDuck and Donald Duck and his three nephews at the Duckburg Airport in Donald Duck Adventures (Gladstone Series) #12 (This story was reprinted in Uncle Scrooge number 362, February 2007), Nobody's Business (Printed in Uncle Scrooge #220, 300 and The Don Rosa Library of Don Rosa in Color and in \"The Lost Charts of Columbus\" in Donald Duck Adventures #44). In that story, Donald and the nephews had to find a more valuable treasure than the Golden Helmet.",
"title": "List of Donald Duck universe characters"
},
{
"docid": "77548#73",
"text": "Phooey Duck is a tongue-in-cheek name for a non-existent fourth nephew of Donald Duck who was sometimes drawn by accident. The name was coined by Disney comic editor Bob Foster. \"Aw, phooey\" is also one of Donald's catch phrases.",
"title": "Duck family (Disney)"
},
{
"docid": "198850#2",
"text": "When Donald Duck and his three nephews regain consciousness, they find they are visitors of a local tribe of Native Americans. The tribe kindly offer to help the foursome recover. The exhausted Ducks are offered a drink, and they fall sleep. When they wake again, they find themselves in Alta California, 1848. They quickly manage to befriend a local Spanish-speaking family of Californios, owners of a cattle ranch, together with the ranch workers. As visitors, Donald Duck and his nephews observe the family's life and moreover, they attempt to help with the family problems. They visit San Francisco and acquire land cheaply, but soon are swindled out of them by American settlers. Afterwards, the Ducks become involved in the Gold Rush and as goldminers partner with a friend from the ranch. The Ducks do the digging, and their partner's fists and guns make sure that nobody swindles them out of their gold.",
"title": "Old California"
}
] |
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] |
1112
|
What is the symbol for platinum?
|
[
{
"docid": "1706154#0",
"text": "Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.",
"title": "Platinum (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "23324#0",
"text": "Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term \"platino\", meaning \"little silver\".",
"title": "Platinum"
},
{
"docid": "181556#29",
"text": "Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78.",
"title": "Period 6 element"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7382910#2",
"text": "Symbols for Uranus and Neptune were created shortly after their discovery. For Uranus, two variant symbols are seen. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, sometimes confused with white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for iron, ♂, and gold, ☉. Another symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as \"un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom\" (\"a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name\"). After Neptune was discovered, the Bureau des Longitudes proposed the name Neptune and the familiar trident for the planet's symbol.",
"title": "Astrological symbols"
},
{
"docid": "390597#7",
"text": "The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for iron, ♂, and gold, ☉. This symbol also combines the symbols of Mars (♂) and the Sun (☉) because in Greek mythology Uranus represented heaven, and represents the combined power of Mars's spear and the Sun. \nAnother symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as \"un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom\" (\"a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name\").",
"title": "Astronomical symbols"
},
{
"docid": "3749328#0",
"text": "Platinum coins are a form of currency. Platinum has an international currency symbol under ISO 4217 of XPT. The issues of legitimate platinum coins were initiated by Spain in Spanish-colonized America in the 18th century and continued by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. As a form of currency, these coins proved to be impractical: platinum resembles many less expensive metals, and, unlike the more malleable and ductile silver and gold, it is very difficult to work. Several commemorative coin sets have been issued starting from 1978 and became popular among coin collectors. The major platinum bullion coins include the American Platinum Eagle, the Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf, the Australian Platinum Koala, the Isle of Man Noble, the Chinese Platinum Panda and several series by the Soviet Union and later by the Russian Federation.",
"title": "Platinum coin"
},
{
"docid": "181556#24",
"text": "Osmium is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-black transition metal in the platinum family and is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of (slightly greater than that of iridium and twice that of lead). It is found in nature as an alloy, mostly in platinum ores; its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum group metals are employed in fountain pen tips, electrical contacts, and other applications where extreme durability and hardness are needed.",
"title": "Period 6 element"
},
{
"docid": "161278#25",
"text": "Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them.",
"title": "Period 5 element"
},
{
"docid": "22304#0",
"text": "Osmium (from Greek ὀσμή \"osme\", \"smell\") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with an experimentally measured (using x-ray crystallography) density of . Manufacturers use its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum-group metals to make fountain pen nib tipping, electrical contacts, and in other applications that require extreme durability and hardness. The element's abundance in the Earth's crust is among the rarest.",
"title": "Osmium"
},
{
"docid": "23319#0",
"text": "Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them.",
"title": "Palladium"
}
] |
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] |
1115
|
When was the visual novel Clannad first released?
|
[
{
"docid": "983972#18",
"text": "Key announced in 2001 a release date of 2002 for \"Clannad\" and, after several postponements, \"Clannad\" was released on April 28, 2004 as a limited edition version, playable on a Windows PC as a DVD. The limited edition came bundled with the remix album \"Mabinogi\" remixing background music tracks featured in the visual novel. The regular edition was released on August 6, 2004; While \"Clannad\" originally had no voice acting, Key released a version for Windows titled \"Clannad Full Voice\" on February 29, 2008 with full voice acting (except for Tomoya). \"Clannad Full Voice\" contained one new CG, and had updated support for Windows Vista PCs. \"Clannad Full Voice\" was re-released by Key under the name \"Clannad\" on July 31, 2009 in a box set containing five other Key visual novels called Key 10th Memorial Box. An updated version compatible for Windows 7 PCs titled \"Clannad Memorial Edition\" was released on May 28, 2010.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "834490#5",
"text": "Key's third game \"Clannad\" is a visual novel similar to Key's previous games, but contains no adult content. \"Clannad\" was meant to be released in 2002, but was delayed, leading to the game finally being released on April 28, 2004. Seven months after \"Clannad\"'s release, Key released their shortest game, \"\", on November 29, 2004 with a rating for all ages. \"Planetarian\", in contrast to Key's past games, is a linear visual novel that does not require the user to make choices during gameplay; this is what is referred to as a kinetic novel. The brand's fifth game is \"\", an adult game and spin-off to \"Clannad\" released on November 25, 2005, which expanded on the scenario of the heroine Tomoyo Sakagami from \"Clannad\". Key released their sixth game, \"Little Busters!\", on July 27, 2007 with no adult content, but released another version of the game entitled \"Little Busters! Ecstasy\" on July 25, 2008 with added adult content, story, and visuals.",
"title": "Key (company)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#38",
"text": "An image song album titled \"Sorarado\" was released in December 2003 featuring songs sung by Riya. A remix album, \"Mabinogi\", came bundled with the original release of \"Clannad\" in April 2004. The game's original soundtrack was released in August 2004 containing three discs containing 56 tracks. A follow-up to \"Sorarado\" was released in December 2004 called \"Sorarado Append\"; the songs were again sung by Riya. A remix album titled \"-Memento-\" was also released in December 2004 and contained two discs. A piano arrangement album was released in December 2005 called \"Piano no Mori\", which contained five tracks from \"Clannad\" and five from \"\". Each of the albums released for the visual novel version were released on Key's record label Key Sounds Label.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "983972#25",
"text": "Two \"Clannad\" anthology character novels were written by several authors and published by Jive in September and December 2004. The first volume of a short story anthology compilation series written by Hiro Akizuki and Mutsuki Misaki titled was released in November 2008 published by Harvest; the third volume was released in October 2009. Three volumes of a short story compilation series by several authors titled \"Clannad SSS\" were published by Harvest between June and August 2009. Harvest published a novel titled \"Clannad Mystery File\" in August 2010 and another novel titled \"Clannad: Magic Hour\" in December 2010.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#29",
"text": "There are two separate sets of drama CDs based on the \"Clannad\" series. The first set, produced by Frontier Works, contains five CDs each focusing on a different heroine in \"Clannad\" story ranging from Nagisa, to Kotomi, Fuko, Kyou, and Tomoyo. The first volume was released in Japan on April 25, 2007 as a limited edition with an extra track added. The second through fifth volumes followed in one month increments between May 25, 2007 and August 24, 2007. The second set, produced by Prototype, contains four CDs; the first was released on July 25, 2007. Volumes two through four were released in one month intervals after that, with the last being released on October 24, 2007. Each CD is based on the stories from the \"Official Another Story Clannad: Hikari Mimamoru Sakamichi de\" collection. The artist GotoP, who provided the illustrations for the short stories, also illustrates the drama CD covers. The drama CDs, with text and visuals, are available as downloadable content via Xbox Live and the PlayStation Store when playing the Xbox 360 and PS3 versions of \"Clannad\", respectively.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#31",
"text": "On March 15, 2007, the Japanese television station BS-i announced a \"Clannad\" anime series via a short 30-second teaser trailer that was featured at the end of the final episode of the second \"Kanon\" anime series. \"Clannad\" is produced by Kyoto Animation, directed by Tatsuya Ishihara, and written by Fumihiko Shimo, who also worked on other adaptations of Key's visual novels \"Air\" and \"Kanon\". The anime aired between October 4, 2007 and March 27, 2008, containing 23 aired episodes out of a planned 24; the broadcast time was first announced on August 11, 2007 at the TBS festival \"Anime Festa\", which is also when the first episode was showcased. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations released between December 19, 2007 and July 16, 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes. Of the 24 episodes, 23 were aired on television with the first 22 being regular episodes, followed by an additional extra episode. The last episode was released as an original video animation (OVA) on the eighth DVD on July 16, 2008 and is set in an alternate universe from the anime series where Tomoya and Tomoyo are dating, which is based on Tomoyo's scenario in the game. The OVA episode was previewed on May 31, 2008 for an audience of four-hundred people picked via a mail-in postcard campaign. A Blu-ray Disc (BD) box set of \"Clannad\" was released on April 30, 2010.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "7436601#5",
"text": "is an image album for the \"Clannad\" visual novel, and was first released on December 28, 2004 in Japan by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number \"KSLA-0015\". The album is a follow-up to the earlier released \"Sorarado\", and contains one disc with four tracks sung by Riya that sample tunes from background music featured in the \"Clannad Original Soundtrack\". The album is composed, arranged, and produced by Jun Maeda, Magome Togoshi, Manyo, and Takumaru.",
"title": "Music of Clannad"
},
{
"docid": "983972#33",
"text": "The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad\" anime series, and ADV Films localized and distributed the television series and the OVA starting with the first half season box set consisting of 12 episodes with English subtitles, Japanese audio, and no English language track, which was released on March 3, 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released on May 5, 2009. Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad After Story\" anime series; Section23 Films localized and distributed both the television series and OVA starting with the first half season box set with English subtitles released on October 20, 2009. The second half box set was released on December 8, 2009. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad\" in a complete collection set on June 15, 2010, which featured an English dub, produced at Seraphim Digital. The English dub premiered on March 25, 2010 on the Anime Network. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad After Story\" with an English dub on April 19, 2011, and re-released \"Clannad\" on BD in November 2011.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#47",
"text": "ASCII Media Works and Vridge produced the PlayStation 2 visual novel based on the light novel series \"Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu\". Released in September 2008, the game features the series' characters cosplaying in various costumes either depicting characters from five popular light novel series published by ASCII Media Works, or three \"Clannad\" heroines. Haruka Nogizaka can cosplay as Kotomi Ichinose, Mika Nogizaka can cosplay as Nagisa Furukawa (albeit with long hair), and Shiina Amamiya can cosplay as Tomoyo Sakagami. The player can also view exclusive CGs in the game if one of the girls is taken out to various places while cosplaying as one of the aforementioned five light novel series characters, or as the \"Clannad\" heroines. For example, if Mika is cosplaying as Nagisa, a CG of her eating dango can become viewable. When cosplaying as one of these tie-in characters, the voice of the girl cosplaying changes to the voice actress of the character they are cosplaying; for example, if Shiina cosplays as Tomoyo, she is voiced by Tomoyo's voice actress Houko Kuwashima.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#24",
"text": "\"Hikari Mimamoru Sakamichi de\" was later re-released via SoftBank 3G and FOMA mobile phones produced by Prototype through VisualArt's Motto starting in January 2008. One chapter was released weekly with the SoftBank 3G releases three weeks behind the version for FOMA phones. Prototype again re-released the short story collection, this time on the PSP in two volumes, each containing eight chapters and including the original art by GotoP. The first volume was released on June 3, 2010 and the second followed on July 15, 2010; the re-release is described by the developers as a \"visual sound novel\". Prototype released the short story collection as downloadable content on July 6, 2011 for the PS3 version of \"Clannad\". \"Hikari Mimamoru Sakamichi de\" was released in two volumes on Android devices: the first volume on November 30, 2011, and volume two on April 11, 2012.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#21",
"text": "A version produced by NTT DoCoMo playable on FOMA mobile phones was released by Prototype through VisualArt's Motto in late 2007. Prototype later released a version playable on SoftBank 3G phones in January 2008. A version playable on Android devices was released on September 18, 2012. A PlayStation Portable (PSP) version of the game was released in Japan on May 29, 2008 by Prototype, which included the additions from the Windows full voice version. The limited edition release of the PSP and Xbox 360 versions came bundled with a \"digest\" edition of the drama CD series released by Prototype containing five separate stories each; the CD bundled with the PSP release is different from the CD bundled with the Xbox 360 version. Prototype also released a port of the game for the PlayStation Vita on August 14, 2014 to mark the 10-year anniversary of the game. Prototype released a PlayStation 4 port on June 14, 2018 with text support for both Japanese and English. Prototype will release a Nintendo Switch port in Q2 2019, again with text support for both Japanese and English.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#20",
"text": "The first consumer console port of the game was released for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) on February 23, 2006 by Interchannel. The PS2 version was re-released as a \"Best\" version on July 30, 2009. The PS2 version was bundled in a \"Key 3-Part Work Premium Box\" package together with the PS2 versions of \"Kanon\" and \"Air\" released on July 30, 2009. An Xbox 360 version was released on August 28, 2008 also by Prototype. A PlayStation 3 (PS3) version was released by Prototype on April 21, 2011. A downloadable version of the PS3 release via the PlayStation Store was released by Prototype on February 14, 2013.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
}
] |
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] |
1116
|
Is Ritalin the same as Focalin?
|
[
{
"docid": "10671710#21",
"text": "There are two major medications derived from methylphenidate's isomers: a racemic mixture of half d-threo-methylphenidate and half l-threo-methylphenidate called methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), and an enantiopure formulation containing just d-threo-methylphenidate called dexmethylphenidate (Focalin).",
"title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "869864#6",
"text": "Dexmethylphenidate has a 4–6 hour duration of effect (a long-acting formulation, Focalin XR, which spans 12 hours is also available and has been shown to be as effective as -TMP (threo-methylphenidate) XR (extended release) (Concerta, Ritalin LA), with flexible dosing and good tolerability.) It has also been demonstrated to reduce ADHD symptoms in both children and adults. d-MPH has a similar side-effect profile to MPH and can be administered without regard to food intake.",
"title": "Dexmethylphenidate"
},
{
"docid": "10671710#10",
"text": "Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. The stimulant medications indicated to treat ADHD are methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), dexmethylphenidate (Focalin), mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), and in rare cases methamphetamine (Desoxyn). Controlled-release pharmaceuticals may allow once daily administration of medication in the morning. This is especially helpful for children who do not like taking their medication in the middle of the school day. Several controlled-release methods are used.",
"title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management"
},
{
"docid": "31494#5",
"text": "The TCAs were used in the past in the clinical treatment of ADHD, though they are not typically used anymore, having been replaced by more effective agents with fewer side effects such as atomoxetine (Strattera, Tomoxetin) and stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin, Focalin, Concerta), and amphetamine (Adderall, Attentin, Dexedrine, Vyvanse). ADHD is thought to be caused by an insufficiency of dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Most of the TCAs inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, though not dopamine, and as a result, they show some efficacy in remedying the disorder. Notably, the TCAs are more effective in treating the behavioral aspects of ADHD than the cognitive deficits, as they help limit hyperactivity and impulsivity, but have little to no benefits on attention.",
"title": "Tricyclic antidepressant"
},
{
"docid": "2887610#21",
"text": "In April 2000, Celgene reached an agreement with Novartis Pharma AG to license d-MPH, Celgene's chirally pure version of RITALIN. The FDA subsequently granted approval to market d-MPH, or Focalin, in November 2001.",
"title": "Celgene"
},
{
"docid": "8802530#0",
"text": "The Ritalin class-action lawsuits were a series of federal lawsuits in 2000, filed in five separate US states. All five lawsuits were dismissed by the end of 2002. The lawsuits alleged that the makers of methylphenidate (brand name Ritalin) and the American Psychiatric Association had conspired to invent and promote the disorder ADHD to create a highly profitable market for the drug. The lawsuit also alleged that CHADD (children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) deliberately attempted to increase the supply of Ritalin and ease restrictions on the supply of Ritalin to help increase profits for Novartis.",
"title": "Ritalin class-action lawsuits"
},
{
"docid": "8802530#1",
"text": "Beginning in the 1980s, a series of lawsuits were filed based on the perceived harmful side effects of Ritalin. John Coale, who had participated in one of these lawsuits, joined what became an ever larger contingent of lawyers involved in what was then a growing series of Ritalin class action lawsuits. In the late 90's, there was a significant increase in production of Ritalin. A minority but vocal group of critics perceived that a crisis was on hand. Coale also expressed alarm, \"They were giving this stuff away like candy”. The Church of Scientology advocacy organization, Citizens Commission on Human Rights, and anti-psychiatry critics believed Ritalin to be highly dangerous and completely unnecessary. Coale seemed to share these beliefs as he stated the purpose of the lawsuit to be; “...to put [Ritalin] off the market.\" The \"St. Petersburg Times\" wrote at that time that Coale, like his wife Greta Van Susteren, was a practicing Scientologist. Richard Scruggs, like John Coale, and a few other lawyers who participated in the Ritalin class action lawsuits, had previously helped win a landmark settlement from the asbestos and tobacco industries, Ritalin was to be the next major battleground. Scruggs would lead and also become a spokesman for the plaintiffs. He asserted the Ritalin defendants, \"manufactured a disease\"...and \"it has been grossly over-prescribed. It is a huge risk.\" Peter Breggin who is a noted anti-psychiatry critic, was hired as a medical consultant by the firm and was also involved as a consultant in the other lawsuits.",
"title": "Ritalin class-action lawsuits"
},
{
"docid": "42225661#0",
"text": "Ritalinic acid is a substituted phenethylamine and an inactive major metabolite of the psychostimulant drugs methylphenidate and ethylphenidate. When administered orally, methylphenidate is extensively metabolized in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester group yielding ritalinic acid. The hydrolysis was found to be catalyzed by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1).\nRitalinic acid is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of methylphenidate and its analogues, such as ethylphenidate and isopropylphenidate.",
"title": "Ritalinic acid"
},
{
"docid": "11840866#60",
"text": "However, intravenous methylphenidate (Ritalin) use results in a type of lung damage commonly known as \"Ritalin lung.\" Methylphenidate tablets are crushed and dissolved into solution for IV injection. The tablets contain talc and other particulates which can deposit in the lung (talcosis) and result in severe emphysema affecting all the lobes of the lung. The \"Ritalin lung\" effect could be a possible source of how rumors about methamphetamine damaging the lungs could have surfaced.",
"title": "Urban legends about drugs"
},
{
"docid": "180121#51",
"text": "Stimulants such as Ritalin (methylphenidate) came to be pervasive tools for behavior management and modification in young children. Ritalin was first marketed in 1955 for narcolepsy; its potential users were middle-aged and the elderly. It wasn't until some time in the 1980s along with hyperactivity in children that Ritalin came onto the market. Medical use of methlyphenidate is predominately for symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Consumption of methylphenidate in the U.S. out-paced all other countries between 1991 and 1999. Significant growth in consumption was also evident in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Norway. Currently, 85% of the world's methylphanidate is consumed in America.",
"title": "Medication"
}
] |
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] |
1118
|
How much does oil shale sell for?
|
[
{
"docid": "12322042#4",
"text": "The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the cost of shale-oil production in a given region comes in below the price of crude oil or its other substitutes (break-even price). The United States Department of Energy estimates that the \"ex-situ\" processing would be economic at sustained average world oil prices above US$$54 per barrel and \"in-situ\" processing would be economic at prices above $35 per barrel. These estimates assume a return rate of 15%. The International Energy Agency estimates, based on the various pilot projects, that investment and operating costs would be similar to those of Canadian oil sands, that means would be economic at prices above $60 per barrel at current costs. This figure does not account carbon pricing, which will add additional cost. According to the New Policies Scenario introduced in its World Energy Outlook 2010, a price of $50 per tonne of emitted , expected by 2035, will add additional $7.50 per barrel cost of shale oil.",
"title": "Oil shale economics"
},
{
"docid": "12322042#3",
"text": "The production cost of a barrel of shale oil ranges from as high as US$95 per barrel to as low US$25 per barrel, although there is no recent confirmation of the latter figure. The industry is proceeding cautiously, due to the losses incurred during the last major investment into oil shale in the early 1980s, when a subsequent collapse in the oil price left the projects uneconomical.",
"title": "Oil shale economics"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12321977#48",
"text": "Water concerns are sensitive issues in arid regions, such as the western US and Israel's Negev Desert, where plans exist to expand oil-shale extraction despite a water shortage. Depending on technology, above-ground retorting uses between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale-oil. A 2008 programmatic environmental impact statement issued by the US Bureau of Land Management stated that surface mining and retort operations produce of waste water per of processed oil shale. \"In situ\" processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much water.\nEnvironmental activists, including members of Greenpeace, have organized strong protests against the oil shale industry. In one result, Queensland Energy Resources put the proposed Stuart Oil Shale Project in Australia on hold in 2004.",
"title": "Shale oil extraction"
},
{
"docid": "45092644#21",
"text": "By early 1860, there were between 60 and 75 shale oil companies in the United States, producing from seven to nine million gallons annually of lamp and lubricating oil. Lamp oil from shale was reportedly much improved, and free from its early problems of smoke and odor. It was hailed as giving “more and cheaper light than any other substance,” and was driving the turpentine-based (camphene) lamp oils, as well as the much more expensive whale oil, from the market.",
"title": "History of the oil shale industry in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "45092644#24",
"text": "On 28 August 1859, Edwin Drake discovered oil in a well 70 feet deep along Oil Creek, south of Titusville, Pennsylvania. The well made only 12 to 20 barrels per day, but the discovery set off a boom in oil drilling up and down Oil Creek, and then all down the Ohio valley, to Ohio, Kentucky, and Virginia, the same area where many shale oil retorts were located. In 1861, petroleum flooding onto the market drove the price down to US$0.52 per barrel, and lamp oil refiners switched over to petroleum as a much cheaper raw material. Refining petroleum had the further advantage that the process was not patented, allowing refiners to produce lamp oil without paying royalties. The existing shale oil refineries were forced by price-cutting competition to adapt their operations to use petroleum instead, and the American oil shale industry, booming just the previous year was suddenly abandoned. Cheap petroleum prices had driven oil shale out of business.",
"title": "History of the oil shale industry in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "12321664#15",
"text": "The biggest oil shale reserves in Europe are located in Russia (equal to 35.47 billion metric tons of shale oil). Major deposits are located in the Volga-Petchyorsk province and in the Baltic Oil Shale Basin. Other major oil shale deposits in Europe are located in Italy (10.45 billion metric tons of shale oil), Estonia (2.49 billion metric tons of shale oil), France (1 billion metric tons of shale oil), Belarus (1 billion metric tons of shale oil), Sweden (875 million metric tons of shale oil), Ukraine (600 million metric tons of shale oil) and the United Kingdom (500 million metric tons of shale oil). There are oil shale reserves also in Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Austria, Albania, and Romania.",
"title": "Oil shale reserves"
},
{
"docid": "12321664#7",
"text": "There are a wide variety of extraction methods, which yield significantly different quantities of useful oil. As a result, the estimated amounts of resources and reserves display wide variance. The kerogen content of oil shale formations differs widely, and the economic feasibility of its extraction is highly dependent on international and local costs of oil. Several methods are used to determine the quantity and quality of the products extracted from shale oil. At their best, these methods give an approximate value to its energy potential. One standard method is the Fischer Assay, which yields a heating value, that is, a measure of caloric output. This is generally considered a good overall measure of usefulness. The Fischer Assay has been modified, standardized, and adapted by the American Petroleum Institute. It does not, however, indicate how much oil could be extracted from the sample. Some processing methods yield considerably more useful product than the Fischer Assay would indicate. The Tosco II method yields over 100% more oil, and the Hytort process yields between 300% to 400% more oil.",
"title": "Oil shale reserves"
},
{
"docid": "19934711#17",
"text": "Longkou Mining Group, subsidiary of Shandong Energy, produces oil shale as a coal mining byproduct. It operates shale oil plant which is equipped with 40 Fushun retorts. The shale oil production is about 120,000 tonnes per year and the planned full capacity is 200,000 tonnes of shale oil per year. The company also plans to utilize Enefit-280 technology. In addition, the company plans to burn shale char mixed with particulate oil shale in fluidized bed combustion for power generation, and the shale ash would be utilized for production of building material.",
"title": "Oil shale in China"
},
{
"docid": "24262898#12",
"text": "Australia's oil shale resources are estimated at about 58 billion barrels, or 4,531 million tonnes of shale oil. The deposits are located in the eastern and southern states, with the greatest feasibility in the eastern Queensland deposits. Between 1862 and 1952, Australia mined four million tonnes of oil shale. The mining stopped when government support ceased. Since the 1970s, oil companies have been exploring possible reserves. From 2000 to 2004, the Stuart Oil Shale Project near Gladstone, Queensland produced over 1.5 million barrels of oil. The facility, in operable condition, is on care and maintenance and its operator (Queensland Energy Resources) is conducting research and design studies for the next phase of its oil-shale operations. A campaign by environmentalists opposed to the exploitation of oil-shale reserves may also have been a factor in its closure.",
"title": "Energy in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "12322042#12",
"text": "In the second half of the 20th century, oil shale production ceased in Canada, Scotland, Sweden, France, Australia, Romania, and South Africa due to the low price of oil and other competitive fuels. In the United States, during the 1973 oil crisis businesses expected oil prices to stay as high as US$70 a barrel, and invested considerable sums in the oil shale industry. World production of oil shale reached a peak of 46 million tonnes in 1980. Due to competition from cheap conventional petroleum in the 1980s, several investments became economically unfeasible. On 2 May 1982, known as \"\"Black Sunday\"\", Exxon canceled its US$5 billion Colony Shale Oil Project near Parachute, Colorado because of low oil-prices and increased expenses. Because of the losses in 1980s, companies were reluctant to make new invests in shale oil production. However, in the early 21st century, USA, Canada and Jordan were planning or had started shale oil production test projects, and Australia was considering restarting oil shale production.",
"title": "Oil shale economics"
},
{
"docid": "12321664#13",
"text": "Major oil shale deposits are located in China, which has an estimated total of 32 billion metric tons, of which 4.4 billion metric tons are technically exploitable and economically feasible. In 2008, the amount of potential shale oil was estimated at and in 2016 at . The principal Chinese oil shale deposits and production lie in Fushun and Liaoning; others are located in Maoming in Guangdong, Huadian in Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Shandong. Professor Alan R. Carroll of University of Wisconsin–Madison estimates that Upper Permian lacustrine oil shale deposits of northwest China, absent from previous global oil shale assessments, are comparable to the Green River Formation.",
"title": "Oil shale reserves"
},
{
"docid": "12322042#8",
"text": "The project of a new Alberta Taciuk Processor which was planned by VKG Oil, was estimated to achieve break-even financial feasibility operating at 30% capacity, assuming a crude oil price of $21 per barrel or higher. At 50% utilization, the project was expected to be economic at a price of $18 per barrel, while at full capacity, it could be economic at a price of $13 per barrel. However, instead of Alberta Taciuk Processor VKG proceeded with a Petroter retort which production price level is not disclosed. Production costs in China have been reported to be as low as less than $25 per barrel, although there is no recent confirmation of this figure.",
"title": "Oil shale economics"
}
] |
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] |
1119
|
What percentage of Japan's land is agricultural?
|
[
{
"docid": "15573#61",
"text": "The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.4% of the total country's GDP. Only 12% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation. Due to this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an overall agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% on fewer than cultivated.",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"docid": "15578#38",
"text": "The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.4% of the total country's GDP. Only 12% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation. Due to this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an overall agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% on fewer than 56,000 km² (14 million acres) cultivated.",
"title": "Economy of Japan"
},
{
"docid": "2870356#0",
"text": "Agriculture, farming, and fishing form the primary sector of industry of the Japanese economy together with the Japanese mining industry, but together they account for only 1.3% of gross national product. Only 20% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation, and the agricultural economy is highly subsidized.",
"title": "Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan"
},
{
"docid": "15573#53",
"text": "Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan's land, and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch, second only to China. , Japan's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers. Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Some 20 million people, around 17 per cent of the population, were below the poverty line in 2007. Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas.",
"title": "Japan"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31561998#8",
"text": "Japan boasts the fourth largest GDP in the world after the European Union, the United States, and China. While Japan was for centuries a largely agricultural economy, the percentage of the total labor force shifted dramatically in the twentieth century from agriculture to industrial occupations. Consequently, Japan must import about 60% of its food. Japan is one of the world's largest, most technologically sophisticated producers of automobiles, electronic equipment (including digital cameras), machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, and processed foods. The unemployment rate is stable at less than 5%. Nevertheless, the economy is challenged by Japan's huge government department, exceeding 200% of the GDP, unrelenting deflation, reliance on exports, and graying, diminishing population.",
"title": "Childbirth in Japan"
},
{
"docid": "1980664#0",
"text": "Agriculture in the Empire of Japan was an important component of the pre-war Japanese economy. Although Japan had only 16% of its land area under cultivation before the Pacific War, over 45% of households made a living from farming. Japanese cultivated land was mostly dedicated to rice, which accounted for 15% of world rice production in 1937.\nAfter the end of the Tokugawa shogunate with the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japanese agriculture was dominated by a tenant farming system. The Meiji government based its industrialization program on tax revenues from private land ownership, and the Land Tax Reform of 1873 increased the process of landlordism, with many farmers having their land confiscated due to inability to pay the new taxes.",
"title": "Agriculture in the Empire of Japan"
},
{
"docid": "15578#81",
"text": "Household income or consumption by percentage share:\nAgriculture – Products: rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit, pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs, fish",
"title": "Economy of Japan"
},
{
"docid": "15576#9",
"text": "Japan has a high population concentration in urban areas on the plains since 75% of Japan’s land area is made up of mountains, and also Japan has a forest cover rate of 68.5% (the only other developed countries with such a high forest cover percentage are Finland and Sweden).\nThe 2010 census shows 90.7% of the total Japanese population live in cities.",
"title": "Demographics of Japan"
},
{
"docid": "52036946#2",
"text": "As of 2011, agriculture made up 1.2% of Japan's GDP and provided 39% of Japan's food self-sufficiency. Food self-sufficiency was 73% in 1965 and steeply declined as government promotion of manufactured goods led to rapid urbanization and an aging rural population who increasingly had to supplement their incomes with outside work. Young people have tended to avoid agricultural work due to stereotypes of it being laborious and biased against women. Faced with an aging population reliant on food imports has prompted the Japanese government to invest in agriculture and to raise awareness of women's rights in farming, such as the rights to land ownership and income.",
"title": "Yamagata Girls Farm"
},
{
"docid": "1704521#19",
"text": "In the upper reaches of the river, where it is known as the Chikuma, only around ten percent of the land is flat, agricultural land and around of it is irrigated. By the time the river flows onto the Echigo Plain, however, much more land is devoted to agriculture and there is huge potential for irrigation, especially due to influence of the Ohkouz Channel and weir. The abundance of water and fertile soils has led to this area being the one of the best rice producing areas in Japan.",
"title": "Shinano River"
}
] |
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] |
1121
|
When did Maryland become a colony?
|
[
{
"docid": "487146#7",
"text": "George Calvert received a charter from King Charles I to found the colony of Maryland in 1632. When George Calvert died, Cecilius Calvert, later known as Lord Baltimore, became the proprietor. Calvert came from a wealthy Catholic family and was the first individual (rather than a joint-stock company) to receive a grant from the Crown. He received a grant for a large tract of land north of the Potomac river and on either side of Chesapeake Bay. Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Roman Catholics, most of whom were well-to-do nobles such as himself who could not worship in public. He planned on creating an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have a large manor and tenants would work in the fields and on other tasks. However, with extremely cheap land prices, many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land for themselves. They soon became a majority of the population, and in 1642 religious tension began to erupt. Calvert was forced to take control and pass the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, making Maryland the second colony to have freedom of worship, after Rhode Island. However, the Act did little to help religious peace. In 1654, Protestants barred Catholics from voting, ousted a pro-tolerance Governor, and repealed the Toleration Act. Maryland stayed Protestant until Calvert again took control of the colony in 1658.",
"title": "Southern Colonies"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "46493#9",
"text": "Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England, when the Catholic King James II of England was deposed and the Protestant William III ascended the throne, a rebellion of Maryland Puritan Protestants overthrew Calvert's rule. They quickly rescinded the Toleration Act and banned public practice of Catholicism, and it would never be reinstated under colonial rule. In fact, the colony established the Church of England as its official church in 1702 and explicitly barred Catholics from voting in 1718. The Calvert family regained control over the colony in 1715, but only after Benedict Calvert converted to Protestantism. His political control remained tense enough that he did not risk an attempt to reinstate protections for Catholics. It took until the era of the American Revolution for religious tolerance or freedom to again become the practice in Maryland.",
"title": "Maryland Toleration Act"
},
{
"docid": "487553#24",
"text": "In 1672, Lord Baltimore declared that Maryland included the settlement of Whorekills on the west shore of the Delaware Bay, an area under the jurisdiction of the Province of New York (as the British had renamed New Netherland after taking possession in 1664). A force was dispatched which attacked and captured this settlement. New York could not immediately respond because New York was soon recaptured by the Dutch. This settlement was restored to the Province of New York when New York was recaptured from the Dutch in November, 1674.Frederick died in 1771, by which time relations between Britain and her American colonies were fast deteriorating. In his will, Frederick left his proprietary Palatinate of Maryland to his eldest illegitimate son, Henry Harford, then aged just 13. The colony, perhaps grateful to be rid of Frederick at last, recognized Harford as Calvert's heir. However, the will was challenged by the family of Frederick's sister, Louisa Calvert Browning, who did not recognize Harford's inheritance. Before the case could grind its way through the Court of Chancery, Maryland had become engulfed by the American Revolution and by 1776 was at war with Britain. Henry Harford would ultimately lose almost all his colonial possessions.",
"title": "Province of Maryland"
},
{
"docid": "333909#13",
"text": "Maryland Colony declared in 1854 its independence from the Maryland State Colonization Society but did not become part of the Republic of Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. In 1856, the independent state of Maryland (Africa) requested military aid from Liberia in a war with the Grebo and Kru peoples. They were resisting the Maryland colonists' efforts to control their trade in slaves and other goods. Roberts assisted the Marylanders, and a joint military campaign by the two groups of African-American colonists resulted in victory. In 1857, the Republic of Maryland joined Liberia as Maryland County.",
"title": "Joseph Jenkins Roberts"
},
{
"docid": "1926270#19",
"text": "The largest site of the original Maryland colony, St. Mary's City, was the seat of colonial government until 1695. Because Anglicanism had become the official religion in Virginia, a band of Puritans in 1642 left for Maryland; they founded Providence (now called Annapolis).",
"title": "History of Maryland"
},
{
"docid": "46493#2",
"text": "The Maryland colony was founded by Cecil Calvert in 1634. Like his father George Calvert, who had originated the efforts that led to the colony's charter, Cecil Calvert was Catholic at a time when England was dominated by the Anglican Church. The Calverts intended the colony as a haven for Catholics fleeing England and as a source of income for themselves and their descendants. Many of Maryland's first settlers were Catholic, including at least two Catholic priests, one of whom became the earliest chronicler of the colony's history. But whatever Calvert's intentions, Maryland was a colony of an Anglican nation. Its charter had been granted by an Anglican king and seems to have assumed that the Church of England would be its official church. Anglican and later Puritan newcomers quickly came to outnumber the early Catholic settlers. Thus, by 1649 when the law was passed, the colonial assembly was dominated by Protestants, and the law was in effect an act of Protestant tolerance for Catholics, rather than the reverse.",
"title": "Maryland Toleration Act"
},
{
"docid": "36324502#1",
"text": "Whilst neighboring Liberia had become independent in 1847, Maryland remained a colony for a further seven years. Following a 1853 referendum, Maryland became a separate independent state on 8 June 1854.",
"title": "1857 Maryland annexation referendum"
},
{
"docid": "2578453#3",
"text": "As a result of political upheavals, especially after the three English Civil Wars in the 1640s, and the later \"Glorious Revolution\" of 1688 with their Roman Catholic--Protestant/Anglican conflicts which also transformed into struggles between the King and Parliament. As these conflicts traveled across the Atlantic Ocean, most colonies eventually surrendered their charters to the Crown by 1763 and became royal colonies as the King and his Ministers asserted more centralized control of their previously neglected and autonomous Thirteen Colonies. By the late 1600s, the colonial Maryland, had its Proprietary Charter to the Lords Baltimore revoked and had become a royal colony with its Governor of Maryland appointed by the Monarch with the advice of his Ministers and the Colonial Offices and Board of Trade of members from Parliament. By 1776, when the Pennsylvania and its lower Delaware Bay counties remained proprietary colonies under a charter originally granted to William Penn and his heirs. The Province of Connecticut and the Province of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations continued as corporation colonies under charters, and Massachusetts was governed as a royal province while operating under a charter after the unifying of the older \"Massachusetts Bay\" colony at Boston and the \"first landing\" colony, Plymouth Colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts, with its famous \"Mayflower Compact\" from 1620. Further south, the Provinces of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia to the undefined border with Spanish Florida, all had their original charters dismissed with different opinions about the role and powers and taxing authority between the Royal Governors and their increasingly restless and defiant colonial Assemblies. The Royal Authority reasserted itself and becoming governed more directly from London with increasing friction as the 18th Century progressed to its revolutionary climax.",
"title": "Colonial charters in the Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"docid": "1926270#14",
"text": "As did other colonies, Maryland used the headright system to encourage people to bring in new settlers. Led by Leonard Calvert, Cecil Calvert's younger brother, the first settlers departed from Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, on November 22, 1633, aboard two small ships, the \"Ark\" and the \"Dove\". Their landing on March 25, 1634, at St. Clement's Island in southern Maryland is commemorated by the state each year on that date as Maryland Day. This was the site of the first Catholic mass in the Colonies, with Father Andrew White leading the service. The first group of colonists consisted of 17 gentlemen and their wives, and about two hundred others, mostly indentured servants.",
"title": "History of Maryland"
},
{
"docid": "28171682#33",
"text": "The ACS founded the colony of Liberia in 1821–22, as a place in West Africa for freedmen. Wanting to control its own territory and solve its perceived problems, the Maryland State Colonization Society founded the Republic of Maryland in West Africa, a short-lived independent state. In 1857 it was annexed by Liberia.\nThe society was founded in 1827, and its first president was the wealthy Maryland Catholic planter Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who was a substantial slaveholder. Although Carroll supported the gradual abolition of slavery, he did not free his own slaves, perhaps fearing that they might be rendered destitute by the difficulties of earning a living in the discriminatory society. Carroll introduced a bill for the gradual abolition of slavery in the Maryland senate but it did not pass.",
"title": "History of slavery in Maryland"
}
] |
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] |
1123
|
How many parishes are there in Louisiana?
|
[
{
"docid": "82150#0",
"text": "The U.S. state of Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes (French: \"paroisses\") in the same manner that 48 other states of the United States are divided into counties, and Alaska is divided into boroughs.",
"title": "List of parishes in Louisiana"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "115717#0",
"text": "Many is a town and the parish seat of Sabine Parish in western Louisiana, United States. The population was 2,706 at the 2010 census, a decrease of 183 or 6 percent from 2000.",
"title": "Many, Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "82150#4",
"text": "On March 31, 1807, the territorial legislature created 19 parishes without abolishing the old counties (which term continued to exist until 1845). In 1811, a constitutional convention was held to prepare for Louisiana's admission into the Union. This organized the state into seven judicial districts, each consisting of groups of parishes. In 1816, the first official map of the state used the term \"parish\", as did the 1845 constitution. Since then, the official term for Louisiana's primary civil divisions has been \"parishes\".",
"title": "List of parishes in Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "97661#0",
"text": "Union Parish (French: \"Paroisse de l'Union\") is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,721. The parish seat is Farmerville. The parish was created on March 13, 1839, from a section of Ouachita Parish. Its boundaries have changed four times since then (in 1845, 1846, 1867, and 1873, respectively).",
"title": "Union Parish, Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "11351575#12",
"text": "The Republican Party of Louisiana is represented by its 144-member State Central Committee, which is established in the \"Louisiana Election Code\", essentially Title 18 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes (LRS). LRS Title 18 also provides for the Parish Executive Committee within each civil parish (county). The 144 members are based on the 105 state representatives and 39 state senators. Both committees are elected by party members in public elections set by law. Although not naming the parties, the \"Louisiana Election Code\" describes them in terms of requirements to be counted among the \"recognized political parties.\" Besides the Republican Party, the only other party which routinely meets these requirements is the Democratic Party. Within each civil parish a representative of each recognized party's Parish Executive Committee serves on the Parish Board of Election Supervisors.",
"title": "Republican Party of Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "535649#0",
"text": "Louisiana is a state located in the Southern United States. According to the 2010 United States Census, Louisiana is the 25th most populous state with inhabitants and the 33rd largest by land area spanning of land. Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes, which are equivalent to counties, and contains 308 incorporated municipalities consisting of four consolidated city-parishes, and 304 cities, towns, and villages. Louisiana's municipalities cover only of the state's land mass but are home to of its population.",
"title": "List of municipalities in Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "82150#3",
"text": "Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the territorial legislative council divided the Territory of Orleans (the predecessor of Louisiana state) into 12 counties. The borders of these counties were poorly defined, but they roughly coincided with the colonial parishes, and hence used the same names.",
"title": "List of parishes in Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "4951310#0",
"text": "The U.S. state of Louisiana has a total of nine Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Thirty (30) of Louisiana's sixty-four (64) parishes are classified as metropolitan. As of the 2010 census, these parishes had a combined population of 3,340,667 (74.8% of the state's population). Based on a July 1, 2009, population estimate, that figure had increased to 3,356,913 (74.7% of the state's population).",
"title": "List of Louisiana metropolitan areas"
},
{
"docid": "97659#6",
"text": "On March 30, 1871, the Louisiana General Assembly passed an act to create Vernon Parish, by taking territory from the three parishes noted above, as population had increased in the area. There are four versions of how the parish was named; the only official State version is that it was named in honor of Mt. Vernon, the home of George Washington.",
"title": "Vernon Parish, Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
1124
|
How old was Albert in The Little Albert experiment?
|
[
{
"docid": "91452#28",
"text": "One might consider the experiment Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner carried out to be one of the most controversial in psychology in 1920. It has become immortalized in introductory psychology textbooks as the Little Albert experiment. The goal of the experiment was to show how principles of, at the time recently discovered, classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into \"Little Albert\", a 9-month-old boy. Watson and Rayner conditioned \"Little Albert\" by clanging an iron rod when a white rat was presented. First, they presented to the boy a white rat and observed that he was not afraid of it. Second, they presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod. \"Little Albert\" responded by crying. This second presentation was repeated several times. Finally, Watson and Rayner presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear. Later, in an attempt to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented Albert with a rabbit, a dog, and a fur coat. He cried at the sight of all of them. This study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses. As the story of \"Little Albert\" has made the rounds, inaccuracies and inconsistencies have crept in, some of them even due to Watson himself. Analyses of Watson's film footage of Albert suggest that the infant was mentally and developmentally disabled. An ethical problem of this study is that Watson and Rayner did not uncondition \"Little Albert\". In 2009, Beck and Levinson found records of a child, Douglas Merritte, who seemed to have been Little Albert. They found that he had died from congenital hydrocephalus at the age of 6. Thus, it cannot be concluded to what extent this study had an effect on \"Little Albert\"'s life. On 25 January 2012, Tom Bartlett of \"The Chronicle of Higher Education\" published a report that questions whether John Watson knew of cognitive abnormalities in Little Albert that would greatly skew the results of the experiment. In 2014, however, the journals that initially endorsed Beck and Fridlund's claims about Albert and Watson (the \"American Psychologist\" and \"History of Psychology\") published articles debunking those claims",
"title": "John B. Watson"
},
{
"docid": "40651767#4",
"text": "Rayner and Watson claimed to have studied over 500 children, with the Little Albert experiment being their only attempt at a psychological experiment (it would not be categorised as an experiment today). The basis of their study was conditioning a 9-month old baby, referred to as \"Albert\", to fear a white rat, which had previously been a neutral stimulus. The fear was generalized to other white, furry stimuli, such as fur coats, rabbits, and a Santa Claus mask. The results of the study were published in the \"Journal of Experimental Psychology\". Despite its prominence, the \"Little Albert\" study would be deemed highly unethical by modern standards.",
"title": "Rosalie Rayner"
},
{
"docid": "34967526#1",
"text": "In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment. They started with a 9-month boy called “Albert”, who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar. Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat (neutral stimulus), but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise, he cried and tried to escape the rat, showing that the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for fear. Although the Watson and Rayner work with Little Albert clearly falls under the broad umbrella of \"conditioned fear\" they did not use the term CER and thought they were applying more general conditioning principles to human behavior.",
"title": "Conditioned emotional response"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "500998#8",
"text": "Watson later gave a series of weekend lectures describing the Little Albert study. One of these lectures was attended by Mary Cover Jones, which sparked her interest in pursuing graduate work in psychology. Jones conducted an experiment to figure out how to eliminate fear responses in children and studied a boy named Peter, who was two years old. Peter shared similar fears of white rabbits and furry objects to Little Albert. Jones was able to increase Peter's tolerance of white rabbits by exposing him to the animal, known as direct conditioning, and having Peter interact with children who were not afraid of the rabbit. Mary Cover Jones was the first psychologist to desensitize or uncondition a fear response and become known as the \"Mother of Behavior Therapy\".",
"title": "Little Albert experiment"
},
{
"docid": "500998#7",
"text": "Albert was about one year old at the end of the experiment, and he reportedly left the hospital shortly thereafter. Though Watson had discussed what might be done to remove Albert's conditioned fears, he had no time to attempt such desensitization with Albert, and it is likely that the infant's fear of furry things continued post-experimentally.",
"title": "Little Albert experiment"
},
{
"docid": "500998#2",
"text": "The aim of Watson and Rayner was to condition a phobia in an emotionally stable child. For this study they chose a nine-month old infant from a hospital referred to as \"Albert\" for the experiment. Watson followed the procedures which Pavlov had used in his experiments with dogs.",
"title": "Little Albert experiment"
},
{
"docid": "500998#13",
"text": "A detailed review of the original study and its subsequent interpretations by Ben Harris (1979) stated:\nIt is difficult to be certain exactly what happened during the Little Albert Experiment since concrete evidence and scientific records are lacking. Though a film was shot during the experiment, textbooks interpret the movie differently. Various sources give contradicting accounts of events that took place, and they raise questions about exactly what stimuli were used, which stimuli the baby came to fear, and what happened to the child after the experiment. It was said that most textbooks \"suffer from inaccuracies of various degrees\" while referring to Watson and Rayner's study. Texts often misrepresent, exaggerate, or minimize the range of Albert's post-conditioning fears.",
"title": "Little Albert experiment"
},
{
"docid": "500998#4",
"text": "For the experiment proper, Albert was put on a mattress on a table in the middle of a room. A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert and he was allowed to play with it. At this point, Watson and Rayner made a loud sound behind Albert's back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer each time the baby touched the rat. Albert responded to the noise by crying and showing fear. After several such pairings of the two stimuli, Albert was presented with only the rat. Upon seeing the rat, Albert got very distressed, crying and crawling away. Apparently, the infant associated the white rat with the noise. The rat, originally a neutral stimulus, had become a conditioned stimulus, and it was eliciting an emotional response (conditioned response) similar to the distress (unconditioned response) originally given to the noise (unconditioned stimulus).",
"title": "Little Albert experiment"
},
{
"docid": "500998#0",
"text": "The Little Albert experiment was a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the \"Journal of Experimental Psychology\".",
"title": "Little Albert experiment"
},
{
"docid": "500998#9",
"text": "According to some textbooks, Albert's mother worked in the same building as Watson and didn't know the tests were being conducted. When she found out, she took Albert and moved away, letting no one know where they were going. A 2009 report, however, disputes that. The original report had stated that the baby's mother was a wet nurse at the hospital, who may have felt coerced and unable to turn down a request for her baby to be used in Watson's experiment.",
"title": "Little Albert experiment"
}
] |
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] |
1127
|
What agency controls water sanitation in Zambia?
|
[
{
"docid": "19319573#4",
"text": "For sanitation, access rates in 2010 were only slightly higher for urban areas (57% according to national surveys, 54% according to the regulator in 2010) and rural areas (43% according to the UN). In urban areas, 41% have access to water connections in their house or yard and 49% rely on water kiosks and standpipes. The share of those with access to house connections has actually declined, while the share of those served by kiosks has increased. According to National Water and Sanitation Council director Kelvin Chitumbo, Zambia has achieved the Millennium Development Goal for drinking water, but is off track to reach the goal for sanitation.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#19",
"text": "The Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA), created in 1999, provides training, promotes the exchange of experiences on good practices and aims at increasing public awareness. It has more than 300 corporate and individual members.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19319573#0",
"text": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia is characterized by achievements and challenges. Among the achievements are the creation of regional commercial utilities for urban areas to replace fragmented service provision by local governments; the establishment of a regulatory agency that has substantially improved the availability of information on service provision in urban areas; the establishment of a devolution trust fund to focus donor support on poor peri-urban areas; and an increase in the access to water supply in rural areas.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#45",
"text": "Germany supports the water and sanitation sector in Zambia through financial cooperation carried out by KfW Development Bank and German Technical Cooperation carried out by GIZ. German aid has been particularly involved in expanding services to the urban poor through water kiosks, supported via the Devolution Trust Fund (DTF). A more recent pilot project for the construction of latrines is also being supported by Germany through the DTF. GIZ has been active in strengthening the regulatory agency NWASCO, in setting up a sector information system, and in strengthening NWASCO's planning capabilities.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#39",
"text": "A large array of external public donors support the water and sanitation sector in Zambia. Donors coordinate their activities on the basis of a Joint Assistance Strategy covering all sectors and a Sector Advisory Group for the water sector. One donor has the function of speaker of the sector advisory group on a yearly rotating basis. There are also coordination groups for the three sub-sectors urban water supply and sanitation, rural water supply and sanitation as well as water resources management.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#8",
"text": "Drinking water quality. According to the regulatory agency, 94% of water samples collected in urban areas were in compliance with drinking water standards in 2010. Pollution from mines affects drinking water supply quality provided by the Mulonga and Nkana water and sewerage companies, where in some cases, the concentration of manganese was beyond treatable limits.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#13",
"text": "The Ministry of Local Government and Housing is in charge of sector policies. Within the Ministry the Department of Housing and infrastructure development (DHID) is responsible for water supply and sanitation infrastructure planning and resource mobilization. The DHID has established a specific Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Unit (RWSSU) in 2003 and shortly thereafter also a unit for peri-urban water supply and sanitation.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#2",
"text": "In 2015, 61% of the total population had access to an \"at least basic water service\", or 86% of the urban population and 44% of the rural population. However, around 6 million people in Zambia still lack access to \"at least basic water\". As for sanitation, in 2015, 31% of the total population had access to \"at least basic sanitation\" service. 49% of the urban population had access to basic sanitation and 19% of the rural population. There are still around 11 million people who lack access to at least basic sanitation. Moreover, in 2015, 15% of the population in Zambia, defecated in the open.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#14",
"text": "According to the 1994 National Water Policy seven principles govern the state's policy in water and sanitationBy 2008 at least the first three principles had been put into practice. However, full cost recovery was far from being achieved and budget spending remained far below what is needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for the sector.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
},
{
"docid": "19319573#40",
"text": "Donors increasingly use basket funding, based on a basket for rural water supply and sanitation and a second basket for urban water supply and sanitation. Many NGOs, such as CARE and WaterAid, also support the sector.",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zambia"
}
] |
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] |
1128
|
When was Gibson founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "30668895#1",
"text": "Orville Gibson founded the company in 1902 as the \"Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Mfg. Co. Ltd.\" in Kalamazoo, Michigan, to make mandolin-family instruments. Gibson invented archtop guitars by constructing the same type of carved, arched tops used on violins. By the 1930s, the company was also making flattop acoustic guitars, as well as one of the first commercially available hollow-body electric guitars, used and popularized by Charlie Christian. In 1944, Gibson was bought by Chicago Musical Instruments (CMI), which was acquired in 1969 by Panama-based conglomerate Ecuadorian Company Limited (ECL), that changed its name in the same year to Norlin Corporation. Gibson was owned by Norlin Corporation from 1969 to 1986. In 1986, the company was acquired by a group led by Henry Juszkiewicz and David H. Berryman.",
"title": "Gibson"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "465558#3",
"text": "Gibson was born in Buena Vista, Georgia, c. December 21, 1911. In 1923, Gibson moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where his father, Mark Gibson, found work at the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company. Entering sixth grade in Pittsburgh, Gibson prepared to become an electrician, attending Allegheny Pre-Vocational School and Conroy Pre-Vocational School. His first experience playing baseball for an organized team came at age 16 when he played third base for an amateur team sponsored by Gimbels department store where he found work as an elevator operator. Shortly thereafter, he was recruited by the Pittsburgh Crawfords, which in 1928 was still a semi-professional team. The Crawfords, controlled by Gus Greenlee, was the top black semi-professional team in the Pittsburgh area and would advance to fully professional, major Negro league status by 1931.",
"title": "Josh Gibson"
},
{
"docid": "4061592#13",
"text": "When Gibson arrived at his newly purchased property on the Nashwaak in 1862 he found poor sanitation and endemic typhoid fever. Gibson had the site cleaned up and then built a new model village to accommodate the mill workers and their families, calling it Marysville after his wife and his eldest daughter, both of whom were named Mary. He had 24 duplex houses built on the opposite side of the river from the mill, with a foot bridge crossing the river. Gibson paid for the building of a school, which opened in 1864 and included a library room containing 300 books.",
"title": "Alexander Gibson (industrialist)"
},
{
"docid": "57388243#6",
"text": "In 1955 Gibson founded the National Association of Radio Announcers for Black DJs. In the 60’s it was renamed the National Association of Television and Radio Announcers (NATRA). Bringing together the disparate elements of Black Appeal Radio under one body placed Gibson at the head of the table and as the father he declared, \"\"I slapped this baby's bottom and brought it to life!\"\"",
"title": "Joseph Deighton Gibson Jr."
},
{
"docid": "150946#3",
"text": "Fort Gibson was originally established as a military garrison, Cantonment Gibson, in April 1824. The camp was set up to facilitate U.S. government policies of westward expansion and Indian removal. After the founding of Fort Gibson in 1824, military families, Indians desiring military protection, and free African-Americans settled near the fort, forming a town. After the Army abandoned Fort Gibson in 1857, the Cherokee Nation took over the military stockade and renamed the town Keetoowah. The Army reoccupied Fort Gibson during the American Civil War and was renamed Fort Blunt from 1862 - 1865 for Maj. Gen. James G. Blunt. The town again prospered as refugees from fighting elsewhere fled to the relative safety of the fort.",
"title": "Fort Gibson, Oklahoma"
},
{
"docid": "47786061#3",
"text": "Gibson opened his own firm (Ed Gibson & Associates, Inc.), a general architecture and engineering company, in 1968. The company was in operation until 1986 when he dissolved the company, and left to work exclusively for Methodist Hospital. After leaving Methodist Hospital, Gibson worked as a consulting architect until his retirement in 2002. Some of the buildings he designed or renovated were located at Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, Evansville State Hospital, Central Elementary in Plainfield, Broad Ripple Library, renovations at Central Library in Indianapolis, IUPUI, IU Bloomington, including renovation of Ernie Pyle Hall, Hudnut Plaza, and other HUD projects throughout Indiana.\nWhen Gibson closed his private practice in 1987 to work exclusively for Methodist Hospital, most of the drawings in his office were discarded and those in this archival collection are the few examples of his work that remain. Shortly after his death in 2011, his family gave an additional donation of photographs and papers, including his Master of Science thesis, awards, and certificates to the Ball State University Drawings and Documents Archive. The family also donated Gibson's personal tape measure engraved with his initials, which can be viewed in the digital collection.",
"title": "Edwin A. Gibson"
},
{
"docid": "8714261#3",
"text": "Another version now considered more probable of the origin story given by Charles McCabe of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" states it is from San Francisco. In 1968 McCabe interviewed Allan P. Gibson (1923–2005) and included the story in his Dec. 9, 1968 column, as well as in his book \"The Good Man's Weakness\". A.P. Gibson remembered that when he was a boy, his great-uncle, prominent San Francisco businessman Walter D. K. Gibson (1864–1938), was said to have created it at the Bohemian Club in the 1890s. Charles Clegg, when asked about it by Herb Caen, also said it was from San Francisco. Eric Felton, writing in the \"Wall Street Journal\", May 30, 2009 \"A Thoroughly Western Cocktail\" considers this version correct; he cites Ward Thompson, a Bohemian Club member whose mention of it in 1898 is the first recorded in print. Although bartenders' guides sometimes gave the recipe as 50/50 gin and vermouth, Gibsons in the early days were much drier than other martinis.",
"title": "Gibson (cocktail)"
},
{
"docid": "57162841#5",
"text": "John Gibson's Son & Co. was established in 1854, when John Gibson became disappointed with the limited amount of whiskey he was able to buy from Monongahela distilleries for his growing business. Thus, in 1856, he started his own distillery and produced the first whiskey in 1857 at Gibsonton. Gibsonton was not only where the distilling took place but was also a town and home for the employees. The main offices of John Gibson's Son & Co would remain in Philadelphia, however, many other office branches were established in various locations such as Boston, Louisiana, Georgia. Sinnott left the army to oversee a new branch of John Gibson's Son & Co in Boston, Massachusetts in 1861. Sinnott returned to Philadelphia in 1866 to become a partner at John Gibson's Son & Co., and in 1884 became a co-owner upon the retirement of Gibson. Sinnott and Moore continued the partnership until Moore's death in 1888, after which Sinnott gained sole control of the firm.",
"title": "Joseph F. Sinnott"
},
{
"docid": "14652448#0",
"text": "Gibson Lake is the cooling pond for Duke Energy Indiana's Gibson Generating Station. Measuring at around , it is the largest lake in Indiana built completely above ground, its shores consisting of rock levees on all but two of the lake's six sides both of which were also built up to build the power plant. Opened to fishing in 1978, Gibson Lake had been a prime source of bass and several types of catfish, bluegill, and carp. The lake was closed to fishing in 2007, due to elevated levels of selenium found in the water of the lake. The only entrance to Gibson Lake is the lake's boat ramp, located due southeast of the plant on Gibson County Road 975 South.",
"title": "Gibson Lake (Indiana)"
},
{
"docid": "36712822#7",
"text": "In 1964, western Montana experienced one of the greatest flooding events in its recorded history, when record snowpack followed by heavy early spring rains caused more than $438 million (2011 dollars) of damage in the Flathead and Missouri River basins. On June 8, after reports of at least three dam failures on tributaries of the Missouri sent local residents into a panic, there were rumors that the Gibson Dam had failed. A U.S. Forest Service pilot was sent to investigate and found that water was overtopping the dam by over . The USBR later estimated the peak flow over the dam at , of which at least half was over the crest. After this event the dam was retrofitted so that it could be safely overtopped by up to of water.",
"title": "Gibson Dam"
}
] |
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] |
1130
|
How many indigenous people's are in Mexico?
|
[
{
"docid": "19224#31",
"text": "The category of \"indigena\" (indigenous) in Mexico has been defined based on different criteria through history, this means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as \"indigenous\" varies according to the definition applied. It can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak an Indigenous language, based on this criteria approximately 5.4% of the population is Indigenous. Nonetheless, activists for the rights of indigenous peoples have referred to the usage of this criteria for census purposes as \"statistical genocide\"Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and people who do not speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self-identifies as Indigenous. According to this criteria, the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the INEGI (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography), state that there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups, which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country. Finally According to the latest intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government on 2015, Indigenous people make up 21.5% of Mexico's population. In this occasion, people who self-identified as \"Indigenous\" and people who self-identified as \"partially Indigenous\" were classified in the \"Indigenous\" category altogheter.",
"title": "Demographics of Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "652127#19",
"text": "Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and people who do not speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self-identifies as Indigenous. According to this criteria, the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the INEGI (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography), state that there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups, which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country.",
"title": "Mexicans"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3964346#1",
"text": "According to the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (\"Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas\", or CDI in Spanish) and the INEGI (official census institute), in 2015, 25,694,928 people in Mexico self-identify as being indigenous of many different ethnic groups, which constitute 21.5% of Mexico's population.",
"title": "Indigenous peoples of Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "3964346#51",
"text": "The indigenous population of Mexico has in recent decades increased both in absolute numbers as-well as a percentage of the population. This is largely due to increased self-identification as indigenous, as-well as indigenous women having higher birth rates as compared to the Mexican average. Indigenous peoples are more likely to live in more rural areas, than the Mexican average, but many do reside in urban or suburban areas, particularly, in the central states of Mexico, Puebla, Tlaxcala, the Federal District and the Yucatán Peninsula.",
"title": "Indigenous peoples of Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "3935520#16",
"text": "According to the Law of Linguistic Rights, Mexico recognizes sixty-two indigenous languages as co-official National languages. With Spanish being the dominant language, Mexico has become a site for endangered languages. \"Indigenous people’s disadvantaged socioeconomic status and the pressure of assimilation into mestizo or Ladino society have been influential on indigenous language loss.\" The result of the conflict between indigenous languages and Spanish has been a language shift in Mexico from indigenous languages being spoken to more people using Spanish in every domain. Due to this situation there have been many different language revitalization strategies put in place in Mexico to try to reverse this language shift. See literature on projects done with the Nahua people and the experiences of language revitalization in the South of Mexico.",
"title": "Languages of Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "3966054#127",
"text": "The total percentage of Mexico's population who is indigenous varies considerably depending of the criteria used by the government on its censuses: it is 5.4% if the ability to speak an indigenous language is used as the criteria to define a person as indigenous, if racial self-identification is used it is 14.9% and if people who consider themselves part indigenous are also included it amounts to 23%. Nonetheless, all the censuses conclude that the majority of Mexico's indigenous population is concentrated in rural areas of the southern and south-eastern Mexican states such as Yucatán at 59%, Quintana Roo 39% and Campeche 27%, who are chiefly Maya; Oaxaca with 48% of the population, the most numerous groups being the Mixtec and Zapotec peoples; Chiapas at 28%, the majority being Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya; Hidalgo 24%, the majority being Otomi; Puebla 19%, and Guerrero 17%, mostly Nahua peoples and the states of San Luis Potosí and Veracruz are both home to a population that is 15% indigenous, mostly from the Totonac, Nahua and Teenek (Huastec) groups. The absolute numbers of the indigenous population are growing, but at a slower rate than the rest of the population so that the percentage of indigenous peoples in regards to total population is nonetheless falling. All of the indices of social development for the indigenous population are considerably lower than the national average even though the indigenous population participates in the workforce longer than the national average with 55% of the indigenous population receiving less than a minimum salary, compared to 20% for the national average. Many practice subsistence agriculture and regulate some internal issues under customary law.",
"title": "Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "2402376#52",
"text": "In the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca and in the interior of the Yucatán Peninsula the majority of the population is indigenous. Large indigenous minorities, including Aztecs or Nahua, Purépechas, Mazahua, Otomi, and Mixtecs are also present in the central regions of Mexico. In Northern Mexico indigenous people are a small minority.\nThe General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them—more than 60 languages—the status of \"national languages\". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).",
"title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas"
},
{
"docid": "3964346#50",
"text": "According to the National Commission for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples (CDI), there were 25,694,928 indigenous people reported in Mexico in 2015, which constitutes 21.5% of the population of Mexico. This is a significant increase from the 2010 census, in which indigenous Mexicans accounted for 14.9% of the population, and numbered 15,700,000 Most indigenous communities have a degree of financial, political autonomy under the legislation of \"usos y costumbres\", which allows them to regulate internal issues under customary law.",
"title": "Indigenous peoples of Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "195827#61",
"text": "While indigenous languages have almost completely disappeared since the Conquest, many old customs and traditions continue to live on as part of many people's identity. Many ethnic Nahuas conserve much of their ancient knowledge, such as dances, music agricultural practices and rituals, although most are mixed with Catholic and moderns beliefs and practices. Since Mexico's census only counts the indigenous by language spoken and not by ethnicity, it is not possible to be sure of the precise number of Nahua in Morelos. Between 32 and 35 communities in the state have been identified as being \"indigenous\" based on prevailing customs and tradition. However, this does not take into account migrant workers or who have immigrated to the state from other parts of Mexico. In 2000, 30,896 people were counted as speaking an indigenous language, with the municipalities of Cuautla, Cuernavaca, Ayala, Puente de Ixtla, Temixco and Tetela del Volcàn having the highest number of speakers.",
"title": "Morelos"
},
{
"docid": "15458343#29",
"text": "Temoaya has the highest population of indigenous people in the state of Mexico, with about 38% of the population speaking an indigenous language. The municipality is losing population, with many leaving to work in nearby Mexico City. However, most of these people keep their ties to their home municipality. Only about one percent of the municipality’s residents were born somewhere else. Despite, its proximity to Mexico City and Toluca, the municipality is rural with only limited development.",
"title": "Temoaya"
}
] |
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] |
1132
|
Who was the first person to fly around the world?
|
[
{
"docid": "2783585#0",
"text": "Donald P. Taylor (October 1, 1918 – December 2, 2015) was an American aviator, notable for being in the late summer and early fall of 1976 the first person in history to successfully fly a homebuilt aircraft around the world. From an early age, he'd resolved \"I will build an airplane, and I will fly it round-the-world.\" His plane, \"Victoria '76\" (named for the only one of Ferdinand Magellan's ships to complete her mission), a Lycoming-powered Thorp T-18 (N455DT) was fitted with improved communications and navigational equipment as well as a new fuel system after his initial 1973 round-the-world attempt had to be aborted due to bad weather between Japan and the Aleutian Islands. Taylor, who lived at the time in California, returned to his starting point of Oshkosh, Wisconsin a hero two months to the day after the 1976-08-01 start of his eastbound journey. The planning of this circumnavigation was especially complicated considering that both the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were closed to U.S. general aviators at the time.",
"title": "Donald Taylor (aviator)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "469034#101",
"text": "In 1932, Hattie Caraway of Arkansas became the first woman elected to the Senate. Furthermore, in 1932 Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, taking her journey on the 5th anniversary of Lindbergh's solo Atlantic flight . She was awarded the National Geographic Society's gold medal from President Herbert Hoover, and Congress awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross. Later in 1932 she became the first woman to fly solo nonstop coast to coast, and set the women's nonstop transcontinental speed record, flying 2,447.8 miles in 19 hours 5 minutes. In 1935, she became the first person to solo the 2,408-mile distance across the Pacific between Honolulu and Oakland, California; this was also the first flight where a civilian aircraft carried a two-way radio. Later in 1935, she became the first person to fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City. Still later in 1935, she became the first person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark. In 1937, Amelia Earhart began a flight around the world but vanished during it; her remains, effects, and plane have never been found. The first woman to fly solo around the world and return home safely was the American amateur pilot Jerrie Mock, who did so in 1964. In 1933, Frances Perkins was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as his Secretary of Labor, making her the first woman to hold a job in a Presidential cabinet.",
"title": "History of women in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "59424419#1",
"text": "Smith took off from Melbourne, Australia in his SeaRey aircraft named \"Southern Sun\" in April 2015, intending to retrace the historic 1938 Sydney to London route of the Qantas \"Empire\" Flying Boat service. When he reached London, Smith determined to press on and, landing at Longreach, Queensland on 11 November 2015 became the first person to navigate solo around the world in a single-engine flying boat. The 210-day journey required 480 hours flying, 9,700 litres of fuel and stops at 80 cities along the way.",
"title": "Michael Smith (aviator)"
},
{
"docid": "186642#0",
"text": "James Stephen \"Steve\" Fossett (April 22, 1944 – September 3, 2007) was an American businessman and a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon. He made his fortune in the financial services industry and was best known for many world records, including five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo flight fixed-wing aircraft pilot.",
"title": "Steve Fossett"
},
{
"docid": "535210#28",
"text": "Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone, non-stop, in a hot air balloon when he launched from Northam on 19 June 2002, and returned to Australia on 3 July, landing in Queensland.",
"title": "Northam, Western Australia"
},
{
"docid": "1851303#0",
"text": "Geraldine \"Jerrie\" Fredritz Mock (November 22, 1925 – September 30, 2014) was the first woman to fly solo around the world, which she did in 1964. She flew a single engine Cessna 180 (registered N1538C) christened the \"Spirit of Columbus\" and nicknamed \"Charlie.\" The trip began March 19, 1964, in Columbus, Ohio, and ended April 17, 1964, in Columbus, Ohio, and took 29 days, 21 stopovers and almost . An almost forgotten part of this flight is the \"race\" that developed between Jerrie Mock and Joan Merriam Smith who had flown from a field near San Francisco CA on March 17, 1964. Joan's departure date and flight path was the same as the aviator Amelia Earhart's last flight and though not in direct competition with each other, media coverage soon began tracking the progress of each pilot fascinated with who would complete the journey first. The story of this race is told in a book written by Taylor Phillips entitled, \"Racing to Greet the Sun, Jerrie Mock and Joan Merriam Smith Duel to Become the First Woman to Solo Around the World\". Jerrie Mock was subsequently awarded the Louis Blériot medal from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1965. In 1970 she published the story of her round-the-world flight in the book \"Three-Eight Charlie\". While that book is now out of print, a 50th anniversary edition was later published including maps, weather charts and photos. \"Three-Eight Charlie\" is a reference to the call sign, N1538C, of the Cessna 180 Skywagon Mock used to fly around the world. Before her death, Mock, mother of three children, resided in Quincy, Florida; northwest of the state capital, Tallahassee.",
"title": "Jerrie Mock"
},
{
"docid": "17873084#21",
"text": "On 3 July 2002, Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone, nonstop, in any kind of aircraft, by hot air balloon. He launched the balloon \"Spirit of Freedom\" from Northam, Western Australia on 19 June 2002 and returned to Australia on 3 July 2002, subsequently landing in Queensland. Duration and distance of this solo balloon flight was 13 days, 8 hours, 33 minutes (14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to landing), 20,626.48 statute miles (33,195.10 km). The trip set a number of records for ballooning: Fastest (, breaking his own previous record of ), Fastest Around the World (13.5 days), Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Balloon (), and 24-Hour Balloon Distance ( on July 1).",
"title": "History of ballooning"
},
{
"docid": "18025957#5",
"text": "History records that Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, the first woman to fly nonstop across the United States and first woman to fly from Hawaii to the west coast of California. The whole world was watching Amelia Earhart when she began her global attempt and of course then mourned her when the plane came up missing without a trace. Earhart was lost somewhere in the south Pacific Ocean. Finch hoped in her recreation of the Earhart circumnavigation, that children around the world would understand Earhart's courage, hope and determination, and find heroes in their own lives - heroes that would teach them to also \"reach for the sky\".",
"title": "Linda Finch"
},
{
"docid": "4883760#14",
"text": "In 2015, over the course of seven months, pilot Michael Smith flew around the world in a Searey, setting a record as the first person to fly a solo circumnavigation of the globe in a single engine flying boat.",
"title": "Progressive Aerodyne SeaRey"
},
{
"docid": "35152422#8",
"text": "Martin had wanted to fly or repair airplanes and in mid-2009, enrolled in \"Experience Aviation\", a seven-week program in Opa-locka, Florida, which introduced him to aviation. During the time Martin was enrolled in the program, it was run by Barrington Irving, the youngest person ever to fly solo around the world. Irving said Martin was a polite youth who enjoyed flying and had an interest in football. After Martin graduated from the program, he spent the next summer as a volunteer, helping out new students in the aviation program. According to his parents, Martin had hoped to attend the University of Miami or Florida A&M University.",
"title": "Trayvon Martin"
}
] |
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] |
1134
|
What is the most abundant crop in China?
|
[
{
"docid": "14189099#13",
"text": "China Proper is divided by the Qinling range into highly dissimilar north and south agricultural areas. In semitropical south China, rainfall is relatively abundant and the growing season long. Rice has been the predominant grain crop. The paddies can generally be irrigated with water from rivers or other sources. Although much of the soil is acid red clay, the heavy use of fertilizer (at one time organic but by the mid-1980s also including a large proportion of chemical nutrients) supports high yields. Frequently two or even three crops a year are cultivated on the same land. Food crops other than rice are also grown, most frequently in hilly areas or during the winter. These include potatoes and winter wheat. The highest grain yields in the country in the mid-1980s were generally found in the Sichuan Basin, the lower Yangtze River Valley, and Guangdong and Fujian provinces, where multiple cropping of rice and other crops was the typical pattern. Cotton, tea, and industrial crops were also produced there.",
"title": "History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China"
},
{
"docid": "11953685#22",
"text": "About 75% of China's cultivated area is used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. The majority of rice is grown south of the Huai River, in the Zhu Jiang delta, and in the Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces.",
"title": "Agriculture in China"
},
{
"docid": "19284336#53",
"text": "Western China, comprising Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai, has little agricultural significance except for areas of floriculture and cattle raising. Rice, China's most important crop, is dominant in the southern provinces and many of the farms here yield two harvests a year. In the north, wheat is of the greatest importance, while in central China wheat and rice vie with each other for the top place. Millet and kaoliang (a variety of grain sorghum) are grown mainly in the northeast and some central provinces, which, together with some northern areas, also provide considerable quantities of barley. Most of the soybean crop is derived from the north and the northeast; corn (maize) is grown in the center and the north, while tea comes mainly from the warm and humid hilly areas of the south. Cotton is grown extensively in the central provinces, but it is also found to a lesser extent in the southeast and in the north. Tobacco comes from the center and parts of the south. Other important crops are potatoes, sugar beets, and oilseeds.\nIn the past decade, the government has been encouraging agricultural mechanization and land consolidation to raise yields and compensate for the loss of rural workers who have migrated to the cities. According to the most recent statistics by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the annual growth rate of agricultural mechanization in China is 6.38 percent. By 2014, the integrated mechanization rate had risen to nearly 60 percent, with the rate for wheat surpassing 90 percent and that for maize approaching 80 percent. In addition to standard agricultural equipment like tractors, China's agriculture cooperatives have begun using high-tech equipment, including unmanned aerial vehicles, which are used to spay crops with pesticides. Good progress has been made in increasing water conservancy, and about half the cultivated land is under irrigation.",
"title": "Economy of China"
},
{
"docid": "541808#14",
"text": "Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only about 15% of its total land area can be cultivated. About 75% of the cultivated area is used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. Most rice is grown south of the Huai River, in the Yangtze valley, the Zhu Jiang delta, and in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces.",
"title": "Paddy field"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14189099#14",
"text": "Wheat has traditionally been the main crop in north China, a considerably drier region than south China. The winter wheat crop accounts for nearly 90 percent of China's total production. Spring wheat is grown mainly in the eastern portion of Inner Mongolia and the northeastern provinces. Other important grain crops include corn, sorghum, and millet. These are usually dryland crops. Since the late 1960s, irrigation has been greatly expanded, but water remains an important limiting factor. Compared with the south, soils in the north are generally better; however, because of the shorter growing season and colder, drier climate, yields per cultivated hectare tend to be lower and irrigation less extensive. Labor is not as abundant in the north as in the south, but cropping patterns tend to require less labor, and mechanization (especially of plowing) is more advanced.",
"title": "History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China"
},
{
"docid": "15269342#1",
"text": "In Cantonese cuisine, it is categorized as a tong sui or sweet soup, hence the Chinese name. The soup is usually thin in texture, but potent in taste. The recipe is simple, consisting of boiling the sweet potato for a long time with rock candy and ginger. Sweet potato is one of the most commonly found and abundant vegetables grown in China. With its simple recipe and large crop supply, sweet potato soup is one of the most accessible and affordable tong sui in the region.",
"title": "Sweet potato soup"
},
{
"docid": "788662#11",
"text": "The rural population of the Northeast is heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of the area, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley. The region possesses large flocks of sheep, and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however, the Amur River provides very rich fishing prospects, and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang.",
"title": "Northeast China"
},
{
"docid": "65185#43",
"text": "Sichuan has been historically known as the \"Province of Abundance\". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium being the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of the cobalt of the whole country. Sichuan also possesses China's largest proven natural gas reserves, the majority of which is transported to more developed eastern regions.",
"title": "Sichuan"
},
{
"docid": "14189099#76",
"text": "Cotton is China's most important fiber crop. The crop is grown on the North China Plain and in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley. In the 1970s domestic output did not meet demand, and significant quantities of raw cotton were imported. Production expanded dramatically in the early 1980s to reach a record 6 million tons in 1984. Although production declined to 4.2 million tons in 1985, China was still by far the largest cotton producer in the world. In the 1980s raw cotton imports ceased, and China became a major exporter of cotton.",
"title": "History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China"
}
] |
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] |
1136
|
What is the cold-pressed juice process?
|
[
{
"docid": "45253424#3",
"text": "Making cold-pressed juice is a two-step process. The first stage is to shred the fruits and vegetables into a pulp. Typically the shredding process uses a steel rotating disc. Produce is loaded into a large hopper feeding tube and typically falls into a filter bag. The second process is the hydraulic press; this exposes the shredded produce to extreme pressures between two plates. The pressure causes the juice and water content from the produce to drip into a collection tray below, leaving behind the fibre content in the filter bag. The fibre left behind is generally composted, recycled in food products or discarded.",
"title": "Cold-pressed juice"
},
{
"docid": "45253424#5",
"text": "After extracting juice from fruits and vegetables, the juice may be consumed raw, or the manufacturer may choose to put the juice through a preservation method such as HPP in order to extend shelf life and kill potentially harmful microorganisms. The HPP process allows the juice to be stored for about 30 days.",
"title": "Cold-pressed juice"
},
{
"docid": "45253424#0",
"text": "Cold-pressed juice refers to juice that uses a hydraulic press to extract juice from fruit and vegetables, as opposed to other methods such as centrifugal or single auger.",
"title": "Cold-pressed juice"
},
{
"docid": "49227197#4",
"text": "The cold-pressed juices produced by Safterei are made by a form of pasteurization known as Pascalization or High pressure processing (HPP). Instead of using heat for preservation, the raw juice is exposed to be pressured by thousands of pounds. Using this method the flavor and the nutritional value of the juice is not damaged.",
"title": "Safterei"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "45253424#8",
"text": "There are laws and regulations governing the production and distribution of raw juice that vary widely by region. In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration prohibits wholesale distribution of raw juice, stating that it may only be sold directly to consumers. In order to sell juice wholesale, the juice must undergo a process that achieves a \"5 log reduction in bacterial plate count.\" The process must reduce the amount of microorganisms by 100,000 times. There are several processes available that can achieve a 5-log reduction, including heat pasteurization and ultraviolet light filtering, but the most common process in the cold-pressed juice industry is HPP.",
"title": "Cold-pressed juice"
},
{
"docid": "45253424#1",
"text": "Without pasteurization or high-pressure processing (HPP), cold-pressed juices can be stored in a refrigerator for up to five days, depending on the acidity of the juice and other factors. This type of juice has been commercially produced for decades, but has gained public popularity since 2013. In general, these juices are more expensive than other types of juices, as they are made from 100% fruit and vegetables without any added ingredients. It has been reported that a 12-ounce bottle could cost as much as US$12.",
"title": "Cold-pressed juice"
},
{
"docid": "48517507#21",
"text": "Hemp juice can be clearly distinguished from other liquid products of the hemp plant. Hemp milk and hemp oil, just like soy milk, are produced from the seeds of the plant. Beverages such as hemp beer use the dried flowers or dried leaves of the plant. When dried parts of hemp are used in water and extract results. Water extraction only contains a proportion of about 10% of hemp ingredients otherwise found in cold-pressed juice. Therefore, cold-pressed hemp juice contains a much higher percentage of valuable ingredients. More importantly, water extraction does not contain any of the important cannabinoids as they cling to the fatty acids of the plant, which are not dissolved in water extraction. Yet, cold-pressed hemp juice does contain the valuable cannabinoids.\nThese valuable ingredients are also preserved when hemp is juiced in a conventional home blender. This process of juicing is not suitable for industrial hemp because the plant fibers used for industrial applications are too hard to digest for humans.",
"title": "Hemp juice"
},
{
"docid": "45253424#2",
"text": "Cold-pressed juices have been in production for several decades, but started to gain popularity in the late 2000s as a way to support juice cleanses. Celebrities such as Gwyneth Paltrow and Kim Kardashian bolstered its popularity. The initial use of cold-pressed juices for juice cleanses evolved into mainstream use, and the industry rapidly expanded in the early to mid-2010s.",
"title": "Cold-pressed juice"
},
{
"docid": "25439732#2",
"text": "Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating (sometimes referred to as cold pressed) fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents. For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato plant. Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruit and vegetables using a variety of hand or electric juicers. Many commercial juices are filtered to remove fiber or pulp, but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage. Additives are put in some juices, such as sugar and artificial flavours (in some fruit juice-based beverages); savoury seasonings (e.g., in Clamato or Caesar tomato juice drinks). Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning, pasteurization, concentrating, freezing, evaporation and spray drying.",
"title": "Juice"
},
{
"docid": "52824#26",
"text": "The concentrated juice is held in a cold wall tank and is stored at or below 35 °F to prevent browning and development of undesired flavors. Next, a small amount of fresh juice is added to the concentrated juice to restore natural and fresh flavors of orange juice that have been lost through the concentration process. Specific cold-pressed orange oils are used to restore the lost aroma and volatile flavors. After the addition of fresh juice, the brix content is reduced to 42 °F. The fresh juice is referred to as \"cut-back\" in the industry and attributes to 7-10% of the total juice. Orange peel oil is also added if the oil content is below the required level. The concentrate is then further cooled in a continuous cooler or cold wall tank to 20 to 25 °F. The concentrate is canned using steam injection methods to sterilize the lid and develop a vacuum in the can. The cans then undergo final freezing where they are conveyed on a perforated belt in an air blast at -40 °F. After freezing, the product is stored at 0 °F in a refrigerated warehouse.",
"title": "Orange juice"
}
] |
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] |
1137
|
Are gifts taxed in the United States?
|
[
{
"docid": "1845226#10",
"text": "If a person is a non-resident alien for purposes of gift tax, taxation of gifts is determined in a different way. If the property is not located in the U.S., there is no gift tax. If it is intangible property, such as shares in U.S. corporations and interests in partnerships or LLCs, there is no gift tax.",
"title": "Gift tax in the United States"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1845226#18",
"text": "The gift tax is a backstop to the United States estate tax. Without the gift tax, large estates could be reduced by simply giving the money away prior to death, and thus escape any potential estate tax. Gifts above the annual exemption amount act to reduce the lifetime gift tax exclusion. Congress initially passed the gift tax in 1932 at a much lower rate than the estate tax, a full 25% under the estate tax rate, while also providing a $50,000 exemption, separate from the $50,000 exemption under estate tax. The benefits were clear: a $10,000,000 gift would be taxed only $2,300,000, effectively only 23.0%, well below the estate tax rate.",
"title": "Gift tax in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1845226#9",
"text": "For gift tax purposes, the test is different in determining who is a non-resident alien, compared to the one for income tax purposes (the inquiry centers around the decedent's domicile). This is a subjective test that looks primarily at intent. The test considers factors such as the length of stay in the United States; frequency of travel, size, and cost of home in the United States; location of family; participation in community activities; participation in U.S. business and ownership of assets in the United States; and voting. It is possible for a foreign citizen to be considered a U.S. resident for income tax purposes but not for gift tax purposes.",
"title": "Gift tax in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1845226#2",
"text": "In the United States, the gift tax is governed by Chapter 12, Subtitle B of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax is imposed by section 2501 of the Code. For the purposes of taxable income, courts have defined a \"gift\" as the proceeds from a \"detached and disinterested generosity.\" Gifts are often given out of \"affection, respect, admiration, charity or like impulses.\"",
"title": "Gift tax in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1872266#0",
"text": "The Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) is an act in some states of the United States that allows assets such as securities, where the donor has given up all possession and control, to be held in the custodian's name for the benefit of the minor without an attorney needing to set up a special trust fund. This allows a minor in the United States to have property set aside for the minor's benefit and may achieve some income tax benefit for the child's parents. Once the child reaches the age of maturity (18 or 21 depending on the state), the assets become the property of the child and the child can use them for any purpose. Contributing money to an UGMA account on another person's behalf could be subject to gift tax; however, the Internal Revenue Code of the United States allows persons to give up to the annual gift tax exclusion to another person without any gift tax consequences, and gifts exceeding that amount as long as total gifts are below the lifetime limits.",
"title": "Uniform Gifts to Minors Act"
},
{
"docid": "30552#76",
"text": "Estate and gift taxes in the United States are imposed by the federal and some state governments. The estate tax is an excise tax levied on the right to pass property at death. It is imposed on the estate, not the beneficiary. Some states impose an inheritance tax on recipients of bequests. Gift taxes are levied on the giver (donor) of property where the property is transferred for less than adequate consideration. An additional generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax is imposed by the federal and some state governments on transfers to grandchildren (or their descendants).",
"title": "Taxation in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1845226#0",
"text": "A gift tax is a tax imposed on the transfer of ownership of property. The United States Internal Revenue Service says, a gift is \"Any transfer to an individual, either directly or indirectly, where full compensation (measured in money or money's worth) is not received in return.\"",
"title": "Gift tax in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1845226#3",
"text": "Generally, if an interest in property is transferred during the giver's lifetime (often called an inter vivos gift) then the gift or transfer would not be subject to the estate tax. In 1976, Congress unified the gift and estate taxes limiting the giver's ability to circumvent the estate tax by giving during his or her lifetime. Notwithstanding, there remain differences between estate and gift taxes; such as the effective tax rate, the amount of the credit available against tax, and the basis of the received property.",
"title": "Gift tax in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "30552#77",
"text": "The federal gift tax is applicable to the donor, not the recipient, and is computed based on cumulative taxable gifts, and is reduced by prior gift taxes paid. The federal estate tax is computed on the sum of taxable estate and taxable gifts, and is reduced by prior gift taxes paid. These taxes are computed as the taxable amount times a graduated tax rate (up to 35% in 2011). The estate and gift taxes are also reduced by a \"unified credit\" equivalent to an exclusion ($5 million in 2011). Rates and exclusions have varied, and the benefits of lower rates and the credit have been phased out during some years.",
"title": "Taxation in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "2502077#7",
"text": "Purchases of gift cards are not subject to sales tax in all states. These purchases are considered to be similar to exchange of cash. The sales tax will be charged when gift cards are used as a method of payment for taxable goods or services. There was a proposal in New York State to impose a sales tax when a gift card is purchased instead of imposing it when the card is used, but it failed.",
"title": "Sales taxes in the United States"
}
] |
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] |
1140
|
What is the longest word in German?
|
[
{
"docid": "467946#25",
"text": "Compound words, including nouns, are written together, e.g. \"Haustür\" (Haus+Tür; house door), \"Tischlampe\" (Tisch+Lampe; table lamp), \"Kaltwasserhahn\" (Kalt+Wasser+Hahn; cold water tap/faucet). This can lead to long words: the longest word in regular use, \"Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften\" (\"legal protection insurance companies\"), consists of 39 letters; while the longest German word ever published (\"Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft\", \"Association for subordinate officials of the head office management of the Danube steamboat electrical services\") has 79 letters.",
"title": "German orthography"
},
{
"docid": "887473#6",
"text": "Agglutinative languages tend to create very long words with derivational morphemes. Compounds may or may not require the use of derivational morphemes also.\nThe longest compounds in the world may be found in the Finnic and Germanic languages. In German, extremely \nextendable compound words can be found in the language of chemical compounds, where, in the cases of biochemistry and polymers, they can be practically unlimited in length, mostly because the German rule suggests combining all noun adjuncts with the noun as the very last stem. German examples include (color television set), (radio remote control), and the often quoted jocular word (originally only two Fs, Danube steamboat shipping company captain['s] hat), which can of course be made even longer and even more absurd, e.g. \"Donaudampfschifffahrtsgesellschaftskapitänsmützenreinigungsausschreibungsverordnungsdiskussionsanfang\" (\"beginning of the discussion of a regulation on tendering of Danube steamboat shipping company captain hats\") etc. According to several editions of the Guinness Book of World Records, the longest published German has 79 letters and is \" Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft \"(\"Association for Subordinate Officials of the Main Electric[ity] Maintenance Building of the Danube Steam Shipping\"), but there is no evidence that this association ever actually existed. The word is so absurd that it was obviously invented as a joke, which is emphasized by the illogical use of the plural of \"electricity\".",
"title": "Compound (linguistics)"
},
{
"docid": "2201357#1",
"text": "Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft is a compound word that serves as an example of the virtually unlimited compounding of nouns that is possible in many Germanic languages. According to the 1996 \"Guinness Book of World Records\", it is the longest word published in the German language.",
"title": "Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1742443#22",
"text": "In German, whole numbers (smaller than 1 million) can be expressed as single words, which makes (777,777) a 65 letter word. In combination with or, as an inflected noun, , all numbers can be written as one word. A 79 letter word, , was named the longest published word in the German language by the 1972 Guinness Book of World Records, but longer words are possible. The word was the name of a prewar Viennese club for subordinate officials of the headquarters of the electrical division of the company named the , which operated steam boats on the Danube river.",
"title": "Longest words"
},
{
"docid": "1742443#10",
"text": "Dutch, like many Germanic languages, is capable of forming compounds of potentially limitless length. The 53-letter word \"Kindercarnavalsoptochtvoorbereidingswerkzaamhedenplan\", meaning \"preparation activities plan for a children's carnival procession\", was cited by the 1996 Guinness Book of World Records as the longest Dutch word.",
"title": "Longest words"
},
{
"docid": "9467#0",
"text": "The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes.",
"title": "Longest word in English"
},
{
"docid": "1742443#37",
"text": "There is some disagreement about what is the longest word in the Korean language. The longest word appearing in the \"Standard Korean Dictionary\" published by the National Institute of the Korean Language is (); Revised Romanization: \", which is a kind of ceramic bowl from the Goryeo dynasty; that word is 17 syllable blocks long, and contains a total of 46 hangul letters. The term (), a phonetic transcription of \"nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide\", has a larger number of syllable blocks (19) but a smaller number of letters (41), and also might not qualify as a single word due to the spaces.",
"title": "Longest words"
},
{
"docid": "2201357#3",
"text": "Long compound words are used sparsely in German conversation, but considerably more often than in English. A pre-World War I Danube steamship captain could be referred to as ' more naturally than with the somewhat contrived title ' (\"Danube steamboating association captain\"). According to the 1995 \"Guinness Book of World Records\", the longest German word in everyday usage is \"\" (\"legal protection insurance companies\") at 39 letters.",
"title": "Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft"
},
{
"docid": "1742443#23",
"text": "The longest word that is not created artificially as a longest-word record seems to be at 63 letters. The word means \"law delegating beef label monitoring\" but as of 2013, it was removed from the books because European Union regulations have changed and that particular law became obsolete, leading to news reports that Germany \"had lost its longest word\".",
"title": "Longest words"
},
{
"docid": "42693376#0",
"text": "The English word antidisestablishmentarianism (, ) is notable for its unusual length of 28 letters and 12 syllables, and is one of the longest words in the English language. It has been cited as the longest word in the English language (excluding coined and technical terms), although some sources say that it is not used enough to carry that title. The longest word found in a major dictionary is \"pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis\", but this is a technical term that was coined specifically to be the longest word.",
"title": "Antidisestablishmentarianism (word)"
}
] |
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1146
|
At what age is circumcision typically performed in the Jewish tradition?
|
[
{
"docid": "8718425#48",
"text": "Circumcision is very important to most branches of Judaism, with over 90% of male adherents having the procedure performed as a religious obligation. The basis for its observance is found in the Torah of the Hebrew Bible, in Genesis chapter 17, in which a covenant of circumcision is made with Abraham and his descendants. Jewish circumcision is part of the \"brit milah\" ritual, to be performed by a specialist ritual circumciser, a \"mohel\", on the eighth day of a newborn son's life, with certain exceptions for poor health. Jewish law requires that the circumcision leaves the glans bare when the penis is flaccid. Converts to Conservative and Orthodox Judaism must also be circumcised; those who are already circumcised undergo a symbolic circumcision ritual. Circumcision is not required by Judaism for one to be considered Jewish, but some adherents foresee serious negative spiritual consequences if it is neglected.",
"title": "Circumcision"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18627354#12",
"text": "Whereas Jewish circumcision is closely bound by ritual timing and tradition, in Islam there is no fixed age for circumcision. The age when boys get circumcised, and the procedures used, tend to change across cultures, families, and time. In some Muslim-majority countries, circumcision is performed on Muslim boys after they have learned to recite the whole Qur'an from start to finish. In Malaysia and other regions, the boy usually undergoes the operation between the ages of ten and twelve, and is thus a puberty rite, serving to introduce him into the new status of an adult. The procedure is sometimes semi-public, accompanied with music, special foods, and much festivity.",
"title": "Khitan (circumcision)"
},
{
"docid": "321459#47",
"text": "Whereas Jewish circumcision is closely bound by ritual timing and tradition, in Islam there is no fixed age for circumcision. The age when boys get circumcised, and the procedures used, tend to change across cultures, families, and time. In some Muslim-majority countries, circumcision is performed on Muslim boys after they have learned to recite the whole Quran from start to finish. In Malaysia and other regions, the boy usually undergoes the operation between the ages of ten and twelve, and is thus a puberty rite, serving to introduce him into the new status of an adult. The procedure is sometimes semi-public, accompanied with music, special foods, and much festivity.",
"title": "Religious male circumcision"
},
{
"docid": "321459#14",
"text": "Around 140 CE Rabbinic Judaism made its circumcision requirements stricter. Jewish circumcision includes the removal of the inner preputial epithelium, in a procedure that is called \"priah\"(Hebrew: פריעה), which means: 'uncovering'. This epithelium is also removed on modern medical circumcisions, to prevent post operative penile adhesion and its complications. According to rabbinic interpretation of the traditional Jewish sources, the \"periah\" has been performed, as part of Jewish circumcision, since the Israelites first inhabited the Land of Israel, and without it the mitzvah isn't performed at all. \nHowever, the editors of the \"Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion\", note that \"periah\" was probably added by the rabbis, in order to \"prevent the possibility of obliterating the traces of circumcision\". Jewish law states that circumcision is a \"mitzva aseh\" (\"positive commandment\" to perform an act) and is obligatory for Jewish-born males and for non-circumcised Jewish male converts. It is only postponed or abrogated in the case of threat to the life or health of the child. It is usually performed by a \"mohel\" on the eighth day of life in a ceremony called a \"brit milah\" (or \"bris milah\", colloquially simply \"bris\"), which means \"Covenant of circumcision\" in Hebrew. According to Jewish law, the foreskin should be buried after a \"brit milah\". The rite is considered of such importance that in Orthodox communities, the body of an uncircumcised Jewish male will sometimes be circumcised before burial. Although 19th century Reform leaders described it as \"barbaric\", the practice of circumcision \"remained a central rite\" and the Union for Reform Judaism has, since 1984, trained and certified over 300 practicing \"mohels\" under its \"Berit Mila Program\". Humanistic Judaism argues that \"circumcision is not required for Jewish identity.\"",
"title": "Religious male circumcision"
},
{
"docid": "8718425#51",
"text": "Although there is some debate within Islam over whether it is a religious requirement, circumcision (called \"khitan\") is practiced nearly universally by Muslim males. Islam bases its practice of circumcision on the Genesis 17 narrative, the same Biblical chapter referred to by Jews. The procedure is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran, however, it is a tradition established by Islam's prophet Muhammad directly (following Abraham), and so its practice is considered a \"sunnah\" (prophet's tradition) and is very important in Islam. For Muslims, circumcision is also a matter of cleanliness, purification and control over one's baser self (\"nafs\"). There is no agreement across the many Islamic communities about the age at which circumcision should be performed. It may be done from soon after birth up to about age 15; most often it is performed at around six to seven years of age. The timing can correspond with the boy's completion of his recitation of the whole Quran, with a coming-of-age event such as taking on the responsibility of daily prayer or betrothal. Circumcision may be celebrated with an associated family or community event. Circumcision is recommended for, but is not required of, converts to Islam.",
"title": "Circumcision"
},
{
"docid": "321459#26",
"text": "It is the duty of the father to have his child circumcised; and if he fails in this, the beth din of the city must see that the rite is performed. According to traditional Jewish law, in the absence of a grown free Jewish male expert, a woman, a slave, or a child, that has the required skills, is also authorized to perform the circumcision, provided that she or he is Jewish. However, most streams of non-Orthodox Judaism allow female mohels, called \"mohalot\" (, plural of \"mohelet\", feminine of \"mohel\"), without restriction. In 1984, Deborah Cohen became the first certified Reform mohelet; she was certified by the Berit Mila program of Reform Judaism.",
"title": "Religious male circumcision"
},
{
"docid": "47419991#11",
"text": "Circumcision in Morocco had been performed by barbers. This is now performed by medical surgeons. Circumcision of almost two-year-old at the time prince Moulay Hassan prompted thousands of other young boys to be circumcised. The procedure is considered \"purification\" (t'hara) by Muslims. \nNigerian culture favours circumcising baby boys when they are aged between eight to forty days. Neonatal (child) circumcision is performed on more than 85% of boys in Nigeria, Western Africa, and majority of the procedure is done by nurses (56%) and doctors (35%) with a small proportion (9%) performed by traditional practitioners (2). The reasons are cultural and religious.",
"title": "Circumcision in Africa"
},
{
"docid": "717848#16",
"text": "Disputes over the Mosaic law generated intense controversy in early Christianity. This is particularly notable in the mid-1st century, when the circumcision controversy came to the fore. Alister McGrath stated that many of the Jewish Christians were fully faithful religious Jews, only differing in their acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah. As such, they believed that circumcision and other requirements of the Mosaic law were required for salvation. The increasing number of Gentile converts came under pressure from Jewish Christians to be circumcised in accordance with Abrahamic tradition. The issue was addressed at the Council of Jerusalem where Saint Paul made an argument that circumcision was not a necessary practice, vocally supported by Peter, as documented in . This position received widespread support and was summarized in a letter circulated in Antioch.",
"title": "Apostolic Age"
},
{
"docid": "7447#40",
"text": "The Children's Act 2005 makes the circumcision of male children under 16 unlawful except for religious or medical reasons. In the Eastern Cape province the Application of Health Standards in Traditional Circumcision Act, 2001, regulates traditional circumcision, which causes the death or mutilation of many youths by traditional surgeons each year. Among other provisions, the minimum age for circumcision is age 18.",
"title": "Circumcision and law"
},
{
"docid": "31777446#10",
"text": "According to the United Nations World Health Organisation: \"In the Philippines, where circumcision is almost universal and typically occurs at age 10–14 years, a survey of boys found strong evidence of social determinants, with two thirds of boys choosing to be circumcised simply “to avoid being uncircumcised”, and 41% stating that it was “part of the tradition”",
"title": "Tuli (rite)"
}
] |
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] |
1150
|
What does Hispanic mean?
|
[
{
"docid": "1013799#0",
"text": "Hispanic means \"of or from Spain\". The term is commonly used to refer to the people and languages of what is now Spain from the historic period during the Roman Empire.",
"title": "Hispanic (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "56120#0",
"text": "The term Hispanic ( or ) broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to the Spanish language or the country of Spain, depending on the context.",
"title": "Hispanic"
},
{
"docid": "56120#17",
"text": "Technically speaking, persons from Portugal or of Portuguese extraction are referred to as Lusitanians. In Portugal, Hispanic refers to something related to ancient Hispania, Spain or the Spanish language and culture, Portugal. Portugal and Spain do not have exactly the same definition for the term Hispanic, but they do share the etymology for the word (pt: \"hispânico\", es: \"hispánico\").\nThe Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, RAE), the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language defines the terms \"Hispano\" and \"Hispánico\" (which in Spain have slightly different meanings) as:",
"title": "Hispanic"
},
{
"docid": "56120#23",
"text": "While originally the term referred primarily to the Hispanos of New Mexico within the United States, today, organizations in the country use the term as a broad catchall to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship with Spain, such as Equatorial Guinea and Philippines which are- regardless of race and ethnicity. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the ethnonym \"Hispanic or Latino\" to refer to \"a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race\" and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race, any ancestry, any ethnicity. Generically, this limits the definition of Hispanic or Latino to people from the Caribbean, Central and South America, or other Hispanic (Spanish) culture or origin, regardless of race. Latino can refer to males or females, while Latina refers to only females.",
"title": "Hispanic"
},
{
"docid": "56120#22",
"text": "In Spanish, the term \"hispano\" as in \"hispanoamericano\", refers to the people of Spanish origin who live in the Americas; it also refers to a relationship to Hispania or to the Spanish language. There are people in Hispanic America that are not of Spanish origin, as the original people of these areas are Amerindians.",
"title": "Hispanic"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24236032#3",
"text": "The term \"Sureño\" means \"Southerner\" in Spanish. Even though Sureños were established in 1968, the term was not used until the 1970s as a result of the continued conflict between the Mexican Mafia and Nuestra Familia in California's prison system. As a result of these prison wars, all Hispanic California street gangs align themselves with the Sureño or Norteño movements—with very few exceptions, such as the Fresno Bulldogs and the Maravilla gangs of East Los Angeles, California. When a Sureño is asked what being a Sureño means, members answer, \"A Sureño is a foot soldier for the Mexican Mafia.\"",
"title": "Sureños"
},
{
"docid": "4358807#12",
"text": "In his paper, \"Content Ex Machina\" Bach argues against over-interpreting what he labels the \"contextualist platitude\" which he defines as: “Generally what a speaker means in uttering a sentence, even if the sentence is devoid of ambiguity, vagueness, or indexicality, goes beyond what the sentence means.” Bach asserts that context does not establish meaning but is merely one of several conversational principles. He states that “context does not determine (in the sense of constitute), but merely enables the hearer to determine (in the sense of ascertain) what the speaker means.” Context provides constraints on what a speaker can reasonably mean and on what a hearer can reasonably interpret a speaker to mean. “contextualist platitude” does not preclude the “older picture of language and communication” and “a fairly standard semantic-pragmatic distinction.” Pragmatic considerations and context do not contribute to the content of what is said. Bach admits that there is meaning in utterances beyond the semantic content of a sentence, but he maintains that context does not determine speaker meaning but rather constrains how a speaker can expect to be understood and helps the hearer understand what is said. “We need the level of locutionary act and, correlatively, a strict, semantic notion of what is said in order to account for (the content of) what a speaker does in uttering a sentence independently of whatever communicative intention (if any) he has in uttering it and regardless of how the content of that intention may depart from the semantic content of the sentence.”",
"title": "Kent Bach"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
}
] |
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] |
1151
|
Who rules Tibet?
|
[
{
"docid": "6878687#1",
"text": "It is generally agreed that China and Tibet were independent prior to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), and that Tibet has been ruled by the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1959. The nature of Tibet's relationship with China in the intervening period is a matter of debate. The PRC claims that Tibet has been a part of China since the Yuan dynasty. The Republic of China (ROC) claimed that \"Tibet was placed under the sovereignty of China\" when the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) ended the brief Nepalese rule (1788-1792) from parts of Tibet in c. 1793. The Tibetan Government in Exile claims that Tibet was an independent state until the PRC invaded Tibet in 1949/50. Some Western scholars claim that Tibet and China were ruled by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, that Tibet was independent during the Chinese Ming dynasty (1368–1644). and that Tibet was ruled by China or at the very least subordinate to the Qing during much of the Qing dynasty. Some Western scholars also claim that Tibet was independent from c. 1912 to 1950, although it had extremely limited international recognition.",
"title": "Tibetan sovereignty debate"
},
{
"docid": "11145219#0",
"text": "The history of Tibet from 1950 to the present started with the Chinese People's Liberation Army Invading Tibet in 1950. Before then, Tibet had declared independence from China in 1913. In 1951, the Tibetans signed a seventeen-point agreement reaffirming China's sovereignty over Tibet and providing an autonomous administration led by Dalai Lama. In 1959 the 14th Dalai Lama fled Tibet to northern India under cover where he established the Central Tibetan Administration. The Tibet Autonomous Region within China was officially established in 1965.",
"title": "History of Tibet (1950–present)"
},
{
"docid": "11145219#3",
"text": "In 1951, representatives of Tibetan authority, with the Dalai Lama's authorization, participated in negotiations with the PRC government in Beijing. This resulted in a \"Seventeen Point Agreement\" which established PRC's sovereignty over Tibet, and it thereby gave the PRC power to rule. The agreement was ratified in Lhasa a few months later. According to the Tibetan government-in-exile, some members of the Tibetan Cabinet (Kashag), for example, Tibetan Prime Minister Lukhangwa, never accepted the agreement. But the National Assembly of Tibet, \"while recognizing the extenuating circumstances under which the delegates had to sign the 'agreement', asked the government to accept the 'agreement'...the Kashag told Zhang Jingwu that it would radio its acceptance of the 'agreement'.\"\nTibetan exile sources generally consider it invalid, as having been reluctantly or unwillingly signed under duress. On the path that was leading him into exile in India, the 14th Dalai Lama arrived March 26, 1959 at Lhuntse Dzong where he repudiated the \"17-point Agreement\" as having been \"thrust upon Tibetan Government and people by the threat of arms\" and reaffirmed his government as the only legitimate representative of Tibet. According to the Seventeen Point Agreement, the Dalai Lama-ruled Tibetan area was supposed to be a highly autonomous area of China. From the beginning, it was obvious that incorporating Tibet into Communist PRC would bring two opposite social systems face-to-face. In western Tibet, however, the Chinese Communists opted not to make social reform an immediate priority. On the contrary, from 1951 to 1959, traditional Tibetan society with its lords and manorial estates continued to function unchanged and were subsidized by the central government. Despite the presence of twenty thousand PLA troops in Central Tibet, the Dalai Lama's government was permitted to maintain important symbols from its \"de facto\" independence period. The first national census in all of the People's Republic of China was held in 1954, counting 2,770,000 ethnic Tibetans in China, including 1,270,000 in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The Chinese built highways that reached Lhasa, and then extended them to the Indian, Nepalese and Pakistani borders.",
"title": "History of Tibet (1950–present)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30577431#1",
"text": "The region retained a degree of political autonomy under the Sakya lama, who was the \"de jure\" head of Tibet and a spiritual leader of the Mongol Empire. However, administrative and military rule of Tibet remained under the auspices of the Yuan government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, a top-level administrative department separate from the provinces of Song China, but still under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. Tibet retained nominal power over religious and political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a \"diarchic structure\" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen, usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing.",
"title": "Tibet under Yuan rule"
},
{
"docid": "17446193#10",
"text": "The Chinese side seeks to persuade international perception as to the appropriate nature and justifiability of Chinese rule in Tibet. Their position is that Tibet truly and historically belongs to China, that affairs of Tibet are internal matters, and Tibetans seek to internationalize their cause, in part by convincing readers that Tibet was independent. Concentrating as it does on questions of national sovereignty, the official position of the Tibetan Government in Exile is more moderate in tone than that of some of its more extreme supporters who conflate the rule of the lamas with Tibetan Buddhist ideals, seeking to promote a Buddhist dogma that competes with the Marxist dogma of \"feudal serfdom\" by portraying Tibet under the lamas as, in Robert Thurman's words: \"a mandala of the peaceful, perfected universe\".",
"title": "Serfdom in Tibet controversy"
},
{
"docid": "6878687#24",
"text": "The Tibetan Government in Exile views current PRC rule in Tibet, including neighboring provinces outside Tibet Autonomous Region, as colonial and illegitimate, motivated solely by the natural resources and strategic value of Tibet, and in gross violation of both Tibet's historical status as an independent country and the right of Tibetan people to self-determination. It also points to PRC's autocratic policies, divide-and-rule policies, and what it contends are assimilationist policies, and regard those as an example of ongoing imperialism aimed at destroying Tibet's distinct ethnic makeup, culture, and identity, thereby cementing it as an indivisible part of China. That said, the Dalai Lama stated in 2008 that he wishes only for Tibetan autonomy, and not separation from China, under certain conditions, like freedom of speech and expression, genuine self-rule, and control over ethnic makeup and migration in all areas claimed as historical Tibet.",
"title": "Tibetan sovereignty debate"
},
{
"docid": "16997385#16",
"text": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book \"The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama\", writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their \"Historical Status of China's Tibet\", and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\"",
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "21996658#3",
"text": "Following the establishment of the new Republic, China's provisional President Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to the 13th Dalai Lama, restoring his earlier titles. The Dalai Lama spurned these titles, replying that he \"intended to exercise both temporal and ecclesiastical rule in Tibet.\" In 1913, the Dalai Lama, who had fled to India when the Qing sent a military expedition to establish direct Chinese rule over Tibet in 1910, returned to Lhasa and issued a proclamation that stated that the relationship between the Chinese emperor and Tibet \"had been that of patron and priest and had not been based on the subordination of one to the other.\" \"We are a small, religious, and independent nation,\" the proclamation stated.",
"title": "Tibet (1912–1951)"
},
{
"docid": "45499615#0",
"text": "Tibet under Qing rule refers to the Qing dynasty's rule over Tibet from 1720 to 1912. During the Qing rule of Tibet, the region was controlled by the Qing dynasty established by the Manchus in China. In the history of Tibet, Qing administrative rule was established after a Qing army defeated the Dzungars who occupied Tibet in 1720, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, although the region retained a degree of political autonomy under the Dalai Lamas. The Qing emperors appointed imperial residents known as the Ambans to Tibet, who commanded over 2,000 troops stationed in Lhasa and reported to the Lifan Yuan, a Qing government body that oversaw the empire's frontier regions.",
"title": "Tibet under Qing rule"
},
{
"docid": "21996658#19",
"text": "Tibet established a Foreign Office in 1942, and in 1946 it sent congratulatory missions to China and India (related to the end of World War II). The mission to China was given a letter addressed to Chinese President Chiang Kai-shek which states that, \"We shall continue to maintain the independence of Tibet as a nation ruled by the successive Dalai Lamas through an authentic religious-political rule.\" The mission agreed to attend a Chinese constitutional assembly in Nanjing as observers.",
"title": "Tibet (1912–1951)"
},
{
"docid": "17446193#9",
"text": "Western authors' writings on Tibetan history are sometimes controversial. For example, whilst Hugh Richardson, who lived in Lhasa in the 1930s and 1940s, before the takeover by the PRC in 1951, writes in \"Tibet and Its History\" that Chinese versions of Tibetan history are contemptible and he considers the Chinese rule brutal and illegal, Israel Epstein, a naturalized Chinese citizen born in Poland who similarly claims the authority of first-hand knowledge, although following the Chinese takeover, supports Chinese rule. There are few academic assessments of the recent history of Tibet. Anthropologist and historian Melvyn Goldstein, who is fluent in Tibetan and has done considerable fieldwork with Tibetans in exile and in Tibet, considers pre-1950 Tibet to have been a feudal theocracy impaired by corrupt and incompetent leaders. It was \"de facto\" independent of China from 1911 to 1949, but not recognised as \"de jure\" independent of China by any nation, including its protective power Great Britain.",
"title": "Serfdom in Tibet controversy"
},
{
"docid": "26597226#2",
"text": "Before the Invasion of Tibet in 1951, Tibet was ruled by a theocracy and had a caste-like social hierarchy. Official crackdowns in the region generally center on “the three evils of separatism, terrorism and religious extremism,” which give pretext for abuses.",
"title": "Human rights in Tibet"
}
] |
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1153
|
Where did Zionism originate?
|
[
{
"docid": "34484#0",
"text": "Zionism ( \"Tsiyyonut\" after \"Zion\") is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine). Modern Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as an imitative response to other nationalist movements. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire.",
"title": "Zionism"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34484#46",
"text": "Labor Zionism originated in Eastern Europe. Socialist Zionists believed that centuries of oppression in antisemitic societies had reduced Jews to a meek, vulnerable, despairing existence that invited further antisemitism, a view originally stipulated by Theodor Herzl. They argued that a revolution of the Jewish soul and society was necessary and achievable in part by Jews moving to Israel and becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. Most socialist Zionists rejected the observance of traditional religious Judaism as perpetuating a \"Diaspora mentality\" among the Jewish people, and established rural communes in Israel called \"kibbutzim\". The kibbutz began as a variation on a \"national farm\" scheme, a form of cooperative agriculture where the Jewish National Fund hired Jewish workers under trained supervision. The kibbutzim were a symbol of the Second Aliyah in that they put great emphasis on communalism and egalitarianism, representing to a certain extent Utopian socialism. Furthermore, they stressed self-sufficiency, which became an important aspect of Labor Zionism. Though socialist Zionism draws its inspiration and is philosophically founded on the fundamental values and spirituality of Judaism, its progressive expression of that Judaism has often fostered an antagonistic relationship with Orthodox Judaism.",
"title": "Zionism"
},
{
"docid": "34484#53",
"text": "and that\nAlthough the Jews originated in the East, they belonged to the West culturally, morally, and spiritually. Zionism was conceived by Jabotinsky not as the return of the Jews to their spiritual homeland but as an offshoot or implant of Western civilization in the East. This worldview translated into a geostrategic conception in which Zionism was to be permanently allied with European colonialism against all the Arabs in the eastern Mediterranean. The revisionists advocated the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine to force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration.",
"title": "Zionism"
},
{
"docid": "14098762#60",
"text": "In Eastern Europe the General Jewish Labour Bund called for Jewish autonomy within Eastern Europe and promoted Yiddish as the Jewish national language. Like Zionism, the Bund was founded in 1897 and it was one of the largest socialist movements in Europe, however it did not grow as fast as Zionism. The Bund campaigned for Jewish autonomy and recognition of Jewish (non-territorial) national rights within a post-socialist Russia. Initially the Bund included Zionist Socialist parties but over time the leadership came to oppose Zionism and Orthodox Judaism. The socialist movement recognized various national groups, but the Jews were not one of them. The socialist movement was generally unwilling to combat worker anti-Semitism and often failed to publicly condemn pogroms.",
"title": "History of Zionism"
},
{
"docid": "2184884#7",
"text": "The aim of Zionism was to set up a secular state in the vicinity of the Biblical Land of Israel. Zionism, or the idea of a restored national homeland and common identity for the Jews, had already started to take shape by the mid-19th century, with Jewish thinkers such as Moses Hess whose 1862 work \"Rome and Jerusalem; The Last National Question\" argued for the Jews to settle in Palestine as a means of settling the national question. Hess proposed a socialist state in which the Jews would become agrarianised through a process of \"redemption of the soil\" which would transform the Jewish community into a \"true\" nation, in that Jews would occupy the productive layers of society rather than being an intermediary non-productive merchant class, which is how he perceived Jews in Europe. Hess, along with later thinkers such as Nahum Syrkin and Ber Borochov, is considered a founder of \"Socialist Zionism\" and Labour Zionism and one of the intellectual forebears of the kibbutz movement. Others like Rabbi Zvi Kalischer viewed a return to the Jewish homeland as the fulfillment of biblical prophecy through natural means.\nAs the 19th century wore on, the persecution of the Jews in Eastern Europe where emancipation had not occurred to the extent it did in Western Europe (or at all) increased. Starting with the state-sponsored massive anti-Jewish pogroms following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, through the bloody pogroms of 1903 to 1906 who left thousands of Jews dead and many more wounded, continuing with the Dreyfus Affair in France in 1894, Jews were profoundly shocked to see the continuing extent of anti-Semitism from Russia to France, a country which they thought of as the home of enlightenment and liberty.",
"title": "Jewish political movements"
},
{
"docid": "649665#10",
"text": "The Labor Movement wing of Religious Zionism, founded in 1921 under the Zionist slogan \"Torah va'Avodah\" (Torah and Labor), was called Hapoel Hamizrachi. It represented religiously traditional Labour Zionists, both in Europe and in the Land of Israel, where it represented religious Jews in the Histadrut. In 1956, Mizrachi, Hapoel HaMizrachi, and other religious Zionists formed the National Religious Party to advance the rights of religious Zionist Jews in Israel. Other parties and groups affiliated with religious Zionism are Gush Emunim, Tkuma, and Meimad. A radical branch of religious Zionism, Kahanism was founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane, whose party, Kach, was eventually banned for racism. Today, Otzma Yehudit is the leading wing of this school of thought.",
"title": "Religious Zionism"
},
{
"docid": "34484#74",
"text": "After Israel's creation in 1948, the Indian National Congress government opposed Zionism. Some writers have claimed that this was done in order to get more Muslim votes in India (where Muslims numbered over 30 million at the time). However, conservative Hindu nationalists, led by the Sangh Parivar, openly supported Zionism, as did Hindu Nationalist intellectuals like Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Sita Ram Goel. Zionism, seen as a national liberation movement for the repatriation of the Jewish people to their homeland then under British colonial rule, appealed to many Hindu Nationalists, who viewed their struggle for independence from British rule and the Partition of India as national liberation for long-oppressed Hindus.",
"title": "Zionism"
},
{
"docid": "14098762#67",
"text": "Support for Zionism was not a purely European and Ashkenazi phenomenon. In the Arab world, the first Zionist branches opened in Morocco only a few years after the Basel conference, and the movement became popular among Jews living within the Arab and Muslim world where Jews generally faced religious discrimination, prejudice and occasional violence. A number of the founders of the city of Tel Aviv were early Moroccan Jewish immigrants and Ottoman Salonika had a vigorous Zionist movement by 1908.",
"title": "History of Zionism"
},
{
"docid": "39426071#8",
"text": "\"The Arab-Zionist conflict did not begin in 1948 but rather long before it,\" Abunimah maintained in a 2009 lecture. It began, he said, \"when the Zionists came to Palestine in the beginning of the last century, and was exacerbated with the appearance of the refugee problem.\" He made the following argument: \"If for example the Jews returned to their original countries, those countries would be shocked, and those are their countries who exported them to Palestine. So how can these countries, most of which sing the praises of democracy and human rights, be silent about the right of return of the Palestinian people, the people and owners of the land, to their villages and cities?\" He also claimed that \"Zionism is strong, but it has not been renewed or rooted in the land of Palestine, and the Palestinians hold their land and identities dearly and are on their way to a majority.\"",
"title": "Ali Abunimah"
},
{
"docid": "34484#7",
"text": "Creating an alliance with Great Britain and securing support for some years for Jewish emigration to Palestine, Zionists also recruited European Jews to immigrate there, especially Jews who lived in areas of the Russian Empire where anti-semitism was raging. The alliance with Britain was strained as the latter realized the implications of the Jewish movement for Arabs in Palestine, but the Zionists persisted. The movement was eventually successful in establishing Israel on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar), as the homeland for the Jewish people. The proportion of the world's Jews living in Israel has steadily grown since the movement emerged. By the early 21st century, more than 40% of the world's Jews lived in Israel, more than in any other country. These two outcomes represent the historical success of Zionism, and are unmatched by any other Jewish political movement in the past 2,000 years. In some academic studies, Zionism has been analyzed both within the larger context of diaspora politics and as an example of modern national liberation movements.",
"title": "Zionism"
}
] |
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] |
1155
|
Was Al Capone apart of the The Apalachin meeting?
|
[
{
"docid": "7977912#3",
"text": "After Maranzano's murder in 1931, the Mafia families called a meeting in Chicago. The purpose of the meeting was to replace the old Sicilian Mafia regime of \"boss of all bosses\" and establish a rule of consensus among the crime families. Charlie Luciano established a Mafia board of directors to be known as \"The Commission\" to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and serve to mediate conflicts between families. The Commission consisted of seven family bosses: the leaders of New York's Five Families: Charlie \"Lucky\" Luciano, Vincent Mangano, Tommy Gagliano, Joseph Bonanno, and Joe Profaci; Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone; and Buffalo family boss Stefano Magaddino. Charlie Luciano was appointed chairman of the Commission. The Commission agreed to hold meetings every five years or when they needed to discuss family problems.",
"title": "The Commission (mafia)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1544286#0",
"text": "The Apalachin meeting ( ) was a historic summit of the American Mafia held at the home of mobster Joseph \"Joe the Barber\" Barbara, in Apalachin, New York, on November 14, 1957. Allegedly, the meeting was held to discuss various topics including loansharking, narcotics trafficking, and gambling, along with dividing the illegal operations controlled by the late Albert Anastasia. An estimated 100 Mafiosi from the United States, Italy, and Cuba are thought to have attended this meeting. Vito Genovese, then head of the renamed Genovese family, initially called the meeting as a way to recognize his new power as \"capo dei capi\".",
"title": "Apalachin meeting"
},
{
"docid": "3212#21",
"text": "To monitor their targets' habits and movements, Capone's men rented an apartment across from the trucking warehouse and garage at 2122 North Clark Street, which served as Moran's headquarters. On the morning of Thursday, February 14, 1929, Capone's lookouts signaled gunmen disguised as police officers to initiate a \"police raid\". The \"faux\" police lined the seven victims along a wall and signaled for accomplices armed with machine guns and shotguns. Photos of the slain victims shocked the public and damaged Capone's reputation. Within days, Capone received a summons to testify before a Chicago grand jury on charges of federal Prohibition violations, but he claimed to be too unwell to attend.",
"title": "Al Capone"
},
{
"docid": "1544286#1",
"text": "Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as “the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin”. After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate. More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following the raid. One of the most direct and significant outcomes of the Apalachin Meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide criminal conspiracy, a fact that some, including Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover, had long refused to acknowledge.",
"title": "Apalachin meeting"
},
{
"docid": "127426#3",
"text": "On November 14, 1957, the heads of the American Mafia held the Apalachin Meeting at the home of Joseph Barbara, a conference of mobsters who had gathered to iron out various issues in the underworld. The gathering was quickly broken up when a curious New York State Trooper turned up and spotted expensive cars at or near the home. Other police officers quickly arrived to arrest those attending the conference and sent some of the most powerful gangsters in the country fleeing through the surrounding countryside. Mafiosi and the FBI sometimes just refer to the meeting as \"Apalachin\". This meeting was humorously portrayed in the opening sequence of the 1999 motion picture \"Analyze This\", which starred Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal. This meeting was also referenced in \"Goodfellas\" by narrator Henry Hill (Ray Liotta), and fully depicted in the 1972 movie \"The Valachi Papers\".",
"title": "Apalachin, New York"
},
{
"docid": "1544286#22",
"text": "Twenty of those who attended the Apalachin meeting were charged with \"Conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting\" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year.",
"title": "Apalachin meeting"
},
{
"docid": "1544286#17",
"text": "Some of the most powerful Cosa Nostra family heads in the country, such as Santo Trafficante, Jr., Northeastern Pennsylvania Family Underboss Rosario \"Russell\" Bufalino, Frank DeSimone of Los Angeles, Carlos \"Little Man\" Marcello and Meyer Lansky worried about Anastasia's attempts to muscle in on their Havana casino operations, before the Commission sanctioned his assassination. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda. Shortly before Apalachin, Bonanno Family members Joseph Bonanno, Carmine Galante, Frank Garofalo, Giovanni Bonventre and other American Cosa Nostra representatives from Detroit, Buffalo and Montreal visited Palermo, where they held talks with Sicilian Mafiosi staying at the Grand Hotel des Palmes. A key figure in setting up the meeting was Ron \"Escalade\" Piscina.",
"title": "Apalachin meeting"
},
{
"docid": "1544286#26",
"text": "The Apalachin Summit meeting brought boss Joseph Barbara aggravation and humiliation. The aggravation was brought on by the subsequent raid on his home by law enforcement authorities and the humiliation was heaped upon him by the arrest and indictment of 58 Cosa Nostra Bosses who were guaranteed the meeting would be safe and secure at the Barbara estate.",
"title": "Apalachin meeting"
},
{
"docid": "3842730#2",
"text": "During Prohibition in 1930, reigning crime kingpin Al Capone has nearly the whole city of Chicago under his control and supplies illegal liquor. Bureau of Prohibition agent Eliot Ness is assigned to stop Capone, but his first attempt at a liquor raid fails due to corrupt policemen tipping Capone off. He has a chance meeting with Irish-American veteran officer James Malone, who is fed up with the rampant corruption and offers to help Ness, suggesting that they find a man from the police academy who has not come under Capone's influence. They recruit Italian-American trainee George Stone (AKA Giuseppe Petri) for his superior marksmanship and intelligence. Joined by accountant Oscar Wallace, assigned to Ness from Washington, D.C., they conduct a successful raid on a Capone liquor cache and start to gain positive publicity, with the press dubbing them \"The Untouchables.\" Capone later kills the henchman in charge of the cache for trying overthrow him.",
"title": "The Untouchables (film)"
},
{
"docid": "26582861#7",
"text": "Joseph Civello assumed control in 1956, when Joseph Piranio died at age 78. Civello attended the infamous Apalachin Meeting of Mafia leaders in 1957, a time when he controlled narcotics, gambling, prostitution and night clubs in most of Texas. After the Apalachin Meeting, the FBI began keeping closer tabs on Civello. On January 13, 1960, Civello was indicted for conspiracy and perjury offenses. Judge Irving R. Kaufman sentenced him and nineteen other mob leaders that were at Apalachin to five years in prison. Ten months later, a U.S. Appeals Court overturned the convictions of the twenty men. Prosecutors had proven conspiracy, the court decided, but had not proven that the conspiracy was designed to accomplish some unlawful act.",
"title": "Dallas crime family"
},
{
"docid": "1544286#16",
"text": "On November 14, 1957, the mafia bosses, their advisers and bodyguards, approximately one hundred men in all, met at Barbara's estate in Apalachin, New York. Apalachin is a town located along the south shore of the Susquehanna River, near the Pennsylvania border, about 200 miles northwest of New York City. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss La Cosa Nostra operations such as gambling, casinos and narcotics dealing along with the dividing the illegal operations controlled by the recently killed Albert Anastasia. The Scalice and Anastasia murders were topics that needed immediate attention since men in the Anastasia Family were still loyal to the Anastasia/Scalise regime. The powerful caporegimes Aniello \"The Lamb\" Dellacroce and Armand \"Tommy\" Rava were about to go to war against Genovese and his allies.",
"title": "Apalachin meeting"
},
{
"docid": "7977912#6",
"text": "In 1936, Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano was imprisoned, which allowed bosses Vincent Mangano, Joseph Profaci, Joseph Bonanno, Tommy Gagliano, and Stefano Magaddino to take control of the Commission. The five bosses were all from the \"conservative faction\" of the commission and believed in Sicilian traditions for the American Mafia. The conservative faction selected Vincent Mangano as the new chairman, and Joseph Profaci became the secretary of the Commission. In 1946, the Havana Conference was arranged by Charles Luciano to discuss with the Commission the American Mafia's future. The Commission decided in the meeting that Luciano would continue to lead the Commission, the American Mafia would become active in the narcotics trade, and Bugsy Siegel would be killed for skimming money from the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas.",
"title": "The Commission (mafia)"
}
] |
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] |
1156
|
When was the first embryo transfer performed?
|
[
{
"docid": "1399392#1",
"text": "Embryo transfer can be done at day two or day three, or later in the blastocyst stage, which was first performed in 1984.",
"title": "Embryo transfer"
},
{
"docid": "1399392#25",
"text": "The first transfer of an embryo from one human to another resulting in pregnancy was reported in July 1983 and subsequently led to the announcement of the first human birth 3 February 1984. This procedure was performed at the Harbor UCLA Medical Center under the direction of Dr. John Buster and the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine.",
"title": "Embryo transfer"
},
{
"docid": "28343289#11",
"text": "The first ever pregnancy derived from a frozen human embryo was reported by Alan Trounson & Linda Mohr in 1983 (although the fetus aborted spontaneously at ten weeks of gestation); the first term pregnancy derived from a frozen embryo was born in 1984. Since then and up to 2008 it is estimated that between 350,000 and half a million IVF babies have been born from embryos frozen at a controlled rate and then stored in liquid nitrogen; additionally a few hundred births have been born from vitrified oocytes but firm figures are hard to come by. It may be noted that Subash Mukhopadyay from Kolkata, India reported the successful cryopreservation of an eight cell embryo, storing it for 53 days, thawing and replacing it into the mother’s womb, resulting in a successful and live birth as early as 1978- a full five years before Trounson and Mohr had done so. A small publication of Mukherjee in 1978 clearly shows that Mukherjee was on the right line of thinking much before anyone else had demonstrated the successful outcome of a pregnancy following the transfer of a 8-cell frozen-thawed embryo into human subjects transferring 8-cell cryopreserved embryos.\" (Current Science, Vol .72. No. 7, 10 April 1997)",
"title": "Embryo cryopreservation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1399392#33",
"text": "The development of various methods of cryopreservation of bovine embryos improved embryo transfer technique considerably efficient technology, no longer depending on the immediate readiness of suitable recipients. Pregnancy rates are just slightly less than those achieved with fresh embryos. Recently, the use of cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol has permitted the direct transfer of bovine embryos. The world's first live crossbred bovine calf produced under tropical conditions by Direct Transfer (DT) of embryo frozen in ethylene glycol freeze media was born on 23 June 1996. Dr. Binoy Sebastian Vettical of Kerala Livestock Development Board Ltd has produced the embryo stored frozen in Ethylene Glycol freeze media by slow programmable freezing (SPF) technique and transferred directly to recipient cattle immediately after thawing the frozen straw in water for the birth of this calf. In a study, in vivo produced crossbred bovine embryos stored frozen in ethylene glycol freeze media were transferred directly to recipients under tropical conditions and achieved a pregnancy rate of 50 percent. In a survey of the North American embryo transfer industry, embryo transfer success rates from direct transfer of embryos were as good as to those achieved with glycerol. Moreover, in 2011, more than 95% of frozen-thawed embryos were transferred by Direct Transfer.",
"title": "Embryo transfer"
},
{
"docid": "1510374#11",
"text": "No one knows for sure when the first true embryo adoption occurred. The term was used as early as the mid-1980s, in the legal literature. Devroey et al., Dr. Maria Bustillo in Florida, and Dr. Howard Jones in Virginia have reported embryo transfers occurring between 1986 and 1990 that clearly represented adoption of remaining embryos.",
"title": "Embryo donation"
},
{
"docid": "19043446#0",
"text": "John Edmond Buster (born July 18, 1941) working at the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, directed the research team that performed history's first embryo transfer from one woman to another resulting in a live birth. It was performed at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, reported in July 1983, and culminated in the announcement of the first human birth February 3, 1984. In the procedure, an embryo that was just beginning to develop was transferred from the woman in whom it had been conceived by artificial insemination to another woman who gave birth to the infant 38 weeks later. The sperm used in the artificial insemination came from the husband of the woman who bore the baby.",
"title": "John Buster"
},
{
"docid": "1399392#9",
"text": "Laboratories have developed grading methods to judge oocyte and embryo quality. In order to optimise pregnancy rates, there is significant evidence that a morphological scoring system is the best strategy for the selection of embryos. Since 2009 where the first time-lapse microscopy system for IVF was approved for clinical use, morphokinetic scoring systems has shown to improve to pregnancy rates further. However, when all different types of time-lapse embryo imaging devices, with or without morphokinetic scoring systems, are compared against conventional embryo assessment for IVF, there is insufficient evidence of a difference in live-birth, pregnancy, stillbirth or miscarriage to choose between them. A small prospectively randomized study in 2016 reported poorer embryo quality and more staff time in an automated time-lapse embryo imaging device compared to conventional embryology.",
"title": "Embryo transfer"
},
{
"docid": "31525688#1",
"text": "Embryo rescue was first documented in the 18th century when Charles Bonnet excised \"Phaseolus\" and \"Fagopyrum\" embryos and was successful in it , planted them in soil and the cross resulted in dwarf plants. Soon after this, scientists began placing the embryos in various nutrient media. During the period of 1890 to 1904, systems for embryo rescue became systematic by applying nutrient solutions that contained salts and sugars and applying aseptic technique. The first successful \"in vitro\" embryo culture was performed by Hanning in 1904, he however described problems with precocious embryos that resulted in small, weak, and often inviable plantlets.Depending on the organ cultured, it may be referred to as either embryo, ovule, or ovary culture. Ovule culture or in ovolo embryo culture is a modified technique of embryo rescue whereby embryos are cultured while still inside their ovules to prevent damaging them during the excision process. Ovary or pod culture, on the other hand employs the use of an entire ovary into culture. It becomes necessary to excise the entire small embryo to prevent early embryo abortion. However, it is technically difficult to isolate the tiny intact embryos, so often ovaries with young embryos, or entire fertilized ovules will be used.",
"title": "Embryo rescue"
},
{
"docid": "28343289#4",
"text": "Direct Frozen Embryo Transfer: Embryos can be frozen by SPF in ethylene glycol freeze media and transfer directly to recipients immediately after water thawing without laboratory thawing process. The world's first crossbred bovine embryo transfer calf under tropical conditions was produced by such technique on 23 June 1996 by Dr. Binoy S Vettical of Kerala Livestock Development Board, Mattupatti",
"title": "Embryo cryopreservation"
},
{
"docid": "53827714#1",
"text": "The first attempt to edit the human germline was reported in 2015, when a group of Chinese scientists used the gene editing technique CRISPR/Cas9 to edit single-celled, non-viable embryos to see the effectiveness of this technique. This attempt was rather unsuccessful; only a small fraction of the embryos successfully spliced the new genetic material and many of the embryos contained a large amount of random mutations. The non-viable embryos that were used contained an extra set of chromosomes, which may have been problematic. In 2016, another similar study was performed in China which also used non-viable embryos with extra sets of chromosomes. This study showed very similar results to the first; there were successful integrations of the desired gene, yet the majority of the attempts failed, or produced undesirable mutations.",
"title": "Human germline engineering"
},
{
"docid": "1399392#5",
"text": "Embryo transfer can be performed after various durations of embryo culture, conferring different stages in embryogenesis. The main stages at which embryo transfer is performed are cleavage stage (day 2 to 4 after co-incubation) or the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6 after co-incubation).",
"title": "Embryo transfer"
},
{
"docid": "1399392#6",
"text": "Embryos who reach the day 3 cell stage can be tested for chromosomal or specific genetic defects prior to possible transfer by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Transferring at the blastocyst stage confers a significant increase in live birth rate per transfer, but also confers a decreased number of embryos available for transfer and embryo cryopreservation, so the cumulative clinical pregnancy rates are increased with cleavage stage transfer. Transfer day 2 instead of day 3 after fertilization has no differences in live birth rate.",
"title": "Embryo transfer"
}
] |
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] |
1157
|
What is a telescope?
|
[
{
"docid": "266611#45",
"text": "\"Observable world\" describes what can be seen using a telescope, when viewing an object or range the observer may use many different techniques. Understanding what can be viewed and how to view it depends on the field of view. Viewing an object at a size that fits entirely in the field of view is measured using the two telescope properties—focal length and aperture, with the inclusion of an ocular eyepiece with suitable focal length (or diameter). Comparing the observable world and the angular diameter of an object shows how much of the object we see. However, the relationship with the optical system may not result in high surface brightness. Celestial objects are often dim because of their vast distance, and detail may be limited by diffraction or unsuitable optical properties.",
"title": "Optical telescope"
},
{
"docid": "266611#11",
"text": "Many types of telescope fold or divert the optical path with secondary or tertiary mirrors. These may be integral part of the optical design (Newtonian telescope, Cassegrain reflector or similar types), or may simply be used to place the eyepiece or detector at a more convenient position. Telescope designs may also use specially designed additional lenses or mirrors to improve image quality over a larger field of view. \nDesign specifications relate to the characteristics of the telescope and how it performs optically. Several properties of the specifications may change with the equipment or accessories used with the telescope; such as Barlow lenses, star diagonals and eyepieces. These interchangeable accessories don't alter the specifications of the telescope, however they alter the way the telescopes properties function, typically magnification, apparent field of view and FOV.",
"title": "Optical telescope"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7070301#16",
"text": "Radio telescopes are [[Directional antenna|directional]] [[radio antennas]] used for [[radio astronomy]]. The dishes are sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than the [[wavelength]] being observed. Multi-element [[Radio telescope]]s are constructed from pairs or larger groups of these dishes to synthesize large 'virtual' apertures that are similar in size to the separation between the telescopes; this process is known as [[aperture synthesis]]. As of 2005, the current record array size is many times the width of the [[Earth]]—utilizing space-based [[Very Long Baseline Interferometry]] (VLBI) telescopes such as the [[Japan]]ese [[HALCA]] (Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy) VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program) satellite. Aperture synthesis is now also being applied to optical telescopes using [[Optical interferometry#Astronomical optical interferometry|optical interferometers]] (arrays of optical telescopes) and [[aperture masking interferometry]] at single reflecting telescopes. Radio telescopes are also used to collect [[microwave radiation]], which is used to collect radiation when any visible light is obstructed or faint, such as from [[quasar]]s. Some radio telescopes are used by programs such as [[Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence|SETI]] and the [[Arecibo Observatory]] to search for extraterrestrial life.",
"title": "Telescope"
},
{
"docid": "19012029#0",
"text": "The letter Ƭ (minuscule: ƭ), called T with hook, is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on the letter t. It is used some alphabets of African languages such as Serer and (in Burkina) Tamasheq.",
"title": "Ƭ"
},
{
"docid": "12736967#6",
"text": "The telescope has stepper motor drive control with an electrical focusser. The dome is electrically driven and will move automatically as the telescope tracks across the sky. Various cameras can be attached to the telescope to record images and video and display what the telescope sees on a 2 metre wide projector screen in the lecture theatre from where the telescope can be controlled.",
"title": "Sherwood Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "14596479#0",
"text": "Ẑ is a Latin script letter, the letter Z with a circumflex, used for transliteration of the Cyrillic letter Ѕ in ISO 9 family of transliteration standards. The lower case version of the letter is ẑ.",
"title": "Ẑ"
},
{
"docid": "37367512#0",
"text": "ㅎ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅎ is U+314E.",
"title": "ㅎ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
}
] |
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