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Lieutenant Colonel Robert Peter Fleming (31 May 1907 – 18 August 1971) was a British adventurer, journalist, soldier and travel writer."Obituary Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer". The Times, 20 August 1971 p14 column F. He was the elder brother of Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond. ==Early life== Peter Fleming was one of four sons of the barrister and Member of Parliament (MP) Valentine Fleming, who was killed in action in 1917, having served as MP for Henley from 1910. Fleming was educated at Eton, where he edited the Eton College Chronicle. The Peter Fleming Owl (the English meaning of "Strix", the name under which he later wrote for The Spectator) is still awarded every year to the best contributor to the Chronicle. He went on from Eton to Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated with a first-class degree in English. Fleming was a member of the Bullingdon Club during his time at Oxford. On 10 December 1935 he married the actress Celia Johnson (1908–1982), best known for her roles in the films Brief Encounter and The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. ==Travels== ===In Brazil=== In April 1932 Fleming replied to an advertisement in the personal columns of The Times: "Exploring and sporting expedition, under experienced guidance, leaving England June to explore rivers central Brazil, if possible ascertain fate Colonel Percy Fawcett; abundant game, big and small; exceptional fishing; room two more guns; highest references expected and given." He then joined the expedition, organised by Robert Churchward, to São Paulo, then overland to the rivers Araguaia and Tapirapé, heading towards the last-known position of the Fawcett expedition. During the inward journey the expedition was riven by increasing disagreements as to its objectives and plans, centred particularly on its local leader, whom Fleming disguised as "Major Pingle" when he wrote about the expedition. Fleming and Roger Pettiward (a school and university friend recruited onto the expedition as a result of a chance encounter with Fleming) led a breakaway group. This group continued for several days up the Tapirapé to São Domingo, from where Fleming, Pettiward, Neville Priestley and one of the Brazilians hired by the expedition set out to find evidence of Fawcett's fate on their own. After acquiring two Tapirapé guides the party began a march to the area where Fawcett was reported to have last been seen. They made slow progress for several days, losing the Indian guides and Neville to foot infection, before admitting defeat. The expedition's return journey was made down the River Araguaia to Belém. It became a closely fought race between Fleming's party and "Major Pingle", the prize being to be the first to report home, and thus to gain the upper hand in the battles over blame and finances that were to come. Fleming's party narrowly won. The expedition returned to England in November 1932. Fleming's book about the expedition, Brazilian Adventure, has sold well ever since it was first published in 1933, and is still in print. ===In Asia=== Fleming travelled from Moscow to Peking via the Caucasus, the Caspian, Samarkand, Tashkent, the Turksib Railway and the Trans-Siberian Railway to Peking as a special correspondent of The Times. His experiences were written up in One's Company (1934). He then went overland in company of Ella Maillart from China via Tunganistan to India on a journey written up in News from Tartary (1936). These two books were combined as Travels in Tartary: One's Company and News from Tartary (1941). All three volumes were published by Jonathan Cape. According to Nicolas Clifford, for Fleming China "had the aspect of a comic opera land whose quirks and oddities became grist for the writer, rather than deserving any respect or sympathy in themselves".Nicholas J. Clifford. "A Truthful Impression of the Country": British and American Travel Writing in China, 1880–1949. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. pp. 132–33 In One's Company, for example, Fleming reports that Beijing was "lacking in charm", Harbin was a city of "no easily definable character". Changchun was "entirely characterless", and Shenyang was "non-descript and suburban". However, Fleming also provides insights into Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, which helped contemporary readers to understand Chinese resentment and resistance, and the aftermath of the Kumul Rebellion. In the course of these travels Fleming met and interviewed many prominent figures in Central Asia and China, including the Chinese Muslim General Ma Hushan, the Chinese Muslim Taoyin of Kashgar, Ma Shaowu, and Pu Yi. Of Travels in Tartary, Owen Lattimore remarked that Fleming, who "passes for an easy-going amateur, is in fact an inspired amateur whose quick appreciation, especially of people, and original turn of phrase, echoing P. G. Wodehouse in only a very distant and cultured way, have created a unique kind of travel book". Lattimore added that it "is only in the political news from Tartary that there is a disappointment", as, in his view, Fleming offers "a simplified explanation, in terms of Red intrigue and Bolshevik villains, which does not make sense."Pacific Affairs 9.4 (1936): 605–606 Stuart Stevens retraced Peter Fleming's route and wrote his own travel book. ==Second World War== Just before war was declared, Peter Fleming, then a reserve officer in the Grenadier Guards, was recruited by the War Office research section investigating the potential of irregular warfare (MIR). His initial task was to develop ideas to assist the Chinese guerrillas fighting the Japanese. He served in the Norwegian campaign with the prototype commando units – Independent Companies – but in May 1940 he was tasked with research into the potential use of the new Local Defence Volunteers (later the Home Guard) as guerrilla troops. His ideas were first incorporated into General Thorne's XII Corps Observation Unit, forerunner of the GHQ Auxiliary Units. Fleming recruited his brother, Richard, then serving in the Faroe Islands, to provide a core of Lovat Scout instructors to his teams of LDV volunteers. Meanwhile, Fleming wrote a speculative novel called The Flying Visit in which he imagined Adolf Hitler flying to Britain to propose peace with that nation, only to have United Kingdom let him return in light of the awkward diplomatic quandary he placed the British government in. It proved bizarrely prescient in 1941 when Hitler's Deputy, Rudolf Hess, did that exact excursion into Britain and Britain found their new high ranked Nazi prisoner cumbersome for their foreign and propaganda policies. When Colin Gubbins was appointed to head the new Auxiliary Units, he incorporated many of Peter's ideas, which aimed to create secret commando teams of Home Guard in the coastal districts most liable to the risk of invasion. Their role was to launch sabotage raids on the flanks and rear of any invading army, in support of regular troops, but they were never intended as a post-occupation 'resistance' force, having a life expectancy of only two weeks. Peter Fleming later served in Greece, but his principal service, from 1942 to the end of the war, was as head of D Division, in charge of military deception operations in Southeast Asia, based in New Delhi, India. He was scheduled to take part in the second Chindit operation, but this was cut short by the premature crash landing of a defective glider. The episode is described in an appendix Fleming contributed to Michael Calvert's book on the operation.Calvert, M. Prisoners of Hope, Pen and Sword 1995, Fleming was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1945 Birthday Honours and in 1948 he was awarded the Order of the Cloud and Banner with Special Rosette by the Republic of China. ==Later life== After the war Peter Fleming retired to squiredom at Nettlebed, Oxfordshire and was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Oxfordshire on 31 July 1970. ==Death== Fleming died on 18 August 1971 from a heart attack while on a shooting expedition near Glen Coe in Scotland. His body was buried in the graveyard of St Bartholomew’s Church in Nettlebed, where a stained glass window dedicated to his memory was later installed in the church.'Grave of Capt. Peter Fleming', film of Fleming's grave, published on YouTube, 26 July 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2Xsy3YgqlY The gravestone has verses he wrote himself: He travelled widely in far places; Wrote, and was widely read. Soldiered, saw some of danger's faces, Came home to Nettlebed. The squire lies here, his journeys ended – Dust, and a name on a stone – Content, amid the lands he tended, To keep this rendezvous alone.Hart-Davis, Duff (1987) Peter Fleming. Oxford: Oxford University Press; p. 401 ==Family== After the death of his brother Ian, Peter Fleming served on the board of Glidrose, Ltd, the company purchased by Ian to hold the literary rights to his professional writing, particularly the James Bond novels and short stories. Peter also tried to become a substitute father for Ian's surviving son, Caspar, who overdosed on narcotics in his twenties. Peter and Celia Fleming remained married until his death in 1971. He was survived by their three children: *Nicholas Peter Val Fleming (1939–1995), writer and squire of Nettlebed. He deposited Peter Fleming's papers for public access at the University of Reading in 1975. These include several unpublished works, as well as the manuscripts of several of his books that are now out of print. Nichol Fleming's partner for many years was the merchant banker Christopher Roxburghe Balfour (born 1941), brother of Neil Balfour, second husband (1969–78) of Princess Jelizaveta of Yugoslavia. Nettlebed is now jointly owned by his sisters. *(Roberta) Katherine Fleming (born 1946), writer and publisher, is now Kate Grimond, wife of Johnny Grimond, foreign editor of The Economist. Johnny is the elder surviving son of the late British Liberal Party leader Jo Grimond, and grandson maternally of Violet Bonham-Carter, herself daughter of the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. Kate and John have three children, Jessie (a journalist), Rose (an actress turned organic foods entrepreneur) and Georgia (a journalist, formerly at The Economist online, now living and freelancing in Rio de Janeiro). *Lucy Fleming (born 1947) is an actress. In the 1970s she starred as Jenny in the BBC's apocalyptic fiction series Survivors. She was first married in 1971 to Joseph "Joe" Laycock (died 1980), son of a family friend Robert Laycock and his wife Angela Dudley Ward, and was on honeymoon at the time of her father's sudden death in Argyllshire. Lucy and Joe had two sons and a daughter, Flora. Flora and her father, Joe, were drowned in a boating accident in 1980. At the time of their deaths Lucy and Joe were separated on good terms. Lucy later married the actor and writer Simon Williams. Her sons are Diggory and Robert Laycock. Peter Fleming was the godfather of the British author and journalist Duff Hart-Davis, who wrote Peter Fleming: A Biography (published by Jonathan Cape in 1974). Duff's father Rupert Hart-Davis, a publisher, was good friends with Peter, who gave him a home on the Nettlebed estate for many years and gave financial backing to his publishing ventures. ==Legacy== The Peter Fleming Award, worth £9,000, is given by the Royal Geographical Society for a "research project that seeks to advance geographical science". Fleming's book about the British military expedition to Tibet in 1903 to 1904 is credited in the Chinese film Red River Valley (1997). ==Quotations== *"São Paulo is like Reading, only much farther away." – Brazilian Adventure *"Public opinion in England is sharply divided on the subject of Russia. On the one hand you have the crusty majority, who believe it to be a hell on earth; on the other you have the half-baked minority who believe it to be a terrestrial paradise in the making. Both cling to their opinions with the tenacity, respectively, of the die-hard and the fanatic. Both are hopelessly wrong." – One's Company *The recorded history of Chinese civilisation covers a period of four thousand years. :The Population of China is estimated at 450 million. :China is larger than Europe. :The author of this book is twenty-six years old. :He has spent, altogether, about seven months in China. :He does not speak Chinese. :: Preface, One's Company ==Fleming's works== Fleming was a special correspondent for The Times and often wrote under the pen-name "Strix" (Latin for "screech owl") an essayist for The Spectator. ===Non-fiction=== *1933 Brazilian Adventure – Exploring the Brazilian jungle in search of the lost Colonel Percy Fawcett. *1934 One's Company: A Journey to China in 1933 – Travels through the USSR, Manchuria and China. Later reissued as half of Travels in Tartary. *1936 News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir – Journey from Peking to Srinagar via Sinkiang. He was accompanied on this journey by Ella Maillart (Kini). Later reissued as half of Travels in Tartary. * *1952 A Forgotten Journey – A diary Fleming kept during a journey through Russia and Manchuria in 1934. Reprinted as To Peking: A Forgotten Journey from Moscow to Manchuria (2009, ) *1953 Introduction to Seven Years in Tibet by Heinrich Harrer published by Rupert Hart-Davis, London *1955 Tibetan Marches – A translation from French of Caravane vers Bouddha by André Migot *1956 My Aunt's Rhinoceros: And Other Reflections — A collection of essays written (as "Strix") for The Spectator. *1957 Invasion 1940 — an account of the planned Nazi invasion of Britain and British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War. Published in the United States as Operation Sea Lion *1957 With the Guards to Mexico: And Other Excursions — A collection of essays written for The Spectator. *1958 The Gower Street Poltergeist — A collection of essays written for The Spectator. *1959 The Siege at Peking — An account of the Boxer Rebellion and the European-led siege of the Imperial capital. *1961 Bayonets to Lhasa: The First Full Account of the British Invasion of Tibet in 1904 *1961 Goodbye to the Bombay Bowler — A collection of essays written for The Spectator as 'Strix'. *1963 The Fate of Admiral Kolchak — a study of the White Army leader Admiral Kolchak who led the anti-Bolshevik movement in Siberia from November 1918 to January 1920. ===Fiction=== ;Books *1940 The Flying Visit – A humorous novel about an unintended visit to Britain by Adolf Hitler. Illustrated by David Low. *1942 A Story to Tell; and other Tales — A collection of short stories. *1951 The Sixth Column. A Singular Tale of Our Times — A humorous novella, around the idea of random traitors acting merely because they are in position to act, unlike fifth columnists with established ideological or command connections to foreign powers. * The Sett (unfinished, unpublished) ;Short fiction * "The Kill" (1931) * "Felipe" (1937) ===Other=== *1932 Spectator's Gallery: Essays, Sketches, Short Stories & Poems from The Spectator — editor with Derek Verschoyle. *1933 Variety: Essays, Sketches and Stories — illustrated by Roger Pettiward. ==References== ;Notes ;Cited works * * * La Gazette des Français du Paraguay – Peter Fleming Un Aventurier au Brésil – Peter Fleming Un Aventurero en Brasil – Numéro 5 Année 1, Asunción Paraguay. ==External links== *A short biography provided by the University of Reading *A profile stressing his travel writing *Peter Fleming's daughters *Source for the death date of his son Nicholas Fleming at ianfleming.org *Peter Fleming's rook rifle – a correspondence * * * Podcast talk and live blogging at the Shanghai International Book Festival with Paul French's talk on Peter Fleming * Paul French, "Peter Fleming" * * *Translated Penguin Book – at Penguin First Editions reference site of early first edition Penguin Books. * I.B. Tauris published Fleming's To Peking: A Forgotten Journey from Moscow to Manchuria (out of stock 4/18), News from Tartary and Bayonets to Lhasa: The British Invasion of Tibet; also its A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking's Foreign Colony by Julia Boyd includes Fleming among its subjects. Category:1907 births Category:1971 deaths Category:English travel writers Category:Writers about the Soviet Union Category:Grenadier Guards officers Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:People educated at Eton College Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford Category:People associated with the University of Reading Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:Ian Fleming Publications directors Peter Category:English male novelists Category:Bullingdon Club members |
Dunfermline (; , ) is a city, parish and former Royal Burgh, in Fife, Scotland, on high ground from the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. The city currently has an estimated population of 58,508. According to the National Records of Scotland, the Greater Dunfermline area has a population of 76,210. The earliest known settlements in the area around Dunfermline probably date as far back as the Neolithic period. The area was not regionally significant until at least the Bronze Age. The town was first recorded in the 11th century, with the marriage of Malcolm III, King of Scots, and Saint Margaret at the church in Dunfermline. As his Queen consort, Margaret established a new church dedicated to the Holy Trinity, which evolved into an Abbey under their son, David I in 1128. During the reign of Alexander I, the church – later to be known as Dunfermline Abbey – was firmly established as a prosperous royal mausoleum for the Scottish Crown. A total of eighteen royals, including seven Kings, were buried here from Queen Margaret in 1093 to Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany in 1420. Robert the Bruce, otherwise known as Robert I, became the last of the seven Scottish Kings to be buried in 1329. His bones would eventually be re-discovered and re-buried in 1821, when the excavation of the grounds of what had formerly been the eastern section of the Abbey became the site for the new Abbey Church. The city is a major service centre for west Fife. Dunfermline retains much of its historic significance, as well as providing facilities for leisure. Employment is focused in the service sector, with the largest employer being Sky UK. Other large employers in the area include Amazon (on-line retailer), Best Western (hotels), CR Smith (windows manufacturing), FMC Technologies (offshore energy), Lloyds and Nationwide (both financial services). ==History== ===Early history=== There have been various interpretations of the name, "Dunfermline".Dennison and Stronach, Historic Dunfermline, pp.3–4. The first element, "dun" translated from Gaelic, has been accepted as a (fortified) hill, and is assumed to be referring to the rocky outcrop at the site of Malcolm Canmore's Tower in Pittencrieff Glen (now Pittencrieff Park).Taylor and Márkus, The Place–Names of Fife: Volume One, pp.309–310. The rest of the name is problematic. The second element, "the ferm" may have been an alternative name for the Tower Burn according to a medieval record published in 1455 which, together with the Lyne Burn to the south, suggests the site of a fortification between these two watercourses. The first record of a settlement in the Dunfermline area was in the Neolithic period. This evidence includes finds of a stone axe, some flint arrowheads and a carved stone ball near the town.Dennison and Stronach, Historic Dunfermline, p.9. A cropmark which is understood to have been used as a possible mortuary enclosure has been found at Deanpark House, also near the town. By the time of the Bronze Age, the area was beginning to show some importance. Important finds included a bronze axe in Wellwood and a gold torc from the Parish Churchyard. Cist burials from the Bronze Age have also been discovered at both Crossford and Masterton, the latter of which contains a pair of armlets, a bronze dagger and a set necklace believed to have complemented a double burial. The first historic record for Dunfermline was made in the 11th century.Dennison and Stronach, Historic Dunfermline, pp.15–16. According to the fourteenth-century chronicler, John of Fordun, Malcolm III married his second bride, the Anglo-Hungarian princess Saint Margaret, at the church in Dunfermline between 1068 and 1070; the ceremony was performed by Fothad, the last Celtic bishop of St Andrews.Dunlop, Queen Margaret of Scotland, p.44. Malcolm III established Dunfermline as a new seat for royal power in the mid-11th century and initiated changes that eventually made the township the de facto capital of Scotland for much of the period until the assassination of James I in 1437.Lamont-Brown, Fife in History and Legend, pp.178–180. Following her marriage to King Malcolm III, Queen Margaret encouraged her husband to convert the small culdee chapel into a church for Benedictine monks. The existing culdee church was no longer able to meet the demand for its growing congregation because of a large increase in the population of Dunfermline from the arrival of English nobility coming into Scotland.Henderson, The Annals of Dunfermline and Vicinity from the earliest authentic period to the present time 1069–1878, p.17. The founding of this new church of Dunfermline was inaugurated around 1072, but was not recorded in the town's records. ===Capital of Scotland=== King David I of Scotland (reigned 1124–53) would later grant this church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, to "unam mansuram in burgo meo de Dunfermlyn" which translates into "a house or dwelling place in my burgh of Dunfermline".Fawcett, Royal Dunfermline, p.2. The foundations of the church evolved into an Abbey in 1128, under the reign of their son, David I. Dunfermline Abbey would play a major role in the general romanisation of religion throughout the kingdom. At the peak of its power the abbey controlled four burghs, three courts of regality and a large portfolio of lands from Moray in the north down into Berwickshire. From the time of Alexander I (reign 1104–28), the Abbey would also become firmly established as a prosperous royal mausoleum of the Scottish Crown.Fawcett, Royal Dunfermline, p.139. A total of eighteen royals, including seven Kings, were buried here from Queen Margaret in 1093 to Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany in 1420.Fawcett, Royal Dunfermline, p.150. During the fight for Scottish Independence from English rule, between 1296 and 1329, Robert The Bruce had insisted as early as 1314, he wanted to be buried in the royal mausoleum in Dunfermline. This was so he could maintain the legacy of previous Scottish Kings interred here, referring to them as our ‘predecessors’.Fawcett, Royal Dunfermline, p.144. Robert The Bruce (reigned 1306–29) would ultimately become the last of the seven Scottish Kings to be given this honour in 1329, although his heart was taken to Melrose Abbey. Dunfermline had become a burgh between 1124 and 1127, if not before this time. Dunfermline Palace was also connected to the abbey and the first known documentation of the Auld Alliance was signed there on 23 October 1295. Although the second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Prince Charles (later Charles I) was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600, the Union of the Crowns ended the town's royal connections when James VI relocated the Scottish Court to London in 1603.Durie, Dunfermline: Britain in Old Photographs, p.17. King Charles thus became the last monarch to be born in Scotland. The Reformation of 1560 had previously meant a loss of the Dunfermline's ecclesiastical importance. David Ferguson was the town's first reformed minister. On 25 May 1624, a fire engulfed around three-quarters of the medieval-renaissance burgh.Dennison and Stronach, Historic Dunfermline, p.35. Some of the surviving buildings of the fire were the palace, the abbey and the Abbot's House.Pride, Kingdom of Fife, pp.8–10. ===Recent history=== thumb|right|Erskine Beveridge company offices, now converted into flats The decline in the fortunes of Dunfermline lasted until the introduction of a linen industry in the early 18th century.Pearson, Around Dunfermline, p.10. One reason for which the town became a centre for linen was there was enough water to power the mills and nearby ports along the Fife Coast. These ports also did trade with the Baltic and Low Countries. Another reason was through an act of industrial espionage in 1709 by a weaver known as James Blake who gained access to the workshops of a damask linen factory in Edinburgh by pretending to act like a simpleton in order to find out and memorise the formula.Lamont–Brown, Fife in History and Legend, p.186. On his return to his home town in 1718, Blake established a damask linen industry in the town. The largest of these factories was St Leonard's Mill which was established by Erskine Beveridge in 1851. A warehouse and office block was later added around 1869. Other linen factories were built on land to both the north and south ends of the burgh.Simpson The Auld Grey Toun – Dunfermline in the time of Andrew Carnegie 1835–1919 p.85. During the mid-19th century, power loom weaving started to replace linen damask. The latter did not survive, going into decline straight after the end of First World War. In 1909 the Royal Navy established Scotland's only Royal Naval Dockyard at nearby Rosyth. Post-war housing began in the late 1940s with the construction of temporary prefabs and Swedish timber houses around areas such as Kingseat and Townhill. Additional provisions were made for electricity, water and sewage systems. Council housing was focused towards Abbeyview, on a site on Aberdour Road; Touch, to the south of Garvock Hill; Bellyeoman and Baldridgeburn. Private housing became focused to the north of Garvock Hill and on the site of West Pitcorthie Farm.McEwan Dunfermline: The Post-War Years p87 Dunfermline has experienced significant expansion since 1999, especially in an expansion corridor on the eastern side of the town. This growth has edged the population centre towards the town's boundary with the M90 road corridor; it is planned to continue until 2022. Major developments include the creation of the Duloch and Masterton neighbourhoods with over 6,000 homes, three new primary schools, new community infrastructure, employment land and the Fife Leisure Park. With the expansion there has been a dramatic rise in the town's population; more than 20% over a 15-year period. Fife Council have begun drafting plans for an expansion of a similar scale on Dunfermline's south-west, west and north sides, which will see the creation of 4,000 homes, a new high school and three new primary schools in the first phase. Today, Dunfermline is the main centre for the West Fife area, and is also considered to be a dormitory town for Edinburgh. The town has shopping facilities, a major public park, a main college campus at Halbeath and an-out-of-town leisure park with a multiplex cinema and a number of restaurants. The online retailer Amazon.com has opened a major distribution centre in the Duloch Park area of Dunfermline. As part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours, it was announced on 20 May 2022 that Dunfermline would be awarded city status. It was formally awarded the status through Letters Patent on 3 October 2022. ==Governance== Dunfermline attained royal burgh status until this was abolished in 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 in favour of a three-tier regions and districts. The royal burgh merged into Dunfermline District, which was one of three districts within the Fife region serving the town and West Fife from Kincardine to Aberdour.McEwan Bert Dunfermline: The Post-War Years p.16. The district council was abolished in 1996, under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994, when the region became a unitary council area. The new unitary Fife Council adopted the areas of the former districts as council management areas, and created area committees to represent each. Today, Dunfermline is represented by several tiers of elected government. Abbeyview, Bellyeoman, Carnock and Gowkhall, Central Dunfermline, Izatt Avenue & Nethertown and Touch and Garvock Community Councils form the lowest tier of governance, whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. Fife Council, the unitary local authority for Dunfermline, are the executive, deliberative and legislative body responsible for local governance. Dunfermline has retained some importance as an administrative centre with the council's principal west Fife office based at New City House. Councillor meetings, including the City of Dunfermline Area Committee, take place in the Dunfermline City Chambers. Dunfermline forms part of the county constituency of Dunfermline and West Fife. The Dunfermline and West Fife UK (or Westminster) constituency, created in 2005 when the previous seats Dunfermline East and Dunfermline West were abolished, elects a Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first-past-the-post system. The seat is currently held by Douglas Chapman MP for the Scottish National Party. For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament, Dunfermline forms part of the Dunfermline constituency. The Dunfermline Scottish Parliament (or Holyrood) constituency created in 2011, following a review of Scottish Parliament constituency boundaries is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first-past-the-post system of election. The seat was won at 2016 Scottish Parliament elections by Shirley-Anne Somerville of the Scottish National Party. Prior to Brexit in 2020, Dunfermline was part of the pan-Scotland European Parliament constituency which elected seven Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. ==Geography== Dunfermline is at on the coastal fringe of Fife. The medieval town rose from approximately above sea level in the south, where Nethertown Broad Street can now be found; west to east along what is now Priory Lane; to up the High Street, from west to east; to between Bruce Street and Queen Anne Street from south to north.Dennison and Stronach, Historic Dunfermline, p.17. Temperatures in Dunfermline, much like the rest of Scotland, are relatively moderate given its northern latitude. Fife is a peninsula, between the Firth of Tay to the north, Firth of Forth to the south and the North Sea to the east. Summers are relatively cool and the warming of the water over the summer, results in warm winters. Average annual temperatures in Dunfermline range from a maximum of to a minimum of . The town is geologically separated from the area to the north by the Cleish Hills. ==Demography== Dunfermline compared according to UK Census 2011 Dunfermline Fife Scotland Total population 49,706 365,198 5,295,403 Percentage Scottish identity only 62.1% 63.8% 62.4% Over 75 years old 6.2% 7.9% 7.7% Unemployed 5% 4% 4.8% According to the 2001 census, Dunfermline had a total population of 39,229 representing 11.2% of Fife's total population. According to the 2011 Census, the population of Dunfermline had risen considerably to 49,706 and has again increased up to 50,380 in 2012. There are 21,620 households in Dunfermline, 70.7% of which were owned. The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 30 to 44 forms the largest portion of the population (23.7%). The total population in the Dunfermline area was estimated at 55,451 in 2016, with a projected increase of 29% expected by 2026. The number of households in the Dunfermline area in 2016 was recorded at 24,607; 77% of which were owner occupied, 18% social rented and 4% private rented. 30.6% of people live alone and 10.9% are in low income. The median weekly income is calculated at £363 for the area. Recent Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) figures indicate that the most deprived datazone in Dunfermline is Abbeyview North which is ranked as being one of the 5% most deprived areas in Scotland. The Headwell, Touch and Woodmill areas in Dunfermline fall within the 5–10% banding. Baldridgeburn, Brucefield and Halbeath areas are identified as being within the 10–15%, 15–20% banding of most deprived communities in Scotland. At June 2017 there was a recorded 539 Jobseekers Allowance (JSA) claimants in the Dunfermline area representing a 1.4% rate which was lower than the Fife and Scottish averages. ==Economy== thumb|left|Former Pilmuir Works textile mill Dunfermline Industry Employed compared according to UK Census 2011 Dunfermline Area Fife Scotland Area Committee Total Population (2011) 54,712 366,910 5,327,700 All Persons 16–74 in Employment (2011) 26,919 167,326 2,516,895 % Primary Industry Employment (2011) 1.1% 2.4% 3.3% % Manufacturing Employment (2011) 8.3% 10.0% 7.7% % Utilities Employment (2011) 1.5% 1.4% 1.6% % Construction Employment (2011) 6.9% 8.2% 8.0% % Wholesale, Retail & Transport Employed (2011) 17.8% 18.6% 19.9% % Accommodation and Food Employed (2011) 5.0% 5.6% 6.3% % ICT Employed (2011) 4.8% 3.0% 2.7% % Finance & Professional Employed (2011) 25.5% 19.1% 20.1% % Public sector Employed (2011) 7.4% 7.8% 7.0% % Education & Health Employed (2011) 21.5% 23.8% 23.4% From about the fifteenth century coal and limestone had been extracted in the area around Dunfermline, at first on a very small and localised scale. As the agricultural revolution gathered pace the demand for lime (for improving land) increased the requirement for coal to burn it. Salt panning too required coal in large quantities, and the early outcrops near the Firth of Forth became exhausted, forcing the extraction to take place further inland. Many of the sites were within the present day limits of Dunfermline. The increasing distance of the pits from the Forth made transport of the minerals an issue, and Dunfermline was a pioneer in the construction of wooden waggonways for the purpose. By the eighteenth century a complex network had developed, and in time many of the lines were converted to railways: the Halbeath Railway, the Fordell Railway, the Elgin Railway and the Townhill Tramway being the most prominent. They generally ran from north to south, still conveying the mineral to the harbours at Charlestown, Limekilns, Inverkeithing and St David's. From 1848 more modern railways entered Dunfermline, at first on a west to east axis, intersecting the mineral lines. In time the latter were converted to make through running on to the main line network possible. During the industrial revolution and victorian period industry in Dunfermline was concentrated to the north of the town centre around Pilmuir Street and to the south along sections of the Lynn Burn at Elgin and Bothwell Streets with textiles being particularly important to the town's economy. After the end of the Second World War traditional industries, particularly linen and coal mining, declined and eventually became obsolete in the town with many factories ceasing production. Manufacturing in the town rejuvenated by the early 1960s when Monotype Corporation opened a new factory on Halbeath Road.McEwan, Bert Dunfermline The Post-War Years p. 73. The completion of the Pitreavie Industrial Estate (now known as the Pitreavie Business Park) opened in the mid-1970s, following the arrival of Philips and the re-location of the offices of the Dunfermline Press. Smaller industrial estates were focused on Elgin Street, Halbeath Drive and Primrose Lane. The Dunfermline area has Fife's largest concentration of employment providing approximately 26,600 jobs in 2009; approximately 16% of the 163,000 jobs in Fife. Wholesale and Retail (over 18% of local jobs) Health and Social Work (over 15% of local jobs) and Information and Communication (over 10% of local jobs) are the predominant sectors in the local economy. There are also moderate instances of employment in finance, manufacturing, food services and accommodation. thumb|Sky Office and Contact Centre Key local employers include Best Western (hotels), Sky UK (home entertainment and communications), CR Smith (windows manufacturing), FMC Technologies (offshore energy), Lloyds and Nationwide (both financial services). In November 2011 online retailer Amazon.com opened a fulfilment warehouse in the east of the town adjacent to the M90 motorway. This development has created over 750 jobs and is the company's largest warehouse in the UK. The Newcastle based, Shepherd Offshore Group also plan to erect a renewables hub near the Halbeath Interchange, off the M90 on a former Hyundai/Motorola 'white elephant' factory. The demolition of the factory began in early 2011 with an expected date for completion at the end of the year. A masterplan is being created for the site identifying significant investment and development opportunities with the potential to create a substantial number of new jobs. thumb|left|Kingsgate Shopping Centre Dunfermline is the principal shopping centre serving the western area of Fife and is the region's second largest town centre by floorspace. Retailing accounts for 18% of the total number of jobs in the town. A BID (Business Improvement District) scheme for the town centre has been in operation since 2009. The majority of shops and retail services in Dunfermline are concentrated in the town centre along a high street. The Kingsgate Shopping Centre is located on the pedestrianised section of the High Street giving Dunfermline a mix of modern and traditional shops. A major extension of the Kingsgate Shopping Centre was completed in 2008 improving and expanding the retail offer in the town by attracting a major department store brand and range of other smaller retailers. Other retail areas in Dunfermline exist at Carnegie Drive Retail Park to the north of the town centre and Halbeath Retail Park to the east of the town. A large neighbourhood centre with one of the towns major supermarkets was also built as part of the eastern expansion area of Dunfermline. The Fife Leisure Park, constructed in 1999 is adjacent to the M90 at Halbeath on the eastern outskirts of Dunfermline. The leisure park has a large cinema, a health club, bowling alley and a number of restaurants. ==Landmarks and notable buildings== thumb|right|Dunfermline Palace and Abbey The Category A listed Dunfermline Abbey on the Kirkgate is one of the best examples of Scoto-Norman monastic architecture.Walker and Ritchie, Fife, Perthshire and Angus, p.129. The Abbey, built between 1128 and 1150 under David I, was a reconstruction of the Benedictine chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity, founded by his mother, Queen Margaret.Fife Regional Council, Medieval Abbeys and Churches in Fife, p.16.Fawcett, Royal Dunfermline, p.89. Despite much of the monastic buildings being destroyed by the troops of Edward I in 1303, there are substantial remains, with the lower stories of the dormitory and latrine blocks on the east side of the cloister being the earliest surviving parts, dating back to the early 13th century.Lamont Brown, Fife in History and Legend, p.182. The Abbey parish church, designed by the architect William Burn, was built between 1818 and 1821 on the site of the medieval choir and transepts which had been the eastern part of the abbey.Fawcett, 2005, p.59. The main Dunfermline War Memorial on Monastery Street was unveiled by the Lord Lieutenant of Fife, Sir Ralph Anstruther, in 1925. A Second World War Memorial and garden of remembrance were added in 1958 on a site assumed to have been home to the Apiaries of the Monastery. The memorial lists 632 of those killed in the First World War and another 275 in the Second World War.Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, Dunfermline: Our Heritage, pp.264–265. To the north of the abbey, on the corner of Maygate and Abbot Street, is the Category A listed Abbot House.Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, Dunfermline: Our Heritage, p.14. This is the oldest secular building still standing in Dunfermline.Pearson, Around Dunfermline, p.19.Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal, Excavations at the Abbot's House, Dunfermline, p.1. The house was originally built in the mid-fifteenth century as a residence for Abbot Richard Bothwell and this role continued until Commendator George Durie left to move into new apartments at the Palace in 1540.Durie, Dunfermline: Britain in Old Photographs, p.24. Along Abbot Street is the Category B listed Dunfermline Carnegie Library which was built between 1881 and 1883.Pearson, Around Dunfermline, p.17.Gifford, Buildings of Fife, p.188. This library was the first in the world to be funded via donations by steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,811 free public libraries were eventually built altogether. At the top of Moodie Street is the Category B listed handloom weavers' cottage, the birthplace of Andrew Carnegie, which dates from the early 18th century.Pearson, Around Dunfermline, p.13.MacKay, Little Boss: The Life of Andrew Carnegie, p.23. An adjacent memorial hall was added to the birthplace in 1928.Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, Our Heritage, p.21. Just off East Port between Carnegie Hall and the High Street is Viewfield House, a large square stone Palladian three storey villa, built in about 1808 for James Blackwood, Provost of Dunfermline, and now a listed building. It served as home to the Carnegie Trust's Craft School from 1920 to 1940.British Listed Buildings: Viewfield House, Category:B Retrieved 9 January 2017. The Category A listed Guildhall on the High Street was erected in 1807 by the guilds of the local merchants who were ambitious for Dunfermline to become the county town of Fife. Lack of funds forced the building to be sold, but in 1811 funds were available to add the steeple. At the west end of the High Street is the Category A listed City Chambers with its high central clock tower and turrets, designed by James Campbell Walker and built between 1876 and 1879 .Pearson, Around Dunfermline, p.21. In the car park between Bruce Street and Chambers Street is St Margaret's Cave, a place where she would retreat to pray in peace and quiet. The cave was re-opened in 1993 to celebrate the 900th anniversary of her death.McEwan, Dunfermline: The Post-War Years, p.133. Forming the main entrance to Pittencrieff Park at the junction of Bridge Street and Chalmers Street are the Category A listed Louise Carnegie Memorial Gates, otherwise known as the Glen Gates.Durie, 2009, p.71.Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, 1998, p.191. The gates, which opened in 1929, were paid for by the Dunfermline Carnegie Trust and named after Louise Carnegie, the wife of Andrew Carnegie.Dunfermline Heritage Community Projects, 2007, pp.18–19. They lead up a path to a bronze statue of Andrew Carnegie which was unveiled in 1914. thumb|right|Pittencrieff House Museum In the subsequent development of the modern park, the Category A listed Pittencrieff House, built around 1610 for Sir William Clerk of Penicuik, was designed as a centre piece.Hendrie, William F. Old Dunfermline p. 24.Durie, Dunfermline: Britain in Old Photographs, p.72. Two of the bedrooms were converted to create two long galleries for museum and art exhibition space in a restoration programme undertaken by Sir Robert Lorimer between 1911 and 1913. Work on the building was completed in 2010 to repair and reharl the property, restoring the original ochre-coloured limewash exterior. The project was funded through the £1.7 million Dunfermline Conservation Area Regeneration Scheme (CARS) under a partnership between Fife Council and Historic Scotland. A number of stately homes also exist on the outskirts of the town. The Category A listed Pitfirrane Castle, to the west of Dunfermline, was once the seat of the Halkett family.Gifford, Buildings of Fife, p.343.Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, Our Heritage, pp.168–171" The castle, which dates from the 16th century, was purchased by the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust in 1951 for the use as a clubhouse for Dunfermline Golf Club. To the south of Dunfermline is the Category A listed Hill House and Pitreavie Castle. Both dating from the mid-17th century, Hill House was built as a residence for William Monteith of Randford and Pitreavie Castle as a manor house by Sir Hendry Wardlaw.Dunfermline Carnegie Trust, Our Heritage, pp.168–171"Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, Our Heritage, p.17. To the south-west of Dunfermline is the Category A listed Logie House, built as an Edwardian residence and seat for the Hunt family.Gifford, Buildings of Fife, p.315. Further Carnegie funded buildings include the Carnegie Leisure Centre, designed by Hippolyte Blanc in 1905, and the Carnegie Clinic by H & D Barclay from 1909 to 1912.Carnegie Museum notes ==Culture== thumb|left|Louise Carnegie Memorial Gates, leading into Pittencrieff Park Pittencrieff Park forms the western boundary of the town centre covering . It was given to the people of Dunfermline in 1903 by Andrew Carnegie. The park is known locally as the Glen and was created from the estate of Pittencrieff and the lands of the house, owned by the Lairds of Pittencrieff. A £1.4 million project to regenerate, restore and re-establish the park began in 2009 and is ongoing. In December 2011 Pittencrieff Park was awarded £710,000 through the Heritage Lottery Fund's Parks for People programme for essential maintenance work. A previous award of £27,000 was made under this scheme in 2010. The work included the restoration of historic buildings and bridges; new lighting and the refurbishment of the greenhouse to create a classroom. A separate £1 million project finished in 2012, extending the Glen Pavilion to provide a new 120 seat cafe and linking corridor to the rear of the building. The Bruce Festival is an annual attraction held in Pittencrieff Park every August. The festival which promotes Robert The Bruce's links to Dunfermline centres on a medieval village and is home to a food fayre, battle reenactments and displays of arts and crafts. The Andrew Carnegie birthplace museum at the corner of Moodie Street and Priory Lane is dedicated to the well-known businessman and philanthropist.Hendrie, Old Dunfermline, p. 30.Dunfermline Heritage Community Projects, 2007, p.11. The museum is made up of two buildings; the weaver's cottage, his birthplace and the memorial hall which tells his life story. Annual heritage walks organised by the museum take place each summer. The Abbot House on Maygate is the oldest building in the town. In 2017, Dunfermline Carnegie Library & Galleries opened, an extension of the former Carnegie library building. This provides the town with museum, art gallery, archive, library, cafe and garden spaces. Funders included Fife Council (£6.8 million) and the Heritage Lottery Fund (£2.8 million). The building has won architectural awards: EAA Building of the Year and Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland's (RIAS) Andrew Doolan prize. Dunfermline has two theatres, Carnegie Hall on East Port and the Alhambra on Canmore Street. Carnegie Hall hosts a range of theatrical and musical productions including an annual Christmas show. The Music Institute, adjacent to the Hall also provides workshops, classes and children's groups. The Alhambra, which opened in 1922, originally served as a dual-purpose role hosting both theatrical productions and films. In 2008, the theatre re-opened as a theatre and live music venue. Since 1938, Dunfermline has also been home to the 'Kinema Ballroom' a ballroom/dancehall which has evolved into a famous live music performance venue and nightclub which has hosted many internationally acclaimed artists. Local groups include the Dunfermline Folk Club, Dunfermline Abbey Choir and Dunfermline district pipe band. The venue is now a world buffet restaurant. Dunfermline Fire Station, a category B listed building, is an arts venue, cafe and studio space. ==Sports== thumb|right|East End Park, the home stadium of Dunfermline Athletic F.C. Dunfermline is home to a professional football team, as well as rugby and cricket teams.McEwan, Bert Dunfermline The Post-War Years p. 97. The senior football team, Dunfermline Athletic play their games at East End Park in the Scottish Championship. The team have become famous for winning the Scottish Cup twice in the 1960s (1961 and 1968) gaining a reputation as a side for competitive football in both England and mainland Europe. The senior rugby team, Dunfermline RFC play their games at McKane Park in Caledonia League Division 1. Dunfermline Reign are a basketball team that competes in the Scottish Men's National League Division 1. The team reached the playoffs for the first time in 2017. Dunfermline Tennis Club plays at Bothwell Street, competing in East of Scotland and national competitions. The club's ladies team has won the Scottish Cup a record 18 times since 1988. There is also a cricket club based at Carnegie Cricket Ground, an athletics ground at Pitreavie and three golf courses (Dunfermline, Canmore and Pitreavie). Carnegie Leisure Centre (originally Carnegie swimming baths) is the main sports centre. A £17.2 million major refurbishment and extension to the centre was completed in November 2011. The work has included the conversion of a Edwardian training pool into a modern 25-metre 6-lane deck-level pool with movable floor; an improved entrance and reception area with a new cafe and a new state-of-the-art gym with 80 stations. The Dunfermline Kings are the town's American football team, playing their games at Duloch Park. The town's competitive running clubs include Dunfermline Track and Field Club, Pitreavie AAC and PH Racing Club. There are also a number of local jogging groups. Dunfermline Cycling Club located in the towns Pittencrieff Park was formed in 1935 and is now one of the largest cycling clubs in Scotland. It has members who take part in competition and recreational events. ==Education== Dunfermline has four secondary schools and fourteen primary schools. Other educational facilities include a private school and Calaiswood ASN School for children with learning difficulties and complex health needs. Dunfermline High School is the oldest secondary in the town, having originated in 1816 on what is now Queen Anne Street.Henderson, The Annals of Dunfermline and Vicinity from the earliest authentic period to the present time 1069–1878, p.588. The school which serves both the southern and western parts of the town as well as Rosyth and Kincardine has occupied a site on St Leonard's Street since 1939.Dunfermline Heritage Community Projects, Your Guide to Dunfermline, pp.37–38. A new £40 million Dunfermline High School opened in August 2012. The old school was demolished, allowing new playing fields for the school in 2013. Queen Anne High School is located in Wellwood towards the northwest area of the town. Woodmill High School, originally a junior secondary, was upgraded to a High School in 1972.McEwan, Dunfermline: The Post-War Years, pp.40–41. The school was first established in Priory Lane before moving to a new building on Shields Road in 1960 and serves the eastern side of the town as well as the villages of Crombie, Limekilns and North Queensferry. St Columba's High, which opened in 1969 is one of two Roman Catholic secondary schools in Fife. The school caters for pupils living in West Fife from Kincardine in the west to Cowdenbeath in the east. Further education is provided by Fife College. It was founded as Lauder Technical School in 1899 and funded by Andrew Carnegie who named it after his uncle, George Lauder who had been a campaigner for free technical education.Durie, Dunfermline: Britain in Old Photographs, p.74. A textile school, founded in 1910 and also funded by Carnegie later merged with the technical school in 1927. The school became known as a technical college in 1951 and the name was then shortened to Lauder College in the late 20th century before becoming Carnegie College in 2007. In 2013 Carnegie became part of Fife College. It is a partner of the Dunfermline Business Centre and provides courses catering to over 10,000 students annually. ==Public services== Waste management is handled by the local authority, Fife Council. There is a kerbside recycling scheme in operation in the town. A four-bin collection is in place for the majority of residents living within Fife. Dunfermline has one recycling centre and several recycling points, all operated by the local authority, Fife Council. Non-hazardous waste is sent to landfill at Lochhead, near the town and Lower Melville Wood, near Ladybank. Healthcare is supplied by NHS Fife who have their headquarters at Hayfield House in Kirkcaldy. The main acute in-patient and accident & emergency services are provided by the Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, to the east. The Queen Margaret Hospital provides some long-stay beds but is primarily for out- patient and day care services with a minor injuries unit. Statutory emergency fire and rescue service in the town is provided by the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. The nearest station is at the Pitreavie Industrial Estate. Policing in Dunfermline is provided by Police Scotland. The headquarters of the Dunfermline area is on 2 Holyrood Place, close to the town centre. Dunfermline is also served under the East Central Region which covers Tayside, Forth Valley and the Kingdom of Fife of the Scottish Ambulance Service. There are two ambulance stations in the town; one on Keir Hardie Terrace and the other at the Queen Margaret Hospital on Whitefield Road. ==Provosts of Dunfermline== The role of Provost was abolished in 1996 following the abolition of Dunfermline District Council and its subsequent adoption into Fife Council. ==Transport== Dunfermline is served by the A907 which meets the M90 and A92 to the east of the town at Halbeath Interchange. This connects the town to Perth to the north, Edinburgh to the south and Kirkcaldy to the east. The main routes through the town are Halbeath Road and Carnegie Drive (A907) from east to west.Nicholson Maps Fife – Second Edition pp4–7 The main bus terminus is located on a site to the north of the town centre which provides seating, toilets and a cafe. In addition to this, there are also two Park and Ride schemes nearby at Ferrytoll, to the south of Inverkeithing, and Halbeath. There are plans to create a "park and choose" site at Rosyth. There was formerly a second bus station, called St. Margarets. It is now a car park. Two railway stations serve the town – Dunfermline City to the south of the town centre and Dunfermline Queen Margaret to the east of the town close to Queen Margaret Hospital, with a third proposed to serve Halbeath Park and Ride. Nearby stations also exist at Rosyth, Inverkeithing and Dalgety Bay to the south of the town. The nearest major international airport to Dunfermline is Edinburgh Airport, south of Dunfermline. Smaller municipal airports are also located nearby at Glenrothes (), Cumbernauld () and Perth (). == Notable people == thumb|left|Display in the Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum Dunfermline's most famous son is the entrepreneur and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, who was born in the town in 1835. Among the gifts he gave to his home town are a free library and public swimming baths. Most important of all was the donation of the Pittencrieff Estate which he had purchased in 1903 to be converted into Pittencrieff Park. George Lauder, Andrew's "cousin-brother", a leading mechanical engineer, and his partner in the Carnegie Steel Company who would go on to be a board member of U.S. Steel. In 1888, two Dunfermline men, John Reid and Robert Lockhart, first demonstrated golf in the US by setting up a hole in an orchard, before Reid set up the USA’s first golf club the same year, Saint Andrew's Golf Club in Yonkers, New York, with Andrew Carnegie one of the first members."Ryder Cup: Painting celebrates Dunfermline links to American golf". BBC. Retrieved 30 December 2014 A number of British monarchs were born in Dunfermline Palace. These include David II of Scotland (reign 1329–71), the son of Robert The Bruce in 1324;Ashley, British Kings and Queens, p.161. James I of Scotland (reign 1406–37) in late 1394Brown, James I, p.9. and Charles I, King of Scotland, England and Ireland (reign 1625–49) in 1600.Cavendish, Kings & Queens: The Concise Guide, p.322.Ashley, British Kings and Queens, p.309. James VI and I, the King of Scotland, England and Ireland and his wife, Anne of Denmark, the daughter of Frederick II of Denmark also lived at the Palace until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. The 15th-century poet Robert Henryson, one of Scotland's most important literary figures during the period of the Northern Renaissance, was based in the town. General John Forbes, who fought the French in the French and Indian War to capture Fort Duquesne and established the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, was brought up in his family's ancestral home of Pittencrieff House (now within Pittencrieff Park).Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, Dunfermline: Our Heritage, p.201. Sir John Struthers, who dissected and drew the Tay Whale, was an anatomist and professor of medicine. He was born and brought up in Brucefield House, now demolished, which gives its name to a district of Dunfermline. The artist Sir Joseph Noel Paton was also born in the town. Ebenezer Henderson (1784–1858), a minister and missionary, was born at the Linn near Dunfermline. His nephew Ebenezer Henderson (1809–1879), a science writer and historian born in Dunfermline, wrote The Annals of Dunfermline. In popular culture, the singer Barbara Dickson; actor Kenneth Cranham; Dan McCafferty and Pete Agnew from the Scottish rock band Nazareth; Ian Anderson, singer and flautist of the progressive rock band Jethro Tull and Moira Shearer, ballerina and actress were all born in the town. Manny Charlton the producer of Nazareth emigrated to the town with his family in the 1940s and Stuart Adamson, rock guitarist with the Skids and frontman with Big Country, was brought up in nearby Crossgates and moved into the town with his family as a teenager. Film director – and former Skids frontman – Richard Jobson, who grew up in nearby Ballingry, went to school in Dunfermline and during the early part of the Skids' career lived, for a time, in the Pitcorthie area. Big Country's co-founder Bruce Watson, though born in Timmins, Ontario, was also brought up in the town, a few streets away from Pete Agnew and Manny Charlton. Alan Darby, of Cado Belle, also grew up in the town and attended Dunfermline High School. In literature, the critically acclaimed author, Iain Banks; poet and novelist, John Burnside and Robert Gilfillan all have links to the town. In sport, Harry Lind of Dunfermline RFC who was capped sixteen times for the Scotland national rugby team and Jim Greenwood who played for Dunfermline RFC, Scotland and British and Irish Lions come from the town. Billy Liddell who played his entire career with Liverpool F.C. was born in nearby Townhill. Other notable people include: *Jim Crawford, racing driver *Ralph Erskine, Secession minister *John Erskine, recipient of the Victoria Cross *Ncuti Gatwa, actor *Alistair Hinton, composer *Barry Horne, racing driver *David Hunter, recipient of the Victoria Cross *Louise Martin, sports administrator *Shona McIsaac, Labour politician *Jordan Smith, actor ==Twin cities== Dunfermline is twinned with: * Logroño, Spain (since 1990) * Sarasota, Florida, U.S. (since 23 August 2001) * Trondheim, Norway (since May 1945) * Wilhelmshaven, Germany (since 24 August 1979) * Vichy, France (since 1990) * Albufeira, Portugal (since May 1995) ==See also== *List of listed buildings in Dunfermline, Fife *Dunfermline Vikings *Sir Patrick Spens *Wallace's Well ==References== ===Bibliography=== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== *Dunfermline Business, News & Events Information *Visit Dunfermline – the official, trademarked tourism portal for Dunfermline *Dunfermline Photo Gallery – Dunfermline Photo Gallery *Dunfermline Music Scene Website, dedicated to Dunfermline Music *The Annals of Dunfermline 1096–1745 *Dunfermline Guide website – a guide to Dunfermline *Dunfermline online website – Dunfermline on the web since 1996 *Early Carnegie Libraries – featuring the world's first Carnegie Library in Dunfermline *National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive (selection of archive films about Dunfermline) * Engraving of Dunfermline in 1693 by John Slezer at National Library of Scotland * Video footage of Wallace's Well in Pittencrieff Glen. * Video footage of Dunfermline City railway station Category:Cities in Scotland Category:Large burghs Category:Royal burghs Category:Towns in Fife Category:Parishes in Fife Category:Mining communities in Fife |
Mormons have both used and been subjected to significant violence throughout much of the religion's history. In the early history of the United States, violence was used as a form of control. Mormons were violently persecuted and pushed from Ohio to Missouri, from Missouri to Illinois and from Illinois, they were pushed west to the Utah Territory. There were incidents of massacre, home burning and pillaging, followed by the death of their prophet, Joseph Smith. Smith died from multiple gunshot wounds from a lynch mob at a jail in Carthage, Illinois; Smith had defended himself with a small pistol smuggled to him by church leader Cyrus Wheelock and he was then shot while trying to flee from a window. There were also notable incidents in which Mormons perpetrated violence. Under the direction of Mormon prophets and apostles, the Mormon burned and looted Davies County, attacked and killed a member of the Missouri state militia, and carried out an extermination order on the Timpanogos. Other Mormon leaders led the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Battle Creek massacre, and Circleville Massacre. Mormons have also been a major part in several wars, including the 1838 Mormon War, Walker War and Black Hawk War. The memory of this violence has affected both the history and the doctrines of the Latter Day Saint movement. ==History of religious violence against Mormons== Early Mormon history is marked by many instances of violence, which have helped to shape the church's views on violence. The first significant instance occurred in Missouri. Mormons who lived there tended to vote as a bloc, which often lead to the unseating of the local political leadership. Differences culminated in hostilities and the eventual issuing of an executive order (often called the Extermination Order) by Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs declaring, "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State." Three days later, a militia unit attacked a Mormon settlement at Haun's Mill, resulting in the death of 18 Mormons and no militiamen. The Extermination Order was not formally rescinded until 1976. In Nauvoo, Illinois, conflict was often based on the tendency of Mormons to "dominate community, economic, and political life wherever they landed." The city of Nauvoo had become the largest in Illinois, the city council was predominantly Mormon, and the Nauvoo Legion (the Mormon militia) continued to grow. Other issues of contention included polygamy, freedom of speech, anti- slavery views during Smith's presidential campaign, and the deification of man. After the destruction of the press of the Nauvoo Expositor, Smith was arrested and incarcerated in Carthage Jail, where he was killed by a mob on June 27, 1844. The conflict in Illinois became so severe that most of the residents of Nauvoo fled across the Mississippi River in February 1846. After Mormons established a community hundreds of miles away in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, anti-Mormon activists in the Utah Territory persuaded President Buchanan that the Mormons in the territory were rebelling against the United States under the direction of Brigham Young.MacKinnon, W. (2008). Buchanan's Thrust from the Pacific:The Utah War's Ill-Fated Second Front. Journal of Mormon History,34(4), 226-260. In response, in 1857 Buchanan sent one-third of United States's standing army to Utah in what is known as the Utah War. During the Utah War, the Mountain Meadows massacre occurred. ==Instances of theological violence== ===Mountain Meadows massacre=== The widely publicized Mountain Meadows massacre occurred on September 11, 1857, during a period of escalating tensions between Mormons and the United States which Mormons viewed from an apocalyptic lens. It was a mass killing of about 130 emigrants, mostly from Arkansas, who were passing through the Utah territory on their way to California. The massacre was influenced, in part, by unfounded rumors that some of the emigrants had previously persecuted Mormons. Leading the massacre were William H. Dame, regional church president and colonel of the Mormon militia, and his battalion leaders Isaac C. Haight (also a regional church president), John D. Lee, and John H. Higbee. The militia surrounded the emigrants and laid siege, and after forcing them to surrender, the militia systematically executed all of them except the youngest children, who were taken and adopted by nearby residents. The militia covered up the massacre by blaming it on largely uninvolved Native American tribes. Though Dame, Haight, and other leaders were indicted in the 1870s for their roles in the massacre, John D. Lee was the only participant who stood trial, where he was ultimately convicted and executed. Though widely connected with the blood atonement doctrine by the United States press and general public, there is no direct evidence that the massacre was related to "saving" the emigrants by the shedding of their blood (as they had not entered into Mormon covenants); rather, most commentators view it as an act of intended retribution. Brigham Young was accused of either directing the massacre or with complicity after the fact. When Young was interviewed on the matter and asked if he believed in blood atonement, he replied, "I do, and I believe that Lee has not half atoned for his great crime." He said "we believe that execution should be done by the shedding of blood instead of by hanging," but only "according to the laws of the land" . American troops who visited the site later constructed a cairn at the site, topped with a sign saying "Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord." According to a Mormon present at the event, when Young visited the site sometime afterward, he remarked "Vengeance is mine, and I have taken a little"; his party proceeded to destroy the cairn and memorial. ==List of Mormon wars and massacres== This list includes some wars and massacres in which Mormons have played a significant role on either side of the conflict. Date Location Name Deaths Description 1838 Missouri 1838 Mormon War 22 LDS people (including 17 at Haun's Mill) aka Missouri Mormon War, included the events of the Haun's Mill Massacre, Battle of Crooked River and Daviess County expedition. 1844–45 Nauvoo, Illinois Mormon War in Illinois 3 LDS people (including the Death of Joseph Smith & Hyrum Smith) Skirmish preceding the Mormon Exodus 1849 Battle Creek (Pleasant Grove, Utah) Battle Creek massacre 4+ Timpanogos people Attack on Timpanogos after taking Mormon cattle 1850 Fort Utah (Provo, Utah) Provo River massacre 40–100 Timpanogos people, 1 Mormon person Mormon settlers attacked the Timpanogos 1851 Skull Valley, Utah William McBride Massacre 9 Goshute people Captain William McBride attacked a Goshute camp after they took cattle from Charles White. April 1851 Skull Valley, Utah Porter Rockwell Massacre 4 or 5 Ute people In an attempt to find a group of horse thieves, Captain Porter Rockwell took 30 uninvolved Ute people prisoner. Later most escaped, but 4 or 5 remained and were executed. 1853 Utah Walker War 12 LDS people, ~12 Native Americans Series of battles between Mormon and various indigenous tribes led by Walkara 1857 Mountain Meadow, Utah Mountain Meadows Massacre ~120 non-LDS travelers Nauvoo Legion attacked the Baker–Fancher emigrant wagon train, resulting in the mass slaughter of the emigrant party 1857–1858 Utah Utah War some non-Mormon civilians American troops coming into Utah after rumors of a Mormon rebellion 1862 Kington Fort Morrisite War 10 Morrisite Mormons, 1 Utah militiaman Battle between the Church of the Firstborn (Morrisite) and the Utah Territorial Militia 1865–72 Utah Black Hawk War (Utah) 140 Native Americans, ~70 LDS people Series of battles led by Black Hawk involving various indigenous tribes 1866 Circleville, Utah Circleville Massacre ~30 Paiute people Circleville residents captured and executed the Paiute band as tensions in the Black Hawk War escalated. ==Mormon views on capital punishment== ===Capital punishment in Mormon scripture=== Religious justification for capital punishment is not unique to Mormons. ===Retribution=== Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, was a strong proponent of capital punishment, and he favored execution methods that involved the shedding of blood as retribution for crimes of bloodshed. In 1843, he or his scribe commented that the common execution method in Christian nations was hanging, "instead of blood for blood according to the law of heaven."This statement is found in , which was written by Willard Richards in 1843 . Years before making this remark, however, Smith was quoted as saying that the hanging of Judas Iscariot was not a suicide, but an execution carried out by Saint Peter . In a March 4, 1843, debate with church leader George A. Smith, who argued against capital punishment,George A. Smith later changed his views on capital punishment, and would write the first criminal code in Utah which allowed both execution by firing squad and decapitation . Smith said that if he ever had the opportunity to enact a death penalty law, he "was opposed to hanging" the convict; rather, he would "shoot him, or cut off his head, spill his blood on the ground, and let the smoke thereof ascend up to God" . In the church's April 6, 1843, general conference, Smith said he would "wring a thief's neck off if I can find him. if I cannot bring him to justice any other way."first manuscript version, minutes of general conference, LDS Archives. See . Sidney Rigdon, Smith's counselor in the First Presidency, also supported capital punishment involving the spilling of blood, stating, "There are men standing in your midst that you can't do anything with them but cut their throat & bury them."April 6, 1844, statement compiled on April 24, 1844, by Thomas Bullock, LDS Church Archives. See . On the other hand, Smith was willing to tolerate the presence of men "as corrupt as the devil himself" in Nauvoo, Illinois, who "had been guilty of murder and robbery," in the chance that they might "come to the waters of baptism through repentance, and redeem a part of their allotted time" . Brigham Young, Smith's successor in the LDS Church, initially held views on capital punishment that were similar to those of Smith. On January 27, 1845, he spoke approvingly of Smith's toleration of "corrupt men" in Nauvoo who were guilty of murder and robbery on the chance that they might repent and be baptized . On the other hand, on February 25, 1846, after the Saints had left Nauvoo, Young threatened adherents who had stolen wagon cover strings and rail timber with having their throats cut "when they get out of the settlements where his orders could be executed". Later that year, Young gave orders that "when a man is found to be a thief, ... cut his throat & throw him in the River."Diary of Thomas Bullock, 13 December 1846. Young also stated that the decapitation of repeated sinners "is the law of God & it shall be executed."Diary of Willard Richards, Dec. 20, 1846; Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1846-1847, p. 480. There are no documented instances of such a sentence being carried out on the Mormon Trail. In the Salt Lake Valley, Young acted as the executive authority while the Council of Fifty acted as a legislature. One of his main concerns in the early Mormon settlement was theft, and he swore that "a thief should not live in the Valley, for he would cut off their heads or be the means of haveing it done as the Lord lived."Diary of Mary Haskin Parker Richards, 16 Apr. 1848. A Mormon listening to one of Young's sermons in 1849 recorded that he said that "if any one was catched stealing to shoot them dead on the spot and they should not be hurt for it."Daniel Davis diary, 8 July 1849, LDS archives, quoted in . In the Utah Territory, there was a law from 1851 to 1888 that allowed persons who were convicted of murder to be executed by decapitation; during that time, no person was executed by that method . ====Blood atonement==== "Blood atonement" is the controversial concept that there are certain sins to which the atonement of Jesus does not apply, and before a Mormon who has committed such sins can achieve the highest degree of salvation, he or she must personally atone for the sin by "hav[ing] their blood spilt upon the ground, that the smoke thereof might ascend to heaven as an offering for their sins" . Blood atonement was supposed to be voluntarily practiced by the sinner, or it was contemplated as being mandatory in a theoretical theocracy which was planned for the Utah Territory, but it was supposed to be carried out with love and compassion for the sinner, not out of a desire for vengeance . The concept was first taught in the mid-1850s by the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) during the Mormon Reformation, when Brigham Young governed the Utah Territory as a near-theocracy. Even though there was discussion about implementing the doctrine, there is no direct evidence that it was ever practiced by the Mormon leadership in their capacity as the leaders of both church and state . There is inconclusive evidence, however, to suggest that the doctrine was independently enforced a few times by Mormon individuals . Scholars have also argued that the doctrine contributed to a culture of violence, which, combined with paranoia that resulted from the church's long history of being persecuted, incited over a hundred extrajudicial killings by Mormons, including the Mountain Meadows Massacre . LDS Church leaders taught the concept of blood atonement well into the 20th century within the context of government-sanctioned capital punishment, and it was responsible for laws in the state of Utah that allowed prisoners on death row to be executed by firing squad (Salt Lake Tribune, 11 May 1994, p. D1). Although the LDS Church repudiated the teaching in 1978, it still has adherents within the LDS Church as well as adherents within Mormon fundamentalism, a schismatic branch of the Latter Day Saint movement whose adherents seek to follow early Mormon teachings to the letter. Despite its repudiation by the LDS Church, the concept also survives in Mormon culture, particularly with regard to capital crimes. The article also notes that Arthur Gary Bishop, a convicted serial killer, was told by a top church leader that "blood atonement ended with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ." In 1994, when the defense in the trial of James Edward Wood alleged that a local church leader had "talked to [Wood] about shedding his own blood," the LDS Church's First Presidency submitted a document to the court that denied the church's acceptance and practice of such a doctrine, and included the 1978 repudiation. ==Penalties== ===Blood oaths=== Historically, Mormon ritual provided an example in which capital punishment is contemplated, though not necessarily required, for violations of historical blood oaths in the endowment ritual. The blood oaths in the ceremony were related to protecting the ritual's secrecy. Participants made an oath that rather than ever revealing the secret gestures of the ceremony, they would rather have: "my throat ... be cut from ear to ear, and my tongue torn out by its roots," "our breasts ... be torn open, our hearts and vitals torn out and given to the birds of the air and the beasts of the field," "your body ... be cut asunder and all your bowels gush out," showing an entire refusal to accept the promises made in the washing and anointing ordinances . They were changed to a reference to "different ways in which life may be taken" . The entire "penalty" portion of the ceremony was removed by the LDS Church in 1990, and during its lifetime, there is no documented instance in which a person has been killed for violating the oaths of secrecy. ===Law of vengeance=== After the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young added an oath of vengeance to the Nauvoo endowment ritual. Participants in the ritual made an oath to pray that God would "avenge the blood of the prophets on this nation". "The prophets" were Joseph and Hyrum Smith, and "this nation" was the United States. The oath was removed from the ceremony during the 1920s. In 1877, Young noted what he viewed as a similarity between Smith's death and the blood atonement doctrine in that "whether we believe in blood atonement or not," Smith and other prophets "sealed their testimony with their blood."Journal of Discourses 18:361 (May 6, 1877). == Violence related to LGBT people == In October 1976, LDS Church apostle Boyd K. Packer gave a sermon, "To Young Men Only,"; Packer had said, "There are some men who entice young men to join them in these immoral acts. If you are ever approached to participate in anything like that, it is time to vigorously resist. While I was in a mission on one occasion, a missionary said he had something to confess. I was very worried because he just could not get himself to tell me what he had done. After patient encouragement he finally blurted out, "I hit my companion." "Oh, is that all," I said in great relief. "But I floored him," he said. After learning a little more, my response was "Well, thanks. Somebody had to do it, and it wouldn't be well for a General Authority to solve the problem that way" I am not recommending that course to you, but I am not omitting it. You must protect yourself." in which he encouraged young male Latter-day Saints to defend themselves, physically if necessary, against sexual assaults by other men. The sermon was later published as a pamphlet and was widely circulated to LDS young men. Historian D. Michael Quinn, who is gay, criticized Packer's comments, saying they constituted an endorsement of gay bashing; he also argued that the church endorses such behavior by continuing to publish Packer's speech. On July 5, 2015, the LDS Church issued an official statement in response to the Supreme Court ruling on gay marriage and to clarify its official position of nonviolence to the LGBT community: > The gospel of Jesus Christ teaches us to love and treat all people with > kindness and civility—even when we disagree. We affirm that those who avail > themselves of laws or court rulings authorizing same-sex marriage should not > be treated disrespectfully. Indeed, the Church has advocated for rights of > same-sex couples in matters of hospitalization and medical care, fair > housing and employment, and probate, so long as these do not infringe on the > integrity of the traditional family or the constitutional rights of > churches. On August 23, 2021, in an address to faculty and staff at Brigham Young University, apostle Jeffrey R. Holland called for "a little more musket fire from this temple of learning" in "defending marriage as the union of a man and a woman." ==Violence in the Mormon scriptures== War is a central, cyclical theme in the Book of Mormon. There are many wars mentioned in the Book of Mormon, depicted as the consequence of prideful or sinful behavior. Battles often occur between two peoples called the Nephites and Lamanites, but other groups attacked or drawn into battle include "secret combinations" (i.e., organized criminals), factions among the Jaredites. The Book of Mormon concludes with a cataclysmic war between the Nephites and Lamanites. The final prophet of the Book of Mormon, a Nephite named Moroni, laments that his people have participated in sexual violence, torture, and cannibalism: > And notwithstanding this great abomination of the Lamanites, it doth not > exceed that of our people in Moriantum. For behold, many of the daughters of > the Lamanites have they taken prisoners; and after depriving them of that > which was most dear and precious above all things, which is chastity and > virtue—And after they had done this thing, they did murder them in a most > cruel manner, torturing their bodies even unto death; and after they have > done this, they devour their flesh like unto wild beasts, because of the > hardness of their hearts; and they do it for a token of bravery.Moroni > 9:9–10. Several decapitations and dismemberments are also described in the Book of Mormon. In chapter 4 of the First Book of Nephi, the prophet Nephi is commanded by the Spirit to kill a man named Laban, whom he decapitates.1 Nephi 4. In Ether chapter 15, the warrior Coriantumr, who is the last survivor of the Jaredites, decapitates Shiz.Ether 15:29–32. In Alma chapter 17, Ammon (a Nephite missionary) defends a Lamanite king's livestock by cutting off the arms of several thieves and killing several others with a sling.Alma 17. In chapter 9 of the Third Book of Nephi, Christ announces to ancient Americans that he has destroyed more than a dozen cities and their inhabitants due to their corruption. He announces that he destroyed some cities by causing them "to be burned with fire because of their sins and their wickedness", while others were "sunk in the depths of the sea" or "covered with earth".3 Nephi 9. The text reports that some of the victims mourned, "O that we had repented before this great and terrible day, and had not killed and stoned the prophets, and cast them out; then would our mothers and our fair daughters, and our children have been spared".3 Nephi 8:25. The Book of Mormon is not unique in describing divinely directed or sanctioned violence. Additional examples appear in the Old Testament, which Mormons also consider to be sacred scripture. ==See also== *Act in Relation to Service *Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners *Anti-Mormonism *Christianity and violence *Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints *Danite *Gladdenites (Attempted move to Utah) *Honor killing *Islam and violence *Judaism and violence *Latter Day Saint martyrs *Mormon Battalion *Pace memorandum *Utah in the American Civil War *Wars mentioned in the Book of Mormon ==Notes== ==References== *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. ==Further reading== * * Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement Category:Mormonism-related controversies Category:Mormon studies Category:Massacres committed by Latter Day Saints |
David Russell Lange ( ; 4 August 1942 – 13 August 2005) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 32nd prime minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989. Lange was born and brought up in Otahuhu, the son of a medical doctor. He became a lawyer by profession, and represented poor and struggling people in civil rights causes in the rapidly changing Auckland of the 1970s. After serving as legal advisor to the Polynesian Panthers, Lange was first elected to the New Zealand Parliament in the Mangere by-election of 1977. He became a prominent debater within parliament, and soon gained a reputation for cutting wit (sometimes directed against himself) and eloquence. Lange became the Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition in 1983, succeeding Bill Rowling. When Prime Minister Robert Muldoon called an election for July 1984 Lange led his party to a landslide victory, becoming, at the age of 41, New Zealand's youngest prime minister of the 20th century. Lange took various measures to deal with the economic problems he had inherited from the previous government. Some of the measures he took were controversial; the free-market ethos of the Fourth Labour Government did not always conform to traditional expectations of a social-democratic party. He also fulfilled a campaign promise to deny New Zealand's port facilities to nuclear-armed and nuclear- powered vessels, making New Zealand a nuclear-free zone. Lange and his party were re-elected in August 1987; he resigned two years later and was succeeded by his deputy, Geoffrey Palmer. He retired from parliament in 1996, and died in 2005 from renal failure and blood disease at the age of 63. Prime Minister Helen Clark described New Zealand's nuclear-free legislation as his legacy. ==Early life== Lange was born on 4 August 1942 in Otahuhu, a small industrial borough since absorbed into Auckland. He was the oldest of four children of Eric Roy Lange, a general practitioner and obstetrician and grandson of a German settler, and Phoebe Fysh Lange, who trained as a nurse in her native Tasmania before she migrated to New Zealand. The family had lived in New Zealand for so long that the original pronunciation of their surname, lan-ge, "had all but been forgotten"; Lange himself would pronounce it as long-ee. Lange's autobiography suggests that he admired his soft-spoken and dryly humorous father, while his demanding and sometimes overbearing mother tested his tolerance. His cousin Michael Bassett reflected that Roy "knew how to avoid trouble rather than confront it", and David developed a similar aversion to conflict. Lange received his formal education at Fairburn Primary School, Papatoetoe Intermediate School and Otahuhu College, then at the University of Auckland in 1960, where he graduated in law in 1966. He attributed his talents with oratory to the need to compensate for his clumsiness during his intermediate school days. Lange worked from an early age and held a number of jobs; in the third form he performed a paper-round for The New Zealand Herald in Mangere East, and later changed from delivery-boy to collecting the money. The following year he delivered telegrams, before applying to work at the Westfield Freezing Works in the role that would initially pay his way through university. The poor work conditions at the freezing works provided an opportunity to identify with the misery of fellow workers, and an appreciation for the impact of strikes on ordinary workers. In 1961 he started a job as a law clerk at Haigh, Charters and Carthy, a role that had varied work and clients, including the Communist Party. On 13 March 1967 Lange was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. After his admission he spent months travelling across Australia, Asia and Britain. On 3 August 1968, he married Naomi Crampton. He gained a Master of Laws in 1970 with first-class honours, specialising in criminal law and medico-legal issues. Lange practised law in Northland and Auckland for some years, often giving legal representation to the most dispossessed members of Auckland society – he assisted the Polynesian Panther Party (and, by extension, the Pacific Island community) to disseminate legal rights information and legal aid during the '70s dawn raids. In July 1976 Lange was involved in the legal defense of former cabinet minister Phil Amos after he protested the visit of the 20,000 tonne American cruiser in his small yacht the Dolphin by impeding its entry to Auckland Harbour. The cruiser was forced to stop mid-stream to allow grappling hooks to be thrown to pull the Dolphin clear. Afterwards Amos had been arrested and charged with obstruction. He was convicted, but the conviction was overturned on appeal by Lange. Amos' protest instantly became a headline-grabbing piece of political drama, bringing public attention to the anti-nuclear issue. Lange was inspired by Amos' stand and following his example would later pass a law banning the visit by nuclear propelled or armed ships to New Zealand. ==Political career== Lange joined the Labour Party in 1963, and helped in the campaigns of Phil Amos in 1963 and Norman Douglas in 1966. In 1974 his cousin Michael Bassett suggested that Lange should stand on the Labour ticket for the Auckland City Council. The Council was dominated by conservative interests and the only Labour candidates elected were Jim Anderton and Catherine Tizard; Lange was "...halfway down the field .... which was better than I expected." Lange's father Roy, who was a doctor at Otahuhu, had delivered Bassett. The two would later have strong disagreements, prompting Lange to remark, "My father had delivered him, and it became plain in later days that he must have dropped him." Lange then stood for Labour in Hobson in 1975, and came third. In 1977 he entered the race for the Labour nomination in a by-election for the safer seat of Mangere. He saw off more experienced candidates (some of whom were former MPs) to win the Labour candidacy. He won the Mangere by-election, retaining the area for Labour. Lange then represented Mangere, a working-class Auckland electorate with a large Māori population, in the New Zealand Parliament. On becoming an MP, Lange quickly made an impression in the House as a debater, a wit, and the scourge of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon. In his maiden speech, he suggested that New Zealand children had fewer rights than animals received under the Animals Protection Act 1960, and complained of "appalling" rail service from Auckland to Mangere. After the Lange was elevated to the Shadow Cabinet. In December 1978 Labour leader Bill Rowling appointed Lange Shadow Minister for Social Welfare. On 1 November 1979 Lange, after encouragement from parliamentary friends Roger Douglas and Michael Bassett, challenged Bob Tizard for the deputy leadership. Lange succeeded in the challenge, narrowly defeating Tizard 20 votes to 18. In addition to becoming Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Lange became Shadow Attorney-General, Shadow Minister of Justice and Shadow Minister of Pacific Island Affairs. In 1980 Lange and a group consisting of Douglas, Bassett, Richard Prebble and Mike Moore tried to remove Rowling as leader of the Labour Party. Following the coup attempt Lange resigned as deputy leader in January 1981 to offer himself for re-election as a vote of confidence. At Labour's first caucus meeting of the year he was re- elected as deputy leader. After Labour lost the 1981 general election, the group, later known as the "Fish and Chip Brigade" (in reference to a picture published at the time showing the plotters eating fish and chips) succeeded in their second attempt in 1983. === Leader of the Opposition === thumb|upright=0.9|Lange in 1980 Lange succeeded Rowling as parliamentary leader of the Labour Party and as Leader of the Opposition on 3 February 1983. Significant debate emerged within the Labour Party on the party's economic direction, following a paper by Roger Douglas to the party's policy council. Eventually a compromise was drafted by Geoffrey Palmer, which Lange described as "A manifesto which appealed to the right, the left, the centre and the totally bewildered. It was, in fact, anodyne." Muldoon unexpectedly called a snap election in 1984, as a result of Marilyn Waring voting for a member's bill introduced by Richard Prebble to introduce a nuclear-free zone. The timing of the election prevented Labour from creating a proper election platform, instead using the Palmer draft. Lange commented that the party went into the election with an unfinished argument for an economic policy. Lange led Labour to a landslide victory, helped by vote splitting between the National Party and the New Zealand Party. However, before Lange was sworn in as Prime Minister a foreign exchange crisis arose, which led to a constitutional crisis. The New Zealand dollar was overvalued and following the announcement of the snap election in June, traders started selling off the New Zealand dollar on the assumption that Labour would win the election and devalue the currency. Muldoon refused to follow Lange's instruction to devalue the currency, making the dollar's situation more untenable. Eventually on 19 July Muldoon relented, after his position as leader of the National party was threatened by members of his caucus. == Prime Minister (1984–1989) == David Lange was sworn in as New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister on 26 July 1984, becoming, at the age of 41, New Zealand's youngest prime minister of the 20th century, a record later surpassed by only one other, Mike Moore in 1990. ===First term: 1984–1987=== During his first term of office as Prime Minister, Lange also held the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs. ====Rogernomics==== The currency crisis and devaluation of the New Zealand dollar spurred on the reform drive of Roger Douglas, who Lange made Minister of Finance in the new government. These reforms were soon dubbed 'Rogernomics', in a similar vein to Reaganomics. Upon coming to office, Lange's government was confronted by a severe balance of payments crisis, as a result of the deficits fueled by Muldoon's imposition of a two-year freeze on wages and prices, and stubborn maintenance of an unsustainable exchange rate. Such economic conditions prompted Lange to remark: "We ended up being run very similarly to a Polish shipyard". Their first move was to hold an Economic Summit on 14 September 1984, similar to the one held in Australia by Bob Hawke the previous year, to create a feeling of consensus and to lay out the underlying problems in New Zealand's economy. The summit however was dominated by advocacy of radical economic reforms similar to what had been proposed by the Treasury Department, foreshadowing the Lange government's propensity to approach issues from a fundamentally economic standpoint. Margaret Wilson, the Labour Party's president, was deliberately not invited to the summit, a sign of the speed and intolerant approach to opposition that would characterise Rogernomics. Douglas himself saw the summit as a theatrical preparation for his first budget. Lange and Douglas engaged in a rapid program of deregulation and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The first sector affected was New Zealand's agricultural community, a traditionally National-supporting community. The loss of subsidies hit some farmers hard. Other changes brought criticism from many people in Labour's traditional supporter base. The Labour Party also lost support from many elderly people by introducing a superannuation surcharge after having promised not to reduce superannuation. Douglas also deregulated the finance markets, removing restrictions on interest rates, lending and foreign exchange. In March 1985, with Lange's blessing, the New Zealand dollar was floated. From 1 April 1987, several government departments were corporatised into state-owned enterprises, with massive loss of jobs. On the role of Government Lange said "It is there to be the securer of its citizens' welfare. Where the market works well, it should be given its head. Where the market results in manifest inequity, or poor economic performance, the Government must get involved." ====International affairs and nuclear-free policy==== Lange made his name on the international stage with his steadfast leadership in the anti-nuclear weapons movement. His government refused to allow nuclear-capable ships into New Zealand's territorial waters, a policy the country continues to this day. In February 1985, Lange famously rejected the arrival of the USS Buchanan, supported by a recommendation from the acting prime minister Geoffrey Palmer. The ship was not armed with nuclear weapons but was capable of carrying them. This displeased the United States; in response, all intelligence flow to New Zealand was stopped and joint military exercises were cancelled. In 1985, there were 22 programmed exercises canceled or restructured, resulting in approximately 6,000 man-days of training being taken away. During a televised Oxford Union debate in March 1985, Lange gained an extraordinary international reputation. Lange argued for the proposition that "Nuclear weapons are morally indefensible", in opposition to the American televangelist Jerry Falwell. Lange regarded his appearance at the Oxford Union as the high point of his career in politics. His speech included the memorable statement: > "There is no humanity in the logic which holds that my country must be > obliged to play host to nuclear weapons because others in the West are > playing host to nuclear weapons. That is the logic which refuses to admit > that there is any alternative to nuclear weapons, when plainly there is. It > is self defeating logic, just as the weapons themselves are self defeating, > to compel an ally to accept nuclear weapons against the wishes of that ally > is to take the moral position of totalitarianism which allows for no self > determination." His speech also included an often-quoted statement made in response to a question posed by another debater: In 1987, Lange's government passed the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987. This Act effectively declared New Zealand a nuclear-free zone and banned all nuclear- capable ships from entering New Zealand waters. The United States regarded this legislation as a breach of treaty obligations under ANZUS and announced that it would suspend its treaty obligations to New Zealand until the re- admission of U.S. Navy ships to New Zealand ports, characterising New Zealand as "a friend, but not an ally". ====Rainbow Warrior affair==== thumb|Rainbow Warrior in Auckland, 1985 Relations with France became strained when French agents of the DGSE bombed and sank the Greenpeace ship the Rainbow Warrior on 10 July 1985 while it lay moored in Auckland Harbour, killing photographer Fernando Pereira. In June 1986 Lange obtained a political deal with France over the Rainbow Warrior affair, presided over by United Nations Secretary- General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. France agreed to pay compensation of NZ$13 million (US$6.5 million) to New Zealand and also to apologise. In return, Lange agreed that French authorities could detain the convicted French agents Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur at the French military base on Hao Atoll for three years. However, both spies were freed by May 1988, less than two years later, in violation of the agreement. ==== Social reforms ==== During Lange's first term in office, the Lange government implemented many social reforms. On 8 August 1986, the Lange government enacted the Homosexual Law Reform Act which legalised consensual sex of males 16 years and older and allowed them to enter into sexual relationships with one another without the fear of being prosecuted. On 1 August 1987, the Māori Language Act 1987 was enacted making te reo Māori an official language of New Zealand. ====1987 general election==== Lange's government was re-elected at the August 1987 general election, the first time a Labour government had won a second term since 1938. The government increased its share of the popular vote, although this may have been due to less vote splitting. Lange toured the country throughout the campaign and faced, for the first time, protests against his government, especially in provincial areas. Unusually, Labour did not produce a manifesto for the election, primarily due to disagreement between Douglas and Lange over the direction the government would take if re-elected. Lange sought to focus on social services in the second term, and declared in his victory speech, "I'm proud that we are now, in the next three years, going to seal those [economic] gains, in health and education and social welfare progress." On the night, Labour's candidate Judith Tizard came within 406 votes of winning the traditionally National-held seat of Remuera; she had been forecast as the winner by initial vote counting. Tizard's near-win fueled Lange's misgivings about the direction his government was taking. He commented, "That election night was a great revelation for me. That was an apprehension on my part that we had actually abandoned our constituency. And it set me to think what on earth have we done that we come within 400 votes of winning the true-blue [National] seat of Remuera. And that struck me as being a dangerous flirtation, and an act of treachery to the people we were born to represent." ===Second term: 1987–1989=== Following the 1987 election, Lange made himself Minister of Education. He stated that he gave himself the portfolio to "draw a line in the sand" against the influence of the "Treasury " (Douglas, Prebble and David Caygill), and in accordance with his wishes to emphasise social policy in his second term. ====Fijian coups d'état==== Lange was criticised for his reaction to the coups d'état in Fiji in May and September 1987. Later, in his autobiography, Lange stated: > There was never any question that New Zealand might use force to restore the > democratically elected government, since we were not asked to intervene by > its representatives and had we been, we did not have the military resources. > I did however ask our military leaders to ready themselves to come to the > assistance of any New Zealand citizens who might be endangered, and I met > with considerable obstruction. ====Stock market crash==== The stock market crash of 19/20 October 1987 damaged confidence in the New Zealand economy, which went into a prolonged recession from December of that year, and remained so until June 1991. During that time unemployment skyrocketed 170%, the unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in the September 1987 quarter to 7.5% in the June 1989 quarter. Lange noted with bitterness that Douglas took advantage of the crash to "rubbish" his stated ambitions to have the government focus on social policy, and push for more economic reforms. ====Tomorrow's Schools==== As Minister of Education, Lange pushed the introduction of Tomorrow's Schools, a radical restructure of New Zealand's primary and secondary school education system. The Department of Education was downsized to become the Ministry of Education and have a supervisory role, education boards were abolished and parents at each school elected their own boards of trustees. The reforms were criticised for the influence of New Right ideas and their effect of introducing market mechanisms and notions of competition in the education system. Lange's appointment of businessman Brian Picot to head a task force into educational reform was taken as a sign of the government giving too much priority to economic and competitive concerns over the social aspect of education. ====Leadership challenge and resignation==== thumb|The Governor-General's letter accepting Lange's resignation In 1988 consensus on economic policy amongst the Labour leadership finally broke down, with Douglas resigning after Lange overruled his radical flat income-tax and universal basic income proposal. Douglas continued his campaign against Lange through public statements, the unauthorised release of cabinet papers and on 21 December 1988 an unsuccessful challenge against Lange's leadership in the Labour caucus. To date it is the only instance when a sitting Prime Minister has been challenged for leadership. The radical economic reforms had alienated much of the Labour Party, and it fractured; in April 1989 Jim Anderton, a backbench MP, formed a breakaway NewLabour Party, taking approximately one third of Labour's membership. However, the caucus re-elected Douglas to the Cabinet on 3 August 1989, and Lange interpreted this as a vote of no-confidence in his leadership. He tendered his resignation five days later on 8 August 1989. Lange became the first elected Labour Prime Minister who neither died in office nor was voted out in an election. ====Leadership==== Lange's leadership abilities were mixed and at times contradictory. As one of the most media-capable New Zealand prime ministers, he was a quick-witted orator and able to speak inspirationally to topics, yet was sensitive to criticism and averse to conflict. He often became caught up in how he was seen to perform and would often avoid confronting angry ministers by using a rear entrance. Despite being media-savvy, Lange's political skills were judged to be poor by political scientist Stephen Levine. ==Motor racing== thumb|Lange partaking in a motor race During his tenure as Prime Minister, Lange engaged in competitive motor racing, appearing in the New Zealand One Make Ford Laser Sport series.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: ==Post-premiership== ===Cabinet minister: 1989–1990=== Geoffrey Palmer succeeded Lange as Labour party leader and Prime Minister in 1989, Lange became Attorney-General, Minister in Charge of the Serious Fraud Office and a Minister of State. Palmer was then replaced by Mike Moore as Prime Minister shortly before the 1990 general election in November, which Labour lost by a landslide. Lange was re-elected at this election (and again in 1993) as the member for Mangere. ===Opposition and resignation from parliament=== After the government was defeated in 1990, he was appointed Shadow Attorney-General by Moore. After Moore led Labour to narrow loss in the 1993 general election, Lange backed deputy leader Helen Clark for the leadership against Moore. Clark replaced Moore as Labour leader and made Lange Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs and Shadow Minister of Racing. In 1991 and 1992 he wrote a Monday column in The Dominion, published alternately with Simon Upton who, Lange commented, "writes erudite obfuscation tempered by occasional attempts to explain the arcana of the health reforms." Lange was a supporter of changing New Zealand's flag, and wrote in 1994: "[a] stranger who saw the Australian flag and the New Zealand flag outside adjacent buildings would assume that some British hotel chain was advertising deluxe and standard rooms". Lange also expressed support for a New Zealand republic, stating: "Do such things matter? They certainly do. We suffer in this country from a lack of emotional focus... New Zealand will become a republic just as Britain will be blurred into Europe". In failing health, Lange retired from Parliament before the 1996 general election. In his valedictory speech, he reflected on the pain caused by his government's economic reforms: "I want to thank those people whose lives were wrecked by us. They had been taught for years they had the right to an endless treadmill of prosperity and assurance, and we did them. People over 60 hate me. They hate me because I was the symbol of what caused that assurance of support and security to be shattered. That is something that has always been part of my burden." His Labour Party colleague Taito Phillip Field succeeded him as the member for the Mangere electorate. ===Life after politics=== Lange was a New Zealand Rugby League board member and served as the organisation's Vice-President. In an interview with The New Zealand Herald (published on 3 July 2004) the reporter asked Lange: :Do you think if the election of 1984 had not been a snap election, there would have been time for the opposing forces within the party to have successfully blocked the reforms or to have severely limited them? Lange replied: ====Litigation==== In 1996 Lange sued the Australian Broadcasting Corporation over an alleged defamation that it broadcast about him. The ABC used the defence that there exists in the Australian Constitution an implied right to freedom of speech on political matters, but the High Court of Australia found against them, reversing the then existing law (see Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation). The case was later settled on terms favourable to Lange. In a key New Zealand defamation case (Lange v Atkinson [2000] 3 NZLR 385), Lange sued political scientist Joe Atkinson for representing him in the magazine North & South as a lazy prime minister. In a 1998 judgment, and on appeal in 2000, the courts affirmed a new qualified privilege for the media to discuss politicians when expressing the criticisms as the "honest belief" of the author. ====Accidental release of secret report==== In January 2006, Archives New Zealand released to the Sunday Star-Times newspaper a box of David Lange's previously classified documents. They revealed New Zealand's ongoing involvement in Western alliance espionage, and a threat by the United States to spy on New Zealand if it did not back down from its ban on nuclear ships. Archives New Zealand chief executive Dianne Macaskill said the paper did not have the authority to access or print the report, and wrote to the paper revoking permission to publish it. In response, the Sunday Star Times said the information had already been released into the public arena and hence could not be retracted. The release of the document prompted a high-level inquiry to investigate how the top-secret report ended up in Lange's personal papers, in breach of security protocol. A secret diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks in 2010 covers the accidental release of the document. ==Personal life== Lange was raised in a Methodist family. In the 1960s he worked alongside Methodist theologian Donald Soper at the West London Methodist Mission in England. He was deeply influenced by Soper's interpretation of Christian socialism. Lange later became a Methodist lay preacher. In 1989 Lange announced in a brief press statement on 10 November that he was separating from his wife of 21 years. On 12 November Naomi Lange named his speech-writer, Margaret Pope, as "the other woman" in a Sunday Times article, and said that she had been told by her husband five or six months beforehand that he planned to leave the marriage. Lange's mother Phoebe also publicly criticised him, but they later reconciled. He had three children, Roy, Emily, and Byron, with his first wife Naomi, and one daughter, Edith, with his second wife Margaret. Lange married Margaret in Glasgow on 12 January 1992 while holidaying in Britain. Lange's brother Peter is a widely respected New Zealand potter. He has won numerous arts awards and has exhibited widely in New Zealand and overseas. Lange's third cousin Michael Bassett became a fellow Cabinet-minister. Bassett published a book in 2008 about the Lange government entitled Working With David: Inside the Lange Cabinet. ===Health issues and death=== thumb|A caricature sculpture of Lange highlighting his weight Lange suffered all his life from obesity and the health problems it caused. By 1982 he weighed about , and had surgery to staple his stomach in order to lose weight. In the 1990s Lange's health declined, with diabetes and kidney disorders. In 2002, doctors diagnosed Lange as having amyloidosis, a rare and incurable blood plasma disorder. He underwent extensive medical treatment for this condition. Although initially told he had only four months to live, Lange defied his doctors' expectations, and remained "optimistic" about his health. He entered hospital in Auckland in mid-July 2005 to undergo nightly peritoneal dialysis in his battle with end-stage kidney failure. On 2 August, he had his lower right leg amputated without a general anaesthetic, as a result of diabetes complications. Lange's declining health resulted in the bringing- forward of the publication of his memoir My Life to 8 August 2005. TV3 broadcast on Campbell Live on the same day an interview; John Campbell had interviewed him just before he went into hospital. In his last interview, given to the Herald on Sunday from his hospital bed, he made a potent intervention in New Zealand's 2005 election campaign by saying he "wanted to get out of bed and get a wheel-chair to Wellington" to stop any relaxation of his ban on nuclear ships. Lange died of complications associated with his renal failure and blood disease in Middlemore Hospital in Auckland on 13 August 2005, just five days after the publication and interview, and nine days after his 63rd birthday. He is buried at Waikaraka Cemetery and the headstone has the simple inscription "David Lange 1942 ~ 2005". The David Lange Memorial Trust erected a memorial sculpture by Virginia King in Ōtāhuhu, which was unveiled by the governor general Sir Anand Satyanand in 2008. ==Honours and awards== Lange received the Right Livelihood Award in 2003 for his strong fight against nuclear weapons. In the 1990 New Year Honours, Lange was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour, and in the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made a Member of the Order of New Zealand, the country's highest civil honour. ==See also== * Electoral history of David Lange ==Notes== ==References== * * * * * * * * ==External links== * David Lange Memorial Trust * PM David Lange Resigns (1989), Network News, TVNZ, 7 August 1989 * Audio recording of speech that "Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible", Oxford Union debate, 1 March 1985 * Interview with John Campbell, TV3 * Obituary, by Jonathan Milne, Herald on Sunday; and tribute by political correspondent John Armstrong, The New Zealand Herald. * Amyloidosis Australia, Information on Amyloidosis in Aust/NZ * Tribute from Helen Clark at memorial service. * Account of memorial service, by Jonathan Milne and Amanda Cameron, Herald on Sunday * Personal Reflections Of South Auckland's Statesman, by Scoop's Selwyn Manning * from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |- |- |- |- |- |- |- Category:1942 births Category:2005 deaths Category:Politicians from Auckland Category:Prime Ministers of New Zealand Category:Attorneys-General of New Zealand Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives Category:Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand) Category:New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:New Zealand education ministers Category:New Zealand foreign ministers Category:New Zealand Labour Party MPs Category:New Zealand Labour Party leaders Category:New Zealand people of German descent Category:New Zealand Methodists Category:New Zealand rugby league administrators Category:New Zealand Rugby League board members Category:New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates Category:Nuclear weapons policy Category:University of Auckland alumni Category:People educated at Otahuhu College Category:Burials at Waikaraka Cemetery Category:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1975 New Zealand general election Category:Members of the Order of New Zealand Category:New Zealand Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Category:Deaths from diabetes Category:Deaths from amyloidosis Category:Deaths from kidney failure Category:20th-century New Zealand lawyers |
St. Peter's Fiesta is a five-day festival honoring the patron saint of the fisherman, St. Peter. Hosted by the Italian American community of Gloucester, Massachusetts, the festival involves a carnival, seine boat races, and the Greasy Pole contest, and attracts people from all over. ==History== The festival began in 1927 when a life-sized statue of St. Peter was enshrined by fishermen in the heart of Gloucester's Italian district. The fishermen and their families began to pray to their patron saint, and soon plans for a religious procession on June 29 came about. They grew into the festival it is today. No festival was held from 1942–45, nor in 2020–21. ==Greasy Pole contest== thumb|300px|Steven Militello (in red circle) seen just before successfully grabbing the flag at the end of the Greasy Pole on Fiesta Saturday, June 24, 2023.[https://goodmorninggloucester.com/2023/06/25/2023-saturday-greasy-pole/ 2023 Saturday Greasy Pole]. Good Morning Gloucester. Retrieved June 28, 2023. The Greasy Pole is a three-day competition where people, commonly males, attempt to cross a 40-foot wooden piling that is extended horizontally 30 feet above the cold water of the harbor. The pole is covered in bacon fat, Crisco, fish guts, and lard from local restaurants, and each contestant must try to retrieve the red flag attached at the end. The winner is carried through the streets of Gloucester and can drink for free at each public house stop along the route. ;Concept The Greasy Pole competition originated in Sicily in the 19th century or earlier, and was brought to Gloucester by the Italian immigrant population of fishermen in the early 20th century. The object is to walk across a greased pole protruding from a platform about from shore. This platform, depending on the tide, can be anywhere from above the water. The pole, which hangs over the water, is long, and only about as wide as a standard telephone pole. This pole is then heavily greased with biodegradable axle grease mixed with anything from Tabasco sauce to oil, banana peels, and various other slippery objects. A red flag (or sometimes the Italian Flag with a red flag underneath it) is then nailed to the very end of the pole. The idea is to run out on the heavily greased pole and try to grab the flag before slipping and falling into the water. About 40 or 50 people between ages 18–60 go out from Pavilion Beach in Gloucester MA during the St. Peter Fiesta, the last weekend of June. They walk the pole one at a time in a pre-determined order. Generally, these are males of Italian descent, although the walkers may include all nationalities. Because of the popularity of the event, there are strict rules as to who is eligible to walk on Sunday. The event is currently held on Friday, Saturday and Sunday at 4:45p.m. ;Rules The first round of the Greasy Pole is dubbed as the "Courtesy Round." This is done so that all the walkers get a chance to walk the pole. Generally, this is used to get a feel for exactly how greasy the pole is. Some of the more experienced walkers only walk out a small distance and then dive off the pole into the water to save themselves from injury. Once all the walkers participating have walked, the second round begins. After the courtesy round is over, the flag can come down at any time. There are three days in which the Greasy Pole is competed: 300px|thumb|left|Crowd watching the Greasy Pole from Pavilion Beach on Fiesta Sunday, 2007. Fiesta Friday Most of the newcomers to the Greasy Pole event walk on Friday. The winner of the Friday Greasy Pole will walk first on Saturday. Fiesta Saturday People who began walking before Greasy Pole Friday was implemented in 1999 or people who have won on Greasy Pole Friday walk on Saturday. The winner of Saturday then will walk first on Sunday. Fiesta Sunday Also referred to as Championship Sunday. The winner of Saturday walks first, and on the platform are the former Saturday and Sunday champions of the Greasy Pole from years past and protégés of the former champions who can no longer walk because they have died or can no longer walk for health reasons. Winning on Fiesta Sunday is the most prestigious honor that a Greasy Pole walker can achieve, and every year they return to walk on Fiesta Sunday. ;Awards Generally speaking, the Greasy Pole is done for bragging rights. A trophy is given out to the winner, but in the close knit town of Gloucester where everyone knows each other, this is done for the right to say "I won." (free drinks all night at all the bars) ;Dangers This is obviously a very risky event. Walking through an almost frictionless environment anywhere from over water on a very narrow pole can be dangerous. Several injuries, most of them minor, can and have occurred. These injuries can range from scrapes and bruises to broken facial bones or ribs from falling and landing on the pole. Police boats are nearby to assist if someone is seriously injured and needs to be taken to the hospital. ;Trivia * The first winner of the Greasy Pole was Natale Misuraca. He died in 2011, and the new pole structure has a shrine to him at the point of departure for all walkers. * The record for most Greasy Pole wins belongs to Salvi Benson (10): 4 Saturdays, 6 Sundays. * Peter "Black" Frontiero won 7 straight Sunday contests between 1987–1993. Most Sunday wins, 9 over all and all on Super Sunday. * Only 2 men have won all 3 days (Friday, Saturday, and Sunday). Jake Wood was the first in 1999 (6th round Friday, 3rd Sat, 2nd Sun). Jake started walking in 1998 he now has a total of 7 wins . The Friday Greasy Pole was implemented, 1999. In 2019 Derek Hopkins became the second man to win all 3 days taking the flag down in the 2nd round all 3 days in his first year of eligibility, 20 years after Jake Wood accomplished the first trifecta. * Anthony "Matza" Giambanco is known as the "Sheriff of the Greasy Pole." 6 time champ. "Matza" famously walked and slid to the end of the pole, where he stood for a few seconds in triumph before jumping into the water with flag in hand. * In 1979, one man grabbed the flag in the first round, breaking the Courtesy Round rule. Unfortunately, he incurred the wrath of Anthony "Matza" Giambanco. He promptly punched the man, nailed the flag to the pole, and the competition continued. * Peter "Black" Frontiero is the only walker in the history of the competition to win in three different decades (1980s, 1990s and 2000s) and with three different announcers (Mike Deliberti, Big Tom Brancleone, and Sammy "Samutzu" Nicastro. * Joseph "JoeyD" DaSilva is the first walker to ever win on sea and land ("the surf and turf champion") with his two wins (Friday Fiesta 2011 and Fall Classic Saturday 2011). * For the 75th anniversary, in a big surprise to everyone, the announcer at the time (Sam Nicastro) was joined by his predecessors Big Tom Brancleone and Mike Dileberti for the announcing duties. * Joseph "JoeyD" DaSilva holds the Guinness World Record for the fastest time to cross a pole at 4.96 seconds. He set the record on the set of "Guinness World Records Gone Wild" in Los Angeles, California July 6, 2012. * The Greasy Pole was washed away, along with the platform that supported it, by a storm on September 30, 2011. As of March, 2012, it was being rebuilt and was expected to be ready for the 2012 event. ;Past Winners 1931 to 1998 (Before Friday Competition): Year Saturday Winner Sunday Winner 1931 Natale "Nat" Misuraca Oritan Vincenzo 1932 Oritan Vincenzo Oritan Vincenzo 1933 Geronimo Parisi Geronimo Parisi 1934 Jimmy Sinagra Dominic Grillo 1935 Natale "Nat" Misuraca Not held 1936 No Record Not held 1937 No Record Not held 1938 Jerome Loicano Not held 1939 Jerome Loicano Salvatore Randazza 1940 Unknown Unknown 1941 Joe Marino Joe Marino 1942 Jerome Loicano Joseph Frontiero 1943 Joseph Verga Peter Mione 1944 Joseph Argusso Louie Linquata 1950 John Randazza Jerome Liocano 1951 Gino Biondo Louio Linquata 1952 Joseph Argrusso Rained Out 1953 Tommy Misuraca Tommy Misuraca 1954 Johny Quince Tommy Misuraca 1955 Beanie Nicastro Beanie Nicastro 1956 Carlo "Sleppy" Pallazolla Carlo "Sleppy" Pallazolla 1957 Unknown Unknown 1958 John Frontiero Mike Calomo 1959 Frank Catania Phil Curcuru 1960 Phil Curcuru Frank Benson 1961 Not held Not held 1962 Not held Not held 1963 Phil Cucuru Phil Cucuru 1964 Salvatore Testaverde Joe "Black" Frontiero 1965 Phil Parisi & Phil Cucuru Phil Cucuru & "Uncle" Salvatore Russo 1966 Tom "Wolfman" Cavanaugh Tom "Wolfman" Cavanaugh 1967 Salvi Benson Vito Calamo 1968 Salvi Benson Salvi Benson 1969 Salvi Benson Gaetano Carini 1970 Gaetano Carini Pat Palmisano 1971 Salvi Benson Salvi Benson 1972 Tom "Wolfman" Cavanaugh Salvi Benson 1973 Tom "Wolfman" Cavanaugh Salvi Benson 1974 Tom "Wolfman" Cavanaugh Salvi Benson 1975 Anthony "Matza" Giambanco Anthony "Matza" Giambanco 1976 Gaetano Carini Benny Interante 1977 Billy Mumbruno Anthony "Matza" Giambanco 1978 Bobbi "Brother" Agostint Anthony "Matza" Giambanco 1979 Joe Palmisano Salvi Benson 1980 Paul Bertolini Anthony "Matza" Giambanco 1981 Jerry Santuccio Dom Verga 1982 Steve "Stubby" Asaro Dom Verga 1983 Phil Verga Jerry Santuccio 1984 Paul Nicastro Peter "Black" Frontiero 1985 Tom Favazza Dom Verga 1986 Jerry Ciolino Scott Clayton 1987 Sam Frontiero Peter "Black" Frontiero 1988 Anthony Saputo Peter "Black" Frontiero 1989 Russell Hines Peter "Black" Frontiero 1990 Johnny Corollo Peter "Black" Frontiero 1991 Jerry Cusamano Peter "Black" Frontiero 1992 Nico Brancaleone Peter "Black" Frontiero 1993 Steve LaBlanc Peter "Black" Frontiero 1994 Dave Foote Steve LaBlanc 1995 Steve Gray Chris Carlson 1996 John "Glass" Parisi Rich Hopkins 1997 Shawn Porper Rich Hopkins 1998 Jason Puglisi Nino Sanfillippo 1999 to Current (Friday Competition Introduced) Year Friday Winner Saturday Winner Sunday Winner 1999 Jake Wood Jake Wood Jake Wood 2000 Dean DeCoste Jude LaFavour Sammo Frontiero 2001 Phil Palmatieri James Sanfillipo John "Glass" Parisi 2002 Sandi Palazzolo Dean DeCoste Jake Wood 2003 Steve Militello Sandy Palazzolo Jake Wood 2004 Stew McGillivray Stew McGillivray Peter "Black" Frontiero 2005 Vinny Parisi Jimmy Silva Jake Wood 2006 Danny Balbo Jr. Vinny Parisi Jake Wood 2007 Louis Perry Joe Sanfillippo Russell Hines 2008 Steve Williamson John Church Stew McGillivray 2009 Jason Favaloro Joe Stelline Stew McGillivray 2010 Joe Brancaleone Jr. Peter Cannavo Stew McGillivray 2011 Joseph "JoeyD" DaSilva Kraig Hill Ali D'Angelo 2012 Ross "Cliffy" Carlson Nicky Avelis Stew McGillivray 2013 Kyle Barry Zack Allen Nicky Avelis 2014 Jack Russ Kyle Barry Mark Allen 2015 Lenny Taormina Joseph DaSilva Jake Wagner 2016 Michael Sanfilippo Lenny Taormina Kyle Barry 2017 Randy Sweet Randy Sweet Jake Wagner 2018 Frank Taormina Michael Sanfilippo Randy Sweet 2019 Derek Hopkins Derek Hopkins Derek Hopkins 2020 Not held Not held Not held 2021 Not held Not held Not held 2022 Leo Cannavo Anthony Novello Derek Hopkins 2023 Colin Sweet Steve Militello Derek Hopkins === The 2011 Greasy Pole Fall Classic === To help raise some of the money needed to replace the greasy pole platform that was damaged by tropical storm Irene, the Saint Peter's Fiesta Committee hosted the 2011 Greasy Pole Fall Classic at Gloucester High School's Newell Stadium. The competition featured three greasy poles, designated bronze, silver, and gold. This was expected to be the only Fall Classic, as the Greasy Pole is to be replaced with a platform that will last a century. The two time champ Joe DaSilva is the first person to ever win on sea and land, which earned him the nickname "Surf and Turf Champion." In 2012 Nick Avelis won Saturday's pole, and in 2013 Kyle Barry won Friday's pole, making all three "turf" champions "surf" champions as well (Avelis also won 2013 Sunday). Year Round Winner 2011 Bronze Kyle Barry 2011 Silver Nick Avelis 2011 Gold Joe "JoeyD" DaSilva === In film === In 2009, CoffeeBlack Productions — the Gloucester filmmaking team of Emile Doucette, Thomas Papows, and Michael Pallazola – created a short 7-minute documentary about the Greasy Pole and its cultural significance in the small fishing community of Gloucester, Massachusetts. The film won the Documentary Educational Resources Award at the International Documentary Challenge at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Film Festival. The group has plans to make a feature-length version of the film due out in 2010. WBZ-TV released an hourlong documentary about the Greasy Pole in 2023, entitled Love and Grease.Documentary "Love and Grease" highlights history of Greasy Pole competition. Yahoo News. June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023. ==References== Category:Gloucester, Massachusetts Category:Festivals in Massachusetts Category:Tourist attractions in Essex County, Massachusetts |
Kafir ( ; plural , or ; feminine ; feminine plural or ) is an Arabic and Islamic term which, in the Islamic tradition, refers to a person who disbelieves in God as per Islam, or denies his authority, or rejects the tenets of Islam; or simply all those who are not Muslims—those who do not believe in the guidance of Islamic prophet Muhammad. Thus the term is the opposite of the term "Muslim". The term is often translated as "infidel", "pagan", "rejector", "denier", "disbeliever", "unbeliever", "nonbeliever", and "non-Muslim". The term is used in different ways in the Quran, with the most fundamental sense being "ungrateful" (toward God). Kufr means "unbelief" or "non-belief", "to be thankless", "to be faithless", or "ingratitude". The opposite term of kufr is īmān (faith), and the opposite of kāfir is muʾmin (believer). A person who denies the existence of a creator might be called a dahri. Kafir is sometimes used interchangeably with mushrik (, those who practice polytheism), another type of religious wrongdoer mentioned frequently in the Quran and other Islamic works. (Other, sometimes overlapping Quranic terms for wrong doers are ẓallām (villain, oppressor) and fāsiq (sinner, fornicator).) Historically, while Islamic scholars agreed that a polytheist/mushrik is a kafir, they sometimes disagreed on the propriety of applying the term to Muslims who committed a grave sin or to the People of the Book. The Quran distinguishes between mushrikun and People of the Book, reserving the former term for idol-worshippers, although some classical commentators considered the Christian doctrine to be a form of shirk. In modern times, kafir is sometimes applied towards self-professed Muslims particularly by members of Islamist movements.Emmanuel M. Ekwo Racism and Terrorism: Aftermath of 9/11 Author House 2010 page 143 The act of declaring another self-professed Muslim a kafir is known as takfir, a practice that has been condemned but also employed in theological and political polemics over the centuries. A Dhimmī or Muʿāhid is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. Dhimmī were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims if they paid the poll tax (jizya) but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation according to some scholars, whereas others state that religious minorities subjected to the status of Dhimmī (such as Hindus, Christians, Jews, Samaritans, Gnostics, Mandeans, and Zoroastrians) were inferior to the status of Muslims in Islamic states. Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizya and kharaj taxes, while others, depending on the different rulings of the four madhhab, might be required to convert to Islam, pay the jizya, be exiled, or killed under the Islamic death penalty. In 2019, Nahdlatul Ulama, the world's largest independent Islamic organization based in Indonesia, issued a proclamation urging Muslims to refrain from using the word "kafir" to refer to non-Muslims, because the term is both offensive and perceived as "theologically violent". ==Etymology== The word is the active participle of the verb كَفَرَ kafara, from root ك-ف-ر K-F-R. As a pre-Islamic term it described farmers burying seeds in the ground. One of its applications in the Quran has also the same meaning as farmer.(أَعْجَبَ الْكُفَّارَ نَبَاتُهُ) Surah 57 Al-Hadid (Iron) Ayah 20 Since farmers cover the seeds with soil while planting, the word implies a person who hides or covers. Ideologically, it implies a person who hides or covers the truth. Arabic poets personify the darkness of night as kâfir, perhaps as a survival of pre-Islamic Arabian religious or mythological usage. The noun for disbelief, "blasphemy", "impiety" rather than the person who disbelieves, is kufr. ==Usage== The practice of declaring another Muslim as a kafir is takfir. Kufr (unbelief) and shirk (idolatry) are used throughout the Quran and sometimes used interchangeably by Muslims. According to Salafist scholars, Kufr is the "denial of the Truth" (truth in the form of articles of faith in Islam), and shirk means devoting "acts of worship to anything beside God" or "the worship of idols and other created beings". So a mushrik may worship other things while also "acknowledging God". ==In the Quran== The distinction between those who believe in Islam and those who do not is an essential one in the Quran. Kafir, and its plural kuffaar, is used directly 134 times in Quran, its verbal noun "kufr" is used 37 times, and the verbal cognates of kafir are used about 250 times. By extension of the basic meaning of the root, "to cover", the term is used in the Quran in the senses of ignore/fail to acknowledge and to spurn/be ungrateful. The meaning of "disbelief", which has come to be regarded as primary, retains all of these connotations in the Quranic usage. In the Quranic discourse, the term typifies all things that are unacceptable and offensive to God. Whereby it is not necessary to deny the existence of God, but it suffices to deviate from his will as seen in a dialogue between God and Iblis, the latter called a kafir.Juan Cole University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Juan Cole University of Michigan, Ann Arbor According to Al-Damiri (1341–1405) it is neither denying God, nor the act of disobedience alone, but Iblis' attitude (claiming that God's command is unjust), which makes him a kafir.Sharpe, Elizabeth Marie Into the realm of smokeless fire: (Qur'an 55:14): A critical translation of al-Damiri's article on the jinn from "Hayat al-Hayawan al-Kubra 1953 The University of Arizona download date: 15/03/2020 The most fundamental sense of kufr in the Quran is "ingratitude", the willful refusal to acknowledge or appreciate the benefits that God bestows on humankind, including clear signs and revealed scriptures. According to the E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4, the term first applied in the Quran to unbelieving Meccans, who endeavoured "to refute and revile the Prophet". A waiting attitude towards the kafir was recommended at first for Muslims; later, Muslims were ordered to keep apart from unbelievers and defend themselves against their attacks and even take the offensive. Most passages in the Quran referring to unbelievers in general talk about their fate on the day of judgement and destination in hell. According to scholar Marilyn Waldman, as the Quran "progresses" (as the reader goes from the verses revealed first to later ones), the meaning behind the term kafir does not change but "progresses", i.e. "accumulates meaning over time". As the Islamic prophet Muhammad's views of his opponents change, his use of kafir "undergoes a development". Kafir moves from being one description of Muhammad's opponents to the primary one. Later in the Quran, kafir becomes more and more connected with shirk. Finally, towards the end of the Quran, kafir begins to also signify the group of people to be fought by the mu'minīn (believers). ==Types of unbelievers== ===People of the Book=== Charles Adams writes that the Quran reproaches the People of the Book with kufr for rejecting Muhammad's message when they should have been the first to accept it as possessors of earlier revelations, and singles out Christians for disregarding the evidence of God's unity. The Quranic verse ("Certainly they disbelieve [kafara] who say: God is the third of three"), among other verses, has been traditionally understood in Islam as rejection of the Christian doctrine on the Trinity, though modern scholarship has suggested alternative interpretations. Other Quranic verses strongly deny the deity of Jesus Christ, son of Mary and reproach the people who treat Jesus as equal with God as disbelievers who will have strayed from the path of God which would result in the entrance of hellfire.Joseph, Jojo, Qur'an-Gospel Convergence: The Qur'an's Message To Christians, , Journal of Dharma, 1 (January–March 2010), pp. 55–76Mazuz, Haggai (2012) "Christians in the Qurʾān: Some Insights Derived from the Classical Exegetic Approach", Journal of Dharma 35, 1 (January–March 2010), 55–76 While the Quran does not recognize the attribute of Jesus as the Son of God or God himself, it respects Jesus as a prophet and messenger of God sent to children of Israel.Schirrmacher, Christine, The Islamic view of Christians: Qur’an and Hadith Some Muslim thinkers such as Mohamed Talbi have viewed the most extreme Quranic presentations of the dogmas of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus (, , ) as non-Christian formulas that were rejected by the Church. On the other hand, modern scholarship has suggested alternative interpretations of verse Q.. Cyril Glasse criticizes the use of kafirun [pl. of kafir] to describe Christians as "loose usage". According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, in traditional Islamic jurisprudence, ahl al-kitab are "usually regarded more leniently than other kuffar [pl. of kafir]" and "in theory" a Muslim commits a punishable offense if he says to a Jew or a Christian: "Thou unbeliever". (Charles Adams and A. Kevin Reinhart also write that "later thinkers" in Islam distinguished between ahl al-kitab and the polytheists/mushrikīn.) Historically, People of the Book permanently residing under Islamic rule were entitled to a special status known as dhimmī, while those visiting Muslim lands received a different status known as musta'min. ===Mushrikun=== Mushrikun (pl. of mushrik) are those who believe in shirk (polytheism), which literally means "association" and refers to accepting other gods and divinities alongside the god of the Muslims – Allah (as God's "associates"). The term is often translated as 'polytheism'. The Quran distinguishes between mushrikun and People of the Book, reserving the former term for idol worshipers, although some classical commentators considered Christian doctrine to be a form of shirk. Shirk is held to be the worst form of disbelief, and it is identified in the Quran as the only sin that God will not pardon (, ). Accusations of shirk have been common in religious polemics within Islam. Thus, in the early Islamic debates on free will and theodicy, Sunni theologians charged their Mu'tazila adversaries with shirk, accusing them of attributing to man creative powers comparable to those of God in both originating and executing his own actions. Mu'tazila theologians, in turn, charged the Sunnis with shirk on the grounds that under their doctrine a voluntary human act would result from an "association" between God, who creates the act, and the individual who appropriates it by carrying it out. In classical jurisprudence, Islamic religious tolerance applied only to the People of the Book, while mushrikun, based on the Sword Verse, faced a choice between conversion to Islam and fight to the death, which may be substituted by enslavement. In practice, the designation of People of the Book and the dhimmī status was extended even to non-monotheistic religions of conquered peoples, such as Hinduism. Following destruction of major Hindu temples during the Muslim conquests in South Asia, Hindus and Muslims on the subcontinent came to share a number of popular religious practices and beliefs, such as veneration of Sufi saints and worship at Sufi dargahs, although Hindus may worship at Hindu shrines also. In the 18th century, followers of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (aka Wahhabis) believed "kufr or shirk" was found in the Muslim community itself, especially in "the practice of popular religion": While ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Wahhābīs was/were "the best-known premodern" revivalist and "sectarian movement" of that era, other revivalists included Shah Ismail Dehlvi and Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, leaders of the Mujāhidīn movement on the North-West frontier of India in the early nineteenth century. ===Sinners=== Whether a Muslim could commit a sin great enough to become a kafir was disputed by jurists in the early centuries of Islam. The most tolerant view (that of the Murji'ah) was that even those who had committed a major sin (kabira) were still believers and "their fate was left to God". The most strict view (that of Kharidji Ibadis, descended from the Kharijites) was that every Muslim who dies having not repented of his sins was considered a kafir. In between these two positions, the Mu'tazila believed that there was a status between believer and unbeliever called "rejected" or fasiq. ===Takfir=== The Kharijites' view that the self-proclaimed Muslim who had sinned and "failed to repent had ipso facto excluded himself from the community, and was hence a kafir" (a practice known as takfir) was considered so extreme by the Sunni majority that they in turn declared the Kharijites to be kuffar, following the hadith that declared, "If a Muslim charges a fellow Muslim with kufr, he is himself a kafir if the accusation should prove untrue". Nevertheless, in Islamic theological polemics kafir was "a frequent term for the Muslim protagonist" holding the opposite view, according to Brill's Islamic Encyclopedia. Present-day Muslims who make interpretations that differ from what others believe are declared kafirs; fatwas (edicts by Islamic religious leaders) are issued ordering Muslims to kill them, and some such people have been killed also. ===Murtad=== Another group that are "distinguished from the mass of kafirun" are the murtad, or apostate ex-Muslims, who are considered renegades and traitors. Their traditional punishment is death, even, according to some scholars, if they recant their abandonment of Islam. ===Muʿāhid / Dhimmī=== Dhimmī are non-Muslims living under the protection of an Islamic state. Dhimmī were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims if they paid the poll tax (jizya) but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation according to some scholars,H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of ) writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, p.179. Oxford University Press. . whereas others state that religious minorities subjected to the status of Dhimmī (such as Jews, Samaritans, Gnostics, Mandeans, and Zoroastrians) were inferior to the status of Muslims in Islamic states. Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizyah while pagans, depending on the different rulings of the four madhhab, might be required to accept Islam, pay the jizya, be exiled, or be killed under the Islamic death penalty.Waines (2003). "An Introduction to Islam". Cambridge University Press. p. 53Winter, T. J., & Williams, J. A. (2002). Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. p. 82. . Quote: The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur. Some historians believe that forced conversion was rare in Islamic history, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. Muslim rulers were often more interested in conquest than conversion. Upon payment of the tax (jizya), the dhimmī would receive a receipt of payment, either in the form of a piece of paper or parchment or as a seal humiliatingly placed upon their neck, and was thereafter compelled to carry this receipt wherever he went within the realms of Islam. Failure to produce an up-to-date jizya receipt on the request of a Muslim could result in death or forced conversion to Islam of the dhimmī in question. ==Types of disbelief== Various types of unbelief recognized by legal scholars include: *kufr bi-l-qawl (verbally expressed unbelief) *kufr bi-l-fi'l (unbelief expressed through action) *kufr bi- l-i'tiqad (unbelief of convictions) *kufr akbar (major unbelief) *kufr asghar (minor unbelief) *takfir 'amm (general charge of unbelief, i.e. charged against a community like ahmadiyya *takfir al-mu'ayyan (charge of unbelief against a particular individual) *takfir al-'awamm (charge of unbelief against "rank and file Muslims" for example following taqlid. *takfir al-mutlaq (category covers general statements such as 'whoever says X or does Y is guilty of unbelief') * kufr asli (original unbelief of non-Muslims, those born to non-Muslim family) *kufr tari (acquired unbelief of formerly observant Muslims, i.e. apostates) ===Iman=== Muslim belief/doctrine is often summarized in "the Six Articles of Faith", (the first five are mentioned together in the ). # God # His angels # His Messengers # His Revealed Books, # The Day of Resurrection # Al-Qadar, Divine Preordainments, i.e. whatever God has ordained must come to pass According to the Salafi scholar Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al- Hilali, "kufr is basically disbelief in any of the articles of faith. He also lists several different types of major disbelief, (disbelief so severe it excludes those who practice it completely from the fold of Islam): # Kufr-at- Takdhib: disbelief in divine truth or the denial of any of the articles of Faith (quran 39:32) # Kufr-al-iba wat-takabbur ma'at-Tasdiq: refusing to submit to God's Commandments after conviction of their truth (quran 2:34) # Kufr-ash-Shakk waz-Zann: doubting or lacking conviction in the six articles of Faith. (quran 18:35–38) # Kufr-al-I'raadh: turning away from the truth knowingly or deviating from the obvious signs which God has revealed. (quran 46:3) # Kufr-an-Nifaaq: hypocritical disbelief (quran 63:2–3) Minor disbelief or Kufran-Ni'mah indicates "ungratefulness of God's Blessings or Favours". According to another source, a paraphrase of the Tafsir by Ibn Kathir, there are eight kinds of Al-Kufr al-Akbar (major unbelief), some are the same as those described by Al-Hilali (Kufr-al-I'rad, Kufr-an-Nifaaq) and some different. # Kufrul-'Inaad: Disbelief out of stubbornness. This applies to someone who knows the Truth and admits to knowing the Truth, and knowing it with his tongue, but refuses to accept it and refrains from making a declaration. God says: Throw into Hell every stubborn disbeliever. # Kufrul- Inkaar: Disbelief out of denial. This applies to someone who denies with both heart and tongue. God says: They recognize the favors of God, yet they deny them. Most of them are disbelievers. # Kufrul-Juhood: Disbelief out of rejection. This applies to someone who acknowledges the truth in his heart, but rejects it with his tongue. This type of kufr is applicable to those who call themselves Muslims but who reject any necessary and accepted norms of Islam such as Salah and Zakat. God says: They denied them (our signs) even though their hearts believed in them, out of spite and arrogance. # Kufrul- Nifaaq: Disbelief out of hypocrisy. This applies to someone who pretends to be a believer but conceals his disbelief. Such a person is called a munafiq or hypocrite. God says: Verily the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of Hell. You will find no one to help them. # Kufrul-Kurh: Disbelief out of detesting any of God's commands. God says: Perdition (destruction) has been consigned to those who disbelieve and He will render their actions void. This is because they are averse to that which God has revealed so He has made their actions fruitless. # Kufrul-Istihzaha: Disbelief due to mockery and derision. God says: Say: Was it at God, His signs and His apostles that you were mocking? Make no excuses. You have disbelieved after you have believed. # Kufrul-I'raadh: Disbelief due to avoidance. This applies to those who turn away and avoid the truth. God says: And who is more unjust than he who is reminded of his Lord's signs but then turns away from them. Then he forgets what he has sent forward (for the Day of Judgement). # Kufrul-Istibdaal: Disbelief because of trying to substitute God's Laws with man-made laws. God says: Or have they partners with God who have instituted for them a religion that God has not allowed. God says: Say not concerning that which your tongues put forth falsely (that) is lawful and this is forbidden so as to invent a lie against God. Verily, those who invent a lie against God will never prosper. ===Ignorance=== In Islam, ("ignorance") refers to the time of Arabia before Islam. ==History of the usage of the term== ===Usage in the earliest sense=== When the Islamic empire expanded, the word "kafir" was broadly used as a descriptive term for all pagans and anyone else who disbelieved in Islam. Historically, the attitude toward unbelievers in Islam was determined more by socio-political conditions than by religious doctrine. A tolerance toward unbelievers "impossible to imagine in contemporary Christendom" prevailed even to the time of the Crusades, particularly with respect to the People of the Book. However, due to animosity towards Franks, the term kafir developed into a term of abuse. During the Mahdist War, the Mahdist State used the term kuffar against Ottoman Turks, and the Turks themselves used the term kuffar towards Persians during the Ottoman-Safavid wars. In modern Muslim popular imagination, the dajjal (antichrist-like figure) will have k-f-r written on his forehead. However, there was extensive religious violence in India between Muslims and non-Muslims during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (before the political decline of Islam).Holt et al., The Cambridge History of Islam - The Indian sub-continent, south-east Asia, Africa and the Muslim west, Scott Levi (2002), Hindu beyond Hindu Kush: Indians in Central Asian Slave Trade, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol 12, Part 3, pp. 281–83 In their memoirs on Muslim invasions, enslavement and plunder of this period, many Muslim historians in South Asia used the term Kafir for Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains.Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, p. 273 Elliot and Dowson, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 2, Trubner London, pp. 347–67Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, pp. 68–69 Raziuddin Aquil states that "non-Muslims were often condemned as kafirs, in medieval Indian Islamic literature, including court chronicles, Sufi texts and literary compositions" and fatwas were issued that justified persecution of the non-Muslims.Raziuddin Aquil (2008), On Islam and Kufr in the Delhi Sultanate, in Rethinking a Millennium: Perspectives on Indian History (Editor: Rajat Datta), , Chapter 7, pp. 168–85 Relations between Jews and Muslims in the Arab world and use of the word "kafir" were equally as complex, and over the last century, issues regarding "kafir" have arisen over the conflict in Israel and Palestine. Calling the Jews of Israel, "the usurping kafir", Yasser Arafat turned on the Muslim resistance and "allegedly set a precedent for preventing Muslims from mobilizing against 'aggressor disbelievers' in other Muslim lands, and enabled 'the cowardly, alien kafir' to achieve new levels of intervention in Muslim affairs." In 2019, Nahdlatul Ulama, the largest independent Islamic organization in the world based in Indonesia, issued a proclamation urging Muslims to refrain from using the word kafir to refer to non-Muslims, as the term is both offensive and perceived to be "theologically violent". ====Muhammad's parents==== A hadith in which Muhammad states that his father, Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, was in Hell, has become a source of disagreement among Islamic scholars about the status of Muhammad's parents. Over the centuries, Sunni scholars have dismissed this hadith despite its appearance in the authoritative Sahih Muslim collection. It passed through a single chain of transmission for three generations, so that its authenticity was not considered certain enough to supersede a theological consensus which stated that people who died before a prophetic message reached them—as Muhammad's father had done—could not be held accountable for not embracing it. Shia Muslim scholars likewise consider Muhammad's parents to be in Paradise.alhassanain. The Nasibis Kufr Fatwa – that the Prophet (s)'sparents were Kaafir (God forbid)Shia Pen. Chapter Four – The pure monotheistic lineage of Prophets and Imams (as) In contrast, the Salafi website IslamQA.info, founded by the Saudi Arabian Salafi scholar Muhammad Al-Munajjid, argues that Islamic tradition teaches that Muhammad's parents were kuffār ("disbelievers") who are in Hell. ===Other uses=== thumb|The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country by Rev. Joseph Shooter By the 15th century, Muslims in Africa were using the word Kaffir in reference to the non-Muslim African natives. Many of those kufari were enslaved and sold to European and Asian merchants by their Muslim captors, most of the merchants were from Portugal, which had established trading outposts along the coast of West Africa by that time. These European traders adopted the Arabic word and its derivatives. Some of the earliest records of European usage of the word can be found in The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589) by Richard Hakluyt. In volume 4, Hakluyt writes: "calling them Cafars and Gawars, which is, infidels or disbelievers". Volume 9 refers to the slaves (slaves called Cafari) and inhabitants of Ethiopia (and they use to go in small shippes, and trade with the Cafars) by two different but similar names. The word is also used in reference to the coast of Africa as land of Cafraria. The 16th century explorer Leo Africanus described the Cafri as "negroes", and he also stated that they constituted one of five principal population groups in Africa. He identified their geographical heartland as being located in a remote region of southern Africa, an area which he designated as Cafraria. By the late 19th century, the word was in use in English-language newspapers and books. One of the Union-Castle Line ships operating off the South African coast was named SS Kafir. In the early twentieth century, in his book The Essential Kafir, Dudley Kidd writes that the word kafir had come to be used for all dark-skinned South African tribes. Thus, in many parts of South Africa, kafir became synonymous with the word "native". Currently in South Africa, however, the word kaffir is regarded as a racial slur, applied pejoratively or offensively to blacks. The song "Kafir" by the American technical death metal band Nile on its sixth album Those Whom the Gods Detest uses the violent attitudes that Muslim extremists have towards kafirs as subject matter. The Nuristani people were formerly known as the Kaffirs of Kafiristan before the Afghan Islamization of the region. The Kalash people who live in the Hindu Kush mountain range which is located south west of Chitral are referred to as kafirs by the Muslim population of Chitral. In modern Spanish, the word cafre, derived from the Arabic word kafir by way of the Portuguese language, also means "uncouth" or "savage". ==See also== ==References== ===Notes=== ===Citations=== ==External links== * Nonbelief: An Islamic Perspective * Qur'an verses that speak about non-Muslims * Takfir – Anathematizing * Universal Validity of Religions and the Issue of Takfir * Inminds.co.uk * Hermeneutics of takfir Category:Ethno-cultural designations Category:Islam and other religions Category:Islam-related slurs Category:Islamic belief and doctrine Category:Islamic terminology |
Dodola (also spelled Dodole, Dudola, Dudula etc.) and Perperuna (also spelled Peperuda, Preperuda, Preperuša, Prporuša, Papaluga etc.), are Balkan rainmaking pagan customs practiced until the 20th century. The tradition is found in South Slavic countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia), as well as in near Albania, Greece, Hungary, Moldavia and Romania. It is a ceremonial ritual of singing and dancing done by young boys and girls in times of droughts. According to some interpretations it was related to Slavic god Perun, and Perperuna could have been a Slavic goddess of rain, and the wife of the supreme deity Perun (god of thunder and weather in the Slavic pantheon). == Names == The custom's Slavic prototype name is *Perperuna (with variations Preperuna, Peperuna, Preperuda/Peperuda, Pepereda, Preperuga/Peperuga, Peperunga, Pemperuga in Bulgaria and North Macedonia: Prporuša, Parparuša, Preporuša/Preporuča, Preperuša, Barburuša/Barbaruša in Croatia; Peperuda, Papaluga, Papaluda/Paparuda, Babaruta, Mamaruta in Romania and Moldavia; Perperouna, Perperinon, Perperouga, Parparouna in Greece; Perperona/Perperone, Rona in Albania; Pirpirunã among Aromanians) and Dodola (including Serbia among previous countries, with variants Dodole, Dudola, Dudula, Dudule, Dudulica, Doda, Dodočka, Dudulejka, Didjulja, Dordolec/Durdulec etc.). They can be found among South Slavs, Albanians, Greeks, Hungarians, Moldavians, Romanians, Vlachs or Aromanians (including regions of Bukovina and Bessarabia). All variants are considered to be taboo- alternations to "avoid profaning the holy name" of pagan god. According to Roman Jakobson and others perperuna is formed by reduplication of root "per-" (to strike/beat). Those with root "peper-", "papar-" and "pirpir-" were changed accordingly modern words for pepper-tree and poppy plant, possibly also perper and else. Dimitar Marinov derived it from Bulgarian word for butterfly where in folk beliefs has supernatural powers related to rain, but according to Jakobson the mythological context of the customs and links explains the Bulgarian entomological names. Michail Arnaudov derived it from Slavic verb "pršiti" (spray). Petar Skok considered prporuša a metaphorical derivation from Slavic prpor/pŕpa (hot ash), pórusa ("when water is poured on burning ash"). Stanisław Urbańczyk and Michal Łuczyński put into question Jakobson's theonymic derivation, deriving instead from Proto-Slavic *perpera, *perperъka (in Polish przepiórka), name for Common quail, which has a role in Polish harvest rituals and the name of the bride in the wedding dance. These are also related to *pъrpati (onomatopoeic), cf. Polish dial. perpotać, perpac, Old East Slavic poropriti. == Origin == The rainmaking practice is a shared tradition among Balkan peoples, and it is not clear who borrowed it from whom. The fact so similar customs in the Balkans are known by two different names the differences are considered not to be from the same time period and ethnic groups. It is usually considered they have a mythological and etymological Slavic origin related to Slavic thunder-god Perun, and became widespread in the Southeastern Europe with the Slavic migrations to the Balkans (6th-10th century). According to the Slavic theory, it is a (Balto-)Slavic heritage of Proto-Indo-European origin related to Slavic thunder-god Perun. It has parallels in ritual prayers for bringing rain in times of drought dedicated to rain-thunder deity Parjanya recorded in the Vedas and Baltic thunder-god Perkūnas, cognates alongside Perun of Proto-Indo- European weather-god Perkwunos. The same ritual in an early medieval Ruthenian manuscript is related to East Slavic deity Pereplut. According to Jakobson, Novgorod Chronicle ("dožd prapruden") and Pskov Chronicle ("dožd praprudoju neiskazaemo silen") could have "East Slavic trace of Peperuda calling forth the rain", and West Slavic god Pripegala reminds of Preperuga/Prepeluga variation and connection with Perun. Serbo-Croatian archaic variant Prporuša and verb prporiti se ("to fight") also have parallels in Old Russian ("porъprjutъsja"). The name Dodola is cognate with the Lithuanian Dundulis, a word for "thunder" and another name of the Baltic thunder-god Perkūnas. It is also distantly related to Greek Dodona and Daedala. Bulgarian variant Didjulja is similar to alleged Polish goddess Dzidzilela, and Polish language also has verb dudnić ("to thunder"). According to another interpretation the name Perperuna can be identified as the reduplicated feminine derivative of the name of the male god Perun (per-perun-a), being his female consort, wife and goddess of rain Perperuna Dodola, which parallels the Old Norse couple Fjörgyn–Fjörgynn and the Lithuanian Perkūnas–Perkūnija. Perun's battle against Veles because of Perperuna/Dodola's kidnapping has paralles in Zeus saving of Persephone after Hades carried her underground causing big drought on Earth, also seen in the similarity of the names Perperuna and Persephone. Recent research criticize invention of a Slavic female goddess. Another explanation for the variations of the name Dodola is relation to the Slavic spring goddess (Dido-)Lada/Lado/Lela, some scholars relate Dodole with pagan custom and songs of Lade (Ladarice) in Hrvatsko Zagorje (so-called "Ladarice Dodolske"), and in Žumberak-Križevci for the Preperuša custom was also used term Ladekarice. Similar customs have been observed in the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, and North Africa. William Shedden-Ralston noted that Jacob Grimm thought Perperuna/Dodola were "originally identical with the Bavarian Wasservogel and the Austrian Pfingstkönig" rituals. Milenko S. Filipović and Vitomir Belaj, although relating them to the Perun's cult, considering the geographical distribution considered the possibility it also has a Paleo-Balkan background. The Romanian-Aromanian and Greek ethnic origin was rejected by Alan Wace, Maurice Scott Thompson, George Frederick Abbott among others, also noting it was not known in Southern Greece. One theory, in particular, argues that Slavic deity Perun and Perperuna/Dodola customs are of Thracian origin.Dimitǔr Dechev, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, Wien: R.M. Rohrer, 1957, pp. 144, 151 == Ritual == Perperuna and Dodola are considered very similar pagan customs with common origin, with main difference being in the most common gender of the central character (possibly related to social hierarchy of the specific ethnic or regional group), lyric verses, sometimes religious content, and presence or absence of a chorus. They essentially belong to rituals related to fertility, but over time differentiated to a specific form connected with water and vegetation. They represent a group of rituals with a human collective going on a procession around houses and fields of a village, but with a central live character which differentiates them from other similar collective rituals in the same region and period (Krstonoše, Poklade, Kolade, German, Ladarice, those during Jurjevo and Ivandan and so on). In the valley of Skopje in North Macedonia the Dodola were held on Thursday which was Perun's day. The core of the song always mentions a type of rain and list of regional crops. The first written mentions and descriptions of the pagan custom are from the 18th century by Dimitrie Cantemir in Description of Moldavia (1714/1771, Papaluga), then in a Greek law book from Bucharest (1765, it invoked 62nd Cannon to stop the custom of Paparuda), and by the Bulgarian hieromonk Spiridon Gabrovski who also noted to be related to Perun (1792, Peperud). South Slavs and non-Slavic peoples alike used to organise the Perperuna/Dodola ritual in times of spring and especially summer droughts, where they worshipped the god/goddess and prayed to him/her for rain (and fertility, later also asked for other field and house blessings). The central character of the ceremony of Perperuna was usually a young boy, while of Dodola usually a young girl, both aged between 10–15 years. Purity was important, and sometimes to be orphans. They would be naked, but were not anymore in latest forms of 19-20th century, wearing a skirt and dress densely made of fresh green knitted vines, leaves and flowers of Sambucus nigra, Sambucus ebulus, Clematis flammula, Clematis vitalba, fern and other deciduous shrubs and vines, small branches of Tilia, Oak and other. The green cover initially covered all body so that the central person figure was almost unrecognizable, but like the necessity of direct skin contact with greenery it also greatly decreased and was very simple in modern period. They whirled and were followed by a small procession of children who walked and danced with them around the same village and fields, sometimes carrying oak or beech branches, singing the ritual prayer, stopping together at every house yard, where the hosts would sprinkle water on chosen boy/girl who would shake and thus sprinkle everyone and everything around it (example of "analogical magic"), hosts also gifted treats (bread, eggs, cheese, sausages etc., in a later period also money) to children who shared and consumed them among them and sometimes even hosts would drink wine, seemingly as a sacrifice in Perun's honor. The chosen boy/girl was called by one of the name variants of the ritual itself, however in Istria was also known as Prporuš and in Dalmatia- Boka Kotorska as Prpac/Prpats and both regions his companions as Prporuše, while at Pirot and Nišava District in Southern Serbia near Bulgarian border were called as dodolće and preperuđe, and as in Macedonia both names appear in the same song. By the 20th century once common rituals almost vanished in the Balkans, although rare examples of practice can be traced until 1950-1980s and remained in folk memory. The main reason is the development of agriculture and consequently lack of practical need for existence of mystical connection and customs with nature and weather. Christian church also tried to diminish pagan beliefs and customs, resulting in "dual belief" (dvoeverie) in rural populations, a conscious preservation of pre-Christian beliefs and practices alongside Christianity. Into customs and songs were mixed elements from other rituals including Christianity, but they also influenced the creation of Christian songs and prayers invoking the rain which were used as a close Christian alternative (decline was reportedly faster among Catholics). According to Velimir Deželić Jr. in 1937, it was an old custom that "Christians approved it, took it over and further refined it. In the old days, Prporuša were very much like a pious ritual, only later the leaders - Prpac - began to boast too much, and Prporuše seemed to be more interested in gifts than beautiful singing and prayer". Depending on region, instead of village boys and girls the pagan ritual by then was mostly done by migrating Romani people from other villages and for whom it became a professional performance motivated by gifts, sometimes followed by financially poor members from other ethnic groups. Due to Anti-Romani sentiment, the association with Romani also caused repulsion, shame and ignorance among last generations of members of ethnic groups who originally performed it. Eventually it led to a dichotomy of identification with own traditional heritage, Christianity and stereotypes about Romani witchcraft. ===Perperuna songs=== Ioan Slavici reported in 1881 that the custom of Paparuga was already "very disbanded" in Romania. Stjepan Žiža in 1889/95 reported that the once common ritual almost vanished in Southwestern and Central-Eastern Istria, Croatia. Ivan Milčetić recorded in 1896 that the custom of Prporuša also almost vanished from the North Adriatic island of Krk, although almost recently it was well known in all Western parts of Croatia, while in other parts as Dodola. Croatian linguist Josip Ribarić recorded in 1916 that it was still alive in Southwestern Istria and Ćićarija (and related it to the 16th century migration from Dalmatia of speakers of Southwestern Istrian dialect). On island of Krk was also known as Barburuša/Barbaruša/Bambaruša (occurrence there is possibly related to the 15th century migration which included besides Croats also Vlach-Istro-Romanian shepherds). It was also widespread in Dalmatia (especially Zadar hinterland, coast and islands), Žumberak (also known as Pepeluše, Prepelice) and Western Slavonia (Križevci). It was held in Istria at least until the 1950s, in Žumberak until the 1960s, while according to one account in Jezera on island Murter the last were in the late 20th century. In Serbia, Perperuna was only found in Kosovo, Southern and Eastern Serbia near Bulgarian border. According to Natko Nodilo the discrepancy in distribution between these two countries makes an idea that originally Perperuna was Croatian while Dodola was Serbian custom. Seemingly it was not present in Slovenia, Northern Croatia, almost all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro (only sporadically in Boka Kotorska). Luka Jovović from Virpazar, Montenegro reported in 1896 that in Montenegro existed some koleda custom for summer droughts, but was rare and since 1870s not practiced anymore. Bulgaria Albania Croatia-Krk (Dubašnica, 1896) Croatia-Istria (Vodice, 1916) Croatia-Istria (Čepić, 1896/Štifanići near Baderna, 1906/08) Croatia-Dalmatia (Ražanac, 1905) Croatia-Dalmatia (Ravni Kotari, 1867) Croatia-Žumberak (Pavlanci, 1890) Letela e peperuda Daĭ, Bozhe, dŭzhd Daĭ, Bozhe, dŭzhd Ot orache na kopache Da se rodi zhito, proso Zhito, proso i pshenitsa Da se ranyat siracheta Siracheta, siromasi Rona-rona, Peperona Bjerë shi ndë arat tona! Të bëhetë thekëri I gjatë gjer në çati Gruri gjer në perëndi Ashtu edhe misëri! Prporuša hodila Službu boga molila Dajte sira, dajte jaj Da nam bog da mladi daž Od šenice višnji klas! A ti, bože vični Smiluj se na nas! Prporuše hodile Slavu Boga molile I šenice bilice Svake dobre sričice Bog nan ga daj Jedan tihi daž! Preporuči hodili / Prporuše hodile Iz Prepora grada / 's Prpora grada Kuda hodili / Da nam bog da dažda Tuda Boga molili / Crljenoga mažda Da nam Bog da dažda / I šenice bilice I crljenoga masta / Svake dobre sričice I šenice bilice / Šenica nan rodila I svake dobre srećice / Dičica prohodila Šenica narodila / Šenicu pojili Dica nam prohodila / Dicu poženili I šenicu pojili / Skupi, bože, oblake! I dicu poženili / Struni bojžu rosicu Skupi, Bože, oblake / Na tu svetu zemljicu! Hiti božju kapljicu / Amen, amen, amen Na ovu svetu zemljicu! Amen Prporuše hodile Putom Boga molile Da ni pane kišica Da ni rodi šenica bilica I vinova lozica Prporuše hodile Terem Boga molile Da nam dade kišicu Da nam rodi godina I šenica bjelica I vinova lozica I nevjesta đetića Do prvoga božića Daruj nama, striko naša Oku brašna, striko naša Bublu masla, striko naša Runce vune, striko naša Jedan sirčić, striko naša Šaku soli, striko naša Dva, tri jajca, striko naša Ostaj s Bogom, striko naša Koja si nas darovala Preperuša odila Za nas Boga molila Daj nam Bože kišice Na ovu našu ljetinu Da pokvasi mladinu Pucaj, pucaj ledeno Škrapaj, škrapaj godino Mi smo tebi veseli Kano Isus Mariji Kaj Marija Isusu Kano mati djetetu ===Dodola songs=== The oldest record for Dodole rituals in Macedonia is the song "Oj Ljule" from Struga region, recorded in 1861. The Dodola rituals in Macedonia were actively held until the 1960s. In Bulgaria the chorus was also "Oj Ljule". The oldest record in Serbia was by Vuk Karadžić (1841), where was widespread all over the country and held at least until 1950/70s. In Croatia was found in Eastern Slavonia, Southern Baranja and Southeastern Srijem. August Šenoa in his writing about the travel to Okić-grad near Samobor, Croatia mentioned that saw two dodole. To them is related the custom of Lade/Ladarice from other parts of Croatia, having chorus "Oj Lado, oj!" and similar verses "Molimo se višnjem Bogu/Da popuhne tihi vjetar, Da udari rodna kiša/Da porosi naša polja, I travicu mekušicu/Da nam stada Lado, Ugoje se naša stada". Macedonia (Struga, 1861) Serbia (1841) Serbia (1867) Serbia (1867) Croatia-Slavonia (Đakovo) Croatia-Slavonia (Đakovo, 1957) Croatia-Srijem (Tovarnik, 1979) Otletala preperuga, oj ljule, oj! Ot oracha na oracha, oj ljule, oj! Ot kopacha na kopacha, oj ljule, oj! Ot rezhacha na rezhacha; oj ljule, oj! Da zarosit sitna rosa, oj ljule, oj! Sitna rosa beriketna, oj ljule, oj! I po pole i po more; oj ljule, oj! Da se rodit s' beriket, oj ljule, oj! S' beriket vino-zhito; oj ljule, oj! Cheincite do gredite, oj ljule, oj! Jachmenite do streite, oj ljule, oj! Lenoite do pojasi, oj ljule, oj! Uroite do kolena; oj ljule, oj! Da se ranet siromasi, oj ljule, oj! Drvete ne so osito, oj ljule, oj! Da je sita godina; oj ljule, oj! Drvete ne so oshnica, oj ljule, oj! Da ja polna koshnica; oj ljule, oj! Drvete ne so jamache, oj ljule, oj! Da je tuchna godina, oj ljule, oj! Mi idemo preko sela, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! A oblaci preko neba, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! A mi brže, oblak brže, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Oblaci nas pretekoše, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Žito, vino porosiše, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Molimo se višnjem Bogu, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Da udari rosna kiša, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Da porosi naša polja, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! I šenicu ozimicu, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! I dva pera kukuruza, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Naša doda Boga moli, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Da udari rosna kiša, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Da pokisnu svi orači, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Svi orači i kopači, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! I po kući poslovači, Oj dodo, oj dodo le! Naša doda moli Boga Oj dodole, moj božole! Da porosi rosna kiša Oj dodole, moj božole! Da pokvasi naša polja Oj dodole, moj božole! Da urode, da prerode Oj dodole, moj božole! Naša dojda moli boga da kiša pada Da pokisne suvo polje, oj, dojdole! Da pokisnu svi orači Svi orači i kopači, oj, dojdole! I po kući poslovači Oj, dojdole, oj, dojdole! I dva pera kukuruza I lanovi za darove, oj, dojdole! Da urodi, da prerodi, da ne polegne Oj, dojdole, oj, dojdole! Naša doda moli Boga Da nam Bog da rosne kiše Rosne kiše malo više Na orače i kopače I na naše suve bašće Oj dodo, oj dodole! Da trava raste Da paun pase Da sunce sija Da žito zrija Oj dodo, oj dodole! == See also == * Perëndi * Caloian * Porevit * Porenut * Slavic paganism == References == === Bibliography === * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * === Further reading === * . "Dodola (Adatok az esőcsináláshoz)" [Dodola, Beiträge zum Regenmachen]. In: Ethnographia 6 (1895): 418—422. (In Hungarian) * * Boghici, Constantina. "Archaic Elements in the Romanian Spring-Summer Traditions. Landmarks for Dâmboviţa County". In: Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, Series VIII: Performing Arts 2 (2013): 17-18. https://ceeol.azurewebsites.net/search/article-detail?id=258246 * * ; . "Dodola and Other Slavonic Folk-Customs in County Baranya (Hungary)". In: Acta Ethnographica, 16 (1967): 399-408. * Janković, Danica S., and Ljubica S. Janković. “Serbian Folk Dance Tradition in Prizren”. In: Ethnomusicology 6, no. 2 (1962): 117. https://doi.org/10.2307/924671. * Мандич, Мария. "„Жизнь“ ритуала после „угасания“: Пример додолы из села Сигетчеп в Венгрии" [The ’life’ of an extinguished ritual: The case of the rain ritual dodola from Szigetcsép in Hungary]. In: "Славяноведение" 6 (2019): 15-29. DOI: 10.31857/S0869544X0006755-3 (In Russian) * Puchner, Walter. “Liedtextstudien Zur Balkanischen Regenlitanei: Mit Spezieller Berücksichtigung Der Bulgarischen Und Griechischen Varianten”. In: Jahrbuch Für Volksliedforschung 29 (1984): 100–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/849291. * * * ===External links=== * * at Etar Architectural-Ethnographic Complex * *Pirpirouna/Pirpiruna/Perperouna – Rainmaking ritual song, and its lyrics, recorded 2016 by Thede Kahl and Andreea Pascaru in Turkey *Dodola/Pirpiruna – Rainmaking ritual song, description of the custom and its lyrics, recorded 2020 in Northeast Greece by Sotirios Rousiakis Category:Albanian folklore Category:Aromanian culture Category:Bulgarian folklore Category:Bulgarian traditions Category:Croatian folklore Category:Greek folklore Category:Macedonian traditions Category:Moldovan traditions Category:Rainmaking (ritual) Category:Romanian folklore Category:Romanian traditions Category:Serbian folklore Category:Serbian traditions Category:Slavic pseudo-deities Category:South Slavic culture |
This article lists candidates for the 2016 Australian federal election. There were 1,625 candidates in total (994 for the House of Representatives and 631 for the Senate). ==Retiring members== ===Labor=== *Anna Burke MP (Chisholm, Vic) – announced retirement 16 December 2015 * Laurie Ferguson MP (Werriwa, NSW) – announced retirement 12 August 2014 * Gary Gray MP (Brand, WA) – announced retirement 16 February 2016 * Alan Griffin MP (Bruce, Vic) – announced retirement 10 February 2015 * Jill Hall MP (Shortland, NSW) announced retirement 28 February 2016 * Alannah MacTiernan MP (Perth, WA) – announced retirement 12 February 2016 * Melissa Parke MP (Fremantle, WA) – announced retirement 22 January 2016 * Bernie Ripoll MP (Oxley, Qld) – announced retirement 14 April 2015 * Kelvin Thomson MP (Wills, Vic) – announced retirement 10 November 2015 * Senator Joe Ludwig (Qld) – announced retirement 9 March 2015 * Senator Jan McLucas (Qld) – announced retirement 5 April 2015 * Senator Nova Peris (NT) – announced retirement 24 May 2016 ===Liberal=== * Bob Baldwin MP (Paterson, NSW) – announced retirement 16 April 2016 * Bruce Billson MP (Dunkley, Vic) – announced retirement 24 November 2015 * Bronwyn Bishop MP (Mackellar, NSW) – lost preselection 16 April 2016, delivered valedictory speech 4 May 2016 * Andrew Robb MP (Goldstein, Vic) – announced retirement 10 February 2016 * Philip Ruddock MP (Berowra, NSW) – announced retirement 8 February 2016 * Andrew Southcott MP (Boothby, SA) – announced retirement 4 September 2015 * Sharman Stone MP (Murray, Vic) – announced retirement 26 March 2016 * Senator Bill Heffernan (NSW) – announced retirement 19 February 2016ABC News. Retrieved 19 February 2016 ===National=== *John Cobb MP (Calare, NSW) – announced retirement 27 February 2016 ===Liberal National=== * Mal Brough MP (Fisher, Qld) – announced retirement 26 February 2016 * Teresa Gambaro MP (Brisbane, Qld) – announced retirement 9 March 2016 * Ian Macfarlane MP (Groom, Qld) – announced retirement 15 February 2016 * Bruce Scott MP (Maranoa, Qld) – announced retirement 3 August 2015 * Warren Truss MP (Wide Bay, Qld) – announced retirement 11 February 2016 ===Palmer United=== * Clive Palmer MP (Fairfax, Qld) – announced retirement 4 May 2016, ruled out Senate candidacy 23 May 2016 ==House of Representatives== Sitting members are listed in bold text. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. 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Slattery Bruce Hambour Janine Clipstone (AJP) Jenalie Salt (CDP) Sturt Liberal Matt Loader Christopher Pyne Rebecca Galdies Matthew Wright Craig Bowyer Neil Aitchison (Ind) Geoff Russell (AJP) Wakefield Labor Nick Champion Kathleen Bourne Craig Vanstone Richard Inwood Marilyn Phillips Ralph Anderson (CDP) John Bolton (Ind) ===Tasmania=== Electorate Held by Labor candidate Liberal candidate Greens candidate CDP candidate Other candidates Bass Liberal Ross Hart Andrew Nikolic Terrill Riley-Gibson Malcolm Beattie Roy Ramage (REP) Mark Tapsell (ARFP) Braddon Liberal Justine Keay Brett Whiteley Scott Jordan Graham Hodge Joshua Boag (LDP) Clinton Rice (REP) Glen Saltmarsh (ARFP) Denison Independent Jane Austin Marcus Allan Jen Brown Amanda Excell Andrew Wilkie* (Ind) Wayne Williams (DLP) Franklin Labor Julie Collins Amanda-Sue Markham Martine Delaney George Muskett Tim Sanderson (Arts) Lyons Liberal Brian Mitchell Eric Hutchinson Hannah Rubenach-Quinn Gene Mawer Duncan Livingston (REP) Shelley Shay (ARFP) ===Victoria=== Electorate Held by Labor candidate Coalition candidate Greens candidate FFP candidate Other candidates Aston Liberal Paul Klisaris Alan Tudge (Lib) Steve Raymond Daniel Martin Daniel Huppert (Ind) Rosemary Lavin (AJP) Joel Moore (LDP) Ballarat Labor Catherine King Paul Tatchell (Nat) Sarah Wade (Lib) Alice Barnes Graham Howard Dianne Colbert (AC) Brian Eckel (Ind) Tran Tran (RUAP) Batman Labor David Feeney George Souris (Lib) Alex Bhathal Geoffrey Cicuto (ACP) Caitlin Evans (AJP) Franco Guardiani (Ind) Russell Hayward (AP) Joel Murray (ASXP) Maurice Oldis (REP) Philip Sutton (Ind) Elizabeth Syber (AEP) Bendigo Labor Lisa Chesters Andy Maddison (Nat) Megan Purcell (Lib) Rosemary Glaisher Alan Howard Sandra Caddy (RUAP) Anita Donlon (Ind) Ruth Parramore (AJP) Bruce Labor Julian Hill Helen Kroger (Lib) Stefanie Bauer Nathan Foggie Jill Jarvis-Wills (REP) Doug Leith (AJP) Alan Roncan (DLR) Calwell Labor Maria Vamvakinou John Hsu (Lib) (disendorsed) Natalie Abboud Michael Lakkis (Ind) Meagan Searls (AJP) Casey Liberal Hovig Melkonian Tony Smith (Lib) Elissa Sutherland Kristin Bacon (AJP) Peter Charleton (Ind) Angela Dorian (RUAP) Chisholm Labor Stefanie Perri Julia Banks (Lib) Josh Fergeus Craig McCracken Melanie Vassiliou (RUAP) Nyree Walshe (AJP) Corangamite Liberal Libby Coker Sarah Henderson (Lib) Patchouli Paterson Alan Barron Courtney Dalton (DLR) Michael Lawrence (Ind) Andy Meddick (AJP) Patrice Nelson (DHJP) Louis Rowe (LDP) Nick Steel (RUAP) Corio Labor Richard Marles Richard Lange (Lib) Sarah Mansfield Sue Bull (SA) Jeff Moran (BTFA) Jamie Overend (AJP) Ash Puvimanasinghe (RUAP) Deakin Liberal Tony Clark Michael Sukkar (Lib) Joshua Briers Gary Coombes Vanessa Brown (AJP) Karen Dobby (AC) Dunkley Liberal Peta Murphy Chris Crewther (Lib) Jeanette Swain Michael Rathbone Sally Baillieu (Arts) Tyson Jack (AJP) Jeff Reaney (AC) Ruth Stanfield (DHJP) Joseph Toscano (Ind) Lin Tregenza (RUAP) Tim Wilms (LDP) Flinders Liberal Carolyn Gleixner Greg Hunt (Lib) Willisa Hogarth Yvonne Gentle (RUAP) Shane Lewis (Ind) Ben Wild (AJP) Gellibrand Labor Tim Watts Ben Willis (Lib) Jonathon Marsden David Tran (Ind) Gippsland National Shashi Bhatti Darren Chester (Nat) Ian Onley Brian Heath Ashleigh Belsar (AC) Ben Buckley (LDP) Peter Dorian (RUAP) Peter Gardner (REP) Christine Sindt (Ind) Cherie Smith (Ind) Goldstein Liberal Matthew Coote Tim Wilson (Lib) Cheryl Hercus Trevor Bishop Naren Chellappah (AJP) Lee Kavanagh (DLR) Gorton Labor Brendan O'Connor Daryl Lang (Lib) Rod Swift Higgins Liberal Carl Katter Kelly O'Dwyer (Lib) Jason Ball Nancy Bassett (NXT) Eleonora Gullone (AJP) Robert Kennedy (LDP) Rebecca O'Brien (AEP) Jessica Tregear (DHJP) Holt Labor Anthony Byrne James Mathias (Lib) Jake Tilton Neil Bull Colin Robertson (RUAP) Hotham Labor Clare O'Neil George Hua (Lib) James Bennett Tatiana Rathbone Helen Jeges (AJP) Peter Vassiliou (RUAP) Indi Independent Eric Kerr Marty Corboy (Nat) Sophie Mirabella (Lib) Jenny O'Connor Ray Dyer (Ind) Vincent Ferrando (RUAP) Julian Fidge (Country) Alan Lappin (Ind) Cathy McGowan* (Ind) Tim Quilty (LDP) Isaacs Labor Mark Dreyfus Garry Spencer (Lib) Alex Breskin Elizabeth Johnstone (AJP) Jagajaga Labor Jenny Macklin David Mulholland (Lib) Hugh McKinnon Jessica Ward Nathan Schram (AJP) Kooyong Liberal Marg D'Arcy Josh Frydenberg (Lib) Helen McLeod Angelina Zubac (Ind) La Trobe Liberal Simon Curtis Jason Wood (Lib) Tom Cummings Jeffrey Bartram Julieanne Doidge (DHJP) David Fent (SFFP) Leah Folloni (AJP) Les Hughes (LDP) Martin Leahy (ASXP) Margaret Quinn (RUAP) Lalor Labor Joanne Ryan Gayle Murphy (Lib) Daniel Sova Susan Jakobi (AFP) Marion Vale (RUAP) Mallee National Lydia Senior Andrew Broad (Nat) Helen Healy Chris Lahy (CEC) Tim Middleton (RUAP) Maribyrnong Labor Bill Shorten Ted Hatzakortzian (Lib) Olivia Ball Catherine Cumming (Ind) Fiona McRostie (AJP) Anthony O'Neill (AC) McEwen Labor Rob Mitchell James Anderson (Nat) Chris Jermyn (Lib) Neil Barker Dorothy Long Tracey Andrew (Country) Ross Lee (Ind) Jeff Truscott (RUAP) Cathy Vaina (AJP) McMillan Liberal Chris Buckingham Russell Broadbent (Lib) Donna Lancaster Nathan Harding Norman Baker (RUAP) Kathleen Ipsen (AC) Jennifer McAdam (AJP) Jim McDonald (LDP) Melbourne Greens Sophie Ismail Philip Liu (Lib) Adam Bandt Lewis Freeman-Harrison (ASXP) Matt Riley (DLR) Miranda Smith (AJP) Melbourne Ports Labor Michael Danby Owen Guest (Lib) Steph Hodgins-May Peter Holland (Ind) Levi McKenzie-Kirkbright (DLR) John Myers (Ind) Rob Smyth (AJP) Henry von Doussa (AEP) Menzies Liberal Adam Rundell Kevin Andrews (Lib) Richard Cranston David Clark Jay Franklin (VEP) Antony Hulbert (AJP) Stephen Mayne (Ind) Ramon Robinson (Ind) Murray Liberal Alan Williams Damian Drum* (Nat) Duncan McGauchie (Lib) Ian Christoe Andrew Bock (Ind) Robert Danieli (Country) Jeff Davy (CEC) Yasmin Gunasekera (RUAP) Nigel Hicks (Ind) Fern Summer (Ind) Diane Teasdale (Ind) Scullin Labor Andrew Giles Melanie Stockman (Lib) Rose Ljubicic Adriana Buccianti (DLR) John Matlen (AJP) Wannon Liberal Michael Barling Dan Tehan (Lib) Thomas Campbell Bernardine Atkinson (Ind) Michael McCluskey (Ind) Wills Labor Peter Khalil Kevin Hong (Lib) Samantha Ratnam Zane Alcorn (SA) Ash Blackwell (DLR) Tristram Chellew (ASXP) Will Fulgenzi (SEP) Dougal Gillman (REP) Camille Sydow (AJP) Francesco Timpano (Ind) ===Western Australia=== Electorate Held by Labor candidate Liberal candidate Greens candidate Christians candidate Other candidates Brand Labor Madeleine King Craig Buchanan Dawn Jecks Bob Burdett Philip Scott (RUAP) Burt Liberal Matt Keogh Matt O'Sullivan Muhammad Salman Warnar Spyker Ian Blevin (SFFP) Canning Liberal Barry Winmar Andrew Hastie Aeron Blundell-Camden Janine Vander Ven Jason Turner (Nat) Cowan Liberal Anne Aly Luke Simpkins Sheridan Young Rex Host Jamie Chester (SFFP) Neil Hamilton (LDP) Steve Veness (MAP) Curtin Liberal Melissa Callanan Julie Bishop Viv Glance David Archibald (ALA) Sandra Boulter (Ind) Durack Liberal Carol Martin Melissa Price Ian James Grahame Gould Lisa Cole (Nat) Mitchell Sambell (RUAP) Forrest Liberal Lorrae Loud Nola Marino Jill Reading Edward Dabrowski David Fishlock (ORP) Luke Pilkington (Nat) Ross Slater (Ind) Jennifer Whately (RUAP) Fremantle Labor Josh Wilson Pierrette Kelly Kate Davis Mick Connolly (MAP) Chris Jenkins (SA) Hasluck Liberal Bill Leadbetter Ken Wyatt Patrick Hyslop Phil Twiss Henry Barnard (RUAP) Moore Liberal Tony Walker Ian Goodenough Daniel Lindley Maryka Groenewald O'Connor Liberal Jon Ford Rick Wilson Giz Watson Trevor Young Stephen Carson (RUAP) John Hassell (Nat) Pearce Liberal Thomas French Christian Porter Lee-Anne Miles Taffy Samuriwo-Vuntarde (RUAP) Maddison Simmonds (Nat) Perth Labor Tim Hammond Jeremy Quinn Tim Clifford Andrew Chambers (ODD) Mark Walmsley (LDP) Stirling Liberal Robert Pearson Michael Keenan Tom Webster Kevin Host Kim Mubarak (Ind) Alison Rowe (RUAP) Swan Liberal Tammy Solonec Steve Irons Sarah Nielsen-Harvey Steve Klomp Tangney Liberal Marion Boswell Ben Morton Thor Kerr John Wieske Dennis Jensen (Ind) ==Senate== Sitting senators are listed in bold. Since this was a double dissolution election, each state elected twelve senators. Typically, the first six successful candidates from each state are elected to six-year terms, the remaining six to three-year terms, although this can create distorted results in the single transferable vote system. Section 282 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act provides for a fairer method of allocation, involving a re-count of the Senate votes cast as if the election had been a half-Senate election for six seats. The long term seats are allocated to those elected in the re-count, and the short-term positions allocated to the remaining elected candidates. Ultimately, the power to determine terms is given under the Constitution to the Senate. Following the 1987 double dissolution, the Senate chose to ignore the alternative count and instead use the traditional method based on order of election. Tickets that elected at least one Senator are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are identified by an asterisk (*). ===Australian Capital Territory=== Two seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending one seat. The Liberal Party was defending one seat. Labor candidates Liberal candidates Greens candidates AJP candidates CDP candidates #Katy Gallagher* #David Smith #Zed Seselja* #Jane Hiatt #Christina Hobbs #Sue Wareham # Deborah Field # Jessica Montagne # David Kim # Elizabeth Tadros LDP candidates RUAP candidates Secular candidates Sex Party candidates #Sustainable candidates #Matt Donnelly #Cawley Hennings # Sandie O'Connor # Jess Wyatt # David Edwards # Denis Mihaljevic # Steven Bailey # Robbie Swan # John Haydon # Martin Tye Ungrouped candidates Michael Hay (VOTEFLUX) Anthony Hanson (Mature) ===New South Wales=== Twelve seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending four seats. The Liberal/National Coalition was defending six seats. The Australian Greens were defending one seat. The Liberal Democratic Party was defending one seat. Labor candidates Coalition candidates Greens candidates One Nation candidates CDP candidates # Sam Dastyari* # Jenny McAllister* # Deborah O'Neill* # Doug Cameron* # Tara Moriarty # Vivien Thomson # Shuo Zhou # Jagath Bandara # Miriam Rizvi # Mary O'Sullivan # Paul Yi-Wen Han # Alexandra Costello #Marise Payne* (Lib) #Arthur Sinodinos* (Lib) #Fiona Nash* (Nat) #Concetta Fierravanti-Wells* (Lib) #John Williams* (Nat) #Hollie Hughes (Lib) #Jim Molan (Lib) #Wes Fang (Nat) # Sang Ok (Lib) # Sarah Richards (Lib) # Fiona Leviny (Nat) # Victoria McGahey (Lib) # Lee Rhiannon* # Michael Osborne # Jane Oakley # Jananie Janarthana # Marika Kontellis # Gareth Bryant # Christina Ho # Kathryn Maiden # Ray Goodlass # Christine Donayre # Kate Parker # Sarah Fernandes # Brian Burston* # Dean Mackin # Christine Bernier # Nella Hall # Peter Rahme # Deborah Lions # Andrew Phillips # Tania Piper # Beth Smith # Dave Vincent # Colin Broadbridge # Rhonda Avasalu # Archie Lea # Lena El-Daghl # Charles Knox LDP candidates ADVP candidates AJP candidates ALA candidates AMEP candidates #David Leyonhjelm* #Sam Kennard # Raymond Bennie # Mark Bradbury # Lynda Stoner # Gordon Elkington # Kirralie Smith # Gary Anderson # Rob Bryden # Daniel Kirkness Arts candidates CEC candidates CountryMinded candidates DLP candidates DLR candidates # Barry Keldoulis # Nicholas Gledhill # Ann Lawler # Robert Butler # Christopher Buckman # Methuen Morgan # Paul McCormack # Dawn Willis # Ray Thorpe # Stacey Dowson FFP candidates HAP candidates HEMP candidates Hinch candidates Katter candidates # Phil Jobe # Sally Vincent # Simon McCaffrey # Andrew Patterson # Leanne Paff # Jason Olbourne # Andrew Katelaris # Ken Stevens # Adam Washbourne # Tom Harris # Anthony Belcastro Lambie candidates Mature candidates NCPP candidates ODD candidates Pirate candidates # Allan Thomas # Bruce Relph # Mitch Carr # Paul Quinn # Gregory Frearson # Eric Greening # Andy Thompson # Berge Der Sarkissian # Arthur Emmett # Sam Kearns # Darren McIntosh Progressives candidates PUP candidates REP candidates RUAP candidates SA candidates # Allan Quartly # Ash Rose # Suellen Wrightson # Robert Marks # Cara Donnelly # Peter Breen # Susan Perrow # Brian Tucker # Maree Nichols # Ken Canning # Susan Price # Sharlene Leroy-Dyer # Howard Byrnes Science/Cyclists candidates Secular candidates Seniors United candidates SEP candidates Sex Party candidates # James Jansson (Science) # Eve Slavich (Science) # Ingrid Ralph (Cyclists) # Jai Cooper (Cyclists) # Ian Bryce # Dee Ellis # Gillian Evans # Kerry Koliadis # Chris Osborne # James Cogan # John Davis # Ross Fitzgerald # Sue Raye SFF candidates #Sustainable candidates VEP candidates VOTEFLUX candidates Xenophon candidates # Karl Houseman # Peter Johnson # William Bourke # Greg Graham # Shayne Higson # Janise Farrell # Steven Lopez # Nathan Spataro # Aidan Dalgliesh # Anthony Dona Group G candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates # Teresa van Lieshout # Colin Bennett Warren Grzic (Ind) Jane Ward (Ind) Liam Munday (Ind) Bryan Lambert (Ind) Peter Wallace (Ind) James Wright (Ind) Joanna Rzetelski (Ind) Danny Lim (Ind) Maree Ann Cruze (AAP) Stephen Muller (Ind) Peter Muller (Ind) John Cooper (Ind) Santa Spruce-Peet-Boyd (Ind) David Ash (Ind) Nigel Smith (Ind) Ron Poulsen (-) Peter Gooley (Ind) Nick Chapman (Ind) Leonard Brown (Ind) Richelle Tsay (Ind) ===Northern Territory=== Two seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending one seat. The Country Liberal Party was defending one seat. Labor candidates CLP candidates Greens candidates CDP candidates CEC candidates # Malarndirri McCarthy* # Pat Honan #Nigel Scullion* #Jenni Lillis # Michael Connard # Kathy Bannister # Carol Ordish # John Ordish # Trudy Campbell # Ian Barry HEMP/Sex Party candidates RUAP candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates # Andrew Kavasilas (HEMP) # Timothy Jones (Sex) #Jan Pile # Jimmy Gimini TS Lee (Ind) Tristan Marshall (ODD) Maurie Japarta Ryan (Ind) Marney MacDonald (AAP) Greg Strettles (Ind) ===Queensland=== Twelve seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending four seats. The Liberal National Party was defending six seats. The Australian Greens were defending one seat. The Palmer United Party was defending one seat, although Senator Glenn Lazarus had left the party and was contesting for his Glenn Lazarus Team. Labor candidates LNP candidates Greens candidates One Nation candidates Lazarus candidates #Murray Watt* #Anthony Chisholm* #Claire Moore* #Chris Ketter* #Jane Casey # Cheryl Thompson #George Brandis* #Matt Canavan* #James McGrath* #Ian Macdonald* #Barry O'Sullivan* #Joanna Lindgren #Dan Ryan #Gerard Rennick #Larissa Waters* #Andrew Bartlett #Ben Pennings #Johanna Kloot # Fiona Anderson # Charles Worringham # Rainee Skinner # Janina Leo # Meg Anderson # Louise Noble # Kirsten Kennedy # Elena Quirk # Pauline Hanson* # Malcolm Roberts* # Fraser Anning # Judy Smith #Glenn Lazarus # Kerrod Walters # Annette Lourigan ADVP candidates AJP candidates ALA candidates Arts candidates CDP candidates #Jeremy Davey #Darryl Hodkinson # Paul Bevan # Zade Watson # Bernard Gaynor # Alan Biggs # Chelle Dobson # Frances Jankowski # Neil Fainges # Wayne Solomon # Ludy Sweeris-Sigrist CEC candidates Christians candidates CountryMinded candidates Cyclists candidates DLP candidates # Jan Pukallus # Stephen Harding # Shea Taylor # Malcolm Brice # Pete Mailler # Sherrill Stivano # Chris Cox # Edward Re # Sheila Vincent # Lucius Majoor DLR candidates Family First candidates HAP candidates Hinch candidates Katter candidates # Deb Lynch # Lorraine Smith # Rod McGarvie # Sue Baynes # Kate Horan # David Pellowe # Jason Woodforth # Sarinah Golden # Deb Cotter # Karin Hanbidge # Rowell Walton # Joy Marriott Lambie candidates LDP candidates Mature candidates MEP candidates ODD candidates # Marcus Saltmarsh # Crystal Peckett # Gabe Buckley # John Rooth # Terry Snell # Belinda Cameron # Marnie Southward # William Moran # Peter Radic # David Missingham Pirate candidates Progressives candidates PUP candidates REP candidates RUAP candidates # Brandon Selic # Isaac Pursehouse # Ken Stevens # Jo McCormack # James McDonald # Craig Gunnis # James Moylan # MaryBeth Gundrum # Paul Taylor # Neroli Mooney Secular candidates SEP candidates Sex Party/HEMP candidates SFF candidates #Sustainable candidates # Trevor Bell # Scott Clark # Mike Head # Erin Cooke # Robin Bristow (Sex) # Therese Howes (HEMP) # Kirsty Patten (Sex) # Michael Turner # Michael Gee # John Roles # Matt Moran VOTEFLUX candidates Xenophon candidates Group R candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates # Mark Gardner # Reece Flowers # Suzanne Grant # Daniel Crow # Sal Rivas # Val Tanguilig ===South Australia=== Twelve seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending three seats. The Liberal Party was defending five seats. The Australian Greens were defending two seats. The Family First Party was defending one seat. The Nick Xenophon Team was defending one seat. Labor candidates Liberal candidates Greens candidates NXT candidates Family First candidates #Penny Wong* # Don Farrell* #Alex Gallacher* #Anne McEwen #Michael Allison # Bronwyn Gallacher #Simon Birmingham* #Cory Bernardi* #Anne Ruston* #David Fawcett* #Sean Edwards #Kerrynne Liddle #Sarah Hanson-Young* #Robert Simms #Jody Moate #Harriet de Kok #Nick Xenophon* #Stirling Griff* #Skye Kakoschke-Moore* #Tim Storer #Bob Day* #Lucy Gichuhi One Nation candidates AJP candidates ALA candidates AMEP candidates Arts candidates # Steven Burgess # Angelina Nicolis # Tania Noble # Emma Breagan # Wanda Lee Marsh # Andrew Horwood # Nathan Green # Judith Kuerschner # Terence Crawford # Charles Sanders CDP candidates CEC candidates Cyclists candidates HEMP/Sex Party candidates Hinch candidates # Matt Attia # Joseph Stephen # Alex Kozlow # Paul Siebert # Sundance Bilson-Thompson # Angus Harker-Smith # Ryan Parker (HEMP) # Margaret Saunders (Sex) # Lynn-Marie Grosser # Colin Thomas LDP candidates Mature candidates MEP candidates Progressives candidates PUP candidates # Roostam Sadri # Michael Noack # Darryl Bothe # Lyndal Denny # Adrian Tuazon-McCheyne # Alex Bond # Sasha Pazeski-Nikoloski # Jaz Priddey # Kristian Rees # Carlo Filingeri SFF candidates VEP candidates VOTEFLUX candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates # John Hahn # Nick Carter # Jessica Knight # Kym Buckley # Adam Bird # Jeff Baker Ron Waters (AAP) Christopher Cochrane (Ind) Adam Richards (Ind) Mohammad Ali (Ind) Dave Saddler (Ind) Malcolm Davey (Ind) ===Tasmania=== Twelve seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending five seats. The Liberal Party was defending four seats. The Australian Greens were defending two seats. The Palmer United Party was defending one seat, although Senator Jacqui Lambie had left the party and contested for her Jacqui Lambie Network. Labor candidates Liberal candidates Greens candidates Lambie candidates One Nation candidates #Anne Urquhart* #Helen Polley* #Carol Brown* #Catryna Bilyk* #John Short #Lisa Singh* #Eric Abetz* #Stephen Parry* #Jonathon Duniam* #David Bushby* #Richard Colbeck #John Tucker #Peter Whish-Wilson* #Nick McKim* #Anna Reynolds #Jacqui Lambie* #Steve Martin #Rob Waterman # Kate McCulloch # Natasia Manzi AJP candidates ALA candidates ARFP candidates Arts candidates CDP candidates # Karen Bevis # Alison Baker # Tony Robinson # Susan Horwood # Kevin Harkins # Carmen Evans # Scott O'Hara # JoAnne Volta # Silvana Nero-Nile # Mishka Gora CEC candidates Family First candidates Hinch candidates LDP candidates PUP candidates # Meg Thornton # Steve Kucina # Peter Madden # Andrew Roberts # Suzanne Cass # Daniel Baker # Clinton Mead # Ian Alston # Kevin Morgan # Justin Stringer # Quentin Von Stieglitz REP candidates Science candidates Sex Party/HEMP candidates SFF candidates VOTEFLUX candidates # Rob Manson # Sharon Joyce # Hans Willink # Jin-oh Choi # Francesca Collins (Sex) # Matt Owen (HEMP) # Matthew Allen # Ricky Midson # Adam Poulton # Max Kaye Xenophon candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates # Michelle Hoult # Nicky Cohen David Crawford (AAP) Kaye Marskell (Ind) Richard Temby (MAP) Grant Russell (Ind) George Lane (Ind) ===Victoria=== The Labor Party was defending four seats. The Liberal/National Coalition was defending four seats. The Australian Greens were defending two seats. The Motoring Enthusiast Party was defending one seat. The Democratic Labour Party was defending one seat, although Senator John Madigan had left the party and was running for his own Manufacturing and Farming Party. Labor candidates Coalition candidates Greens candidates Hinch candidates AMEP candidates #Kim Carr* #Stephen Conroy* #Jacinta Collins* #Gavin Marshall* # Jennifer Yang # Louise Persse # Steve Kent # Les Tarczon #Mitch Fifield* (Lib) #Bridget McKenzie* (Nat) #Scott Ryan* (Lib) #James Paterson* (Lib) #Jane Hume* (Lib) #Karina Okotel (Lib) #Rebecca Treloar (Nat) #Richard Di Natale* #Janet Rice* # Misha Coleman # Elise Klein # Anna Crabb # James Searle # Tasma Minifie # Jennifer Alden # Judy Cameron # Gurm Sekhon # Josephine Maguire-Rosier # Rose Read # Derryn Hinch* # Stuart Grimley #Ricky Muir #Aaron Mackley Madigan candidates One Nation candidates ACP candidates AJP candidates ALA candidates # John Madigan # Mark George # Simon Roylance # Ian Cameron # Garry Kerr # Phil Larkin # Bruce Poon # Jacqueline Edgecombe # Daniel Jones # Kenneth Nicholls Arts candidates CDP candidates CEC candidates Christians candidates DLP candidates # Rose Godde # Jamie Henson # Maureen Andrew # May Hanna # Stephanie Botros # Craig Isherwood # Gabrielle Peut # Vickie Janson # Eleni Arapoglou # Anne Okumu # Stephen Vereker # Michael Freeman DLR candidates Family First candidates HAP candidates Lambie candidates LDP candidates # Greg Chipp # John Sherman # Peter Bain # Randell Green # Craig Manners # Isaac Golden # Kathryn Breakwell # Hugh Dolan # Matt Timson # Duncan Spender # David Limbrick Mature candidates MEP candidates Pirate candidates Progressives candidates PUP candidates # Graham McCarthy # Roy Ridge # Jason Tuazon-McCheyne # Jacqueline Tomlins # Lachlan Simpson # Richard Burleigh # David Knight # Josh Gilmore # Catriona Thoolen # Cameron Hickey REP candidates RUAP candidates SA candidates Science/Cyclists candidates Secular candidates # Graham Askey # Gray Wilson # Danny Nalliah # Rosalie Crestani # Lalitha Chelliah # Tim Gooden # Luke James (Science) # Nik Dow (Cyclists) # John Perkins # Alice Carr SEP candidates Sex Party candidates SFF candidates #Sustainable candidates VEP candidates # Chris Sinnema # Peter Byrne # Meredith Doig # Amy Mulcahy # Jake Wilson # Ethan Constantinou # Georgia Nicholls # Steven Armstrong # David Scanlon # Miranda Jones VOTEFLUX candidates Xenophon candidates Group B candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates # Danielle Lehrer # Stuart Milne # Naomi Halpern # Justin Lee # David Collyer # Wanda Mitchell-Cook Stephen Juhasz Karthik Arasu Dennis Hall Dana Spasojevic John Karagiannidis Geoff Lutz Allan Mull Chris Ryan Eric Vadarlis Mark Dickenson Immanuel Shmuel Glenn Floyd Meredith Urie Trevor Nye Peter Hawks Christopher Beslis ===Western Australia=== Twelve seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending three seats. The Liberal Party was defending six seats. The Australian Greens were defending two seats. The Palmer United Party was defending one seat. Labor candidates Liberal candidates Greens candidates One Nation candidates Nationals candidates #Sue Lines* #Glenn Sterle* #Pat Dodson* #Louise Pratt* #Mark Reed #Susan Bowers #Mia Onorato #Mathias Cormann* #Michaelia Cash* #Dean Smith* #Linda Reynolds* #Chris Back* #David Johnston #Sheridan Ingram #Scott Ludlam* #Rachel Siewert* #Jordon Steele-John #Samantha Jenkinson #Michael Boldock #Rai Ismail #Rod Culleton* #Peter Georgiou # Ioanna Culleton # Kado Muir # Nick Fardell # Elizabeth Re PUP candidates AFP candidates AJP candidates ALA candidates Arts candidates # Dio Wang # Jacque Kruger # Lyn Vickery # Brian McRea # Katrina Love # Alicia Sutton # Debbie Robinson # Marion Hercock # Robert Buratti # Robert Taylor CDP candidates CEC candidates Christians candidates Cyclists candidates DLP candidates # Mark Imisides # Philip Read # Jean Robinson # Judy Sudholz # Lindsay Cameron # Jacky Young # Peter Mah # Christopher Howard # Fernando Bove # Troy Kiernan Family First candidates HAP candidates HEMP/Sex Party candidates Hinch candidates LDP candidates # Linda Rose # Henry Heng # Samantha Tilbury # Sara Fargher # Michael Balderstone (HEMP) # James Hurley (Sex) # Nicki Hide # Rachael Higgins # Graeme Klass # Connor Whittle Mature candidates REP candidates RUAP candidates SA candidates SFF candidates # Stuart Donald # Patti Bradshaw # Pedro Schwindt # Camilla Sundbladh # Anthony Hardwick # Sheila Mundy # Kamala Emanuel # Seamus Doherty # Farida Iqbal # Andrew Skerritt # Ross Williamson VOTEFLUX candidates Xenophon candidates Group V candidates Ungrouped candidates Ungrouped candidates # Richard Thomas # Mark Connolly # Luke Bolton # Michael Bovell # Stuey Paull # Gary Morris Kai Jones (Ind) Tammara Moody (AAP) Julie Matheson (Ind) Peter Castieau (Ind) Susan Hoddinott (KAP) Norm Ramsay (Ind) == Summary by party == Beside each party is the number of seats contested by that party in the House of Representatives for each state, as well as an indication of whether the party contested the Senate election in the respective state. Party NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT Total HR S HR S HR S HR S HR S HR S HR S HR S HR S Australian Labor Party 47 * 37 * 30 * 16 * 11 * 5 * 2 * 2 * 150 8 Liberal Party of Australia 38 * 35 * 16 * 11 * 5 * 2 * 107 6 Liberal National Party of Queensland 30 * 30 1 National Party of Australia 10 * 7 * 5 * 22 3 Country Liberal Party (NT) 2 * 2 1 Australian Greens 47 * 37 * 30 * 16 * 11 * 5 * 2 * 2 * 150 8 Family First Party 7 * 17 * 30 * * 11 * * 65 6 Christian Democratic Party 47 * * * * 3 * 5 * * * 55 8 Animal Justice Party 9 * 26 * * * 6 * * * 41 7 Liberal Democratic Party 8 * 8 * 11 * 2 * 2 * 1 * * 1 33 7 Rise Up Australia Party 1 * 18 * 3 * 7 * * 2 * 31 6 Nick Xenophon Team 4 * 1 * 2 * * 11 * * 18 6 Australian Christians 6 * * 12 * 18 3 Pauline Hanson's One Nation 3 * * 12 * * * * 15 6 Katter's Australian Party * 12 * * 12 3 Drug Law Reform Australia 2 * 7 * 2 * 11 3 Australian Liberty Alliance 4 * * 5 * 1 * * * 10 6 Online Direct Democracy 6 * 2 * 1 1 * 10 3 Science Party 10 * * * 10 3 Renewable Energy Party 1 * 4 * * * 3 * 8 5 Citizens Electoral Council 3 * 2 * * * * * 2 * 7 7 Arts Party 3 * 1 * 2 * * * 1 * 7 6 Australian Sex Party 2 * 4 * * * * * * * 6 8 Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party 1 * 1 * * 2 * * * 2 6 6 Derryn Hinch's Justice Party 2 * 4 * * * * * 6 6 Mature Australia Party 1 * * 1 * 2 * * * * 4 7 Socialist Alliance 1 * 2 * 1 * 4 3 Australian Defence Veterans Party 1 * 3 * 4 2 Australia First Party 2 1 * 1 4 1 Bullet Train for Australia 1 1 2 4 Democratic Labour Party 1 * * 1 * * 1 3 4 Socialist Equality Party 2 * 1 * * 3 3 Australian Equality Party (Marriage) 3 * * * 3 3 Glenn Lazarus Team 3 * 3 1 Australian Recreational Fishers Party 3 * 3 1 Australian Country Party 3 1 3 1 Australian Cyclists Party 1 * 1 * * * * 2 5 CountryMinded 1 * 1 * * 2 3 Non-Custodial Parents Party 2 2 HEMP Party * * * * * 1 * 1 6 Palmer United Party * * 1 * * * * 1 6 Australian Antipaedophile Party 1 * * * * * 1 5 #Sustainable Australia 1 * * * * 1 4 Australian Progressives * 1 * * * 1 4 Voluntary Euthanasia Party * 1 * * 1 3 Pirate Party Australia 1 * * * 1 3 Smokers' Rights Party 1 1 Consumer Rights & No-Tolls 1 1 Outdoor Recreation Party 1 1 VOTEFLUX.ORG * * * * * * * 7 Secular Party of Australia * * * * 4 Health Australia Party * * * * 4 Jacqui Lambie Network * * * * 4 Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party * * * 3 Seniors United Party of Australia * 1 John Madigan's Manufacturing and Farming Party * 1 Independent and other 42 * 30 * 22 * 4 * 6 * 1 * 1 4 * 110 7 ==Notes== ==References== *2016 federal election candidates: Antony Green ABC ==External links== *List of Senate How-To-Vote Card Preferences *Labor **NSW Labor **Victorian Labor candidates **Qld Labor **WA Labor **SA Labor **Tasmanian Labor **ACT Labor candidates **NT Labor *Liberal candidates *The Nationals *Liberal Democrats *Greens **NSW Greens candidates **Victorian Greens candidates **Qld Greens candidates **Greens WA **SA Greens candidates **Tasmanian Greens candidates **ACT Greens candidates **NT Greens *2016 NXT candidate list *21st Century Australia Party candidates * Australian Liberty Alliance (ALA) candidates * Socialist Alliance (SA) candidates * Socialist Equality Party (SEP) candidates * Australian Progressives * Science Party Candidates Category:Candidates for Australian federal elections |
Isabel Coixet Castillo (; born 9 April 1960) is a Spanish film director. She is one of the most prolific film directors of contemporary Spain, having directed twelve feature-length films since the beginning of her film career in 1988, in addition to documentary films, shorts, and commercials. Her films depart from the traditional national cinema of Spain, and help to “untangle films from their national context ... clearing the path for thinking about national film from different perspectives.” The recurring themes of “emotions, feelings, and existential conflict” coupled with her distinct visual style secure the “multifaceted (she directs, writes, produces, shoots, and acts)” filmmaker's status as a “Catalan auteur.” == Early life == Isabel Coixet was born in Sant Adrià del Besòs next to Barcelona on 9 April 1960. She started filming when she was given an 8 mm camera on the occasion of her First Communion. After obtaining a BA degree in history at Barcelona University, where she majored in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century History, she worked in advertising and spot writing for the cinema magazine Fotogramas. She continued in the world of advertising, standing out as creative director of the agency JWT. Her clients included BMW, Renault and Ikea. She won several accolades for her spots, but the ads did not fulfill her expectations. Coixet made her first short film in 1984: Mira y verás. == Career == In 1988, Coixet made her debut as a scriptwriter and director in Demasiado Viejo Para Morir Joven (Too Old to Die Young). For this movie, she was nominated at the Goya Awards as a Best New Director. In 1996, she traveled to the United States to shoot her first English-language feature film, entitled Things I Never Told You (Cosas que nunca te dije). This drama cast American actors led by Lili Taylor and Andrew McCarthy. Coixet received her second nomination at the Goya Awards for Best Original Screenplay. Coixet then connected with a French production company, and in 1998 she shot — for the first time in Spain and in Spanish — the historical adventure A los que aman. Two years later she founded her own production company, with which she produced her most acclaimed film to date, Mi vida sin mí (My Life Without Me). Since then she has been one of the most acclaimed directors of Spanish cinema. In 2000, she founded her own production company called Miss Wasabi Films, for which she has produced over 400 commercials. Her international success came in 2003 thanks to the intimate drama My Life Without Me. The film was based on a short story by Nancy Kincaid. Canadian actress Sarah Polley played Ann, a young mother who decides to hide from her family that she has terminal cancer. This Hispanic-Canadian co-production was highly praised at the Berlin International Film Festival. Coixet then continued working with Polley as her lead actress with the film The Secret Life of Words, which was released in 2005 and also starred Tim Robbins and Javier Cámara. The film was awarded four Goyas: Best Film, Best Director, Best Production and Best Screenplay. In 2005, Coixet joined eighteen other international filmmakers, among them Gus Van Sant, Walter Salles and Joel and Ethan Cohen, to make the groundbreaking collective project Paris, je t’aime, in which each director explored a different Paris quarter. Coixet has also made prominent documentaries on major themes, such as Invisibles, which was selected for the "Panorama" section of the 2007 Berlin Film Festival, about the international medical organization Doctors Without Borders. Also the documentary Journey to the Heart of Torture, which was filmed in Sarajevo during the Balkan War and won an award at the October 2003 Human Rights Film Festival. In April 2006, she was honored with the Creu de San Jordi De Cine Awards by the Generalitat de Catalunya. The Barcelona director received not one but two awards. In addition to the critical award for The Secret Life of Words (La vida secreta de las palabras) as the best Spanish film, she also received the Rosa de Sant Jordi prize, voted by the audience of Radio Nacional de España (RNE), for the best production. The award ceremony was held at the Palau de la Música. In 2008, Coixet released Elegy, which was filmed in Vancouver and produced by Lakeshore Entertainment. The film was based on Philip Roth's novel The Dying Animal, was written for the screen by Nicholas Meyer, and starred Penélope Cruz and Ben Kingsley. Elegy was presented at the 58th Berlin International Film Festival. In 2009, as an official selection of the Cannes Film Festival, she premiered the film Map of the Sounds of Tokyo, shot in both Japan and Barcelona and starring Rinko Kikuchi, Sergi López and Min Tanaka, with a script by Coixet herself. And at the Centre D'Art Santa Mònica, she inaugurated From I to J, an installation in honor of the work of John Berger. That same year she received the gold medal for Fine Arts and was also part of the jury of the 59th edition of the Berlin Film Festival. In April 2009 at the Centre d'Arts Santa Mónica in Barcelona and in April 2010 at La Casa Encendida in Madrid, Coixet presented a monographic exhibition dedicated to the British writer, art critic, poet and artist John Berger entitled From I to J. A tribute by Isabel Coixet to John Berger, with the collaboration of the architect Benedetta Tagliabue and the participation of the actresses Penélope Cruz, Monica Bellucci, Isabelle Huppert, Maria de Medeiros, Sarah Polley, Tilda Swinton and Leonor Watling. Also in 2009 she directed a short documentary called La mujer es cosa de hombres about male violence and the media. for a project entitled "50 years of..." about the history of Catalonia. In 2010, she took on responsibility for the content of one of the three Spanish Pavilion lounges for the Expo Shanghai. Plus, she inaugurated the exhibition Aral. The Lost Sea, which shows her documentary with the same title, shot in Uzbekistan in 2009. In 2011, within the "Berlinale Specials" section of the Berlin Film Festival, she premiered the documentary Listening to Judge Garzón giving voice to the Spanish magistrate through an interview with writer Manuel Rivas. The film won the Goya in the Best Documentary category. During 2012, she directed a documentary about the 10 years of the Prestige disaster and the volunteers who participated in the recovery of the Galician coasts under the title White Tide. That same year, Coixet shot and produced Ayer no termina nunca (Yesterday Never Ends) which premiered in the Panorama Section of the 63rd edition of the International Film Festival of Berlin. The film also opened the Málaga Film Festival the same year, where it won four Silver Biznagas in the categories Special Jury Prize, Best Actress, Best Photography and Best Editing, the last two prizes won by Jordi Azategui. In the end of 2012 she also started shooting a new project, which she finished in 2013, called Another Me, an English-language thriller written and directed by Coixet with a cast that featured Sophie Turner, Rhys Ifans, Jonathan Rhys-Meyers and Geraldine Chaplin, among others. In the summer of 2013 she started shooting Learning to Drive, an American production developed in New York City, based on an article published in The New York Times and starring Sir Ben Kingsley and Patricia Clarkson, with whom Isabel Coixet had already worked in Elegy. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and won the Grolsch People's Choice Award. Nobody Wants The Night was her next project, filmed in Norway, Bulgaria and the Canary Islands. The film starred Juliette Binoche, Rinko Kikuchi and Gabriel Byrne. The film opened the 66th Berlin International Film Festival to competition. Coixet is always interested in shooting documentaries to denounce what she doesn't agree with or to give voice to her protagonists. She shot a documentary in Chad at the end of 2014 narrated by Juliette Binoche entitled Talking about Rose: Prisoner of Hissène Habré. The piece relates the experience of a group of torture victims in their struggle to bring the former Chadian dictator to justice, an effort led by US human rights lawyer Reed Brody. During the 2015 edition of the Málaga Festival, the prize was awarded to her entire career and it was presented a retrospective documentary of her work, commissioned by the Festival itself, Words, Maps, Secrets And Other Things, directed by Elena Trapé. Also in 2015 she received the recognized prize of the French Ministry of Culture of Knight of Arts and Letters. During 2015 and 2016, Isabel Coixet directs the project Spain in a Day, the Spanish version of the documentary crowdsourcing project produced by Mediapro. The project aims to portray the reality of a country reflected by hundreds of domestic videos recorded during the same day and that has had as direct precedents Britain in a Day and Italy in a Day. In the case of Spain in a Day, the videos were recorded on 24 October 2015 by thousands of volunteers. In the summer of 2016 she directed the feature film The Bookshop (La librería). The script adapted by Coixet was based on the novel of the same name by the English writer Penelope Fitzgerald and received the prize for the best literary adaptation at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2017. The film was shot in Northern Ireland and Barcelona, starring Emily Mortimer, Bill Nighy and Patricia Clarkson. The Bookshop inaugurated the SEMINCI 2017, as a world premiere, receiving good reviews and it was commercially released in Spain on November 10, with a very positive critical reception and great public success. The Bookshop was premiered outside Spain in a "Berlinale Special Gala" at the 68th edition of the Berlin International Film Festival, which took place in February 2018. In February 2019, Coixet released the film Elisa y Marcela in collaboration with Netflix. The film, based on the first registered same-sex marriage in Spain, was the third original Spanish film by Netflix. On 4 September 2020, the Spanish Ministry of Culture and Sports announced that Isabel Coixet would be awarded the National Film Award 2020. The award was presented at the San Sebastian International Film Festival. === Productions === Isabel Coixet created her own production company in 2000, Miss Wasabi, with the vocation to self-produce her own more personal projects. The production company has dedicated itself basically to advertising, the making of video clips, documentaries and a fictional feature film, but also to projects outside the audiovisual sector, such as exhibitions, books and other types of cultural projects. Among the main projects, directed and produced by Isabel Coixet, are the documentary 'Aral, el mar perdido' (2009), 'From I to J' (2010), 'Escuchando al Juez Garzón' (2011), the feature film 'Ayer no termina nunca' (2013), or "Talking about Rose. Prisoner of Hissène Habré" (2015). === 50 años de... === On the occasion of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of TVE Catalunya (TVE Cataluña) Isabel Coixet, along with fifteen other Catalan documentary filmmakers, had the idea of capturing in images, taken from the archive of Televisión Española, the last half Spanish century. The programme 50 years of... (50 años de…) is in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of the first TVE broadcast in Catalonia, whose first headquarters was the mythical Miramar Hotel in Barcelona, which was maintained for twenty- four years, until 1983, when the production center was moved to San Cugat del Vallés. There has been a second season, as well as a third entitled Cómo hemos cambiado. ==Personal life and political views== Coixet has a daughter, Zoe, born in 1997, and lives in Barcelona with her boyfriend, Reed Brody, a human rights lawyer. In October 2012 Coixet was one of the signatories of the "Call to the federalist and left-wing Catalonia" manifesto, asking the Catalan left- wing for an unabashed federalist stance vis-à-vis the State. She openly declared her opposition to the October 2017 independence referendum held in Catalonia, signing another manifesto calling on people not to take part in the vote. In April 2020 she signed a manifesto to say "enough" to the "Catalan government's political mismanagement" and "its unsupportive and irresponsible statements" on the coronavirus crisis. == Style and themes == Coixet's work as a director is striking for being, as The New York Times describes her, “unclassifiable.” Depending on the film, she shoots in English or Spanish, and subjects are diverse. Coixet's trademark is her filmmaking technique, which was derived from her background in advertising, where visuals, color, and composition are carefully constructed. She works as the camera operator on all of her films. Among her most recurrent themes we can find a concern for communication, for words as a way of conventional understanding between people and that usually do not have the effect we expect. As she herself has acknowledged on occasion, she is obsessed with those situations in which messages do not reach their recipient. Another of her signs of identity is her marked social commitment, both with themes such as global warming (which she showed in 'The Secret Life of Words') and with social themes (documentaries such as the one made to Judge Garzón are a good example). Love and solitude are also constant in her cinema, in a very deep and spiritual way, nothing topical and stereotyped, although there is a common place recognizable in several of her productions that is the laundry. The filmmaker's approach to her characters and their stories is surprising because of her ability to get them in deep. To offer them to the spectator with a simple but tremendously transparent view. This search for connection is influenced by one of her great referents: the poet John Berger, from whom she draws, in his own words, the conviction that "anything can explain the world" through the connection between poetry, philosophy, etc. In Coixet's universe, spiritual connections between people are combined with a strong social consciousness, always ready to denounce the injustices of the world. In addition, Isabel Coixet's political and feminist involvement is evident. For example, The Secret Life of Words is a film that denounces the rape of a certain woman in a certain conflict: the Balkan War. == Filmography == ===Feature films=== Year Title Director Writer Camera Operator Notes 1983 Morbus (o bon profit) 1989 Demasiado viejo para morir joven 1996 Things I Never Told You 1998 A los que aman 2003 My Life Without Me 2005 The Secret Life of Words Also associate producer and music supervisor; Producer and music supervisor credited as Miss Wasabi 2006 Paris, je t'aime Segment "Bastille" 2008 Elegy Also music supervisor 2009 Map of the Sounds of Tokyo 2013 Yesterday Never Ends Also executive producer 2013 Another Me 2014 Learning to Drive 2015 Nobody Wants the Night 2017 The Bookshop 2019 Elisa & Marcela 2020 It Snows in Benidorm ====Producer only==== * Clue (2008) (Executive Producer) * Nobody's Watching (2017) (co-producer) * The Distances (2018) (Associate producer) ===Short films=== Year Title Director Writer Producer Notes 1984 Mira y verás 1997 Meteoritos 2002 Jealousy 2014 Teeth Also executive producer 2015 Sara a la fuga 2016 Un corazón roto no es como un jarrón roto o un florero Advertising short 2017 Protecto Tiempo. Parte I: La llave Proyecto Tiempo. Parte II: La Cura Proyecto Tiempo. Parte III: El Juego Amodio 2018 Proyecto Tiempo. Parte IV: Brainstart ===Documentaries=== ====Documentary films==== Year Title Director Writer Producer Notes 2003 Viaje al corazón de la tortura 2004 ¡Hay Motivó! Sgement "La insoportable verdad del carrito de compra" 2007 Invisbles Segment "Cartas a Nora" 2011 Escsuchando al Juez Garzón Also editor 2016 Spain in a Day 2017 El espíritu de la pintura 2018 Hotel Explotación: Las Kellys 2020 Drowing Letters 2022 El Techo Amarillo ====Documentary short films==== Year Title Director Writer Producer Notes 2010 Aral, el mar perdido 2012 Marea Blanca 2010 Dear John Also cinematographer 2013 Venice 70: Future Reloaded 2015 Parler de Rose, prissionnière de Hissène Habrè Also editor 2016 Normal No es tan fría Siberbia Also cinematographer ==Television== Year Title Director Writer Producer Notes 1998 XII premios Goya TV special 2009 50 años de...La mujer, cosas de hombres TV documentary 2019 Foodie Love TV Miniseries Also creator and executive producer 8 episodes 2021 Peace Peace Now Now TV documentary Series 1 episode 2022 Cuidarnos Entre Nosotros Nos Hace Humanos TV documentary Series 4 episodes ==Music videos== Year Title Artist Notes 1992 Pisando fuerte Alejandro Sanz 2004 It's All Right Marlango Co-directed with Rafa Suñado Once Upon a Time 2021 Forever Just Beyond Clem Snide == Awards == _Goya Awards_ Year Category Nominated work Result 1989 Best New Director Too Old To Die Young 1997 Best Original Screenplay Things I Never Told You 2004 Best Director My Life Without Me Best Adapted Screenplay 2006 Best Production Supervision The Secret Life of Words. Best Original Screenplay Best Director Best Film 2008 Best Documental Film (shared with other 4 directors) Invisibles 2012 Best Documental Film Listening to Judge Garzón 2016 Best Director Nobody Wants the Night Best Film 2017 Best Director The Bookshop Best Adapted Sreenplay 2022 Best Documentary El Sostre Groc _Medals of the Circle of Cinematographic Writers_ Year Category Nominated work Result 1997 Best Original Screenplay Things I Never Told You 2003 Best Adapted Screenplay My Life Without Me 2006 Best Original Screenplay The Secret Life of Words. Best Director 2017 Best Director The Bookshop Best Adapted Sreenplay _Feroz Awards_ Year Category Nominated work Result 2017 Best Director The Bookshop _Forqué Awards_ Year Category Nominated work Result 2004 Best Film of the Year My Life Without Me 2006 Best Film of the Year The Secret Life of Words. 2008 Special EGEDA Award for the Best Documentary Feature Invisibles 2016 Best Feature Nobody Wants the Night 2017 Best Director The Bookshop _Gaudí Awards_ Year Category Nominated work Result 2018 Best Director The Bookshop Best Screenplay _Butaca Awards_ Year Category Nominated work Result 2003 Best Catalan Film My Life Without Me 2006 The Secret Life of Words. _Other Awards_ * National Film and Audiovisual Prize of Catalonia (2002) for the film My Life Without Me. * Premio Creu de Sant Jordi de cine (2006). * Ojo Crítico de Cine Award in its XIV Edition for the film, My Life Without Me, for the “sincerity and sensitivity of its cinematographic language”. * Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (2015) for his contribution to the world of art and culture * Atlantida Award from the Catalan Publishers (2016) * Award for the Best Literary Adaptation at the Frankfurt Book Fair 2017, for the adapted script of The Bookshop. * International Award Yo Dona 2018 * Premio Nacional de Cinematografía de España 2020. == Books == * My Life Without Me (Mi vida sin mí) (2003) * La vida es un guión (2004) * La vida secreta de las palabras (2005) * Mapa de los sonidos de Tokio (2009) * Isabel Muñoz (2009) * From I to J (2009) * Alguien debería prohibir los domingos por la tarde (2011) * La vida secreta de Isabel Coixet (2011) ==See also== * List of female film and television directors * List of LGBT-related films directed by women == References == == Further reading == * Zecchi, Barbara (2017). "Tras las lentes de Isabel Coixet: cine, compromiso y feminismo". University of Zaragoza Press. == External links == * * Miss Wasabi Films Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:Female music video directors Category:Film directors from Catalonia Category:Spanish music video directors Category:Spanish women film directors Category:Spanish women screenwriters Category:Best Director Goya Award winners Category:People from Barcelona Category:University of Barcelona alumni Category:20th-century Spanish screenwriters Category:21st-century Spanish screenwriters |
Quang Lê (born 24 January 1979) is one of the top selling Vietnamese-American recording artists, renowned for his unique covers of many traditional Vietnamese songs created and written before, during and about the Vietnam War. Quang Lê has become a household name within the Vietnamese music industry worldwide, from the United States, to Canada, to France, to the United Kingdom, to Germany, to the Czech Republic, to Australia and back home in Vietnam. Quang Lê achieved success at a young age, with hits such as “Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại”, “Đập Vỡ Cây Đàn”, “Đường Về Quê Hương” and “Tương Tư Nàng Ca Sĩ”. Many famous Vietnamese songwriters, such as Đinh Miên Vũ, personally write songs for Quang Lê to perform on the Thúy Nga Paris By Night stage. ==Early life== Quang Lê was born in Vietnam, 1979), with family roots from Central Vietnam in the City of Huế. His Vietnamese accent is “Huế (central accent),” one of the main Vietnamese dialects in Vietnam, but he is able to imitate the southern accent, and he sings with a mixed accent. He is the third son in a family of 6 siblings, and one adopted sister. His family immigrated to the United States in 1990, and initially settled in Missouri. His family then moved to Orange County, California. Although Quang Lê had been singing at a very young age, it wasn’t until the year 2000 that Quang Lê took the step and decided to become a singer professionally. With support from his parents and encouragement from friends, it was not long after before Quang Lê achieved major stardom within the Vietnamese music industry, which goes without saying that Quang Lê was meant to become a singer. ==Singing career== Prior to appearing on the very popular Paris By Night stage, a musical production created by Thúy Nga Productions showcasing some of the top performers in the Vietnamese music industry, Quang Lê sang for a smaller music production called Ca Dao. He released three albums with Ca Dao singing “Quê Hương” songs such as “Ngại Ngùng”, “Em Về Với Người”, “Chim Sáo Ngày Xưa”, “Tình Cha” and “Lối Thu Xưa”. He was even given the opportunity to sing with a very famous female Vietnamese singer at the time, Phi Nhung, on two songs entitled “Ngày Đã Đơm Bông” and “Ngẫu Hứng Lý Qua Cầu”. Quang Lê had submitted a video to Thúy Nga Productions but at the time, they did need singers to perform “Quê Hương” songs. He waited two years before he received an invitation to appear in Thúy Nga's Paris by Night 66, entitled “Người Tình va Quê Hương”, an opportunity that opened all doors for Quang Lê and started his journey to becoming one of the top selling artists within the Vietnamese music industry. On Paris By Night 66, Quang Lê sang “Thư Xuân Trên Rừng Cao” from songwriter Trinh Lam Ngan, and although still very young, it was his voice and his ability to perform with his “Huế” accent that the audience started to pay attention to this up and coming artist. Quang Lê was invited again to appear on Thúy Nga's Paris By Night 68 entitled “Nửa Vầng Trăng”. In this instalment, he sang alongside an alumnus of Paris By Night and another “Quê Hương” singer, Tuong Nguyen, singing a mix of songs from songwriter Duy Khánh. Quang Lê appeared again on the Paris By Night stage in number 69 entitled “Song Ca Nợ Tình” singing “Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại” by Đinh Miên Vũ. It was Quang Lê’s cover of this song that the Vietnamese community began to recognize and respect Quang Lê’s voice and abilities despite his young age. In fact, in Paris By Night 89: Live in Korea, during his interview onstage by MC Nguyễn Ngọc Ngạn, Quang Lê shared with the audience his experience meeting songwriter Đinh Miên Vũ. Miên Vũ had approached Quang Lê at one of his shows and gave Quang Lê two musical sheets he had written: one for the song “Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại” and the second for a new song, “Hai Quê”. It is believed “Hai Quê” is part two of “Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại” which Miên Vũ wrote and has given to Quang Lê to perform. Audience in Paris by Night 89 was treated to Quang Lê’s performance of “Hai Quê” with his Huế accent. Quang Lê’s career began to take off, with concert and show offers pouring in for this young artist and Quang Lê became a contracted singer for Thúy Nga Productions, releasing various “Quê Hương” music albums, starting with “Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại” which became the number one selling album in the same year it was released. The demand for Quang Lê began to increase, pushing Thúy Nga to also release consecutively the following solo albums from Quang Lê: “Kẻ Ở Miền Xa”, and “Xin Gọi Nhau Là Cố Nhân”. In Paris By Night 73 entitled The Best of Song Ca (Duets), Thúy Nga decided to pair Quang Lê up with another Thúy Nga singer, Ngọc Hạ, and the audience immediately fell in love with the duet. With their Huế accents, Quang Lê and Ngọc Hạ brought the audience back to the town of Huế in the song “Ai Ra Xứ Huế” from Duy Khánh. This duet sparked more demand from the audience to see more of Quang Lê and to couple him with Ngọc Hạ. In Paris By Night 79 entitled Dream, Thúy Nga paired the two singers again in the song “Tình Lúa Duyên Trăng” from Hoai An and Ho Dinh and again in Paris By Night 94 25th Anniversary Part 1 with the song “Tình Nghèo” showcasing a much more mature Quang Lê, vocally and appearance wise. Thúy Nga Productions made special “Xuân” (Spring) shows on the Paris by Night stage, starting with Paris By Night 76 entitled Xuân Tha Huong. In this instalment of Paris by Night, Quang Lê sang “Xuân Này Con Về Mẹ Ở Đâu”, a very emotional song by Nhat Ngan. This began a series of songs for Mothers from Quang Lê on Paris By Night “Xuân” specials. In Paris By Night 80 entitled Tết Khắp Mọi Nhà, Quang Lê sang the song “Mừng Tuổi Mẹ” (Celebrating Mother’s Birthdays). In Paris By Night 85, the third installment of Thúy Nga's “Xuân” specials titled “Xuân Trong Ky Niem”, Quang Lê sang “Xuân Này Con Không Về”. Audience continued to demand more of Quang Lê. The release of “7000 Ðêm Góp Lại” brought Quang Lê to a much more broad audience, as opposed to just the older generation. He continued to sing “Quê Hương” songs such as “Thành Phố Sau Lưng” and “Xin Em Đừng Khóc Vu Quy” as well as a duet with another famous “Quê Hương” singer, Như Quỳnh” in the song “Đêm Bơ Vơ” from Duy Khánh. Quang Lê also sang with singer Hương Thủy in a very sweet cover and upbeat pop song “Tình Nhỏ Mau Quên”. Quang Lê provided a unique remixed to the song “Xin Đừng Trách Đa Đa” by adding a trance mix to it, very different from what the audience expects from him. He also provided to the audience a romantic ballad in “Hãy Về Đây Bên Anh” from Duy Manh, which attracted a different audience, mainly from the younger generation. In Paris By Night 82, Quang Lê sang “Đập Vỡ Cây Đàn” by Hoa Linh Bao and received positive feedback from the audience regarding his cover of the song, not only from the older generations, but from the younger generations as well. His performance sparked the released of his next CD, simple titled “Đập Vỡ Cây Đàn” which again has Quang Lê continuing to explore other music genres. He continued to provide to the audience with traditional Vietnamese music such as “Chuyện Ba Mùa Mưa” and “Nhật Ký Hai Đứa Mình”, a romantic “Quê Hương” song loved by many from the older generation. The CD had a guest star from a very famous and beloved female artist, Minh Tuyết, who normally do not sing “Quê Hương” songs but sang “Bài Ca Kỷ Niệm” with Quang Lê. Although not a common pairing, the two singers provided a nice cover of the song. Quang Lê also duet again with Hương Thủy in another cute song called “Chuyện Tình Nơi Làng Quê” again about young love in the old country. He was also given an opportunity to duet with Quỳnh Dung, his “Godsister”, whom in a previous interview he mentioned was the one person he wanted to duet with. In this CD, Quang Lê also explored a short “Tan Co” number, a traditional music genre from southern Vietnam called “Lỡ Hẹn”. He also sang “Tiễn Bạn Lên Đường”, a Chinese song translated into Vietnamese. He also continued to bring to the younger audience a romantic ballad in the song “Tình Em Là Đại Dương” from Duy Manh. In Paris By Night 88, Thúy Nga decided to dedicate the show to the talented Vietnamese songwriter Lam Phuong, who has provided the Vietnamese community with a number of “Quê Hương” songs. The show was called “Đường Về Quê Hương” (Journey Back to the Countryside). Quang Lê was invited to sing the song written by Lam Phuong, with the same title as the show “Đường Về Quê Hương”. In this show, performances were done live and Quang Lê, appearing more mature in a black suite, open collar and longer hair, provided a very upbeat version of the song, with vocals. In Paris By Night 90, Thúy Nga put together a very special show dedicated to Vietnamese women. Quang Lê, alongside other singers, Khanh Ly, The Son, Tâm Đoan, Hương Thủy and Thanh Truc was part of a very special performance dedicated to all mothers, called “Lòng Mẹ Việt Nam”. Quang Lê sang the song, promptly titled “Lòng Mẹ Việt Nam” which describes the pain of a mother who must see her sons off to war and longingly waits for words from them and their safe return. Quang Lê received positive feedback for his cover of this song, as he was able to pour so much emotion into the song, while maintaining very soothing and sweet vocals. In this show, Thúy Nga also paired Quang Lê with a new singer to Paris by Night, Mai Thiên Vân, in the song “Nước Non Ngàn Dặm Ra Đi”. The duet proved to be a success and requests for the two to sing again was overwhelming. In Paris By Night 92 Nhạc Yêu Cầu, where the audience was able to send in requests to Thúy Nga, Quang Lê was paired up with Mai Thiên Vân again in a very adorable performance of “Gõ Cửa Trái Tim” and the audience, young and old alike immediately fell in love with the two. The two paired up again in another cute performance in Paris By Night 94 singing two songs “Áo Em Chưa Mặc Một Lần” and “Vòng Nhẫn Cưới”. Using his experience on stage, Quang Lê improvised and teased Mai Thiên Vân at the end of the performance in order to advertise to the audience the release of the pairs’ upcoming duet album. Quang Lê released a new album with all his greatest hits. The CD was called “Hai Quê: Platinum” and included songs sang on the Paris by Night stage including “Thư Xuân Trên Rừng Cao”, “Đêm Trao Kỷ Niệm”, “Hương Tóc Mạ Non” and “Cay Đắng Bờ Môi”. The CD also featured other songs requested by his fans included “Mất Nhau Rồi” and “Tâm Sự Người Hát Rong”. While the Paris by Night was falling in love with the Quang Lê and Mai Thiên Vân duet, his fans still loved his duets with Hương Thủy. The two again sang another song called “Nhà Anh Nhà Em” about young love back in Vietnam. Thúy Nga decided put together a show dedicated to the three regions of Vietnam, “Huế, Saigon, Hanoi” in Paris By Night 91. Quang Lê, with a group of male singers, sang “Từ Miền Bắc” and “Vào Miền Nam” created for each region. He also sang, with singer Khánh Ly, performed a performance remembering the Massacre at Huế, called “Huế Mậu Thân”. In this performance, Quang Lê provided the audience with a very moving song “Những Con Đường Trắng”, of him falling in love with a local traditional Vietnamese girl and then finding her body during the massacre. After performing with Mai Thiên Vân in Paris By Night 92, Quang Lê was given the opportunity to sing with his idol singer Y Lan in the song “Tình Hoài Hương”. During the interview on stage by MC Ky Duyen, Quang Lê told the audience that singing with Y Lan was a request from him to Thúy Nga to let him sing with his Y Lan whom he has idolized for nearly 20 years. This is a clear indication of how much Thúy Nga appreciates and recognizes Quang Lê’s contribution to the Paris By Night shows. In Paris By Night 93, Thúy Nga decided to create a show mirroring America’s Dancing with the Stars. In this instalment, fans of Quang Lê saw a very different side to Quang Lê. In previous Paris By Night show, Quang Lê participated in cultural dance but not ballroom dancing. In Paris By Night 93, Quang Lê teamed up with singer/dancer Thuy Van and treated the audience to a “Rumba” dance to the song “Biển Tình”. Although he received high marks from the guest judges, Quang Lê did not win the competition. It was definitely a different side to Quang Lê and surprised many of his fans. Thúy Nga celebrated Paris By Night’s 25th anniversary with two shows: Paris By Night 94 and Paris By Night 95. While several Paris By Night singers got to sing in one song or maybe two if they are singing with other singers, Quang Lê was invited to sing in 4 songs. As previously mentioned, he sang “Tình Nghèo” with Ngọc Hạ and “Áo Em Chưa Mặc Một Lần” and “Vòng Nhẫn Cưới” with Mai Thiên Vân. He also sang in a group song with all other singers in the Paris By Night show in the song “Nếu Chỉ Còn Một Ngày”. Quang Lê then treated to the audience to “Tương Tư Nàng Ca Sĩ” from Cong Thanh Bich. The success of this song spurred the release of a full album, titled “Tương Tư Nàng Ca Sĩ”. The album included more songs that were requested from his fans including “Buồn Chi Em Ơi”, “Em Hãy Về Đi”, and a duet with Mai Thiên Vân, “Các Anh Về”. There was a lot of controversy when Quang Lê’s name was taken off of the Paris By Night 96 Nhạc Yêu Cầu 2 poster, much to the dismay of many of his fans. Thúy Nga was swarmed with mails, calls and even return of tickets for the show. Speculations that Quang Lê’s contract was over with Thúy Nga and that he would be joining Trung tâm Asia began to circulate. Many fans were not happy to hear this rumour. Quang Lê did not appear in the Paris by Night 96 show but made a surprise appearance in Paris By Night 97 singing “Huế Mù Sương”. This ended any rumours of Quang Lê leaving Thúy Nga and put many hearts at ease. For the DVD release of Paris by Night 96, Thúy Nga included an MTV of Quang Lê singing “Đôi Mắt Người Xưa”. Fans got to see a very romantic side of Quang Lê as he cried in the video to his ex-love on her wedding day (just all an act of course). The video also provided a promotional ad to Quang Lê’s new album with Mai Thiên Vân. Quang Lê will appear next in Paris By Night 98, live in Las Vegas. ==Music and religion== Quang Lê is a devout Buddhist and performs at many Temples around the world. A major event which Quang Lê frequently participates in is “Lễ Hội Quan Âm” at the Vietnamese Buddhist Temple in Houston, Texas. Quang Lê also gets invites from overseas Temple such as in France and Australia to perform. Quang Lê was approached by Nguyen Dat, vice president of the Vietnamese Buddhist Temple to release a Buddhist CD. In early 2009, in time for Lễ Hội Quan Âm, Quang Lê, under Quang Lê Entertainment released Giot Nuoc Tu Bi, an album dedicated to Avalokiteshvara. ==Miscellaneous== * Quang Lê's older brother, Nguyen Lê, is also a singer and appeared in Paris By Night 93 in an MTV; * Quang Lê's favorite dish is "Bún Bò Huế" cooked by his mother; ==Paris by Night appearances== Paris By Night 66: Người Tình & Quê Hương Thư Xuân Trên Rừng Cao - Quang Lê Paris By Night 68: Nửa Vầng Trăng Liên Khúc Duy Khánh - Quang Lê, Tường Nguyên Paris By Night 69: Song Ca Nợ Tình Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại (nhạc Đinh Miên Vũ) - Quang Lê Paris By Night 71: 20th Anniversary Kẻ Ở Miền Xa - Quang Lê Paris By Night 72: Tiếng Hát Từ Nhịp Tim Cô Hàng Xóm - Quang Lê Paris By Night 73: The Best Of Duets (song Ca Đặc Biệt) Ai Ra Xứ Huế - Quang Lê, Ngọc Hạ Paris By Night 74: Hoa Bướm Ngày Xư Xin Gọi Nhau Là Cố Nhân - Quang Lê Paris By Night 75: Về Miền Viễn Đông Đêm Trăo Kỷ Niệm - Quang Lê Paris By Night 76: Xuân Tha Hương Xuân Này Con Về Mẹ Ở Đâu - Quang Lê Paris By Night 77: 30 Năm Viễn Xứ Cay đắng bờ môi - Quang Lê; Lời cảm ơn - Hợp Ca Kết Thúc Paris By Night 78: Ðường Xưa Hương Giang Còn Tôi Chờ - Quang Lê Paris By Night 79: Dreams Tình Lúa Duyên Trăng - Quang Lê, Ngọc Hạ Paris By Night 80: Tết Khắp Mọi Nhà Mừng Tuổi Mẹ - Quang Lê Paris By Night 81: Âm Nhạc Không Biên Giới 2 Chuyện Một Chiếc Cầu Đã Gẫy - Quang Lê Paris By Night 82: Tiếu Vương Hội Đập Vỡ Cây Đàn - Quang Lê Paris By Night 83: Những Khúc Hát Ân Tình Về Dưới Mái Nhà - Trần Thái Hòa, Quang Lê, Thế Sơn; Hương Tóc Mạ Non - Quang Lê, Hà Phương; Hãy Về Đây Bên Anh - Quang Lê Paris By Night 84: In Atlanta Âm Nhạc Và Thời Trang Áo Hoa - Như Quỳnh, Quang Lê Paris By Night 85: Xuân Trong Kỷ Niệm Xuân Nghệ Sĩ Hành Khúc - Nguyễn Hưng, Thế Sơn, Quang Lê, Trần Thái Hòa, Lương Tùng Quang; Xuân Này Con Không Về - Quang Lê Paris By Night 88: Đường Về Quê Hương - Lam Phươn Đường Về Quê Hương - Quang Lê Paris By Night 89: In Korea Hai Quê - Quang Lê Paris By Night 90: Chân Dung Người Phụ Nữ Việt Nam Nước Non Ngàn Dặm Ra Đi - Quang Lê, Mai Thiên Vân; Nhạc Kịch: Bà Mẹ Quê, Lòng Mẹ Việt Nam, Lời Dặn Dò Của Mẹ - Tâm Đoan, Hương Thủy, Thanh Trúc, Michelle Nguyễn, Quang Lê, Khánh Ly, Thế Sơn Paris By Night 91: Huế - Sài Gòn - Hà Nội Từ Miền Bắc - Quỳnh Vi, Thế Sơn, Bằng Kiều, Quang Lê, Trần Thái Hòa, Dương Triều Vũ, Trịnh Lam; Nhạc Kịch “Huế Mậu Thân”: Những Con Đường Trắng & Bài Ca Dành Cho Những Xác Người - Quang Lê, Khánh Ly; Vào Miền Nam - Hương Thủy, Thế Sơn, Quang Lê, Lưu Việt Hùng, Nguyễn Hoàng Nam Paris By Night 92: Nhạc Yêu Cầu Gõ Cửa Trái Tim - Quang Lê, Mai Thiên Vân; Tình Hoài Hương - Ý Lan, Quang Lê Paris By Night 93: Celebrity Dancing Rumba: Biển Tình - Quang Lê Paris By Night 94: 25th Anniversary Tình Nghèo - Ngọc Hạ, Quang Lê; Áo Em Chưa Mặc Một Lần & Vòng Nhẫn Cưới - Mai Thiên Vân, Quang Lê Paris By Night 95: 25th Anniversary - Cám Ơn Cuộc Đời Nếu Chỉ Còn Một Ngày - Hop Ca; Tương Tư Nàng Ca Sĩ - Quang Lê Paris By Night 96: Nhạc Yêu Cầu 2 Đôi Mắt Người Xưa - Quang Lê Paris By Night 97: Celebrity Dancing 2 Huế Mù Sương - Quang Lê'' Paris By Night 98: Fly With Us to Las Vegas Nhớ Nhau Hoài - Quang Lê Paris By Night 99: Tôi Là Người Việt Nam Tình Ca – Như Quỳnh, Mai Thiên Vân, Ngọc Anh, Nguyệt Anh, Thế Sơn, Trần Thái Hòa, Quang Lê, Trịnh Lam, Hương Giang, Hương Thủy, Quỳnh Vi, Hồ Lệ Thu; Người Em Vỹ Dạ – Quang Lê Paris By Night 100: Ghi Nhớ Một Chặng Đường Chuyện Tình Buồn 100 Năm – Mai Thiên Vân & Quang Lê Paris By Night 100 V.I.P. Party Mưa Đêm Ngoại Ô (Đỗ Kim Bảng) - Quang Lê Paris By Night 101: Hạnh Phúc Đầu Năm Bài Ca Tết Cho Em - Quang Lê Paris By Night 102: Nhạc Yêu Cầu - Tình Ca Lam Phương Xin Thời Gian Qua Mau - Quang Lê Paris By Night 103: Tình Sử Trong Âm nhạc Việt Nam Hai Chuyến Tàu Đêm - Quang Lê Paris By Night 104: Beginnings Ngày Xưa Anh Nói - Quang Lê, Mai Thiên Vân Paris By Night 106: Lụa Trời Huế vào thu chưa em - Quang Lê, Như Quỳnh Paris By Night 107: Nguyễn Ngọc Ngạn - 20 Năm Sân Khấu Chiều xuân xa nhà - Quang Lê Paris By Night 108: Time Đường Xưa Lối Cũ - Quang Lê Paris By Night 109: 30th Anniversary Celebration Duyên quê - Ngọc Hạ, Quang Lêc Paris By Night 109 V.I.P. Party Chuyện ba người (Quốc Dũng) - Quang Lê Paris By Night 110: Phát Lộc Đầu Năm Mùa Xuân Của Mẹ - Quang Lê Paris By Night 111: S Sao Anh Nỡ Đành Quên - Quang Lê, Lam Anh Áo Hoa (Trần Quang Lộc) - Quang Lê Paris By Night 112: Đông Chuyện người đan áo - Quang Lê Paris By Night Gloria 2 Tà Áo Đêm Noel - Quang Lê ==Albums with Ca Dao== ===Huế Đêm Trăng=== Huế Đêm Trăng - Quang Lê Ngại Ngùng - Quang Lê Giọt Sầu Trinh Nữ m - Quang Lê Huế Thương - Quang Lê Thương Về Miền Trung Ước Thầm - Quang Lê Tiếng Hát Chim Đa Đa - Quang Lê Quê Hương Ngày Em Lớn Lặng Thầm ===Em Ve Voi Nguoi=== Em Ve Voi Nguoi - Quang Lê Mua Xuân Do Co Em Gian Hon - Quang Lê Ngheo Chan Que - Quang Lê Tren Bon Vung Chien Thuat Mua Bong Bong - Quang Lê Dem Tren Dinh Sau Huong Cua - Quang Lê Ngay Con Em Ben Toi ===Chim Sáo Ngày Xưa=== Lối Thu Xưa - Quang Lê Dang Dở - Quang Lê Ngày Đã Đơm Bông - Quang Lê, Phi Nhung Tình Cha - Quang Lê Yêu Trong Nghịch Cảnh - Quang Lê Gõ Cửa Trái Tim - Quang Lê Nàng Yêu Hoa Tím - Quang Lê Chuyện Ba Người - Quang Lê Chim Sáo Ngày Xưa - Quang Lê ==Solo albums with Thúy Nga== ===Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại=== Sương Trắng Miền Quê Ngoại (Đinh Miên Vũ) - Quang Lê Những Ngày Xưa Thân Ái (Phạm Thế Mỹ) - Quang Lê Gặp Nhau (Hoàng Thi Thơ) - Quang Lê Ai Nhớ Chăng Ai (Hoàng Thi Thơ) - Quang Lê Thư Cho Vợ Hiền (Song Ngọc) - Quang Lê Sao Em Vô Tình - Quang Lê Người Mang Tâm Sự (Như Phy) - Quang Lê Tà Áo Cưới (Hoàng Thi Thơ) - Quang Lê Duyên Kiếp (Diên An) - Quang Lê Thương Về Miền Trung (Duy Khánh) - Quang Lê Đa Tạ (Anh Việt Thu) - Quang Lê ===Kẻ Ở Miền Xa=== Kẻ Ở Miền Xa - Quang Lê Chuyện Ngày Cuối Năm - Quang Lê Chuyện Tình Sông Thương - Quang Lê Giận Hờn 2 - Quang Lê Người Phu Kéo Mo Cau - Quang Lê Huế Tình Yêu Của Tôi - Quang Lê Tiếng Hai Đêm - Quang Lê Buồn Trong Kỷ Niệm - Quang Lê Mèo Hoang - Quang Lê Một Lần Dang Dở - Quang Lê ===Xin Gọi Nhau Là Cố Nhân=== Cầu Tre Kỷ Niệm - Quang Lê Mưa Đêm Tỉnh Nhỏ - Quang Lê Đêm Cuối - Quang Lê Để Trả Lời Một Câu Hỏi - Quang Lê, Như Quỳnh Cô Hàng Xóm - Quang Lê Nước Trôi Qua Ghềnh - Quang Lê Ai Ra Xứ Huế - Quang Lê, Ngọc Hạ Nắng Đẹp Miền Nam - Quang Lê Xin Gọi Nhau Là Cố Nhân - Quang Lê Kẻ Đi Rong - Quang Lê Nhớ Về Em - Quang Lê Nén Hương Yêu - Quang Lê ===7000 Ðêm Góp Lại=== Xin Em Đừng Khóc Vu Quy - Quang Lê 7000 Đêm Góp Lại - Quang Lê Hận Tha La - Quang Lê Đêm Bơ Vơ - Quang Lê, Như Quỳnh Tình Em Là Biển Rộng Sông Dài - Quang Lê Sao Em Nở Vô Tình - Quang Lê Tình Nhỏ Mau Quên - Quang Lê, Hương Thủy Vùng Quê Tương Lai - Quang Lê Xuân Này Con Về Mẹ Ở Đâu - Quang Lê Thành Phố Sau Lưng - Quang Lê Hãy Về Đây Bên Anh - Quang Lê Xin Đừng Trách Đa Đa - Quang Lê ===Đập Vỡ Cây Đàn=== Đập Vỡ Cây Đàn - Quang Lê - Hoa Linh Bảo Đừng Nhắc Chuyện Lòng - Quang Lê - Vinh Sử Chuyện Ba Mùa Mưa - Quang Lê - Minh Kỳ, Dạ Cầm Bài Ca Kỷ Niệm - Quang Lê, Minh Tuyết - Tứ Nhi, Bằng Giang Đau Xót Lý Con Cua - Quang Lê, Quỳnh Dung - Minh Vy Lỡ Hẹn - Quang Lê - Hồng Xương Long, Minh Châu Tình Em Xứ Quảng - Quang Lê - Trần Ngọc Chuyện Tình Nơi Làng Quê - Quang Lê, Hương Thủy - Xuân Hòa, Quang Vinh Nhật Ký Hai Đứa Mình - Quang Lê - Lê Minh Bằng Cánh Thư Bằng Hữu - Quang Lê - Hoài Linh Tiễn Bạn Lên Đường - Quang Lê - Nhạc Hoa Tình Em Là Đại Dương - Quang Lê - Duy Mạnh ===Hai Quê=== Hai Quê - Quang Lê Nước Non Ngàn Dặm Ra Đi - Quang Lê, Mai Thiên Vân Chuyện Một Chiếc Cầu Đã Gãy - Quang Lê Thu Xuân Trên Rừng Cao - Quang Lê Tình Lúa Duyên Trăng - Quang Lê, Ngọc Hạ Đêm Trao Kỷ Niệm - Quang Lê Cay Đắng Bờ Môi - Quang Lê Áo Hoa - Quang Lê, Như Quỳnh Tâm Sự Người Hát Rong - Quang Lê Giọt Lệ Đài Trang - Quang Lê Mất Nhau Rồi - Quang Lê Hương Tóc Mạ Non - Quang Lê, Hà Phương Đường Về Quê Hương - Quang Lê Nhà Anh Nhà Em - Quang Lê, Hương Thủy ===Tương Tư Nàng Ca Sĩ=== Tương Tư Nàng Ca Sĩ - Quang Lê Giã Từ - Quang Lê Hãy Quên Anh - Quang Lê Em Hãy Về Đi - Quang Lê Ngại Ngùng - Quang Lê Nữa Vầng Trăng - Quang Lê Các Anh Về - Quang Lê, Mai Thiên Vân Quán Nữa Khuya - Quang Lê Buồn Chi Em Ơi - Quang Lê Neo Đậu Bến Quê - Quang Lê Hoa Cài Mái Tóc - Quang Lê ==References== Category:21st-century Vietnamese male singers Category:Living people Category:People from Midway City, California Category:American musicians of Vietnamese descent Category:Vietnamese emigrants to the United States Category:1979 births |
Peace ( Eirḗnē) is an Athenian Old Comedy written and produced by the Greek playwright Aristophanes. It won second prize at the City Dionysia where it was staged just a few days before the validation of Peace of Nicias, which promised to end the ten-year-old Peloponnesian War, in 421 BC. The play is notable for its joyous anticipation of peace and for its celebration of a return to an idyllic life in the countryside. However, it also sounds a note of caution, there is bitterness in the acknowledgment of lost opportunities, and the ending is not happy for everyone. As in all of Aristophanes' plays, the jokes are numerous, the action is wildly absurd and the satire is savage. Cleon, the pro-war populist leader of Athens, is once again a target for the author's wit, even though he had died in the Battle of Amphipolis just a few months earlier. ==Plot== Short summary: Trygaeus, a middle-aged Athenian, miraculously brings about a peaceful end to the Peloponnesian War, thereby earning the gratitude of farmers while bankrupting various tradesmen who had profited from the hostilities. He celebrates his triumph by marrying Harvest, a companion of Festival and Peace, all of whom he has liberated from a celestial prison. Detailed summary: Two slaves are frantically working outside an ordinary house in Athens, kneading unusually large lumps of dough and carrying them one by one into the stable. We soon learn from their banter that it is not dough but excrement gathered from various sources—they are feeding a giant dung beetle that their crazy master has brought home from the Mount Etna region and on which he intends flying to a private audience with the gods. This startling revelation is confirmed moments later by the sudden appearance of Trygaeus on the back of the dung beetle, rising above the house and hovering in an alarmingly unsteady manner. His two slaves, his neighbours and his children take fright and they plead with him to come back down to earth. He steadies the spirited beetle, he shouts comforting words to his children and he appeals to the audience not to distract his mount by farting or shitting any time in the next three days. His mission, he declares, is to reason with the gods about the war or, if they will not listen, he will prosecute the gods for treason against Greece. Then he soars across the stage heavenwards. Arriving outside the house of the gods, Trygaeus discovers that only Hermes is home. Hermes informs him that the others have packed up and departed for some remote refuge where they hope never to be troubled again by the war or the prayers of humankind. He has stayed back, he says, only to make some final arrangements and meanwhile the new occupant of the house has already moved in – War. War, he says, has imprisoned Peace in a cave nearby. Just then, as chance would have it, War comes grumbling and growling outdoors, carrying a gigantic mortar in which he intends grinding the Greeks to paste. Trygaeus discovers by eavesdropping that War no longer has a pestle to use with his gigantic mortar – the pestles he had hoped to use on the Greeks are both dead, for one was Cleon and the other was Brasidas, the leaders of the pro-war factions in Athens and Sparta respectively, both of whom have recently perished in battle. War goes back indoors to get himself a new one and Trygaeus boldly takes this opportunity to summon Greeks everywhere to come and help him set Peace free while there is still time. A Chorus of excited Greeks from various city-states arrives as prompted but they are so excited they cannot stop dancing at first. Eventually they get to work, pulling boulders from the cave's mouth under supervision by Trygaeus and Hermes. Some of the Greeks are more of a hindrance than a help and real progress is only made by the farmers. At last Peace and her companions, Festival and Harvest, are brought to light, appearing as visions of ineffable beauty. Hermes then tells the gathering why Peace had left them many years earlier – she had been driven away by politicians who were profiting from the war. In fact she had tried to come back several times, he says, but each time the Athenians had voted against her in their Assembly. Trygaeus apologizes to Peace on behalf of his countrymen, he updates her on the latest theatre gossip (Sophocles is now as venal as Simonides and Cratinus died in a drunken apoplexy) and then he leaves her to enjoy her freedom while he sets off again for Athens, taking Harvest and Festival back with him – Harvest because she is now his betrothed, Festival because she is to be female entertainment for the Boule or Council. The Chorus then steps forward to address the audience in a conventional parabasis. The Chorus praises the author for his originality as a dramatist, for his courageous opposition to monsters like Cleon and for his genial disposition. It recommends him especially to bald men. It quotes songs of the 7th century BC poet StesichorusAristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays D. Barrett and A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics page 325 note 53 and it condemns contemporary dramatists like Carcinus, Melanthius and Morsimus. The Chorus resumes its place and Trygaeus returns to the stage. He declares that the audience looked like a bunch of rascals when seen from the heavens and they look even worse when seen up close. He sends Harvest indoors to prepare for their wedding and he delivers Festival to the archon sitting in the front row. He then prepares for a religious service in honour of Peace. A lamb is sacrificed indoors, prayers are offered and Trygaeus starts barbecuing the meat. The fragrance of roast lamb soon attracts an oracle monger who proceeds to hover about the scene in quest of a free meal, as is the custom among oracle-mongers. He is driven off with a good thrashing. Trygaeus goes indoors to prepare for his wedding and the Chorus steps forward again for another parabasis. The Chorus sings lovingly of winter afternoons spent with friends in front of a kitchen fire in the countryside in times of peace when rain soaks into the newly sown fields and there is nothing to do but enjoy the good life. The tone soon changes however as the Chorus recalls the regimental drill and the organizational stuff-ups that have been the bane of the ordinary civilian soldier's life until now and it contemplates in bitterness the officers who have been lions at home and mere foxes in the field. The tone brightens again as Trygaeus returns to the stage, dressed for the festivities of a wedding. Tradesmen and merchants begin to arrive singly and in pairs – a sickle-maker and a jar-maker whose businesses are flourishing again now that peace has returned, and others whose businesses are failing. The sickle-maker and jar-maker present Trygaeus with wedding presents and Trygaeus offers suggestions to the others about what they can do with their merchandise: helmet crests can be used as dusters, spears as vine props, breastplates as chamber pots, trumpets as scales for weighing figs, and helmets could serve as mixing bowls for Egyptians in need of emetics or enemas. The sons of wedding guests practise their songs outdoors and one of the boys begins rehearsing Homer's epic song of war. Trygaeus sends him back indoors as he cannot stomach any mention of war. Another boy sings a famous song by Archilochus celebrating an act of cowardice and this does not impress Trygaeus either. He announces the commencement of the wedding feast and he opens up the house for celebrations: Hymen Hymenai'O! Hymen Hymenai'O! ==Historical background== All the early plays of Aristophanes were written and acted against a background of war.For an overview see for example the introduction to Aristophanes:Peace S. Douglas Olson, Oxford University Press 2003, pages XXV-XXXI The war between Athens and Sparta had commenced with the Megarian decree in 431 BC and, under the cautious leadership of Archidamus II in Sparta and Pericles in Athens, it developed into a war of slow attrition in which Athens was unchallenged at sea and Sparta was undisputed master of the Greek mainland. Every year, the Spartans and their allies invaded Attica and wreaked havoc on Athenian farms. As soon as they retreated, the Athenians marched out from their city walls to avenge themselves on the farms of their neighbours, the Megarians and Boeotians, allies of Sparta. Till then, most Athenians had lived in rural settlements but now they congregated within the safety of the city walls. In 430 a plague decimated the over-crowded population and it also claimed the life of Pericles, leaving Athens in the control of a more radical leadership, epitomized by Cleon. Cleon was determined to gain absolute victory in the war with Sparta and his aggressive policies seemed to be vindicated in 425 in the Battle of Sphacteria, resulting in the capture of Spartan hostages and the establishment of a permanent garrison at Pylos, from where the Athenians and their allies could harass Spartan territory. The Spartans in response to this setback made repeated appeals for peace but these were dismissed by the Athenian Assembly under guidance by Cleon who wished instead to broaden the war with ambitious campaigns against Megara and Boeotia. The Athenians subsequently suffered a major defeat in Boeotia at the Battle of Delion and this was followed by an armistice in 423. By this time, however, the Spartans were increasingly coming under the influence of the pro-war leader Brasidas, a daring general who encouraged and supported revolts among Athenian client states despite the armistice. Athens' client states in Chalcidice were especially vulnerable to his intrigues. When the armistice ended, Cleon led a force of Athenians to Chalcidice to repress the revolts. It was there, while manoeuvering outside the city of Amphipolis, that he and his men were surprised and defeated by a force led by the Spartan general. Both Cleon and Brasidas died in the battle and their removal opened the way for new peace talks during the winter of 422–21. The Peace of Nicias was ratified soon after in the City Dionysia, where Peace was performed, early in the spring of 421 BC. ===Places and people mentioned=== According to a character in Plutarch's Dinner-table DiscussionDinner-table Discussion Book VII No.8, quoted in Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays D. Barrett and A. Sommerstein (translators), Penguin Classics 1978, pages 14-15 (written some 500 years after Peace was produced), Old Comedy needs commentators to explain its abstruse references in the same way that a banquet needs wine-waiters. Here is the wine list for Peace as supplied by modern scholars.Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays D. Barrett and A Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1978, NotesAristophanis Comoediae Tomus II F. Hall and W.Geldart, Oxford University Press 1907, Index Nominum :::Athenian politicians and generals *Cleon: The populist leader of the pro-war faction in Athens, he had recently perished in the battle for Amphipolis. He is mentioned by name only once in this play (line 47) when a member of the audience is imagined comparing him to a dung beetle on the grounds that he eats dung i.e. he's dead (excrement is a characteristic element of the Aristophanic Underworld, as represented later in The Frogs). He receives several indirect mentions (313, 648, 669, 650–56) as a Cerberus whose seething (paphlagon) and shouting might yet snatch away peace (the seething image was previously developed in The Knights, where Cleon was represented as 'Paphlagonian'), a leather merchant who had corruptly profited from war, a leather skin that stifled Athenian thoughts of peace, and a rascal, chatterer, sycophant and trouble-maker that Hermes should not revile, since Hermes (as a guide to the Underworld) is now responsible for him. *Lamachus: He was a fearless general associated with the pro-war faction but he nevertheless ratified the Peace of Nicias. He is described here as an enemy of peace who hinders peace efforts (lines 304, 473). His son is a character who sings war-like songs. Lamachus appears as the antagonist in The Acharnians and he is mentioned in another two plays.Thesmophoriazusae line 841; Frogs 1039 *Phormio: A successful Athenian admiral, he used to sleep rough on a soldier's pallet (line 347). He is mentioned in two other plays.Knights 562; Lysistrata 804 *Peisander: A prominent politician, he was to become an influential figure in the Athenian coup of 411 BC. His helmet is a loathsome spectacle (line 395) and there are references to him in other plays.Birds line 1556; Lysistrata 490 *Pericles: A gifted orator and politician, he provoked the war with Sparta by his Megarian decree. It is said that he did so in order to avoid being implicated in a corruption scandal involving the sculptor Pheidias (line 606). Pericles is mentioned by name in two other playsKnights 283, Clouds 213 and there are also indirect references to him.Acharnians 530; Clouds 859 *Hyperbolus: Another populist, he succeeded Cleon as the new master of the speaker's stone on the Pnyx (line 681). He was a lampseller by trade and this enabled him to shed light on affairs of state (690). The Chorus would like to celebrate the wedding at the end by driving him out (1319). He is a frequent target in other plays.Acharnians 846; Knights 1304, 1363; Clouds 551, 557, 623, 876, 1065; Wasps 1007; Thesmophoriazusae 840; Frogs 570 *Theogenes: Another prominent politician, he associated with swines (line 928). His name recurs in several plays.Wasps line 1183; Birds 822, 1127, 1295; Lysistrata 63 :::Athenian personalities *Cleonymus: A frequent butt of jokes in other plays for his gluttony and cowardice,Acharnians lines 88, 844; Knights 958, 1294, 1372; Clouds 353, 400, 673-5, 680; Wasps 19, 20, 822; Birds 289, 290, 1475; Thesmophoriazusae 605 he figures here in a curse as the model of a coward (446), as a man who loves peace for the wrong reasons (673, 675) and as the father of a boy who sings lyrics by Archilochus in celebration of cowardice (1295). *Cunna: A well-known prostitute, she has eyes that flash like those of Cleon (755). She is mentioned in another two plays.Knights line 765; Wasps 1032 *Arriphrades: A member of an artistic family and possibly a comic poet himself,Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, pages 297-8 notes 1278-1280 he has been immortalized by Aristophanes here (line 883) and in other playsKnights line 1281; Wasps 1280; Ecclesiazusae 129 as an exponent of cunnilingus. *Glaucetes, Morychus and Teleas: Gourmands, they are imagined bustling about the replenished agora in their greedy pursuit of delicacies once peace returns (line 1008). Morychus is mentioned again in The Acharnians and The Wasps,Acharnians 887; Wasps 506, 1142 Teleas in The BirdsThe Birds 168, 1025 and Glaucetes in ThesmophoriazusaeThesmophoriazusae 1033 :::Poets and other artists *Euripides: A tragic poet renowned for his innovative plays and pathetic heroes, he appears as a ridiculous character in The Acharnians, Thesmophoriazusae and The Frogs and he receives numerous mentions in other plays. Trygaeus is warned not to fall off his beetle or he might end up as the hero of a Euripidean tragedy (line 147) and Peace is said not to like Euripides because of his reliance on legalistic quibbling for dialogue (534). Trygaeus' flight on the dung beetle is a parody of Euripides' play Bellerephon, his daughter's appeal to him is a parody of a speech from Aeolus (114–23) and there is a deliberate misquote from his play Telephus (528). The latter play was a favourite target for parody as for example in The Acharnians and ThesmophoriazusaeThesmophoriazusae. *Aesop: A legendary author of fables, he is said to have inspired Trygaeus to ascend to the home of the gods on a dung beetle (line 129). In the original fable, the dung beetle flew up to the home of the gods to punish the eagle for destroying its eggs. Zeus was minding the eagle's own eggs and the dung beetle provoked him into dropping them. There are references to Aesop in two plays.Wasps lines 566, 1401, 1446; Birds 471, 651 *Sophocles: A famous tragic poet, he is mentioned here because his verses are evocative of the good times that will come with peace (line 531) even though he has become as greedy as Simonides (695–7). Sophocles is also mentioned in The Birds and The Frogs.The Birds line 100; Frogs 76, 79, 787, 1516 *Pheidias: A renowned sculptor, he is said to have been named in a corruption scandal that was really aimed at his patron Pisistratus (line 605) and Peace is said to be a beautiful relative of his i.e. she is statuesque (616). *Simonides: A highly respected poet, he was however notorious for demanding high fees – he'd even go to sea in a sieve if the commission was right (line 697–8). There are references to him in two other plays.The Clouds line 1356, 1362; Birds 919 *Cratinus: A comic poet often ranked with Aristophanes as a playwright, he is said to have died of a drunken apoplexy after witnessing the destruction of wine jars (line 700). He is mentioned with mock-respect in several other plays also.Acharnians lines 849, 1173; Knights 400, 526; Frogs 357 *Carcinus: A tragic poet, he is said to have written an unsuccessful comedy about mice (791–5) and the Muse is urged to spurn both him and his sons – his sons, who had danced in the original performance of The Wasps, are now reviled as goat-turds devoted to theatrical stunts (lines 781–95) and they are not as fortunate as Trygaeus (864). Carcinus is mentioned in several other plays.Clouds 1261; Wasps 1501-12; Thesmophoriazusae 441 *Morsimus and Melanthius: Two brothers who were related to the great tragic poet Aeschylus but who were also known for gluttony (they are called 'Gorgons' and 'Harpies'), they collaborated on a play in which the latter acted stridently and both should be spat upon by the Muse (lines 801–816). Melanthius is imagined quoting melodramatically from his brother's play Medea when he learns that there are no more eels for sale (1009). Morsimus is mentioned in two more playsKnights 401; Frogs 151 and Melanthius in one other play.Birds 151 *Stesichorus: A famous Sicilian poet, he is quoted invoking the Muse and the Graces in a song that denounces Carcinus, Morsimus and Melanthius as inferior poets (beginning with lines 775 and 796). *Ion: A celebrated Chian poet, he was the author of a popular song The Morning Star. Trygaeus claims to have seen him in the heavens, where he has become the Morning Star (line 835). *Chairis: A flute player, here (line 951) as elsewhereAcharnians 16; Birds 857 he is an execrable musician. *Homer: The bard of all bards, he is mentioned in this play twice by name (lines 1089, 1096) and there are frequent references to his poetry. He is fancifully misquoted by Trygaeus to prove that oracle mongers are not entitled to free meals (lines 1090–93) and there is an accurate quote from a passage in the IliadIliad IX 63-4 arguing in favour of peace (1097–8). The son of Lamachus also concocts some Homer-like verses and he quotes from the introduction to Epigoni (1270), an epic sometimes attributed to Homer (now lost). Homer is mentioned by name in three other plays.Clouds line 1056; Birds 575, 910, 914; Frogs 1034 *Archilochus: A renowned poet, he once wrote an elegy making light of his own cowardice on the battle field. The son of Cleonymus quotes from it (lines 1298-99). Archilochus is mentioned by name in two other plays.Acharnians 120; Frogs 764 :::Places *Mount Etna: A region famous for its horses, it is from here that Trygaeus obtained his dung beetle (line 73). The mountain is mentioned again in The Birds.Birds 926 *Naxos: An island state, it was home to a type of boat known as a 'Naxian beetle' (line 143). The island is referred to again in Wasps.Wasps line 355 *Peiraeus: The main port for Athens, it includes a small harbour that takes its name from the Greek for 'beetle' (lines 145) and it is the sort of place where a man might excrete in public view outside a brothel (165). It is mentioned also in Knights.Knights line815, 855 *Athmonon: A deme within the Cecropides tribe, it is an epithet for Trygaeus since he is enrolled there as a citizen. (lines 190, 919) *Pylos: Enemy territory occupied by the Athenians, it is associated with missed opportunities for an end to the war (lines 219, 665). *Prasiae: A Spartan territory, its name allows for a pun with 'leeks', one of the ingredients that War intends grinding in his mortar (line 242). *Sicily: An island renowned for its wealth and its abundant resources, it was famous also for its cheeses, another ingredient in war's mortar (line 250). The island is mentioned in two other plays.Wasps line 838, 897; Lysistrata 392 *Samothrace: A region associated with religious mysteries, as represented in the worship of the Cabeiri, it is regarded by Trygaeus as a possible source of magic spells when all else fails (line 277). *Thrace: The northern battleground of the Peloponnesian War, it is where War lost his Spartan pestle, Brasidas (line 283). The region is also mentioned in other plays.Acharnians lines 136, 138, 602; Wasps 288; Birds 1369; Lysistrata 103 *Lyceum: Later famous as the school for Aristotelian philosophy, it was then a parade ground (line 356). *Pnyx: The hill where the Athenian citizenry convened as a democratic assembly, it was topped by a monolithic rostrum called a 'bema'. Peace wants to know who is now master of the stone (line 680). The hill is mentioned in several plays.Knights 42, 165, 749, 751; Wasps 31; Thesmophoriazusae 658; Ecclesiazusae 243, 281, 283 *Brauron: An Athenian town on the east coast of Attica, it was the site of a sometimes promiscuous quadrennial festival in honour of Artemis. A slave of Trygaeus wonders if Festival is a girl he had once partied with there (line 875). The town is also referred to in Lysistrata.Lysistrata line 645 *Oreus: A town on the western shore of Euboea, it is the home of the oracle monger and party-pooper, Hierocles (line 1047, 1125). He is associated with another Euboean town Elymnion (1126). *Lake Copais: A lake in Boeotia, it is a source of eels much valued by Athenian gourmands (1005). It is mentioned for the same reason in The Acharnians.The Acharnians lines 880, 883, 962 *Sardis: Once the capital of the Lydian empire and subsequently of a Persian satrapy, it is a source of scarlet dye used to denote the cloaks of Athenian officers (line 1174). It is mentioned in two other plays.Acharnians line 112; Wasps 1139 *Cyzicus: A town on the Propontis, it is a source of saffron-coloured (or crap-coloured) dye (1176). *Pandion's statue: A statue of a mythical king of ancient Athens, it was located in the agora as a rallying point for the Pandionid tribe (line 1183). Both Aristophanes and Cleon would have mustered here since both belonged to the Cydathenaeum deme, a branch of the Pandionid tribe. :::Foreigners *Ionians: Inhabiting region of islands and coastal cities scattered around the Aegean, they formed the core of the Athenian empire. An Ionian in the audience is imagined to say that the beetle represents Cleon since they both eat shit (line 46). The Ionian dialect allows a pun equating 'sheep' with 'oh!' (930-33). *Medes: Brothers to the Persians and often identified with them as rivals of Greece, they benefit from the ongoing war between Athens and Sparta (line 108). They are mentioned quite often in other plays.Knights lines 478, 606 781; Wasps 12, 1097; Birds 277; Lysistrata 653, 1253; Thesmophoriazusae 337, 365; Frogs 938 *Chians: Citizens of the island state of Chios, they seem to have been recent victims of an Athenian law imposing a fine of 30 000 drachmas on any allied state in which an Athenian citizen happened to be killed. They might have to pay such a fine if Trygaeus falls off his dung beetle (line 171). Chios is also the home of a popular poet, Ion (835). The island is referred to in three other plays.Birds 879; Frogs 970; Ecclesiazusae 1139 *Megarians: Long-time rivals of Athens and allies of Sparta, they are the garlic in War's mortar (line 246–249), they are a hindrance to peace efforts even though they are starving (481–502) and they were the target of the Megarian decree, the original cause of the war (609). They are mentioned in other plays,Wasps line 57; Lysistrata 1170; but especially in The Acharnians where one of the characters is a starving Megarian farmer. *Brasidas: Sparta's leading general, he had recently perished in the battle for Amphipolis. He is mentioned indirectly as one of the pestles that War can no longer use (line 282) and directly as somebody whose name is often brought up by corrupt politicians in accusations of treason (640). He is mentioned also in Wasps.Wasps line 475 *Datis: A Persian general during the Persian Wars, he is imaginatively quoted as somebody who sings while masturbating (line 289) – meanwhile Trygaeus and his fellow Greeks spring into action. *Cillicon: A traitor (from Miletus) who famously excused his treachery with the comment that he intended nothing bad. He is quoted by Trygaeus (line 363). *Boeotians: Northern neighbours of Athens but allies of Sparta, they were hindering peace efforts (line 466) and their banned produce is fondly remembered (1003). They are mentioned in other playsKnights line 479; Lysistrata 35, 40, 72, 86, 702 and especially in The Acharnians, where one of the characters is a Boeotian merchant. *Argives: Citizens of Argos and neighbours of the Spartans, they had maintained their neutrality throughout the war and they were not assisting in peace efforts (lines 475, 493). They receive mentions in other plays.Knights 465-6, 813; Thesmophoriazusae 1101; Frogs 1208; Wealth II 601 *Thrassa and Syra: Common names for female slaves of Thracian (line 1138) and Syrian origin (1146). Thrassa is a silent character in ThesmophoriazusaeThesmophoriazusae and the name recurs in two other plays.Acharnians line 273; Wasps 828 *Egyptians: An ancient and exotic people whose customs, as described by Herodotus, included the regular use of an emetic syrmaia.Herodotus II.77 They are mentioned in that context here (line 1253) and they receive mentions in other plays.Birds lines 504, 1133; Frogs 1206, 1406; Thesmophoriazusae 856, 878; Wealth II 178; :::Religious and cultural identities *Pegasus: A mythical flying horse, it lends its name to the flying dung beetle (lines 76, 135, 154). *Dioscuri: Otherwise known as Castor and Pollux, they were venerated in particular by Spartans. Trygaeus attributes the death of Brasidas to their intervention (line 285). *Eleusinian mysteries: A mystery religion dedicated to the worship of Demeter and promising immortal life to its initiates, it included the ritual bathing of piglets. Trygaeus asks Hermes for money to buy such a piglet (374–5) and he offers to dedicate the mysteries to Hermes if he helps to secure peace (420). *Panathenaea: The most important annual festival of Athens, it was dedicated to Athena. Trygaeus offers to dedicate it to Hermes in exchange for his help (line 418). He also offers to celebrate in his honour the Dipolia (festival of Zeus) and the Adonia (420). The Panathenaea is mentioned also in The Clouds and The Frogs.Clouds lines 386, 988; Frogs 1090 Diipoleia is also mentioned in The CloudsClouds line 984 and Adonia in Lysistrata.Lysistrata 393, 389 *Enyalius: An epithet of Ares, it is often used in the Iliad. The Chorus bids Trygaeus not to use this epithet in an invocation to the gods because Ares has nothing to do with peace (line 457). *Ganymede: Zeus's cupbearer, he is said to be the future source of the ambrosia on which the dung beetle will feed in future. *Isthmian Games: One of the great athletic festivals of ancient Greece, it was a venue for camping both by athletes and spectators. A slave of Trygaeus fondly imagine his penis sharing a tent there with Festival (line 879). *Apaturia: A festival celebrated by Ionian Greeks, it included a day of sacrifice known as Anarrhysis or Drawing back. This word has sexual connotations for members of the Boule (line 890) in anticipation of an orgy with Festival. *Lysimache: An epithet for Peace and the name of a contemporary priestess of Athena Polias (line 992). *Stilbades: One of the prophets or oracle mongers that had profited from the war, he is imagined weeping from the smoke that rises from the sacrificial offering to Peace (line 1008). *Bakis: A popular prophet and source of oracles, he is mentioned repeatedly by the oracle monger Hierocles (lines 1070–72) and Hierocles is later referred to as Bakis (1119). He is frequently cited in The KnightsKnights lines 123, 124, 1003 etc. and he is mentioned also in The BirdsBirds lines 962, 970 *Sibyl: A legendary prophetess, she is considered by Hierocles to be a greater authority than Homer (line 1095) and he is told to eat her (1116). She is mentioned also in The Knights.Knights line 61 ==Discussion== Aristophanes' plays reveal a tender love of rural life and a nostalgia for simpler timesAncient Greece:A Political, Social and Cultural History S.B.Pomeroy, S.M.Burstein and W.Donlan, Oxford University Press US 1998, page 301 and they develop a vision of peace involving a return to the country and its routines.A Short History of Greek Literature Jacqueline de Romilly, University of Chicage Press 1985, page 88 The association of peace with rural revival is expressed in this play in terms of religious imagery: Peace, imprisoned in a cave guarded by a Cerberus figure (lines 313–15), resembles a chthonic fertility goddess in captivity in the underworld, a motif especially familiar to Athenians in the cult of Demeter and her daughter Kore in the Eleusinian mysteries. The action of the play however also borrows from ancient folklore – the rescue of a maiden or a treasure from the inaccessible stronghold of a giant or monster was already familiar to Athenians in the story of Perseus and Andromeda and it is still familiar to modern audiences as 'Jack and the Beanstalk' (Trygaeus like Jack magically ascends to the remote stronghold of a giant and plunders its treasure).Aristophanes:Peace S. Douglas Olson, Oxford University Press 2003, Introduction pages XXXV-VIII In spite of these mythical and religious contexts, political action emerges in this play as the decisive factor in human affairs – the gods are shown to be distant figures and mortals must therefore rely on their own initiative, as represented by the Chorus of Greeks working together to release Peace from captivity.Aristophanes:Peace S. Douglas Olson, Oxford University Press 2003, Introduction pages XL-XLI The god Hermes delivers a speech blaming the Peloponnesian War on Pericles and Cleon (lines 603–48) and this was an argument that Aristophanes had already promoted in earlier plays (e.g. The Acharnians 514–40 and The Knights 792–809). The Chorus's joyful celebration of peace is edged with bitter reflections on the mistakes of past leaders (e.g. 1172–90) and Trygaeus expresses anxious fears for the future of the peace (e.g. 313–38) since events are still subject to bad leadership (as symbolized by the new pestle that War goes indoors to fetch).. The bankrupted tradesmen at the end of the play are a reminder that there is still support for war. Moreover, the militaristic verses borrowed from Homer by the son of Lamachus are a dramatic indication that war is deeply rooted in culture and that it still commands the imagination of a new generation. Peace in such circumstances requires not only a miracle (such as Trygaeus' flight) but also a combination of good luck and good will on the part of a significant group within the community (such as farmers) – a sober assessment by the poet of Dionysus. ==Old Comedy== Peace is structured according to the conventions of Old Comedy. Variations from those conventions may be due to an historical trend towards New Comedy, corruption of the text and/or a unique dramatic effect that the poet intended. Noteworthy variations in this play are found in the following elements: *Agon: A conventional agon is a debate that decides or reflects the outcome of the play, comprising a 'symmetrical scene' with a pair of songs and a pair of declaimed or spoken passages, typically in long lines of anapests. There is no such agon in this play nor is there an antagonist to represent a pro-war viewpoint, apart from War, a monstrosity incapable of eloquence. However, Old Comedy is rich in symmetrical scenes and sometimes these can resemble an agon. There is a symmetrical scene in lines 346–425 (song-dialogue-song-dialogue) in which Trygaeus argues with Hermes and eventually wins his support. The dialogue, howeve,r is in iambic trimeter, conventionally the rhythm of ordinary speech. Moreover, the song's metrical form is repeated much later in a second antistrophe (583–97), indicating that Aristophanes was aiming at something other than an agon. *Parabasis: A conventional parabasis is an address to the audience by the Chorus and it includes a symmetrical scene (song-speech-song- speech). Typically there are two such addresses, in the middle and near the end of a play. Peace follows convention except that the speeches have been omitted from the symmetrical scene in the first parabasis (lines 729–816) and it includes several lines (752–59) that were copied almost verbatim from the first parabasis in The Wasps (The Wasps 1030–37). The repetition of these lines need not indicate a problem with the text; it could instead indicate the poet's satisfaction with them.Aristophanes:Wasps Douglas MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, note 1030-7 page 265 They describe Cleon as a disgusting gorgon-like phenomenon in language that matches sound and sense e.g. : (Wasps 1033–4, Peace 756–7): :"a hundred heads of doomed stooges circled and licked around his head" :The sound of something revolting is captured in the original Greek by the repetition of the harsh k sound, including a repetition of the word for 'head'. *Dactylic rhythm: The metrical rhythms of Old Comedy are typically iambic, trochaic and anapestic. Peace, however, includes two scenes that are predominantly dactylic in rhythm, one featuring the oracle-monger Hierocles (1052–1126) and the other featuring the epic-singing son of Lamachus (1270–97). In both scenes, the use of dactyls allows for Homer-like utterances generally signifying martial and oracular bombast. *Parodos: A parodos is the entry of the Chorus, conventionally a spectacular occasion for music and choreography. Often it includes trochaic rhythms to signify the mood of an irascible Chorus in search of trouble (as for example in The Acharnians and The Knights). In Peace the rhythm is trochaic but the Chorus enters joyfully and its only argument with the protagonist is over its inability to stop dancing (299–345), an inventive use of a conventional parados. ==Standard edition== The standard critical edition of the Greek text (with commentary) is: S. Douglas Olson (ed.), Aristophanes Peace (Oxford University Press, 1998) ==Translations== * William James Hickie, 1853 – prose: full text * Benjamin B. Rogers, 1924 – verse: full text * Arthur S. Way, 1934 – verse * Alan Sommerstein, 1978 – prose: available for digital loan * George Theodoridis, 2002 – prose: full text * Ian C. Johnston, 2010 – verse: full text * Unknown translator – prose: full text ==See also== *List of plays with anti-war themes == References == ==External links== * * Category:Plays by Aristophanes Category:Peloponnesian War Category:Anti-war plays Category:Plays set in ancient Greece Category:Plays set in Athens |
is a 2003 3D platform game developed by Sonic Team USA and published by Sega as part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series. The player races a team of series characters through levels to amass rings, defeat robots, and collect the seven Chaos Emeralds needed to defeat Doctor Eggman. Within each level, the player switches between the team's three characters, who each have unique abilities, to overcome obstacles. Sonic Heroes abandons the action-adventure and exploration-based gameplay of its predecessors Sonic Adventure (1998) and Sonic Adventure 2 (2001) and instead returns to the linear style of Sega Genesis-era Sonic games. Heroes was the first multi-platform Sonic game, produced for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, and Windows. Sonic Team USA's Yuji Naka and Takashi Iizuka led the game's 20-month development. The team wanted Sonic Heroes to appeal beyond Sonic series fans and so designed a game that did not depend on the continuation of its predecessors. 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The story is also simpler than those of the Sonic Adventure games. In it, series antagonist Doctor Eggman threatens to use a weapon to destroy the world and sends out legions of robots. Four groups of three characters from the franchise's history separately team up to put a stop to Eggman's plans. The player navigates using one of the teams, who serve as the player characters. The teams include Team Sonic, which consists of series regulars Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, and Knuckles the Echidna; Team Dark, which includes Shadow the Hedgehog and Rouge the Bat from Sonic Adventure 2, and new character E-123 Omega (considered a spiritual successor to E-102 Gamma from Sonic Adventure); Team Rose, which has Amy Rose, Cream the Rabbit from Sonic Advance 2, and Big the Cat from Sonic Adventure; and Team Chaotix, consisting of Espio the Chameleon, Charmy Bee, and Vector the Crocodile from Knuckles' Chaotix. Each team has its own campaign, called a story. Each also represents a different difficulty. Amy's team, for example, is designed for beginners, while Shadow's is aimed at more experienced players. The game begins with a tutorial followed by fourteen normal levels and seven boss fights. Gameplay is generally similar in each story: the player must race through levels to advance the story and collect rings for protection and lives. Level themes vary from beaches to casinos. When the player reaches the end of a level, they are graded based on their performance; an "A" rank is highest, while an "E" is lowest. Enemy robots are scattered around levels and must be defeated by jumping on them or other means of attack. The level designs differ slightly between each story. Espio, Charmy, and Vector's levels are distinguished from the other teams' because they are mission-based, requiring players to fulfill a specific objective, like collecting items, to clear a level. Teams contain three character types: Speed (such as Sonic), Flight (such as Tails), and Power (such as Knuckles), which the player toggles between. Speed characters can perform attacks that allow them to lock onto enemies and objects, dash across lines of rings, and can form whirlwinds to climb up poles. Flight characters can temporarily fly and attack airborne enemies, while Power characters can break through objects and glide on gusts of air. By acquiring certain items or enemies, characters can level up, becoming more efficient when fighting enemies. By collecting keys hidden within levels and reaching the end of a level without getting hit, players can enter special stages. In special stages, players dash across a tube, collecting spheres containing boost power while avoiding obstacles. There are two types of special stages: Bonus Challenge and Emerald Challenge. Bonus Challenges are optional and award the player with extra lives. Emerald Challenges task the player with catching a Chaos Emerald before it disappears. If players collect all seven Emeralds and clear each story, an additional Last Story is unlocked. The Last Story reveals the plot was orchestrated by Metal Sonic, Eggman's top enforcer and a robotic copy of Sonic, in an effort to destroy his namesake. Outside the main game, players can unlock promotional trailers to view and music to listen to. The game also features a split screen multiplayer mode, in which two players can race or battle. Challenges in the multiplayer mode include kart racing and collecting as many rings as possible. ==Plot== Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles receive a letter from Doctor Eggman, telling them in three days he will launch his Egg Fleet in an attempt to take over the world, challenging them to stop him. Rouge infiltrates one of Eggman's bases, where she discovers a surprisingly alive Shadow, who she awakens from his status, and one of Eggman's robots, E-123 Omega. The three reluctantly agree to work together, with Omega wanting revenge for being locked up and Shadow, who has amnesia, wanting answers regarding who he is. Amy helps Big and Cream track down Froggy and Chocola Chao, who have both gone missing. The Chaotix Detective Agency receive a job offer from a mysterious client, where they execute a series of tasks to prove themselves. The four teams chase down Eggman through various zones, crossing paths with each other at several points, until they all end up on the Egg Fleet. Meanwhile, Rouge discovers an armada of Shadow Androids, wondering if their Shadow is just one of them too. The Chaotix end up rescuing their mystery client, who is none other than Eggman himself. He reveals that he was locked up and betrayed by Metal Sonic, now going by "Neo Metal Sonic", who had adopted the guise of Eggman and taken control of the Egg Fleet to prove himself superior to Sonic. Using the data he collected from observing all the teams in action, he transforms into his ultimate state, the "Metal Overlord". Using the power of the Chaos Emeralds all the teams had collected, they work together to take down Metal, with Sonic turning Super (accompanied by Tails and Knuckles) to defeat him. After Metal Sonic reverts back to his original form, Sonic and everyone go their separate ways, while the Chaotix chase after Eggman demanding payment. ==Development== Sonic Heroes was developed by the 19-member Sonic Team USA in San Francisco to commemorate the Sonic series' 12th anniversary. Development was led by producer Yuji Naka and director/lead designer Takashi Iizuka, and lasted 20 months. The majority of the development team had worked on previous Sonic games. Iizuka did not want to make a sequel to Sonic Adventure 2 (2001), as he worried it would only appeal to Sonic fans. Interested in returning to gameplay similar to the Genesis games, Sonic Team decided to design Sonic Heroes so casual players not familiar with Sonic could adapt. Iizuka said the development period of Sonic Heroes was the most stressful of his career because of deadlines and Sega management. A fellow designer became ill, so he worked relentlessly, lost , and suffered from insomnia. Sonic Heroes was the first multi-platform Sonic game: it was developed for the GameCube, PlayStation 2 (PS2), and Xbox.Interview section. Unlike the Sonic Adventure games, made using proprietary software, Sonic Team partnered with Criterion Software to use the RenderWare game engine so the game could be programmed and ported with ease to each platform. Though Sonic Team was able to transfer some textures and models from the Sonic Adventure games into Sonic Heroes, most of their work started from scratch. Sonic Team found challenges in working with the Xbox and PS2, platforms with which they had little experience. The content in all versions is the same, but the PS2 version runs at 30 frames per second (FPS) in contrast to the other versions running at 60 FPS. Sega's Noah Musler explained that running the PS2 version at 60 FPS would have caused performance problems. Iizuka also noted the system is less powerful than the GameCube and Xbox. Iizuka and Naka decided against including console-exclusive content so players could have the same experience regardless of console. Sonic Team was interested in making Sonic Heroess narrative feature characters teaming up to overcome evil, rather than Sonic Adventures approach of individual character stories. This led to the conception of the "team action" concept. Iizuka stated Sonic Team had a considerable amount of freedom in designing the game due to its new scope. The Chao-raising system—a staple of the Sonic Adventure games—was removed because Sonic Team feared it would disrupt the pace. To improve replay value, the grading system was made more difficult. The special stages from the 2D games were revived to "refresh players' minds" and change the pace. Player reactions to previous games influenced the design; for example, the team did not include modes like Big's fishing from Sonic Adventure and Tails' shooting from Sonic Adventure 2 after both were criticized. The Chaotix, who had appeared in the 1995 spinoff game Knuckles' Chaotix, were revived for Sonic Heroes because Sonic Team thought they were unique and had never used them. Iizuka said he did not consider the Chaotix in Sonic Heroes the same team from Knuckles' Chaotix, claiming to have created new characters using the same designs from 1995. The game marks the debut of E-123 Omega in the Sonic series. Sonic Team wanted to include as many teams as possible, but time constraints and a desire to keep the gameplay balanced prevented this. The game features several computer animated cutscenes produced by Vision Scape Interactive. Jun Senoue composed the majority of the soundtrack. His band Crush 40 performed the main theme, "Sonic Heroes", and the final boss theme, "What I'm Made Of". The theme songs for each team were performed by Ted Poley, Tony Harnell, Kay Hanley, Julien-K, and Gunnar Nelson. Iizuka said that the intention was for the music "to return to the roots of the Sonic experience" and be exciting and fast- paced. Naka believed that Sonic Heroes, a Sonic-themed McDonald's Happy Meal toy line, and the anime series Sonic X would expose the franchise to a new generation. Sega released Sonic Heroes in Japan on December 30, 2003, two weeks later than intended, to ensure there were "no compromises" in the final product. The GameCube version was released in North America on January 6, 2004, followed by the Xbox and PS2 versions on January 27. The European version was released on February 2, 2004. A Windows version was released in North America on November 16, 2004, followed by Europe on November 26 and Japan on December 9. The game was rereleased through the Sonic PC Collection for Windows on October 2, 2009, and the PS2 Classics line for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) on February 22, 2012. ==Reception== Sonic Heroes received generally "mixed or average" reviews, according to the review aggregator Metacritic. Some reviewers felt the game was better than the previous 3D Sonic games but still below the quality of the 2D games. The PS2 and PC's version's reviews were considerably worse than others; reviewers noted clipping, graphic faults, and its lower frame rate. The aesthetics and sound were generally well received. IGN lauded detailed, varied, and realistic character models, and wrote that the textures were detailed and crisp. They also praised the realistic shading and lighting effects. Although GameSpot thought the graphics were not much of an improvement from previous games—comparing them to "a glorified Dreamcast game"—they still praised its steady frame rate, art design, and vibrant colors. Eurogamer disliked the shiny models, but was still pleased by the imaginative aesthetics. In regards to the soundtrack, Game Revolution found it upbeat and catchy, offering particular praise for the music of Bingo Highway. Although they called the music laughable and not an improvement from previous games, IGN thought the rest of the sound was high quality, and praised its "perfectly implemented" sound effects running in Dolby Pro Logic II. Multiple reviewers found the gameplay similar to that of the Genesis Sonic games. GameSpot found Sonic Heroes the closest Sonic Team ever got to recreating the classic 2D Sonic gameplay in 3D. They praised the game for stripping away the shooting and hunting elements from the Sonic Adventure games, and called it "a purer, more action-packed Sonic experience" than previous games. IGN considered Sonic Heroes a major improvement from Sonic Adventure, writing "Sonic Heroes does an absolutely sensational job of re-creating the intensely fast and unpredictable looping, corkscrewing stages from the classic games in 3D". 1UP.com and GameSpy agreed that the game was a step in the right direction for the series. Levi Buchanan of the Chicago Tribune wrote that "when Sonic is in charge, Sonic Heroes is a pure action game. It's an enjoyable throwback to the Genesis era, when Sonic was all about speed, running circles around Mario, collecting rings while Nintendo's plumber searched high and low for his shape-altering mushrooms. And for gamers who have been numb in the thumb long enough to remember those heady days, the return to form is most welcome. (Especially after those underwhelming Dreamcast Sonic Adventure games that Sega ported to the GameCube.)" Reviewers called the casino level, Bingo Highway, a highlight. Reviewers were generally divided over the team-based gameplay. GameSpy argued it was well-balanced and thought it greatly increased the replay value. IGN offered similar praise, praising its easy-to-learn, strategic controls. Game Revolution wrote the system added diversity. However, IGN also thought it was not as ambitious as expected and did not change the overall experience. GameSpot agreed the controls were easy, but considered the large number of teams unnecessary: "no one cares about these peripheral characters... People play Sonic games to play as Sonic the Hedgehog". 1UP found the concept was more repetitive than innovative. Eurogamer considered the gameplay original but "boring and obvious" and thought that the controls were clunky and unorthodox. While Eurogamer argued Sonic Heroes was not difficult, Game Revolution described it as hard to a fault, exclaiming they "[died] all the time." Buchanan wrote that "when you switch away from Sonic and Tails, the game itself kind of stops cold. Especially when you play as one of the other three teams that feature ancillary characters from Sonic’s stable as they play through similar levels with slightly different goals." Charles Herold of The New York Times wrote that "getting stuck on the fourth level exposed one of the game's major flaws: the levels are fairly static. The old 2-D Sonic games always seemed to have several different routes through different landscapes. Jump across a chasm, and you could take a mountainside path; miss the jump, and you would run through the valley below. You could play these levels repeatedly and rarely take the exact same route. But while in Heroes you occasionally come to a fork in the road, you are likely to find yourself running basically the same trail every time you go through a level. This is disappointing, and especially surprising considering the team play element. With three characters whose different abilities let them overcome different challenges, it would make sense to have dozens of areas per level where the various characters can lead you to different paths. But the game too rarely capitalizes on this potential." The game was criticized for not addressing the problems of prior Sonic games. 1UP wrote the problems with the camera and "hit-or-miss lock-on attacks that leave you plunging to your doom" that plagued the Sonic Adventure games were still present in Sonic Heroes and hurt the experience greatly. GameSpot said although the camera worked well most of the time, coordination between camera position and character movement caused problems, such that pushing forward may not move the character in the same direction the camera is facing. They also wrote that the game suffered from problems with the collision detection and noted all the shortcomings were present in the Sonic Adventure games. IGN agreed the camera had not been improved. The voice acting was especially derided; IGN joked players should "turn down the volume during cut-scenes", and GameSpy compared the voice work to the likes of Playskool. The editors of GameSpot ultimately named Sonic Heroes the best GameCube game of January 2004, and called it "the fastest and most authentic 3D Sonic experience we've seen yet." ===Sales=== Sonic Heroes was a major commercial success. By October 2004, the game had sold over one million copies in Europe. The PlayStation 2 version received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association, indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. According to Sega's financial reports, Sonic Heroes sold 1.42 million units from its release to March 2004 (850,000 in the U.S., 420,000 in Europe, and 150,000 in Japan), 1.57 million units from March 2004 to March 2005, and 420,000 units in the U.S. from March 2006 to March 2007, for total sales of at least 3.41 million. By the end of 2004, it had been branded as part of the Player's Choice line on the GameCube, the Greatest Hits line on the PS2, and the Platinum Hits line on the Xbox. ==Legacy== After Sonic Heroes, Sonic Team USA was renamed Sega Studios USA. Their next project was Shadow the Hedgehog (2005), a spinoff starring Shadow set shortly after the events of Sonic Heroes. In 2008, after working on a few more games, the division was merged with Sonic Team in Japan. In 2017 series retrospective, USgamer ranked Sonic Heroes among the franchise's bottom half of games. They wrote that the system of switching between characters was unwieldy and annoying, but still interesting because it made the game feel like a puzzle video game. They also praised the design of E-123 Omega. Sonic Heroes marked the debut of recurring Sonic character E-123 Omega, and reintroduced the obscure Chaotix. Its concept of switching between characters as necessary was reused in Sonic Team's Sonic Forces (2017) and Sumo Digital's Team Sonic Racing (2019); Sumo Digital cited it as inspiration for their game. The Seaside Hill level reappears in the 20th anniversary game Sonic Generations for PS3, Xbox 360, and Windows, while the Nintendo 3DS version includes the special stages and the Egg Emperor boss fight. Seaside Hill has also appeared in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (2009), Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing (2010), and its 2012 sequel. ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== *Official website * Official minisite * * Category:2003 video games Category:3D platform games Category:GameCube games Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games Category:Platform games Category:PlayStation 2 games Category:PlayStation Network games Category:RenderWare games Category:Sega video games Category:Sega Studio USA games Category:Sonic the Hedgehog video games Category:Video games about cats Category:Video games about cloning Category:Video games about insects Category:Video games about rabbits and hares Category:Video games about reptiles Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Video games featuring female protagonists Category:Video games produced by Yuji Naka Category:Video games scored by Fumie Kumatani Category:Video games scored by Hideaki Kobayashi Category:Video games scored by Jun Senoue Category:Video games scored by Keiichi Sugiyama Category:Video games scored by Mariko Nanba Category:Video games scored by Naofumi Hataya Category:Video games scored by Tomoya Ohtani Category:Video games with pre-rendered 3D graphics Category:Windows games Category:Xbox games |
The Canadian Screen Award for Best TV Movie is a Canadian television award, presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to honour the year's best Canadian television film. Originally presented as part of the Gemini Awards, since 2013 it has been presented as part of the Canadian Screen Awards. From the inception of the Gemini Awards in 1986 until 1994, separate awards were presented for television films and miniseries; since 1995, they have usually been merged into a single Limited Series or Dramatic Program category covering both types of programs, but were sometimes split out into separate categories again in the latter half of the 2000s. As of the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020, dramatic limited series are now eligible for the Canadian Screen Award for Best Dramatic Series instead of either having their own category or being merged with television films. ==Nominees and winners== ===1980s=== Year Film Producers 1986 1st Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Anne of Green Gables Kevin Sullivan, Ian McDougall Red Serge Neil Sutherland Spearfield's Daughter David Patterson Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Love and Larceny Robert Sherrin The Execution of Raymond Graham Julian Marks, David W. Rintels Tramp at the Door Stan Thomas, Don Brinton 1987 2nd Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Ford: The Man and the Machine David Patterson Sword of Gideon Robert Lantos Best TV Movie Best TV Movie The Marriage Bed Bill Gough Screen Two: "Going Home" W. Paterson Ferns 1988 3rd Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Anne of Avonlea Kevin Sullivan Hoover vs. The Kennedys Paul Saltzman The King Chronicle Adam Symansky Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Blades of Courage Bernard Zukerman, Alan Burke And Then You Die Bernard Zukerman, Brian McKenna Family Reunion Robert Sherrin A Nest of Singing Birds Peter Kelly, Flora Macdonald 1989 4th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Glory Enough for All W. Paterson Ferns, Joseph Green, Gordon Hinch, David Elstein Glory! Glory! Michael MacMillan, Bonny Dore, Stan Daniels, Jonathan Goodwill, Seaton McLean Passion and Paradise Peter Jefferies, Ian McDougall, W. Paterson Ferns, Michael Custance Best TV Movie Best TV Movie The Squamish Five Bernard Zukerman Two Men William Gough ===1990s=== Year Film Producers 1990 5th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Love and Hate: The Story of Colin and JoAnn Thatcher Bernard Zukerman The French Revolution Antoine de Clermont-Tonnerre, Alexandre Mnouchkine, Denis Héroux, Robert Lantos Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Where the Spirit Lives Paul Stephens, Mary Young Leckie, Eric Jordan, Heather Haldane Divided Loyalties Gerry Rochon, Tom Gould E.N.G.: "Pilot" Jeff King, Jennifer Black, Robert Lantos, Bob Carney Looking for Miracles Trudy Grant, Kevin Sullivan 1991 6th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Young Catherine Stephen Smallwood, W. Paterson Ferns, Michael Deeley The First Circle Claude Héroux Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Deadly Betrayal: The Bruce Curtis Story Peter Alan Sussman, Seaton McLean, Barry Cowling Getting Married in Buffalo Jump Flora Macdonald, Peter Kelly Princes in Exile John Dunning, Colin Neale, Marrin Canell, André Link, Irene Litinsky Rookies Peter Alan Sussman, Seaton McLean, Michael MacMillan, Martin Harbury 1992 7th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Conspiracy of Silence Bernard Zukerman Bethune: The Making of a Hero Nicolas Clermont, Pieter Kroonenburg The Sound and the Silence Michael MacMillan, Kim Todd, Luciano Lisi, Jon Glascoe Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Scales of Justice: "Regina vs. Nelles" George Jonas Christmas on Division Street Colleen Nystedt, Tony Allard Quiet Killer Steve Levitan, Lynn Raynor, Paul Saltzman, Edgar J. Scherick Rapture Richard Borchiver, Jon Slan School's Out Kit Hood, Linda Schuyler 1993 8th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries The Boys of St. Vincent Sam Grana, Claudio Luca Woman on the Run: The Lawrencia Bembenek Story Robert Lantos, Ian McDougall, Michael Weisbarth Best TV Movie Best TV Movie The Diviners Peter Alan Sussman, Derek Mazur, William Wallace Gray, Kim Todd Adrift Peter Alan Sussman, Jonathan Goodwill Gross Misconduct: The Life of Brian Spencer Alan Burke I'll Never Get to Heaven Flora Macdonald Liar, Liar Phil Savath 1994 9th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Dieppe Bernard Zukerman Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Due South: "Pilot" Paul Haggis, Jeff King Coming of Age Ira Levy, Barri Cohen, Peter Williamson For the Love of Aaron Bob Gray Heads Marty Tudor, Peter Alan Sussman, Derek Mazur, William Wallace Gray, Jonathan Goodwill Life with Billy Eric Jordan, Michael Donovan 1995 10th Gemini Awards Butterbox Babies Trudy Grant, Kevin Sullivan Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story Julian Marks, Jennifer Alward, Clara George, Paul Shapiro Million Dollar Babies Micheline Charest, Bernard Zukerman Small Gifts Flora Macdonald The Outer Limits: "Sandkings" Richard Barton Lewis, John Watson, Pen Densham, Justis Greene, James Nadler 1996 11th Gemini Awards Net Worth Bernard Zukerman Little Criminals Phil Savath, Barbara Kelly Mother Trucker: The Diana Kilmury Story Laszlo Barna, Anne Wheeler, Christine Shipton The War Between Us Valerie Gray, William Wallace Gray, Walter Daroshin, Gary Harvey Under the Piano Trudy Grant, Kevin Sullivan 1997 12th Gemini Awards Hiroshima Kazutoshi Wadakura, Robin Spry, Michael Campus, Paul E. Painter, Andrew Adelson, Tracey Alexander The Arrow Eric Jordan, Aaron Kim Johnston, Mary Young Leckie, Paul Stephens, Jack Clements Captains Courageous Robert Halmi Sr., Lisa Towers, Tony Allard, Matthew O'Connor Dangerous Offender: The Marlene Moore Story Duncan Lamb, Bonita Siegel Giant Mine Alan Burke 1998 13th Gemini Awards The Sleep Room Bernard Zukerman, Micheline Charest, Ronald A. Weinberg Borrowed Hearts Mary Kahn, Peter Alan Sussman, Ed Gernon, Gary Delfiner, Roma Downey Pit Pony Andrew Cochran Platinum Joanne Forgues, Madeleine Henrié, Claude Godbout White Lies Phil Savath 1999 14th Gemini Awards Milgaard Vibika Bianchi, Laszlo Barna, Ritchard Findlay, Martin Harbury, Laura Lightbown At the End of the Day: The Sue Rodriguez Story Laszlo Barna, Bob Miller, Sheldon Larry Happy Christmas, Miss King Trudy Grant, Kevin Sullivan Justice Alyson Feltes, Brian Dennis, Seaton McLean Shot Through the Heart Robert Lantos, Su Armstrong, Francine Lefrak, David M. Thompson ===2000s=== Year Film Producers 2000 15th Gemini Awards Dr. Lucille: The Lucille Teasdale Story Claude Bonin, Francine Allaire, André Picard Murder Most Likely Bob Carney, Paul Gross, Frank Siracusa, Robert Forsyth, Anne Marie La Traverse One Heart Broken Into Song Terry Greenlaw, William D. MacGillivray Restless Spirits Susan Cavan, Patrick Whitley, Sheila Hockin The Sheldon Kennedy Story Doug MacLeod, Pierre Sarrazin 2001 16th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Nuremberg Alec Baldwin, Jonathan Cornick, Gerald W. Abrams, Peter Alan Sussman, Suzanne Girard, Ian McDougall, Mychèle Boudrias Haven Peter Alan Sussman, Mark Winemaker, Paulette Breen Revenge of the Land Bernard Zukerman Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Scorn Christian Bruyère, Laszlo Barna, Maryke McEwen Blessed Stranger: After Flight 111 Wayne Grigsby, David MacLeod Chasing Cain Michael Donovan, Bernard Zukerman, Jerry Ciccoritti Lucky Girl Anne Marie La Traverse, Louise Garfield The Secret Life of Algernon Nancy Marano 2002 17th Gemini Awards Torso: The Evelyn Dick Story Christina Jennings, Stephen Alix, Scott Garvie, Paul Stephens Further Tales of the City Suzanne Girard, Luc Châtelain, Alan Poul, Tim Bevan Jinnah on Crime: Pizza 911 Hugh Beard, Debra Beard Society's Child Julia Sereny, Phyllis Laing, Jennifer Kawaja, Sharon McGowan Stolen Miracle Joy Rosen, Lisa Olfman 2003 18th Gemini Awards 100 Days in the Jungle Nicolette Saina, Sean O'Byrne, Matthew O'Connor, Tom Rowe, Mary Anne Waterhouse AKA Albert Walker Anne Marie La Traverse, Jonathan Cavendish, Sophie Gardiner, Mike Dormer Chasing Cain: Face Bernard Zukerman, Michael Prupas The Interrogation of Michael Crowe Terry Gould, Jean Bureau The Many Trials of One Jane Doe Bernard Zukerman, Michael Prupas, Jamie Brown, Kim Todd 2004 19th Gemini Awards Human Cargo Hugh Beard, Debra Beard, Brian McKeown, Linda Svendsen Cowboys and Indians: The J. J. Harper Story Eric Jordan, Jeremy Torrie Elizabeth Rex Jennifer Jonas, Niv Fichman, Daniel Iron The Incredible Mrs. Ritchie Chad Oakes, Michael Frislev Open Heart Laszlo Barna, Brian Dennis, Timothy M. Hogan, Phyllis Platt 2005 20th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Sex Traffic Wayne Grigsby, Michele Buck, David MacLeod, Derek Wax H2O Paul Gross, Frank Siracusa Lives of the Saints Gabriella Martinelli, Giovanna Arata Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Tripping the Wire Arnie Gelbart, Francine Allaire, Anne Marie La Traverse Burn: The Robert Wraight Story Heather Haldane, Randy Bradshaw, Doug MacLeod, Mary Young Leckie The Last Casino Greg Dummett, Madelaine Henrie The Life Chris Haddock, Lynn Barr, Laura Lightbown, Arvi Liimatainen, Pierre Sarrazin 2006 21st Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Human Trafficking Michael Prupas, Christian Duguay, Irene Litinsky Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story Kevin DeWalt Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making Wayne Grigsby, David MacLeod Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Arnie Gelbart, Francine Allaire, Randy Holleschau, Anne Marie La Traverse, Christine Ruppert Heyday! Anna Stratton, Robin Cass, Paul Pope Intelligence: "Pilot" Chris Haddock, Carwyn Jones, Laura Lightbown, Arvi Liimatainen, Stephen Surjik One Dead Indian Brent Barclay, Jennifer Kawaja, Julia Sereny, Kevin Tierney Terry Christina Jennings, Shawn Ashmore, Patrick Cassavetti, Scott Garvie, Gail Harvey, Shane Kinnear, Julie Lacey, Laurie McLarty, Paul Nicholls 2007 22nd Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Dragon Boys Michael Chechik, Howard Dancyger, Ian Weir Answered by Fire Michael Prupas, Roger Le Mesurier, Barbara Samuels, Roger Simpson, Andrew Walker Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Doomstown Pierre Sarrazin, Suzette Couture, Susan Murdoch Eight Days to Live Christina Jennings, Scott Garvie, Ken Gord, Graham Ludlow, Laurie McLarty, Virginia Rankin, Kelly Rowan In God's Country Christina Jennings, Scott Garvie, Robert O. Green, Julie Lacey, Graham Ludlow, Laurie McLarty, Kelly Rowan, Paul Stephens Last Exit Richard Lalonde, Daniel Iron The Robber Bride Christina Jennings, Brian Dennis, Scott Garvie, Julia Stannard, Simon Wright 2008 23rd Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries The Englishman's Boy Kevin DeWalt Across the River to Motor City Robert Wertheimer, David Devine, Richard Mozer Would Be Kings Ilana Frank, Tassie Cameron, Daphne Park, Ray Sager, Peter R. Simpson, Esta Spalding, David Wellington Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Mayerthorpe Jordy Randall, Tom Cox, Jon Slan A Life Interrupted Jean Bureau, Anne Carlucci, Serge Denis, Stephen Greenberg, Josée Mauffette Luna: Spirit of the Whale Trish Dolman Sticks and Stones Josée Vallée, André Béraud, Tim Hogan, Rick LeGuerrier Victor Bernard Zukerman 2009 24th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries Burn Up Tom Cox, Stephen Garrett Diamonds Jennifer Kawaja, Liz Jarvis, Phyllis Laing, Philo Pieterse, Julia Sereny, Carrie Stein, Simon Vaughan, Nick Witkowski The Last Templar Robert Halmi, Michael Prupas, Irene Litinsky XIII: The Conspiracy Ken Gord, Thomas Anargyros, Edouard de Vésinne, Jay Firestone Best TV Movie Best TV Movie Elijah Blake Corbet, Gigi Boyd, Kevin Eastwood, Chris Leeson, Lisa Meeches, Mary Anne Waterhouse Céline Laszlo Barna, Steven Silver In a World Created by a Drunken God Kirstie McLellan, Larry Day Of Murder and Memory Ilana Frank, Daniel Iron, Semi Chellas, David Wellington The Secret of the Nutcracker Joe Novak, Matt Gillespie, Jim Sutherland, Shirley Vercruysse The Terrorist Next Door Pierre Sarrazin, Suzette Couture, Richard Lalonde, Susan Murdoch ===2010s=== Year Film Producers 2010 25th Gemini Awards Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Dramatic Miniseries The Summit Robert Cohen, Shari Cohen, Robin Neinstein, Christina Jennings, Scott Garvie, Adam Haight Alice Matthew O'Connor, Robert Halmi Sr., Robert A. Halmi, Jamie Brown, Lisa Richardson The Phantom Robert Halmi Sr., Robert A. Halmi, Irene Litinsky, Michael Prupas Best TV Movie Best TV Movie She Drives Me Crazy Christina Jennings, Scott Garvie, Julian Grant, Robert O. Green, Graham Ludlow, Laurie McLarty, Sam Okun, Kelly Rowan Abroad Meredith Caplan, Leah McLaren, Julia Stannard, Simon Wright Deadliest Sea Karen Wookey The Good Times Are Killing Me Scott Garvie, Patrick Cassavetti, Laura Harbin, Noel Hedges, Graham Ludlow, Kelly Rowan, Julie Lacey, Jan Peter Meyboom, Meredith Caplan 2011 26th Gemini Awards The Pillars of the Earth Jonas Bauer, Ridley Scott, Tony Scott, Rola Bauer, Michael Prupas, David W. Zucker, Tim Halkin, David A. Rosemont, John Ryan Faker$ Greg Dummett, Lorraine Richard The Kennedys Steven Michaels, Michael Prupas, Joel Surnow, Jonathan Koch, Jamie Paul Rock, Jon Cassar, Stephen Kronish My Babysitter's a Vampire Tom McGillis, George Elliott, Brian Irving, Jennifer Pertsch Sleepyhead Greg Dummett, Jolyon Symonds, Lorraine Richard 2012 1st Canadian Screen Awards Magic Beyond Words Ronald Gilbert, Karine Martin, Jean-François Doray, Paul A. Kaufman Cyberbully Michael Prupas, Jesse Prupas, Joel S. Rice Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town Seaton McLean, Michael MacMillan, Stephen Roloff, Malcolm MacRury, Brian Dennis The Wrath of Grapes: The Don Cherry Story II Margaret O'Brien, Jamie Brown, Laszlo Barna, Lesley Oswald, Andrew Wreggitt, Jeff Woolnough, Tim Cherry, Wayne Thompson 2013 2nd Canadian Screen Awards Borealis Andrew Wreggitt, Arvi Liimatainen, Jon Slan, Jordy Randall, Tom Cox The Horses of McBride Frank Siracusa, Paul Gross Mr. Hockey: The Gordie Howe Story Brendon Sawatzky, Ian Dimerman, Karyn Edwards, Shawn Williamson, Stephen Hegyes Time of Death Ian Whitehead, Jean Bureau 2014 3rd Canadian Screen Awards Bomb Girls: Facing the Enemy Janis Lundman, Adrienne Mitchell, Michael Prupas Baby Sellers Robert Halmi Sr., Matthew O'Connor, Shan Tam The Best Laid Plans Brian Dennis, Peter Moss, Phyllis Platt Bunks Ian Dimerman, George Elliott, Brian Irving, Tom McGillis, Jennifer Pertsch, Brendon Sawatzky 2015 4th Canadian Screen Awards The Book of Negroes Michael Levine, Damon D'Oliveira, Bill Niven, Margaret O'Brien, Lance Samuels, Carrie Stein, Clement Virgo First Response Jean Bureau, Ian Whitehead Forget and Forgive Jean Bureau, Ian Whitehead Kept Woman Jean Bureau, Ian Whitehead Studio Black! 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Variety, May 21, 2021. Glass Houses Jean Bureau, Ian Whitehead Brent Furdyk, "Television Nominees Announced For 2021 Canadian Screen Awards, ‘Schitt’s Creek’ Leads The Pack With 21 Nominations". ET Canada, March 30, 2021. No Good Deed Jean Bureau, Ian Whitehead Brent Furdyk, "Television Nominees Announced For 2021 Canadian Screen Awards, ‘Schitt’s Creek’ Leads The Pack With 21 Nominations". ET Canada, March 30, 2021. The Sanctuary Allen Kool, Robin E. Crozier, David O’Keefe, Michael A. Charbon Brent Furdyk, "Television Nominees Announced For 2021 Canadian Screen Awards, ‘Schitt’s Creek’ Leads The Pack With 21 Nominations". ET Canada, March 30, 2021. 2021 10th Canadian Screen Awards Brent Furdyk, "Television Nominees Announced For 2021 Canadian Screen Awards, ‘Schitt’s Creek’ Leads The Pack With 21 Nominations". ET Canada, March 30, 2021. I Was Lorena Bobbitt Jeff Vanderwal, Kim Bondi, Lorena Gallo, Sherri Rufh, Andy Streitfeld, Charles Tremayne Greg David, "Tim Rozon, Ayisha Issa, Kaniehtiio Horn and Tallboyz win during Night 4 of the 2022 Canadian Screen Awards". TV, eh?, April 7, 2022. The Christmas Setup Arnie Zipursky, Suzanne Berger, Shane Boucher, Ryan Greig, Danielle Von Zerneck, Larry Grimaldi, Hannah Pillemer, Fernando Szew Brent Furdyk, "2022 Canadian Screen Award Nominees Announced, ‘Sort Of’ & ‘Scarborough’ Lead The Pack". ET Canada, February 15, 2022. The Color of Love Suzanne Chapman, Adam Gowland Brent Furdyk, "2022 Canadian Screen Award Nominees Announced, ‘Sort Of’ & ‘Scarborough’ Lead The Pack". ET Canada, February 15, 2022. Faith Heist J.B. Sugar, Ella Myers, Ahmet Zappa, Erin Weiss, David Hudson, Arnie Zipursky Brent Furdyk, "2022 Canadian Screen Award Nominees Announced, ‘Sort Of’ & ‘Scarborough’ Lead The Pack". ET Canada, February 15, 2022. Midnight at the Magnolia Arnie Zipursky, Marly Reed, Hayden Baptiste, Alexandra Waring, Andrew C. Erin, Marianne C. Wunch, Hannah Pillemer, Fernando Szew Brent Furdyk, "2022 Canadian Screen Award Nominees Announced, ‘Sort Of’ & ‘Scarborough’ Lead The Pack". ET Canada, February 15, 2022. 2022 11th Canadian Screen Awards Swindler Seduction Shane Boucher, Jonas Prupas, Caitlin Delaney, Jesse Prupas, Colton Haynes, Piers Vellacott, Sara Murray "The Porter, Sort Of showered in awards on the CSAs' final night". CBC News, April 14, 2023. A Chance for Christmas Arnie Zipursky Miracle in Motor City Jeff Vanderwal, Sherri Rufh, Charles Tremayne, Tia Mowry-Hardrict Saying Yes to Christmas Tom Berry, Suzanne Chapman, Breanne Hartley, Sebastian Battro, Louisa Cadywould, Linda Stregger, Laurence Braun, Adam Gowland Under the Christmas Tree Arnie Zipursky ==See also== * Canadian television awards ==References== * TV movie |
The Battle of Ain Jalut (), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley near what is known today as the Spring of Harod (). The battle marked the height of the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance was permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield. Continuing the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire, the armies of Hulagu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad in 1258, along with the Ayyubid capital of Damascus sometime later. Hulagu sent envoys to Cairo demanding Qutuz surrender Egypt, to which Qutuz responded by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on the Bab Zuweila gate of Cairo. Shortly after this, Möngke Khan was slain in battle against the Southern Song. Hulagu returned to Mongolia with the bulk of his army to attend the kurultai in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approximately 10,000 troops west of the Euphrates under the command of general Kitbuqa. Learning of these developments, Qutuz quickly advanced his army from Cairo towards Palestine. Kitbuqa sacked Sidon, before turning his army south towards the Spring of Harod to meet Qutuz' forces. Using hit-and-run tactics and a feigned retreat by Mamluk general Baibars, combined with a final flanking maneuver by Qutuz, the Mongol army was pushed in a retreat toward Bisan, after which the Mamluks led a final counterattack, which resulted in the death of several Mongol troops, along with Kitbuqa himself. The battle has been cited as the first time the Mongols were permanently prevented from expanding their influence; It also marked the first of two defeats the Mongols would face in their attempts to invade Egypt and the Levant, the other being the Battle of Marj al-Saffar in 1303. The earliest known use of the hand cannon in any military conflict is also documented to have taken place in this battle by the Mamluks, who used it to frighten the Mongol armies, according to Arabic military treatises of the 13th and 14th centuries. ==Background== When Möngke Khan became Great Khan in 1251, he immediately set out to implement his grandfather Genghis Khan's plan for a world empire. To lead the task of subduing the nations in the West, he selected his brother, another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, Hulagu Khan. Assembling the army took five years, and it was not until 1256 that Hulagu was prepared to begin the invasions. Operating from the Mongol base in Persia, Hulagu proceeded south. Möngke had ordered good treatment for those who yielded without resistance and destruction for the rest. In that way, Hulagu and his army had conquered some of the most powerful and longstanding dynasties of the time. Other countries in the Mongols' path submitted to Mongol authority and contributed forces to the Mongol army. When the Mongols had reached Baghdad, their army included Cilician Armenians and even some Frankish forces from the submissive Principality of Antioch. The Assassins in Persia fell, the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad was destroyed (see Battle of Baghdad) and the Ayyubid dynasty in Damascus fell as well. Hulagu's plan was then to proceed southwards through the Kingdom of Jerusalem towards the Mamluk Sultanate, to confront the major Islamic power. During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluks were Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchaks replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols.Halperin, Charles J. 2000. "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 229–45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539. === Mongol envoys in Cairo === In 1260, Hulagu sent envoys to Qutuz in Cairo with a letter demanding his surrender that read: Qutuz responded, however, by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on Bab Zuweila, one of the gates of Cairo. === Hulagu's departure to Mongolia === Shortly before the battle, Hulagu withdrew from the Levant with the bulk of his army, leaving his forces west of the Euphrates with only one tumen (nominally 10,000 men, but usually fewer), and a handful of vassal troops under the Naiman Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa. Contemporary Mamluk chronicler al-Yunini's Dhayl Mirat Al-Zaman states that the Mongol army under Kitbuqa, including vassals, numbered 100,000 men in total, but this was likely an exaggeration.Yunini, "Dhayl," Vol. 4, p. 93. Until the late 20th century, historians believed that Hulagu's sudden retreat had been caused by the power dynamic having been changed by the death of the Great Khan Möngke on an expedition to the Song dynasty's China, which made Hulagu and other senior Mongols return home to decide his successor. However, contemporary documentation discovered in the 1980s reveals that to be untrue, as Hulagu himself claimed that he withdrew most of his forces because he could not sustain such a large army logistically, that the fodder in the region had been mostly used up and that a Mongol custom was to withdraw to cooler lands for the summer.Paul Meyvaert, “An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France,” Viator 11 (1980): 258; 249: "Since it is our custom to prefer the cooler places of the snowy mountains in the heat of summer, we decided to return for a while to the mountains of Greater Armenia, especially as the greater part of the food and fodder had been consumed after the devastation of Aleppo and Damacsus. However, we left a few of our men behind to destroy any Assassin strongholds that were still standing. They lay in hiding because they were so few in number and the Babylonian dog mice came out of their caves and attacked them. Some, who disobeyed our orders, invaded French possessions and, receiving their deserts, were bitten by the aforementioned mice. Although revenge on these recreants would please us somewhat, and they have not caused any real harm, it is nevertheless our intention shortly to complete our plan against the said infidel Babylonians of the canine race exactly as we did against the other rebels." === Qutuz advances into Palestine === Upon receiving news of Hulagu's departure, Mamluk Sultan Qutuz quickly assembled a large army at Cairo and invaded Palestine.p. 424, 'The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History' (4th edition, 1993), Dupuy & Dupuy, In late August, Kitbuqa's forces proceeded south from their base at Baalbek, passing to the east of Lake Tiberias into Lower Galilee. Qutuz was then allied with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who chose to ally himself with Qutuz in the face of a greater enemy after the Mongols had captured Damascus and most of Bilad ash-Sham. === Mongol invasion of the crusader states === The Mongols attempted to form a Franco-Mongol alliance or at least to demand the submission of the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre; but Pope Alexander IV had forbidden it. Tensions between the Franks and the Mongols had also increased when Julian of Sidon caused an incident which resulted in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, Kitbuqa sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre and the remainder of the Crusader outposts, contacted by the Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks and sought military assistance against the Mongols. Though the Mamluks were the traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre recognised the Mongols as the more immediate menace and so the Crusaders opted for a position of cautious neutrality between the two forces.Morgan, p. 137. In an unusual move, they agreed that the Egyptian Mamluks could march north through the Crusader states unmolested and even camp to resupply near Acre. When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan River, Sultan Qutuz and his forces proceeded southeast, toward the site known in Arabic as "the Spring of Goliath" (Ain Jalut), in the Jezreel Valley, today called the Spring of Harod in Hebrew.Bartlett, p. 253 ==Battle== thumb|right|A portrait of the battle of Ain Jalut The first to advance were the Mongols, whose force also included troops from the Kingdom of Georgia and about 500 troops from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, both of which had submitted to Mongol authority. The Mamluks had the advantage of knowing the terrain, and Qutuz capitalized on that by hiding the bulk of his force in the highlands and hoping to bait the Mongols with a smaller force, under Baibars. Both armies fought for many hours, with Baibars usually implementing hit-and-run tactics to provoke the Mongol troops and to preserve the bulk of his troops intact. When the Mongols carried out another heavy assault, Baibars, who it is said had laid out the overall strategy of the battle since he had spent much time in that region earlier in his life as a fugitive, and his men feigned a final retreat to draw the Mongols into the highlands to be ambushed by the rest of the Mamluk forces concealed among the trees. The Mongol leader, Kitbuqa, already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baibars and his troops, committed a grave mistake. Instead of suspecting a trick, Kitbuqa decided to march forward with all of his troops on the trail of the fleeing Mamluks. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Mamluk forces emerged from hiding and began to fire arrows and attack with their cavalry. The Mongols then found themselves surrounded on all sides. Additionally, Timothy May hypothesizes that a key moment in the battle was the defection of the Mongol Syrian allies.Timothy May, the Mongol Art of War (2016). The Mongol army fought very fiercely and very aggressively to break out. Some distance away, Qutuz watched with his private legion. When Qutuz saw the left wing of the Mamluk army almost destroyed by the desperate Mongols seeking an escape route, he threw away his combat helmet, so that his warriors could recognize him and cried loudly three times "O Islam! O Allah grant your servant Qutuz a victory against these Mongols". He was seen the next moment rushing fiercely towards the battlefield yelling wa islamah! ("Oh my Islam"), urging his army to keep firm and advancing towards the weakened side, followed by his own unit. The Mongols were pushed back and fled to a vicinity of Beisan, followed by Qutuz's forces, but they managed to reorganize and to return to the battlefield, making a successful counterattack. However, the battle shifted toward the Mamluks, who now had both the geographic and psychological advantage, and some of the Mongols were eventually forced to retreat. Kitbuqa, with almost the rest of the Mongol army that had remained in the region, perished. ==Aftermath== Hulagu Khan ordered the execution of the last Ayyubid emir of Aleppo and Damascus, An-Nasir Yusuf, and his brother, who were in captivity, after he heard the news of the defeat of the Mongol army at Ain Jalut. However, the Mamluks captured Damascus five days later after Ain Jalut, followed by Aleppo within a month. On the way back to Cairo after the victory at Ain Jalut, Qutuz was assassinated by several emirs in a conspiracy led by Baibars.Although medieval historians give conflicting accounts, modern historians assign responsibility for Qutuz's assassination to Baibars, as Baibars had been promised Syria as a reward for his efforts in Ain Jalut, but when it was time to claim his prize, Qutuz commanded him to be patient. See Perry (p. 150), Amitai-Preiss (p. 47, "a conspiracy of amirs, which included Baybars and was probably under his leadership"), Holt et al. (Baibars "came to power with [the] regicide [of Qutuz] on his conscience"), and Tschanz. For further discussion, see article on "Qutuz". Baibars became the new Sultan. Local Ayyubid emirs sworn to the Mamluk sultanate subsequently defeated another Mongol force of 6,000 at Homs, which ended the first Mongol expedition into Syria. Baibars and his successors would go on to capture the last of the crusader states in the Holy Land by 1291. Internecine conflict prevented Hulagu Khan from being able to bring his full power against the Mamluks to avenge the pivotal defeat at Ain Jalut. Berke Khan, the Khan of the Golden Horde to the north of Ilkhanate, had converted to Islam and watched with horror as his cousin destroyed the Abbasid Caliph, the spiritual and administrative center of Islam. The Muslim historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani quoted Berke as sending the following message to Mongke Khan, protesting the attack on Baghdad since he did not know that Mongke had died in China: "He (Hulagu) has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph. With the help of God I will call him to account for so much innocent blood."The Mongol Warlords quotes Rashid al Din's record of Berke Khan's pronouncement; the quote is also found in Amitai-Preiss's The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War. The Mamluks, learning through spies that Berke was a Muslim and was not fond of his cousin, were careful to nourish their ties to him and his Khanate. Later on, Hulagu was able to send only a small army of two tumens in his sole attempt to attack the Mamluks in Aleppo in December 1260. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat. After the Mongol succession was finally settled, with Kublai as the last Great Khan, Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262 and massed his armies to attack the Mamluks and avenge Ain Jalut. However, Berke Khan initiated a series of raids in force that lured Hulagu north, away from the Levant, to meet him. Hulagu suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263. That was the first open war among the Mongols and signaled the end of the unified empire. Hulagu Khan died in 1265 and was succeeded by his son Abaqa. The Muslim Mamluks defeated the Mongols in all battles except one. Beside a victory to the Mamluks in Ain Jalut, the Mongols were defeated in the second Battle of Homs, Elbistan and Marj al-Saffar. After five battles with the Mamluks, the Mongols only won at the Battle of Wadi al- Khaznadar.Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995) Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk- Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. PAGE 1 They never returned to Syria again. ==Legacy== The large number of sources in vastly-different languages caused Mongol historians to have generally focused on one limited aspect of the empire. From that standpoint, the Battle of Ain Jalut has been represented by numerous academic and popular historians as an epochal battle. One that saw, for the first time, a Mongol advance that experienced their first major defeat and a permanent halt to forward movements. However, Ain Jalut, placed in the broader scope of the Mongol conquests in more comprehensive recent research, was actually not a first defeat or as pivotal as earlier histories portrayed it to be. The Mongols had in reality been defeated several times before Ain Jalut. According to Arabic military treatises of the 13th and 14th centuries, hand cannon was used by the Mamluk side in the Battle of Ain Jalut to frighten the Mongol armies, making it the earliest known battle for hand cannon being used. The compositions of the gunpowder used in the cannon were also given in those manuals. (Part 4 and Part 5) A recent study claims that the Mongol defeat was in part caused by a short term climate anomaly following the eruption of Samalas volcano a few years earlier, stating that "a return to warmer and dryer conditions in the summer of 1260 CE, [...] likely reduced the regional carrying capacity and may therefore have forced a mass withdrawal of the Mongols from the region that contributed to the Mamluks’ victory."Nicola Di Cosmo, Sebastian Wagner, Ulf Büntgen, Climate and environmental context of the Mongol invasion of Syria and defeat at ‘Ayn Jālūt (1258–1260 CE).2021 Erdkunde, 75, 2, doi=10.3112/erdkunde.2021.02.02 |url=https://www.erdkunde.uni- bonn.de/archive/2021/climate-and-environmental-context-of-the-mongol-invasion- of-syria-and-defeat-at-2018ayn-jalut-125820131260-ce ==In fiction== Robert Shea's historical novel The Saracen deals thoroughly with the Battle of Ain Jalut and the subsequent assassination of Sultan Qutuz. ==Notes== ==References== * Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al- kotob, 1997. * Bohn, Henry G. (1848) The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, New York, 1969 edition, a translation of Chronicles of the Crusades : being contemporary narratives of the crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf and of the crusade of St. Louis, by Lord John de Joinville. * * * * * * Grousset, René (1991), Histoire des Croisades, III, Editions Perrin, . * Hildinger, Erik. (1997). Warriors of the Steppe. Sarpedon Publishing. * Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1977) The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War, Cambridge University Press, . * * Morgan, David (1990) The Mongols. Oxford: Blackwell. * Nicolle, David, (1998). The Mongol Warlords Brockhampton Press. * Perry, Glenn E. (2004) The History of Egypt, Greenwood Publishing Group, . * Reagan, Geoffry, (1992). The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles . Canopy Books, NY. * * Saunders, J. J. (1971) The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. * Sicker, Martin (2000) The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna, Praeger Publishers. * Soucek, Svatopluk (2000) A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press. * 4 * Blair, S. (1995). A compendium of chronicles: Rashid al-Din's illustrated history of the world. Nour Foundation. * John Masson Smith Jr. (1984) MONGOL ARMIES AND INDIAN CAMPAIGNS, University of California, Berkeley * Smith, John Masson. “Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Success or Mongol Failure?” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 44, no. 2, 1984, pp. 307–345. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2719035 * Waterson, James (2007) The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks. Greenhill Books, London. Ain Jalut 1260 Category:Medieval Palestine Ain Jalut 1260 Ain Jalut Ain Jalut Ain Jalut Category:Egypt–Mongolia relations Category:13th century in the Mamluk Sultanate Category:1260 in Asia Category:1260 in Europe Category:13th century in the Kingdom of Georgia Category:1260 in the Mongol Empire Category:Hulagu Khan Ain Jalut Category:Galilee |
300px|thumb|right|Wood is an example of an orthotropic material. Material properties in three perpendicular directions (axial, radial, and circumferential) are different. In material science and solid mechanics, orthotropic materials have material properties at a particular point which differ along three orthogonal axes, where each axis has twofold rotational symmetry. These directional differences in strength can be quantified with Hankinson's equation. They are a subset of anisotropic materials, because their properties change when measured from different directions. A familiar example of an orthotropic material is wood. In wood, one can define three mutually perpendicular directions at each point in which the properties are different. It is most stiff (and strong) along the grain (axial direction), because most cellulose fibrils are aligned that way. It is usually least stiff in the radial direction (between the growth rings), and is intermediate in the circumferential direction. This anisotropy was provided by evolution, as it best enables the tree to remain upright. Because the preferred coordinate system is cylindrical-polar, this type of orthotropy is also called polar orthotropy. Another example of an orthotropic material is sheet metal formed by squeezing thick sections of metal between heavy rollers. This flattens and stretches its grain structure. As a result, the material becomes anisotropic — its properties differ between the direction it was rolled in and each of the two transverse directions. This method is used to advantage in structural steel beams, and in aluminium aircraft skins. If orthotropic properties vary between points inside an object, it possesses both orthotropy and inhomogeneity. This suggests that orthotropy is the property of a point within an object rather than for the object as a whole (unless the object is homogeneous). The associated planes of symmetry are also defined for a small region around a point and do not necessarily have to be identical to the planes of symmetry of the whole object. Orthotropic materials are a subset of anisotropic materials; their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. Orthotropic materials have three planes/axes of symmetry. An isotropic material, in contrast, has the same properties in every direction. It can be proved that a material having two planes of symmetry must have a third one. Isotropic materials have an infinite number of planes of symmetry. Transversely isotropic materials are special orthotropic materials that have one axis of symmetry (any other pair of axes that are perpendicular to the main one and orthogonal among themselves are also axes of symmetry). One common example of transversely isotropic material with one axis of symmetry is a polymer reinforced by parallel glass or graphite fibers. The strength and stiffness of such a composite material will usually be greater in a direction parallel to the fibers than in the transverse direction, and the thickness direction usually has properties similar to the transverse direction. Another example would be a biological membrane, in which the properties in the plane of the membrane will be different from those in the perpendicular direction. Orthotropic material properties have been shown to provide a more accurate representation of bone's elastic symmetry and can also give information about the three-dimensional directionality of bone's tissue-level material properties.Geraldes DM et al, 2014, A comparative study of orthotropic and isotropic bone adaptation in the femur, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering, Volume 30, Issue 9, pages 873–889, DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2633, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/cnm.2633/full It is important to keep in mind that a material which is anisotropic on one length scale may be isotropic on another (usually larger) length scale. For instance, most metals are polycrystalline with very small grains. Each of the individual grains may be anisotropic, but if the material as a whole comprises many randomly oriented grains, then its measured mechanical properties will be an average of the properties over all possible orientations of the individual grains. == Orthotropy in physics == === Anisotropic material relations === Material behavior is represented in physical theories by constitutive relations. A large class of physical behaviors can be represented by linear material models that take the form of a second-order tensor. The material tensor provides a relation between two vectors and can be written as : \mathbf{f} = \boldsymbol{K}\cdot\mathbf{d} where \mathbf{d},\mathbf{f} are two vectors representing physical quantities and \boldsymbol{K} is the second- order material tensor. If we express the above equation in terms of components with respect to an orthonormal coordinate system, we can write : f_i = K_{ij}~d_j ~. Summation over repeated indices has been assumed in the above relation. In matrix form we have : \underline{\mathbf{f}} = \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}}~\underline{\mathbf{d}} \implies \begin{bmatrix} f_1\\\f_2\\\f_3 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} K_{11} & K_{12} & K_{13} \\\ K_{21} & K_{22} & K_{23} \\\ K_{31} & K_{32} & K_{33} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} d_1\\\d_2\\\d_3 \end{bmatrix} Examples of physical problems that fit the above template are listed in the table below.Milton, G. W., 2002, The Theory of Composites, Cambridge University Press. Problem \mathbf{f} \mathbf{d} \boldsymbol{K} Electrical conduction Electrical current \mathbf{J} Electric field \mathbf{E} Electrical conductivity \boldsymbol{\sigma} Dielectrics Electrical displacement \mathbf{D} Electric field \mathbf{E} Electric permittivity \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} Magnetism Magnetic induction \mathbf{B} Magnetic field \mathbf{H} Magnetic permeability \boldsymbol{\mu} Thermal conduction Heat flux \mathbf{q} Temperature gradient -\boldsymbol{ abla}T Thermal conductivity \boldsymbol{\kappa} Diffusion Particle flux \mathbf{J} Concentration gradient -\boldsymbol{ abla}c Diffusivity \boldsymbol{D} Flow in porous media Weighted fluid velocity \eta_\mu\mathbf{v} Pressure gradient \boldsymbol{ abla}P Fluid permeability \boldsymbol{\kappa} === Condition for material symmetry === The material matrix \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}} has a symmetry with respect to a given orthogonal transformation (\boldsymbol{A}) if it does not change when subjected to that transformation. For invariance of the material properties under such a transformation we require : \boldsymbol{A}\cdot\mathbf{f} = \boldsymbol{K}\cdot(\boldsymbol{A}\cdot\boldsymbol{d}) \implies \mathbf{f} = (\boldsymbol{A}^{-1}\cdot\boldsymbol{K}\cdot\boldsymbol{A})\cdot\boldsymbol{d} Hence the condition for material symmetry is (using the definition of an orthogonal transformation) : \boldsymbol{K} = \boldsymbol{A}^{-1}\cdot\boldsymbol{K}\cdot\boldsymbol{A} = \boldsymbol{A}^{T}\cdot\boldsymbol{K}\cdot\boldsymbol{A} Orthogonal transformations can be represented in Cartesian coordinates by a 3\times 3 matrix \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}}} given by : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}}} = \begin{bmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} & A_{13} \\\ A_{21} & A_{22} & A_{23} \\\ A_{31} & A_{32} & A_{33} \end{bmatrix}~. Therefore, the symmetry condition can be written in matrix form as : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}} = \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}^T}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}}} === Orthotropic material properties === An orthotropic material has three orthogonal symmetry planes. If we choose an orthonormal coordinate system such that the axes coincide with the normals to the three symmetry planes, the transformation matrices are : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}_1}} = \begin{bmatrix}-1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} ~;~~ \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}_2}} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} ~;~~ \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}_3}} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} It can be shown that if the matrix \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}} for a material is invariant under reflection about two orthogonal planes then it is also invariant under reflection about the third orthogonal plane. Consider the reflection \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}_3}} about the 1-2\, plane. Then we have : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}} = \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}^T_3}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}_3}} = \begin{bmatrix} K_{11} & K_{12} & -K_{13} \\\ K_{21} & K_{22} & -K_{23} \\\ -K_{31} & -K_{32} & K_{33} \end{bmatrix} The above relation implies that K_{13} = K_{23} = K_{31} = K_{32} = 0. Next consider a reflection \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}_2}} about the 1-3\, plane. We then have : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}} = \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}^T_2}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{A}_2}} = \begin{bmatrix} K_{11} & -K_{12} & 0 \\\ -K_{21} & K_{22} & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & K_{33} \end{bmatrix} That implies that K_{12} = K_{21} = 0. Therefore, the material properties of an orthotropic material are described by the matrix > : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{K}}} = \begin{bmatrix} K_{11} & 0 & 0 > \\\ 0 & K_{22} & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & K_{33} \end{bmatrix} == Orthotropy in linear elasticity == === Anisotropic elasticity === In linear elasticity, the relation between stress and strain depend on the type of material under consideration. This relation is known as Hooke's law. For anisotropic materials Hooke's law can be written asLekhnitskii, S. G., 1963, Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Elastic Body, Holden-Day Inc. :\boldsymbol{\sigma} = \mathsf{c}\cdot\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} where \boldsymbol{\sigma} is the stress tensor, \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} is the strain tensor, and \mathsf{c} is the elastic stiffness tensor. If the tensors in the above expression are described in terms of components with respect to an orthonormal coordinate system we can write :\sigma_{ij} = c_{ijk\ell}~ \varepsilon_{k\ell} where summation has been assumed over repeated indices. Since the stress and strain tensors are symmetric, and since the stress-strain relation in linear elasticity can be derived from a strain energy density function, the following symmetries hold for linear elastic materials :c_{ijk\ell} = c_{jik\ell} ~,~~c_{ijk\ell} = c_{ij\ell k} ~,~~ c_{ijk\ell} = c_{k\ell ij} ~. Because of the above symmetries, the stress-strain relation for linear elastic materials can be expressed in matrix form as : \begin{bmatrix}\sigma_{11}\\\ \sigma_{22} \\\ \sigma_{33} \\\ \sigma_{23} \\\ \sigma_{31} \\\ \sigma_{12} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} c_{1111} & c_{1122} & c_{1133} & c_{1123} & c_{1131} & c_{1112} \\\ c_{2211} & c_{2222} & c_{2233} & c_{2223} & c_{2231} & c_{2212} \\\ c_{3311} & c_{3322} & c_{3333} & c_{3323} & c_{3331} & c_{3312} \\\ c_{2311} & c_{2322} & c_{2333} & c_{2323} & c_{2331} & c_{2312} \\\ c_{3111} & c_{3122} & c_{3133} & c_{3123} & c_{3131} & c_{3112} \\\ c_{1211} & c_{1222} & c_{1233} & c_{1223} & c_{1231} & c_{1212} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}\varepsilon_{11}\\\ \varepsilon_{22} \\\ \varepsilon_{33} \\\ 2\varepsilon_{23} \\\ 2\varepsilon_{31} \\\ 2\varepsilon_{12} \end{bmatrix} An alternative representation in Voigt notation is : \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_1 \\\ \sigma_2 \\\ \sigma_3 \\\ \sigma_4 \\\ \sigma_5 \\\ \sigma_6 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} C_{11} & C_{12} & C_{13} & C_{14} & C_{15} & C_{16} \\\ C_{12} & C_{22} & C_{23} & C_{24} & C_{25} & C_{26} \\\ C_{13} & C_{23} & C_{33} & C_{34} & C_{35} & C_{36} \\\ C_{14} & C_{24} & C_{34} & C_{44} & C_{45} & C_{46} \\\ C_{15} & C_{25} & C_{35} & C_{45} & C_{55} & C_{56} \\\ C_{16} & C_{26} & C_{36} & C_{46} & C_{56} & C_{66} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \varepsilon_1 \\\ \varepsilon_2 \\\ \varepsilon_3 \\\ \varepsilon_4 \\\ \varepsilon_5 \\\ \varepsilon_6 \end{bmatrix} or : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}} = \underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}} The stiffness matrix \underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}} in the above relation satisfies point symmetry.Slawinski, M. A., 2010, Waves and Rays in Elastic Continua: 2nd Ed., World Scientific. === Condition for material symmetry === The stiffness matrix \underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}} satisfies a given symmetry condition if it does not change when subjected to the corresponding orthogonal transformation. The orthogonal transformation may represent symmetry with respect to a point, an axis, or a plane. Orthogonal transformations in linear elasticity include rotations and reflections, but not shape changing transformations and can be represented, in orthonormal coordinates, by a 3\times 3 matrix \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}}} given by : \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}}} = \begin{bmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} & A_{13} \\\ A_{21} & A_{22} & A_{23} \\\ A_{31} & A_{32} & A_{33} \end{bmatrix}~. In Voigt notation, the transformation matrix for the stress tensor can be expressed as a 6\times6 matrix \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\sigma}} given by : \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\sigma}} = \begin{bmatrix} A_{11}^2 & A_{12}^2 & A_{13}^2 & 2A_{12}A_{13} & 2A_{11}A_{13} & 2A_{11}A_{12} \\\ A_{21}^2 & A_{22}^2 & A_{23}^2 & 2A_{22}A_{23} & 2A_{21}A_{23} & 2A_{21}A_{22} \\\ A_{31}^2 & A_{32}^2 & A_{33}^2 & 2A_{32}A_{33} & 2A_{31}A_{33} & 2A_{31}A_{32} \\\ A_{21}A_{31} & A_{22}A_{32} & A_{23}A_{33} & A_{22}A_{33}+A_{23}A_{32} & A_{21}A_{33}+A_{23}A_{31} & A_{21}A_{32}+A_{22}A_{31} \\\ A_{11}A_{31} & A_{12}A_{32} & A_{13}A_{33} & A_{12}A_{33}+A_{13}A_{32} & A_{11}A_{33}+A_{13}A_{31} & A_{11}A_{32}+A_{12}A_{31} \\\ A_{11}A_{21} & A_{12}A_{22} & A_{13}A_{23} & A_{12}A_{23}+A_{13}A_{22} & A_{11}A_{23}+A_{13}A_{21} & A_{11}A_{22}+A_{12}A_{21} \end{bmatrix} The transformation for the strain tensor has a slightly different form because of the choice of notation. This transformation matrix is : \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}} = \begin{bmatrix} A_{11}^2 & A_{12}^2 & A_{13}^2 & A_{12}A_{13} & A_{11}A_{13} & A_{11}A_{12} \\\ A_{21}^2 & A_{22}^2 & A_{23}^2 & A_{22}A_{23} & A_{21}A_{23} & A_{21}A_{22} \\\ A_{31}^2 & A_{32}^2 & A_{33}^2 & A_{32}A_{33} & A_{31}A_{33} & A_{31}A_{32} \\\ 2A_{21}A_{31} & 2A_{22}A_{32} & 2A_{23}A_{33} & A_{22}A_{33}+A_{23}A_{32} & A_{21}A_{33}+A_{23}A_{31} & A_{21}A_{32}+A_{22}A_{31} \\\ 2A_{11}A_{31} & 2A_{12}A_{32} & 2A_{13}A_{33} & A_{12}A_{33}+A_{13}A_{32} & A_{11}A_{33}+A_{13}A_{31} & A_{11}A_{32}+A_{12}A_{31} \\\ 2A_{11}A_{21} & 2A_{12}A_{22} & 2A_{13}A_{23} & A_{12}A_{23}+A_{13}A_{22} & A_{11}A_{23}+A_{13}A_{21} & A_{11}A_{22}+A_{12}A_{21} \end{bmatrix} It can be shown that \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}}^T = \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\sigma}}^{-1}. > The elastic properties of a continuum are invariant under an orthogonal > transformation \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}}} if and only if : > \underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}} = > \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}}^T~\underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}}~\underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}} === Stiffness and compliance matrices in orthotropic elasticity === An orthotropic elastic material has three orthogonal symmetry planes. If we choose an orthonormal coordinate system such that the axes coincide with the normals to the three symmetry planes, the transformation matrices are : \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}_1}} = \begin{bmatrix}-1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} ~;~~ \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}_2}} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} ~;~~ \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}_3}} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} We can show that if the matrix \underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}} for a linear elastic material is invariant under reflection about two orthogonal planes then it is also invariant under reflection about the third orthogonal plane. If we consider the reflection \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}_3}} about the 1-2\, plane, then we have : \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} Then the requirement \underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}} = \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}}^T~\underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}}~\underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}} implies that : \begin{bmatrix} C_{11} & C_{12} & C_{13} & C_{14} & C_{15} & C_{16} \\\ C_{12} & C_{22} & C_{23} & C_{24} & C_{25} & C_{26} \\\ C_{13} & C_{23} & C_{33} & C_{34} & C_{35} & C_{36} \\\ C_{14} & C_{24} & C_{34} & C_{44} & C_{45} & C_{46} \\\ C_{15} & C_{25} & C_{35} & C_{45} & C_{55} & C_{56} \\\ C_{16} & C_{26} & C_{36} & C_{46} & C_{56} & C_{66} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} C_{11} & C_{12} & C_{13} & -C_{14} & -C_{15} & C_{16} \\\ C_{12} & C_{22} & C_{23} & -C_{24} & -C_{25} & C_{26} \\\ C_{13} & C_{23} & C_{33} & -C_{34} & -C_{35} & C_{36} \\\ -C_{14} & -C_{24} & -C_{34} & C_{44} & C_{45} & -C_{46} \\\ -C_{15} & -C_{25} & -C_{35} & C_{45} & C_{55} & -C_{56} \\\ C_{16} & C_{26} & C_{36} & -C_{46} & -C_{56} & C_{66} \end{bmatrix} The above requirement can be satisfied only if : C_{14} = C_{15} = C_{24} = C_{25} = C_{34} = C_{35} = C_{46} = C_{56} = 0 ~. Let us next consider the reflection \underline{\underline{\mathbf{A}_2}} about the 1-3\, plane. In that case : \underline{\underline{\mathsf{A}_\varepsilon}} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} Using the invariance condition again, we get the additional requirement that : C_{16} = C_{26} = C_{36} = C_{45} = 0 ~. No further information can be obtained because the reflection about third symmetry plane is not independent of reflections about the planes that we have already considered. Therefore, the stiffness matrix of an orthotropic linear elastic material can be written as > : \underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}} = \begin{bmatrix} C_{11} & C_{12} & > C_{13} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ C_{12} & C_{22} & C_{23} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ C_{13} & > C_{23} & C_{33} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & C_{44} & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 > & C_{55} & 0\\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & C_{66} \end{bmatrix} The inverse of this matrix is commonly written asBoresi, A. P, Schmidt, R. J. and Sidebottom, O. M., 1993, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, Wiley. : \underline{\underline{\mathsf{S}}} = \begin{bmatrix} \tfrac{1}{E_{\rm 1}} & \- \tfrac{ u_{\rm 21}}{E_{\rm 2}} & \- \tfrac{ u_{\rm 31}}{E_{\rm 3}} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ -\tfrac{ u_{\rm 12}}{E_{\rm 1}} & \tfrac{1}{E_{\rm 2}} & \- \tfrac{ u_{\rm 32}}{E_{\rm 3}} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ -\tfrac{ u_{\rm 13}}{E_{\rm 1}} & \- \tfrac{ u_{\rm 23}}{E_{\rm 2}} & \tfrac{1}{E_{\rm 3}} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \tfrac{1}{G_{\rm 23}} & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \tfrac{1}{G_{\rm 31}} & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \tfrac{1}{G_{\rm 12}} \\\ \end{bmatrix} where {E}_{\rm i}\, is the Young's modulus along axis i, G_{\rm ij}\, is the shear modulus in direction j on the plane whose normal is in direction i, and u_{\rm ij}\, is the Poisson's ratio that corresponds to a contraction in direction j when an extension is applied in direction i. === Bounds on the moduli of orthotropic elastic materials === The strain-stress relation for orthotropic linear elastic materials can be written in Voigt notation as : \underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}} = \underline{\underline{\mathsf{S}}}~\underline{\underline{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}} where the compliance matrix \underline{\underline{\mathsf{S}}} is given by : \underline{\underline{\mathsf{S}}} = \begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & S_{12} & S_{13} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ S_{12} & S_{22} & S_{23} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ S_{13} & S_{23} & S_{33} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & S_{44} & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & S_{55} & 0\\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & S_{66} \end{bmatrix} The compliance matrix is symmetric and must be positive definite for the strain energy density to be positive. This implies from Sylvester's criterion that all the principal minors of the matrix are positive,Ting, T. C. T. and Chen, T., 2005, Poisson's ratio for anisotropic elastic materials can have no bounds,, Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 58(1), pp. 73-82. i.e., : \Delta_k := \det(\underline{\underline{\mathsf{S}_k}}) > 0 where \underline{\underline{\mathsf{S}_k}} is the k\times k principal submatrix of \underline{\underline{\mathsf{S}}}. Then, : \begin{align} \Delta_1 > 0 & \implies \quad S_{11} > 0 \\\ \Delta_2 > 0 & \implies \quad S_{11}S_{22} - S_{12}^2 > 0 \\\ \Delta_3 > 0 & \implies \quad (S_{11}S_{22}-S_{12}^2)S_{33}-S_{11}S_{23}^2+2S_{12}S_{23}S_{13}-S_{22}S_{13}^2 >0 \\\ \Delta_4 > 0 & \implies \quad S_{44}\Delta_3 > 0 \implies S_{44} > 0\\\ \Delta_5 > 0 & \implies \quad S_{44}S_{55}\Delta_3 > 0 \implies S_{55} > 0 \\\ \Delta_6 > 0 & \implies \quad S_{44}S_{55}S_{66}\Delta_3 > 0 \implies S_{66} > 0 \end{align} We can show that this set of conditions implies that. : S_{11} > 0 ~,~~ S_{22} > 0 ~,~~ S_{33} > 0 ~,~~ S_{44} > 0 ~,~~ S_{55} > 0 ~,~~ S_{66} > 0 or : E_1 > 0 , E_2 > 0, E_3 > 0, G_{12} > 0 , G_{23} > 0, G_{13} > 0 However, no similar lower bounds can be placed on the values of the Poisson's ratios u_{ij}. ==See also== *Anisotropy * Stress (mechanics) * Infinitesimal strain theory * Finite strain theory * Hooke's law == References == ==Further reading== *Orthotropy modeling equations from OOFEM Matlib manual section. *Hooke's law for orthotropic materials Category:Continuum mechanics Category:Materials |
Wilga Marie Rivers (13 April 1919 – 23 June 2007) was an Australian linguist and Professor of Romance Languages. While she taught at both the secondary- education and college level throughout her life, she spent the majority of her career on the faculty of Harvard University. There, she served as a Professor of Romance Languages and Coordinator of Language Instruction in Romance Languages, fulfilling these roles until her eventual retirement in 1989. Rivers was best known for her work in the field of foreign language acquisition and foreign language pedagogy, promoting and popularizing a number of methods used in modern language teaching. In opposition to the popular audiolingualism in her contemporary era, Rivers advocated for a shift towards an interactive and communication-based method of language teaching. She also promoted the use of technology and integration the of psychology in language teaching, stances that were not wide spread at the time. == Biography == Wilga Rivers was born on 13 April 1919 in Melbourne, Australia. Her impoverished working-class family was of mixed European heritage: her father was of British descent while her mother was of German. She and her family spent her childhood in the Melbourne suburbs. Rivers stayed in Australia for the majority of her early life and education. She attended public school for both her primary and secondary education. During this time, she became fascinated with the French language. This fascination spurred a desire in her to master the French language and become a French teacher. Following her primary and secondary education, Rivers attended the University of Melbourne with a scholarship and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts honors degree in 1939. Now able to teach, she spent the next few years teaching various subjects in a number of high schools in Australia. She was still determined to become a language teacher and kept up with her studies when she was off work. In 1949, she graduated from the University of Melbourne once again with a master’s degree, and soon after moved to England to pursue her dream of teaching French. She spent three years teaching in England, before returning to Australia to teach for 5 more years. She moved to the United States in 1959 in pursuit of continuing her education, graduating with a doctorate in 1962 from the University of Illinois. During her time studying there, she also served as a teaching assistant in the French department. In 1964, she returned to Australia and took up a position in the French department in Monash University in Melbourne. Rivers’ first book The Psychologist and the Foreign Language Teacher, published in 1964, became a popular topic in the linguistic community following its publication. The success of the book bolstered her international reputation, leading her to be widely sought for teaching positions in the United States. She latched onto this opportunity in 1971, accepting a position as a Professor of French at the University of Illinois. It was there that she began sculpting her own method of language teaching that she became so renowned for. A few years later, in 1973, she received the opportunity to become the Coordinator of the Romance Language program and a full-time professor in the Department of Roman Languages at Harvard University, becoming the first woman to hold those positions. She spent the rest of her career at Harvard, and continued to push her ideas of language pedagogy forward. Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued her work in foreign language teaching and pushed her international reputation further. She spent the rest of her life in the Massachusetts area, dying in Watertown on 23 June 2007. == Language acquisition == At the start of Rivers’ career, the primary method of foreign language teaching was audiolingualism, a strategy that puts heavy emphasis on memorizing the phonology and grammar of the language. Rivers was largely in opposition of this pedagogical method; she instead promoted a teaching method focusing on interaction and communicative discourse. Her model divides language teaching into two parts: acquisition of language skills and use of language skills. Rivers believed that audiolingualism invested too much into acquisition of skills, leaving students relatively inexperienced in the practical use of the language they were learning. To counteract this, she suggested that more interactive and realistic language scenarios should be implemented into language teaching to help students practice how the language functions in normal discourse. To demonstrate this, Rivers presents a model that divides language education into two categories: "skill-getting" and "skill-using." Skill-getting itself encompasses two parts. The first, cognition, is facilitated through perception, the understanding of "units, categories, and functions" of the language, and abstraction, the "internalizing of the rules relating these categories and functions." Mastery of this type of language knowledge leads the student towards the other part of skill-getting: production. Primarily called pseudo-communication by Rivers, the stage of production includes the proper articulation of the language and the ability to construct "comprehensible foreign language sequences by rapid associations of learned elements." Production is most commonly facilitated through classroom drills and exercises. Rivers asserts that almost all language instruction never develops students’ language skills beyond pseudo- communication. Drills condition students to produce basic sentence structures, but are unable to help students produce genuine communication. As a result, she insists language educators need to facilitate their students’ skill-using, best cultivated through interaction and communication. However, she does concede that drills are effective in helping students acquire knowledge of a language, and can be helpful with some aspects of more advanced language skills such as semantic relationships. To supplement the already-established "skill-getting" drills, Rivers suggested that students undergo exercises in which they are thrust into a situation with a simulated monolingual environment of the language they are learning. She drew on a study by linguist Sandra Savignon conducted on French students to support her claims. These students, who had regular conversations with French native-speakers in French implemented into their studies, reported that they felt more confident in their speaking abilities in the language since they had practice using it in natural conversation. Rivers believed that this was sufficient evidence for the importance of communication in language study. She also asserted that students should ideally be given the option to choose their preference of study, whether it be pair work, group work, or solo work. She reasoned that forcing students to work in an uncomfortable arrangement may take away their motivation to explore their language abilities, and thereby inhibit their intellectual growth. Additional exercises and activities that she suggested are active problem solving using the language, sharing background, interests, and other personally relevant information in the foreign language, and learning to do an activity with all instruction in the foreign language. === Movement Towards Student-Focused Curricula === Rivers also advocated that foreign language pedagogy be structured based on the preferences of the students, a stance in opposition of the traditional system of extensive grammar and writing of language. She reasoned that students would be more encouraged to engage in language learning if the instruction matched their own interests. To support her claim, she analyzed and released the results of a survey that she conducted at the University of Illinois at Urbana in her 1973 article The Non-Major: Tailoring the Course to Fit the Person--Not the Image. This survey, distributed to language students of the university’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, aimed to determine what students desired in their language courses and see if their preferences were already reflected in their classes. The survey produced 1500 responses, a number which Rivers further divided based on proficiency level (elementary, intermediate, advanced). Through analyzing the data, Rivers found that 63% of elementary and intermediate level language students desired more discourse and communication exercises in their curriculum, and 62% wanted more reading. Furthermore, two- thirds of this number specifically wanted these readings to be newspapers and magazines in the language of their study. The survey also showed that there was very little interest among students for courses to contain more grammar and writing exercises. Based on these results, Rivers concluded that foreign language students were much more interested in the applications of the languages they were learning, their use in communication, discussion of current events, and media being primary areas of interest. The data supported Rivers’ claims that interaction is key for language pedagogy and encourages students to engage with language more than grammar-based practices. == Psychology in Language Teaching == Rivers was also a vocal advocate for the intermingling of psychology and foreign language teaching. She specifically highlighted the importance of cognitive psychology in foreign and second language acquisition. She studied data from both linguistic and psychological studies to determine what teaching methods best supported the cognitive faculties of adult language learners and helped facilitate their acquisition of a foreign language. === Language and Mental Representations === Rivers denoted a student’s mental representation of language as an important psychological faculty linked to successful language acquisition. She makes specific reference to three systems of cognition identified by American psychologist Jerome Bruner. These three systems are classified as enactive, iconic, and symbolic. Rivers’ research showed that each of these three cognitive systems were nurtured with different modalities of instruction for language acquisition. She expressed that all three of these systems need to be developed simultaneously in order for students to acquire language effectively. The first system, enactive, is facilitated through stimulus- response conditioning. Through repeated stimulus-response conditioning, language students pick up on patterns in language, which allow them to produce quick responses to basic language structures. However, since this system is fostered almost solely through stimulus-response conditioning, it has the most limited faculties of the three. The second system of mental representation is iconic. This system is facilitated through perceptual organization and imagery. As such, Rivers denotes that both auditory and visual stimuli are important for building the iconic system. The development of recognizing auditory and visual language cues is also helpful in fortifying memorization of a language. However, perception of auditory cues can vary both between different students and within individual students themselves based on the environment. Rivers notes that an embarrassed student may be unable to identify auditory patterns and cues, and may develop a negative response to the patterns as a result. Since the ability to identify specific auditory cues is important to language acquisition, Rivers stresses that instructors should be ready to accommodate variations in a student’s attitude toward language in order to help them learn in a way that best suits them. The third system, symbolic, absorbs the processes and features of language and formulates them into linguistic concepts for the language learner. Rivers describes this system as being responsible for the development and comprehension of linguistic hierarchies and rules. She states that the easiest way to facilitate this cognitive system is for instructors to provide explanations for new language concepts and rules that students may not be familiar with. With this guidance, students are able to better understand the rules and patterns of the language on their own, and can apply that knowledge of previous examples to create their own responses in different circumstances. In her later work on the relationship between cognitive psychology and language acquisition, Rivers’ studies further showed that a student’s understanding of how to learn and use language greatly affected their ability to learn a new language. In her 1991 article Mental representations and language in action, River’s research showed that multilingual learners were able to memorize a new language’s vocabulary much faster than monolingual learners. This was because the multilingual speakers had already determined a method of acquiring new vocabulary that best served their cognitive preferences. The monolingual learners, on the other hand, still needed to devise a strategy that suited their own preferences. In a similar fashion, Rivers’ research also demonstrated that students were faster in memorizing and accessing memorized language material if that material was related to their own interests and needs. Rivers claimed that active use of language is one of the best ways to foster a student’s understanding of the language they are learning. Students demonstrated that they were able to access words and syntactic structures that concerned their interests and habits more quickly because they used them more often. As a result of these findings, Rivers advocated that students should be encouraged to choose and acquire vocabulary that suits their interests, as they would learn the material at a faster pace. == Technology in Language Teaching == Rivers also distinguished herself as an avid supporter of using technology and language learning laboratories (LLLs) in conjunction with language teaching. Language labs first began appearing in the late 1920s and early 1930s, providing a new service for students learning foreign languages. In the 1950s, however, a mass outcry from students concerning their distaste of language laboratories caused language teachers to step back and reassess whether LLLs were ultimately beneficial to language teaching. Rivers presented her own opinions on the issue in two articles published in the 1982 and 1990: LLLs had the potential to be a major benefit to language, but the way they were currently being used was detrimental to student. In her 1982 article Understanding the learner in the language laboratory, Rivers targeted three different areas that she believed needed reassessment in order for LLLs to be effective: Language Learning, Language Teaching, and the LLL Director and Instructor. === Language Learning === Rivers distinguished language learning as the students’ side of the language acquisition process. She noted that all students have preferred methods of instruction in language learning that help them acquire information easier. For example, while most methods of language teaching consisted solely of auditory stimuli, many students were able to absorb and assess information more easily through visual stimuli. Rivers also noted that the traditional practice of priming students to quickly produce near-automated responses is not effective for every student; many students demonstrate more accurate response when given time to think and reason with the material. With these differences in mind, drills and practices used in LLLs required revisions in order for students to see them as an aid to their studies, not an obstacle. === Language Teaching === Rivers distinguished language teaching as the teachers’ side of the language acquisition process. She specifically addressed the contemporary methods of teaching and curricula used in language teaching by many language teachers. At the time, the common practice of language teaching was a linear approach, from listening to speaking to reading to writing. The first two were generally isolated to the LLL and the latter two to the classroom. Rivers noted that this practice was outdated, as many students demonstrated that intermingling these four processes, such as using writing in conjunction with listening and speaking, helped them in learning the material. She also promoted a transition away from the traditional structural syllabus (syllabi designed to introduce grammar first and build up to speech) towards functional syllabi (designed to demonstrate the functionality of the language such as communication) or experimental syllabi (designed to impart as much authentic use of language on students as possible). In order to support these teaching strategies, Rivers suggested that the materials in LLLs should be changed in favor of more natural speech materials, such as videos of native speakers conversing and films in different languages. === LLL Director and Instructor === Rivers also identified LLL instructors and directors as primary reasons for students’ pushback against LLLs. She states that as technology evolved, many LLL instructors didn’t take the time to learn how to employ new materials in their curriculums. As such, the full potential of LLLs were unrealized, and thus students could only learn through older methods of teaching. To combat this complacency, Rivers urged LLL instructors to assure that they had the most up- to-date materials at their disposal, and that every instructor took the time to understand the new technology available to them so that students could best benefit from LLLs. === Reception === Rivers’ stance on the use of technology in language teaching was initially met with some opposition. In 1991, linguists James Pusack and Sue Otto published an article that regarded Rivers’ models of fully integrating LLLs with reluctance. The artificiality of technology at the time was one point of concern that they pointed out. As language programs began to be popularized in the 1980s, many scholars were skeptical of their ability to produce language in a way that seemed natural. The limited inputs and outputs of programs such as these also posed an issue, as the number of responses and simulations a program would have was finite. The two also claimed that Rivers gave too much credit to technology. They argued that Rivers focuses too much on the need to understand the technology and materials used in LLLs, and doesn’t emphasize enough the importance of an instructor working in tandem with technology in order for it to be effective. Pusack and Otto also asserted that with the current technology, it would be far too difficult to create a completely tailored, individualized teaching strategy for each student as Rivers promoted. == Legacy == Wilga Rivers and her work in linguistics is still honored through a couple of awards created after her death. The American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) honors her legacy with the Wilga Rivers Graduate Student Award, an annual merit-based award given to graduate student members of the AAAL. The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) also honors her impact on language education with The ACTFL Wilga Rivers Award for Leadership in World Language Education, awarded to annually to a member of the ACTFL that demonstrates active participation in a number of language organizations and committees. ==References== Category:1919 births Category:2007 deaths Category:Linguists from Australia Category:Women linguists Category:Bilingualism and second-language acquisition researchers Category:Australian writers Category:20th-century linguists Category:Harvard University faculty Category:Australian expatriates in the United States Category:Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:Presidents of the American Association for Applied Linguistics |
The Doctors’ Association UK (DAUK) is a professional association for doctors in the United Kingdom. The association was formed by junior doctors led by Dr Samantha Batt-Rawden in January 2018 in response to the Bawa-Garba case. DAUK is a non-profit organisation which advocates for the medical profession and the wider NHS. The association has led several campaigns which have received widespread media attention. == Learn Not Blame == Although the Learn Not Blame started gathering momentum in January 2018 due to the High Court judgment in the case of Hadiza Bawa-Garba, the campaign was formally launched by DAUK in the House of Commons in November 2018. The launch was attended by the Health Secretary Matt Hancock. DAUK was formed in January 2018 in response to the General Medical Council’s (GMC) actions in the Bawa-Garba case. In February 2018 DAUK wrote to the GMC Chief Executive Charlie Massey criticising their action in the case in a letter signed by over 4500 doctors. The group subsequently supported Hadiza Bawa-Garba's appeal against the GMC which was successful in July 2018. DAUK provided a media presence around the appeal and argued for a just culture in the NHS. Following the appeal DAUK called for a public investigation into the GMC's actions. This was backed by over 1200 doctors and MP Philippa Whitford. An inquiry was granted by the Health Select Committee into patient safety and gross negligence manslaughter in October 2018 for which DAUK gave written evidence. DAUK continued to be critical of the GMC in particular their continued appeals of verdicts given by the independent Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service (MPTS) allowing the GMC to take doctors to court to have them erased by the medical register. DAUK called on the Health Secretary Matt Hancock to intervene. The group subsequently gave evidence to the Williams review into gross negligence manslaughter and their recommendation that the GMC be stripped of their power to appeal MPTS verdicts was upheld. DAUK has continued to campaign for a just culture in healthcare giving evidence to the GMC commissioned independent review of gross negligence manslaughter and culpable homicide. === Whistleblowing === During the COVID-19 pandemic DAUK raised concerns that frontline doctors were being gagged from raising their concerns about the handling of the COVID-19 crisis and in particular Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shortages. A survey conducted by the association and aired on BBC Newsnight on 15 May showed that 47% of respondents had been told not to raise concerns regarding COVID-19 via social media, whilst a similar proportion had been told not to raise concerns in the press. 32% had also experienced bullying as a result of raising concerns about PPE. Dr Jenny Vaughan, the groups Learn Not Blame lead a consultant neurologist asserted that a culture of fear could prevent doctors from speaking up and therefore deprive the NHS of learning lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. == Scrap the Cap and International Medical Graduates == In 2018 DAUK began lobbying the Home Office to exempt doctors from tier 2 visa caps that were preventing overseas doctors from taking up posts in the NHS as well as to scrap the Immigration Health Surcharge The Scrap the Cap campaign was subsequently supported by the British Medical Journal. During the COVID-19 pandemic DAUK campaigned for death in service benefits to be extended to International Medical Graduates who were not eligible. The group also campaigned for the scrapping of the Immigration Health Surcharge, branded as a 'gross insult' by DAUK for frontline NHS workers and their dependents. After the cause was taken up by the Labour Party following DAUK's lobbying the Government scrapped the charge. The group have continued to lobby on this issue having recently claimed that doctors were still paying the surcharge despite the Government's u-turn. DAUK have continued to campaign and lobby for fairness for International Medical Graduates and have been successful in gaining an exemption from the Immigration Health Surcharge for dependents of healthcare workers. The group has also campaigned for all International Medical Graduates who have served the NHS during the COVID-19 pandemic to be granted indefinite leave to remain. == Compassionate Culture == In March 2019 DAUK collated over 1000 stories from NHS doctors about mistreatment whilst working in the NHS. The group called for a more compassionate culture in the NHS and the campaign was mentioned in the Health Secretary Matt Hancock's speech to the Royal College of Physicians. DAUK have continued to lobby on physician wellbeing. In particular they have been campaigning for annual monitoring of doctor suicides in the UK, especially amongst those doctors under investigation by the GMC. == COVID-19 and Protect the Frontline == === Criticism of the Government's response === In February 2020 DAUK gave several warnings that frontline doctors were concerned about how the NHS would cope in the event of a coronavirus outbreak. Stating that the concerns of frontline doctors had been “brushed under the carpet”, DAUK ran a survey which showed that only eight doctors of 1618 respondents thought the NHS was well prepared for coronavirus. The government announced its Coronavirus Action Plan the following day. The Evening Standard acknowledged that the group was the first organisation to ring the alarm bells publicly about the NHS' preparedness for Coronavirus. On 24 March DAUK President Dr Samantha Batt-Rawden expressed her support for the Government's decision to enter lockdown however raised the group's concern on BBC Newsnight that this might be too late to prevent a surge. On 17 April DAUK criticised the Government for not stockpiling gowns following reports that many hospitals were due to run out of gowns entirely over the next few days. The group also called on Dominic Cummings to resign or be sacked claiming that the Prime Minister's advisor had diluted the public health message to stay at home as well as eroding healthcare professionals' trust in the Government. DAUK also raised concern regarding infographics released by the Government depicting a valve that would not protect the public forcing a change in messaging from the Government. === Personal Protective Equipment === On 3 March DAUK President Dr Samantha Batt-Rawden raised concerns that many GPs were yet to be provided with any Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The group questioned claims from NHS England that the national supply was adequate and that ongoing PPE shortages were due to a distribution issue. On 22 March DAUK co-ordinated an open letter signed by 3963 frontline NHS staff published on the front page of The Sunday Times pleading with Boris Johnson to 'protect the lives of the life-savers' calling the ongoing shortage of PPE 'unacceptable.' The group launched their campaign 'Protect the Frontline' to ensure frontline NHS workers received adequate PPE the same day. On 23 March the group raised concerns that doctors had reported being forced to source their own PPE from DIY stores, claiming that staff had had to buy their own masks from Screwfix. After the army was drafted in to distributing PPE DAUK Chair Dr Rinesh Parmar told Andrew Marr that doctors had told the organisation they felt like 'lambs to the slaughter' due to lack of PPE. On 24 March DAUK claimed to have received reports from doctors across the UK that they had not been fit-tested for respirator masks putting them and their patients at unnecessary risk. On 27 March the group raised concern that Public Health England guidance on PPE appeared watered down compared to World Health Organisation guidelines. The group also reported a lack of access to scrubs on the same day a problem that continued through to at least June that year when DAUK reported that six out of ten doctors were facing a shortage of scrubs On 29 March DAUK raised concern about a lack of PPE for care home staff reiterating that staff may feel forced to resign due to concern regarding personal safety. On 1 April the group claimed to have heard from frontline doctors who has been forced improvise their own PPE including out of snorkels, whilst others had had to reach out to school and laboratories for protective glasses. DAUK raised numerous concerns that doctors were being gagged from raising concerns regarding PPE shortages on social media and in the press. The group argued that doctors had a 'moral duty' to make their concerns public. The group also claimed that they had received reports of frontline NHS staff being bullied into not wearing adequate PPE. On 10 April DAUK responded to reports in The Guardian that surgical gowns were running out in hospitals across England with DAUK Chair Dr Rinesh Parmar saying that this was a 'disaster' and asserting that the Government needed to 'urgently get a grip' of the situation. The group heavily criticised a watering down of PPE guidance in the event of gowns running out which included the use of 'flimsy' plastic aprons, non-fluid repellant coveralls and even patient gowns. On 11 April the group raised concerns that Public Health England did not consider CPR to be an Aerosol Generating Procedure requiring full PPE in their guidelines which DAUK claimed was at odds with recommendations from the Resuscitation Council UK, the European Resuscitation Council and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. The group later accused Public Health England of putting healthcare workers at risk by not considering CPR to be an AGP. On 13 April the group criticised missed opportunities to join the EU scheme for emergency PPE as well as reports of consignments of 100,000 gowns from China that were found to be sub-standard. On 17 April DAUK made a direct plea to Boris Johnson in a video supported by Led By Donkeys that was projected onto the House of Parliament. In the video DAUK President Dr Samantha Batt-Rawden said "Doctors are dying. Nurses are dying. It's time for the Government to act and save the lives of those who we clap for every single Thursday." On 7 May DAUK published a survey of nearly 900 doctors which showed that a fifth of respondents had been delivered unusual PPE. This included PPE that was out of date, PPE that was mouldy or degraded, and gowns with holes in. === NHS PPE app === On 3 April DAUK launched a NHS PPE reporting app live on Sky News. The app which allowed doctors to report PPE shortages in real time from the frontline revealed that healthcare workers were being asked to 'hold their breath' in place of a mask. The first week of data published on Sophy Ridge on Sunday showed that 43% of doctors did not have any access to eye protection and 37% of doctors performing the highest risk procedures were without proper masks. On 7 April data from over 500 reports from 193 trusts and GPs suggested that 72% doctors were without FFP3 masks, whilst 77% of doctors reported shortages of long-sleeved protective gowns. By 20 April the app had received reports from nearly 1600 doctors from 257 NHS trusts and GP practices; over two thirds of doctors reported PPE shortages. The shortages appeared to be particularly acute in London. The group used data from their app to deliver 45000 masks and 500 masks to trusts and GP practices with the most severe PPE shortages in the first week stating on Sky News that doctors had been forced to 'take matters into their own hands'. === Healthcare worker deaths === On 12 March DAUK raised the alarm that with ongoing PPE shortages frontline NHS healthcare workers would soon die of COVID-19. By 15 March the group claimed to have received reports of doctors being recalled early from self-isolation despite being symptomatic of COVID-19, expressing concern that this would put clinicians and their patients at risk. On the 18 March DAUK claimed they had received reports from doctors who felt like 'cannon fodder' due to limited access to PPE, or whose PPE had expired. On 29 March the group released a statement following the death of NHS consultant Dr Amged El-Hawrani secondary to COVID-19. The organisation stated that it is 'unacceptable' that some doctors still did not have access to adequate PPE. After a second NHS doctor GP Dr Habib Zaidi died secondary to COVID-19 DAUK reiterated its concern calling on the Government to make PPE its top priority to prevent further healthcare worker deaths. On 9 April DAUK launched a petition for a public inquiry into healthcare worker deaths. The petition reached over 120,000 signatures. Following a lack of positive response from the Government the group took legal action alongside the Good Law Project filing for a judicial review into healthcare worker deaths and PPE shortages. The group also asked for a coronial investigation into each healthcare worker death. On 29 April DAUK also raised concerns that the Chief Coroner for England and Wales advised Coroner's that any Coroner' inquest should not consider PPE failures prompting a U-turn. On 14 April DAUK raised concerns once again regarding a lack of fit- testing for staff needing to use FFP3 masks in the wake of at least 40 deaths of frontline NHS healthcare workers asserting that hospitals were 'playing Russian roulette with doctors' lives. On 19 April DAUK rang the alarm bells after receiving reports from frontline staff that gowns and visors were being rationed and expressed concern that the reuse of disposable PPE would put patients at risk. By 20 April at least 100 UK healthcare workers had died. On this day data from DAUK's PPE reporting app had received reports from 1600 doctors from 257 NHS trusts and GP practices. Over two thirds of doctors reported PPE shortages. On 25 May DAUK called for an investigation into why six out of 10 NHS healthcare workers who had died were from a BAME background as the number of healthcare workers who had died reached over 200. ==== Death in service ==== On the same day DAUK expressed concern that many doctors were not eligible for death-in-service benefit including retired doctors at the highest risk. A survey of 350 doctors conducted by the group showed that doctors were less likely to work in high-risk areas, increase their hours or return to service due to fears that their family would not be provided for should they die from COVID-19. The group called for death-in-service to be extended to all frontline NHS doctors stating that any less would be 'morally unforgivable'. On April 21 the group launched a campaign to secure cross-party support for compensation for all families of NHS healthcare workers who had died of COVID-19. A £60,000 payout for each bereaved family of a healthcare was announced however DAUK asserted that this did not go far enough branding the scheme a 'a kick in the teeth'. === Staffing === On 3 March DAUK expressed concern regarding plans to draft retired doctors back into the NHS. The group raised concerns that older doctor were more at risk from complications should they contract COVID-19 and pointed out that many of these retired doctors had been forced out of the NHS by the NHS pensions tax which had still not been fixed. The group supported a scheme that allowed medical students to be fast- tracked to help with the pandemic effort. On 13 March Dr Samantha Batt-Rawden DAUK President called on the government to consider cancelling non-urgent operations to prepare for a surge in Coronavirus cases. The group claimed that years of short-staffing had left the NHS much less equipped to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic whilst continuing to provide care for non-COVID related illness of injury. On 15 March DAUK called into question the usefulness of procuring 5000 new ventilators without the staff to run them due to a severe lack of specialist intensive care doctors and nurses claiming that there were 43000 nurse and 10,000 doctor vacancies before the pandemic. Despite Government efforts to increase staffing DAUK claimed that some doctors may resign due to concerns about their personal safety, a concern echoed by the Royal College of Nursing. The group also supported efforts by the Department of Health and Social care to fast-track overseas doctors through registration with General Medical Council to ensure that International Medical Graduates could help support the UK pandemic effort. === Testing === On 12 March the group highlighted that NHS doctors were being advised to self-isolate for 14 days rather than being tested, claiming that this removes clinicians from an already short-staffed NHS 'at its time of greatest need. The group urged Public Health England to extend texting to frontline healthcare workers to stop them having to unnecessarily isolate at home. DAUK welcomed an announcement from the Welsh Government that frontline healthcare workers would be prioritised for testing and criticised the NHS England for not following suit. On 31 March the group criticised a lack of clarity regarding testing for frontline staff asserting that as yet it was not clear whether any testing would be allocated for NHS staff. DAUK raised concerns on Sky News about the numbers of frontline NHS doctors who had become symptomatic of COVID-19 or who were isolating due to contact with somebody in their household who had symptoms. In a survey of 800 doctors on 1 April a third of all respondents were self-isolating. That week a survey by the Royal College of Physicians suggested that at least 25% of doctors were on sick leave and self-isolating and DAUK called on NHS England to monitor and publish sickness rates of frontline staff. == References == Category:2018 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Health in Lancashire Category:Medical associations based in the United Kingdom Category:Organisations based in Lancashire Category:Trade unions established in 2018 |
Typhoon Yutu, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Rosita, was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic destruction on the islands of Tinian and Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands, and later impacted the Philippines. It is the strongest typhoon ever recorded to impact the Mariana Islands, and is tied as the second-strongest tropical cyclone to strike the United States and its unincorporated territories by both wind speed and barometric pressure. It also tied Typhoon Kong-rey as the most powerful tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018. The fortieth tropical depression, twenty- sixth named storm, twelfth typhoon, and the seventh super typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Yutu originated from a low-pressure area that formed in the western Pacific Ocean on October 15\. The disturbance organized into a tropical depression on the same day, as ocean sea-surface heat content increased. Shortly after becoming a tropical depression, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assigned the system the identifier 31W. The system continued to strengthen, becoming a tropical storm several hours later, with the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) naming the system Yutu. Increasingly favorable conditions allowed Yutu to explosively intensify, as the system maintained deep convection and subsequently became a severe tropical storm and then a typhoon. Through October 23, Yutu continued to explosively intensify, quickly reaching Category 5 super typhoon intensity on October 24\. On October 25, Yutu made landfall on the island of Tinian and the southern part of Saipan at its peak intensity, with a minimum central pressure of , 10-minute sustained winds of , 1-minute sustained winds of , and gusts of up to . This made it the most powerful tropical cyclone to make landfall worldwide in 2018. Immediately after making landfall, Yutu underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, causing it to momentarily weaken as it completed the process. Maintaining super typhoon status, Yutu continued to move westward towards the Philippines, entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) whereupon it was assigned the local name Rosita. Intrusions of dry air and lower sea surface temperatures, however, caused Yutu to weaken significantly through October 28, though it remained a strong typhoon. Late on October 29, Yutu made landfall in the Filipino province of Isabela, with 10-minute sustained winds of . The JTWC estimated 1-minute winds to be at that time. The storm wrought catastrophic damage across Tinian and Saipan, destroying numerous homes and killing two people. Violent winds destroyed concrete structures in southern Saipan and stripped areas of vegetation. In the Philippines, landslides and flooding killed at least 27 people, while in Hong Kong, one person was killed by high surf. Yutu is also tied with Typhoon Kong-rey as the most powerful tropical cyclone in 2018. ==Meteorological history== Early on October 21, 2018, a tropical depression developed to the east of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, with the JMA initiating advisories on the system. Shortly afterward, the JTWC assigned the storm the identifier 31W. The system began to strengthen, becoming a tropical storm several hours later, and the JMA assigned the name Yutu to the storm. Favorable conditions, including low wind shear and high ocean-surface temperatures, allowed Yutu to explosively intensify on the following day, with the storm reaching severe tropical storm strength and then typhoon intensity a few hours later. From October 23 to 24, Yutu continued to organize and explosively intensify, reaching Category 5 super typhoon intensity on October 24. The typhoon continued to strengthen and displayed a healthy convective structure, while moving towards the island of Saipan. Around 2:00 a.m. local time on October 25, Typhoon Yutu made landfall on Tinian and the southern part of Saipan at peak intensity, as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with a minimum central pressure of and 1-minute sustained winds of , becoming the most powerful storm on record to impact the Northern Mariana Islands. On October 25, the system underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, causing it to weaken into a Category 4 super typhoon as it continued moving westwards. On the next day, Yutu completed its eyewall replacement cycle, and the system regained Category 5 intensity at 12:00 UTC that day. On October 27, Yutu resumed weakening, and weakened into a Category 4 super typhoon. On the same day, Yutu entered PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility (or PAR), and was named Rosita. Yutu continued to weaken while progressing westward, after encountering more unfavorable conditions, including lower sea surface temperatures, and the storm weakened to a Category 3-equivalent typhoon on October 28. At around 21:00 UTC on October 29, Yutu made landfall as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon on the Philippine province of Isabela, on the island of Luzon. As Yutu entered the South China Sea, it was exposed to the cold and dry air of the northeastern monsoon from China and further weakened into a tropical depression. Late on November 1, Yutu turned towards the south-southwest while rapidly weakening, due to wind shear. On November 2, Yutu degenerated into a remnant low without making another landfall, before dissipating early on the next day. ==Preparations== ===Northern Mariana Islands=== In the month prior to Yutu, Typhoon Mangkhut struck the Mariana Islands, prompting emergency officials to stockpile supplies. With relief supplies largely unused, storage facilities on Guam had 220,000 liters of water and 260,000 meals readily available. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) personnel deployed to both Tinian and Saipan ahead of the storm. U.S. President Donald Trump declared an emergency for the Northern Islands on October 24. ===Philippines=== On October 25, PAGASA began issuing severe weather bulletins in anticipation of Typhoon Yutu entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility. The agency subsequently raised Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) No. 1 for the majority of Luzon north of Metro Manila on October 28. Following a slightly more southerly track than initially anticipated, PSWS No. 1 later extended to Quezon. PSWS No. 3, indicating winds of were anticipated, was raised for Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quirino, and northern Aurora provinces on October 29\. Furthermore, PSWS No. 2, indicating tropical storm-force winds, covered large swaths of northern Luzon. More than 10,000 people, still reeling from the devastating effects of Typhoon Mangkhut in September, evacuated the mountainous areas in northern provinces of Luzon. ====Highest Public Storm Warning Signal==== PSWS# Luzon Visayas Mindanao 3 Isabela, Quirino, Northern Portion of Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya, Ifugao, Benguet, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mt. Province, Pangasinan None None 2 Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Northern Portion of Quezon including Polillo Island, Rest of Aurora, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan None None 1 Metro Manila, Batanes, Babuyan Islands, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Bataan, Cavite, Camarines Norte None None ===Hong Kong=== On November 1, Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Wind Signal No. 3, the first time Strong Wind Signal No. 3 has been issued in November since Typhoon Ira in 1993. ==Impact== ===Northern Mariana Islands=== Striking Tinian and Saipan on October 24 as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, Yutu became the strongest tropical cyclone to ever impact the Mariana Islands and the second-strongest to strike the United States or its territories as a whole, tied with Typhoon Karen in 1962 and Hurricane Camille in 1969. Only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane impacted the country at a greater strength. Saipan International Airport recorded wind gusts of . Yutu's eyewall also knocked out Saipan's doppler radar on October 25, during the storm's landfall. On Saipan, the typhoon killed two people; a woman when it wrecked the building she was staying in, and another woman who died of carbon monoxide poisoning caused by inhaling the fumes of a generator. At least 133 other people were left injured, three of whom were injured severely. The entirety of both islands were left without electricity. The majority of buildings in southern Saipan lost their roofs or were destroyed, including Hopwood Middle School, which suffered extensive damage. Low-lying vegetation in southern parts of the island were shredded or ripped from the ground. Saipan International Airport sustained significant damage; terminals flooded and navigation aids were rendered inoperable. The majority of homes on Tinian were severely damaged or destroyed. Some concrete structures sustained significant damage, with a few completely destroyed, and residents reported that those buildings shook during the typhoon. Storm shutters were torn from windows, leaving the interior of structures exposed to wind and water damage. In one instance, a door was ripped from a building and hurled into a pigsty. The island's only health center sustained major damage; however, no patients were being treated at the time. Tinian International Airport suffered significant damage. Total damage estimated by FEMA reached $800 million. Meteorologist Brandon Aydlett at the National Weather Service described the typhoon as "the storm which sets the scale for which future storms are compared to". ===Philippines=== Striking Luzon on October 30, Typhoon Yutu, which was known in the Philippines as Typhoon “Rosita”, produced torrential rain across the mountainous region. Numerous landslides caused significant damage, engulfing homes and blocking roads. Yutu killed a total of 27 people in the Philippines. Five people died after landslides occurred in Banaue and Lubuagan, while flooding claimed one life in Perez. A landslide in Natonin buried a government building, leaving 14 dead. Significant effects were felt in Benguet, La Union, and Nueva Vizcaya, where more than 100 people died during Typhoon Mangkhut in September. As of November 8, 2018, agricultural damage were counted to be ₱2.9 billion (US$54.1 million). ===Hong Kong=== On October 31, a 25-year-old man died when surfing in Big Wave Bay, Hong Kong Island, due to high surf, while the standby typhoon signal No. 1 was hoisted. ==Aftermath== Before the typhoon's impact, Governor Ralph Torres requested for a presidential emergency declaration in anticipation of the typhoon's projected devastation. U.S. President Donald J. Trump quickly approved his request on October 23, 2018. Immediately after the typhoon's impact, Governor Torres requested for a presidential disaster declaration, which was approved on October 26 by President Trump. Immediately following the typhoon's impact, the Congressional Delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands, Gregorio Sablan, made a request for aid. With the scale of destruction far exceeding Typhoon Soudelor in 2015, power was not expected to be fully restored for months. President Trump signed a major disaster declaration on October 26, enabling the islands to receive federal funding. Daytime operations at Saipan International Airport resumed by October 27; however, damaged navigation equipment prevented safe operation during the night. The Coast Guard reopened the port of Saipan on October 27, allowing vessels to travel in and out of it. FEMA and the Red Cross established five relief distribution sites on the island which began operations on October 28. === Response efforts === thumb|Communication tower damaged by typhoon winds FEMA scheduled aircraft to deliver relief supplies by October 26\. In accordance with changes implemented after Hurricane Maria in 2017, the agency established specific task forces to handle smaller scale facets of the recovery: transportation, communications, food and water, and energy and fuel. Emergency shelters quickly filled to capacity on both islands by October 25\. The same day the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared a public health emergency for the affected areas and deployed 50 health personnel. The USCGC Sequoia and USCGC Kiska ported in Guam sailed for Saipan and Tinian, respectively, with relief supplies. Direct Relief worked with Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation and with other health facilities damaged by the storm to coordinate medical aid shipments to the Northern Mariana Islands. A shipment of 40,000 liters of drinking water along with other essential items was delivered in late October. On October 26, Matson, Inc. provided $125,000 in funds and deployed its vessel Mana loaded with bottled water and ice. On October 27, South Korea began airlifting approximately 1,000 stranded tourists from Saipan. == Retirement == Due to the severe damage in the Northern Mariana Islands, the name Yutu was retired during the 52nd annual session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in February 2020. In February 2021, the Typhoon Committee subsequently chose Yinxing as its replacement name. In addition PAGASA officially retired Rosita from the rotating lists of tropical cyclone names within the Philippine Area of Responsibility despite being first used in the PAGASA Naming List, and replaced it with Rosal after the typhoon caused over ₱1 billion in damage on its onslaught in the country, and was used for the first time in 2022. ==See also== *Weather of 2018 *Tropical cyclones in 2018 *Typhoon Karen *Typhoon Lynn (1987) *Typhoon Nina (1987) *Typhoon Megi (2010) *Typhoon Krosa (2013) *Typhoon Mangkhut – affected the Mariana Islands and northern Luzon less than two months earlier, causing extensive damage. *Typhoon Soudelor *Typhoon Hagibis *Typhoon Mawar - A Category-5 equivalent typhoon that recently passed over Guam, bringing strong winds in that area. ==References== ==External links== *JMA General Information of Typhoon Yutu (1826) from Digital Typhoon *31W.YUTU from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Category:2018 natural disasters Yutu Category:2018 in Guam Category:2018 in the Northern Mariana Islands Category:2018 in the Philippines Yutu Yutu Category:October 2018 events in Oceania Category:October 2018 events in the Philippines Category:November 2018 events in Asia Yutu |
Film censorship in the Republic of Ireland began on a national basis with the introduction of the Censorship of Films Act in 1923. This act established the office of the Censor of Films, an office since replaced and renamed in 2008 as the Irish Film Classification Office. ==Approach== During the early and mid-20th century, the original Film Censors Office heavily cut films and videos for rental release, or placed high age ratings on them. Figures released by the Film Censors Office state that 2,500 films received theatrical performance bans, and over 11,000 films were cut, between the 1920s and 1980s. Films previously banned in Ireland have included Scarface (1932), A Clockwork Orange (1971), and Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979). Since the release of Michael Collins in 1996, which was initially rated PG despite its depictions of strong violence, the censor's office has generally applied age ratings and has not requested cuts to films. Former head censor Sheamus Smith (who held the position between 1986 and 2002) banned several but never cut them as his predecessors did, despite frequent requests from distributors to secure lower certificates and wider audiences. Smith wasn't fond of his official 'Film Censor' title as he felt that the term was emotive and implied someone who "butchers or bans movies". Smith believed that a director's vision should remain intact regardless of the certificate and that "it's an arrogance for a censor or classifier to be cutting up and changing it". Current director Ger Connolly follows the same policy, although one instance of cutting involving previous censor John Kelleher exists, regarding Korean horror film The Isle. He didn't force censorship upon the film's distributor, but didn't immediately grant a certificate after viewing it on 8 September (just two days before its original release date) and "drew attention to scenes of sexual violence and explicit self-mutilation that were causing us concern". He gave them two options – either they could resubmit it for a second viewing/re-assessment or submit a censored version to secure a certificate. The distributor, Tartan, went with the latter, removing 3m 15s on top of 1m 50s already removed by the BBFC showing animal cruelty, specifically shots of a drowning bird and mutilated fish, which earned them an 18 certificate on 29 September – the changes weren't legally required but sped up the release process. == Legislation == The main legislation under which Irish films are rated and censored include: * The Censorship of Films Act, 1923 was an act "to provide for the official censoring of cinematographic pictures and for other matters connected therewith". It established the office of the Official Censor of Films and a Censorship of Films Appeal Board (see William Magennis) and that no film be exhibited in public without a certificate. * The Censorship of Films Act, 1923 was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1925, in connection with advertisements for films. It was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1930 to extend the legislation to "vocal or other sounds" accompanying pictures. * The Emergency Powers Act 1939 dealt with the preservation of the State in time of war and contained provisions relating to the censorship of communications, including mail, newspapers and periodicals. * The Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act 1970 allowed films to be resubmitted for certification seven years after being rejected. * The Video Recordings Act, 1989 adds video/DVD recordings to the Film Censor's responsibility to examine. A different classification can be given than the same feature film was give but the censor cannot refuse to grant a certificate for a video if a certificate is in force for the same feature film. == Notable banned or cut films == While a number of films were formerly banned or cut by the Film Censor's Office, a review in 2000 meant that many of these have since been un- banned and rated anywhere from G to 18. During that review process it was decided that no more films would be banned for either cinema or video release, but some bans are still in place. Prior to the Video Recordings Act 1989, many films which were banned in the cinema were freely available on video tape to anyone in Ireland regardless of age. A notable recent ban was that of Boy Eats Girl in 2005, a film starring Samantha Mumba, due its graphic depiction of a suicide attempt. Following an appeal, it was passed uncut with a 15A rating, far from the highest possible. The listed year refers to when the film was banned by the Office, not necessarily as the original release date: Date Title Notes Post-ban/current certificate 1927 The Unknown Banned on 27 August for its cruel sensationalism and semi-nudity of the heroine. As with Frankenstein, the unrestricted General certificate caused concern for 'youngsters and nervous adults'. The Appeal Board upheld the rejection in the same year, though no specific date is available. 1931 Dracula Passed with proposed cuts on 5 June, with a request for the distributor to "delete some of the horrors and re-show the film". PG 1932 Monkey Business Banned because censors feared it would encourage anarchic tendencies. Passed on 8 January with '16 unspecified cuts to script', including characters falling over each other in a dance scene. G 1932 Frankenstein Banned on 5 February for being demoralising and unsuitable for children or 'nervous people' – age-restricted certificates weren't introduced until 1965. Overturned by the Appeal Board on 8 March and given a certificate on 9 March (uncut). G (1932) PG (video) 1932 Scarface Banned on 19 August. Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 30 September. Banned on 29 August 1941 (under the alternate title of 'Gang War'). Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 7 October. Banned on 24 April 1953 (under the original title). No appeal was lodged. Various reasons include pandering to sensationalism, glamorizing the gangster lifestyle and implying an incestuous relationship between the protagonist and his sister. PG 1942 Fantasia Initially cut on 30 April. Dr. Richard Hayes (Film Censor from October 1940 to January 1954) cut the scientific talk which introduces the 'Rite of Spring' section, stating that it 'gave an entirely materialistic view of the origin of life' – its since been reinstated. G 1942 A Day in Soviet Russia Passed with "extensive cuts under the EPO" (for infringing on wartime neutrality) on 2 June 1942. The documentary was advertised to open on a Sunday but the certificate was withdrawn on Saturday afternoon. 1943 Casablanca Banned on 19 March for infringing on the Emergency Powers Order preserving wartime neutrality, by portraying Vichy France and Nazi Germany in a "sinister light". Passed with cuts on 15 June 1945 after the EPO was lifted – this time the cuts were to dialogue between Rick and Ilsa referring to their love affair. Passed with one cut on 16 July 1974. RTÉ inquired about showing the film on television – it still required a dialogue cut to Ilsa expressing her love for Rick. All releases since are uncut. G 1943 A Yank in the RAF Passed with 30 cuts on 10 August due to the EPO. It was passed on 27 July 1945 after the EPO was lifted, this time with only five cuts. The certificate was withdrawn after one week's run at the Savoy Cinema in September after 41,000 had seen the film. G 1943 The Outlaw Banned due to sexual references. 1945 Mildred Pierce PG 1945 Brief Encounter Initially banned as it was considered too permissive of adultery – ban lifted. PG 1946 The Big Sleep Initially banned because of its sexual references – ban lifted. PG 1950 Outrage Banned due to its rape theme. 1966 Pasażerka Initially banned and described by the censor as a "horror film" – he also objected to a scene showing naked women being driven to the camp. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board without cuts. 16 1967 Ulysses Based on the book by James Joyce, it was banned for being "subversive to public morality", upheld by the Films Appeal Board and banned for a second time in 1975 – ban lifted in September 2000 at director Joseph Strick's request, although it was screened at the Irish Film Theatre (a private club cinema) in the late 1970s. The first public screening was held in February 2001, with then-censor Sheamus Smith and Strick both in attendance. It went on general release at the IFI from 8 February 2001. 15 1973 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex Banned on 20 March. A cut version was passed in 1979 and released theatrically in 1980, removing both a bestiality reference ("the greatest lay I ever had", referring to a sheep) and a man having sex with a bread loaf – ban/censorship lifted. 18 1973 A Clockwork Orange Banned on 10 April – Warner Bros. decided against appealing due to the film causing public controversy. Passed uncut for cinema on 13 December 1999 and released on 17 March 2000. The re-release poster was rejected due to the words "ultra- violence" and "rape" in the tagline (it's a replica of the original British version). Sheamus Smith explained his rejection to the Irish Times; "I believe that the use of those words in the context of advertising would be offensive and inappropriate". 18 1980 Monty Python's Life of Brian Banned on 29 April. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 7 August 1987. 18 (1987) 15 (video re- rating)https://discogslabs.imgix.net/films/5ec429a1b81ffd9682c56ac2.jpeg?auto=compress%2Cformat&blur;=0&ch;=Width%2CDPR%2CViewport- Width&dpr;=2&fit;=max&fm;=jpg&h;=2000&w;=2000&s;=8de13c7b7b71584f2e3bfb9bec54377f 1980 Zombie Flesh Eaters Banned on 14 October. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 31 October. Re-banned for video in 1994 as prohibition order #702 and passed in 2012. 18 (very strong and gory violence – 2012) 1981 Last Tango in Paris Ban lifted. 18 1982 Porky's Banned on 1 February. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 19 February. 16 (theatrical) 18 (video) 1982 Richard Pryor: Live on the Sunset Strip Banned on 23 July. Released on DVD in 2006. 18 1982 Fast Times at Ridgemont High Banned on 8 October. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 29 October with cuts. Uncut on home video. 18 1982 Monsignor Banned on 29 November due to its conflation of religion and adultery, as it features an affair between a priest and a postulant nun. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 17 December. The decision caused controversy among members of Fianna Fáil – chairman Ned Brennan believed the majority of the Irish public didn't want it to be released and said "standards must be maintained", wanting it banned on "moral grounds". 16 1983 Monty Python's The Meaning of Life Banned on 27 June, and lifted in 1990. 15 1984 Cannibal Holocaust Ban lifted in 2006. 18 1985 Crimes of Passion Banned on 18 November. Released on DVD in 2008. 18 1986 Working Girls Banned on 12 August. Upheld by the Film Appeals Board on 28 September. 1987 Personal Services Banned on 13 March. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 12 May. 18 1989 Meet the Feebles Still banned, as of August 2009. 1991 Whore Banned on 9 August. Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 20 September, although an earlier appeal meeting held on 28 August failed to come to a decision. This all postponed the Irish home release, due on the week of the failed appeal with 2,000 copies. The video distributor (National Cable Vision) submitted a tape to Smith for a reconsideration on home media, where it had the unfortunate honor of being the first ever banned video – new legislation providing that power had been passed in July. 1991 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Banned for video as prohibition order #3 – revoked on 2 September 1999 with an 18 certificate. 18 (strong horror and bloody violence – 2013) 1993 Bad Lieutenant Banned on 29 January due to its "demeaning treatment of women", which was upheld by the Film Appeals Board on 18 February. Re-banned on 1 April 2003 for video. 1994 Natural Born Killers Banned on 11 October because Sheamus Smith was concerned about "copycat" killings linked to the film. This reasoning was accepted by the Films Appeal Board and the ban upheld on 20 January 1995 – revoked on 1 May 2001. 18 1994 Dangerous Game Banned for video, most likely due to a violent rape scene. The cinema distributors (Abbey Films) never submitted it for an Irish theatrical release. PolyGram appealed the decision – the viewing took place on 23 November, where the ban was upheld. 1994 I Spit on Your Grave Banned on video four times: in 1994 (prohibition order #701), 2000, 5 February 2002 and 14 September 2010 (#1 the latter times). Then-acting director Ger Connolly "(did) not wish to be drawn into what appears to be a publicity drive on the part of the film's director", but stood by the decision for "sustained, graphic and brutal sexual violence".https://m.independent.ie/life/censored/26683890.html 1995 Showgirls Banned on 8 November – no reason was given but speculation pointed towards the rape scene, which was initially cut in the UK. Passed uncut on 23 October 2017 for video. 18 1996 From Dusk till Dawn Banned on 1 May due to its "irresponsible and totally gratuitous" violence, especially in the wake of the then-recent Dunblane and Port Arthur massacres. – revoked on 27 January 2004 for video. 18 1997 Crash Passed with one cut of 35 seconds to sexually explicit dialogue, in the sex scene between James and Catherine where she fantasizes about Vaughn. This was in an attempt to dissuade the distributors from releasing it on video, as they'd have to prepare a specially cut Irish version at high expense for a small market but it did not work. 18 1997 Preaching to the Perverted Banned for cinema on 28 October and later on video – the trailer caused a mass recall of Donnie Brascos rental video (which had been passed as an 18), due to having not been classified. 3,300 copies were withdrawn and replaced, with a potential fine of €1000 to stores providing it. 1997 Retroactive Banned for video as prohibition order #97 – revoked on 20 November 1997. 18 1999 Freaks Banned for video as prohibition order #134 on 7 February 1999, for being "grossly offensive to disabled people", according to then-assistant censor (and current director) Ger Connolly. 1999 Romance Still banned. 1999 From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money Presumably banned upon release – revoked on 16 November 2004 for video. 18 1999 The Idiots Banned for video on 26 October, no doubt due to unsimulated sexual content showing an erection and vaginal penetration. 2000 Of Freaks and Men Banned for video on 21 October due to sadistic scenes of sexual humiliation. 2001 WrestleMania 2000 Banned for video on 27 March due to the use of realistic weapons, including metal chairs, timber wrapped with barbed wire, shinai and sledgehammers. Deputy censor Audrey Conlon also cited the "gladitorial bloodlust" of the crowd baying for increasingly extreme violence. Clear Vision Ltd. lodged an appeal (the result of which is unknown) and claimed that "our fans love the wild soap opera element", but the IFCO countered this by stating, "This is one of the most dangerous and pernicious aspects of the entire business. The universal distinguishing feature of all soap opera is that the story lines are regularly made more explicit and, in many instances, more violent, simply to keep audience share. 2002 Cradle of Fear Banned on 28 March for video. 2002 Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky Banned on 28 March for video. 2002 For Your Pleasure Banned on 28 March for video. 2002 Turkish Delight Banned on 26 August for video. 2002 The Pornographer Banned on 30 September for video. The censored UK version was submitted, which had already removed 12s showing ejaculation for a BBFC 18 certificate. 2002 Baise-moi Banned on 28 November for video – the decision was upheld by the Films Appeal Board. Released theatrically in the summer of 2002, but only on a club basis at the IFI, where admission is restricted to members and guests of 18 years and over. 2003 Man Bites Dog Banned on 20 March for video. 2003 Spun Banned on 8 July under Section 7 (2) of the Censorship of Films Act, 1923. According to Kelleher, he didn't object to the content and only banned it to showcase a legal anomaly, meaning that video and cinema releases of the same work automatically got the same rating. He knew the ban would be reversed and the law was changed soon after. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 21 July. 18 2005 Boy Eats Girl Banned for containing an 'ostensible' but graphic suicide attempt. The decision was reversed on 25 July. 15A (theatrical)http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewFilm/25D8697C3E046C2480257083005279A7?OpenDocument&OpenUp;=True 18 (video) 2005 Deep Throat The uncut version was banned on 13 September for video. A censored version was passed '18' as in the UK (where the uncut version got an 'R18', meaning it could only be bought in licensed sex shops) – all hardcore scenes were re-framed. As in the UK, the accompanying documentary Inside Deep Throat was passed 18 uncut (for cinema and video) due to the explicit sexual images appearing in a documentary context. The uncut, R18 version of the film itself was only screened in the UK on a double bill with Inside... "merely to put the documentary into context", according to a spokespersion for distributor Momentum Pictures. 18 (censored) == Film ratings == Eight film rating categories exist, although a film may have been re-rated by the time of its video/DVD release. Symbol Name Cinema Video Consumer advice 50px 50px General Suitable for children of a school going age. Theme – such films will not include themes or content that will upset younger children. Violence – mild and unsustained. There will be an absence of blood or injury detail and any outcome will be reassuring. Sexual content/nudity – very mild (e.g., kissing, dating, references to ‘making love’). In certain circumstances, non-sexual nudity may be acceptable. Language – may include infrequent use of mild bad language and slang. Drugs – forbidden unless clearly set within an educational context. 50px 50px Parental Guidance Suitable for children aged eight and over. Theme – while more mature issues might be addressed (e.g., war, family issues) there will generally be a positive or redemptive resolution. Violence – frightening sequences should not be sustained or graphic. However, some stronger violence may be permissible in what is clearly a fantasy or comic context. Sexual content/nudity – mild; any sexual activity will be implied rather than depicted. Subtle innuendo may be accepted. Language – mild. However, in rare instances, a PG film may contain infrequent strong language provided it is used discreetly and is contextually justified. Discriminatory or racist terms will only be acceptable if used in a clearly educational context. Drugs – any references to drug use should be mild and will relate to soft drug use only. Where stronger references are made they will be set within a clearly educational context. 50px 12A Suitable for viewers of twelve and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child. Theme – mature themes are acceptable (crime, bereavement, relationships, etc.) provided they are depicted in a fashion suitable for young teenagers (i.e., in such a way that they will already have been familiar with in their everyday lives). Themes of suicide or self-harm or other imitable behaviour will only be acceptable if depicted without detail and in a clearly educational context. Violence – moderate violence and more prolonged threat/horror are acceptable at 12A. This is particularly the case when depicted in a fantasy context (common at this category). Stronger images of injury detail may be acceptable if justified by the context in which they are presented (i.e., in an accurate depiction of warfare). Sexual content/nudity – sexual content (situations and dialogue) presented without explicit detail may be acceptable at 12A. Brief sexual nudity may also be acceptable. Language – some infrequent strong language may be acceptable, but should be used in a non-aggressive manner. Use of discriminatory language should be justified by the overall context of the film. Drugs – images of or references to soft drugs may be permitted in an appropriate context. Generally, content relating to hard drugs is not acceptable unless there is a clear anti-drug message and the misuse of drugs is not glamorized. Announced on 9 December 2004 and took effect on 1 January 2005. 50px 12 Suitable for viewers of twelve and over. The guidelines for 12 are identical to the guidelines for 12A. 50px 15A Suitable for viewers of 15 and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child. Theme – most themes/content will be acceptable with classification decided by the way the subject is treated. Violence – this may be realistic but not gratuitous or focus on bloody injury. Strong gory images will only be permitted if justified by the context in which they are presented. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed. Any such content in this category should be discreetly presented and contextually justified. Generally, horror in this category will be psychological in nature. Acts of sadism common to the genre are not permissible. Sexual content/nudity – strong sex references may be acceptable. Scenes of a sexual nature may also be acceptable but will not be explicit or prolonged. Language – strong language is allowed. Frequent or aggressive use of these terms will have to be justified within the context of the piece. Drugs – scenes or dialogue relating to drugs may be acceptable in an appropriate context, but not if there is glamorization, instruction or encouragement as to use. Announced on 9 December 2004 and took effect on 1 January 2005. 50px 15 Suitable for viewers of 15 and over. The guidelines for 15 are identical to the guidelines for 15A. 50px 16 Suitable for viewers of 16 and over. Theme – most themes/content will be acceptable with classification decided by the way the subject is treated. Violence – this might be intensely depicted and may include some gory imagery. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed. The portrayal of such content in this category should not be explicit and must have clear contextual justification. Strong horror and sustained threat may be acceptable but will not include the strongest images of sadism and torture. Sexual content/nudity – strong sexual themes and content may be permissible provided it is not gratuitous. Language – strong language is acceptable. Drugs – themes and scenes relating to hard drug use might feature. However, any instructional or glamorised drug use, particularly involving teen protagonists, is unlikely to be acceptable. Announced on 9 December 2004 and took effect on 1 January 2005. Because there is no direct equivalent on video, a film rated 16 for cinema can get either a 15 or 18 on video, depending on its strength. 50px 50px 18 Suitable for viewers of eighteen or over. One of IFCO's guiding principles is that adults (i.e., persons over 18) should be free, within the law, to choose what they wish to view. There are three former categories no longer in use: Symbol Name Cinema Video Consumer advice Example films 12RA Suitable for viewers of 12 and over. Cannot be supplied to anyone under the age of 12, and which has a suggestion for a "Responsible Adult" to be present if a younger person watches the film (no longer issued). If re- released, the rating is automatically changed to 12 (exceptions are noted in brackets). Jurassic Park The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers Star Trek Generations (since re-rated PG in 2009) The Nightmare Before Christmas (since re-rated PG on DVD) Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (re-rated 15 at first, then re-rated 12 in 2011) Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (since re- rated PG) Only Fools and Horses – The Complete Series 7 (since re-rated PG) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (since re-rated PG) Pleasantville The Mask Brendan Grace: Live at the Gleneagle, Killarney Police Story 4: First Strike The Bachelor An Evening With Niall Toibin Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd 50px 12PG Suitable for viewers of 12 and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child. Works in the same way as today's 12A. Introduced on 1 June 2001 and replaced by 12A on 1 January 2005. Theme/Content – Likely to feature more mature themes, e.g. Involving crime, conflict, relationships, etc., but young persons of twelve and over will already be familiar with them from their television viewing. Context – A flexibility of approach is retained whereby the context and impact of the film are viewed as a whole, rather than rating it only on the basis of one short image or scene. Violence – Relatively mild or moderate and shouldn't be imitative, gratuitous, nor glamourised. Sexual content/Nudity – Generally, only mild dialogue and natural non-sexual nudity are acceptable. Drugs – Mild or brief images of 'soft' drugs may be permitted in an appropriate context, but normally no images of or references to 'hard' drugs are acceptable. Language – Commonly used milder swear words may be acceptable, but not sexually violent, explicit or threatening language. Pearl Harbor (the first film with a 12PG rating) Hulk Die Another Day The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King 50px 15PG Suitable for viewers of 15 and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child. Works in the same way as today's 15A. Introduced on 1 June 2001 and replaced by 15A on 1 January 2005. Theme/Content – Most themes/content will be acceptable with classification normally decided by the way the subject is treated. It is worth noting that our recent nationwide survey research confirms that both parents and adolescents often experience embarrassment when they view films featuring more mature themes (e.g. sexual activity or nudity) in each other's company. Context – Modern adolescents of fifteen and older will generally be aware of, and be able to appreciate, the context of a film. Violence – This may be realistic but not gratuitous, prolonged or overly bloody. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed. Drugs – Scenes/dialogue relating to drugs may be acceptable in an appropriate context, but not if there is instruction or encouragement as to use. Sexual content/Nudity – Mild/moderate sexual activity/nudity is acceptable, particularly when portrayed positively. The Pianist Alien vs. Predator The Passion of the Christ Bad Santa (this controversial decision led to the creation of the 16 rating – the extended cut is rated 18 on DVD) The G, PG and 18 certifications have the same principles on video, but some 18s films may be denied a video release certificate. Films which are banned and do not have an appeal lodged, or which fail on appeal, have an enforcement noticed published in Iris Oifigiúil, the state's journal. The most recent enforcement notice, , appeared on 20 September 2005 journal, and was the first of the year. Revocation notices are also published in the journal, where a film has been banned and then allowed. The 2010 DVD release of the 1978 film I Spit on Your Grave is the most recent instance of an IFCO ban. == Differences between jurisdictions == Ratings usually match those of the UK's film classification body, or are one level higher or lower, but rare disparities spanning two or three ratings do exist: Examples of variances include the 1932 film Scarface, which was given a "15"s rating in the UK (due to "strong language and violence") and a "PG" rating in Ireland. The reverse was the case for the 1968 film Romeo and Juliet, which was rated "PG" in the UK, but "15s" in Ireland. The 1990 film Rocky V was rated "PG" in the UK (noted for its "moderate violence and mild language"), but a "15" certificate in Ireland.Irish Film Classification Office#Previous appeals (excluding bans) Upon original release, Sheamus Smith objected to the "extreme violence" of the final street fight. UIP appealed for an "Under 12's accompanied" certificate, which was unanimously vetoed. The 1996 historical drama Michael Collins received a "15" cert in the UK (owing to "strong violence, strong language"), but a lower "PG" rating in Ireland. In what was described as an "unprecedented move", the Irish censor stated that the film was a "landmark in Irish cinema" and that the film should be "available to the widest possible Irish cinema audience". While the 1999 film The Cider House Rules was rated "12"s in the UK (noted for its "dramatic themes and one brief sex scene"), it received an "18"s cert in Ireland (noted for "themes of abortion, incest and drugs"). Head video censor Audrey Conlon advocated a 15 certificate on the basis that abortion was an important subject for that age group to discuss. Smith, however, felt the matter-of-fact" treatment of abortion was inappropriate given the then-current context of the subject in the country. == Exceptions == The restrictions applied to commercial cinemas did not apply to film clubs. The Irish Film Theatre (1977–1984), its predecessor, the Irish Film Society and its successor, the Irish Film Institute, specialised for decades in showing arthouse films that were uncut because films shown privately were not required to be examined by the Censor's Office. The National Film Institute (later Irish Film Institute) had originally been set up to comply with the 1939 encyclical Vigilanti Cura. At one time this gave rise to a legal anomaly where the 35 mm prints of a particular film would to be required to have any "cuts" mandated by the Film Censors Office whereas the 16 mm prints were not, on the erroneous belief that all 16 mm prints were destined for private film clubs. In practice, some commercial cinemas in smaller towns as well as "travelling cinemas" (often showing films in village halls owned by the Catholic Church) were only equipped to show the 16 mm prints. The closure of virtually all of these smaller cinemas (owing to the rising popularity of television and video) has meant that nowadays the only places showing these 16 mm prints are bona fide film clubs. == See also == * Censorship in the Republic of Ireland * Kevin Rockett, an Irish film historian == References == == External links == * Irish Film Classification Office * Irish Film Censors' Records – Trinity College Dublin ;Legislation links * Censorship of Films Act, 1923 * Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1925 * The Censorship of Films (Exhibition of Censor's Certificate) Regulations, 1926 * Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1930 * Censorship Of Films (No. 1) Order, 1930 * Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1970 * Video Recordings Act, 1989 * Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1992 Category:Censorship in the Republic of Ireland Category:Cinema of the Republic of Ireland Republic of Ireland |
The Alexander Palace (, Alexandrovskiy dvorets) is a former imperial residence near the town of Tsarskoye Selo in Russia, on a plateau about south of Saint Petersburg. The Palace was commissioned by Empress/Tsarina Catherine II (Catherine the Great) in 1792. Due to the privacy it offered when officially resident in St Petersburg, the Alexander Palace was the preferred residence of the last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II and his family; its safety and seclusion compared favourably to the Winter Palace during the years immediately prior to the Russian Revolution. In 1917, the palace became the family's initial place of imprisonment after the first of two Russian Revolutions in February which overthrew the House of Romanov during World War I. The Alexander Palace is situated in Alexander Park, not far from Catherine Park and the larger, more elaborate Catherine Palace. After undergoing years of renovation, the Alexander Palace opened in Summer 2021 as a state museum housing relics of the former imperial dynasty. ==Construction during the reign of Catherine the Great (Catherine II)== The Alexander Palace was constructed in the Imperial retreat, near the town of Tsarskoe Selo, 30 miles south of the imperial capital city of St. Petersburg. The palace was commissioned by Empress/Tsarina Catherine II (Catherine the Great) (1729–1796, reigned 1762–1796), built near the earlier Catherine Palace for her favourite grandson, Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, the future emperor (tsar) Alexander I of Russia (1777–1825, reigned 1801–1825), on the occasion of his 1793 marriage to Grand Duchess Elizaveta Alexeievna, born Princess Luise Marie Augusta of Baden. The Neoclassical edifice was planned by Giacomo Quarenghi and built between 1792 and 1796. It was agreed that the architect had excelled himself in creating a masterpiece.The Alexander Palace by I.Bott & V.Faybisovich 1977 In 1821, a quarter of a century later, the architect's son wrote: ==Home of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich and Grand Duchess Elizaveta Alexeievna== Alexander used the palace as a summer residence through the remainder of his grandmother's and his father, Paul's, reign. When he became emperor, however, he chose to reside in the much larger Catherine Palace nearby. ==Under Nicholas I== thumb|left|150px|Emperor Nicholas I by Franz Krüger thumb|right|150px|The Dowager Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in 1860, the year of her death Alexander I gave the palace to his brother, the future Nicholas I, for summer usage. From that time on, it was the summer residence of the heir to the throne. From 1830 to 1850, extensive redecoration was carried out according to designs by D.Cerfolio, A.Thon, D.Yefimov, A.Stakenschneider and others in keeping with rapidly changing tastes. The appearance of the formal and private rooms of the palace during Nicholas' reign can be seen in exquisite watercolours by E. Hau, L. Premazzi and from 1840 to 1860.The Alexander Palace The famous Mountain Hall which had a large slide built-in for the children of Nicholas I was built during this time. Nicholas I and his family lived in the palace from the early spring till the end of May and after a short period at Krasnoye Selo during manoeuvres returned to the palace to spend their time there until the late autumn. In 1842, the Imperial couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary with a series of galas including a medieval jousting tournament. Two years later, the family mourned the death of Nicholas's daughter Grand Duchess Alexandra (1825–1844), who was born at the palace and lived the last few months of her life there. On 19 October 1860, the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna also died at the palace. ==Under Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna== Alexander III and his Danish-born wife Maria Feodorovna had their apartments in the right-hand or western wing of the palace near the gardens. Before their accession to the imperial throne, Maria gave birth to their eldest child, the future Nicholas II, at Alexander Palace. In his diary, the then Tsarevich Alexander recorded the momentous event of the birth of his first child, The entire imperial family was present at the birth of Alexander and Maria's first child. In a letter to her mother, Queen Louise, the Tsarevna wrote, After Alexander III's death, Maria Feodorovna would stay at the palace in their rooms while visiting her son (Tsar Nicholas II) and daughter-in-law (Alexandra Feodorovna). As the estrangement with Alexandra Feodorovna became more apparent, the visits of the Dowager Empress became fewer. ==Under Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna== thumb|left|The Russian Imperial Family, 1913. Left to right: Grand Duchess Maria, Empress Alexandra, Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatiana, Emperor Nicholas II, and Grand Duchess Anastasia. Tsarevich Alexei sits in front of his parents. The palace is most famous though for the role it played in the reign of the last tsar, Nicholas II. He and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna always loved the palace and decided to make it their permanent residence after the events of Bloody Sunday, which made the Winter Palace dangerous for them. They remodeled the former two-story ballroom into the Maple Room and the New Study and added rooms for their children on the floor above. To the horror of the court, Alexandra, and her architect Meltzer, chose a then-modern style of decoration, Jugendstil or Art Nouveau, considered by the aristocracy to be "middle class" and less than "Imperial". One of these most famous rooms is Alexandra's Mauve Room. During the reign of Nicholas II, the palace was wired for electricity and equipped with a telephone system. In 1899, a hydraulic lift was installed connecting the Empress' suite with the children's rooms on the second floor. Furthermore, with the advent of motion pictures, a screening booth was built in the Semicircular Hall to show films. During the stormy years of war and revolution, the monumental walls of the Alexander Palace sheltered the Imperial Family from the outside world. Pierre Gilliard, tutor to Nicholas II's son, had free access to this inner sanctum. In his memoirs, the tutor later described that the family life at Tsarskoe Selo was less formal than at other residences. Apart from a few exceptions, the court did not reside at the palace. The Imperial Family would gather informally around the table at mealtimes without attendants, unless relatives were visiting.Emperor Nicholas II and His Family (Leningrad 1990) p. 59 ==Romanovs under house arrest== left|thumb|150px|Nicholas II under guard at Tsarskoye Selo after his abdication in March 1917 Nicholas II abdicated the throne of Russia on 2 March 1917. Thirteen days later, he returned to Alexander Palace not as Emperor of Russia, but as Colonel Romanov. The Imperial Family were now held under house arrest and confined to a few rooms of the palace and watched over by a guard with fixed bayonets.Nicholas II by O. Barkovets and V. Tenikhina (St. Petersburg 2004) The regime of their captivity, worked out by Alexander Kerensky himself, envisaged strict limitations in the life of the Imperial Family: isolation from the outer world, a guard during their promenades in the park, prohibition of any contacts and correspondence apart from approved letters. Gillard noted, Due to an increasingly precarious situation in St. Petersburg, the leader of the provisional government, Alexander Kerensky, made the decision to move the Romanov family out of the palace into internal exile in Tobolsk in faraway Siberia. There had been calls for the prisoners to be housed in the prison at the notorious Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul in St. Petersburg. To avoid this on the morning of 1 August 1917, a train took the family away. They were never to return. ==After the Romanovs== Not long after the departure of the Romanovs for Siberia, a museum was established within the Alexander Palace. It operated until the beginning of the Second World War. At the beginning of the war, the most valuable furnishings were evacuated to the interior of the country. The remaining parts of the collection were hidden in the basement. ==German occupation during the Second World War== During the Nazi German occupation, the palace was used as headquarters for the German military command. The area in front of the palace was turned into a cemetery for SS soldiers. Artistically and historically unique collections were partially destroyed. As the German forces were leaving the Soviet Union, many of the former imperial palaces were set ablaze. The Alexander Palace was spared. ==After the war== After the expulsion of the German forces, the palace was used as a depot for artworks coming back into the area. The neighbouring Catherine Palace had been looted and mostly destroyed. For a time it was planned to restore the interiors of the Alexander Palace, but this decision was reversed. As interest in Nicholas II and his family was discouraged by the Soviet regime, so too was interest in the palace that had been their residence. The new plan was to create a museum to Pushkin. With the exception of the heavily damaged Reception and New Study, the private rooms of the imperial family were altered to plain exhibition halls. The museum plan was then shelved, and the palace was handed over to the Soviet Navy. Many of the palace's former collections still existed, but were relocated to other museums such as the Pavlovsk Palace. Alexander Palace was seen as little more than an enhancement to the beautiful Alexander Park. == Recent history == When it appeared that the Soviet Navy intended to vacate the complex, the Alexander Palace was included in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund (WMF). With funding from American Express in the same year, WMF helped with emergency renovations to the roof over the Nicholas II left wing of the palace, comprising approximately one-third of the building's total roof structure. thumb|250px|The Semi-Circular Hall, after the 2010 restoration In the summer of 1997, a permanent exhibition was opened dedicated to the imperial family. Certain elements of the Reception Room, Nicholas II's New Study and Alexandra Feodorovna's Drawing Room were recreated to provide a backdrop for exhibitions of historical costumes, weapons and objects of applied art. A portrait of Alexandra Feodorovna by Friedrich von Kaulbach was returned to its original position. Clothing worn by the last imperial family and uniforms related to the court of Tsar Nicholas II were also placed on display. Much of this clothing only survived because it had been used as packing case wadding for more precious objects when the palace was evacuated in World War II. In 2010 the three largest public rooms in the middle wing were reopened, following partial restoration: the Semi-Circular Hall, the Portrait Hall and the Marble Drawing Room. However, despite the best efforts of curators, limited restoration funds, dispersed collections, and the absence of the palms and flowers – from now-vanished imperial hothouses – that had once lushly decorated several of the rooms, meant that the presentations were somewhat sparse and of varying quality. In 2014 the Russian government finally allocated significant funds to enable a more complete and authentic restoration of the quarters of the imperial family. This will include the Art Nouveau Maple Room and the celebrated Mauve Room of Alexandra. In September 2015 the palace closed to the public for this major multi-year project. In August 2021, the east wing of the palace was reopened to visitors following the completion of restorations to the private apartments of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna. The rooms recreated are: the New Study, the Moorish Bathroom, the Working Study, Nicholas' Reception Room, the Valet's Room, the Maple Drawing Room, the Pallisander Drawing Room, the Mauve Boudoir, Alexandra's Reception Room, the Imperial Bedroom, the Small and Large Libraries, and the Mountain Hall. The first floor of this wing, once containing the rooms of Nicholas II's children, is now home to an exhibition of items belonging to the children of various emperors. Plans are currently underway for the renovation of the west wing; largely guest apartments at the time of Nicholas II. These are expected to be finished no earlier than 2024. ==See also== *Chinese Village – a piece of Chinoiserie in the Alexander Palace Park *Catherine Palace – another palace in Tsarskoe Selo *Gatchina Palace – summer residence of Nicholas II's parents *Pavlovsk – palace of Paul I and his wife Maria Feodorovna *Peterhof – summer residence of Nicholas II *Emperor railway station in Pushkin town ==References== ==Sources== * ==External links== * Official website of the palace * Alexander Palace Time Machine * World Monuments Fund – Alexander Palace * Restoration and Adaptive Re-Use of the Alexander Palace as a Museum, World Monuments Fund: New York, 1994. * Alexander Palace: Groundwork for Restoration and Museum Adaptation, World Monuments Fund: New York, 1996. * Alexander Palace: Preliminary Assessment Report for Restoration and Adaptive Re-Use, World Monuments Fund: New York, 1997. Category:Royal residences in Russia Category:Palaces in Russia Category:Buildings and structures in Pushkin Category:Palladian architecture Category:Houses completed in 1796 Category:Historic house museums in Saint Petersburg Category:1796 establishments in the Russian Empire Category:Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg |
Wayne is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The county's population was 51,155 at the 2020 census. The county seat is the Borough of Honesdale. The county was formed from part of Northampton County on March 21, 1798, and was named for the Revolutionary War General Anthony Wayne. The Lehigh River, a tributary of the Delaware River, rises in southern Wayne County. ==Geography== According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Wayne County has a total area of , of which is land and (3.3%) is water. The terrain of the county is varied. In the wider northern half, the land is rugged along its border with New York State, while the southern portion tends to be swampier. Higher hills and mountains are predominantly found along the county's western edge, while lower ones are more common in the east, near the Delaware River. The middle section of Wayne County is a wide plain. The highest elevation in the county, , is the summit of Mount Ararat in Orson. Two other summits at the north end of the same ridge also exceed in elevation. The county's lowest point, at approximately above sea level, is along the Delaware, near Wayne County's border with Pike County, Pennsylvania. Most of Wayne County is drained by the Delaware (which separates Pennsylvania from New York), with the exception of a few small areas in the western part of the county, which are drained by either the Starrucca Creek or the Lackawanna River (which both eventually flow into the Susquehanna River). The county has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) and average monthly temperatures in Honesdale range from 22.8 °F in January to 67.9 °F in July. ===Adjacent counties=== *Broome County, New York (north) *Sullivan County, New York (east) *Delaware County, New York (northeast) *Pike County (southeast) *Monroe County (south) *Lackawanna County (southwest) *Susquehanna County (west) ===Major highways=== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ==Demographics== As of the Census of 2010, there were 52,822 people, 20,625 households, and 13,952 families in Wayne County. The county's population density was , and there were 31,653 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the populace was 94.2% White, 3.1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% of other races, and 1.1% of two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of all races made up 3.4% of the population. 67.6% of Wayne County's households were families, 53.9% were headed by a heterosexual married couple (Pennsylvania did not allow same-sex marriage until May 20, 2014, after the 2010 Census had been completed), and 26.6% included children under the age of 18. 9.2% of households were headed by a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% by a male householder with no wife present, and 32.4% consisted of non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% consisted of a person 65 years of age or older living alone. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.87. Wayne County's age distribution was 21.1% under the age of 18, 4.5% between the ages of 18 and 24, 23.1% between 25 and 44, 32.4% between 45 and 64, and 19.0% 65 years of age or older. The population's median age was 45.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 110 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112 males in the same age range. According to American Community Survey (ACS) estimates, the median income for a household in Wayne County in 2013 was $49,313, and the median income for a family was $58,934. Males had a median income of $36,173, while females had a median income of $23,636. The per capita income for the county was $24,005. 8.4% of families and 12.2% of people were below the Census Bureau's poverty thresholds (different from the federally defined poverty guidelines), including 18.5% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. According to self-reported ancestry figures recorded by the ACS, the five largest ancestral groups in Wayne County in 2013 were Germans (30.3%), Irish (22.1%), Italians (13.9%), English (10.9%), and Poles (10.1%). Those reporting American ancestry made up 8.6% of the population. ===2020 census=== Wayne County Racial Composition Race Num. Perc. White (NH) 44,821 87.62% Black or African American (NH) 1,647 3.22% Native American (NH) 73 0.14% Asian (NH) 418 0.82% Pacific Islander (NH) 0 0% Other/Mixed (NH) 1,849 3.61% Hispanic or Latino 2,347 4.6% ==Politics== |} As of May 15, 2023, there were 34,789 registered voters in Wayne County, with the following party breakdown: *Republican: 19,995 (57.48%) *Democratic: 9,172 (26.36%) *Other: 1,121 (3.22%) *Non-affiliated: 4,501 (12.94%) Wayne has long been one of the most Republican counties in Pennsylvania, as Republicans consistently win easily in federal, state and local elections. In 2000, Republican George W. Bush won 59.21 percent of the vote to Democrat Al Gore's 36.50 percent, and in 2004, Bush won with 62.43 percent to Democrat John Kerry's 36.69 percent. In 2008, Republican John McCain won with 55.39 percent of the vote to Democrat Barack Obama's 43.14 percent, and in 2012, Republican Mitt Romney won with 59.50 percent to Obama's 38.74 percent. In 2016, Republican Donald J. Trump won with 67.63 percent to Hillary Clinton's 29.18 percent. Wayne County was one of the four counties that Barry Goldwater won in Pennsylvania in 1964; the last Democrat to win a plurality in the county was Grover Cleveland in 1892.Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016 Since then, only three Democrats have won even forty percent of the county's vote – William Jennings Bryan in 1900, Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and Obama in 2008. ==Government and infrastructure== ===United States senators=== *Bob Casey, Jr. (senior senator), Democrat *John Fetterman (junior senator), Democrat ===United States representative=== *Matt Cartwright, Democrat (PA-8) ===State representatives=== *Jonathan Fritz, Republican (111th district) - Buckingham, Clinton (partially), Lebanon, Manchester, Mount Pleasant, Oregon, Preston, and Scott Townships, and Starrucca Borough *Michael Peifer, Republican (139th district) - Berlin, Cherry Ridge, Clinton (partially), Damascus, Dyberry, Palmyra, Paupack, South Canaan, and Texas Townships, and Bethany, Hawley, Honesdale, and Prompton Boroughs ===State senator=== *Lisa Baker, Republican (20th district) ===County commissioners=== *Brian W. Smith, Republican (Chairman) *James Shook, Republican *Jocelyn Cramer, Democrat ===Other county officers=== *Auditors: Carla J. Komar, Republican; Kathy Schloesser, Democrat; Catherine Jane Rickard, Republican *Coroner: Edward R. Howell, Republican *District Attorney: A.G. Howell, Republican *Prothonotary: Edward "Ned" Sandercock, Republican *Recorder of Deeds and Register of Wills: Debbie Bates, Republican *Sheriff: Christopher Rosler, Republican *Treasurer: Brian T. Field, Republican ===Healthcare services=== Wayne County is served by the Wayne Memorial Health System. The Health System consists of Wayne Memorial Hospital in Honesdale and several other subsidiaries and/or affiliates. In addition, the community has a number of physicians and other professionals providing needed care. The Farview State Hospital is located in Farview. ===Emergency services=== Paramedic services are provided by three different agencies: *Wayne Ambulance, an affiliate of Lackawanna Ambulance (based in Scranton) which is owned by Community Health Systems, provides advanced life support and basic life support services to most of Wayne County, from a base in Honesdale. *Cottage Hose Company / Mobile 9, based in Carbondale, Lackawanna County, provides advanced life support to all of Wayne County, as well as basic life support as a mutual aid or private service. They primarily respond to calls in Waymart and South Canaan and Clinton Townships, as this area adjoins their primary service area. They also service Forest City, Pennsylvania, which is located in Susquehanna County but dispatched through Wayne County due to their coverage of Browndale.Cottage Hose Ambulance Employee Manual *Pike County Advanced Life Support / Mobile 401, has a sub- station in Hawley, provides Advanced Life Support services to a small western part of the Wayne County, including Hawley and Palmyra Township BLS services are provided as dispatched through the Wayne County Communication Center. These agencies include: *Newfoundland Area Ambulance, a volunteer ambulance corps, provides basic life support services in Dreher Township, and portions of adjoining Sterling and Lehigh townships. *Hawley Ambulance & Rescue Company provides BLS services.Ambulance Company still struggles after fire, Wayne Independence, January 14, 2013 *White Mills Community Ambulance provides BLS services. *Northern Wayne Fire Company provides BLS service from their station on Route 370 in Lakewood. Maplewood Fire and Rescue provides QRS "quick response service" to all medical calls in Lake townships. Hamlin Fire and has three BLS units Waymart EMS Damascus EMS Mt Pleastant EMS ===Correctional facilities=== The Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Penitentiary, Canaan is in Canaan Township, near Waymart."USP Canaan Contact Information ." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on February 23, 2011. "3057 Easton Turnpike Waymart, PA 18472.""Canaan township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on February 23, 2011. ==Education== thumb|right|alt=Map of Wayne County's school districts, colored in dark green, light green, orange, and red, and labeled by district. Text across the top reads "Wayne County, Pennsylvania School Districts Map."|Map of Wayne County's school districts. ===Public school districts=== *Forest City Regional (also in Lackawanna and Susquehanna) *North Pocono (also in Lackawanna) *Susquehanna Community (also in Susquehanna) *Wallenpaupack Area (also in Pike) *Wayne Highlands *Western Wayne ===Private schools=== There are five private or parochial schools in Wayne County: *Canaan Christian Academy in Varden *Damascus Christian Academy in Damascus *Saint Dominic's Academy in Honesdale *Serendipity Center Early Learning in Hawley *Sonshine Christian Preschool and Daycare in Hawley ===Libraries=== The Wayne Library Alliance operates seven public libraries throughout the county: *The Bethany Public Library in Bethany *Hamlin Community Library in Hamlin *The Hawley Public Library in Hawley *The Newfoundland Area Public Library in Newfoundland *The Northern Wayne Community Library in Lakewood *The Pleasant Mount Public Library in Pleasant Mount *The Wayne County Public Library in Honesdale ==Communities== thumb|upright=1.5|right|alt=Political map of Wayne County, Pennsylvania, with townships, boroughs, and census-designated places labeled. Townships are colored white and boroughs and CDPs are colored various shades of orange.|Map of Wayne County with municipalities and CDPs labeled. Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: boroughs, cities, townships, and one town. Wayne County has only boroughs and townships. The latter type is classified based on population by the state government; all of its townships are second-class. A complete list of the county's municipalities follows: ===Boroughs=== *Bethany *Hawley *Honesdale (county seat) *Prompton *Starrucca (established as Wayne Borough in 1853; renamed in 1873) *Waymart ===Townships=== *Berlin *Buckingham *Canaan *Cherry Ridge *Clinton *Damascus *Dreher *Dyberry *Lake *Lebanon *Lehigh *Manchester *Mount Pleasant *Oregon *Palmyra *Paupack *Preston *Salem *Scott *South Canaan *Sterling *Texas ===Census-designated places=== In addition, Pennsylvania also has a few types of unincorporated communities, namely villages and private communities. Villages are unincorporated communities within a township, often defined by ZIP code boundaries, property deeds, and local consensus, but which have no official boundaries or population, unless they are also census-designated places (CDPs), geographical areas designated by the US Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. Regardless of whether or not they are CDPs, however, they are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Private communities are gated settlements usually governed by a community association, which also often defines the boundaries of the community and may keep track of the number of its members. However, like villages, private communities have no official boundaries or populations, unless they are CDPs, and are never Pennsylvanian jurisdictions. The following is an incomplete list by necessity, but more complete lists of Wayne County's villages and private communities may be found in the corresponding township entry. *Big Bass Lake (mostly in Lackawanna County) *Gouldsboro (partially in Monroe County) *Pocono Springs *The Hideout *Wallenpaupack Lake Estates *White Mills ===Unincorporated communities=== *Damascus *Equinunk *Galilee *Hamlin *Hollisterville *Jericho *Lake Ariel *Lake Como *Lakeville *Lakewood *Milanville *Newfoundland *Orson *Pleasant Mount *Poyntelle *Rileyville *South Sterling *Starlight *Tanners Falls ===Population ranking=== The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Wayne County. † county seat Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2010 Census) 1 † Honesdale Borough 4,480 2 The Hideout CDP 3,013 3 Waymart Borough 1,341 4 Wallenpaupack Lake Estates CDP 1,279 5 Big Bass Lake (mostly in Lackawanna County) CDP 1,270 6 Hawley Borough 1,211 7 Pocono Springs CDP 926 8 Gouldsboro (partially in Monroe County) CDP 890 9 White Mills CDP 659 10 Prompton Borough 250 11 Bethany Borough 246 12 Starrucca Borough 173 ==See also== *National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, Pennsylvania ==References== Category:1798 establishments in Pennsylvania Category:Counties of Appalachia Category:Pocono Mountains Category:Populated places established in 1798 |
Dignity Health Sports Park is a multi-use sports complex located on the campus of California State University, Dominguez Hills in Carson, California. The complex consists of the 27,000-seat Dignity Health Sports Park soccer stadium, the Dignity Health Sports Park tennis stadium, a track-and-field facility, and the VELO Sports Center velodrome. It is approximately south of downtown Los Angeles, and its primary tenant is the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer (MLS). The main stadium is also home to the Los Angeles Wildcats of the XFL. The LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship play their home matches at the complex's track and field facility. For 2020 and 2021, the stadium served as the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team. Opened in 2003, the $150 million complex was developed and is operated by the Anschutz Entertainment Group. With a seating capacity of 27,000, it is the second largest soccer-specific stadium in the United States, after Geodis Park in Nashville, Tennessee, and the third-largest among its kind in MLS, after Geodis Park and BMO Field in Toronto. During its first decade, the stadium was known as Home Depot Center through a naming rights deal with hardware retailer The Home Depot. In 2013, the name was changed to StubHub Center after naming rights were sold to online ticket marketplace StubHub. The current name, from healthcare provider Dignity Health, debuted in 2019. In addition to hosting LA Galaxy games since its opening, the stadium also served as the home of the now-defunct Chivas USA MLS team from 2005 to 2014. The stadium was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL) from 2017 to 2019, being the smallest NFL stadium over the course of those three seasons. When the Chargers played at the stadium, the facility was known as ROKiT Field at StubHub Center as part of a "multi-year" agreement with ROKiT. == History and facilities == Originally opened as Home Depot Center in 2003, it was renamed StubHub Center on June 1, 2013. It was renamed Dignity Health Sports Park on January 1, 2019, after Dignity Health signed a new naming rights agreement. The 27,000-seat main stadium was the second American sports arena designed specifically for soccer in the MLS era. When the venue opened in June 2003 as the new home of LA Galaxy, a number of special events took place in celebration. Pelé was in attendance at the opening match along with many dignitaries from the soccer world and other celebrities. In addition to the soccer stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park features the 2,450-seat VELO Sports Center (velodrome), an 8,000-seat tennis stadium, and an outdoor track and field facility that has 2,000 permanent seats and is expandable to 20,000. Soccer stadium building costs within the $150 million complex were around $87 million. === 2017 renovations === In 2017, to accommodate the Chargers' use of the stadium, upgrades were made at cost to the Chargers including bleachers in the second deck on the east side of the stadium being replaced by tip-up seats and moved to the berm on the north side, adding 1,000 seats. A new section of upper-level bleachers, which seat 330, were erected in the southeast corner of the stadium. Also, the luxury suites were renovated with new seats, furniture, community tables, and engineered hardwood floors and the press box underwent an upgrade with a third row added to the main box, boosting capacity from about 35 to 53. Floors were constructed on the roof of the luxury suites so an auxiliary press box could be built on both sides of the main box. Two new radio booths were built outside the south side of the press box, and a large new booth on the north side to serve as a security command post for police and NFL officials was constructed. Two booths were added on each side of the press box for the NFL- mandated 20-yard-line television cameras, and a stairway allowing access to the roof of the main box was built to accommodate the 50-yard-line camera. To accommodate 53-man NFL rosters, four small locker rooms were converted to two larger ones with 60 cubicles in each. Also added were small postgame news conference rooms for each team and rooms for game officials and the chain gang. After the Chargers left for Inglewood, the football facilities were taken over by the Wildcats when the XFL team began operations in 2020. == Soccer == Aside from being home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer, it was also home to two defunct clubs, the MLS team Chivas USA as well as Los Angeles Sol of the Women's Professional Soccer. The stadium hosted the 2003 MLS All-Star Game and the MLS Cup in 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2014. Dignity Health Sports Park was also the site of the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup final. Both the United States women's and men's national football teams often use the facility for training camps and select home matches. It also hosted the 2004 NCAA Men's College Cup, with Duke, Indiana, Maryland, and UC Santa Barbara qualifying. The track and field stadium on the site is also home to the LA Galaxy II of the USL Championship, farm club to the parent Galaxy. On July 30, 2016, it hosted a 2016 International Champions Cup match between Paris Saint-Germain and Leicester City. Paris Saint-Germain won the match 4–0 to complete a perfect record in the ICC. === International women's football matches === Date Tournament Winning team Result Losing team Attendance September 21, 2003 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Group D 2–1 8,500 September 25, 2003 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Group D 1–1 13,929 September 25, 2003 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Group D 3–0 13,929 September 21, 2003 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Group D 1–0 10,027 October 11, 2003 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Third place 3–1 25,253 October 12, 2003 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup Final 1–0 26,137 December 8, 2004 International friendly 5–0 15,549 July 24, 2005 3–0 4,378 October 1, 2006 10–0 5,479 August 25, 2007 4–0 7,118 December 13, 2008 1–0 3,619 September 16, 2012 2–1 19,851 May 17, 2015 5–1 27,000 November 13, 2016 5–0 20,336 August 3, 2017 2017 Tournament of Nations 6–1 11,948 3–0 23,161 August 31, 2018 International friendly 3–0 23,544 February 7, 2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying 1–0 11,292 4–0 February 9, 2020 3–0 17,489 February 17, 2022 2022 SheBelieves Cup 1–0 2,078 0–0 7,333 February 20, 2022 5–0 16,587 2–1 3,577 September 2, 2022 International friendly === MLS Cup === Date Winning team Result Losing team Attendance November 23, 2003 San Jose Earthquakes 4–2 Chicago Fire 27,000 November 14, 2004 D.C. United 3–2 Kansas City Wizards 25,797 November 23, 2008 Columbus Crew 3–1 New York Red Bulls 27,000 November 20, 2011 Los Angeles Galaxy 1–0 Houston Dynamo 30,281 December 1, 2012 Los Angeles Galaxy 3–1 Houston Dynamo 30,510 December 7, 2014 Los Angeles Galaxy 2–1 (AET) New England Revolution 27,000 == Other international matches == ===Rugby=== The stadium hosted the first three editions (2004–06) of the USA Sevens, an annual international rugby sevens competition that is part of the World Rugby Sevens Series, again hosted that event on February 29 to March 1, 2020. and is announced to host the 2022 edition on March 6–7, 2022. The stadium has also hosted all United States national team matches for the Pacific Nations Cup between 2013 and 2014. and the "Quest For Gold" pre- Olympic Rugby Sevens showcase on June 25–26, 2021. The stadium is scheduled to host the 2028 Olympic Rugby Sevens tournaments. ===USA Eagles Internationals=== USA scores displayed first. Date Opponents Final score Competition Attendance June 14, 2013 9–18 2013 IRB Pacific Nations Cup 6,000 June 14, 2014 29–37 2014 IRB Pacific Nations Cup 5,100 February 3, 2014 17–10 2018 Americas Rugby Championship 6,500 ===Champion of Champions Liga MX competition=== Date Winning team Result Losing team Attendance July 10, 2016 Tigres UANL 1–0 C.F. Pachuca 27,132 July 16, 2017 Tigres UANL 1–0 C.D. Guadalajara 25,667 July 15, 2018 Tigres UANL 4–0 Santos Laguna 13,917 July 14, 2019 Club América 0–0 Tigres UANL 27,800 July 18, 2021 Cruz Azul 1–2 Club León 27,674 == Other sports == It was also the location for the State Championship Bowl Games for high school football teams in the state of California from 2006 to 2014. The Semper Fidelis All America game was held there on January 5, 2014, featuring an East vs West high school matchup. The first college football game was held at the stadium on January 21, 2012, as the AstroTurf NFLPA Collegiate Bowl, with the National Team beating the American Team 20–14. The track played host to the 2005 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. It is also the home of the Adidas Running Club, a member of the USA Elite Running Circuit, and the Adidas Track Classic. Dignity Health Sports Park is also home to EXOS, formerly Athletes' Performance, which trains athletes in a variety of sports. The Los Angeles Riptide of Major League Lacrosse played their home games at the track and field stadium. The soccer and tennis stadiums of the Center have also served as the main venues for ESPN's Summer X Games. From 2010 to 2016, it hosted the Reebok CrossFit Games. Initially only utilizing the tennis stadium, over the years it also expanded to the running field and the soccer stadium. The facility has also hosted several high- profile professional boxing matches, including Andre Ward vs. Arthur Abraham, Brandon Ríos vs. Urbano Antillón, Shawn Porter vs. Kell Brook and matches featuring other notable fighters. The venue has become iconic among boxing fans for its electric atmosphere. On August 16, 2013, Resurrection Fighting Alliance held an MMA event titled RFA 9: Curran vs. Munhoz, with the main event crowning a new Bantamweight Champion. === Los Angeles Chargers === The Los Angeles Chargers had a three-year tenure at Dignity Health Sports Park from 2017 to 2019, while SoFi Stadium in Inglewood was being built. During the team's three seasons at the stadium, they compiled an even 11–11 record. Chargers fans were outnumbered by opposing teams' supporters, who frequently filled much of the stadium. === San Diego State Aztecs === The stadium served as the temporary home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University. The 2020 and 2021 seasons were played at Dignity Health Sports Park until Aztec Stadium in San Diego, the replacement for the Aztecs' former home of San Diego Stadium, is completed for the 2022 season. The final Aztecs game held at the stadium was the 2021 Mountain West Conference Football Championship Game, a 46-13 loss by the Aztecs to the Utah State Aggies. During the team's two seasons at the stadium, they compiled a 9-3 record (3-1 in 2020 and 6-2 in 2021). === 2028 Summer Olympics === During the 2028 Summer Olympics, the venue will host rugby, tennis, modern pentathlon, field hockey, and track cycling. == Entertainment == ===Concerts=== The Vans Warped Tour was held annually in the stadium parking lot until the tour's final year in 2018. It also served as the host facility for the first two seasons of Spike TV's Pros vs Joes reality sports contests. In 2007 it received the bands Héroes del Silencio, in their Tour 2007, and Soda Stereo in their Me Verás Volver tour 2007. ===In film and TV=== The facility is frequently used to provide a stadium background in film, television and advertising. The complex was the site of tasks for the third season of the CBS reality competition Tough as Nails. The sports park was the site of the final task and finish line of 33rd season of The Amazing Race. ==Transportation== Dignity Health Sports Park is located south of the Avalon Boulevard exit on California State Route 91. In 2017, the LA Galaxy launched a shuttle bus service operated by Long Beach Transit. With two routes connecting Dignity Health Sports Park with the Harbor Gateway Transit Center and Del Amo station of LA Metro Rail. == References == == External links == * Dignity Health Sports Park official website Category:American football venues in California Category:Athletics (track and field) venues in California Category:Anschutz Corporation Category:Boxing venues in California Category:Buildings and structures in Carson, California Category:Chivas USA Category:Defunct college football venues Category:CONCACAF Gold Cup stadiums Category:Defunct National Football League venues Category:2003 FIFA Women's World Cup stadiums Category:Lacrosse venues in California Category:Former Major League Lacrosse venues Category:LA Galaxy Category:Los Angeles Chargers stadiums Category:Los Angeles Sol Category:Los Angeles Wildcats Category:Major League Soccer stadiums Category:Rugby union stadiums in California Category:San Diego State Aztecs football venues Category:Sports venues in Carson, California Category:Sports venues completed in 2003 Category:USL Championship stadiums Category:Women's Professional Soccer stadiums Category:Venues of the 2028 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic rugby venues Category:Olympic field hockey venues Category:Olympic modern pentathlon venues Category:Olympic tennis venues Category:2003 establishments in California Category:California State University, Dominguez Hills Category:Sports complexes in the United States Category:XFL (2020) venues Category:World Rugby Sevens Series venues |
Héctor Miguel Herrera López (; born 19 April 1990) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo and the Mexico national team. Herrera began his career with Pachuca in 2011 and spent three years at the club before joining FC Porto. He struggled for playing time in his first season in Portugal before gradually cementing his place in the starting eleven. Since the 2015–16 season, Herrera served as club captain. In his six years with Porto, Herrera made 245 appearances across all competitions, winning a Primeira Liga title and two Supertaça cups. A full international since 2012, Herrera won the Olympic gold medal in that year's football tournament, and was part of Mexico's winning team at the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He has represented his country at the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup, the 2013 and 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, and the Copa América Centenario. ==Club career== ===Pachuca=== Herrera began playing football for C.F. Pachuca's youth sides. As a youth, he was nicknamed Zorrillo (skunk), as well as Zorro (fox). Herrera made his professional debut for Pachuca on 21 July 2010 in a 0–1 defeat to Major Soccer League side Chivas USA in a 2010 North American SuperLiga match. Herrera made his league debut for Pachuca in a 1–4 home defeat to Santos Laguna on 23 July 2011. Appearing 14 times for Pachuca in the 2011 Apertura, he was a shortlist candidate for best rookie of the tournament. ===Porto=== On 28 June 2013, it was announced that Herrera was transferred to Portuguese club Porto for €8 million. Herrera appeared as an unused substitute in his first season's opening Super Cup match against Vitória de Guimarães on 10 August, ultimately winning 3–0. Eight days later, Herrera made his Primeira Liga debut, coming on as a substitute for Lucho González in the 82nd minute in Porto's 3–1 victory over Vitória de Setúbal. On 6 October, Herrera played his first 90 minutes in Porto's 3–1 away win over Arouca. On 18 September, Herrera made his UEFA Champions League debut against Austria Wien in a 1–0 group stage victory. On 22 October, Herrera set a new UEFA Champions League record for the fastest dismissal for two yellow cards when he was sent off in the sixth minute of the group stage match against Zenit Saint Petersburg. Herrera scored his first league goal with Porto on 20 December in a 4–0 win against Olhanense, scoring on a volley just eight minutes after coming on as a substitute. In his first season with Porto, Herrera played in 17 league matches, and in 33 across all competitions, scoring three goals in total, all of which were scored in the league. thumb|upright|Herrera with Porto during a Champions League match in 2014. On 20 August 2014, Herrera scored his first goal in Champions League play in Porto's 1–0 win over Lille. On 25 November, he played an important role in Porto's 3–0 Champions League away win over Belarusian club BATE Borisov, scoring the first goal of the game and providing two assists, all in the second-half. Herrera was included in The Guardians year end list of "The 100 Best Footballers in the World". On 22 August 2015, Herrera scored his first goal of the season in Porto's 1–1 draw against Marítimo at the Estádio dos Barreiros. In December, Herrera was given the Dragão de Ouro Award as the team's best player of the previous season, the first Mexican to win the honour. On 12 February 2016, Herrera, wearing the captain's arm-band, scored the equalizer in Porto's 2–1 win over archrivals Benfica. Herrera was called up for the final of the Taça de Portugal against Braga on 22 May 2016, playing in the 120 minutes of the match and failing to convert his penalty shot in the subsequent 3–2 shoot-out defeat. On 15 April 2018, Porto defeated Benfica 1–0 at the Estádio da Luz, with Herrera scoring in the 90th minute from a shot outside the box. The win took Porto to the top of the table with 76 points, two ahead of Benfica with four matches remaining in the season. His goal was ultimately voted as the season's best. On 5 May, after a 0–0 draw between Benfica and Sporting CP, Porto won the league title with two games left to play. Herrera featured in the season's Team of the Year, one of five Porto players included. On 4 August 2018, Herrera began the 2018–19 season captaining Porto in their 3–1 win over Aves to clinch the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. On 22 September, Herrera made his 200th appearance for Porto in all competitions following a 2–0 victory over Vitória Setúbal. In March 2019, he captained Porto in their 4–3 aggregate victory over Roma in the Champions League round of 16, with Porto reaching the quarter-finals for the first time since the 2014–15 competition. On 30 March, Herrera, in captaining Porto to a 3–2 victory against Braga, made his 237th appearance in all competitions for the Dragões, placing him fifth in the club's all-time list of appearances by a foreign player, four games behind Lucho González. Amid reports linking him to Atlético Madrid, Porto president Pinto da Costa confirmed Herrera would leave the club on the expiration of his contract. On 18 May, Herrera scored in his final Primeira Liga game with Porto in the team's 2–1 victory over Sporting CP, scoring a scissor kick from a corner kick. He was again included in the season's Team of the Year. ===Atlético Madrid=== On 3 July 2019, Atlético Madrid announced via their website that they had reached an agreement with Herrera. He signed a three-year contract, and was officially presented at the Wanda Metropolitano with the number 16 shirt. After failing to appear for Los Rojiblancos in the first month of the season, he made his competitive debut on 18 September, coming on as a late substitute for Thomas Partey and scoring the equalizer in the 90th minute to salvage a 2–2 draw against Juventus in the opening group game of the UEFA Champions League. Three days later, Herrera made his debut in La Liga as a starter against Celta de Vigo, playing 60 minutes in a scoreless draw. He was a starter in both Supercopa de España matches against Barcelona and Real Madrid, finishing runner-up against the latter in the final. He made 30 appearances across all competitions in his debut season with Atlético, though his playing time was mostly hampered due to injuries. At the start of the 2020–21 season Herrera was on a positive run of form, featuring eight times in all competitions and starting in the team's last four games prior to the international break, before being ruled out of action in November. It was reported that he had suffered a grade two injury to his left thigh while on international duty with Mexico, and would be out of action for a month. On his return on 1 December, Herrera, with 47, surpassed Javier Hernández as the Mexican with most UEFA Champions League appearances, coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 group stage draw against Bayern Munich. He again faced a spell on the sidelines, both due to injury and testing positive for COVID-19 in February. In December 2021, Herrera tested positive for COVID-19 a second time. === Houston Dynamo === On 2 March 2022, Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo announced that it had signed Herrera on a pre- contract agreement through the 2024 season with an option for 2025. He committed to the club as a Designated Player. ==International career== ===Youth=== In 2012, Herrera was chosen by coach Luis Fernando Tena to participate in the 2012 CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Tournament held in the United States. Mexico went on to win the tournament by defeating Honduras in the final, thus qualifying to the 2012 Olympic Games held in London. Herrera was a vital part in the Mexico squad that won the 2012 Toulon Tournament, and was awarded the Meilleur Joueur (Best Player), the most outstanding player of the tournament. Herrera made the final cut for those participating in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Mexico won the gold medal after defeating Brazil 2–1 in the final. ===Senior=== In 2012, Herrera was called up by coach José Manuel de la Torre to play for Mexico in the World Cup qualifiers against Guyana on 12 October and El Salvador on 16 October. He made his senior national team debut against El Salvador, a 2–0 win for Mexico. On 7 June 2013, Herrera was called up to participate in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. He made only one appearance, in a 0–2 loss to host-nation Brazil, coming on as a substitute for Gerardo Flores in the 58th minute of the match. On 8 May 2014, Herrera was included in the final 23-man roster participating in the 2014 FIFA World Cup by Miguel Herrera. He was a starter in all three of Mexico's group stage matches, as well as playing in the 1–2 round-of-16 loss to the Netherlands. On 4 September 2015, Herrera netted his first goal with Mexico in a friendly against Trinidad and Tobago, scoring off of a corner kick pass from outside of the box, tying the match 3–3. Four days later, he scored his second goal in a 2–2 draw against Argentina. Herrera was included in the roster for the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Despite a dip in form following a superb season with Porto, he appeared in all games except the final against Jamaica as Mexico won 3–1. He was called up by interim manager Ricardo Ferretti to participate in the subsequent CONCACAF Cup – a play-off match to determine CONCACAF's entry into the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup – against the United States. Mexico won the match 3–2 during overtime. On 17 May 2016, Herrera was listed on the roster for the Copa América Centenario by Juan Carlos Osorio. On 5 June, in Mexico's first group stage match against Uruguay, Herrera scored the third goal in the 3–1 victory. On 8 June 2017, he was listed on the roster for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. He would go on to appear in all five matches as Mexico lost the third place play-off against Portugal with a score of 2–1. With three assists, Herrera finished as the assist leader of the tournament. On 28 May 2018, Herrera captained the national team in a scoreless draw to Wales in preparation for the World Cup. On 4 June, Herrera was included in the final 23-man squad for the tournament. In the first group stage match against Germany, which Mexico won 1–0, Herrera's performance was praised in particular. He would appear as a starter in all three group stage matches and the round-of-16 match against Brazil, where Mexico lost 2–0. In May 2019, Herrera issued a statement via Twitter confirming that he would not form part of the national squad participating at the CONCACAF Gold Cup, citing fitness concerns as well as wanting to decide his "professional future" as his contract with Porto was expiring. Under Gerardo Martino, he reappeared with Mexico in the friendly match against the United States on 6 September, and played all 90 minutes in El Tri's 3–0 victory. The following month, Herrera captained Mexico in the CONCACAF Nations League fixtures against Bermuda and Panama, scoring off of a free kick layoff in a 5–1 victory against the former. In June 2021, Herrera participated in the Concacaf Nations League Finals, reaching the final against the United States, losing 2–3. He was included in the Best XI of the tournament. He participated in the subsequent CONCACAF Gold Cup, appearing as captain in the first two group stage matches due to Héctor Moreno being unfit. Losing the final to the United States 0–1, he was awarded the Golden Ball for best player of the tournament. On 5 June 2022, he played his 100th match for Mexico in a friendly game against Ecuador. In October 2022, Herrera was named in Mexico's preliminary 31-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, and in November, he was ultimately included in the final 26-man roster. ==Style of play== Herrera is described as a box-to-box midfielder, capable of halting opposing advances and able to distribute the ball or shoot the ball on target. He is also known for his pace and dynamism, as well as being capable of breaking up opposition attacks with his tough tackling and starting his team's own forays forward with his sharp distribution and tireless running. Herrera has cited Juan Román Riquelme as an idol and an influence on his playing style. ==Personal life== In June 2019, Herrera obtained an EU passport after residing in Portugal for six years. ==Career statistics== ===Club=== Club Season League National cup League cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Pachuca 2011–12 Mexican Primera División 27 0 — — 1 0 — 28 0 2012–13 Liga MX 25 2 2 0 — — — 27 2 Total 52 2 2 0 — 1 0 — 55 2 Porto B 2013–14 Segunda Liga 8 0 — — — — 8 0 Porto 2013–14 Primeira Liga 17 3 4 0 2 0 8 0 — 31 3 2014–15 Primeira Liga 33 3 1 0 1 0 11 4 — 46 7 2015–16 Primeira Liga 29 9 3 0 — 6 0 — 38 9 2016–17 Primeira Liga 23 2 1 0 3 0 8 0 — 35 2 2017–18 Primeira Liga 29 3 4 1 3 0 6 1 — 42 5 2018–19 Primeira Liga 33 6 6 1 4 0 9 2 1 0 53 9 Total 164 26 19 2 13 0 48 7 1 0 245 35 Atlético Madrid 2019–20 La Liga 21 0 1 0 — 6 1 2 0 30 1 2020–21 La Liga 16 0 — — — 5 0 — 21 0 2021–22 La Liga 21 0 1 0 — 4 0 1 0 27 0 Total 58 0 2 0 — 15 1 3 0 78 1 Houston Dynamo 2022 MLS 10 0 — — — — 10 0 2023 MLS 17 3 3 0 — — 0 0 20 3 Total 27 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 3 Career total 309 31 26 2 13 0 64 8 4 0 416 41 ===International=== Mexico Mexico Mexico Year Apps Goals 2012 1 0 2013 8 0 2014 14 0 2015 14 3 2016 11 1 2017 13 1 2018 9 0 2019 4 1 2020 2 0 2021 17 4 2022 11 0 Total 104 10 :Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Herrera goal. No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1\. 4 September 2015 Rio Tinto Stadium, Sandy, United States 3–3 3–3 Friendly 2\. 9 September 2015 AT&T; Stadium, Arlington, United States 2–0 2–2 Friendly 3\. 13 November 2015 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico 2–0 3–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 4\. 5 June 2016 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, United States 3–1 3–1 Copa América Centenario 5\. 6 October 2017 Estadio Alfonso Lastras, San Luis Potosí, Mexico 3–1 3–1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 6\. 11 October 2019 Bermuda National Stadium, Devonshire Parish, Bermuda 5–1 5–1 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League A 7\. 3 July 2021 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, United States 1–0 4–0 Friendly 8\. 3–0 9\. 29 July 2021 NRG Stadium, Houston, United States 2–1 2–1 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup 10\. 16 November 2021 Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton, Canada 1–2 1–2 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification ==Honours== Porto *Primeira Liga: 2017–18 *Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2013, 2018 Atlético Madrid *La Liga: 2020–21 Mexico U23 *Olympic Gold Medal: 2012 *CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Championship: 2012 *Toulon Tournament: 2012 Mexico *CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2015 *CONCACAF Cup: 2015 Individual *Toulon Tournament Best Player: 2012 *FC Porto Player of the Year: 2014–15 *FIFA Confederations Cup Assist Leader: 2017 *Primeira Liga Team of the Year: 2017–18, 2018–19 *SPJF Goal of the season: 2017–18 *CONCACAF Best XI: 2017, 2018, 2021 *IFFHS CONCACAF Best XI: 2020 *CONCACAF Nations League Finals Best XI: 2021 *CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball: 2021 *CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2021 *MLS All-Star: 2023 ==References== ==External links== * * * * * * * Héctor Herrera at Goal.com Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:People from Rosarito Category:Footballers from Tijuana Category:Mexican footballers Category:Men's association football midfielders Category:C.F. Pachuca players Category:FC Porto players Category:FC Porto B players Category:Atlético Madrid footballers Category:Liga MX players Category:Primeira Liga players Category:Liga Portugal 2 players Category:La Liga players Category:Olympic footballers for Mexico Category:Mexico men's international footballers Category:Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2014 FIFA World Cup players Category:2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players Category:Copa América Centenario players Category:2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players Category:2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup players Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic gold medalists for Mexico Category:Olympic medalists in football Category:CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players Category:Mexican expatriate footballers Category:Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Spain Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain Category:Designated Players (MLS) Category:FIFA Men's Century Club Category:Major League Soccer players Category:Naturalised citizens of Portugal Category:Portuguese people of Mexican descent Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players |
Mika Juhani Salo (born 30 November 1966) is a Finnish former professional racing driver. He competed in Formula One between and . His best ranking was 10th in the world championship in 1999, when he stood in for the injured Michael Schumacher at Ferrari for six races, scoring two podiums and contributing to Ferrari's constructors' championship win. He also won the GT2 class in the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans. ==Career== ===Formula Three and Japanese racing=== In 1989, Helsinki-born Salo competed in the British Formula 3 Championship, racing for Alan Docking Racing. He raced with the Reynard Alfa Romeo package which was not the season's best. Staying with Alan Docking Racing for 1990 and moving to a more competitive Ralt chassis, he raced against countryman and fierce rival Mika Häkkinen in Formula Three, finishing second to him. In 1990, Salo was caught driving under the influence in London. ===Formula One=== ====1994–1998: Lotus, Tyrrell and Arrows==== After a few years racing in Japan he made his first Formula One start at the penultimate round of the season in Japan for the ailing Lotus team. He was kept on for the season's finale in Australia. Following the collapse of Lotus following the end of the season, Salo moved to Tyrrell for . He was to spend three years with the team, scoring points several times. In the 1997 Monaco Grand Prix he completed the whole (rain-shortened and -slowed) race without refuelling, taking fifth place ahead of the faster Giancarlo Fisichella as a result. Despite a promising with Arrows, he had no full-time drive in . ====1999: British American Racing and Ferrari==== Following an injury to BAR driver Ricardo Zonta, Salo took his place for three races whilst the Brazilian recovered. BAR's first season was not successful but Salo scored their best result of the year, with a seventh-place finish at San Marino. However a greater opportunity arose when Michael Schumacher broke his leg in a crash during the 1999 British Grand Prix. Salo was selected as his substitute to partner Eddie Irvine at Ferrari. In his second race in Ferrari at the 1999 German Grand Prix Salo led for part of the race and would have scored a Grand Prix win but team orders demanded that he give the lead to Irvine, who at the time was fighting for the championship with Mika Häkkinen.1999 German Grand Prix www.grandprix.com Retrieved 21 June 2007 Following the race, Irvine handed his victory trophy over to Salo as a gesture of gratitude. He also finished third at Monza, ahead of Irvine. These podium finishes were critical in helping Ferrari win their first Constructors' title since . ====2000–2002: Sauber and Toyota==== Salo was back full-time in with Sauber, taking 11th in the championship, although he left the team at the end of the season to join the new Toyota team in preparation for its Formula One entry in , and also cited a desire to score podiums rather than lower points-scoring positions. He scored two points for Toyota in their first season, becoming the first driver since JJ Lehto at the 1993 South African Grand Prix to score points on a team's debut by finishing sixth at the 2002 Australian Grand Prix. He retired from Formula One at the end of 2002, after getting fired from Toyota. Though the news was initially met with general surprise, it was later revealed that Salo was not on good terms with the team, who heavily criticized his deemed poor performance. During his Formula One career, he achieved two podiums, and scored a total of 33 championship points. ===Post-Formula One=== His first post-Formula One race came at the 2003 12 Hours of Sebring, driving the UK- entered Audi R8, the same car he was due to race at the 24 Hours of Le Mans if it had not run out of fuel already after the first hour. He raced in four CART races for PK Racing during the same year, his best finish being third in Miami in his second series start. Because of his strong links with Ferrari he was picked up to be part of the development program of the Maserati MC12 GT racer. He made his FIA GT debut in 2004, narrowly losing the 24 Hours of Spa- Francorchamps in a Ferrari 575. After that he entered the last four races of the season in the Maserati, winning two races and finishing second once. 2005 was a year somewhat lost in the doldrums with only two participations with the Maserati MC12 in the ALMS GTS-class, a competition where the car turned out to be not even half as competitive as in the FIA GT series. For 2006, Salo returned to racing full-time, signing with AF Corse in the FIA GT to drive the Ferrari F430 and later on in the year with Risi Competizione in the ALMS. He was victorious in class in the 24 Hours of Spa and finished third in the FIA GT2 Drivers' Championship with 61 points, while his efforts in the ALMS contributed to Risi's Teams' Championship cup. In the following year he continued with Risi Competizione in the ALMS and took the GT2 class honours in the 12 Hours of Sebring and the championship along with teammate Jaime Melo. They won a total of eight races out of twelve in the class. In addition, he won the RAC Tourist Trophy with Thomas Biagi when substituting for Michael Bartels, driving a Maserati MC12 once more. Salo and Melo with Risi Competizione earned the first team At-Large honours on the 2007 All-American Racing Team, as voted for by the American Auto Racing Writers and Broadcasters (AARWBA). Salo raced again in the ALMS for Risi Competizione in 2008. Although he was not successful in defending his previous year's titles, he won the GT2 class in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, coming in 18th overall. In 2009, he joined the Risi Ferrari team at the blue-riband races only, the 12 Hours of Sebring, the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the Petit Le Mans event, winning all three of them. Having won these enduro races all more than once, Salo felt he was ready for a new challenge. He set his mind on NASCAR, and had his first test with Michael Waltrip Racing at the half-mile New Smyrna Speedway in November 2009. In 2010–12, Salo competed in the Gold Coast 600, an endurance event for the V8 Supercars. In 2010, he partnered with Walkinshaw Racing's Andrew Thompson and retired from both races. For 2011–12 he raced with Will Davison and the Ford Performance Racing team, finishing 2nd in the 1st race of 2011 and winning the 2nd race in 2012. In 2014, driving for Maranello Motorsport, Salo co-drove a Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 to victory at the Bathurst 12 Hour alongside Australian motor racing legends Craig Lowndes and John Bowe, and another local Australian driver Peter Edwards. ==Personal== Salo lives in Estonia, and has a son named Max and a daughter with his wife Noriko. His godson Jesse Krohn competes in the IMSA SportsCar Championship. Like fellow Finns Keke Rosberg and JJ Lehto, both former Formula One drivers, Salo has commentated on several F1 races on MTV3 and the pay-channel C More MAX since 2005. Since 2011, Salo has been hosting the Finnish TV-show, Virittäjät ('Test Drive by Mika Salo'), along with his former co-host Tomi Tuominen, who is a Finnish journalist, television presenter, sports commentator and former co-driver in the World Rally Championship. In 2013, Salo featured in Discovery channel's program called Driven to Extremes along with Hollywood actors Tom Hardy and Adrien Brody. Salo appeared in two episodes, one with Tom Hardy in minus 50 degrees Celsius in Russia, and the other one with Adrien Brody to the Malaysian jungle at the height of the monsoon season. ==Helmet== Salo's helmet was originally dark blue with a white halo on the top (with a red line inside), 2 white stripes (with a red line inside) going from the rear going down diagonally to the sides of the helmet and a white trapezoidal shape on the chin area (with blue outline), slightly based on Prost's helmet. When he raced in Formula One, he changed the helmet from dark blue to sky blue with the rest of the elements intact. ==Racing record== ===Career summary=== Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F/Laps Podiums Points Position 1987 Nordic Formula Ford 1600 ? ? ? ? ? 30 3rd 1987 Formula Ford Finland ? ? ? ? ? 40 2nd 1987 Formula Ford Sweden Junior ? ? ? ? ? 23 8th 1988 European Formula Ford 1600 ? ? ? ? ? 80 1st 1988 Formula Ford Finland 4 4 4 4 4 44 1st 1988 Nordic Formula Ford 1600 3 2 ? ? 2 40 1st 1988 Formula Ford Sweden Junior ? ? ? ? ? 20 9th 1988 Formula Ford Festival 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 11th 1989 British Formula Three Alan Docking Racing 16 0 0 0 0 10 14th 1990 British Formula Three Alan Docking Racing 17 6 3 6 12 98 2nd 1990 Macau Grand Prix 1 0 0 0 1 N/A 2nd 1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Ad Racing Team Co. Ltd. 5 0 0 0 0 1 23rd 1992 Japanese Formula 3000 Ad Racing Team Co. Ltd. 11 0 0 0 0 5 15th 1992 Japanese Formula Three Team 5ZIGEN 4 0 0 0 0 2 13th 1993 Japanese Formula 3000 Ad Racing Team Co. Ltd. 10 0 0 0 0 1 17th 1993 Japanese Touring Car Championship - JTC-3 Team 5ZIGEN 9 1 0 0 1 47 14th 1994 Japanese Formula 3000 Team 5ZIGEN 9 0 0 0 1 6 7th 1994 Formula One Team Lotus 2 0 0 0 0 0 NC 1995 Formula One Nokia Tyrrell Yamaha 17 0 0 0 0 5 15th 1996 Formula One Tyrrell Yamaha 16 0 0 0 0 5 13th 1997 Formula One PIAA Tyrrell Ford 17 0 0 0 0 2 17th 1998 Formula One Danka Zepter Arrows 15 0 0 0 0 3 13th 1999 Formula One Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro 6 0 0 0 2 10 10th 1999 British American Racing 3 0 0 0 0 10 10th 2000 Formula One Red Bull Sauber Petronas 16 0 0 0 0 6 11th 2002 Formula One Panasonic Toyota Racing 17 0 0 0 0 2 17th 2003 Champ Car World Series PK Racing 4 0 0 0 1 26 16th 2003 American Le Mans Series - LMP900 Audi Sport UK 1 0 0 0 0 12 28th 2003 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMP900 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNF 2004 FIA GT Championship GPC Giesse Squadra Corse 4 1 0 0 3 27 13th 2004 Finnish Touring Car Championship Lehtonen Motorsport 2 0 1 1 1 0 NC 2005 American Le Mans Series - GT1 Risi Competizione 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2006 FIA GT Championship - GT2 AF Corse 10 1 0 0 5 56 4th 2006 American Le Mans Series - GT2 Risi Competizione 5 3 0 0 4 82 7th 2007 American Le Mans Series - GT2 Risi Competizione 12 8 2 0 9 202 1st 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGT2 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNF 2007 FIA GT Championship - GT1 Vitaphone Racing 1 1 0 0 1 10 16th 2007 FIA GT Championship - GT2 AF Corse Motorola 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2008 American Le Mans Series - GT2 Risi Competizione 11 2 0 0 5 121 4th 2008 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGT2 1 1 0 0 1 N/A 19th 2008 FIA GT Championship - GT2 AF Corse 1 0 0 0 1 13 18th 2009 American Le Mans Series - GT2 Risi Competizione 2 2 0 0 2 60 8th 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGT2 1 1 0 0 1 N/A 18th 2010 GT1 World Championship Mad-Croc Racing 6 0 0 0 0 0 52nd 2010 V8 Supercar Walkinshaw United 2 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2010 ADAC GT Masters Callaway Competition 2 0 0 0 0 4 27th 2010 American Le Mans Series - GT2 Risi Competizione 3 0 0 0 0 28 20th 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGT2 AF Corse 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNS 2011 V8 Supercar Ford Performance Racing 2 0 0 0 1 201 52nd 2011 American Le Mans Series - GT Risi Competizione 1 0 0 0 0 12 25th 2011 24 Hours of Nürburgring - E1-XP2 Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus 1 0 0 0 1 N/A 2nd 2012 International Superstars Series Swiss Team 4 0 0 0 1 30 19th 2012 Campionato Italiano Superstars 2 0 0 0 0 8 24th 2012 V8 Supercar Ford Performance Racing 2 1 0 0 1 0 NC† 2012 Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup 1 0 0 1 1 0 NC† 2013 Australian GT Championship Maranello Motorsport 1 0 0 0 1 50 17th 2013 Bathurst 12 Hour - Class A 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNF 2013 Blancpain Endurance Series - Pro-Am SMP Racing 1 0 0 0 1 30 13th 2013 European Le Mans Series - GTC 1 0 1 0 0 11 12th 2014 European Le Mans Series - GTC SMP Racing 4 0 0 0 0 4 28th 2014 Bathurst 12 Hour - Class A Maranello Motorsport 1 1 0 0 1 N/A 1st 2014 FIA World Endurance Championship - LMP2 SMP Racing 1 0 0 0 0 50 8th 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMP2 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 12th 2014 United SportsCar Championship - GTD MP/ESM Racing 1 0 0 0 0 29 62nd 2015 Bathurst 12 Hour - Class A Maranello Motorsport 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNS 2016 Bathurst 12 Hour - Class A Maranello Motorsport 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNF 2020 Super Taikyu - ST-1 Field Management Racing 1 0 0 0 1 50‡ 3rd‡ † Not eligible for championship points. ‡ Team standings. ===Complete British Formula 3 results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Engine Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 DC Pts 1989 Alan Docking Racing Alfa Romeo A THR SIL BRH SIL BRH THR SIL DON SIL SNE OUL SIL BRH DON SIL THR 14th 10 1990 Alan Docking Racing Mugen A DON SIL THR BRH SIL BRH THR SIL DON SIL SNE OUL SIL BRH DON THR SIL 2nd 98 ===Complete Japanese Formula 3000 Championship results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 DC Points 1991 Ad Racing Team Co. Ltd. SUZ AUT FUJ MIN SUZ SUG FUJ SUZ FUJ SUZ FUJ 23rd 1 1992 Ad Racing Team Co. Ltd. SUZ FUJ MIN SUZ AUT SUG FUJ FUJ SUZ FUJ SUZ 15th 5 1993 Ad Racing Team Co. Ltd. SUZ FUJ MIN SUZ AUT SUG FUJ FUJ SUZ FUJ SUZ 17th 1 1994 Team 5ZIGEN SUZ FUJ MIN SUZ SUG FUJ SUZ FUJ FUJ SUZ 7th 6 ===Complete Formula One results=== (key) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 WDC Points 1994 Team Lotus Lotus 109 Mugen Honda V10 BRA PAC SMR MON ESP CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR EUR JPN AUS NC 0 1995 Nokia Tyrrell Yamaha Tyrrell 023 Yamaha V10 BRA ARG SMR ESP MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR EUR PAC JPN AUS 15th 5 1996 Tyrrell Yamaha Tyrrell 024 Yamaha V10 AUS BRA ARG EUR SMR MON ESP CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR JPN 13th 5 1997 PIAA Tyrrell Ford Tyrrell 025 Ford V8 AUS BRA ARG SMR MON ESP CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA AUT LUX JPN EUR 17th 2 1998 Danka Zepter Arrows Arrows A19 Arrows V10 AUS BRA ARG SMR ESP MON CAN FRA GBR AUT GER HUN BEL ITA LUX JPN 13th 3 1999 British American Racing BAR 01 Supertec V10 AUS BRA SMR MON ESP CAN FRA GBR 10th 10 1999 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F399 Ferrari V10 AUT GER HUN BEL ITA EUR MAL JPN 10th 10 2000 Red Bull Sauber Petronas Sauber C19 Petronas V10 AUS BRA SMR GBR ESP EUR MON CAN FRA AUT GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN MAL 11th 6 2002 Panasonic Toyota Racing Toyota TF102 Toyota V10 AUS MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN EUR GBR FRA GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN 17th 2 ===Complete CART results=== (key) Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Rank Points 2003 PK Racing STP MTY LBH BRH LAU MIL LS POR CLE TOR VAN ROA MDO MTL DEN MIA MXC SRF FON C † 16th 26 † Cancelled due to California Fires ===24 Hours of Le Mans results=== Year Team Co-drivers Car Class Laps 2003 Audi Sport UK Arena Motorsport Frank Biela Perry McCarthy Audi R8 LMP900 28 DNF DNF 2007 Risi Competizione Johnny Mowlem Jaime Melo Ferrari F430 GT2 GT2 223 DNF DNF 2008 Risi Competizione Gianmaria Bruni Jaime Melo Ferrari F430 GT2 GT2 326 19th 1st 2009 Risi Competizione Jaime Melo Pierre Kaffer Ferrari F430 GT2 GT2 329 18th 1st 2010 AF Corse Luís Pérez Companc Matías Russo Ferrari F430 GT2 GT2 0 DNS DNS 2014 SMP Racing Sergey Zlobin Anton Ladygin Oreca 03R-Nissan LMP2 303 37th 12th ===Complete American Le Mans Series results=== Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rank Points 2003 Audi Sport UK LMP900 Audi R8 Audi 3.6L Turbo V8 SEB ATL SON TRO MOS RDA LGA MIA PET 28th 12 2005 Risi Competizione GT1 Maserati MC12 Maserati 6.0L V12 SEB ATL MDO LIM SON POR RDA MOS PET LGA NC 0 2006 Risi Competizione GT2 Ferrari F430GT Ferrari 4.0L V8 SEB REL MDO LIM MIL POR RDA MOS PET LGA 7th 82 2007 Risi Competizione GT2 Ferrari F430GT Ferrari 4.0L V8 SEB STP LBH REL MIL LIM MDO RDA MOS DET PET LGA 1st 202 2008 Risi Competizione GT2 Ferrari F430GT Ferrari 4.0L V8 SEB STP LBH MIL LIM MDO RDA MOS DET PET LGA 4th 121 2009 Risi Competizione GT2 Ferrari F430GT Ferrari 4.0L V8 SEB STP LBH MIL LIM MDO RDA MOS PET LGA 8th 60 2010 Risi Competizione GT Ferrari F430GT Ferrari 4.0L V8 SEB LBH LGA MIL LIM MDO RDA MOS PET 20th 28 2011 Risi Competizione GT Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 Ferrari 4.5L V8 SEB LBH LIM MOS MDO RDA BAL LGA PET 25th 12 ===Complete GT1 World Championship results=== Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pos Points 2010 Mad-Croc Racing Chevrolet Corvette C6.R ABU QR Ret ABU CR 15 SIL QR SIL CR BRN QR 19 BRN CR 12 PRI QR PRI CR SPA QR SPA CR NÜR QR 15 NÜR CR 23 ALG QR ALG CR NAV QR NAV CR INT QR INT CR SAN QR SAN CR 52nd 0 ===Complete V8 Supercar results=== Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Final pos Points 2010 Walkinshaw Racing YMC R1 YMC R2 BHR R3 BHR R4 ADE R5 ADE R6 HAM R7 HAM R8 QLD R9 QLD R10 WIN R11 WIN R12 HID R13 HID R14 TOW R15 TOW R16 PHI Q PHI R17 BAT R18 SUR R19 SUR R20 SYM R21 SYM R22 SAN R23 SAN R24 SYD R25 SYD R26 NC 0 + 2011 Ford Performance Racing YMC R1 YMC R2 ADE R3 ADE R4 HAM R5 HAM R6 BAR R7 BAR R8 BAR R9 WIN R10 WIN R11 HID R12 HID R13 TOW R14 TOW R15 QLD R16 QLD R17 QLD R18 PHI Q PHI R19 BAT R20 SUR R21 SUR R22 SYM R23 SYM R24 SAN R25 SAN R26 SYD R27 SYD R28 52nd 201 2012 Ford Performance Racing ADE R1 ADE R2 SYM R3 SYM R4 HAM R5 HAM R6 BAR R7 BAR R8 BAR R9 PHI R10 PHI R11 HID R12 HID R13 TOW R14 TOW R15 QLD R16 QLD R17 SMP R18 SMP R19 SAN Q SAN R20 BAT R21 SUR R22 SUR R23 YMC R24 YMC R25 YMC R26 WIN R27 WIN R28 SYD R29 SYD R30 NC 0 † † Not Eligible for points ===Complete International Superstars Series results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 DC Points 2012 Swiss Team Maserati Quattroporte MNZ 1 MNZ 2 IMO 1 IMO 2 DON 1 DON 2 MUG 1 MUG 2 HUN 1 HUN 2 SPA 1 SPA 2 VAL 1 VAL 2 PER 1 PER 2 19th 30 ===Bathurst 12 Hour results=== Year Team Co-drivers Car Class Laps 2013 Maranello Motorsport John Bowe Peter Edwards Allan Simonsen Ferrari 458 GT3 A 111 DNF DNF 2014 Maranello Motorsport John Bowe Peter Edwards Craig Lowndes Ferrari 458 GT3 A 296 1st 1st 2015 Maranello Motorsport Ben Collins Tony D'Alberto Ferrari 458 GT3 A 0 DNS DNS 2016 Maranello Motorsport Tony D'Alberto Grant Denyer Toni Vilander Ferrari 458 GT3 AP 63 DNF DNF ===Complete European Le Mans Series results=== Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 Rank Points 2013 SMP Racing GTC Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 Ferrari 4.5 L V8 SIL IMO RBR HUN LEC 12th 11 2014 SMP Racing GTC Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 Ferrari 4.5 L V8 SIL IMO RBR LEC HUN 28th 4 ===Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results=== Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rank Points 2014 SMP Racing LMP2 Oreca 03R Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8 SIL SPA LMS COA FUJ SHA BHR SÃO 8th 50 ==References== Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Helsinki Category:Finnish racing drivers Category:Finnish Formula One drivers Category:Team Lotus Formula One drivers Category:Tyrrell Formula One drivers Category:Arrows Formula One drivers Category:BAR Formula One drivers Category:Ferrari Formula One drivers Category:Sauber Formula One drivers Category:Toyota Formula One drivers Category:British Formula Three Championship drivers Category:Champ Car drivers Category:Japanese Formula 3000 Championship drivers Category:FIA GT Championship drivers Category:American Le Mans Series drivers Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers Category:Supercars Championship drivers Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Japan Category:Finnish expatriates in Monaco Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:FIA GT1 World Championship drivers Category:Superstars Series drivers Category:Blancpain Endurance Series drivers Category:ADAC GT Masters drivers Category:European Le Mans Series drivers Category:24 Hours of Daytona drivers Category:WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers Category:24 Hours of Spa drivers Category:Finnish expatriates in Estonia Category:Russian Circuit Racing Series drivers Category:SMP Racing drivers Category:AF Corse drivers Category:Arena Motorsport drivers Category:Alan Docking Racing drivers Category:KV Racing Technology drivers Category:Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers |
Osiris (Amon Tomaz) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. This version of the character was a contemporary to Captain Marvel Jr., with a connection to the character Black Adam. Amon Tomaz was a youth who was brutually beaten to near death by members of Intergang, an organized crime group given access to technology by the New Gods of Apokolips. Rescued by his sister and Black Adam, the anti-hero would share a portion of his power, allowing him to become Osiris. The character would serve as a member of the Black Marvel Family, a counterpart to the Marvel Family. After the New 52 reboot, Amon is instead a non-powered teenager, freedom fighter, and translator of the Sons of Adam, a group of revolutionaries whose goals include resurrecting Black Adam. A new incarnation of the character named Behrad Tarazi appeared in the Arrowverse television series Legends of Tomorrow, played by Shayan Sobhian. Amon Tomaz made his live-action debut in the DC Extended Universe film Black Adam (2022), played by Bodhi Sabongui.'Black Adam': 13-Year-Old Bodhi Sabongui Nabs Key Role in New Line's DC Movie (Exclusive)Black Adam - Synopsis ==Publication history== Osiris was first depicted in Teen Titans #38 (September 2006), making his full appearance in 52 #23 (December 2006), created by Geoff Johns, Grant Morrison, Greg Rucka, Mark Waid, Keith Giffen, and Drew Johnson. He appeared extensively in the 2006-2007 weekly series 52. ==Fictional character biography== Osiris first appears in a picture of teen superheroes and was a part of the Teen Titans between the events of the Infinite Crisis and One Year Later. Week 23 of the series 52 reveals that Osiris is Amon Tomaz, brother of the hero Isis.52 Week 23 (October 11, 2006) He is also the brother-in-law of Black Adam. Amon has been repeatedly beaten and tortured by members of the criminal cult Intergang who are trying to brainwash him into joining the cult. He refuses to join them time and again and tries to run away, resulting in the beatings getting worse, as Intergang tries to make sure he will never walk again. He is discovered by the Question and Renee Montoya who alert Isis and Black Adam to his location. The super-powered couple arrive to free him, and Isis discovers that her powers over nature are not enough to heal his wounds as they are too deep, and that Amon will never walk again. Black Adam shares the powers of his gods with the boy, and Amon calls down the mystical lightning by saying his benefactor's name, "Black Adam". He gains the same powers as the rest of the Marvel Family. Amon's paraplegia, empowerment, and age all vaguely resemble Captain Marvel, Jr.'s. During Week 26, he along with Black Adam and his sister, Isis, fly to Nanda Parbat, carrying Renee Montoya and the Question, leaving them there.52 Week 26 (November 1, 2006) Later he feels that he wants friends. He and the other Black Marvels help the other Marvels defeat Sabbac on Halloween using their magic lightning when he tries to sacrifice children to Neron. After doing acts of good and helping people throughout the world, he travels to America to join the Teen Titans, along with his "friend" Sobek, a bioengineered talking crocodile taken from Sivana's labs after being found during a charity dinner with Venus Sivana, who he named. Captain Marvel Jr. was at first skeptical because of Amon's connection to Black Adam, but is emotionally moved by Osiris' eagerness and promises to vouch for him. Junior's only condition is that Osiris must "convince the rest of the world" of his pure intentions. Osiris, filled with hope, accepts. However, shortly afterwards, the Persuader began torturing Isis during a conflict between the Black Adam family and the Suicide Squad with his atomic axe, cutting open her cheek. Angered, Osiris uses too much force and tears Persuader in half, turning public opinion against the Black Marvel family (it's later observed that doctored footage of the attack was broadcast to give the impression Osiris enjoyed the kill by splicing in footage taken from his time with the Teen Titans). Sobek brings him apples and tries to comfort him. Feeling despair over his killing of the Persuader, Osiris travels to the Rock of Eternity to ask Captain Marvel to remove his powers, as he feels they are a curse and are destroying Khandaq. Black Adam and Isis attempt to assure him that his abilities are not evil in nature and he can still do good. Marvel states that Osiris is not a bad person as the Sins (demons imprisoned in Marvel's lair) did not want him. Osiris attacks Black Adam, but stops his anger when he accidentally hits Isis. Osiris relents and returns home with his sister and brother-in-law. Days later, Osiris, still not convinced, plans to leave Khandaq forever with Sobek, who persuades the teenager to reject the powers of Black Adam and revert to Amon to rid himself of his 'curse'. Osiris decides that being unable to walk must be his penance. Osiris does so and is devoured alive by Sobek, who reveals himself as Famine, Horseman of Apokolips. Despite his short time as a Titan, a memorial statue of Osiris has been erected in Titans Tower.Teen Titans (vol. 3) #62 (October 2008) === Blackest Night === Osiris was later reanimated as a Black Lantern.Blackest Night #3 (November 2009) As part of DC's January campaign of bringing back 'dead comic ru-ns', the Black Lantern Osiris featured in the one-shot The Power of Shazam! revival. However, because Black Adam had magically restored Amon's body to its empowered form before its entombment, Osiris was able to resist the ring's control and ultimately severed his own connection, along with that of the Black Lantern Sobek by using his lightning which struck both him and Sobek, finally dying a hero.The Power of Shazam! #48 (March 2010) === Brightest Day === Along with several other heroes and villains Osiris was brought back to life at the end of Blackest Night. Due to being dead during Osiris's tenure with the Titans, Superboy humorously asks Kid Flash who Osiris is, referring to him as "Black Adam Jr.". Osiris ignores his fellow Titans, simply stating that he wishes to return home.Blackest Night #8 (March 2010) Following this, Osiris returns to Khandaq, vowing to restore the kingdom to its former prosperity. Osiris takes the petrified bodies of Black Adam and Isis and flies off to an unknown destination.Brightest Day #0 (April 2010) During a flashback, it is revealed that Osiris attempted to return to the Teen Titans, only to leave in anger after being told by Wonder Girl to turn himself over to the authorities for killing Persuader.Titans (vol. 2) #24 (June 2010) Angered when he discovers that he does not possess the power to restore his loved ones, Osiris enlists in Deathstroke's new team of Titans hoping that the mercenary will be able to help him in his goal. During his first mission with the team, Osiris assists in the murder of Ryan Choi, the fourth Atom. During his confrontation with Choi, Osiris tells the hero that he is sorry that he has to kill him. After the mission, Osiris becomes angered at Deathstroke's choice to name the team after the Teen Titans, claiming that they do not deserve it.Titans: Villains For Hire Special #1 (2010) After the Titans' second mission, Osiris returns to his quarters, in which the statues of Adam and Adrianna are. He notices that Adrianna's statue has changed slightly, developing a crack in her cheek. Osiris sits and meditates, willing that Adrianna shows him the way. The White Lantern symbol appears above him as he does so.Titans (vol. 2) #25 (July 2010) Osiris is soon after contacted by the Entity, who tells him to free Isis.Brightest Day #7 (August 2010) Just prior to being contacted by the Entity, Osiris enters into a verbal altercation with two of his teammates, Cinder and Tattooed Man, and ends up being cut across the face by the latter. Shocked after seeing that Tattooed Man was somehow able to make him bleed, a confused Osiris flies off into the sky, where he is eventually approached by the Entity. After learning that he must free his sister, Osiris muses that he may be able to rescue Black Adam as well, and claims that once his sister and Adam are freed, he will make the Titans regret mistreating him.Titans (vol. 2) #26 (August 2010) During a battle with a drug kingpin named Elijah, Osiris again experiences a vision of Isis after Pisces knocks him out. She tells her brother that he is guilty for his hand in the murder of Ryan Choi, and that to free her, he will have to kill more people, making many more sacrifices. Osiris accidentally electrocutes Elijah after waking from his vision when he yells about Isis, and returns home to find that more cracks have appeared on Isis' statue. He then surmises that it was Elijah's death which caused the cracks, and states that he will indeed have to kill more people to free Isis from her prison.Titans (vol. 2) #27 (September 2010) During a breakout at Arkham Asylum, Osiris is confronted by Killer Croc whom Osiris believes to be his old friend Sobek, who killed him, and brutally attacks him. Osiris kills a guard with lightning, although by doing so he releases all of the prisons' inmates.Titans (vol. 2) #28 (October 2010) While they battle, the new Batman arrives and see Osiris, realising that he has been working with Deathstroke's team.Titans (vol. 2) #29 (November 2010) Batman tries to get Osiris to explain his actions, but Osiris eventually escapes from Arkham Asylum and departs with Deathstroke's team.Titans (vol. 2) #30 (December 2010) Osiris travels to Philadelphia where he brutally kills several armed criminals until Freddy Freeman, the new Shazam, arrives.Titans (vol. 2) #31 (January 2011) Osiris and Freddy fight, with Freddy trying to convince Osiris to stop killing. Osiris tricks Freddy into thinking he has been convinced, then uses the magic lightning to steal Freddy's powers and gives them to Isis, restoring her. The Entity then speaks to Osiris telling him that his mission has been accomplished and his life has been restored. However, Isis' first words to Osiris when he returns to her are "What have you done to me?"Titans (vol. 2) #32 (February 2011) Osiris discovers that the deaths he caused have corrupted Isis' soul, causing her to fluctuate between her normal personality and a cruel callous one. While watching over her, he sees a news report on Khandaq being attacked by Qurac, and returns to find she has escaped.Titans (vol. 2) #33 (March 2011) Isis attempts to commit suicide by lightning to free herself from her corrupted soul, but Osiris shields her with his own body. When they awake, Isis discovers that the corruption has left her, but she still feels it inside Osiris, and it worries her.Titans (vol. 2) #34 (April 2011) Later, Osiris attacks the Qurac soldiers alongside Isis; she learns that Osiris became more violent to killing soldiers. Osiris then join Deathstroke's Titans to attacks Justice League, where they were stopped by Isis and forced them to leave Khandaq. She further uses her rulership to withdraw from the United Nations, and says they will outlaw and recognize no power but their own or risk the starting of World War III. When they leave, Osiris is stunned when his sister, Isis tells him that he is no longer welcome in Khandaq because of his bloodlust.Titans Annual 2011 (July 2011) Upon returning to the labyrinth, Deathstroke reveals to them that his proceeding items were used to create a healing machine called "Methuselah" for his dying son Jericho. After healing Jericho, Deathstroke claims the machine can also resurrect the dead and can bring Black Adam as well. Osiris initially accepts, but after Cinder declares the Device a curse, he joins him and Tattooed Man in fighting the other Titans to destroy the device.Titans (vol. 2) #37 (July 2011) After Cinder sacrifices herself to destroy the device, Osiris leaves with Doctor Sivana in tow. He demands that Doctor Sivana create a new Methuselah Device to restore Black Adam, but Sivana asks in return that he helps him kill the wizard Shazam.Titans (vol. 2) #38 (August 2011) === The New 52 === In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC Universe. Amon Tomas is a young human recruited by the Sons of Adam, a terrorist group working on freeing Khandaq from Ibac's dictatorship. Due to his translating abilities he is tasked in reading an ancient spell to resurrect Black Adam. But before completing it, the military attacks them. Mortally injured, Amon makes his sister Adrianna complete the spell which revives Black Adam. Justice League of America v3, 7.4 (November 2013) === DC Rebirth === During the 2016 "Shazam! and the Seven Magiclands" storyline, it is revealed that Isis and Osiris's (Adrianna and Amon)'s prior history as the super-powered Black Marvel Family was restored although they died under unknown circumstances years prior. Mister Mind and Doctor Sivanna would later attempt to recruit Black Adam into his Monster Society of Evil by tempting him with the power of the Darklands, which Mind claimed could resurrect those who've he tried to in the past, including Amon and Adrianna. == Other characters named Osiris == ===Agent of the Overmaster=== Osiris appeared in Justice League International vol. II #42 (March 1994) and was created by Gerard Jones and Charles Wojtkiewicz. He appeared monthly in that title and its companions, Justice League America and Justice League Task Force until August 1994. Osiris is an Egyptian hero who wears a high-tech suit of golden armor and believes he is the god Osiris re- incarnate. He first appeared as an agent of the Overmaster and a member of the Cadre of the Immortal. After the Immortal's death, Osiris finally perceived the true threat of the Overmaster, he, Seneca and Mohammed Ibn Bornu allied themselves with the Justice League to stop the Overmaster.The Unofficial Osiris Biography ===God of death=== This Osiris appeared in the one-shot Sandman Presents: The Thessaliad #1 (March 2002) and was created by Bill Willingham and Shawn McManus. Osiris is the Egyptian god of death, fertility, and resurrection. He is also the lord of the Egyptian underworld and was appointed to be one of three judges of the deceased, alongside Thoth and Anubis. In modern times, Osiris and the death gods Hel, Morrigan and Pluto conspired to steal the life force of a young girl named Thessaly, because of her status as the last Thessalian witch. Their scheme failed and the young witch dismembered the Ibis-headed immortal and scattered his body parts across time and space.The Unofficial Osiris BiographySandman Presents: The Thessaliad #1 (March 2002) ==Powers and abilities== As a ordinary human, Amon possessed no special abilities but he was a bass guitar player. In the New 52, the character possessed an astute understanding of Egyptian and Kahndaqi mythology, granting him an understanding of Shazam's history (regarding it as legend). He also possess some magical potential due to the understanding, being the one to have succeeded in preparing a resurrection spell from the Book of the Dead to resurrect Black Adam. === Powers of SHAZAM === Typically, Osiris's powers can change his form at will by saying the name of his benefactor ("Black Adam"), granting him a super-powered form typically granting him access to a portion of Black Adam's powers, which are stated to be derived from Egyptian deities. After his resurrection, his powers were enhanced to further levels. S Stamina of Shu Granting Amon superhuman stamina and acts as the counterpart of "Stamina of Allows" allowing him to fight indefinitely without the requirement to eat, sleep, or breathing and allows him to maintain his superpowered form indefinitely. H Swiftness of Heru Grants Amon superhuman speed, reflexes, and flight, being the counterpart of Shazam's "Speed of Mercury". A Strength of Amon Grants Amon superhuman strength. According to Atom, his strength level is at a Kryptonian-level. Z Wisdom of Zeuheti Grants Amon enhanced wisdom, acting as a counterpart of Shazam's "Wisdom of Solomon" although the specifics of Amon's usage of it has yet to be defined. A Power of Aten Grants Amon various powers derived from the Egyptian Aten, being the counterpart of Shazam's "Power of Zeus"; it powers the lightinng provided by Amon's transformation and allows potential for arcane abilities. Amon showcased some abilities in casting spells and magic when he attempted to resurrect his sister and brother-in-law. M Courage of Mehen Grants Amon physical and magical invulnerability, acting as a counterpart of Shazam's "Courage of Achilles". This power allowed him to resist the mind control abilities of the Black Lantern rings. ==== Power of Isis ==== While in his transformed form, Osiris can alternatively invoke "Isis", granting him similar abilities of power seen with the Power of Aten such as projecting powerful bolts of lightning onto even himself without risking transforming him back. The power of the lightning is capable disintegrating his opponents. However, his most notable power that differs form his usual abilities includes being able to depower other beings using the powers of SHAZAM, as he demonstrated when he depowered Freddy Freeman of his Captain Marvel form to resurrect his sister, as reviving her required the power of a god. ==Other versions== ===Flashpoint=== In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Osiris is a prince of Kahndaq and member of the H.I.V.E. council. He voted for using nuclear weapons to end the war in Western Europe between Aquaman and Wonder Woman, believing the death of his sister, Isis was caused by them. When Traci Thirteen battles the council, she is able to defeat him by casting spells ending in her saying 'Shazam!' causing Osiris to turn back.Flashpoint: The World of Flashpoint #1 (June 2011) ==In other media== * A character inspired by Amon Tomaz named Behrad Tarazi appears in Legends of Tomorrow, portrayed by Shayan Sobhian as an adult and by Bodhi Sabongui in flashbacks. He originally hails from a possible dystopian future in 2042, in which he possessed aerokinesis via the Air Totem before he was killed by A.R.G.U.S. After the Legends erase the dystopian future, a revived and altered Behrad joins them. * Amon Tomaz appears in Black Adam, portrayed by Bodhi Sabongui. This version is Adrianna Tomaz's teenage son who is a fan of superheroes and keeps Teth-Adam in his room, following him after his escape. Later, he finds out that Ishmael Gregor, his mother's partner, is actually the militant leader of Intergang, and escapes with Crown of Sabbac, but is captured. Upon being saved by Adam from being killed by Ishmael, he discovers that Ishmael's death allowed him to be reborn as the demon Sabbac. Amon, Adrianna and Karim rally the people of Khandaq to fight Sabbac's skeleton army while Teth-Adam and the Justice Society defeat Sabbac. ==Collected editions== *Blackest Night: Rise of the Black Lanterns (collects The Power of Shazam! #48) *Titans: Villains for Hire (collects Titans 24-27 and Titans: Villains for Hire Special #1) ==References== ==External links== * DCU Guide: Osiris, Agent of the Overmaster * DCU Guide: Osiris, Egyptian deity Category:Characters created by Keith Giffen Category:Characters created by Geoff Johns Category:Characters created by Grant Morrison Category:Characters created by Greg Rucka Category:Characters created by Mark Waid Category:Comics characters introduced in 1994 Category:Comics characters introduced in 2002 Category:Comics characters introduced in 2006 Category:DC Comics characters with superhuman strength Category:DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters Category:DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds Category:DC Comics characters who can teleport Category:DC Comics characters who use magic Category:DC Comics deities Category:DC Comics male supervillains Category:DC Comics male superheroes Category:Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities Category:Fictional characters with eidetic memory Category:Fictional characters with precognition Category:Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities Category:Fictional characters who can manipulate time Category:Egyptian mythology in comics Category:Mythology in DC Comics Category:Egyptian superheroes Category:Marvel Family Category:Black Adam |
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe (; ; born 26 December 1978) is an Iranian-British dual citizen who was detained in Iran from 3 April 2016 as part of a long running dispute between Britain and Iran. In early September 2016, she was sentenced to five years in prison after being found guilty of plotting to topple the Iranian government. While in prison, she went on at least three hunger strikes trying to persuade Iranian authorities to provide medical treatment for her health problems. She was temporarily released on 17 March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, but subject to electronic monitoring. In October 2017, the prosecutor general of Tehran made a new claim that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was being held for running "a BBC Persian online journalism course which was aimed at recruiting and training people to spread propaganda against Iran". Zaghari-Ratcliffe has always denied the spying charges against her, and her husband maintains that his wife "was imprisoned as leverage for a debt owed by the UK over its failure to deliver tanks to Iran in 1979." On 7 March 2021, her original sentence ended, but she was scheduled to face a second set of charges on 14 March. On 26 April, she was found guilty of propaganda activities against the government and sentenced to another year in prison. She appealed but on 16 October 2021, her appeal was rejected by the Iranian court. Zaghari-Ratcliffe was finally released on 16 March 2022 immediately after Britain repaid the outstanding debt of £393.8 million to Iran. She returned to the United Kingdom the next day. ==Early life and education== Nazanin Zaghari was born and brought up in Tehran and studied English literature at the University of Tehran, before becoming an English teacher. Following the 2003 Bam earthquake she worked as a translator in the relief effort for the Japan International Cooperation Agency. She later worked for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and then moved to the World Health Organization as a communications officer. In 2007, Zaghari-Ratcliffe moved to the UK after receiving a scholarship to study for a Masters in Communication Management at London Metropolitan University. thumb|With husband Richard Ratcliffe, 2011 Shortly after her arrival in the UK she met her future husband, Richard Ratcliffe, through mutual friends. The couple married in August 2009 in Winchester and their daughter was born in June 2014. Zaghari-Ratcliffe became a British citizen in 2013. Zaghari- Ratcliffe used to return to Iran from time to time enabling her parents to see her daughter. When travelling to Iran she would always do so on her Iranian passport, as required by Iranian law. Zaghari-Ratcliffe used her British passport for all other international travel. Zaghari-Ratcliffe worked for the BBC World Service Trust from February 2009 to October 2010, then worked at the Thomson Reuters Foundation as a project coordinator before taking on the role of a project manager. ==Arrest and trial== On 17 March 2016, Zaghari-Ratcliffe travelled to visit her family for Nowruz (Iranian New Year) with her 22-month- old daughter. On 3 April 2016, members of Iran's Revolutionary Guard arrested her at the Imam Khomeini Airport as she and her daughter were about to board a flight back to the UK. Her daughter's British passport was confiscated during the arrest, but later returned, and she remained in Iran under the care of her maternal grandparents so she could visit her mother. The reason for her arrest was unclear. Zaghari-Ratcliffe had worked for the BBC World Service Trust (now called BBC Media Action) between February 2009 and October 2010. This is an international charity that provided training courses to Iranian citizen journalists and bloggers in its Iran Media Development Project's ZigZag magazine and associated radio programme. Iranian fundamentalists seemed to believe the BBC was a tool for British espionage and in 2014, several graduates were convicted and sentenced by Iran to up to 11 years in jail for their participation in these courses. BBC Media Action described her role there as "junior and purely administrative". By the time of her arrest, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was working for the Thomson Reuters Foundation. CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, Monique Villa, said “Nazanin has been working at the Thomson Reuters Foundation for the past four years as a project coordinator in charge of grants applications and training, and had no dealing with Iran in her professional capacity.” In early September 2016, Zaghari- Ratcliffe was sentenced to five years in prison for allegedly plotting to overthrow the Iranian government. The prosecutor general of Tehran stated in October 2017 that she was imprisoned for running "...a BBC Persian online journalism course which was aimed at recruiting and training people to spread propaganda against Iran". ==Imprisonment== On 23 August 2018, Zaghari- Ratcliffe was released on temporary licence for three days, which is standard practice prior to lengthier releases. However, Zaghari-Ratcliffe suffered from panic attacks after returning to prison, and regretted having been given the temporary release. Her husband said the temporary licence was a "cruel game" subject to conditions including the monitoring of her movements. In late September 2018, when questioned about the Zaghari-Ratcliffe case, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani acknowledged awareness of the case (though denying knowledge of its specifics), and noted that "new charges [had been] brought against her." Rouhani compared the imprisonment of foreigners in Iran to the imprisonment of Iranians in Western countries, saying that leaders on both sides were denying power over the decisions of their own judiciary, and that "we must all" exert "a constant, concerted effort... so... all prisoners must be free... but it must be a path that travels both ways."Rouhani, Hassan (President of Iran), with Christiane Amanpour: interview (video and transcript), 1 October 2018 (replay of excerpt of 30 September 2018 interview), Amanpour and Company, PBS-TV, retrieved 13 November 2021. In March 2019, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) granted Zaghari- Ratcliffe diplomatic protection, raising the status of her case from a consular matter to a dispute between the two governments. Iran argues the designation is contrary to international law, the Master Nationality Rule, with Iran's ambassador in London stating "Governments may only exercise such protection for own nationals, ... Iran does not recognise dual nationality". On 11 October 2019, Zaghari-Ratcliffe's daughter returned to her father in the United Kingdom to start school. In December 2019, the prosecutor general of Iran denied conditional release for Nazanin Zaghari, which was requested by her lawyer. In March 2020, at the height of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran – when Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei announced plans to pardon 10,000 prisoners and temporarily release 85,000 to fight a surge of COVID-19 infections in prisonsRichard Ratcliffe with Christiane Amanpour: "British-Iranian Woman Temporarily Released from Iranian Jail," 19 March 2020, Amanpour and Company, PBS-TV, retrieved 13 November 2021. – Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released on a temporary basis. Her husband reported that she had been sick for two weeks with COVID-19 symptoms, but had not been tested, and did not require hospitalization. While on parole, she lived at her parents' house in Tehran, but was required to wear an electronic tag and remain within 300 metres of the house. She was able to make video calls for several hours a day to her husband and daughter. Her parole was later extended until 18 April. Her release was again extended in April, to 20 May according to her husband. Her family said on 20 May that her release had been extended indefinitely. On 8 September 2020, Iranian state media said that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was facing new charges. On 13 September, her trial was postponed. It was scheduled for 2 November in October. No British officials were allowed to observe it despite repeated requests. Zaghari-Ratcliffe's sentence ended on 7 March 2021. The day before, Nazanin's husband, Richard Ratcliffe expressed that he and his daughter were waiting "very anxiously" for the release. He also said that they were not sure if she'd be released, as "the arrangements haven't been clarified". She was freed as scheduled but with a new court case against her booked for 14 March. On that date she appeared on charges of propaganda against the regime and was told to expect a verdict within seven working days. On 26 April, 2021, she was found guilty of propaganda activities against the government and sentenced to one year in prison, and banned from leaving Iran for a year. Her lawyer said that she had been accused of taking part in a demonstration in London 12 years ago, and giving an interview to the BBC Persian service. == Prisoners swap dispute == On 24 April 2019, Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif suggested an official swap between Zaghari-Ratcliffe and Negar Ghodskani, an Iranian citizen being held in Australia on a US extradition warrant. Britain has rejected a prisoner-swap proposal by Iran's foreign minister, calling it a "vile" diplomatic manoeuvre. An Iranian state TV report quoted an anonymous Iran official on 2 May 2021 stating that the United Kingdom had agreed to settle its debt of £400 million, in return for her release. The British government denied this on the next day, saying the negotiations about the debt, accrued due to it not delivering tanks to Iran as agreed in a deal in the 1970s, were separate from her case and still ongoing. == 1971 arms deal dispute == In February 2018, Richard Ratcliffe said he believed his wife's release was dependent on the interest on a £450 million debt the UK has owed to Iran since the 1970s for a cancelled arms deal. In October 2019 he repeated the claim with more detail, stating that a UK government agency was using "every legal roadblock to delay and minimise the payment". In 1971, the Iranian government, then under the Shah of Iran, paid Britain for an order for more than 1,500 Chieftain tanks and other armoured vehicles as part of a £650 million deal. When the Shah's regime fell, Britain cancelled the undelivered part of the order and the Islamic regime asked for a partial refund on undelivered tanks. A legal dispute had existed between Britain and Iran ever since. In May 2021, after his wife had her sentence extended yet again, Richard Ratcliffe wrote a piece for Declassified UK, in which he stated that the UK's secretive, unaccountable arms export is a danger to Nazanin and British citizens everywhere. In January 2016, the United States refunded Iran $400 million for undelivered military equipment which was associated with the release of four Iranian-Americans, including Washington Post journalist Jason Rezaian, which could be viewed as a precedent for Zaghari-Ratcliffe's situation. Zaghari-Ratcliffe was allegedly told by her military interrogators of the link between her detention and the disputed arms deal. This claim was denied by both the Iranian Foreign Ministry and the British Foreign Office, with the latter stating: Richard Ratcliffe reaffirmed his belief that his wife was being used as a bargaining chip in the dispute over the unpaid IMS debt and talks over the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action nuclear enrichment deal with Iran. However he believed recent reports on Iranian TV suggested the governments were in the middle of negotiations. On 2 May 2021 British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab said Iran was using Zaghari-Ratcliffe in "a cat-and- mouse game", and her treatment "amounts to torture". The debt repayment deal failed, which Prime Minister Boris Johnson later explained as "difficult to settle and square away for all sorts of reasons to do with sanctions". On 16 March 2022, Foreign Secretary Liz Truss announced that after months of negotiations the government had paid the debt of £393.8 million to Iran, ring- fenced for humanitarian use only. The same day the travel ban on Zaghari- Ratcliffe was rescinded and she flew back to the UK. On 21 March 2022, the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee announced it would hold an inquiry into the delay in paying the debt to Iran. The former Middle East minister Alistair Burt had written to the committee stating that even while in office he could not discover which part of government was resisting paying the debt, and suggested the committee should now investigate. == Release campaign == === Her husband Richard Ratcliffe === On 7 May 2016, Zaghari-Ratcliffe's husband Richard Ratcliffe launched an online petition urging both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Iran's supreme leader to take appropriate action to secure the safe return of his wife and daughter. The petition now has over 3.5 million supporters in 155 countries. The Prime Minister had pledged to meet Richard Ratcliffe but no date had been agreed. In June 2019, both Richard and Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe went on hunger strike, in protest at Nazanin's imprisonment, with Richard Ratcliffe camping outside the Iranian Embassy in London. They both ended the hunger strike on 29 June 2019, after 15 days. In September 2021, Richard Ratcliffe and the release campaigns called on the British government to sanction individual Iranian officials involved with the detention with asset freezes and travel bans. Richard Ratcliffe called the detention "hostage-taking". On 24 October 2021, Richard Ratcliffe went on a second hunger strike to persuade the British government to expand the efforts in calling for his wife’s release from Iran’s detention. His hunger strike took place outside the Foreign Office in London. On 9 November 2021, the 17th day of his hunger strike, there was mounting concern over his health. On 13 November 2021, Richard Ratcliffe ended his hunger strike after 21 days, stating that their daughter "needs two parents". === Boris Johnson comments=== A central part of Zaghari-Ratcliffe's defence was that she was there on a holiday and never worked to train journalists in the country.Jack Straw with Christiane Amanpour: interview (video and transcript), 26 July 2019, Amanpour and Company, PBS-TV, retrieved 13 November 2021. However, on 1 November 2017, the then-British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said "When we look at what Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe was doing, she was simply teaching people journalism, as I understand it, at the very limit." These remarks appeared to have put her at risk, prompting condemnation from Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn, who called for Johnson to be sacked. Her employer, Thomson Reuters Foundation, called on Johnson to "immediately correct the serious mistake he made" in this statement. They added "She is not a journalist and has never trained journalists at the Thomson Reuters Foundation". Four days later, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was returned to court in Iran where the Foreign Secretary's statement was cited as evidence against her. Zaghari-Ratcliffe was thought likely to appear in court again on 10 December 2017 to face additional charges relating to her work for the BBC World Service Trust; however, Iranian court officials released a statement that no new charges had been raised and these reports were false. Johnson visited Tehran on 9 December 2017, raising the case of Zaghari-Ratcliffe. === United Nations === The United Nations has on several occasions called for Zaghari-Ratcliffe's release. On 7 October 2016, the United Nations rapporteur on human rights in Iran, Ahmed Shaheed, called on Iran to immediately release Zaghari-Ratcliffe. The call was repeated a year later by Shaheed's successor, Asma Jahangir, as well as by José Antonio Guevara Bermúdez, Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: "We consider that Ms. Zaghari-Ratcliffe has been arbitrarily deprived of her liberty and that her right to a fair trial before an independent and impartial tribunal has been violated … These are flagrant violations of Iran's obligations under international law". The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention had also formally called for her immediate release in its Opinion 28/2016, adopted in August 2016. Further calls for Zaghari- Ratcliffe's release have been made by the US Congress, the Canadian Parliament, and the European Parliament. === Coronavirus pandemic === In February 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread to Iran, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was suspected of falling ill with COVID-19 from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Her family called on the UK and Iranian governments to ensure that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was tested for the virus and received proper medical treatment. However, Iran's judiciary spokesman Gholamhossein Esmaili said she did not have coronavirus and was in "good health". Gholamhossein also described reports of her infection as "propaganda". On 17 March, she was temporarily freed for two weeks, which was later extended indefinitely. After her new trial was postponed in September, the Foreign Office called for her to be permanently released. Kate Allen, director of Amnesty International UK, called it nonsense that the trial had been moved, saying she had already faced an unjust trial. She accused the Iranian government of playing cruel political games on her and asked the British government to work harder for her release. === Consular assistance === In December 2020, in relation to Zaghari-Ratcliffe's imprisonment it was widely reported that British citizens arrested abroad do not have a right to government help or protection even if they are being tortured. However, in normal circumstances, British citizens abroad are eligible for consular assistance in times of need. The legal difficulty for the British Foreign Office in this particular case is that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was arrested in the country of her birth citizenship and in a country which does not recognise dual nationality for Iranian citizens. Furthermore, during her visits to Iran, Zaghari-Ratcliffe entered the country using her Iranian passport. The FCDO have acknowledged the risk to dual nationals of arrest and detention in its travel advice to persons travelling to Iran. == Release == Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released, together with Anoosheh Ashoori, on 16 March 2022. Boarding a Royal Air Force of Oman plane, the pair arrived in Muscat that day and returned to the United Kingdom the next day in a government- chartered flight to RAF Brize Norton. The decision to release her has been linked to the UK's payment of the £393.8 million debt related to the unfulfilled arms deal in the 1970s, although the Iranian government have denied this, and British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss called them "parallel issues". Other factors which have been described as contributory included her family's campaigning, British diplomacy's focus on the issue and an alignment of interests between the two countries during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. English humanitarian Terry Waite, who was held captive for four years in Lebanon from 1987 to 1991, said that Zaghari-Ratcliffe "should tell her story". Zaghari-Ratcliffe said in a press conference soon after her release that the feeling of returning home was "precious" and "glorious" but also criticised the government's response to her imprisonment commenting that "I have seen five foreign secretaries change over the course of six years. How many foreign secretaries does it take for someone to come home?" and "We all know… how I came home. It should have happened exactly six years ago." Former foreign secretary Jeremy Hunt sympathised with this, arguing on social media that "Those criticising Nazanin [for her views on her imprisonment] have got it so wrong. She doesn't owe us gratitude: we owe her an explanation. She's absolutely right that it took too long to bring her home." ==Mahsa Amini protests== Because of the Mahsa Amini protests, Zaghari-Ratcliffe cut her hair publicly as a symbol of opposition to tyranny in the Islamic Republic of Iran. ==Media== On 28 December 2022, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was the guest editor on the Today (BBC Radio 4) programme. She told Andy Murray that had she had experienced a rare moment of joy during her imprisonment when her captors gave her a television, on which she saw him win the Men's singles at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships. == See also == * Hostage diplomacy * Iran–United Kingdom relations * List of foreign nationals detained in Iran * Anoosheh Ashoori * Marjan Davari * Kamal Foroughi * Ghoncheh Ghavami ==References== ==External links== Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:University of Tehran alumni Category:Alumni of London Metropolitan University Category:British people imprisoned in Iran Category:Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom Category:Iranian prisoners and detainees Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:People convicted of espionage in Iran Category:People convicted of spreading propaganda against the system by the Islamic Republic of Iran Category:BBC 100 Women |
Glinda is a fictional character created by L. Frank Baum for his Oz novels. She first appears in Baum's 1900 children's classic The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and is the most powerful sorceress in the Land of Oz, ruler of the Quadling Country South of the Emerald City, and protector of Princess Ozma. ==Literature== ===L. Frank Baum=== Baum's 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz refers to Glinda as the "Good Witch of the South"; she does not appear in the novel until late in its development. After the Wizard flies away in his balloon, the Cowardly Lion, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Dorothy, and Toto travel South to the land of the Quadlings to ask Glinda for her advice.Baum, L. Frank, Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), Ch. 18 In the well-known 1939 film version, Glinda is a composite character with the Witch of the North. Later books call her a "Sorceress" rather than a "witch",Michael O. Riley, Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum, p 104, though Baum's writings make clear that he did not view witches as inherently wicked. In the books, Glinda is depicted as a beautiful young woman with long, rich rare red hair and blue eyes, wearing a pure white dress. She is much older than her appearance would suggest, but "knows how to keep young in spite of the many years she has lived" - a fact that is established in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by the Soldier with the Green Whiskers. She has ruled the Quadling Country ever since she overthrew the Wicked Witch of the South during the period when Ozma's grandfather was king of Oz. Glinda plays the most active role in finding and restoring Princess Ozma, the rightful heir, to the throne of Oz, the search for whom takes place in the second book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, although Glinda had been searching for Ozma ever since the princess disappeared as a baby. It may well be that she did not overthrow the Wicked Witches of the East and West, despite being more powerful than they were, because she wanted all of Oz to be unified under its rightful ruler, Ozma, first. After Ozma's ascent to the throne, Glinda continues to help the Princess of Oz shape the future of the Land of Oz as a whole, no longer confining her powers to guarding her Quadling Kingdom in the South alone; true to her character, Glinda does not interfere in affairs of State unless Ozma seeks her counsel or help specifically. In addition to her vast knowledge of magic, Glinda employs various tools, charms, and instruments in her workshop. The Emerald City of Oz reveals that she owns a Great Book of Records that allows her to track everything that goes on in the world from the instant it happens. Starting with The Road to Oz she trains the formerly humbug Wizard in magic; he becomes a formidable practitioner, but acknowledges that she is more powerful yet. Glinda lives in a palace near the Northern border of the Quadling Country, attended by fifty beautiful maidens from each country of Oz.Baum, L. Frank, The Scarecrow of Oz (1915), Ch. 13 She also employs a large army of female soldiers, with which she takes on General Jinjur's Army of Revolt, who had conquered the Emerald City in The Marvelous Land of Oz. Men are not prominent in Glinda's court. Glinda is strongly protective of her subjects in the South. She creates walled, gated communities for the rabbits of Bunnybury and the paper dolls of Miss Cuttenclip, showing a personal interest in the concerns of not only the humanoid Quadlings, but also the other inhabitants of her jurisdiction. In The Emerald City of Oz, when Ozma goes to consult Glinda about the security of her Ozian citizens, the Sorceress seals off all of Oz from the Great Outside World, making Oz invisible to the eyes of mortals flying overhead in airplanes and such. However, unlike Ozma, Glinda is willing to ignore strife and oppression in remote corners of Oz like Jinxland and the Skeezer territory as long as it does not threaten the Emerald City or innocent outsiders. The readers are left with the sense that Glinda is experienced and seasoned to the point of knowing that there is not a magic cure for everything, and that certain things cannot be changed or perhaps should not be changed for better or for worse. One of the more obscure facts about Glinda is that she created the Forbidden Fountain with the Waters of Oblivion, at the center of Oz, whose waters redeemed a former King of Oz who was exceptionally cruel. This happened "many centuries ago" according to Ozma (again alluding to Glinda's advanced age), and it is this fountain that saves Oz from the invading Nome King and his allies in The Emerald City of Oz, by making them forget their nefarious intentions. Glinda clearly made the Fountain at a point in Oz's history when the Land was unified under one of the members of the Royal Family of Oz, albeit a tyrannical king in this isolated incident, and so she was able to intervene in a way that she could not when the country was divided between the Wizard and the Wicked Witches of the East and West et al., prior to Dorothy's arrival. Most intriguingly, in The Emerald City of Oz, when the Nome King considers invading Oz, he is told by a minion, General Guph, that Glinda the Good's castle is located "at the North of the Emerald City," when it has been established that Glinda rules the South, while another Witch (the one who welcomed Dorothy to Oz, and was retroactively named Tattypoo) reigned in the North. Guph may have gotten his facts muddled, as none of the Gnomes had been to Oz at that time, but it portends the depiction of Glinda as the Good Witch of the North rather than the South in the 1939 MGM film (which is the most widely known version of Oz to date). General Guph also tells the Nome King that Glinda "commands the spirits of the air,". As mentioned above, he is not an expert on Oz, but this statement made by Guph once again foreshadows a much later cinematic rendition of Glinda, in the film version of the Broadway musical The Wiz in which Glinda (played by Lena Horne) and the original (played by Billie Burke) is responsible for the twister that brings Dorothy's house to Oz and sets all subsequent events into motion. Of all the characters in L. Frank Baum's Oz, Glinda is the most enigmatic. Despite being titled "Glinda the Good," she is not a one-dimensional caricature whose sole purpose is to embody and generate all that is generically considered "good," as indicated above. She ultimately becomes the adult anchor in the Oz books, because she is never distracted or swayed, and always maintains absolute firmness of purpose - something that cannot be said for the other adult characters in the series such as the Wizard and the Shaggy Man or even the Good Witch of the North. They all fall short of Glinda's wisdom and resoluteness. In Baum's final book, Glinda of Oz, we learn that Glinda resides in a castle with one hundred of the most beautiful women in Oz at her beck and call. In Alexander Volkov's Magic Land series, the witch is called Stella and appears very rarely. However, she is often referred to by the author and the characters and always offers people help or refuge during hard times. She is described as a golden-haired eternally young beauty in a pink dress. She rules the Pink Country which is inhabited by the tribe of Chatterboxes. She seems to be a good friend of the Winged Monkeys ever since releasing them. In Philip Jose Farmer's novel A Barnstormer in Oz, Glinda is portrayed as young and beautiful enough to attract the protagonist, though the interest is not mutual. ===Wicked (novel)=== In Gregory Maguire's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, she is initially called "Galinda," and (through her mother) is descended from the noble clan of the Arduennas of the Upland. Her character is seen extensively in the first half of the novel, but disappears for most of the second half, compared to her musical counterpart. Though originally snobbish and superficial, she is also intelligent enough to be accepted to Shiz University's Crage Hall, where she is assigned to share a room with Elphaba. After a long period of mutual loathing, the two girls later become close friends. Galinda drops the first 'a' in her name in the middle of the story, in tribute to Doctor Dillamond, a martyred Goat who taught at Shiz (Dillamond made the habitual mistake of calling her "Glinda" instead of "Galinda" while they shared a carriage, before her arrival to the university). The Goat's death also prompts Glinda to re-evaluate her life, and she dedicates herself to studying sorcery, at which she proves to be quite skilled. It is stated that she marries Sir Chuffrey in the second half of the novel, and they have no children. She initially dislikes Elphaba's sister Nessarose (who goes on to become the Wicked Witch of the East), but becomes close to her after Elphaba leaves Shiz, and enchants the Silver Shoes that enable Nessarose to walk without any assistance. As in the original Oz books, she is revered as a powerful sorceress. Maguire follows the 1939 movie in having Glinda ultimately become the Witch of the North, not the South. Glinda also appears in Son of a Witch, Maguire's sequel to Wicked, now widowed from Sir Chuffrey. ==Films and popular culture== === The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908) === In The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, Glinda was portrayed by Evelyn Judson. She was played by Olive Cox in the 1910 version of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In the latter, she appears in one scene in which she enlarges Toto to make him a better protector for Dorothy. ===The Wizard of Oz – 1939 MGM film=== In the 1939 film version of The Wizard of Oz, Glinda is the Good Witch of the North. She is played in the film by Billie Burke. Glinda performs the functions of not only the novel's Good Witch of the North and Good Witch of the South, but also the novel's Queen of Field Mice, by being the one who welcomes Dorothy to Oz, sends her "off to see the Wizard," and orchestrates her rescue from the deadly poppy field in addition to revealing the secret to going back home. Like Aunt Em and Uncle Henry, who do not have Oz counterparts, Glinda does not have a sepia-tone Kansas counterpart. However, when performed on stage, the actress playing Aunt Em will sometimes also play Glinda. === The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969) === In The Wonderful Land of Oz, Glinda is played by Hilary Lee Gaess; her singing voice was dubbed. She is portrayed as much younger than the Billie Burke incarnation, although her pink costume/gown is similar. She sings 2 stirring solos titled "Try To Touch a Star" and "I've Watched Over You." In the latter song, she makes the touching and astute observation that the Scarecrow possesses not only a brain, but also a heart (at least metaphorically). She is able to summon the powers of "all the good fairies" when restoring Princess Ozma to her rightful form, almost making her equal to L. Frank Baum's Queen Lurline (whereas Baum's Glinda is a stately sorceress showing no association with fairy magic or "unscrupulous" witchcraft, insisting that the witch Mombi herself disenchant Ozma unlike in this film). Apart from undoing Mombi's evil magic herself, this incarnation of Glinda also tells the old Gillikin witch that she has "allowed" her to practice some of her "less horrible tricks" thus far, suggesting that every practitioner of magic in Oz is ultimately answerable to Glinda should they go too far. === Filmation's Journey Back to Oz (1972) === In Journey Back to Oz, the unofficial sequel to the 1939 film,The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline operatic mezzo-soprano Risë Stevens provides the voice of "Glinda, the Good Fairy" as she is described in the opening title sequence (however, the Cowardly Lion refers to her as the Good Witch of the North later in the film). In L. Frank Baum's novel, The Lost Princess of Oz, the Wizard says: "Ozma is a fairy, and so is Glinda, so no power can kill or destroy them, but you girls are all mortals and so are Button-Bright and I, so we must watch out for ourselves." However, the only fact established by this statement is that Glinda is one of Oz's "fairy people" (L. Frank Baum's term for anyone native to an enchanted land) rather than a Fairy proper. Even the citizens of Oz who do not possess magical powers are referred to as "fairy people" by Baum in The Emerald City of Oz, meaning that they are not mortals like Dorothy and the Wizard who were born in the outside world. In this film, it is revealed that this Glinda's magic is no match for Mombi's (the exact opposite was true in Baum's original books). Still, she helps Dorothy confront Mombi and her army of green elephants in a way that evokes the help offered by the Queen of Field Mice in Baum's The Land of Oz. She sings a climactic song called "You Have Only You (To Look To)" to Dorothy, making her look inside herself for the strength that is not forthcoming from old companions such as the Tin Woodman and the Cowardly Lion. In this regard, Glinda reveals how in touch she is with stark reality, a trait that hearkens back to Baum's original Glinda. At the end of the film, she sends Dorothy back to Kansas by conjuring up another tornado. This too is in keeping with L. Frank Baum's original Glinda, who had the power to "command the spirits of the air" according to The Emerald City of Oz. === The Wizard of Oz (1982) === In the 1982 film The Wizard of Oz, Glinda, looking very young and with long blonde hair, voiced by Wendy Thatcher, claims to be the sister of the Good Witch of the North despite the appearance of quite a large age gap (Baum did always say she is much older than she looks), and appears in the Emerald City in a deus ex machina similar to the MGM film. === Return to Oz (1985) === Glinda appears in Return to Oz. She is seen in the background at the coronation of Princess Ozma. === The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986 anime) === In Panmedia's 1986 animated series, Glinda is portrayed as a tall and very slender sorceress with long blue hair. It is she who offers to make Dorothy a Princess of Oz in this series, during their very first encounter, but Dorothy maintains that she wishes to return to Kansas. In Baum's The Land of Oz, Glinda categorically states that she does not engage in "transformations" because "they are not real", but in this series, the Good Witch transforms into an eagle in order to pursue Mombi, who attempts to fly away from the Emerald City in the form of a dragon. After restoring Princess Ozma to the throne, Glinda uses her magic on Mombi and Jinjur to make them reform, when the witch and the rebel queen refuse to mend their villainous ways. Having thus changed Mombi and Jinjur's inherent natures, Glinda ensures that they will never create trouble for anyone again. Glinda entrusts Dorothy with the task of preparing Ozma for her official coronation ceremony, confident that the maturer Dorothy will mould the series' playful young Ozma into a responsible queen. As the series draws to an end, Glinda telepathically contacts and saves Dorothy from falling to her death from a tower, following a confrontation with the Nome King and his minions. ===DiC's The Wizard of Oz (1990)=== Glinda appears in The Wizard of Oz voiced by B.J. Ward. Glinda's portrayal in this short-lived series is much more in keeping with the 1939 MGM film, although the character looks significantly younger than Billie Burke did, wears a white gown with pink embroidery (rather than a wholly pink gown), and has blonde hair. However, her voice and her personality are extremely close to the 1939 version of this Oz character. She arranges for Dorothy to return to the Land of Oz by means of the Ruby Slippers, because the Wicked Witch of the West has been brought back to life, and Glinda needs Dorothy's help to set things right again. ===Wild at Heart (1990)=== Actress Sheryl Lee portrays a version of the Good Witch, who appears in a hallucination to Nicolas Cage's character, Sailor Ripley, in David Lynch's 1990 black comedy thriller Wild at Heart. Glinda persuades Sailor to return to Lula Fortune (Laura Dern), his lover, and Pace, his six-year-old son during an hallucinatory conversation with her near the end of the film. ===The Oz Kids (1996)=== In The Oz Kids, Glinda becomes a mother and has a daughter Andrea. Voiced by Erika Schickel. Her daughter Andrea has a dress similar to Princess Ozma's. ===The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)=== In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Glinda is the Good Witch of the South and is played by Miss Piggy, as are her sisters the Good Witch of the North and the two Wicked Witches. In keeping with the traditions of Muppet films, she is attracted to the Scarecrow (played by Kermit the Frog). She is portrayed in a lavender dress with a feather boa, an archetypal Hollywood starlet much more in keeping with the character of Miss Piggy rather than Glinda. Miss Piggy's other role is herself. Prior to Dorothy's journey, she appears with Kermit and tries to get rid of Dorothy. After Dorothy's journey, she returns for the Muppets' show. ===Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)=== Frances Conroy voices Glinda in Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz and Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz in 2016. ===Supernatural (2013)=== In the "LARP and the Real Girl" an episode of season 8 of Supernatural appears a fairy based in Glinda called Gilda. She describes herself as the good kind of fairy and is portrayed by Tiffany Dupont. ===Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)=== Glinda is portrayed by Michelle Williams in the 2013 Disney film Oz the Great and Powerful. In this prequel, she is Glinda the Good Witch of the South as well as the daughter of the slain king of Oz. Best For Film Theodora (Mila Kunis) and Evanora (Rachel Weisz), are the future Wicked Witches of the West and East, respectively. In the film, she helps a good-hearted con artist named Oscar Diggs (James Franco) defeat her sisters and become the Wizard of Oz. ===Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2013)=== Glinda was voiced by Bernadette Peters in the 3D animated film Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return, which was released in 2014. ComingSoon.net ===RWBY (2013)=== In the American 3D anime RWBY, Glinda the Good Witch is represented by Glynda Goodwitch, a skilled Huntress with telekinetic abilities. Unlike her inspiration, Goodwitch, voiced by Kathleen Zuelch, possesses a noticeably short temper. Goodwitch serves as the right-hand associate of Professor Ozpin (whose likeness alludes to the Wizard of Oz) and plays an integral part in training the students of Beacon Academy to protect the world from evil forces. ===Once Upon a Time (2014)=== Glinda appears in the second half of Season Three of Once Upon a Time played by Sunny Mabrey. In a sisterhood of witches, Glinda, the Witch of the South, along with the Witch of the East (Sharon Taylor) and the Witch of the North (Karen Holness), protect Oz with each of their magic affinities. Only the fourth seat of the sisterhood—representing innocence—remains empty, but through Glinda's guardianship of the Book of Records, a prophecy foretells of a sorceress coming to Oz via a cyclone to join them. Secondly, the book also states this witch will "unseat the greatest evil the realm has ever seen". After seeing Zelena (Rebecca Mader) punish the deceitful Walsh/Wizard of Oz (Christopher Gorham), Glinda believes this woman, who arrived to Oz many years ago from a cyclone, will fulfill the prophecy. Though Zelena is more interested in changing her past, Glinda convinces the unsure redhead that her destiny lies in changing her own future by becoming a good witch, however, she does not tell Zelena about the second part of the prophecy. From joining the sisterhood, she gifts Zelena a pendant to harness her powers. While showing Zelena the western area of Oz, they approach wreckage from a cyclone and take in a girl, Dorothy Gale (Matreya Scarrwener). Zelena, from reading the Book of Records, believes Dorothy will become the Witch of the West and defeat her. Glinda doesn't believe this to be true, but she witnesses Zelena attack Dorothy, who causes her assailant to melt with water. Realizing the prophecy was right, Glinda offers Dorothy a place with the sisterhood, but the latter wishes to go home. With Zelena defeated, the Wizard reverts to his old self and thus Glinda helps her to return home with his assistance. Only after, Zelena reveals she masqueraded as the Wizard to get rid of Dorothy. Glinda vows to find another sorceress to fulfill the prophecy, but Zelena banishes her to the Enchanted Forest. In this new realm, she begins living in the north of woods, south of Rumpelstiltskin's (Robert Carlyle) castle, hidden in a pocket dimension of ice and snow, which only the pure of heart may enter through. Sensing the incoming presence of Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas) crossing into her realm, Glinda makes herself known to them. When Snow White asks for Regina's whereabouts since she was just with them, Glinda states that the Queen didn't meet the qualifications needed for entering through the door. The banished Good Witch briefly explains her past friendship with Zelena and tells them the Wicked Witch's greatest weakness is light magic. Recalling that her own daughter, Emma, is a product of the strongest magic of all—true love, Snow White believes she may be able to defeat Zelena. Glinda agrees with this sentiment; further prompting Snow White to go through with casting another Dark Curse to send everyone back to Storybrooke. === Emerald City (2015) === Glinda appears in the first season of Emerald City, portrayed by Joely Richardson (based on both the characters of Glinda the Good Witch and the Good Witch of the North from the L. Frank Baum's Oz Books). The Mistress of the North "Maiden of the Northern Light, Mother of the Sound and Pure" and one of the last Cardinal Witches of Oz, Glinda is an authoritative woman who has had a deep-seated hatred towards the Wizard (Vincent D'Onofrio) ever since he outlawed magic. Since the change of regime in Oz, Glinda also runs a boarding house for orphaned girls where she oversees their education and chooses the best of them to join the Wizard's High Council. It is revealed that she in fact conspires against the Wizard's rule and prepares to overthrow him, using the Wizard's councilwomen as spies and aiming to use the secretly raised young witches for war. Emerald City also has another witch half based on the Witch of the South, named Mother South, that is a cardinal witch together with her daughters Glinda, West and East. Mother South gave birth to all of the witches in Oz, over a thousand years ago. === Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017) === Glinda appears in the cartoon series Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz, voiced by Grey Griffin. In this show, she is depicted as having an evil twin sister named Melinda the Mean (also voiced by Grey Griffin). === Lost in Oz (2017) === Glinda is one of the main characters in the animated TV series Lost in Oz. Voiced by Jennifer Hale, she is sought by Dorothy and her friends to help her return to Kansas. === Wicked: Part One and Two (2024 and 2025) === Ariana Grande was cast as Glinda The Good Witch in the upcoming Wicked two-part film adaptation. Both parts being released Thanksgiving weekend 2024 and 2025, respectively. ==Musicals== ===The Wizard of Oz (1942, stage adaptation)=== In 1942 the 1939 film was adapted into a stage musical for performance at The MUNY in St. Louis. This version has been performed widely throughout the United States. Glinda in this version is called the Sorceress of the North; and Broadway star and ballerina Patricia Bowman portrayed the role in its initial staging. ===The Wiz=== In the Broadway musical The Wiz, Glinda is the Good Witch of the South, as she appears in the Oz books. She appears only once at the end of the musical to help Dorothy return to Kansas from the Land of Oz. Glinda is the sister of Addaperle (Abrakadabra), Evillene (Sadista), and Evvamean, the other three witches of Oz. The role was originated by Dee Dee Bridgewater. In the film version, she is played by Lena Horne, and she causes the snowstorm that brings Dorothy to Oz. She is portrayed by Uzo Aduba in the 2015 television special. ===Wicked=== Wicked is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and book by Winnie Holzman. It is based on the 1995 Gregory Maguire novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, an alternative telling of the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz and L. Frank Baum's classic 1900 story, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The musical is told from the perspective of the witches of the Land of Oz; its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy's arrival in Oz from Kansas, and it includes several references to the 1939 film and Baum's novel. Wicked tells the story of two unlikely friends, Elphaba (the Wicked Witch of the West) who was born in Munchkinland as well as Glinda of the Upper Uplands, Gillikin County. The two friends struggle through opposing personalities and viewpoints, rivalry over the same love-interest, reactions to the Wizard's corrupt government and, ultimately, Elphaba's public fall from grace. Kristin Chenoweth originated the role. Ariana Grande is slated to play the role in the upcoming film adaptation of the musical. ====Actresses who have played Glinda in Wicked==== =====Broadway, New York City===== *Kristin Chenoweth (October 2003 - July 2004) *Jennifer Laura Thompson (July 2004 - May 2005) *Megan Hilty (May 2005 - May 2006) *Kate Reinders (May 2006 - January 2007) *Kendra Kassebaum (January – October 2007; May – November 2008) *Annaleigh Ashford (October 2007 - May 2008) *Alli Mauzey (November 2008 - August 2009; October 2012 - April 2013; September 2013 – February 2014) *Erin Mackey (August 2009 - January 2010) *Katie Rose Clarke (January 2010 - September 2011; April – September 2013; December 2018 - April 2019) *Chandra Lee Schwartz (September 2011 - October 2012) *Jenni Barber (February – November 2014) *Kara Lindsay (December 2014 - January 2016; November 2016 - July 2017) *Carrie St. Louis (February – October 2016) *Amanda Jane Cooper (July 2017 - December 2018) *Ginna Claire Mason (April 2019 – March 2020; September 2021 - January 2022) *Brittney Johnson (February 2022 - February 2023) *McKenzie Kurtz (February 2023 - Current) =====First North American Tour (Emerald City)===== *Kendra Kassebaum (March 2005 - September 2006) *Megan Hilty (September - December 2006) *Christina DeCicco (January - November 2007) *Katie Rose Clarke (November 2007 - August 2009; November 2011 - February 2012) *Chandra Lee Schwartz (August 2009 - April 2011; July 2014 - March 2015) *Amanda Jane Cooper (April - November 2011) *Alli Mauzey (February - August 2012) *Patti Murin (August 2012 - February 2013) *Jennifer Gambatese (February - December 2013) *Gina Beck (December 2013 - July 2014) =====Second North American Tour (Munchkinland)===== *Heléne Yorke (March 2009 – March 2010) *Natalie Daradich (March 2010 – September 2011) *Tiffany Haas (September 2011 – June 2012) *Jeanna De Waal (June 2012 – April 2013) *Hayley Podschun (April 2013 – March 2014) *Kara Lindsay (April – November 2014; October 2018 – February 2019) *Carrie St. Louis (November 2014 – December 2015) *Amanda Jane Cooper (December 2015 – March 2017) *Ginna Claire Mason (March 2017 – October 2018) *Erin Mackey (February – September 2019) *Allison Bailey (September 2019 – March 2020; August 2021 – March 2022) *Jennafer Newberry (March 2022 – April 2023) *Celia Hottenstein (May 2023 – Current) ====Chicago, Illinois==== *Kate Reinders (June 2005 - January 2006) *Stacie Morgan Lewis (January - October 2006) *Erin Mackey (October 2006 - April 2008) *Kate Fahrner (April - June 2008) *Annaleigh Ashford (June 2008 - January 2009) ====Los Angeles, California==== *Megan Hilty (February 2007 - May 2008; October 2008 - January 2009) *Erin Mackey (May - September 2008) ====San Francisco, California==== *Kendra Kassebaum (January 2009 - June 2010) *Alli Mauzey (June - September 2010) =====West End, London===== *Helen Dallimore (September 2006 - July 2007) *Dianne Pilkington (July 2007 - March 2010) *Louise Dearman (March 2010 - December 2011) *Gina Beck (December 2011 - November 2013) *Savannah Stevenson (November 2013 - September 2016) *Suzie Mathers (September 2016 - July 2017) *Sophie Evans (July 2017 - July 2019; September 2021 - January 2022) *Helen Woolf (July 2019 – March 2020; February 2022 - February 2023) *Lucy St Louis (February 2023 - Current) ====1st UK/Ireland Tour==== *Emily Tierney (September 2013 - July 2015) ====UK/International Tour==== *Carly Anderson (July 2016 - July 2017) ====2nd UK/Ireland Tour==== *Helen Woolf (November 2017 - January 2019) =====Melbourne, Australia===== *Lucy Durack (June 2008 - August 2009) =====Sydney, Australia===== *Lucy Durack (September 2009 - September 2010) =====Australian Tour===== *Lucy Durack (January - September 2011) =====Asian Tour===== *Suzie Mathers (December 2011 - October 2012) =====Australasian Tour===== *Suzie Mathers (September 2013 - May 2014; February - May 2015) *Lucy Durack (May 2014 - February 2015) =====Mexico City===== *Cecilia de la Cueva *Majo Pérez Seoul, Korea * Jung Sun Ah * Ivy * Kim So Hyun * Kim Bo Kyung * Na Ha Na =====São Paulo, Brazil===== *Fabi Bang(March 2016 - December 2016) ===== Stuttgart/Oberhausen, Germany ===== * Lucy Scherer (2007-2008) * Jana Stelley (2008) * Joana Fee Würz (2010-2011) * Valerie Link (2011) ===== The Hague, The Netherlands ===== * Chantal Janzen / Yvonne Coldeweijer * Celine Purcell (alternate) Prague, Czech Republic * Natálie Grossová * Sára Milfajtová * Nikola Ďuricová =====Distinctions===== *Katie Rose Clarke has appeared in the role for more performances than any other actress. *Louise Dearman is the first actress to have portrayed both lead roles of Elphaba and Glinda. *Gina Beck is the first actress to play the role both in the UK (London) and U.S. (First National Tour). *Kristin Chenoweth, the original Broadway cast Glinda, can sing the song "Popular" in German, Japanese, Chinese, and Italian. *Lucy St. Louis is the first black woman to portray Glinda in a West End production of Wicked. On the 7th of March 2023, Alexia Khadime portrayed Elphaba alongside St. Louis, marking the first time in the history of the show where both principal roles were played by a black woman. == Explanatory notes== ==References== Category:Characters in Wicked Category:Oz (franchise) witches Category:Musical theatre characters Category:Female characters in literature Category:Female characters in film Category:Female characters in television Category:Literary characters introduced in 1900 Category:Fictional characters with air or wind abilities Category:Fictional characters with weather abilities Category:Fictional fairies and sprites Category:Female characters in musical theatre |
Peter Kox (born 23 February 1964 in Eindhoven) is a racing driver from the Netherlands. Kox began racing in karts in 1978, winning five titles until 1982. In 1983 he moved to automobiles, winning the Marlboro Formula Ford Challenge and was second and third in the Benelux and Dutch Formula Ford 2000 Championships, respectively, the following year. His single-seater racing career was interrupted several times and only took off in 1989 when he won the Benelux Formula Opel Championship in 1989. In 1990 Kox raced in the British Formula 3 Championship where he came third with two victories. He moved up to Formula 3000 in 1991, staying there for two seasons and winning one race. Unable to find a seat in Formula One, Kox moved to touring cars driving a BMW, winning five races in the Dutch series in 1993 on his way to the championship title. In 1995 he became a works BMW driver in the German Supertouring Championship, coming second in the series, and also winning the Spa 24 Hours. In 1996 he joined the BMW Motorsport, making a handful of British Touring Car Championship appearances but focusing his efforts on the development program for the McLaren F1 GTR, winning a race in the BPR Global GT Series. The following year he drove the car in the FIA GT Championship, winning once more. He also took a class win in the Spa 24 Hours with a Diesel-powered BMW. From 1998 to 2000 Kox returned to touring cars, becoming a Honda works driver. He raced full-time in the BTCC in 1998 and 1999 (coming 7th overall in 1999), before taking second place in the Euro STC in 2000. The following year he joined the Carly Motors squad in a BMW and also took a win in a one-off race in the FIA GT Championship, with the Prodrive Ferrari 550 Maranello. Kox continued with Prodrive for the following seasons, winning the GTS class in the Laguna Seca ALMS race in 2002 and the 2003 24 Hours of Le Mans. In 2004 and 2005 he raced for several different teams, including Prodrive (in the Ferrari and Aston Martin DBR9) and Reiter Engineering (in the Lamborghini Murcielago). In 2006 he split his time between the MenX team, Aston Martin and Spyker, in FIA GT, Le Mans, Le Mans Series and ALMS. In 2007 and 2008 Peter Kox is a works driver for Lamborghini, driving in the FIA GT Championship and ADAC GT Masters. He took part in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2007 with the works Aston Martin and 2008 with IPB Spartak Lamborghini. He did win the Sepang 12 Hours in 2010 for Arrows Racing in an Lamborghini LP560. Peter Kox was a development driver for the Acura NSX GT3 in 2016, and will drive it in the 2017 Pirelli World Challenge for RealTime Racing. His daughter Stéphane Kox is also a racing driver. ==Racing record== ===Complete International Formula 3000 results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pts 1988 Tamchester Racing Reynard 88D Cosworth JER VAL PAU SIL MNZ PER BRH BIR BUG ZOL DIJ NC 0 ===24 Hours of Le Mans results=== Year Team Co-drivers Car Class Laps 1996 West Competition David Price Racing John Nielsen Thomas Bscher McLaren F1 GTR GT1 338 4th 3rd 1997 Team BMW Motorsport BMW Team Schnitzer Roberto Ravaglia Éric Hélary McLaren F1 GTR GT1 358 3rd 2nd 1999 Konrad Motorsport Talkline Racing for Holland Jan Lammers Tom Coronel Lola B98/10-Ford LMP 213 DNF DNF 2000 Konrad Motorsport Racing for Holland Jan Lammers Tom Coronel Lola B2K/10-Ford LMP900 38 DNF DNF 2002 Spyker Automobielen Norman Simon Hans Hugenholtz Spyker C8 Double-12R GT 142 DNF DNF 2003 Veloqx Prodrive Racing Tomáš Enge Jamie Davies Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello GTS 336 10th 1st 2004 Prodrive Racing Alain Menu Tomáš Enge Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello GTS 325 11th 4th 2005 Aston Martin Racing Pedro Lamy Tomáš Enge Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 327 DNF DNF 2006 Convers MenX Team Alexey Vasilyev Robert Pergl Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello GT1 196 DNF DNF 2007 Aston Martin Racing Johnny Herbert Tomáš Enge Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 337 9th 4th 2008 IPB Spartak Racing Reiter Engineering Mike Hezemans Roman Rusinov Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT GT1 266 NC NC 2009 Aston Martin Racing Stuart Hall Harold Primat Lola-Aston Martin B09/60 LMP1 252 DNF DNF 2010 Young Driver AMR Tomáš Enge Christoffer Nygaard Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 311 22nd 3rd ===Complete Super Tourenwagen Cup results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pts 1995 BMW Team Schnitzer BMW 318is ZOL 1 ZOL 2 SPA 1 SPA 2 ÖST 1 ÖST 2 HOC 1 HOC 2 NÜR 1 NÜR 2 SAL 1 SAL 2 AVU 1 AVU 2 NÜR 1 NÜR 2 2nd 397 ===Complete Japanese Touring Car Championship results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pts 1995 BMW Team Schnitzer BMW 318i FUJ 1 FUJ 2 SUG 1 SUG 2 TOK 1 TOK 2 SUZ 1 SUZ 2 MIN 1 MIN 2 AID 1 AID 2 SEN 1 SEN 2 FUJ 1 FUJ 2 24th 3 ===Complete British Touring Car Championship results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded all races) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (* signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap – 1 point given 1998 onwards) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Pos Pts 1996 BMW Team Schnitzer BMW 320i DON 1 DON 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 THR 1 THR 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 SNE 1 SNE 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 KNO 1 KNO 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 THR 1 THR 2 DON 1 DON 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 14th 26 1998 Team Honda Sport Honda Accord THR 1 THR 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 DON 1 DON 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 DON 1 DON 2 CRO 1 CRO 2 SNE 1 SNE 2 THR 1 THR 2 KNO 1 KNO 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 12th 52 1999 Team Honda Sport Honda Accord DON 1 DON 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 THR 1 THR 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 DON 1 DON 2 CRO 1 CRO 2 SNE 1 SNE 2 THR 1 THR 2 KNO 1 KNO 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 7th 113 2000 Redstone Team Honda Honda Accord BRH 1 BRH 2 DON 1 DON 2 THR 1 THR 2 KNO 1 KNO 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 CRO 1 CRO 2 SNE 1 SNE 2 DON 1 DON 2 BRH 1 BRH 2 OUL 1 OUL 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 13th 2 ===Complete European Touring Car Championship results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 DC Pts 2000 JAS Engineering Honda Accord MUG 1 MUG 2 PER 1 PER 2 A1R 1 A1R 2 MNZ 1 MNZ 2 HUN 1 HUN 2 IMO 1 IMO 2 MIS 1 MIS 2 BRN 1 BRN 2 VAL 1 VAL 2 MOB 1 MOB 2 2nd 232 2002 Carly Motors Team Isert BMW 320i MAG 1 MAG 2 SIL 1 SIL 2 BRN 1 BRN 2 JAR 1 JAR 2 AND 1 AND 2 OSC 1 OSC 2 SPA 1 SPA 2 PER 1 PER 2 DON 1 DON 2 EST 1 EST 2 17th 1 ===Complete European Super Production Championship results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DC Pts 2001 Ravaglia Motorsport BMW 320i MNZ BRN MAG SIL ZOL HUN A1R NÜR JAR EST 1st 117 ===V8 Supercar results=== Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 DC Pts 2012 Dick Johnson Racing Ford FG Falcon ADE R1 ADE R2 SYM R3 SYM R4 HAM R5 HAM R6 PER R7 PER R8 PER R9 PHI R10 PHI R11 HDV R12 HDV R13 TOW R14 TOW R15 QLD R16 QLD R17 SMP R18 SMP R19 SAN Q SAN R20 BAT R21 SUR R22 SUR R23 YMC R24 YMC R25 YMC R26 WIN R27 WIN R28 SYD R29 SYD R30 NC 0 † † Not Eligible for points ===FIA GT competition results=== ====Complete FIA GT Championship results==== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Team Car Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pts 1997 Team BMW Motorsport McLaren F1 GTR GT1 HOC SIL HEL NÜR SPA A1R SUZ DON MUG SEB LAG 8th 26 2000 Carsport Holland Chrysler Viper GTS-R GT VAL EST MNZ SIL HUN ZOL A1R LAU BRN MAG NC 0 2001 Prodrive All-Stars Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello GT MNZ BRN MAG SIL ZOL HUN SPA A1R NÜR JAR 13th 16 2001 Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Diablo GT GT EST 13th 16 2002 BMS Scuderia Italia Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello GT MAG SIL BRN JAR AND OSC SPA PER DON EST NC 0 2004 Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT GT MNZ VAL MAG HOC BRN DON SPA IMO OSC DUB ZHU 38th 6 2005 Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Murcielago R-GT GT1 MNZ MAG BRN OSC 59th 1 2005 Aston Martin Racing† Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 SIL IMO SPA 59th 1 2005 MenX Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello GT1 IST ZHU DUB BHR 59th 1 2006 B-Racing RS Line Team Lamborghini Murcielago R-GT GT1 SIL BRN OSC 26th 12 2006 Aston Martin Racing BMS Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 SPA PRI DIJ MUG 26th 12 2006 All-Inkl.com Racing Lamborghini Murcielago R-GT GT1 HUN ADR DUB 26th 12 2006 Spyker Squadron b.v. Spyker C8 Spyder GT2-R GT2 SIL BRN OSC SPA PRI DIJ MUG HUN ADR DUB NC 0 2007 All-Inkl.com Racing Lamborghini Murcielago R-GT GT1 ZHU SIL BUC MNZ OSC 24th 11 2007 Reiter Lamborghini Lamborghini Murcielago R-GT GT1 SPA ADR BRN NOG ZOL 24th 11 2008 IPB Spartak Racing Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT GT1 SIL MNZ ADR OSC SPA BUC BUC BRN NOG ZOL SAN 27th 9.5 2009 CRS Racing Ferrari F430 GT2 GT2 SIL ADR OSC SPA BUC ALG PRI ZOL 22nd 8 † Not eligible for points ====Complete GT1 World Championship results==== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pts 2010 Reiter Lamborghini ABU QR ABU CR SIL QR SIL CR BRN QR BRN CR PRI QR PRI CR SPA QR SPA CR NÜR QR NÜR CR ALG QR ALG CR NAV QR NAV CR INT QR INT CR SAN QR SAN CR 18th 39 2011 Swiss Racing Team Lamborghini ABU QR ABU CR ZOL QR ZOL CR ALG QR ALG CR SAC QR SAC CR SIL QR SIL CR NAV QR NAV CR PRI QR PRI CR ORD QR ORD CR BEI QR BEI CR SAN QR SAN CR 16th 31 2012 Reiter Engineering Lamborghini NOG QR NOG CR ZOL QR ZOL CR NAV QR NAV QR SVK QR SVK CR ALG QR ALG CR SVK QR SVK CR MOS QR MOS CR NÜR QR NÜR CR DON QR DON CR 10th 78 ====Complete FIA GT Series results==== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Team Car Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pts 2013 Lamborghini Blancpain Reiter Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 Pro NOG QR NOG CR ZOL QR ZOL CR ZAN QR ZAN CR SVK QR SVK CR NAV QR NAV CR BAK QR BAK CR 12th 36 ====Complete Blancpain Sprint Series results==== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Team Car Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Pts 2014 Blancpain Racing Lamborghini Gallardo FL2 Pro NOG QR NOG CR BRH QR BRH CR 20th 12 2014 Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Gallardo FL2 Pro ZAN QR ZAN CR SVK QR SVK CR ALG QR ALG CR 20th 12 2014 NSC Motorsports Lamborghini Gallardo FL2 Pro ZOL QR ZOL CR BAK QR BAK CR 20th 12 2015 Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-4 R-EX Pro NOG QR NOG CR BRH QR BRH CR ZOL QR ZOL CR MOS QR MOS CR ALG QR ALG CR MIS QR MIS CR ZAN QR ZAN CR 24th 4 ==External links== * * * Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Eindhoven Category:Dutch racing drivers Category:FIA GT Championship drivers Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers Category:British Touring Car Championship drivers Category:International Formula 3000 drivers Category:British Formula 3000 Championship drivers Category:American Le Mans Series drivers Category:European Le Mans Series drivers Category:FIA GT1 World Championship drivers Category:Supercars Championship drivers Category:Blancpain Endurance Series drivers Category:International GT Open drivers Category:ADAC GT Masters drivers Category:Sports car racing team owners Category:24 Hours of Spa drivers Category:European Touring Car Championship drivers Category:24H Series drivers Category:British GT Championship drivers Category:West Competition drivers Category:David Price Racing drivers Category:Aston Martin Racing drivers Category:Dick Johnson Racing drivers Category:Schnitzer Motorsport drivers Category:BMW M drivers Category:CRS Racing drivers Category:W Racing Team drivers Category:Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers Category:Porsche Motorsports drivers Category:Le Mans Cup drivers |
International Speedway Corporation (ISC) was a corporation whose primary business is the ownership and management of motorsports race tracks. ISC was founded by NASCAR founder Bill France Sr. in 1953 for the construction of Daytona International Speedway and in 1999 it merged with Penske Motorsports to become one of the largest motorsports companies in North America. The company played an important, though controversial, role in the modernization of the sport. It worked with NASCAR to create new tracks and update older ones in an effort to improve the racing and the experience for spectators and has constructed popular new tracks in regions previously thought uninterested in NASCAR. Because both companies have several members of the France family in top positions, ISC's competitors have filed multiple lawsuits on antitrust grounds) On May 20, 2019, NASCAR agreed to purchase ISC for approximately US$2 billion, with it the purchase closing October 18, 2019. It has been dissolved into NASCAR. ==History== ===Bill France Racing=== International Speedway Corporation (ISC) was founded as Bill France Racing, Inc. (later Daytona International Speedway Corporation) in 1953 and in 1957 the company signed a contract for the use of land on which to build Daytona International Speedway, one of the world's first superspeedways. A decade later, France decided to build another superspeedway, this time on a site near Talladega, Alabama and after its completion Talladega Superspeedway became NASCAR's fastest track. These two tracks were the fastest on the series schedule until the advent of restrictor plates in 1988. In 1968, the company assumed its current name to reflect its more ambitious scope. Two years later, ISC created the Motor Racing Network, a play-by-play radio network for NASCAR races, with MRN's first race coverage coming at the 1970 Daytona 500. ===Transition=== The early 1980s saw NASCAR's popularity increase, not only among fans, but also with sponsors. Companies like Ford, General Motors, Winston and Gatorade were willing to put up advertising dollars and holding auto races became a much more profitable venture. To capitalize on this, the company began pursuing expansion through the purchase of existing tracks. In 1982, the company bought one of the series' most popular and traditional ones, Darlington Raceway which has been in operation since 1950, as well as Tucson Raceway Park, a dirt oval (since paved) in Arizona. The following year they partnered with Corning Glass Works to purchase the Watkins Glen International road course in upstate New York. In 1987, Bill France Sr. stepped down as president of the company with Jim France replacing him. Two years later, ISC incorporated its food service company, Americrown. ===Penske merger=== By this time ISC was profitable, but most of their races were still in the South and in mostly rural areas, with many of the country's major cities like Los Angeles, Detroit, Miami and Chicago lacking a nearby track. ISC began looking for ways to change this in the late 1990s. Homestead-Miami Speedway was built in 1995 by Ralph Sanchez and Wayne Huizenga and in 1997 ISC and Penske Motorsports (owned by motorsports magnate Roger Penske) partnered with the track's owners. In 1999, the company continued its push into the country's urban centers when it merged with Penske, who at the time owned four speedways: Nazareth Speedway, North Carolina Speedway in Rockingham, North Carolina, Michigan International Speedway and the newly constructed Auto Club Speedway (which opened as California Speedway). Chairman Bill France Jr. cited the company's "attractive markets" as one of the major reasons for going ahead with the deal. The new company retained the ISC name, with Penske's son Gregory Penske joining the board of directors. Not all of the new tracks from the Penske merger fit into the company's plans however, as Nazareth was soon closed down and Rockingham was sold. The merger also gave ISC a 90% stake in Homestead-Miami Speedway and the company soon bought out the final 10% to acquire complete control over the track. In the same year, ISC formed the Motorsports Alliance with the owners of the historic Indianapolis Motor Speedway; this company would go after another huge market in Chicago by building the new Chicagoland Speedway in nearby Joliet, Illinois and by buying out the smaller Route 66 Raceway dragstrip. In 2007, ISC bought out its partners in the company to take control of both tracks. In 2001, ISC would continue its trend towards modern facilities by constructing Kansas Speedway near Kansas City. In 2003, Lesa Kennedy took over from Jim France the role of president of the company. On June 1, 2009, John R. Saunders took over as President of ISC, becoming the first ISC president without a "France" surname. Saunders held the position of executive vice president of operations prior to becoming president. On January 28, 2019, it was revealed on ISC's 2018 annual report that a total of 78,000 seats were removed from Chicagoland, Darlington, Kansas, Martinsville, Michigan, Phoenix, and Richmond. ===Final years=== When it merged with NASCAR, the company owned 13 active tracks which collectively held 18 of the 36 events on the schedule of the NASCAR Cup Series. In addition to the stock car racing that NASCAR is famous for, ISC tracks also hosted IndyCar Series races, USCC, Grand-Am, IMSA GT and SCCA sports car races, WKA go-kart races and AMA motorcycle races. Besides NASCAR, other stock car series like IROC and ARCA used their tracks. The company's other holdings included the Motor Racing Network, a radio network that broadcasts NASCAR events, and Americrown, a food service business that operates concession stands at its tracks. In 2005, ISC partnered with Speedway Motorsports, Inc. to form Motorsports Authentics, a company that markets and distributes NASCAR-related souvenirs and collectibles. Prior to 2019, ISC was a separate company from NASCAR, but was also controlled by the France family. About 35% of the stock in ISC was owned by the heirs of NASCAR founder Bill France and the remainder traded on the stock market. Lesa Kennedy is CEO and Jim France is Chairman. On May 20, 2019, it was announced that NASCAR would fully acquire ISC and take it private. The sale was completed on October 21, 2019. == Former Tracks == Track Name Location Length Seating Year Opened Year Acquired Year Sold Current Owner California Speedway Fontana, CA 68,000 1997 1999 2019 NASCAR Chicagoland Speedway Joliet, Illinois 47,000 2001 2007 2019 NASCAR Darlington Raceway Darlington, South Carolina 47,000 1950 1982 2019 NASCAR Daytona International Speedway Daytona Beach, Florida 101,000 1959 1959 † 2019 NASCAR Homestead–Miami Speedway Homestead, Florida 46,000 1995 1999 † 2019 NASCAR Kansas Speedway Kansas City, Kansas 48,000 2001 2001 2019 NASCAR Martinsville Speedway Ridgeway, Virginia 44,000 1947 2004 2019 NASCAR Michigan International Speedway Brooklyn, Michigan 56,000 1968 1999 2019 NASCAR Nazareth Speedway Nazareth, Pennsylvania 37,424 1966 1999 2004 Raceway Properties LLC. Phoenix Raceway Avondale, Arizona 42,000 1964 1997 2019 NASCAR Pikes Peak International Raceway Fountain, Colorado 62,000 1997 2005 2005 PPIR LLC. Richmond Raceway Richmond, Virginia 51,000 1946 1999 2019 NASCAR Rockingham Speedway Rockingham, North Carolina 60,122 1965 1999 2004 Rockingham Properties LLC. Route 66 Raceway Joliet, Illinois dragstrip 30,000 1998 2007 2019 NASCAR Talladega Superspeedway Talladega, Alabama 78,000 1969 1969 2019 NASCAR Tucson Speedway Tucson, Arizona N/A 1968 1982 2002 John Lashley Watkins Glen International Watkins Glen, New York road course 38,900 1948 1997 2019 NASCAR † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead-Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead-Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead-Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead-Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead-Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead- Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead-Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. † \- Daytona International Speedway and Homestead- Miami Speedway were managed by ISC subject to long-term leases with the cities where the tracks are located. The date listed is the year when ISC executed the leases, or acquired the leasehold, on these tracks. *Lists the year the company gained a controlling interest (>50%) in the track. *Nazareth was sold in 2015, the sale was conditional on racing not returning. It has been partially demolished. *ISC sold North Carolina Speedway to Speedway Motorsports as part of a settlement in the Ferko lawsuit, who subsequently auctioned the track to former racer Andy Hillenburg. Hillenburg renamed the track Rockingham Speedway and is planning to hold several stock car events there in an attempt to revive the track. *ISC shut down Pikes Peak International Raceway shortly after purchasing it, with NASCAR moving the track's Busch Series date to Martinsville. In 2008, the track was sold to a private company, Pikes Peak International Raceway, LLC. *ISC sold Tucson Raceway Park to David Deery, the track's general manager, in 2002. ==Past expansion plans== ISC and NASCAR made public their desire to have a presence in areas it sees as having the potential for growth, most notably the Pacific Northwest and New York City. ===Pacific Northwest=== ====Marysville==== thumb|150px|left|Kitsap County lies across Puget Sound from SeattleIn 2003, ISC began scouting sites in Washington and Oregon for a new track to attract fans from around the Pacific Northwest, eventually settling on a site near Marysville, Washington in Snohomish County, Washington north of Seattle. Although the plan was met with some resistance from residents - particularly those living near the site for the planned speedway - local business owners and other residents were in favor of the plan, believing that the track would be good for the area's economy and would create jobs. Unlike ISC's later proposal in New York, the Marysville proposal would be supported by public funds raised through taxes, in much the same way as other sports venues in the area (KeyArena, Safeco Field, CenturyLink Field). The track would have been publicly owned and leased to ISC. In November 2004, local officials and ISC announced that they could not go through with the deal, saying that the costs for that particular site would be too high. ====Bremerton, Washington==== After the deal in Marysville fell through, ISC courted another site, this time south of Bremerton National Airport in Bremerton, Washington just across Puget Sound from Seattle. Although like the Marysville proposal the proposal in Bremerton was to be partially funded with public money, the money will not come directly from taxes but instead from bonds funded by taxes, in a scheme similar to the one used to fund Kansas Speedway. Also like the Marysville proposal, the Bremerton track would be publicly owned and leased to ISC for three races per year. ISC's current proposal was met with a lukewarm response from area lawmakers and citizens, but the company has promised to present an improved offer for early 2007. In March 2007, Washington state representative Larry Seaquist caused a minor controversy when he was quoted as saying, "These people are not the kind of people you would want living next door to you. They'd be the ones with the junky cars in the front yard and would try to slip around the law." The quote was assumed to be an attack on NASCAR fans but Seaquist later claimed that it was directed at ISC. In April 2007, this plan was also abandoned by ISC after failing to get their bill out of committee in the Washington State Legislature or to gain the full support of the Kitsap County Commissioners. ===New York City=== On November 30, 2004, the company made no secret of its interest in building a superspeedway in the New York market and was in talks with Staten Island officials about the logistics of constructing a track there. In 2004, ISC purchased on Staten Island in New York City for the construction of a short track that would hold 80,000 fans and have the New York City skyline as its backdrop. The proposal was met with fierce resistance from many of the island's residents. At a public meeting in April 2006, police had to end the meeting early for fears of rioting and safety concerns. One report had a local councilman being put in a headlock after one particularly provoking speech (though one ISC official called it merely a "hug for the TV cameras"). In December 2006, ISC dropped their pursuit of the project. ===Colorado=== On February 13, 2007, the company announced that they were looking into building a track in Colorado. The 75,000-seat track would be built on one of two locations in Adams County, just east of Denver. The company would also be looking to use the same type of combination of public and private funds for the race track as in Kansas and Washington. ==Antitrust lawsuits== ===Ferko lawsuit=== Francis Ferko, a stockholder in Speedway Motorsports, Inc., sued NASCAR and ISC in 2002 for violating federal antitrust laws and breach of contract for not awarding a second Winston Cup Series date to Texas Motor Speedway, claiming that the second race was "promised" to the SMI track by NASCAR. After an attempt by NASCAR to get the case dismissed, another shareholder, Rusty Vaughn, joined the case as co-plaintiff in 2003. Although NASCAR CEO Brian France initially said he was going to fight the case in the courts, in April 2004 it was announced that the case had been settled out of court with Texas getting the Cup date previously belonging to North Carolina Speedway and, as part of the deal, agreeing to purchase North Carolina--which now had no dates at all--from ISC for $100 million. Other races on the schedule were also moved around as a result (see NASCAR Realignment). ===Kentucky Speedway lawsuit=== In 2005, Kentucky Speedway filed a similar lawsuit against ISC and NASCAR, claiming that NASCAR violated antitrust laws by not awarding them a Sprint Cup Series race, noting the close relationship between NASCAR, ISC, and the France Family. NASCAR sought to have the case thrown out by arguing that the speedway wasn't trying to end the alleged anticompetitive practices, they were merely trying to benefit from them as well. This motion was denied, however. A motion to move the case from Kentucky to Florida - home of NASCAR and ISC - was also rejected. ISC, for its part, said it shouldn't be involved in the case at all as it conducts no business in the state. Lawyers for Kentucky Speedway contended that the company does business online and is just as responsible for the lack of competition in granting the races as NASCAR is. Initially, Kentucky had wanted the jury to force NASCAR to grant the speedway a Sprint Cup Series event but in 2007 they changed their demand to instead force the France family to sell either NASCAR or ISC. The track is also demanding that NASCAR develop objective standards for the awarding of their race events and damages of $200 million. In January 2008, the court dismissed the lawsuit, saying that the plaintiffs had failed to make their case. Kentucky Speedway says they will appeal the court's decision. In 2011, Kentucky Speedway, now owned by SMI, received a date, the Quaker State 400, on the Cup Series schedule, which lasted until 2020. ==References== ==External links== * Category:NASCAR Category:Entertainment companies of the United States Category:Companies based in Volusia County, Florida Category:Entertainment companies established in 1953 Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq Category:1953 establishments in Florida Category:American corporate subsidiaries Category:2019 mergers and acquisitions |
Many scientists have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times.""An important cue for understanding eye evolution is the distinction between different types of photoreceptor cells. Salvini- Plawen and Mayr ( 1977 ) noted a remarkable diversity of photoreceptor cell morphology across the animal kingdom, and suggested that photoreceptors evolved independently numerous times." – Land, M.F. and Nilsson, D.-E., Animal Eyes(2-nd ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012), p. 7. Diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian, and from the slightly older Emu Bay Shale. Eyes vary in their visual acuity, the range of wavelengths they can detect, their sensitivity in low light, their ability to detect motion or to resolve objects, and whether they can discriminate colours. == History of research == In 1802, philosopher William Paley called it a miracle of "design." In 1859, Charles Darwin himself wrote in his Origin of Species, that the evolution of the eye by natural selection seemed at first glance "absurd in the highest possible degree". However, he went on that despite the difficulty in imagining it, its evolution was perfectly feasible: > ... if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye to one complex > and perfect can be shown to exist, each grade being useful to its possessor, > as is certainly the case; if further, the eye ever varies and the variations > be inherited, as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations > should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life, then the > difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by > natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be > considered as subversive of the theory. He suggested a stepwise evolution from "an optic nerve merely coated with pigment, and without any other mechanism" to "a moderately high stage of perfection", and gave examples of existing intermediate steps. Current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution. Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors. Nilsson and S. Pelger estimated in a classic paper that only a few hundred thousand generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates. Another researcher, G.C. Young, has used the fossil record to infer evolutionary conclusions, based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through. All this adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin's theory. ==Rate of evolution== The first fossils of eyes found to date are from the Ediacaran period (about ). The lower Cambrian had a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the "Cambrian explosion". One of the many hypotheses for "causes" of the Cambrian explosion is the "Light Switch" theory of Andrew Parker: it holds that the evolution of advanced eyes started an arms race that accelerated evolution. Before the Cambrian explosion, animals may have sensed light, but did not use it for fast locomotion or navigation by vision. The rate of eye evolution is difficult to estimate because the fossil record, particularly of the lower Cambrian, is poor. How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells can evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation, relative advantage to the organism, and natural selection. However, the time needed for each state was consistently overestimated and the generation time was set to one year, which is common in small animals. Even with these pessimistic values, the vertebrate eye could still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in less than 364,000 years.David Berlinski, an intelligent design proponent, questioned the basis of the calculations, and the author of the original paper refuted Berlinski's criticism. * * * "Evolution of the Eye" on PBS ==Origins of the eye== Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye. All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development. This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it was not a dedicated optical organ. However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells. Probably, photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion. Higher-level similarities – such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses – reflect the co-option of a more fundamental protein to a new function within the eye. A shared trait common to all light-sensitive organs are opsins. Opsins belong to a family of photo-sensitive proteins and fall into nine groups, which already existed in the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals. Additionally, the genetic toolkit for positioning eyes is shared by all animals: The PAX6 gene controls where eyes develop in animals ranging from octopuses to mice and fruit flies. Such high- level genes are, by implication, much older than many of the structures that they control today; they must originally have served a different purpose, before they were co-opted for eye development. Eyes and other sensory organs probably evolved before the brain: There is no need for an information- processing organ (brain) before there is information to process. A living example are cubozoan jellyfish that possess eyes comparable to vertebrate and cephalopod camera eyes despite lacking a brain. ==Stages of evolution== The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light, found even in unicellular organisms, called "eyespots". Eyespots can sense only ambient brightness: they can distinguish light from dark, sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. They are insufficient for vision, as they cannot distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from. Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a stigma, is located at its anterior end. It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. Together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light, often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis, and to predict day and night, the primary function of circadian rhythms. Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms, and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar cycles. By detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation. Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes. However, how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism's environment varies widely: eyes have a wide range of structures and forms, all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules. At a cellular level, there appear to be two main types of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by the deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms). The functional unit of the eye is the photoreceptor cell, which contains the opsin proteins and responds to light by initiating a nerve impulse. The light sensitive opsins are borne on a hairy layer, to maximise the surface area. The nature of these "hairs" differs, with two basic forms underlying photoreceptor structure: microvilli and cilia. In the eyes of protostomes, they are microvilli: extensions or protrusions of the cellular membrane. But in the eyes of deuterostomes, they are derived from cilia, which are separate structures. However, outside the eyes an organism may use the other type of photoreceptor cells, for instance the clamworm Platynereis dumerilii uses microvilliar cells in the eyes but has additionally deep brain ciliary photoreceptor cells. The actual derivation may be more complicated, as some microvilli contain traces of cilia – but other observations appear to support a fundamental difference between protostomes and deuterostomes. These considerations centre on the response of the cells to light – some use sodium to cause the electric signal that will form a nerve impulse, and others use potassium; further, protostomes on the whole construct a signal by allowing more sodium to pass through their cell walls, whereas deuterostomes allow less through. This suggests that when the two lineages diverged in the Precambrian, they had only very primitive light receptors, which developed into more complex eyes independently. ===Early eyes=== The basic light-processing unit of eyes is the photoreceptor cell, a specialized cell containing two types of molecules bound to each other and located in a membrane: the opsin, a light- sensitive protein; and a chromophore, the pigment that absorbs light. Groups of such cells are termed "eyespots", and have evolved independently somewhere between 40 and 65 times. These eyespots permit animals to gain only a basic sense of the direction and intensity of light, but not enough to discriminate an object from its surroundings. Developing an optical system that can discriminate the direction of light to within a few degrees is apparently much more difficult, and only six of the thirty-some phylaThe precise number varies from author to author. possess such a system. However, these phyla account for 96% of living species. These complex optical systems started out as the multicellular eyepatch gradually depressed into a cup, which first granted the ability to discriminate brightness in directions, then in finer and finer directions as the pit deepened. While flat eyepatches were ineffective at determining the direction of light, as a beam of light would activate exactly the same patch of photo-sensitive cells regardless of its direction, the "cup" shape of the pit eyes allowed limited directional differentiation by changing which cells the lights would hit depending upon the light's angle. Pit eyes, which had arisen by the Cambrian period, were seen in ancient snails, and are found in some snails and other invertebrates living today, such as planaria. Planaria can slightly differentiate the direction and intensity of light because of their cup-shaped, heavily pigmented retina cells, which shield the light-sensitive cells from exposure in all directions except for the single opening for the light. However, this proto-eye is still much more useful for detecting the absence or presence of light than its direction; this gradually changes as the eye's pit deepens and the number of photoreceptive cells grows, allowing for increasingly precise visual information.Eye-Evolution? When a photon is absorbed by the chromophore, a chemical reaction causes the photon's energy to be transduced into electrical energy and relayed, in higher animals, to the nervous system. These photoreceptor cells form part of the retina, a thin layer of cells that relays visual information,Fernald, Russell D. (2001). The Evolution of Eyes: How Do Eyes Capture Photons? Karger Gazette 64: "The Eye in Focus". including the light and day-length information needed by the circadian rhythm system, to the brain. However, some jellyfish, such as Cladonema (Cladonematidae), have elaborate eyes but no brain. Their eyes transmit a message directly to the muscles without the intermediate processing provided by a brain. During the Cambrian explosion, the development of the eye accelerated rapidly, with radical improvements in image-processing and detection of light direction.Conway-Morris, S. (1998). The Crucible of Creation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. After the photosensitive cell region invaginated, there came a point when reducing the width of the light opening became more efficient at increasing visual resolution than continued deepening of the cup. By reducing the size of the opening, organisms achieved true imaging, allowing for fine directional sensing and even some shape- sensing. Eyes of this nature are currently found in the nautilus. Lacking a cornea or lens, they provide poor resolution and dim imaging, but are still, for the purpose of vision, a major improvement over the early eyepatches.Dawkins, Richard (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. Overgrowths of transparent cells prevented contamination and parasitic infestation. The chamber contents, now segregated, could slowly specialize into a transparent humour, for optimizations such as colour filtering, higher refractive index, blocking of ultraviolet radiation, or the ability to operate in and out of water. The layer may, in certain classes, be related to the moulting of the organism's shell or skin. An example of this can be observed in Onychophorans where the cuticula of the shell continues to the cornea. The cornea is composed of either one or two cuticular layers depending on how recently the animal has moulted. Along with the lens and two humors, the cornea is responsible for converging light and aiding the focusing of it on the back of the retina. The cornea protects the eyeball while at the same time accounting for approximately 2/3 of the eye's total refractive power.Ali, M.A. and M. A. Klyne. 1985. Vision in vertebrates. New York: Plenum Press It is likely that a key reason eyes specialize in detecting a specific, narrow range of wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—the visible spectrum—is that the earliest species to develop photosensitivity were aquatic, and water filters out electromagnetic radiation except for a range of wavelengths, the shorter of which we refer to as blue, through to longer wavelengths we identify as red. This same light-filtering property of water also influenced the photosensitivity of plants.Fernald, Russell D. (2001). The Evolution of Eyes: Why Do We See What We See? Karger Gazette 64: "The Eye in Focus".Fernald, Russell D. (1998). Aquatic Adaptations in Fish Eyes. New York, Springer. === Lens formation and diversification === In a lensless eye, the light emanating from a distant point hits the back of the eye with about the same size as the eye's aperture. With the addition of a lens this incoming light is concentrated on a smaller surface area, without reducing the overall intensity of the stimulus. The focal length of an early lobopod with lens-containing simple eyes focused the image behind the retina, so while no part of the image could be brought into focus, the intensity of light allowed the organism to see in deeper (and therefore darker) waters. A subsequent increase of the lens's refractive index probably resulted in an in-focus image being formed. The development of the lens in camera-type eyes probably followed a different trajectory. The transparent cells over a pinhole eye's aperture split into two layers, with liquid in between. The liquid originally served as a circulatory fluid for oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and immune functions, allowing greater total thickness and higher mechanical protection. In addition, multiple interfaces between solids and liquids increase optical power, allowing wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution. Again, the division of layers may have originated with the shedding of skin; intracellular fluid may infill naturally depending on layer depth. Note that this optical layout has not been found, nor is it expected to be found. Fossilization rarely preserves soft tissues, and even if it did, the new humour would almost certainly close as the remains desiccated, or as sediment overburden forced the layers together, making the fossilized eye resemble the previous layout. === Crystallins === Vertebrate lenses are composed of adapted epithelial cells which have high concentrations of the protein crystallin. These crystallins belong to two major families, the α-crystallins and the βγ-crystallins. Both categories of proteins were originally used for other functions in organisms, but eventually adapted for vision in animal eyes. In the embryo, the lens is living tissue, but the cellular machinery is not transparent so must be removed before the organism can see. Removing the machinery means the lens is composed of dead cells, packed with crystallins. These crystallins are special because they have the unique characteristics required for transparency and function in the lens such as tight packing, resistance to crystallization, and extreme longevity, as they must survive for the entirety of the organism's life. The refractive index gradient which makes the lens useful is caused by the radial shift in crystallin concentration in different parts of the lens, rather than by the specific type of protein: it is not the presence of crystallin, but the relative distribution of it, that renders the lens useful.Fernald, Russell D. (2001). The Evolution of Eyes: Where Do Lenses Come From? Karger Gazette 64: "The Eye in Focus". It is biologically difficult to maintain a transparent layer of cells. Deposition of transparent, nonliving, material eased the need for nutrient supply and waste removal. It’s a common assumption that Trilobites used calcite, a mineral which today is known to be used for vision only in a single species of brittle star.Burgess, Daniel S. (2001). Brittle Star Features Calcite Lenses, Photonics Spectra Studies of eyes from 55 million years old crane fly fossils from the Fur Formation indicates that the calcite in the eyes of trilobites is a result of taphonomic and diagenetic processes and not an original feature. Lindgren, J., Nilsson, DE., Sjövall, P. et al. 2019. Fossil insect eyes shed light on trilobite optics and the arthropod pigment screen. Nature 573, 122–125 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1473-z In other compound eyes and camera eyes, the material is crystallin. A gap between tissue layers naturally forms a biconvex shape, which is optically and mechanically ideal for substances of normal refractive index. A biconvex lens confers not only optical resolution, but aperture and low-light ability, as resolution is now decoupled from hole size – which slowly increases again, free from the circulatory constraints. === Aqueous humor, iris, and cornea === Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer may split forward from the lens: a separate cornea and iris. (These may happen before or after crystal deposition, or not at all.) Separation of the forward layer again forms a humour, the aqueous humour. This increases refractive power and again eases circulatory problems. Formation of a nontransparent ring allows more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes. This flap around the perimeter of the lens also masks optical imperfections, which are more common at lens edges. The need to mask lens imperfections gradually increases with lens curvature and power, overall lens and eye size, and the resolution and aperture needs of the organism, driven by hunting or survival requirements. This type is now functionally identical to the eye of most vertebrates, including humans. Indeed, "the basic pattern of all vertebrate eyes is similar." ===Other developments=== ====Color vision==== Five classes of visual opsins are found in vertebrates. All but one of these developed prior to the divergence of Cyclostomata and fish. The five opsin classes are variously adapted depending on the light spectrum encountered. As light travels through water, longer wavelengths, such as reds and yellows, are absorbed more quickly than the shorter wavelengths of the greens and blues. This creates a gradient in the spectral power density, with the average wavelength becoming shorter as water depth increases. The visual opsins in fish are more sensitive to the range of light in their habitat and depth. However, land environments do not vary in wavelength composition, so that the opsin sensitivities among land vertebrates does not vary much. This directly contributes to the significant presence of communication colors. Color vision gives distinct selective advantages, such as better recognition of predators, food, and mates. Indeed, it is possible that simple sensory-neural mechanisms may selectively control general behavior patterns, such as escape, foraging, and hiding. Many examples of wavelength-specific behaviors have been identified, in two primary groups: Below 450 nm, associated with direct light, and above 450 nm, associated with reflected light. As opsin molecules were tuned to detect different wavelengths of light, at some point color vision developed when the photoreceptor cells used differently tuned opsins. This may have happened at any of the early stages of the eye's evolution, and may have disappeared and reevolved as relative selective pressures on the lineage varied. ====Polarization vision==== Polarization is the organization of disordered light into linear arrangements, which occurs when light passes through slit like filters, as well as when passing into a new medium. Sensitivity to polarized light is especially useful for organisms whose habitats are located more than a few meters under water. In this environment, color vision is less dependable, and therefore a weaker selective factor. While most photoreceptors have the ability to distinguish partially polarized light, terrestrial vertebrates' membranes are orientated perpendicularly, such that they are insensitive to polarized light. However, some fish can discern polarized light, demonstrating that they possess some linear photoreceptors. Additionally, cuttlefish are capable of perceiving the polarization of light with high visual fidelity, although they appear to lack any significant capacity for color differentiation. Like color vision, sensitivity to polarization can aid in an organism's ability to differentiate surrounding objects and individuals. Because of the marginal reflective interference of polarized light, it is often used for orientation and navigation, as well as distinguishing concealed objects, such as disguised prey. ====Focusing mechanism==== By utilizing the iris sphincter muscle and the ciliary body, some species move the lens back and forth, some stretch the lens flatter. Another mechanism regulates focusing chemically and independently of these two, by controlling growth of the eye and maintaining focal length. In addition, the pupil shape can be used to predict the focal system being utilized. A slit pupil can indicate the common multifocal system, while a circular pupil usually specifies a monofocal system. When using a circular form, the pupil will constrict under bright light, increasing the f-number, and will dilate when dark in order to decrease the depth of focus. Note that a focusing method is not a requirement. As photographers know, focal errors increase as aperture increases. Thus, countless organisms with small eyes are active in direct sunlight and survive with no focus mechanism at all. As a species grows larger, or transitions to dimmer environments, a means of focusing need only appear gradually. ====Placement==== Predators generally have eyes on the front of their heads for better depth perception to focus on prey. Prey animals' eyes tend to be on the side of the head giving a wide field of view to detect predators from any direction. Flatfish are predators which lie on their side on the bottom, and have eyes placed asymmetrically on the same side of the head. A transitional fossil from the common symmetric position to the asymmetric position is Amphistium. == See also == * Ocelloid * == Explanatory footnotes == ==References== == Further reading == * Illustration. Review * * *Journal Evolution: Education and Outreach Volume 1, Number 4 / October 2008. Special Issue: The Evolution of Eyes. 26 articles, free access. * * * * * * ==External links== * * Creationism Disproved? Video from the National Center for Science Education on the evolution of the eye * Evolution: Education and Outreach Special Issue: Evolution and Eyes volume 1, number 4, October 2008, pages 351–559. ISSN 1936-6426 (Print) 1936–6434 (Online) Eye Category:Eye |
Partiscum was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia along the limes of Marisus river. It is the most Western fort of Dacia. Its ruins are located nearby Szeged, Csongrád-Csanád County, Hungary. Latest research showed that the most likely place was in Szeged, near the Tisza river, at the old Castle of Szeged.Deák Rita: Lugio Partiscum romai ut es Szeged romai kori emlekei ==Location== In prehistory, the area was the territory of the Iazyges (or Jazygei), a subgroup of Sarmatians. The Roman fort, first mentioned as Partiscum by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century A.D., lies in southern Hungary and in the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain on the lower reaches of the Tisza River, which flows into the Danube about 120 kilometres south into Serbia/Vojvodina. At the eastern city border the Maros (Latin Marisus, Romanian Mureș) flows into the Tisza. The Maros forms here also the natural border to Romania. The Roman ruins are today covered by the city centre. In antiquity, an important traffic connection coming from the west led to Partiscum and further over the Marosch Valley to inner Dacia. The road connection started from castra Lugio/Florentia. This garrison, together with fortified naval area of late antiquity Burgus contra Florentiam, guarded the Pannonian Danube Limes and the border area around the road meeting the Roman Empire here. Traces of Roman settlements could be uncovered in particular on the western bank of the Tisza River under the fortress erected in the Middle Ages. ==History of research== During the demolition of the Szeged fortress, last restored under Empress and Queen Maria Theresia, between 1876 and 1883 a large number of Spoli came to light, a small part of which was of Roman origin. The Spolia, which was discovered by the ethnographer Cs. Sebestyén Károly (1876-1956) first published find material is not explicitly of military origin and thus only testifies to a Roman settlement. However, during the construction of a canal for the municipal sewerage system in 1877, the engineer responsible, István Kováts, may have cut the walls of the presumed castle on the site of the fortress. He attached a sketch to his report: :During the excavations we came to the conclusion that this could be the third fortress on the same site. Proof of this are the 15 walls found under the ground, two of which are shown in the drawing, 300 metres apart in parallel; one of the walls is between the fortress and the town hall and 150 metres from the fortress. The remaining 13 walls run in different directions. In particular, the latter wall attracted the attention of the archaeologist Pál Lakatos, as trees were not even allowed to be planted in this area, which belonged to the fortress's bombardment area, until the 19th century. Old plans proved that there never was a building there in the early modern period. But the strength of the two parallel walls, found at a depth of 5.70 to 7.60 metres, is extraordinarily strong at three metres for a Principate fort. In addition, a fort 300 metres wide that would almost reach the dimensions of a legionary camp would not be adjustable at this location. What these walls belonged to remains unknown without modern excavations. Rather, archaeologists such as Dénes Gabler suspect the Roman military station in the area of a castle palace of the Árpád period, which was located there before the construction of the great fortress at its southern fortification. In this area Roman floor tiles were also discovered in situ (see below). The small castle palace could have taken up structures of the fort. Since the presumed area at the corner of Vár Street and Deák-Ferenc Street is now covered by buildings, research has become impossible. The area of the former Szeged fortress has not yet been systematically investigated. Due to the medieval, early modern and modern construction, no traces of the Roman fortification have survived above ground. The dense concentration of findings in this zone, however, indicates the location of the presumed fort. An alabastern relief fragment discovered in 1924 in the southern Szegedin district of Alsóváros could also have reached it in the post-Roman period. ==Development== According to András Alföldi (1895–1981), the Romans founded a garrison in Partiscum during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161), when Rome had secured its position against the Iazyges, who lived between the Danube and the Carpathians and their northwestern allies, the Germanic Quads. An agreement between Romans and Iazyges probably secured the establishment of a settlement. Roman tourist traffic between the castra Lugio (Dunaszekcső) and Dacia subsequently began even after the province of Dacia was evacuated in 271, this highway could have existed. This may be indicated by Burgus contra Florentiam from Dunaszekcső, was built during the reign of Emperor Valentinian I (364-375). However, findings that would prove a late-antique settlement continuity of Partiscum have not yet come to light. In the beginning the assumed fort might have been occupied by a legionary exile. Since the peace treaty of 175 dictated by Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180), Roman officials have also been on the territory of the always restless and rebellious Iazyges. As security for the Romans, the Iazyges had to place hostages according to the contract conditions at that time. In modern research it is still controversially discussed whether the Romans under Marcus Aurelius occupied the entire Tisza Basin to establish two new provinces (Sarmatia and Marcomannia). However, the stratigraphic investigations of the archaeologist Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) on the Limes Sarmatiae, which was massively developed in late antiquity and which since then has surrounded the Iazyges area, seem to confirm this assumption. Soproni was also able to determine that already under Marcus Aurelius - at least partially - work had taken place in the area of this boundary wall. It is also certain that the Iazyges' area should now be used as a military buffer zone to relieve the Danube border with Pannonia. For the victory over the Sarmatians, Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus received the honorary title Sarmaticus (Maximus) in the autumn of 175. Relevant findings suggest that Attila or Bleda temporarily opened their residences here in late antiquity (see below). ==Function== At the latest with the establishment of the Roman province of Dacia after the Second Dacian War (105-106 AD), the direct road connection from Pannonia via Partiscum to Dacia became even more important for Rome. On their route, transports and troop contingents could be moved quickly without having to take the long detour along the Danube. In addition, in Partiscum, where the Marosch/Mureș (Latin Marisus) from Transylvania flowed into the Tisza and finally into the Danube, shipping traffic could also be controlled at a prominent location. The auxiliary cohort, perhaps stationed here later, was also responsible for monitoring and securing the road connection to Micia, which ran southeast along the southern bank of the Marosch/Mureș. Salt, gold and wood were transported on the water and land routes that converged at Partiscum. The function of the ancient Partiscum as an important trading centre is also illustrated by the consecration stone of a Roman road official, which is described in more detail below. The inscription shows that Partiscum must also have been a stage for the state courier service, Cursus publicus. After the extension of the Limes Sarmatiae, Partiscum lays almost exactly in the middle of this region extending between the Danube and the Great Plain. The border fortifications bear witness to the centuries-old Roman attempt to control the Iazyges, which was difficult to keep under control. Military outposts along the Limes Sarmatiae were also to serve this purpose. In addition to the unfinished Valentinian castra of Göd-Bócsaújtelep near the border, which was to stand at the beginning of the northern section of the Sarmatian Limes, the construction of the burgus of Hatvan-Gombospuszta also began during this expansion phase. ==Important finds== The research results made it clear that the Roman findings made in the early modern fortress showed no connection to Iazygian material. ==Votive altar== Partiscum/Szeged had been a strategically important border fortress since the Middle Ages, but after the Turkish wars, which were devastating for Hungary, had subsided in 1686, it became less and less important. With the demolition of the fortress, several Roman finds came to light, including a votive altar in the form of a sheet of foil, which names a Praefectus vehiculationis (chief road warden) as its dedicant: [...] cond(uctoris) p(ublici) p(ortorii) et praef(ecti) ve]hicul[o] rum Mercato(r) vili(cus) v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito) According to Alföldi, the stone, which had been cut to a great extent for secondary use, was created during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161). ==Brick stamps== It is said that 38 Roman bricks were discovered during the demolition work in the fortress, but only seven of them were brought to the Ferenc Móra Museum in Szeged. Only one remains today. As far as is known, it is the only one to bear a brick stamp with the stamp IMP - probably for Imperator - and was therefore possibly fired in a brickworks under imperial administration. The archaeologist János Szilágyi (1907-1988), known for his extensive work on Roman brick stamps, dated this brick back to the reign of the emperors Caracalla (211-217) or Elagabal (218-222). Other scientists assume that it originated in the 2nd century A.D. ==Antefixum== Also from the overburden of the fortress came two fragments of an antefixum, a decorated facing brick, of which only a part remains today. The piece of red, hard-fired terracotta shows a palmette and spiral lines. Due to the fine workmanship of the piece, it probably was not made after the end of the 2nd century AD. ==Brick floors== During the fortress's demolition, two Roman floors made of small bisque and octagonal fired bricks were discovered in situ. The first group of stones, found near the castle courtyard, had a yellow-brown colour; the two remaining octagonal bricks are brick red and grey. The octagonal floor tiles also include a small brick that is square in plan and once filled the gaps of the ornamental floor set of octagonal bricks. Biscuit-shaped floor tiles were found in the Dacian Tibiscum (Caransebeș) and in Sarmizegetusa Regia (Grădiștea de Munte), among other places. They were also found in the Pannonian settlements of Siscia (Sisak), Aquincum (Budapest) and Brigetio (Komárom). The floor of a room of the palaestra and in the amphitheater of the civil city of Aquincum, on the other hand, had floors of octagonal bricks. János Reizner (1847-1904), who became known as a local historian, mentioned that the Roman floor of biscuit-shaped bricks, which was obviously at least partially complete up to then, was destroyed by the demolition workers and that many civil servants used the broken bricks as paperweights. The diversity of the two brick groups points to two different rooms in which these had been laid. Possibly the floors belonged to a mansio (street station), in which the travelers could recover from the strains and spend the night. ==Sculptural decoration== In the area of the fortress and town of Szeged, some of the more valuable antiquities were discovered, which may not have arrived here until the 18th century. A convoy consisting of three ships with antique art treasures, which were collected in Transylvania and were to be brought to Vienna, was ordered by Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740). The ships were on the Marosch/Mure in the direction of the Tisza, as one sank near Szeged. An attempted salvage failed. It is possible that a well elaborated bust of a Roman discovered in the 20th century at the mouth of the Marosch river originates from this cargo. Other pieces may also have found their way to Szeged in the course of time, so that a clear localization of various finds from Szeged that did not come to light in situ will in many cases be impossible. In 1877, a marble male head from the 2nd century A.D. was excavated at a depth of about 7.60 metres during excavation work on the above- mentioned canal inside the fortress, which had been cleared for demolition. The piece belonged to a relief, as its reverse side is flat and unfinished. Kováts tells us that the remaining parts of this relief were also found, but that the workers threw these pieces back into the excavation pit. The depth of the site can be explained by the many fortifications and alterations that the fortress of Szeged underwent over the centuries. It also suggests that this relief may have been in Partiscum/Szeged as early as Roman times. ==Coin treasure== As the scholar and Piarist friar András Dugonics (1740-1818) reports, in 1794 large quantities of silver coins from the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180) were discovered next to the provisions house near the fortress. Whether this could have been a depot find that was found in the ??? This hoard find is the largest collection of Hunnic gold objects ever known. It was found before the First World War in a vineyard in Nagyszéksós, formerly part of Szeged and now part of the Röszós district. Before being reported to the authorities, a large number of the treasures disappeared, some of which have remained lost to this day. By 1966 the number of gold objects in museums and private collections had reached 200. Only specimens from catacomb tombs discovered in 1904 on the Kerch peninsula are approximately comparable with the late antique Nagyszéksós hoard find. Among the finds of Nagyszéksós, there is not a single object that could determine the period of its origin or concealment to the nearest decade. Archaeologists interpreted the discovery of Nagyszéksós for a long time as a cremation or as the remains of a mound grave eroded by natural erosion. However, this assumption was later rejected, as there is no knowledge that the Huns burnt their dead. An important finding here was the Hunnic treasure of Szeged-Nagyszeksös. ==Whereabouts== The Roman finds recovered during the demolition of the early modern fortress are now in the Ferenc Móra Museum in Szeged. ==Protection of historical monuments== The monuments of Hungary are protected according to the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by registration in the Register of Monuments. The State Office of Cultural Heritage (Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Hivatal; KÖH) in Budapest is the responsible institution. The Limes complexes belong to the nationally valuable cultural heritage as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. All finds are state property according to § 2.1, no matter where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or crime and are punishable by imprisonment for up to three years. ==See also== *List of castra ==References== ==External links== *Roman castra Partiscum in Szeged (Hungary) - Google Maps Category:2nd-century establishments in the Roman Empire Category:2nd-century fortifications Category:1794 archaeological discoveries Category:Roman legionary fortresses in Hungary Category:Roman legionary fortresses in Dacia |
Ezekiel Judah, (Hebrew: יחזקאל יהודה) or Yehezkel Yehuda or Yahuda or Ezekiel Judah Jacob Sliman (1800 – 22 April 1860) was a Jewish communal leader, indigo, muslin and silk trader, philanthropist and talmudist of Baghdad, who migrated to India, leading the Baghdadi Jewish community of Kolkata in his lifetime and establishing the city's first synagogues. ==Origins== Ezekiel Judah was the scion of a noble Jewish family of Baghdad, known as the Judah family in English, Yehuda family in Hebrew, or originally as the Ma'tuk family. The Ma’tuk family of Baghdad were descended from Rabbi Ma’tuk, the last Nasi or Prince of the Jewish community of Anah, on the Euphrates, who fled to Baghdad with his family in the first quarter of the 17th century following the threats of a tyrannical governor who had persecuted the community. Rabbi Ma’tuk, as was the custom for leaders of leading Jewish communities in Iraq at the time, had been the Saraf-Bashi or Treasurer of the governor. The historian of Baghdad Jewry Rabbi David Solomon Sassoon says the Ma’tuk family has been established in Anah for centuries. The family's flight reflected a shift in the axis of Mesopotamian Jews. The historian of Iraqi Jewry Zvi Yehuda says the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Persia harmed Anah and the cessation of the caravan trade between Aleppo and Baghdad impoverished the Jewish community, seeing many of the wealthiest Jewish families like the Ma’tuks depart for Baghdad. Anah, which has previously been a prosperous Jewish centre fell into sharp decline with a Portuguese traveller in 1663 even observing there were only Jews who lived there who made their livelihoods out of making clothe out of camel hair. Despite this, origins in Anah, were in fact seen as a sign of family's antiquity amongst Iraqi Jews at the time. This was due to the ancient Iraqi Jewish belief Anah was the site of Nehardea, which features prominently in the Talmud, including as the first seat of the Exhilarch and his Beth din. The Jews of Anah maintained a belief they were descended from the Babylonian Exile and never subsequently returned to Palestine. The descendants of the Ma'tuk family from Anah, known as the Judah family since the late 18th century, maintain this tradition to this day. That this belief was native to this time is corroborated by Christians missionnaires in Anah in the 19th century who reported "these Jews maintained their forefathers were of the first captivity, and had never returned to Palestine." The family's arrival in Baghdad reflected a revival of that city's fortunes. Baghdad, having been extinguished as a Jewish centre following its capture by Timur in the 14th century was re-emerging as a major Jewish centre when the family arrived in the early 17th century. According to historian Zvi Yehuda, the 15th century sees no reports on Jews in Baghdad or in its surroundings, in Basra, Hilla, Kifil, Anah, Kurdistan, even in Persia and the Persian Gulf. The migration of the Ma’tuk family to Baghdad was one part of the city's incipient Jewish revival. According to the historian and Rabbi David Solomon Sassoon the family were one of the oldest Jewish families of Baghdad. The 19th-century German ethnographer H. Peterman corroborated writing that the oldest Jewish families of Baghdad came from Anah, amongst them the Ma’tuk. Historians of Iraqi Jewry recount that the Ma’tuk or later Yehuda or Judah family achieved great renown as scholars, rabbis, merchants and communal leaders, in Baghdad in the 18th and 19th century including most prominently through the communal leader, poet and astronomer Sliman Ben David Ma’tuk, also is also known to historians under the Anglicised name as Solomon Ma’tuk. == Biography == Ezekiel Judah, born in 1799 or 1800, is referred to by historians or on monuments in the Calcutta synagogues he erected alternately as Ezekiel Judah, Yehezkel Yehuda or Yahuda, or Ezekiel Judah Jacob Sliman or Sulliman. These three different names reflects a moment in time where the emerging Baghdadi Jewish trading diaspora in Asia still used the traditional Jewish naming system of listing a name simply as the first name of a son, father and grandfather for religious and communal purposes but was slowly evolving towards using the Western custom of surnames as families began to travel internationally and engage with the British Empire. However, Iraqi Jewish historians cite the Ma’tuk clan, descended from Rabbi Ma’tuk of Anah, as having adopted his name as a name of their clan or a form of surname at least by the mid 17th century if not earlier. According to the chronicler of Iraqi Jewish history Efrayim Haddad, Rabbi Judah Jacob Ma’tuk was the father of Ezekiel Judah. In his lifetime the family name was changed to the Yehuda or Judah family, as it was later Anglicised in British India. The name Ezekiel Judah Jacob Sulliman, as appears on Neveh Shalom synagogue in Calcutta, is his first name coupled with that of his father and grandfather, without a surname. According to the historian of Iraqi Jewry Abraham Ben-Jacob, "amongst the lords of Baghdad at this time the Judah family (Ma’tuk) occupied a prominent place." Rabbi Judah Jacob married twice and was the father of eight sons and two daughters. His eldest son Ezekiel Judah was "the best of his sons" and became the founder of the Judah family of India. He was seen as the bearer of an aristocratic name of Baghdadi Jews by his contemporaries and was respected by them as a descendant of the renowned Sliman ben David Matuk of Baghdad. He was also a relative of the chief of the powerful merchant and unofficial leader of the Baghdadi Jewish trading diaspora David Sassoon. Historian Abraham Ben-Jacob and the Encyclopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel refers to Ezekiel Judah as a rabbi. Ezekiel Judah married twice. His first wife was Rachel Haim the daughter of Rabbi Moshe Haim who renewed Torah scholarship in Baghdad. Rabbi Moshe Haim was both the father in law of David Sassoon and Ezekiel Judah creating a family bond between the Judahs and the Sassoons. His second wife was Khatoon Gubbay, the daughter of Rabbi Aaron Saleh Gubbay or Hakham, as the title was referred amongst Mizrahi Jews at the time, the Av Beth Din, or deputy head of the supreme Jewish religious court of Baghdad. The Encyclopaedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel, compiled and published by David Tidhar cites that Ezekiel Judah was himself a great Torah scholar, held a yeshiva and educated the poor with one of his students being the renowned Eliyahu Mani, later to be the Rabbi of Hebron. Accounts vary as to the year Ezekiel Judah established his family permanently in Calcutta. The date of his first arrival in the city is 1820 but according to Rabbi Ezekiel N. Musleah, the last Rabbi of the Jewish community of Calcutta, the year he moved definitively to Bengal was 1838. Ezekiel Judah and members of the Judah family migrated to India in the context of the persecution of the Jews and misrule of Dawud Pasha of Baghdad. Iraqi Jewish historian Abraham Ben-Jacob says the flight of David Sassoon from Baghdad prompted his friend Ezekiel Judah to do the same, travelling with his son Sassoon Judah to India. At first he lived in Bombay and later migrated to Calcutta. His wife subsequently joined him two years later with their son Nissim travelling the long journey to India by donkey. Ezekiel Judah appears to have by trade been a leading indigo, silk and muslin trader. On the back of this fortune as a philanthropist, Ezekiel Judah established the first synagogue in Calcutta, known as Neveh Shalom in Hebrew, which translates as the Abode of Peace, in 1825. He co-founded the second synagogue Beth-El, in 1856 with David Joseph Ezra. Ezekiel Judah and the Judah family are described in the epic travelogue of the Ashkenazi Jewish writer J. J. Benjamin. Describing the community of Calcutta, using the term then in use amongst Mizrahi Jews to refer to a rabbi, he wrote, "they are all well educated, but have no appointed Chachamim; one of the richest commercial men of the town Ezekiel Jehuda Jacob Sliman, a very enlightened man and an excellent talmudist, performs the duties of the Chacham." J. J. Benjamin described his visit to Singapore that the elders of the small community there were the sons of Ezekiel Judah. Ezekiel Judah's enlightened views can be seen in his view towards the Bene Israel, whom many other Baghdadi Jews sought to separate from and exclude from their synagogues on account of their darker skin and being native to India. In 1843, Ezekiel Judah wrote to the Rabbis of Baghdad concerning the Bene Israel. He wrote, "they give birth to sons and circumcise them as we do, they teach them Talmud- Torah with our children. They are exactly as we, without any difference, and we always call them to the Sefer Torah in accordance with the custom of the Jewish people. May we give them our daughters and may we take their daughters?" Sadly no record of the response to Ezekiel Judah survives. In Calcutta Ezekiel Judah, as in Bombay like his relative David Sassoon, sought to align the Baghdadi Jewish community with the British and be seen to publicly support the colonial power, eventually become a naturalised British subject. Ezekiel Judah died on 22 April 1860 in Calcutta, having not reached his sixtieth year. He is buried in Calcutta. For a year after Ezekiel Judah's death his sons invited Rabbis from Baghdad, Jerusalem and Syria and the poor Jews of Calcutta to study Torah day and night at his former home. == Legacy == After the death of Ezekiel Judah two branches of the Judah or Yehuda family developed, a rabbinical one settling in Jerusalem and a mercantile one remaining in Calcutta and eventually migrating to London after the end of British rule. Yehuda Family of Jerusalem One of Ezekiel Judah's sons by his first marriage was described as a leader amongst the Jewish community in Baghdad. Another by his first marriage, Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda migrated from Baghdad to Jerusalem. In doing so he founded a rabbinical branch of the family known as the Yehuda family of Jerusalem. Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda was bequeathed by his father Ezekiel Judah a share a share in houses in Calcutta worth £25,000 and was thus able to live a life of great wealth and respectability, thanks to the income derived from their rental, of which he set aside a considerable sum for philanthropy. His migration to Jerusalem was described by his descendant David Yellin. Upon arriving in Jerusalem Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda set aside one room of his home for ten students to study Torah throughout the day, often studied with them and established a scholarship fund for their welfare. Thanks to the fortune of his father Ezekiel Judah, Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda played an important role in building the Sephardic Jewish community and rabbinical infrastructure in Jerusalem. He established the yeshiva Knesset Yehezkel, named in honour of his father, in 1858, which he maintained with a large fortune he inherited from his father in Calcutta. After the death of Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda the yeshiva was merged with Hesed El yeshiva founded in 1860. Ezekiel Judah's grandson and son of Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda was Rabbi Faraj Haim Yehuda, who was born in 1846 in Baghdad. Rabbi Faraj Haim Yehuda was one of the main builders of the Sephardi community in Jerusalem in the late 19th century. He was one of the founders of the Shimon HaTzaddik quarter, a Jerusalem neighborhood established in 1875 by the Eidah Sephardit Committee. In 1882, Rabbi Faraj Haim Yehuda left for India to seek funds from wealthy relatives and the Baghdadi Jewish community established there for the Shimon HaTzaddik synagogue, visiting Bombay. On his return in 1885 he founded the Adat HaBavlim association for Iraqi Jews in Jerusalem with his brother Rabbi Binyamin Yehuda. He was also a known scholar and his book VaTitpallel Hanna was printed in 1889 in Jerusalem and contains prayers, ethics and laws. Rabbi Faraj Chaim Yehuda departed again for India in 1893, dying on his return to Jerusalem in his native city of Baghdad. During his lifetime Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda became close with Ashkenazi scholars. Soon after his arrival Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda stunned deeply conservative Jerusalem religious society in 1854 when he married his daughter Serah to Joshua Yellin, an Ashkenazi Jew and the son of Polish immigrants. The marriage occurred about four months after Joshua Yellin's Bar Mitzvah. Marriages between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews were extremely rare at the time. The Yehuda and Yellin families joined forces to establish the first modern Jewish agricultural colony in Palestine at Motza a few years later. Members of the Yellin family lived in Motza which is today one of the most sought after locations on the approach to Jerusalem. The family at one point aspired but failed to settle Yemenite Jewish immigrants in Motza. The father of Joshua Yellin, David Tavya Yellin, and his father-in-law Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda, bought the land at Motza in 1860 from the Arabs of Qalunya. The historic Yellin family house was built by Joshua Yellin and his family's primary residence in 1890. David Yellin, the son of Joshua Yellin and Serah Yellin, would become one of the central figures of the revival of the modern Hebrew language and a Hebrew poet. He was founder of the Hebrew Language Committee in 1890 upon which the modern Academy of the Hebrew Language is based, taught at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was a Zionist politician in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine. David Yellin was from 1903 to 1912 a member of the Jerusalem Municipal Council and from 1905 to 1920 President of the Jewish National Council and deputy mayor of Jerusalem. The Yellins, as descendants of Ezekiel Judah, were viewed as scions of the Sassoon family by their contemporaries. The Yehuda family of Jerusalem continued to actively trade with the Judah family in Calcutta, their wealthy relatives in India throughout the 19th century. Their trade consisted of Indian products such as tea and indigo. The son of Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda grew close to the Chabad movement in Jerusalem, was known as the Hassid and received support from wealthy relatives in India to repair the second floor of the Chabad synagogue in the Old City. The Chabad synagogue of the Old City, known as Tzemach Tzedek, was built in 1858 with the support of David Sassoon, the second story and a yeshiva being added in 1879 with the support of Elias Sassoon. According to the Encyclopaedia of the Founders and the Builders of Israel, Rabbi Binyamin Yehuda, the son of Rabbi Shlomo Yehezkel Yehuda, died after a collapse in the capital of himself and his brothers meant he was no longer able to distribute alms to the poor as was his custom and "out of grief he fell asleep from which he did not arise." His sons included the biblical scholar Abraham Shalom Yahuda. Judah Family of Calcutta The mercantile branch of the family remained in India and was known as the Yehuda and subsequently when the name was anglicised during British rule, the Judah family of Calcutta. According to the historian of the Baghdadi Jewish trading diaspora Ezra Yehzkel-Shaked, one of Ezekiel Judah's sons by his second marriage, Yosef Yehuda, who remained in India, was described as the "king of the Calcutta opium exchange" and the owner of a "famed sailing vessel" which made regular voyages from India to Macao and other destinations in China. Calcutta Synagogues In terms of Ezekiel Judah's physical legacy the Calcutta synagogues of Neveh Shalom and Beth El remain standing and maintained in the city, whose Jewish community has dwindled to less than twenty people. Despite this they are regularly visited by tourists descendants of the Baghdadi Jewish community and considered a unique part of the city's heritage. Given the almost complete destruction of Jewish heritage sites in Syria and Iraq, Ben Judah has noted these age amongst "the last or our synagogues" built in the traditional Baghdadi style. Descendants Ezekiel Judah's descendants included Abraham Yahuda (1877–1951) from the Jerusalem branch and Tim Judah and his son Ben Judah from the Calcutta branch. == References == Category:1800 births Category:1860 deaths Category:Iraqi Jews Category:Talmudists |
Mamod is a toy manufacturer based in Britain that specializes in producing live steam models. The company was founded in Birmingham in 1937 by Geoffrey Malins. The name "Mamod" is a combination of "Malins Models." Initially, the company manufactured stationary steam engines, which were originally sold under the 'Hobbies' brand. Subsequently, Malins introduced the brand name 'Mamod.' Over time, Mamod expanded its range to include models of road rollers, traction engines, steam wagons, and other steam-powered road vehicles. These models were primarily intended for the toy market and were designed to be user-friendly and operate at low boiler pressures for safety, although they were not precise scale models. Most Mamod models feature single- acting oscillating cylinders. While some models incorporate regulators in the steam feed or exhaust, others operate without regulation in basic models or employ a simple reversing mechanism to adjust the cutoff, thereby controlling the engine's power, speed, and direction. In the early days, the company used single or multi-wick lamps or vaporizing spirit burners. However, in the mid-1970s, Mamod transitioned to using hexamine solid fuel, which came in tablet form and offered a safer and less intense heat source. ==SC, SE and Minor series stationary engines (1937–79)== thumb|left|A Mamod SE4 flatbed twin from c1937, shown in the 'Hobbies' colours of darker green and red. thumb|right|A Mamod SE2 engine from c1958, showing transitional form – new 1958 wide firebox complete with 3-wick burner. thumb|right|Two Mamod SE3 twin- cylinder steam engines from 1969. The engine on the left is the Griffin & George version, and the version on the right displays push button whistle and screw-on crank webs. thumb|left|A 1949 Mamod SE2 engine showing new pressed steel engine frame and superheated boiler. thumb|left|Mamod Minor engines from 1949 and 1954. The red disc-crank version is the earlier engine, whilst the 54 version clearly shows the red 'unclipped' mazak flywheel. The SE range of engines traces its origins back to 1936, when Geoffrey Malins began manufacturing engines for Hobbies of Dereham. These engines were loosely based on the Bowman engines previously produced by Geoffrey Bowman Jenkins for Hobbies up until 1935. The main distinction between the Bowman and Malins engines was that the latter were smaller, came only on metal bases,punched with 'Meccano' spaced holes and had the chimney attached to the top of the boiler in a locomotive style. Starting in 1937, Malins decided to create his own line of engines in addition to those made for hobbies. With a few minor differences, such as lighter paint shades and a Mamod badge, the engines were almost identical to the Hobbies range. Over time, the differences between Mamod and Hobbies became less noticeable, and a Mamod-badged SE4 engine could be found in the 'Hobbies colors.' This marked the beginning of a philosophy that aimed to sell engines promptly and minimize waste. By 1940, any remaining distinctions between the two ranges had practically disappeared. With the outbreak of the Second World War, Malins severed his ties with Hobbies, and the SC series of engines became the last steam toys sold under the Hobbies brand. Malins realized that focusing on his own engines would be more profitable. As the war intensified, the St. Mary Row factory was put on hold, and wartime interests took precedence, although Malins continued producing a limited number of engines throughout the conflict. After the war, the business was revitalized, and by 1946, a limited range of steam toys, including the SE1, SE2, Minor 1, and tools, were being manufactured. The pre-war SE3 and SE4 models were discontinued, along with the short-lived twin-cylinder Minor 2. The post-war engines, except for the Minor 1 (MM1), featured base-mounted chimneys. However, in the following years, the design reverted to the locomotive-style chimney, resembling the pre-war models. Apart from these changes, the pre-war and post-war models remained largely identical. The SE1 and SE2 were produced in their new form for several months, but due to challenges in acquiring production materials during post-war rationing, the SE1 and SE2 switched back to the locomotive-style chimney. The MM1 engine remained almost unchanged. Until 1948, the models still utilized flat bases and cast iron bodies. By 1948, the SE range underwent an update, incorporating brass engine frames branded with the Mamod logo and hot-stamped brass flywheels. The SE1 and SE2 models also received regulators. Additionally, a new model called the Minor 2 (MM2) was introduced, featuring a single-cylinder engine unit and serving as a larger version of the MM1. Wick burners with 1, 2, or 3 wick tubes were used in all engines. In 1949, with the company's relocation to Camden Street, the expensive brass engine frames were replaced with pressed steel ones as a cost-saving measure. The design resembled that of some Marklin engines. The SE1 and SE2 models now feature superheating in their boilers. The SE2 retained its regulator, while the SE1 had it removed. The MM1 engine became the first in the range to have a raised, pressed base. This configuration remained unchanged until 1953, when cheaper Mazak material was gradually introduced, leading to the replacement of brass flywheels. The company's approach emphasized continuous product development to maintain competitive prices. During the immediate post-war period, several other manufacturers, such as Plane Products, Cyldon, SEL, Luton Bowman, and Burnac, were also producing steam toys. At the beginning of 1954, the SE range received raised bases and underwent cosmetic updates and changes. By 1958, all models except the MM1 were equipped with new vaporizing spirit burners, introduced in 1957 along with the twin-cylinder SE3. Additional cosmetic changes included updated boiler bands and fireboxes. Engines produced during the late 1950s period featured combinations of old and new parts, commonly referred to as 'transitional' engines. By the mid-1960s, pop rivets were used for securing the engine frames, along with other aesthetic alterations, across the entire Mamod range. In 1967, the SE range underwent another update, resulting in the introduction of the SE1a and SE2a models, which replaced the SE1 and SE2, respectively. The superheating feature was removed, and simplified pipework was implemented. The SE2a also received a reversing lever, similar to the 'MEC1' Meccano engine introduced in 1965. Gradual changes were made to the paint color, boiler end cap, whistle design, and decal layout. From 1967 to 1972, the Se1, Se2, and Se3 models occasionally had different green paint finishes on their engine frames. This paint, resembling a hammered effect, was likely obtained as a cost-saving measure by the managing director at the time, Eric Malins. Steve Malins confirmed that this was the case as the company sought to reduce production costs. However, the Minor range did not receive this paint finish. The SE3 remained unchanged, except for the introduction of a Griffin and George (educational suppliers) version in 1969. This engine stood out as a notable variation among Mamod's largest post-war stationary engines. It featured a silver-soldered boiler (at the insistence of G&G;) and had a steam pipe union nut at the boiler instead of the usual stopcock. It also sported an additional foil G&G; lozenge logo by the engine. Approximately 2,000 of these engines were produced until the mid-1970s, exclusively sold to schools and accompanied by a manual for use in laboratory experiments. Later examples of this engine were standard SE3 models, but with a revised G&G; logo design. In some cases, the Griffin badge could be found alongside the warning labels applied to all stationary engines in 1976, explaining the use of inappropriate fuel containers and refueling techniques. The 1970s marked the peak of Malins Engineers. In 1970, the MM1 received a vaporizing burner, and in 1975, both Minors were fitted with overflow plugs. In 1977, the engines were converted to solid fuel for the domestic market (a change that had already been implemented for export models). In 1978, the entire range, except for the MM1, had sight glasses installed on the boiler in place of the overflow plug. Towards the end of the 1970s, the SE range was considered outdated, leading to its replacement by the SP range in 1979. The SP models were modernized versions of the earlier SE models, incorporating changes for safety as well as cosmetic purposes. There is no strict correspondence between models in the SE and SP ranges. A comparison between the two ranges can be seen in the following table: Pre-war Post-war Current Comment Minor 1 1939–40 Minor 1 1946–79 SP1 1979–85 Minor 2 1939–40 2 cyl Minor 2 1948–79 SP2 1979-to date 1 cyl SE1 1936–37 SE1 1946–67 SE1A 1967–79 Meccano 1965–76 SP3 1979–85 SE2 1936–37 SC2 1939–40 SE2 1946–67 SE2A 1967–79 SP4 1979–to date (inc SP4D) SE3 1936–37 SC3 1939–40 1 cyl SE4 1936–37 SC4 1939–40 SE3 1957–79 (inc G&G; version) SP5 MK1 79 to 85 Mk2 2001–to date 2 cyl SP6 slide valve SP7 twin cylinder slide valve SP8 beam engine ME1 1936–40 (Hobbies and Mamod) ME1 1958–85 (Mamod only) ME2 1958–65 ME3 1965–72 ==Meccano engine== thumb|right|A Malins designed and built MEC1 dating from about 1970. From 1965 to 1976, Malins manufactured a steam engine according to the specifications of the Meccano company under the Meccano label. It featured a specialized base designed to facilitate integration into Meccano models and included a mechanism that enabled the cylinder to shift in relation to the inlet and exhaust, enabling reverse operation.Meccano MEC1 toysteambible.org Following the discontinuation of the Meccano-branded version, the same engine, with minor adjustments, was later released under the Mamod brand as the SP3 model. Although the original Meccano-branded version did not have an official name or model number, it is commonly referred to as the MEC1. ==The SP Range 1979–to date== ===SP1=== thumb|right|A Mamod SP1 stationary engine circa 1979 The SP1 model was developed based on the Mamod Minor 1, which had been in production since 1939 and was replaced by the SP1. It shared similarities with the Minor 1 in terms of the boiler, engine unit, and flywheel, particularly those without crank discs. However, notable differences included a new black die-cast chimney and a narrow solid fuel burner designed to accommodate a broken tablet. Unlike other SP engines, the SP1 featured a water plug instead of the standard Mamod water sight glass due to the smaller size of its boiler. The firebox remained unchanged from the older Minor 1, and some SP1 engines were built with the old Mamod Minor 1 boiler. The exhaust system was a simple open port, similar to the Minor 2 and MEC1 engines. Despite their limited power and torque, these engines were capable of operating at least one or two miniature tools. The production of the SP1 was discontinued in 1985 after a total of 27,500 units had been manufactured. Introduced Replacing Discontinued Number Produced 1979 MM1 1985 27,500 ===SP2 and SP2D=== thumb|right|A Mamod SP2 stationary engine The SP2, which debuted in 1979, was a newly designed model that served as a replacement for the Mamod Minor 2. It shared several similarities with the Minor 2, including the same type of boiler, engine unit, and frame. The exhaust system featured a simple open port, similar to that of the Minor 2. Additionally, there was a variant known as the SP2D, equipped with an integrated dynamo. The SP2D boasted a larger-diameter flywheel that powered the dynamo, positioned inside the base of the chimney, via a belt. At the top of the chimney, a small LED bulb was installed. These engines were remarkably powerful for their size and capable of effortlessly driving a complete workshop comprising four tools. As of 1995, the production of SP2 models was ongoing, with a total of 36,878 units manufactured. Introduced Replacing Discontinued Number Produced 1979 MM2 - 36,878 (to 1995) Still in production Notable variations: * Early engine frames were initially painted blue but were later changed to black during the 1980s. * Some sight glasses were secured by screws instead of pop rivets. * The sight glass cover could be made of silver metal or brass. ===SP3=== thumb|right|A Mamod SP3 from circa 1980 showing extra gears on a counter shaft and additional Meccano 'outriggers'. The SP3 model was primarily based on the MEC1 Meccano engine, which was initially introduced in 1965. In essence, the SP3 shared many similarities with the MEC1, with a few notable differences. These included the presence of a solid fuel burner, a sight glass, a whistle in place of the steam dome, and plastic gears instead of metal ones on the crankshaft, specifically designed for operating Meccano models. Similar to the MEC1, the exhaust system featured a simple open port integrated into the engine frame. The engine exhibited dual makers' marks, with both a Mamod and a Meccano-style scalloped edge decal. The baseplate was painted silver, and the boiler utilized a standard Mamod drawn-type tube, also found in the SP2, SP4, and SR1a models. The SP3 possessed ample power to drive an entire range of workshop tools. Introduced Replacing Discontinued Number Produced 1979 Mec1 1985 9,067 Notable variations: * Reverser handles were available in either red or black. * The crank web was typically painted black, although some examples had a bare metal finish. * Some sight glasses were secured using screws instead of pop rivets. * Certain versions featured silver metal sight glass covers instead of brass. ===SP4 and SP4D=== thumb|right|upright|A Mamod SP4 stationary engine The SP4 engine occupied the middle position within the SP series. It incorporated a standard Mamod-drawn boiler and a die-cast chimney. The engine frame was mounted on a silver plinth, and a reverser mechanism enabled the engine to operate in both forward and reverse directions. With the capacity to drive multiple tools simultaneously through a lineshaft, the SP4 engine boasted an "exhaust to chimney" feature. Similar to the SP2 and SP3 models, the boiler was heated using a two-tablet burner tray, and a whistle was included as well. In the case of the SP4D variant, it utilized a uni- directional engine unit and featured a larger pulley specifically designed to drive a dynamo connected to a small 3V lamp. Introduced Replacing Discontinued Number Produced 1979 SE2a - 41,191 (to 1995) Still in production Notable variations: * Some sight glasses were secured using screws instead of the typical two pop rivets. * Sight covers could be either silver metal or brass in some instances. * The SP4D version was equipped with a dynamo and an additional extra-large pulley (on the same shaft) utilizing a standard flywheel. It did not possess a reverse control lever. thumb|right|upright|A Mamod SP5 stationary engine ===SP5 Mk1 and Mk2=== The SP5 engine, upon its introduction, held the position of the highest-tier model. It featured a longer boiler measuring 6 inches by 2 inches (152 mm by 51 mm) and a twin- cylinder engine unit equipped with a reverse control. With their larger boilers and twin cylinders, these engines were capable of easily powering multiple workshops. Similar to the SP4, the SP5 engine had an "exhaust to chimney" design with a condensate collector situated at the base of the chimney. The engine unit, like the SP4, was mounted on a plinth, possibly reminiscent of the 1946 SE4 prototype. The crank webs were stamped with the word "Mamod," resembling the old SE3 model it replaced. The boiler was heated using a 3-tablet burner pan, and a whistle was included as part of the specification. In the case of the newer SP5 model, the Mk2 1335, which has been in production since 2000, several differences can be observed compared to the Mk1 version. The overall layout of the engine has been reversed, with components such as the cylinders and chimney now positioned on the left-hand side. Additionally, the right-hand end of the crankshaft on the SP5 Mk2 features a more efficient and visually appealing crank disc for improved balance and smoother operation. Furthermore, the Mk2 model incorporates one- piece cylinders with a bore of 8 mm (5/16 in) and a stroke of 19 mm (3/4 in). The SP5D Mk2 variant includes a belt-driven dynamo and bulb holder, although a dynamo-less version is also available.Malins, P.S. (1996) Mamod: The Story of Malins Models, Mortimer : Mamod Sales & Service, Introduced Replacing Discontinued Number Produced 1979 SE3 1985. A new version, the SP5 Mk2 1335, was introduced in 2000. 10,461 (SP5 Mk1) Minor variations: * Some sight glasses were secured using screws instead of the typical pop rivets. * Sight covers could be either silver- or brass-colored metal. A version of the engine was sold to Griffin and George for distribution to educational organizations with an extra G&G; decal. There is also a badged SP4 version available. This particular variant was not silver-soldered.thumb|right|A Mamod SP6 1338 stationary engine ===SP6=== The SP6 1338 is a single-cylinder engine produced by Mamod and is recognized as one of their most powerful engines. It is equipped with a piston valve and a fixed cylinder, distinguishing it from engines with oscillating cylinders. The SP6 1338 utilizes the same boiler and burner unit as the SP5 Mk2 1335, with the option of being fitted with a pressure gauge. The engine block used in this model is also employed in larger mobile models. Initially introduced in 2006, production of the SP6 1338 model is ongoing. Minor variation: Around 2006, a limited edition version of this engine was manufactured for Forest Classics, featuring a green baseplate.thumb|right|upright|A Mamod SP7 stationary engine ===SP7=== The SP7 is a twin-cylinder engine manufactured by Mamod and is recognized as their most powerful engine. It is similar to the SP6 model in the product range but features twin cylinders. The SP7 utilizes the same boiler and burner unit as the SP6, which can be equipped with a pressure gauge. It was introduced in 2009 and initially made available through special orders. However, production of the SP7 ceased in 2018. ===SP8=== The SP8 is a beam engine manufactured by Mamod and represents their initial venture into this type of engine. It was introduced in 2013 and incorporates a double-acting piston valve cylinder, similar to other recent models. The cylinder is positioned vertically under one end of the beam, which is connected to it through a simulated Watts linkage. The crankshaft and flywheel are located under the opposite end of the beam, while the valve gear is operated by a secondary, smaller beam. The SP8 is available with the choice of a gas or solid fuel burner, although it is no longer in production. ==Mamod miniature tools and line shaft details== thumb|right|A raised base Mamod line shaft with large rectangular decal, c1958-65. thumb|Mamod workshop tools from c1950, showing brass wheeled hammer and punch as well as polisher and grinder. The company manufactured a variety of model workshop equipment with bodies and bases made of either cast iron or diecast metal. These tools were designed to be compatible with Meccano, featuring a spacing of ½ inches (12.7 mm). The range included:Mamod stationary model steam engines, working models and miniature machine tools catalogue No.LYE 2244/5 Malins (Engineers) Ltd, Brierley Hill, UK * The Model Power Press (later renamed the Power Punch) * Model Power Hammer, which functioned as a trip hammer * Miniature Polishing Machine, equipped with two 1.25-inch (32 mm) felt polishing wheels * Miniature Grinding Machine, featuring one fine and one medium 0.75-inch (19 mm) grinding wheels * Miniature Line Shaft, allowing multiple models to operate simultaneously with three Meccano- compatible pulleys These tools have been part of Mamod's line of steam toys since the company's establishment in 1937. The early tools had simple flat bases with Meccano-spaced holes and pulleys resembling Meccano components, consisting of roughly made sandcast iron bodies. After World War II, from 1948 onwards, the tools, along with the SE1, SE2, and MM2 engines, were fitted with new hot-stamped brass flywheels. Around the same time, when Malins Engineers moved to Camden Street, Birmingham, power presses were acquired, leading to the introduction of raised bases for the brass-wheeled tools and the polisher/grinder. The cast-iron bodies were later replaced by Mazak around 1950. The MM1 engine became the first steam toy in the Malins' range to feature a raised baseplate thanks to the pressing facilities. The tools underwent minimal changes over the years, except for the switch from brass to Mazak flywheels in 1953 and the disappearance of oiling points by the 1960s. By 1979, the tools had adopted a blue and red color scheme, aligning with the new SP series of engines and replacing the previous green and red scheme used on all engines and tools until then. Due to financial circumstances, the individual tools were no longer offered as separate items in the mid-1980s (along with the SP1, SP3, and SP5 engines). However, they were reintroduced together in the WS1 workshop introduced in 1979. Subsequently, in the early 2000s, the individual tools made a reappearance. === The Mamod lineshaft history === The line shaft is an accessory that enables a steam engine to operate multiple tools simultaneously. Its origins can be traced back to 1936, when Geoffrey Malins undertook the task of producing a set of engines for Hobbies of Dereham, following Geoffrey Bowman-Jenkins' departure from Bowman models. The early line shafts had flat bases and were available in two models before the war: the C1 with 4 pulleys and the C2 with 7 pulleys. Both variants featured red pulleys resembling Meccano components as well as turned brass pulleys. The pedestal supports, like those used for the early tools, were constructed from cast iron, and the baseplates were drilled to accommodate Meccano fittings. Production of the line shaft and tools continued until the onset of the Second World War, with the line shaft being incorporated into the SC2, SC3, and SC4 engines during that time (possibly extending into 1940). Following the war, around 1948, brass pulleys were introduced to the line shaft, alongside the hammer and punch. The flat base plate remained in use, while the C1 line shaft model was discontinued. By the mid-1980s, the Mamod company faced difficulties, resulting in the discontinuation of the SP1, SP3, and SP5 engines, as well as the separate tools and line shaft. However, all five components continued to be manufactured as part of the WS workshop. ==Mobile Engine Range 1961–to date== Mamod manufactures a diverse range of self-propelled models. These models primarily depict various types of vehicles that were commonly powered by steam in the past. ===Steamroller SR1 and SR1A=== thumb|right|A SR1 roller from c1965, it clearly shows the pop rivet construction. thumb|left|A Mamod SR1a roller dating from 1973 The SR1 steam roller was Mamod's inaugural mobile steam toy, debuting in January 1961 and designed by Eric Malins. Initially, the rollers could only move in a single direction at a relatively slow speed, deviating from typical steam roller functionality. These engines utilized a modified MM2 steam unit and distinctive rolls made of aluminum alloy. Early versions of the SR1, along with the TE1 steam tractor and stationary range, were constructed with screw- together assemblies and featured a brass vaporizing lamp attached to the scuttle. They lacked a towing hook. Starting in 1963, an updated burner design was implemented, similar to the one used in the TE1, which incorporated a handle that doubled as a towing hook. However, it wasn't until 1969 that there were accompanying wagons to be towed, such as the OW1 Open Wagon and LB1 Lumber Wagon. In 1965, the roller transitioned to pop rivet construction, aligning with the assembly method used throughout the Mamod steam toy range. Consequently, it is easy to distinguish early 1960s rollers from later ones. In 1967, the SR1 evolved into the SR1a with the introduction of a basic reversing mechanism in the engine unit, similar to the 1965 MEC1 Meccano engine. The TE1 also underwent a similar transition to become the TE1a. In 1968, aluminum rollers and wheels were replaced by Mazak counterparts, a material that is still used today. Over its 60-year existence, the roller has undergone incremental changes, such as burner modifications (shifting to solid fuel circa 1976) and the replacement of overflow plug boilers with sight glass boilers circa 1978. Other alterations have primarily been cosmetic in nature, involving paint, whistles, and smokebox detailing. Early boxed SR1 engines have become sought-after collectibles, often referred to as "nut and bolt" SRs. In recent times, the roller has seen variations, including limited editions with different colors, extended boiler versions, and even a kit version. The 60th anniversary of the SR1's introduction was celebrated in 2021 with a limited production run of 60 units. ===Traction Engine TE1 and TE1A=== thumb|right|An early Mamod TE1 steam tractor from 1963. It clearly shows the nut and bolt constructions. The smooth canopy top was used for only a few months. left|thumb|A Mamod TE1a traction engine with the original packaging The TE1 is considered the "classic" Mamod model and has been continuously produced for over 50 years with minor updates and modifications. It represents a typical traction engine featuring a full-length canopy. The engine itself is an oscillating-cylinder unit, similar to the SR1/a model based on the old MM2 unit. While the TE1 has a longer boiler compared to the SR1, the internal volume remains the same. In earlier versions, the front part of the boiler served as an empty space where exhaust steam was directed through the choke to control its exit, not the inlet steam. The TE1a differs from the TE1 in having a reversing lever that regulates the model's speed and direction, a feature initially introduced in the 1965 MEC1 and later applied to the TE model in 1967. On the other hand, the TE1 was unidirectional and relied on an exhaust "choke" for speed control. The TE1 was advertised as being capable of covering a third of a mile in ten minutes on a single fill of steam. Power is transmitted to the rear axle through a drive band connected from a small pulley on the flywheel to the rim of one of the back wheels. This band can be removed to allow the engine to operate in a stationary position or to drive a line shaft and tools. The front axle of the model is mounted on a central pivot with a basic copper stub spring that provides a rudimentary form of suspension. Additionally, it is steerable through a shaft that extends from the axle up inside the chimney (in later models, post-1967). Early models employed a direct rod connection for steering, while later versions utilized a control rod attached to the top of the shaft, featuring a wooden handle for maneuvering the model during movement. The TE1/A model features a green boiler (variations in shades of green have occurred over the years, ranging from apple green to dark brunswick green, similar to GWR locomotives), red spoked wheels and flywheel, a white/cream-colored canopy, and a black firebox/smokebox/chimney. Additionally, it is available in a distinct alternative paint scheme with a polished brass boiler and maroon wheels. In the past decade, limited edition models have been released with blue or black paintwork, as well as variations of the aforementioned colors. The 60th anniversary of the TE1's introduction was celebrated in 2023 with a limited production run of 200 units. ===Steam Wagon SW1=== thumb|left|A blue SW1 wagon from 1988 and a green SW1 wagon from 1973. The SW1 steam wagon is a variant of the SR/TE engines within the Mamod range, first manufactured in 1972. The design of the model is largely credited to Steve Malins, the grandson of Malins Engineers' founder. It is said that Steve drew inspiration from Maurice A. Kelly's 1971 book titled "The Overtype Steam Road Wagon." The SW1 incorporates components from the SR1a roller and TE1a traction engines and features a truck-style rear body with a cab and payload bed. The extended body is supported by a C-section girder chassis. The engine utilizes a double- reduced drive system with a large intermediate pulley, similar to the flywheel, allowing for more realistic speed and enhanced pulling power. The wagon has a live rear axle with diamond-spoked wheels resembling a Foden design (hence it being sometimes referred to as the 'Foden Wagon'). It is distinguishable by its red wheels and a blue, green, or brown body, complemented by a white quarter-length canopy over the engine and boiler. Additional details include mudguards and the optional cargo of barrels. Limited-edition models have been introduced in darker shades of green and black. Variations of the SW1 include a blue version with white lettering on the rear payload body and the SW1B model featuring deep brown bodywork and cream wheels. Forest Classics released a limited edition version in an all- black color scheme, producing 100 units. The steam wagon remains in production as of 2012 and is highly regarded as one of the company's finest mobile models. Early steam wagons were initially produced in green with a methane- vaporizing burner. Around 1977, they transitioned to solid fuel pan burners and, by 1978, incorporated a sight glass instead of the typical overflow plug, with blue paint replacing the previous green color. In the early 2000s, a brown version of the model was introduced. The engine features a spring-loaded whistle and steering gear from the TE1a. The rear scuttle, designed to hold the burner, is identical to those found on the SR and TE models but fits snugly between the two girder chassis parts. Weighing approximately 6 lb (2.7 kg), the SW1 steam wagon offers excellent value for its size and continues to be a popular choice among collectors. In 2022, an updated limited edition of the steam wagon was released to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its original introduction. ===Showman's Engine=== This model is another variation based on the TE1A, designed to resemble a showman's road locomotive. Similar to real-life showman's engines, it retains the basic structure of a traction engine while incorporating a dynamo and certain aesthetic details. The Showman's model features twisted-brass canopy supports, a chain-steering drum (which is non-functional), and a vibrant paint scheme with a maroon boiler and yellow wheels. Mechanically, the Showman's model differs from the TE1A in the inclusion of a dynamo and the use of a solid flywheel. The dynamo is positioned above the smokebox and supplies power to a series of LEDs installed around the canopy. It is driven by a drive band connected to the flywheel. ==='Centurion' TE1AC=== The 'Centurion' is an upgraded version of the TE1A model, featuring Mamod's piston valve engine, which offers increased power and performance compared to the SP6-SP8 engines. Apart from the engine, the Centurion shares the same design and maintains the green and red color scheme of the earlier model. ==='Challenger' SR1AC=== The 'Challenger' is the steamroller variant of the 'Centurion'. Similar to other steamrollers in the range, it features modifications such as an elongated front frame to accommodate the front roller and larger, solid rear wheels. In contrast to the previous steamroller model, the 'Challenger' includes a full-length canopy, resembling the design of the traction engine models. ===Showman's Special=== This is the Showman's variant of the 'Centurion' model. It features the identical additional details found in the Showman's model based on the TE1A, as well as the same color scheme. ===Roadster SA1=== thumb|left|An early Roadster dating from 1976, showing overflow plug type boiler and 6-spoke artillery wheels. This model represents a two-seater roadster-style car, potentially inspired by the appearance and style of an early 20th-century Mercer Raceabout. It was introduced in late 1976 and designed by Steve Malins with input from George Morris. The initial versions were painted in red and white with black upholstery, which is still available, while newer versions have recently been released with green/brass or burgundy/brass finishes. Additionally, a silver 4-seater limousine variant, based on the Roadster, gained popularity in the 1980s. The boiler cover serves as the car's "bonnet," and the water level can be checked through the sight glass, which resembles a radiator grille. Early versions featured the traditional overflow plug, which was later replaced by the sight glass in 1978 to comply with the new Euro Toy Regulations. Initially, the Roadsters were fueled by meth, but starting around 1977, all models utilized a steel pan-type solid fuel burner, although the older steel pan meth burners were still compatible. The oscillating-cylinder engine is externally mounted on the left side of the model and incorporates a simple forward and reverse lever similar to the SE2a and MEC1 stationary engines. This engine drives a small, solid flywheel externally positioned on the right side through a shaft. In early models, the drive was split, with the final drive on the left side, but in later and current models, the drive is entirely on the right side. A power band connects this shaft to the rear axle. This configuration allows for a slightly higher road speed compared to the SW1 wagon but makes the model much slower than the TE1 traction engine, which had an excessively high speed. The same chassis and layout are used in other mobile models within the Mamod range, such as the LB1 London 'bus," the FE1 fire engine, the SA1L limousine, and the DV1/2 vans. The early wheels resembled wooden carriage wheels (referred to as artillery wheels) with solid rubber tires, while later models adopted a redesigned wheel design based on the Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. Various details, including running boards, spare wheels, and carriage lamps, are also present on the model. ===Silver Limousine SA1L=== This model represents an Edwardian-style limousine, resembling the Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. It features a gray or silver paint finish with black upholstery and hood, and it is based on the SA1 model. The limousine is also offered in an alternative color scheme, featuring maroon bodywork and brass or gold wheels. This variant is known as the SA1B.thumb|right|upright|A Mamod FE1 Fire Engine ===Fire Engine FE1=== The model features a standard chassis with a front-mounted boiler and a mid-mounted oscillating engine. However, its rear body is equipped with a turntable ladder, complete with visible cranking wheels. The model is painted in a vibrant red with polished chromework, reminiscent of fire engines manufactured by Leyland during the 1920s. ===Delivery Van DV1 and DV2=== This model depicts a standard British light commercial vehicle commonly seen during the interwar period. It features an enclosed rear body with twin rear-opening doors and an open driving position. The model is painted in either dark green (DV1) or dark blue (DV2) with brass detailing, and it displays the Mamod livery. ===Post Office Van PO1=== This model is derived from the DV1 model, featuring an extended rear body and an enclosed driving position. It resembles the Post Office vans of that period, being painted red with black mudguards, wheels, and bonnet. Additionally, it proudly displays the 'GR' royal insignia, indicating its association with the reign of King George V. ===Le Mans Racer LM1=== This model represents a typical 2-seat racing car from the Edwardian or interwar period, commonly used in endurance races like the Le Mans 24 Hour Race. It shares the same chassis and layout as the Roadster and Limo models but features a two-cylinder uni- directional engine with external cylinders on each side of the chassis for increased power. The car has an open 'cockpit' design with a sleek, aerodynamically sloped rear end. It is available in red or blue bodywork (with a rare green variant), including fenders and wheels, and has a chrome boiler cowl. The model is adorned with the racing number '12'. While utilizing the same running gear and pistons as other engines in the Mamod lineup, it is the fastest among the mobile models. Additionally, this particular model can be equipped with a radio control receiver for steering control. ===London Bus LB1=== The Mamod London Bus, introduced in 1989, serves as the flagship model of the Mamod Mobile Range. Its design is inspired by early double-decker buses like the LGOC X-type. The bus features the livery of the London General Omnibus Company and is adorned with Mamod advertisements in the style of the Edwardian era. Its bodywork is painted red, complemented by black wheels. Similar to the Steam Wagon model, it showcases distinctive spoked rear wheels. The bus has an open top deck and an open rear staircase. Additionally, a green livery option is available. ===Mamod Meteor and Conqueror boats=== The Meteor and Conqueror models had limited commercial success and were produced for a short period of time. The Meteor, designed to resemble a Second World War torpedo boat, operated using steam power and achieved approximately 1,500 sales. On the other hand, the Conqueror was an electrically powered variant of the Meteor, utilizing a FROG Revmaster motor. Both models shared the same all- steel hull construction. The Meteor featured a single-cylinder engine similar to the ME1, while the Conqueror relied on a battery with a slightly modified inner hull to accommodate four D-type cells held in a metal holder. The motor of the Conqueror drove the prop shaft through a spring-steel belt and pulley system. Mamod's foray into electric power with the Conqueror proved even less successful than the Meteor, with approximately 200 units sold at the same price as the steam version. Both models were discontinued in 1952, increasing their appeal among collectors. ===ME1, ME2 and ME3 Marine Steam Engines=== thumb|left|An ME1 marine engine from 1958 complete with box, instructions and filler funnel. thumb|right|A very rare Mamod ME2 from 1958, showing the upright engine unit and Rotherams pot oiler thumb|left|A Hobbies 'Arrow' named Eldoret, showing the inner workings with a Mamod ME2 steam power plant. thumb|right|A Mamod ME3 from 1965, showing its SEL engine unit. Complete with original shield type burner. Following the unsuccessful performance of the Mamod Meteor and Conqueror boats during the years 1949–1952, Malins Engineers introduced the ME1 and ME2 engines in 1958. These marine engines were specifically designed for installation in model boats measuring approximately 24 inches (0.61 m) in length. The engines were constructed with polished brass, chromium plating, and red and green paint finishes. Fuel was provided by a methylated spirit vaporizing lamp. The ME1 engine featured direct drive with a 1.75-inch (44 mm) diameter boiler. Its cylinder had a stroke of 0.75 inches (19 mm) and a bore of 5/16 inch (8 mm), driving a two-bladed propeller with a diameter of 1.25 inches (32 mm). Introduced alongside the ME1 in 1958, the ME2 engine had identical dimensions to the ME3, except for the use of a Mamod upright engine instead of the SEL upright engine found in the ME3. However, the ME2 did not achieve significant success and was eventually replaced by the ME3 in 1965. The ME1's comprehensive engine unit design likely worked against the ME2's success, as it only consisted of the boiler and engine unit. The ME3 engine was essentially similar to the ME2, but with a more robust engine unit (an SEL 1560 Steam Launch Unit) capable of powering a larger propeller. It utilized the ME1 boiler and featured a ½-inch (12.5 mm) stroke and a 7/16-inch (11 mm) bore. The engine could drive a three-bladed propeller with a diameter of 1.5 inches (38 mm) through a pulley system, unlike the stern tube setup used by the ME1. Similar to many other marine engines produced by Mamod, the SEL engine used in the ME3 did not incorporate a lubricator and required meticulous adjustment for optimal functioning. Production of the ME3 lasted from 1965 to 1972, during which time approximately 2,700 units were manufactured using all the available SEL engines obtained at a discounted price from J & L Randall, the parent company of the SEL brand. ==Mamod Steam Railway== thumb|Mamod 16 mm gauge live steam railway. In late 1979, Mamod introduced its initial model railway, the SL-1 locomotive, along with a limited selection of rolling stock and track. The model represented a narrow gauge railway, and, although it did not replicate a specific prototype, it was built to approximately 16 mm scale, representing a gauge of around 2 feet (610 mm). Known as the Mamod Steam Railway, this offering became the first affordable, mass-produced live steam set in the United Kingdom, experiencing successful sales. Mamod swiftly expanded the range by introducing additional locomotives, namely the SL-2 and SL-3, available in both ready-to-run and kit-form versions, catering to O (32 mm) and 1 (45 mm) gauges. These locomotives featured a pair of double-acting, oscillating cylinders connected to a rotary reversing valve, allowing for slow and self-starting operations in theory. Special edition locomotives, further rolling stock, and points were also manufactured. The current range comprises redesigned versions that retain the same fundamental configuration while offering various mechanical and cosmetic upgrades to enhance Mamod locomotives. In 2006, two other companies began producing models based on the original Mamod locomotive designs: * MSS (Mamod Sales and Services) continues manufacturing and selling the basic locomotive and stock, alongside a newly introduced saddle tank model in 2004. *Mamod Steam Models produces a wide range of Mamod models, including an upgraded version of the SL-1 locomotive design featuring improved running gear. Moreover, the fundamental design of the Mamod locomotives has inspired several enhanced versions produced by independent manufacturers. Notable examples include the Creekside Forge & Foundry Baldwin, the PPS Janet, and the IP Engineering Jane. Additionally, various manufacturers offer upgraded components for the original Mamod line. A popular upgrade involved fitting the locomotive with a methylated spirit burner, generating greater heat and enabling higher boiler pressure and increased hauling capacity. In an attempt to create an affordable locomotive, the "Harry the Rocket" model was introduced. However, the name was misleading, as it bore no resemblance to Stephenson's locomotive of the same name. The experiment proved unsuccessful, resulting in limited sales and subsequent collectability. Another later and more successful offering was the "Brunel" engine, featuring a vertical boiler. Despite its name, this model was based on the De-Winton style of engines commonly found in Welsh slate quarries. The "Brunel" model is still available to this day. ==Malins Engineers in receivership== In 1980, the company faced receivership primarily due to the substantial financial investment in the SP series of engines as well as the new RS1 and RS2 railway sets. This occurred during a period of economic downturn when many companies were encountering financial challenges, leading banks to demand loan repayments and finance agreements. Malins Engineers' bank requested repayment, granting the company a weekend to secure the funds. However, the company was unable to raise the required capital, resulting in administration. Nonetheless, the company quickly returned to profitable trading within a few weeks, experiencing improved sales. Eric Malins, the managing director, and his son Steve Malins relinquished control of the company, marking the end of the Malins' family involvement with Mamod. Since then, Mamod has undergone changes in ownership and manufacturing locations, having faced the possibility of closure in 1989. Presently, the company is under the ownership of the Terry family and operates from a location near its original establishment in Smethwick, West Midlands. Mamod now produces a diverse range of mobile engines, stationary models, machine tools, as well as O and 1 gauge railway locomotives. ==Related Companies== Mamod models continue to maintain their popularity today due to their affordability and wide variety. The availability of spare and replacement parts from various small manufacturers has contributed to a thriving market. Second-hand models are easily accessible and inexpensive, frequently serving as the foundation for modifications undertaken by modelers. ==Running and lubrication requirements== Most Mamod engines do not incorporate lubricators for storing and supplying oil to moving components like the piston and bearings. Only the early pre-war engines, such as the SE3/4, and some marine engines, like the Meteor boat, were equipped with lubricators. Instead, oil needs to be manually applied to the necessary parts before each operation. Prior to 1976/77, all Mamod engines utilized methylated spirits (known as "denatured alcohol" in some countries), which were stored in a reservoir burner or a vaporizing spirit lamp. However, the implementation of stricter health and safety regulations and European toy regulations led to the prohibition of liquid fuel for steam toys in the UK from 1977 onwards. In response to safety concerns and an incident involving an exploding fuel lamp in 1976,Malins p67 Malins made the decision to switch to solid fuel. The engines were then modified to burn dry hexamine fuel tablets, which were produced by Malins on their premises. Solid fuel, although safer in certain aspects compared to "meths," emits unpleasant and toxic fumes and generates less heat while burning. Newer models are now designed to utilize butane gas burners, which is likely to become the standard due to restrictions on mailing flammable substances, including solid fuel tablets. Butane gas can be readily obtained from DIY stores. When operating a Mamod model, it is advisable to use distilled or soft, clean water for steaming purposes. ==See also== *Wilesco *Jensen Steam Engines *MiniSteam ==Notes== ==References== * Malins, P.S. (1996) Mamod: The Story of Malins Models, Mamod Sales & Service, ==External links== * website of Mamod Ltd * Mamod at ToySteamBible.org Category:Toy train manufacturers Category:Toy brands Category:Toy steam engine manufacturers Category:Companies based in Smethwick Category:1937 establishments in the United Kingdom |
The Benin Expedition of 1897 was a punitive expedition by a British force of 1,200 men under Sir Harry Rawson in response to the ambush of a previous British embassy under Acting Consul General James Phillips, of the Niger Coast Protectorate. Rawson's troops captured and sacked Benin City, bringing to an end the Kingdom of Benin, which was eventually absorbed into colonial Nigeria. The Expedition freed about 100 Itsekiri Africans who had been enslaved by the Edo of Benin City following the massacre of the British embassy led by Phillips. ==Background== At the end of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Benin had managed to retain its independence during the Scramble for Africa, and the Oba of Benin exercised a monopoly over trade in Benin's territories which the Royal Niger Company considered a threat. In 1892, Deputy Commissioner and Vice-Consul Captain Henry Lionel Galway (1859–1949) tried to negotiate a trade agreement with Oba Ovọnramwẹn Nọgbaisi (1888–1914) to allow for the free passage of goods through his territory and the development of the palm oil industry. Captain Gallwey (as his name was then spelled) would push for British interests in the region, especially of the palm oil industry, by attempting to negotiate a free trade agreement with the Oba at the time. Later on, Moor would urge the Foreign office to use whatever means to secure the signed treaty, up to and including force. Gallwey signed the treaty with the Oba and his chiefs which gave Britain legal justification for exerting greater influence in the region. While the treaty itself contained clauses which suggested that the Oba had sought British protection, this was not corroborated by either him or Gallwey. According to Gallwey's own account, the Oba was hesitant to sign the treaty. After the British consul Richard Burton visited Benin in 1862 he described it a place of "gratuitous barbarity which stinks of death", a narrative which was publicized in Britain and increased pressure for the territory's incorporation into the British Empire. The treaty itself does not explicitly mention anything about the "bloody customs" that Burton had written about, and instead includes a vague clause about ensuring "the general progress of civilization". While the treaty granted free trade to British merchants operating in the Kingdom of Benin, the Oba persisted in requiring customs duties. Since Major (later Sir) Claude Maxwell Macdonald, the Consul General of the Oil River Protectorate authorities considered the treaty legal and binding, he deemed the Oba's requirements a violation of the accord and thus a hostile act. Although some historians have suggested that humanitarian motivations were driving British foreign policy in the region,E.G. Hernon, A. Britain's Forgotten Wars, p.409 (2002) other historians, such as Philip Igbafe, consider that the annexation of Benin was driven largely by economic designs. The treaty itself did not mention any goal that removed the "bloody customs" that Burton had written about. In 1894, after the capture of Ebrohimi, the trading town of the chief Nana Olomu (the leading Itsekiri trader in the Benin River District) by a combined Royal Navy and Niger Coast Protectorate force, the Kingdom of Benin increased the military presence on its own southern borders. These developments combined with the Colonial Office's refusal to grant approval for an invasion of Benin City scuttled an expedition the Protectorate had planned for early 1895. Even so, between September 1895 and mid-1896 three attempts were made by the Protectorate to enforce the Gallwey Treaty of 1892: firstly by Major P. Copland-Crawford, Vice-Consul of the Benin District; secondly by Ralph Frederick Locke, the Vice-Consul Assistant; and thirdly by Captain Arthur Maling, Commandant of the Niger Coast Protectorate Force detachment based in Sapele. In March 1896, following price fixing and refusals by Itsekiri middle men to pay the required tributes, the Oba of Benin ordered a cessation of the supply of oil palm produce to them. The trade embargo brought trade in the Benin River region to a standstill, and the British merchants in the region appealed to the Protectorate's Consul-General to "open up" Benin territories and to send the Oba (whom they claimed was an obstruction to their trading activities) into exile. In October 1896 the Acting Consul-General, James Robert Phillips, visited the Benin River District and met with the agents and traders, who convinced him that "there is a future on the Benin River if Benin territories were opened". ==The "Benin Massacre" (January 1897)== In November 1896, Phillips, the Vice Consul of a trading post on the African coast, decided to meet with the Oba in Benin City in regards to the trade agreement that the Oba had made with the British but was not keeping. He formally asked his superiors in London for permission to visit Benin City, claiming that the costs of such an expedition would be recouped by trading for ivory. In late December 1896, without waiting for a reply or approval, Phillips embarked on an expedition comprising: # James Robert Phillips, Acting Consul-General, Niger Coast Protectorate. # Maj. Copland Crawford, Vice-Council of the Benin and Warri districts. # Alan Boisragon, Commandant of the Constabulary of the Niger Coast Protectorate. # Cap. Malling, Niger Coast Protectorate force. # Dr. Elliot, Medical Officer for Sapele and Benin districts. # Mr. Ralph Locke, District Commissioner of Warri. # Mr. Kenneth Campbell, District Commissioner at Sapele. # Mr. Gordon, trader, Africa Association. # Mr. Swainson, trader, of Mr. Pinnock's firm. # Mr. Powis, agent for Millers Brothers palm oil, at Old Calabar. # Mr. Lyon, Assistant District commissioner at Sapele (waited Gwatto). # Mr. Baddoo (of Accara, Gold Coast), Consul-General's Chief clerk and Photographer. # Mr. Jumbo, Consul-General's orderly, and Civil Policeman. # Mr. , Vice-Council's orderly, and Civil Policeman. # Mr. Towey, local interpreter. # Mr. Herbert Clarke, local interpreter. # Mr. Basilli, local Benin guide. # Jim, Boisragon's, Kru, manservant. # 180 Jakri porters to carry their supplies, food, trade goods, presents, cameras, and tents. # 60 Kru labourers. Phillips had sent a message to the Oba, claiming that his present mission was to discuss trade and peace and demanding admission to the territory. Ahead of Phillips, he had sent an envoy bearing numerous gifts for trade. It was during this time that the Oba was celebrating Igue festival, and he sent word that he did not wish to see the British at the time, and he would send word in a month or two, when he was ready to receive just Phillips and one Jakri chief. On 4 January 1897, Phillips and his entire party was ambushed along their journey to Benin City, at Ugbine village near Gwato. British officers and African porters were both slaughtered. Only two British survived their wounds, Alan Boisragon and Ralph Locke. Within the week, news had made it to London of the massacre. This event led to the mounting of the Punitive Expedition. As a result of this attack, the Foreign Office of Britain authorized military action, leading to the "punitive expedition", the purported intention by Moor: »It is imperative that a most severe lesson be given the Kings, Chiefs, and JuJu men of all surrounding countries, that white men cannot be killed with impunity, and that human sacrifices, with the oppression of the weak and poor, must cease.« According to historian Philip Igbafe, the humanitarian and punitive justifications given by Moor ran counter to the economic justifications for military action that he and other members of the Protectorate administration promoted in the months and years before the events of February 1897. The two British that survived the annihilation of Phillips' expedition, which became known as the 'Benin Massacre', were Captain Alan Maxwell Boisragon, Commandant of the Constabulary of the Niger Coast Protectorate, who had been shot in the right arm and knee, and Ralph Locke, District Commissioner of Warri, who had been shot four times in the arm, and once in the hip. ==The punitive expedition (February 1897)== thumb|right|A photograph of the interior of Oba's compound being burnt during the punitive expedition, with bronze plaques in the foreground and three soldiers from the punitive force in the background On 12 January 1897, Rear-Admiral Harry Rawson, commander of the Royal Navy forces at the Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station, was appointed by the Admiralty to lead a force to invade the Kingdom of Benin and capture the Benin Oba. The operation was named the Benin Punitive Expedition. On 9 February 1897, the invasion of the Kingdom of Benin began. The British invasion force of about 1,200 Royal Marines, sailors and Niger Coast Protectorate Forces was organised into three columns: the 'Sapoba', 'Gwato' and 'Main' columns. Flotillas of warships (including HMS Philomel and Phoebe) and gunboats approached Benin City from the east and west. The 'Sapoba' and 'Main' columns reached Benin City after ten days of fighting. The 'Gwato' column (under Captain Gallwey) took the same route as that taken by the previous mission and came on the scene of the massacre, finding headless bodies of the victims. Elspeth Huxley spent some time researching in Benin in 1954, and wrote:"Four Guineas" Elspeth Huxley, 1954 > " ... to hear an account of the Benin massacre of 1897 and its sequel from > one who had taken part. It is a story that still has power to amaze and > horrify, as well as to remind us that the British had motives for pushing > into Africa other than the intention to exploit the natives and glorify > themselves. Here, for instance, are some extracts from the diary of a > surgeon who took part in the expedition.:- 'As we neared Benin City we > passed several human sacrifices, live women slaves gagged and pegged on > their backs to the ground, the abdominal wall being cut in the form of a > cross, and the uninjured gut hanging out. These poor women were allowed to > die like this in the sun. Men slaves, with their hands tied at the back and > feet lashed together, also gagged, were lying about. As we neared the city, > sacrificed human beings were lying in the path and bush—even in the king's > compound the sight and stench of them was awful. Dead and mutilated bodies > were everywhere – by God! May I never see such sights again! . . .'""Great > Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors" by H. Ling Roth. The surgeon was Roth's > brother. Herbert Walker, a soldier serving in the punitive expedition, believed that the human sacrifices he saw were an attempt by Benin City residents to appease the Gods as they tried to defend themselves from the expedition. According to professor of African studies, Robin Law, the issue of human sacrifices is an extremely sensitive one and prone to bias. Law suggests that the reported extent of the practice in Benin was exaggerated by the British in order to establish the need for military intervention.Robin Law, "Human Sacrifice in Pre-Colonial West Africa", in: African Affairs 84 (334), 1985, pp. 53–87 Historian Dan Hicks has described the punitive expedition's actions during their push to Benin City as democidal, claiming that it involved: > "massacres of towns and villages from the air and thus women and children > across the whole of the Benin Kingdom, scorching the earth with rockets, > fire and mines. Primary among the war crimes was the scale of the killing > and bombings of civilian targets." On 18 February Benin City was captured by the expedition, in spite of its defensive iya. The city was set ablaze, although it has been claimed that this was accidental. Eight members of the punitive force were recorded as being killed in action during the Benin Expedition; the number of military and civilian casualties amongst the Benin people was not estimated but is thought to have been very high. The Benin Expedition was described as such: :"In twenty-nine days a force of 1,200 men, coming from three places between 3000 and 4500 m. from the Benin river, was landed, organized, equipped and provided with transport. Five days later the city of Benin was taken, and in twelve days more the men were re-embarked, and the ships coaled and ready for any further service." All-in-all, around 5,000 men were mobilised for the expedition, which took place over three weeks. ==Aftermath== thumb|Members of the expedition surrounded by objects from the royal palace After the capture of Benin City, houses, sacred sites, ceremonial buildings and palaces of many high-ranking chiefs were looted and many buildings were burned down, including the Palace building itself on Sunday 21 February. There was evidence of previous human sacrifice found by members of the expedition, with journalists from Reuters and the Illustrated London News reporting that the town 'reeked of human blood.'Hernon, A. Britain's Forgotten Wars, p.421 (2002) Inside the abandoned palace, a terrible sight was revealed to the British. The Oba in panic of what he had done and in fear of a retaliatory attack, had embarked in a great mass of human sacrifice in order to stave off full disaster. Bodies of those sacrificed by the Oba laid in pits and many hung crucified in trees. The Oba was eventually captured by the British consul-general, Ralph Moor. He was deposed and exiled, with two of his eighty wives, to Calabar. A British Resident was appointed, and six chiefs were hanged in Benin City's marketplace. Most of the plunder from the city was retained by the expedition with some 2,500 (official figures) religious artefacts, Benin visual history, mnemonics and artworks being sent to Britain. They include over a thousand metal plaques and sculptures collectively known as the Benin Bronzes. The Admiralty confiscated and auctioned off the war booty to defray the costs of the expedition.Home, Robert (1982). City of Blood Revisited: A New Look at the Benin Expedition of 1897. London: Lex Collins, 1982. . About 40% of the art was accessioned to the British Museum, while other works were given to individual members of the armed forces as spoils of war, and the remainder was sold at auction by the Admiralty to pay for the expedition as early as May 1897 (Stevens Auction Rooms, 38 King Street, London, 25 May 1897; followed by several sales by the ethnographic dealer William Downing Webster, Bicester, between 1898 and 1900). Most of the Benin Bronzes sold at auction were purchased by museums, mainly in Germany. The dispersal of Benin artworks to museums around the world catalysed the beginnings of a long and slow European reassessment of the value of West African art. The Benin art was copied and the style integrated into the art of many European artists and thus had a strong influence on the early formation of modernism in Europe.Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1999). Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Benin. Indiana University Press, 1999. . The British occupied Benin, which was absorbed into the British Niger Coast Protectorate and eventually into British colonial Nigeria. A general emancipation of slaves followed in the wake of British occupation, and with it came an end to human sacrifice.Igbafe, Philip A., "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945, The Journal of African History Vol. 16, No. 3 (1975), pp. 418. However, the British instituted a system of drafting locals to work as forced labourers in often poor conditions that were not much better than had been during the previous Benin Empire.Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, "Migrating out of reach: fugitive Benin communities in colonial Nigeria, 1897-1934", in Femi James Kolapo and Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry (eds.), African agency and European colonialism: latitudes of negotiation and containment: essays in honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner (2007), pp.76-77 ==Controversy== There has much debate of why James Phillips set out on the mission to Benin without much weaponry. Some have argued he was going on a peaceful mission. Such commentators argue that the message from the Oba that his festival would not permit him to receive European visitors touched the humanitarian side of Phillips's character because of an incorrect assumption that the festival included human sacrifice.https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345, R. H. Bacon, Benin the City of Blood (London, I897), 17, [The assumption here again is that the festival meant a holocaust of human beings. The Oba was celebrating the Ague festival, which was one of rededication. This did not involve human sacrifices. See also W. N. M. Geary: Nigeria Under British Rule (London, 1927), II4. ] According to Igbafe, this does not explain why Phillips set out before he had received a reply from the Foreign Office to his request where he stated that: > F.O. 2/I02, Phillips to F.O. no. 105 of i6 Nov 1896. 'there is nothing in > the shape of a standing army. ... and the inhabitants appear to be if not a > peace-loving at any rate a most unwarlike people whose only exploits during > many generations had been an occasional quarrel with their neighbours about > trade or slave raiding and it appears at least improbable that they have any > arms to speak of except the usual number of trade guns... When Captain > Gallwey visited the city the only canon he saw were half a dozen old > Portuguese guns. They were lying on the grass unmounted'. Compare this with > the opinion of his immediate predecessor, Ralph Moor, who was convinced that > 'the people in all the villages are no doubt possessed of arms' (F.O. 2/84, > Moor to F.O. no. 39 of I2 Sept. 1895). Igbafe also points to Phillips' November 1896 advocacy of military force regarding Benin, arguing that this is inconsistent with the perception of Phillips as a man of peace in January 1897. Igbafe posits that Phillips was going on a reconnaissance mission and that Phillips' haste to Benin can be explained by a belief that nothing bad would happen to him or his party. Phillips's journey was has been described by Mona Zutshi Opubor as a period of lull before the outbreak of a violent storm which had been gathering for years with the pressure of traders, consuls and a few visits of armed Europeans to the Benin Empire. The suspicion among the Oba of Benin, therefore, only deepened with Phillips's mission.https://open.conted.ox.ac.uk/sites/open.conted.ox.ac.uk/files/resources/Create%20Document/t.%20Victorian%20punitive%20expeditions_Mona%20Zutshi%20Opubor.pdf, https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345 The previous deportations of the Jaja of Opobo in 1887 and Nana Olomu in 1894 in neighboring British controlled territories may have made the Benin Empire anxious about safety of their Oba and the true intentions of the British.H. L. Gallwey, 'West African fifty years ago', Journal of the Royal African Society, XL (1942), 65 According to Igbafe, evidence at the Oba's trial in September 1897, showed that the people of Benin Empire did not believe that Phillips' party had peaceful intentions, since the capture of Nana, there had been a long expectation of war in Benin. == Movement for repatriation of looted objects == In 2017 a cockerel statue or okukor looted during the 1897 Benin Expedition was removed from the hall of Jesus College, Cambridge, following protests by students of the university. Jesus College's student union passed a motion declaring that the sculpture should be returned. A spokesperson from the university stated that "Jesus College acknowledges the contribution made by students in raising the important but complex question of the rightful location of its Benin bronze, in response to which it has removed the okukor from its hall" and that the university is willing "to discuss and determine the best future for the okukor, including the question of repatriation. On 27 October 2021, the okukor was received by Nigeria's National Commission for Museums and Monuments in a Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony held and livestreamed by Jesus College. The University of Aberdeen became the first institution to agree to the full repatriation of a Benin Bronze from a museum in March 2021 and handed back a bronze sculpture, depicting the head of an Oba, to the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments on 28 October 2021. It had been purchased by the university at an auction in 1957 and was identified as a Benin bronze in a recent collections review. == Cultural representations == * Plays relating to the events include Ovonramwen N' Ogbaisi, written by Ola Rotimi (1971); and The Trials of Oba Ovonramwen, written by Ahmed Yerima (1997); * Visual artists' responses include Tony Phillips' series of prints titled History of the Benin Bronzes (1984); Kerry James Marshall's graphic novel titled Rythm Mastr; and Peju Layiwola's travelling exhibition and edited book called Benin1897.com: Art and the Restitution Question. * Films covering aspects of the expedition include The Mask (1979), starring Eddie Ugbomah; and Invasion 1897 (2014), directed by Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen. == See also == * History of Nigeria * Izevbokun Oshodin ==References== ;Notes ;Sources * * * European traders in Benin to Major Copland Crawford. Reporting the stoppage of trade by the Benin King 1896 Apr 13, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240\. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu. * Sir Ralph Moore to Foreign Office. Reporting on the abortive Expedition into Benin. 1895 Sept.12 Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240\. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu * J. R. Phillips to Foreign Office. Advising the deposition of the Benin King. 17 Nov 1896. Despatches to Foreign Office from Consul-General, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240\. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu. * Akenzua, Edun (2000). "The Case of Benin". Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix 21, House of Commons, The United Kingdom Parliament, March 2000. * Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1999). Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Benin. Indiana University Press, 1999. . * * ==Further reading== * * * ==External links== * The British Museum (2000). Stories of royalty in brass. Collections Multimedia Public Access System, The British Museum, 2000. Retrieved 6 September 2006 * Gott, Richard (1997). The Looting of Benin. The Independent, 22 Feb.1997. Republished at ARM Press Cutting. (See also related GIF image of the article Battle royal for Benin relics). Retrieved 9 October 2006. * Soni, Darshana (1997). The British and the Benin Bronzes. ARM Information Sheet 4, Campaign for the Return of the Benin Bronzes, 1997. Retrieved 9 October 2006. * An account of an engagement during the conflict by Reginald Bacon RN Category:History of Nigeria Category:19th- century military history of the United Kingdom Category:British Empire Category:Conflicts in 1897 Category:Benin City Category:Human sacrifice Category:Punitive expeditions of the United Kingdom Category:1897 in Africa Category:1897 in Nigeria |
The Glass Bottle Blowers' Association (GBBA) was a labor union representing workers involved in making blown glass in the United States and Canada. ==Origins== ===Early glassmakers' unions=== In 1842, craftsmen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, formed a glass blowers' union that represented workers throughout the region.Flannery, p. 113.McCabe, p. 155. John Samuels was elected the first president. Several other local glass blowers' unions joined the nascent national union, which adopted the name Glass Blowers' League. The union represented workers who made soda-lime glass (or "green glass").Fones-Wolf, p. 15."Green glass" or "bottle glass" is the cheapest and hardest glass. It consists of silica, lime, clay, and a small amount of alkaline ashes. The ash was usually created by burning barilla, kelp, or wood. Impurities in the ash give the glass a green tinge. It is quite hard and strong, and resists corrosion. The new national union slowly disintegrated over the following quarter century, but glass blowers met again in 1866 and affirmed their affiliation to the Glass Blowers' League and its 1842 constitution. The reinvigorated union also changed its name to the Druggists' Ware Glass Blowers' League. Membership was largely centered in the states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, then the center of the glass industry in the U.S.Fones-Wolf, p. 14. The glass blowers faced a major challenge in the 1880s from a new union, the American Flint Glass Workers' Union of North America (AFGWU). Flint glass, commonly known as "crystal",Flint glass consists of three parts of silica, two parts of red oxide of lead, one part of potassium carbonate, and trace amounts of arsenic, manganese, and niter. was made in closed pots to protect the glass from impurities (unlike green glass), and generally the flint glass workforce was more highly skilled. The AFGWU formed in Pittsburgh in 1878, and within four short years had locals throughout West Virginia and Ohio and was spreading east.Skrabec, Edward Drummond Libbey, American Glassmaker, p. 42. Feeling threatened by the new union, the Glass Blowers waged several bitter jurisdictional strikes against the AFGWU in the 1880s and 1890s.Ulman, p. 151. The union's jurisdictional fight was an important one. Highly skilled workers like glass blowers made up 15 percent of the entire workforce. While 45 percent of American workers made just enough money in the 1880s to be at or above the poverty line ($500 a year), another 30 percent made less than that. A shocking 10 percent of all full-time workers made so little money they were considered absolutely destitute. Glass blowers, however, made 60 to 100 percent more than the average worker, and were considered the "cream" of the working class.Reef, p. 33. ===Joining the Knights of Labor=== The union was also confronting a diversifying glass industry. Newer glassworks tended to be better capitalized, and paid workers better. Distinct differences between glassworks in the east and west emerged, and the union created an eastern and western division in 1884 to accommodate these industry changes.Kaufman, et al., p. 558. The eastern division of the Druggists' Ware Glass Blowers' League dissolved in 1886 and joined District 149 of the Knights of Labor (KOL), while the western division dissolved in 1889 and joined KOL District 143. An independent union of glass blowers, the "Western Green League," formed in western Pennsylvania around 1880 but merged with the Knights of Labor in 1886 as well. Child labor and apprenticeships were major issues for the union in the 1880s as well. One in four workers in the green glass industry was a child. Apprenticeships in the green glass factories lasted four years. But the apprentice system was operated by the employers, who took on large numbers of apprentices in order to flood the market with skilled workers and thus put a downward pressure on wages.Minton, p. 13, 15. After the merger with the Knights of Labor in 1886, the glass workers' union struck to win control over the apprenticeship system. The eastern District 149 demanded one apprentice for every 15 workers, but the western District 143 accepted two.Minton, p. 15-16. The strike lasted into 1887, and the eastern District 149 glass blowers—angry over the employer- friendly stand taken by the western district—disaffiliated from the KOL. Employers instituted a lockout against the eastern workers. At an employer- union conference in 1887, a compromise was reached. The union not only won agreement on the apprentice issue but also an industry-wide agreement setting uniform wages and work rules. The agreement even listed the physical movements all workers would be expected to do.Davis, p. 145; Bonnett, p. 271. ===Forming the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association=== In 1891, after four years of labor unrest, the two KOL glass blowers' divisions merged to become the United Green Glass Workers' Association of the United States and Canada.McCabe, p. 156.Fones-Wolf, p. 14-15. The glass blowers disaffiliated from the KOL in 1895 and formed a new, independent union, the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association (GBBA) of the United States and Canada.Flannery, p. 114. Denis A. Hayes was elected the new union's president in 1896, a position he held for the next three decades. The GBBA affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1899. ==History of the modern union== ===Affiliations and jurisdiction=== The GBBA struck the glass blowing industry in a lengthy strike from April 8, 1899, to July 1, 1900, that led to the unionization of all but two glass plants.United States Industrial Commission, p. 172, 174. By 1900, the GBBA had 61 local unions and 4,300 members.United States Industrial Commission, p. 172. The GBBA, with the consent of the American Flint Glass Workers' Union (AFGWU), affiliated the Prescription Glass Blowers' department of the AFGWU.Ulman, p. 319. In 1906, one scholar of trade union activity noted that the GBBA tended to hold regional or national strikes, and only rarely struck individual employers.Sakolski, p. 55-56. Disputes with the AFGWU did not end, however. Mechanization tended to eliminate the skill differences between flint glass and green glass workers, and the two unions clashed repeatedly over who should represent glass industry workers. Bottle and fruit jar manufacturing had long been "green glass work", but now the two unions enter into a bitter dispute over who should represent workers in this section of the industry. When the American Federation of Labor (AFL) ruled in favor of the GBBA, the AFGWU disaffiliated from the AFL on January 30, 1903. As an independent union, the AFGWU tried to organize these workers but lacked the support and protection which the national trade union center gave the GBBA. The AFGWU reaffiliated with the AFL October 21, 1912, after renouncing its claims to bottle and fruit jar workers.Fink, p. 128. ===The challenge of mechanization=== In 1904, Michael Joseph Owens received the first American patent for an automatic glass bottle blowing machine, which transformed the glass bottle and jar industry.Skrabec, Michael Owens and the Glass Industry, p. 188-196. The GBBA strongly opposed mechanization,Flannery, p. 95. but there was little they could do to stop new companies from employing the technology. Mechanization turned glassmaking from a skilled profession to an unskilled one.Skrabec, Henry Clay Frick, p. 229. Output tripled, and so many workers were needed that the surplus of apprentices was more than easily absorbed. But as bottle-making became an unskilled profession, the GBBA responded by allowing union wage rates to fall dramatically.Ulman, p. 32-33. Between the Panic of 1907 and World War I, the GBBA found itself struggling. Employment (and membership) dropped sharply due to bad economic conditions. As more and more states and large cities adopted Prohibition laws, the need for bottles fell drastically, causing even more unemployment and membership losses for the union.,Minton, p. 52-53. Mechanization worsened the unemployment situation, as companies developed procedures that allowed molten glass to flow directly from the furnace into the molding and blowing machines. By 1920, the hand blower and hand-operated glass-making machine were nearly eliminated. Although the union had organized 95 percent of worksites employing hand-blown or hand-operated machines, it had but a single contract at an automated company.Minton, p. 56-58. To counteract the membership problem, the GBBA began organizing all workers in glass factories, not just blowers. This was a major change for the union. Previously, the GBBA had adhered to a philosophy known as craft unionism, in which a narrow set of highly skilled glassworkers were organized by the union. These highly paid workers generated significant dues, and their specialized skills and homogeneous socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds made them easy to organize. But by 1916, the union had shifted to a new philosophy, industrial unionism, in which all workers in the glass industry were potential members of the union. This included semi-skilled and even unskilled workers, such as bottle sorters, helpers, and packers. By 1916, unskilled workers were organized in 16 different plants. Organizing successes included those at the Whitall-Tatum plant in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, and the George Jonas Glass Co. in Minotola, New Jersey—both of which had resisted unionization for decades.Minton, p. 59-61. ===Prohibition=== World War I proved to be a boon for the union. Immigration from Europe to the United States almost came to a stop, eliminating a major source of cheap labor. Additionally, major production increases necessitated by the war effort led to significant wage increases, extensive overtime, and many new hires. But adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment and passage of the Volstead Act led to nationwide Prohibition in 1920. The need for glass dropped precipitously, leading to major membership losses and wage decreases.Minton, p. 64. When John Maloney was elected president of the GBBA in 1924, the union was in crisis. With just 1,800 members and the union running a large budget deficit, Maloney cut the salaries of officers and staff, eliminated staff, and canceled publication of the union magazine. He also began working with the United Brewery Workers to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment.Minton, p. 77. Building a coalition against Prohibition took a full decade. At Congressional hearings in 1926, few witnesses spoke against Prohibition, and those who did emphasized the law's impact on personal liberty (rather than employment). By 1930, the Glass Blowers and Brewery Workers had organized a much larger coalition of labor unions—which included, at last, the AFL itself—to speak out against the amendment, and they began emphasizing the negative economic, employment, and tax revenue impacts of the law.Gusfield, p. 127-128. In 1932, the Glass Blowers, the Amalgamated Lithographers of America, and the Allied Association of Hotel and Stewards' Associations openly lobbied for Prohibition's repeal before Congress.Colman, p. 33. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 and the advent of World War II greatly improved the economics of the glass industry, and led to widespread re-employment of glass workers. The GBBA responded with a strong organizing effort. The 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act protected union organizing activity for the first time. A 1931 conference had given the GBBA the exclusive right to organize the 12,000 workers in the 21 plants of the Owens-Illinois company (which manufactured 60 percent of all glass containers in the U.S.), and the union slowly began organizing Owens- Illinois.Minton, p. 95. The invention of the neon sign and its immense popularity not only generated an intense demand for skilled glass workers, but also boosted wages. Employers often offered double what the collective bargaining agreement required. By 1936, the glass blowers' union has organized 90 percent of all workers in the neon sign industry.Minton, p. 96-97. But in 1937, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers challenged the GBBA's right to the neon sign workers. It won, and by 1938 nearly all of the neon sign locals had left the GBBA.Minton, p. 101. Union membership continued to grow, however, and by 1939 reached 18,000.Minton, p. 104. Organizing efforts were greatly assisted by a neutrality agreement reached with bottle makers in October 1937."Bottle Makers Vote to Unionize Industry." New York Times. July 31, 1937. By 1945, the GBBA had organized 90 percent of its jurisdiction in the glass industry. Union membership had risen to more than 35,000, and the union had nearly $1 million in its treasury.Minton, p. 78. ===Organizational change in the post-war period=== Organizational issues vexed the union in the 1940s. In 1940, the union expanded its executive board to nine members from eight, which gave a seat to locals on the West Coast.Minton, p. 106. The formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1935 also created problems. Several CIO unions—including the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, the Federation of Flat Glass Workers, the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, and United Mine Workers—all challenged the GBBA during organizing elections, and attempted to raid existing GBBA locals.Minton, p. 108. President Maloney retired in 1946 in ill health. He was succeeded by Lee Minton. With the union having organized every single plant in the glass container industry, Minton won the membership's approval to re-establish the union newsletter for the first time since 1924.Minton, p. 112, 114. In 1950, Minton won another victory when the union established its first pension plan for its members.Minton, p. 115. The post-war era saw additional pressures on the glass industry. Beer was now being sold in tin cans rather than bottles, and milk was delivered in waxed cardboard cartons. The union began organizing outside its traditional jurisdiction for the first time. The union reasoned that it was not glass that gave the union its unique nature, but blowing and molding. Subsequently, it began organizing in the fiberglass and plastics industry for the first time. Seven locals of fiberglass workers were organized in 1949.Minton, p. 116. By 1953, the union had organized 75 percent of all fiberglass plants in the United States, and its total membership had risen to 45,000.Minton, p. 119. The AFL and the CIO merged in 1955. The GBBA was one of the first unions to take advantage of the unification, and in opened merger talks with its CIO counterpart. In March 1957, the CIO's 32,000-member United Glass and Ceramic Workers of North America merged with the 52,000-member GBBA."Glass Unions to Merge." New York Times. March 5, 1957. ===Strikes in the 1960s=== More than 75 years of labor peace in the glass industry ended in 1965. In March of that year, the GMPIU struck at 86 glass plants east of the Rocky Mountains. The strike lasted 11 days, and involved 32,000 workers. The union won a 15 percent wage increase over three years, establishment of an industry-wide health and life insurance plan, and pension portability for workers who are at least 40 years of age, have 15 years of service, and are laid off due to automation or permanent plant shutdown."Glass Union Strikes As Late Talks Fail." New York Times. March 18, 1965; "Glass Bottle Workers Block Train at Struck Illinois Plant." New York Times. March 23, 1965; "Glass Bottle Union Accepts New Pact, Ending U.S. Strike." New York Times. March 29, 1965. A pact for West Coast workers achieved a 21.8 percent wage increase over three years. The agreement included a clause under which employers either offered a 10 percent production bonus plan or were forced to raise base wages another 20 percent."Walkout Averted in Glass Industry." New York Times. April 5, 1965. The union struck again in February 1968, walking out at 95 percent of all glass factories nationwide. This strike lasted 51 days.Minton, p. 137. Glass container workers won a hefty 15.7 to 24 percent wage increase, and a major increase in the employer contribution to the pension plan. Machine operators won a 10.8 to 13.9 percent wage increase."Glass Companies Struck." New York Times. February 1, 1968; "A New Offer in Glass Talks Is Made by Union Officials." New York Times. March 13, 1968; "Union Offer Vetoed By Bottle Makers." New York Times. March 14, 1968; "Unino Offer Vetoed By Bottle Makers." New York Times. March 15, 1968; Hammer, Alexander R. "Strike Hampers Users of Bottles." New York Times. March 18, 1968; "Glass Strikers Get Federal Peace Plea." New York Times. March 22, 1968; "Bottle Strike Ends With New Contract." New York Times. March 23, 1968; "Bottle Picketing Continues." New York Times. March 24, 1968; "Accord Is Reached in Glass Industry." New York Times. April 3, 1968. The wage increases led to an increase in the price of glass, however.Wilcke, Gerd. "Prices Increased By Glass Makers." New York Times. April 4, 1968. ===Gender consolidation and mergers of the 1970s and 1980s=== Into the early 1970s, the GBBA maintained several locals which were segregated by gender. However, in Local No. 106, Glass Bottle Blowers Association, AFL–CIO (Owens-Illinois, Inc.) and Local No. 245, Glass Bottle Blowers Association, AFL–CIO (Owens- Illinois, Inc.) 210 NLRB 943 (1974), the National Labor Relations Board ruled that gender-segregated locals violated the right of workers to elect representatives of their own choosing, and the locals were merged.A Working Woman's Guide to Her Job Rights, p. 40. Mechanization, the movement away from glass containers, and the movement of manufacturing to emerging nations with cheaper labor costs led many unions in the ceramics, glass, and pottery industries to rapidly lose members. The AFL–CIO established a Stone, Glass and Clay Coordinating Committee to coordinate the collective bargaining activities of these shrinking unions and strengthen their activities in this area. The coordinating committee also encouraged union mergers. This latter effort had some success. In 1975, the former Glass Bottle Blowers Association (GBBA) merged with the Window Glass Cutters' League of America."Glass Cutters Join With Bottle Blowers." Waco Tribune-Herald. August 31, 1975. In 1982, the International Brotherhood of Pottery and Allied Workers merged with the Glass Bottle Blowers Association to form the Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers' International Union (GPPAW).Kennedy, Joseph S. "In Struggle To Survive, A Union Changes, Grows." Philadelphia Inquirer. January 21, 1993.Chaison, p. 167. ==Headquarters== The GBBA had no headquarters until 1895, when it rented a single room at 119 South 4th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A few years later, the union moved into the historic Witherspoon Building at 1319-1323 Walnut Street in Philadelphia. A short time later, it rented larger quarters in the Witherspoon Building.Minton, p. 120. The union eventually moved into the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society Building at 12 South 12th Street in the 1930s. But within 20 years, it, too, had grown too small. In 1953, the union purchased the 18-story Lanesborough Building at 226 South 16th Street in Philadelphia. It occupied two floors in the structure, and rented out the rest to generate income.Minton, p. 119-120. The Lanesborough Building was deteriorating by 1975, so the union sold it and moved to space at 608 East Baltimore Pike in Media, Pennsylvania. ==Presidents of the union== John Samuels is generally recognized as the first "president" of the glass blowers' union, elected in 1842. But the present union traces its existence to 1876 and the election of Samuel Simpson as its first president. The list of presidents of the union includes:Minton, p. 68, 70–71. * Samuel Simpson – 1876 to 1880 * Louis Arrington – 1880 to 1894 * Joseph D. Troth – 1894 to 1896 * Denis A. Hayes – 1896 to 1917 * John A. Voll – 1917 to 1924 * James Maloney – 1924 to 1946 * Lee W. Minton – 1946 to 1971 * Newton W. Black – 1971 to 1974 * Harry A. Tulley – 1974 to 1977 * James E. Hatfield – 1977 to 1982 ==Footnotes== ==Bibliography== * Bonnett, Clarence E. History of Employers' Associations in the United States. New York: Vantage Press, 1956. * Chaison, Gary N. Union Mergers in Hard Times: The View From Five Countries. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1996. * Colman, Tyler. Wine Politics: How Governments, Environmentalists, Mobsters, and Critics Influence the Wines We Drink. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2008. * Davis, Pearce. The Development of the American Glass Industry. New York: Russell & Russell, 1949. * Fink, Gary M. Labor Unions. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977. * Flannery, James. The Glass House Boys of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009. * Fones-Wolf, Ken. Glass Towns: Industry, Labor and Political Economy in Appalachia, 1890-1930s. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2007. * Gusfield, Joseph R. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1986. * Kaufman, Stuart Bruce; Albert, Peter J.; Palladino, Grace; and Hughes, Marla J. The Samuel Gompers Papers. Vol.8: Progress and Reaction in the Age of Reform, 1909-13. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2000. * McCabe, David A. The Standard Rate in American Trade Unions. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1912. * Minton, Lee W. Flame and Heart: A History of the Glass Blowers Association of the United States and Canada. Washington, D.C.: Merkle Press, 1961. * Reef, Catherine. Working in America. New York: Facts On File, 2007. * Sakolski, Aaron M. The Finances of American Trade Unions. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1906. * Skrabec, Quentin R. Edward Drummond Libbey, American Glassmaker. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2011. * Skrabec, Quentin R. Henry Clay Frick: The Life of the Perfect Capitalist. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2010. * Skrabec, Quentin R. Michael Owens and the Glass Industry. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing, 2007. * Ulman, Lloyd. The Rise of the National Trade Union: The Development and Significance of the Structure, Governing Institutions, and Economic Policies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966. * United States Industrial Commission. Report of the Industrial Commission. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902. * A Working Woman’s Guide to Her Job Rights. Darby, Pa.: Diane Publishing Books, 1992. ==External links== * "Guide to the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association of the United States and Canada Records, 1890-1940." Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library Category:1895 establishments in Pennsylvania Category:Organizations established in 1895 Category:Trade unions in the United States Category:Trade unions in Canada Category:Manufacturing trade unions Category:Trade unions established in 1895 Category:Trade unions disestablished in 1982 |
is finely ground powder of specially grown and processed green tea leaves, traditionally consumed in East Asia. The green tea plants used for matcha are shade-grown for three to four weeks before harvest; the stems and veins are removed during processing. During shaded growth, the plant Camellia sinensis produces more theanine and caffeine. The powdered form of matcha is consumed differently from tea leaves or tea bags, as it is suspended in a liquid, typically water or milk. thumb|A cup of matcha tea The traditional Japanese tea ceremony centers on the preparation, serving and drinking of matcha as hot tea, and embodies a meditative spirituality. In modern times, matcha is also used to flavor and dye foods, such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream, matcha lattes and a variety of Japanese wagashi confectionery. Matcha used in ceremonies is referred to as ceremonial-grade, meaning that the powder is of a high enough quality to be used in the tea ceremony. Lower-quality matcha is referred to as culinary-grade, but no standard industry definition or requirements exist for matcha. Blends of matcha are given poetic names known as chamei ("tea names") either by the producing plantation, shop, or creator of the blend, or by the grand master of a particular tea tradition. When a blend is named by the grand master of a tea ceremony lineage, it becomes known as the master's konomi. == History == In China during the Tang dynasty (618–907), tea leaves were steamed and formed into tea bricks for storage and trade. The tea was prepared by roasting and pulverizing the tea, decocting the resulting tea powder in hot water, and then adding salt.Han Wei, "Tang Dynasty Tea Utensils and Tea Culture: Recent Discoveries at Famen Temple", in Chanoyu Quarterly no. 74 (1993) During the Song dynasty (960–1279), the method of making powdered tea from steam-prepared dried tea leaves and preparing the beverage by whipping the tea powder and hot water together in a bowl became popular.Tsutsui Hiroichi, "Tea-drinking Customs in Japan", paper in Seminar Papers: The 4th International Tea Culture Festival. Korean Tea Culture Association, 1996. Preparation and consumption of powdered tea was formed into a ritual by Chan Buddhists. The earliest extant Chan monastic code, titled Chanyuan Qinggui (Rules of Purity for the Chan Monastery, 1103), describes in detail the etiquette for tea ceremonies. Zen Buddhism and methods of preparing powdered tea were brought to Japan by Eisai in 1191. In Japan, it became an important item at Zen monasteries, and from the 14th through the 16th centuries, it was highly appreciated by members of the upper echelons of society. == Production == thumb|Iced tencha tea, brewed from the leaves used to make powdered matcha Matcha is made from shade-grown tea leaves that also are used to make gyokuro. The preparation of matcha starts several weeks before harvest and may last up to 20 days, when the tea bushes are covered to prevent direct sunlight. This slows down growth, stimulates an increase in chlorophyll levels, turns the leaves a darker shade of green, and causes the production of amino acids, in particular theanine. After harvesting, if the leaves are rolled up before drying as in the production of sencha (煎茶), the result will be gyokuro (jade dew) tea. If the leaves are laid out flat to dry, however, they will crumble somewhat and become known as tencha (). Then, tencha may be deveined, destemmed, and stone- ground to the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as matcha. Grinding the leaves is a slow process because the mill stones must not get too warm, lest the aroma of the leaves be altered. Up to one hour may be needed to grind 30 grams of matcha. The flavour of matcha is dominated by its amino acids. The highest grades of matcha have a more intense sweetness and deeper flavour than the standard or coarser grades of tea harvested later in the year. == Tencha == Tencha refers to green tea leaves that have not yet been ground into fine powder as matcha, as the leaves are instead left to dry rather than be kneaded. Since the leaves' cell walls are still intact, brewing tencha tea results in a pale green brew, which has a more mellow taste compared to other green tea extracts, and only the highest grade of tencha leaves can brew to its fullest flavor. Tencha leaves are half the weight of other tea leaves such as sencha and gyokuro so most tencha brews require double the number of leaves. About an hour is needed to grind 40 to 70 g of tencha leaves into matcha, and matcha does not retain its freshness as long as tencha in powder form because powder begins to oxidize. Drinking and brewing tencha is traditionally prohibited by the Japanese tea ceremony. == Grades == Commercial considerations, especially outside Japan, have increasingly seen matcha marketed according to "grades", indicating quality. Of the following terms "ceremonial grade" is not recognised in Japan but "food grade" or "culinary grade" are. * Ceremonial grade designates tea for its use in tea ceremonies and Buddhist temples. All must be able to be used in koicha (濃茶), a "thick tea" with a high proportion of powder to water used in traditional tea ceremony. * Premium grade is high-quality matcha green tea that contains young tea leaves from the top of the tea plant. Best for daily consumption, it is characterized by a fresh, subtle flavor, usually perfect for both new and everyday matcha drinkers alike. * Cooking/culinary grade is the cheapest of all. Suitable for cooking purposes, smoothies etc. It is slightly bitter due to factors such as its production from leaves lower down on the tea plant, terroir, the time of harvest, or the process of its manufacture. In general, matcha is expensive compared to other forms of green tea, although its price depends on its quality. Higher grades are pricier due to the production methods and younger leaves used, and thus they have a more delicate flavor. Catechin concentration is highly dependent on leaf age (the leaf bud and the first leaf are richest in epigallocatechin gallate), but catechin levels also vary greatly between plant varieties and whether the plants are grown in shade. Chemical compositions of various grades of matcha were studied, with the results showing that the contents of caffeine, free amino acids, theanine, and vitamin C decreased with the decreasing price of matcha. === Location on the tea bush === Where leaves destined for tencha are picked on the tea bush is vital for different grades of matcha. The young developing leaves on the top of the plant, that are soft and supple, are used for higher grades of matcha, resulting in a finer texture and flavour. For the lower grades, older more developed leaves are used, giving them a sandy texture and slightly bitter flavour. === Treatment before processing === Traditionally, sencha leaves are dried outside in the shade and are never exposed to direct sunlight; however, now drying has mostly moved indoors. Quality matcha is vibrantly green as a result of this treatment. === Stone grinding === Without the correct equipment and technique, matcha can become "burnt" and suffer degraded quality. Typically, in Japan, it is stone-ground to a fine powder through the use of specially designed granite stone mills. === Oxidation === Oxidation is also a factor in determining grade. Matcha exposed to oxygen may easily become compromised. Oxidized matcha has a distinctive hay-like smell, and a dull brownish-green color. == Traditional preparation == The two main ways of preparing matcha are and the less common . Prior to use, the matcha is often forced through a sieve to break up clumps. Special sieves are available for this purpose, which are usually stainless steel and combine a fine wire- mesh sieve and a temporary storage container. A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be placed on top of the sieve and the device shaken gently. If the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be placed into a small tea caddy known as a chaki. Otherwise, it can be scooped directly from the sieve into a chawan. About 2–4 grams of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a chashaku, and then about 60–80 ml of hot water are added. thumb|A chasen is used to create a uniform consistency. While other fine Japanese teas such as gyokuro are prepared using water cooled as low as , in Japan, matcha is commonly prepared with water just below the boiling point although temperatures as low as are similarly recommended. Usucha, or thin tea, is prepared with about 1.75 g (amounting to heaped chashaku scoop, or about half a teaspoon) of matcha and about of hot water per serving, which can be whisked to produce froth or not, according to the drinker's preference (or to the traditions of the particular school of tea). Usucha creates a lighter and slightly more bitter tea. Koicha, or thick tea, requires significantly more matcha (usually about doubling the powder and halving the water): about 3.75 g (amounting to 3 heaped chashaku scoops, or about one teaspoon) of matcha and 40 ml (1.3 fl oz) of hot water per serving, or as many as 6 teaspoons to cups of water. Because the resulting mixture is significantly thicker (with a similar consistency to liquid honey), blending it requires a slower, stirring motion that does not produce foam. Koicha is normally made with more expensive matcha from older tea trees (exceeding 30 years), thus producing a milder and sweeter tea than usucha. It is served almost exclusively as part of Japanese tea ceremonies. The mixture of water and tea powder is whisked to a uniform consistency using a bamboo whisk known as a chasen. No lumps should be left in the liquid, and no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl. Because matcha may be bitter, it is traditionally served with a small wagashi sweet (intended to be consumed before drinking), but without added milk or sugar. It is usually considered that 40 g of matcha provides for 20 bowls of usucha or 10 bowls of koicha: == Other uses == It is used in castella, manjū, and monaka; as a topping for shaved ice (kakigōri); mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavour tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries, including Swiss rolls and cheesecake, cookies, pudding, mousse, and green tea ice cream. Matcha frozen yogurt is sold in shops and can be made at home using Greek yogurt. The snacks Pocky and Kit Kat have matcha- flavoured versions in Japan. It may also be mixed into other forms of tea. For example, it is added to genmaicha to form matcha-iri genmaicha (literally, roasted brown rice and green tea with added matcha). The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American cafés, such as Starbucks, which introduced "green tea lattes" and other matcha-flavoured drinks after they became successful in their Japanese store locations. As in Japan, it has become integrated into lattes, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies. File:Matcha_ice_cream_001.jpg|Matcha ice cream at a restaurant in Tokyo File:Matcha and Redbean Cake.jpg|Matcha cake File:Soba sushi w egg crab cucumber.JPG|Cha-soba sushi roll File:2019 Nitro Matcha Cold Brew.jpg|Matcha nitro cold brew topped with whipped cream File:Matcha tea latte with rosetta latte art.jpg|Matcha tea latte == Basic matcha teaware == The equipment required for the making of matcha is: ; :Large enough to whisk the fine powder tea around ; :A bamboo whisk with fine bristles to whisk or whip the tea foam ; :A bamboo spoon to measure the powder tea into the tea bowl (not the same as a Western teaspoon) ; :A container for the matcha powder tea ; :A small cotton cloth for cleaning teaware during the tea ceremony == Flavor == thumb|Skeletal model of theanine molecule Theanine, succinic acid, gallic acid, and theogallin are chemical factors contributing to the umami-enhancing flavor of matcha. Compared to traditional green tea, the production of matcha requires the tea leaves to be protected from sunlight. Shading results in an increase in caffeine, and total free amino acids, including theanine, but also reduces the accumulation of catechins in leaves. == See also == * Green tea * Food powder == Notes == == References == == External links == * Category:Chadō Category:Chinese tea Category:Food powders Category:Green tea Category:Japanese tea Category:Tang dynasty |
The Puma is a German infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) ( or short SPz) designed to replace the aging Marder IFVs currently in service with the German Army. Production of the first batch of 350 vehicles began in 2010 and was completed in August 2021. A second batch of 229 Pumas received funding. Mass production began on 6 July 2009. The companies responsible for this project are Krauss- Maffei Wegmann and Rheinmetall Landsysteme, which created a joint venture, Projekt System Management GmbH (PSM). The Puma is one of the world's best- protected IFVs, while still having a high power-to-weight ratio. ==History== ===Development=== The Puma (formerly also named Igel (hedgehog) and Panther) started as a follow-up project to the German 1996 "NGP" project (Neue Gepanzerte Plattformen, "New Armored Platforms"). Its aim was to collect ideas for a common base vehicle that could be used for a variety of tasks including that of the APC, IFV, air defense and replacing and assisting the MBT in the frontline combat role. The NGP project was ended in 2001. The lessons learned were incorporated into the new tactical concept named neuer Schützenpanzer ("new IFV") in 1998. Planning for the Puma as the successor of the Marder began in 2002. That same year, the German Army (Heer) placed an order for the delivery of five pre-production vehicles and their logistics and training services at the end of 2004. On 8 November 2007, a budget of €3 billion to acquire 405 Pumas (excluding the five Pumas that had already been delivered to the German Army for trials) was agreed upon. On 6 December 2010, the first two serial vehicles were handed over to the German Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung. The Puma successfully completed cold tests in Norway in 2012. In August 2013, two Pumas were airlifted to the United Arab Emirates for hot weather tests. Trials included suitability for hot weather operations, firing and driving maneuvers in desert conditions, as well as firepower and mobility evaluations. During the trials, the temperature profiles inside the vehicle were measured, then compared to the ambient temperature.German army tests armoured infantry fighting vehicle Puma in hot weather conditions - Armyrecognition.com, 30 August 2013 On 13 April 2015, the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) granted authorization of use of the Puma IFV. This began a program to "train the trainers" on the first seven vehicles and additional ones until the end of the year, when a training center will be set up to put Panzer Grenadiers of mechanized infantry companies through a three-month course to familiarize them with their Pumas.Puma infantry fighting vehicle gets official approval for service in German army - Armyrecognition.com, 20 April 2015 The Puma officially entered service with the German military on 24 June 2015.German army takes officially delivery of Puma infantry fighting vehicle from Rheinmetall & KMW - Armyrecognition.com, 24 June 2015 ===Future=== Given the advanced age of the current Marder IFVs, and because the world market does not offer any vehicle comparable with the specifications to which the Puma is built, the acquisition of the new vehicles was unanimously voted for by the budget committee of the Bundestag. 350 Pumas were delivered to replace the more than 40-year-old Marders. Full operational readiness was to be achieved by 2024. The German Army will use €500 million to modernize 40 Pumas by 2023, with more effective weaponry and communications technology capable of rapidly providing a situation image and GPS coordinates to fighter jets. This variant was cleared for operations in March 2021, after successfully completing the armies tactical evaluation in its second attempt. The German contribution to the NATO VJTF in 2023 is intended to include Pumas to this standard. There are provisions for hard- or soft-kill systems to defeat hostile ATGMs or RPGs, or for future active/reactive armor. There are also mounts and interfaces for the inclusion of ATGMs on the right side of the turret. The Puma's large weight reserves and the compact cabin make it very attractive for modification. Most vital integrals are situated in the front, floor, and side walls, which may remain unchanged during such a cabin-oriented modification. On 28 June 2021, BAAINBw awarded the Rheinmetall-KMW joint venture PSM a EUR1.04 billion (US$1.23 billion) contract to upgrade 154 German Army Pumas to the S1 enhanced design status. The upgrade includes equipping the Puma with the Mehrrollenfähiges leichtes Lenkflugkörper-System (Multirole-capable Light Missile System: MELLS, the Bundeswehr's designation for the Spike-LR), integrating a turret-independent secondary weapon system, new digital radios, high-resolution day/night cameras for the driver and mounted squad, color- enabled optronics for the gunner and commander, and connecting the vehicle with the Infanterist der Zukunft - Erweitertes System (Future Soldier - Expanded System, IdZ-ES) and battle management system. The contract is scheduled for completion by 2029; an option to upgrade another 143 Pumas is included, which combined with the 40 already upgraded would bring all but 13 driver training vehicles in the German Army's inventory to S1-standard. That option was approved in December 2022. In March 2022 a second batch comprising 229 Pumas of the latest standard was announced to be ordered by the German military. Eighteen Pumas took part in exercises in 2022, and all of them were inoperable at the end of the exercises. Major General von Butler, the commander of the 10th Armoured Division, described the situation as a "total failure." Consequently, the German government has paused purchases of further Pumas. The manufactor described the damage as "minor damage" which "was caused by the crew through improper operation" Article ==Design== thumb|View of troop compartment The Puma, while externally not very different from existing IFVs, incorporates a number of advances and state-of-the-art technologies. The most obvious of these is the incorporated ability to flexibly mount different armour (see below for details). Another feature is the compact, one-piece crew cabin that enables direct crew interaction ("face-to-face"; like replacing the driver or gunner in case of a medical emergency) and minimizes the protected volume. The cabin is air conditioned, NBC-proof with internal nuclear and chemical sensors and has a fire suppressing system using non-toxic agents. The engine compartment has its own fire extinguishing system. The only compromise of the otherwise nearly cuboid cabin is the driver station, located in a protrusion in front of the gunner, in front of the turret. One measure to achieve the one-piece cabin is the use of an unmanned, double-asymmetrical turret (see photo): while slightly off-center turrets are common in IFVs, the Puma's turret is on the left-hand side of the vehicle, while the main cannon is mounted on the right side of the turret and thus on the middle axis of the hull when the turret is in the forward position. The outer hull (minus the turret) is very smooth and low to minimize shot traps and the general visual signature. The whole combat-ready vehicle in its base configuration will be air transportable in the Airbus A400M tactical airlifter. Its 3+6 persons crew capability is comparable to other vehicles of comparable weight, like the US American M2 Bradley IFV, the Marder, and the CV9040, but smaller than the 3+8 of the CV9030 and CV9035. ===Armament=== right|thumb|MK 30-2/ABM The primary armament is a Rheinmetall 30 mm MK 30-2/ABM (Air Burst Munitions) autocannon, which has a rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute and an effective range of 3,000 m. The smaller 30×173mm cartridge offers major advantages over, for example, the Bofors 40 mm gun mounted on the CV9040 because of a much lower ammunition size and weight. The belt feed system provides a large number of rounds ready to fire, while the 40mm offers only 24 shots per magazine. This is not a problem in a CV9040, but would force the Puma off the battlefield to reload the unmanned turret. There are currently two ammunition types directly available via the autocannon's dual ammunition feed. One is a sub-calibre, fin-stabilised APFSDS-T (T for tracer), with high penetration capabilities, mainly for use against medium armoured vehicles. The second is a full-calibre, multi-purpose, Kinetic Energy-Timed Fuse (KETF) munition, designed with a fuse setting allowing air burst capability for ejecting a cone of sub-munitions. The ammunition type can be chosen shot-to-shot, as the weapon fires from an open bolt, with no cartridge inserted until the trigger is depressed. The ammunition capacity is 400 rounds; 200 ready to fire and 200 in storage. Keeping the weight within the 35-ton limit also led to a smaller calibre for the secondary armament, a coaxially mounted 5.56 mm HK MG4 machine gun firing at 850 rounds per minute and with an effective range of 1,000 m. The ammunition capacity is 2,000 rounds; 1,000 ready to fire and 1,000 in storage. While this is a smaller weapon than the western standard secondary armament (7.62 mm caliber MG), it offers the advantage that the crew can use the ammunition in their individual firearms. In situations where the lower range and penetration of the 5.56 mm rounds is an issue, the high ammunition load of the main gun enables the vehicle crew to use one or two main gun rounds instead. The gun housing can also host the 7.62 mm MG3. The MG4 is to be replaced by the MG5. To combat main battle tanks, helicopters, and infrastructure targets such as bunkers, the German Puma vehicles will be equipped with a turret-mounted EuroSpike Spike LR missile launcher, which carries two missiles. The Spike LR missile has an effective range up to 4,000 m and can be launched in either the "Fire and Forget" or "Fire and Observe" mode. In addition to the usual smoke-grenade launchers with 8 shots, there is a multishot 40 mm launcher at the back of the vehicle for close-in defence. The main back door can be opened halfway and enables two of the passengers to scout and shoot from moderate protection. ===Protection=== The Puma was designed to accommodate additional armor, initially planning to offer three protection classes which are wholly or partly interchangeable. Protection class A is the basic vehicle, at 31.5 metric tons combat-ready weight air transportable in the A400M. Protection class C consists of two large side panels that cover almost the whole flanks of the vehicle and act as skirts to the tracks, a near-complete turret cover and armor plates for most of the vehicle's roof. The side panels are a mix of composite and spaced armor. It adds about 9 metric tons to the gross weight. Originally, there was also a protection class B designed for transport by rail. However, it became obvious that class C lies within the weight and dimension limits for train/ship transportation, thus class B was scrapped. The Puma is protected by AMAP composite armor, the AMAP-B module is used for protection against kinetic energy threats, while AMAP-SC offers protection against shaped charges. A group of four A400M aircraft could fly three class A Pumas into a theatre, with the fourth airplane transporting the class C armor kits and simple lifting equipment. The Pumas could be built-up to armor class C within a short time. The basic armor can resist direct hits from 14.5 mm Russian rounds, the most powerful HMG cartridge in common use today (and up to twice as powerful as the western de facto standard 12.7 mm .50 BMG cartridge). The frontal armor offers protection against medium caliber projectiles and shaped charge projectiles. In protection class C, the flanks of the Puma are up-armored to about the same level of protection as is the front, while the roof armor is able to withstand artillery or mortar bomblets. thumb|MUSS components: IR jammer, UV sensors, fog grenades dispenser The Pumas of the German Army will be equipped with a soft-kill system called Multifunktionales Selbstschutz- System (multifunction self protection system), MUSS, which is capable of defeating ATGMs. The whole vehicle is protected against heavy blast mines (up to 10 kg) and projectile charges from below, while still retaining 450 mm ground clearance. Almost all equipment within the cabin, including the seats, has no direct contact to the floor, which adds to crew and technical safety. All cabin roof hatches are of the side-slide type, which make them easier to open manually, even when they are obstructed by debris. The exhaust is mixed with fresh air and vented at the rear left side. Together with a special IR- suppressing paint, this aims at reducing the thermal signature of the IFV. Another crew safety measure is that the main fuel tanks are placed outside of the vehicle hull itself, mounted heavily armored within the running gear carriers. While this may pose a higher penetration risk to the tanks, it is unlikely that both tanks will be penetrated at the same time, enabling the vehicle to retreat to a safer position in case of a breach. There is also a collector tank within the vehicle, which acts as a reserve tank in case of a double tank breach. A large number of change requests and bureaucratic requirements drove up costs. ===Sensors and situational awareness=== thumb|PERI sight for the commander. The Puma offers improvements in situational awareness. The fully stabilized 360° periscope (PERI) with six different zoom stages offers a direct glass optic link to either the commander or the gunner. Since this is an optical line, it had to be placed in the turret center, one of the reasons why the main cannon is mounted off-center on the turret. Via an additional CCD camera the picture from this line can also be fed into the on-board computer network and displayed on all electronic displays within the vehicle. Besides that, the periscope offers an optronic thermal vision mode and a wide-angle camera with three zoom stages to assist the driver, as well as a laser range finder. The whole array is hunter-killer capable. The commander also has five vision blocks. The gunner optics, which can be completely protected with a slide hatch, are mounted coaxially to the main gun. The gunner has a thermal vision camera and laser range finder (identical to those on the PERI) and an optronic day sight, rounded off with a glass block. The driver has three of vision blocks, as well as an image intensifier and a display for optronic image feeds. The passenger cabin has a hatch and three vision blocks on the rear right side of the vehicle, one of them in a rotary mount. The rear cabin also has two electronic displays. All in all, the Puma has an additional five external cameras at its rear in swing- mounts for protection while not in use. Apart from the glass optic periscope view directly accessible directly by the commander and gunner and indirectly via the CCD camera, all optronic picture feeds can be displayed on every electronic display within the vehicle. The provisions for the rear cabin enable the passengers to be more active than previously in assisting the vehicle crew either directly through the vision blocks and hatches, or by observing one or more optronic feeds. The whole crew has access to the onboard intercom. ===Mobility=== Traditionally, IFVs are expected to interact with main battle tanks (MBTs) on the battlefield. In reality, many IFVs are not mobile enough to keep up with the pace of an MBT. The Puma aims to close this gap with several key technologies. Firstly, its compact, lightweight MTU Diesel engine is unusually strong at 800 kW nominal output. Even at the 43 t maximum weight in protection class C, it has a higher kW/t ratio than the Leopard 2 MBT it is supposed to supplement. The vehicle prototypes have a five-road wheel decoupled running gear and use a hydropneumatic suspension to improve cross-country performance while reducing crew and material stress by limiting vibrations and noise. The road wheels are asymmetrical, mounted closer to each other at the front. This is to counter the front-heavy balance, inevitable because of the heavy frontal armor as well as the engine and drive train which are also situated at the front. The 500mm-wide steel tracks made by Diehl Defence are of new construction and lighter than previous designs. The serial production vehicles will have a symmetrical arranged six road wheel running gear as shown on released pictures by the manufacturer. ==Operators== ===Current operator=== ; : The Puma has been in service with the German Army since April 2015. 350 vehicles have been delivered as of August 2021. Originally 405 were ordered, but on 11 July 2012 the order was reduced to 350. In March 2022 the German Army secured financing for a second batch of 229 Pumas.: Puma orders were paused in December 2022 due to reliability issues, according to then defense minister Christine Lambrecht. ===Failed bids=== ; The Australian Army sought a 'Mounted Close Combat Capability' within its Land 400 Phase 3 procurement program. The Puma IFV was one of the potential contenders. In November 2018, Project System & Management GmbH (PSM), the joint venture between Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and Rheinmetall announced the Puma would not compete in the Land 400 Phase 3 project. ; The Department of National Defence was considering the purchase of vehicles meant to accompany the Leopard 2 into combat. The CV90, the Puma and the Véhicule blindé de combat d'infanterie were the most likely candidates for the role. A contract of 108, with an option for up to 30 more was looked at. The project has since been cancelled. ; Offered by the German Army to supplement the Leopard 2 and the possibility of manufacturing it under license by FAMAE, but the German offer didn't lead to any discussion for a purchase. ; In 2016, the Croatian Army was looking at replacing the 128 M80A IFV that were in its inventory. Several contenders were considered, including the CV90 and the Puma. 108 vehicles were expected (88 IFV, 8 command and control vehicles, 8 armoured ambulances, and 4 driving training vehicles). It was expected to be purchased from 2021. For budget reasons, the Croatian Army settled on 89 M2A2 Bradley (ODS variant) for $145.3 million. The Croatian Army decided its purchase in 2020, and the contract was signed in January 2022. It includes 62 fully equipped and fully restored (M2A2 ODS), 5 for training, 22 for spare parts, they will be delivered in 2023-26. ; Czech Army is looking to buy 210 new infantry fighting vehicles for €2 Bln. between 2019 and 2024. All of them will replace aging BMP-2 in IFV and supporting variants. There will probably be an option to 100 more vehicles. In June 2017 five types of IFV (two versions of CV90, Lynx, ASCOD and Puma) were evaluated during a nine days testing. Based on unofficial information from the Czech general staff, Puma might be selected based on its "technological superiority". In December 2018, Puma was shortlisted together with the ASCOD, CV90 and Lynx In October 2019 it was announced that the Puma was being withdrawn from the competition. The manufacturer said that the Czech Army requirements would require an expensive redesign to the existing Puma which it was unwilling to undertake. The Czech army selected the CV9030 MkIV in July 2022 and signed the contract in December 2022. ; The Hungarian Defence Forces was looking to buy 200 new infantry fighting vehicles between 2020 and 2026. All of them were to replace the aging BTR-80 APCs. Eventually the Hungarian government decided on the Lynx. ; The United States Army sought a new family of vehicles to replace the aging fleet of M113 APCs and M2 Bradleys with the BCT Ground Combat Vehicle Program. With modification, the Puma satisfied the technical requirements of the BCT Ground Combat Vehicle Program and was offered by SAIC and Boeing. The SAIC-Boeing team was not awarded a technology development contract for their Puma-based vehicle in August 2011, and then filed a protest. The protest was denied in December 2011 based on concerns over the vehicle's force protection features, primarily the proposed active protection system and underbody armor, and 20 significant weaknesses which had potential solutions offered that were judged as inadequate.The Army's Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) Program: Background and Issues for Congress - Fas.org, 14 June 2013 On 2 April 2013, the Congressional Budget Office released a report that advised purchasing current infantry fighting vehicles instead of developing a new vehicle for the GCV program. Buying the Puma would save $14.8 billion, and was called the most capable vehicle.Report: GCV is worst choice to replace Bradley - DoDBuzz.com, April 3, 2013 The Army responded by saying no existing vehicle could match requirements to replace the Bradley.Army, industry slam CBO’s scathing GCV report - DoDBuzz.com, April 4, 2013 ==See also== * ASCOD * Ajax * Borsuk IFV * M2 Bradley * Warrior IFV * Combat Vehicle 90 * Dardo IFV * K21 * ZBD-04 * Kurganets-25 * Lynx * Makran IFV * Hunter AFV ==References== ==External links== *Puma Technical Data Sheet and pictures *Manufacturer website *Krauss- Maffei Wegmann´s Puma site (Manufacturer) *Pictures Category:Tracked infantry fighting vehicles Category:Armoured fighting vehicles of Germany Category:Infantry fighting vehicles of the post–Cold War period Category:Post–Cold War military vehicles of Germany Category:Rheinmetall Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s |
Billie Paul Piper (born Leian Paul Piper; 22 September 1982) is an English actress and former singer. She initially gained recognition as a singer after releasing her debut single "Because We Want To" at age 15, which made her the youngest female singer to enter the UK Singles Chart at number one; her follow-up single "Girlfriend" also entered at number one. In 1998, Piper released her debut studio album, Honey to the B, which was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Her second studio album, Walk of Life, was released in 2000 and spawned her third number one single, "Day & Night". In 2003, Piper announced that she had ended her music career to focus on acting. Piper appeared in the BBC One sci-fi series Doctor Who as Rose Tyler, companion to the Doctor as a regular between 2005 and 2006, and additionally in 2008, 2010, and 2013. She starred as Belle de Jour in the drama series Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007–2011), as Brona Croft/Lily in the Showtime horror series Penny Dreadful (2014–2016), and as Karen Mars in Netflix Original series Collateral (2018), for which she was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress. Piper co-created and starred in the Sky Atlantic series I Hate Suzie (2020–present), for which she earned a BAFTA nomination for a Best Actress in 2021 and 2023. Piper has starred in five plays since 2007 and won the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Play for her performance in Yerma, described as a "generation's best". She went on to win a total of six Best Actress awards for that one performance, including the Olivier Award, making Piper the only actor to have won six out of an available six Best Actress awards for a single performance. ==Early life== Piper was born in Swindon, Wiltshire on 22 September 1982. Her first name, Leian, was legally changed to Billie on 25 April 1983 by her parents, Mandy Kent and Paul Piper. She has one younger brother, Charley, and two younger sisters, Harley, and Elle. She started dance classes at age five. Two years later, she started off in soft- drink commercials for American TV before appearing as an extra in the 1996 film Evita, starring Madonna. She attended Bradon Forest School in Purton, near Swindon, but left at around the age of 12 after winning a scholarship to the Sylvia Young Theatre School in London. ==Career== === Music career === Piper's career began when she was selected to appear on the Saturday-morning children's television show Scratchy & Co. She later landed a role in a television commercial promoting the pop magazine Smash Hits. She was offered a record deal at the age of 15, and in 1998, became the youngest artist to debut at number one in the UK Singles Chart with "Because We Want To", released under the stage mononym "Billie". Her follow-up single "Girlfriend" also debuted at number one. Piper's debut album Honey to the B was released immediately afterwards, and entered and peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart, selling more than 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom alone along with a platinum certification, and a double-platinum certification in New Zealand, where it peaked at number three on the New Zealand Albums Chart. However, Honey to the B found limited success in other territories, such as Australia, where it entered and peaked at number 31 on the ARIA Albums Chart despite the success of "Honey to the Bee", and in the US it went almost completely unnoticed, peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Heatseekers Chart. At the 1998 Smash Hits Poll Winners' party, Piper was nominated for Best New Act (for which she came second, it being won by B*Witched) and won Princess of Pop (she was the first to win this award). She then released "She Wants You" as the third single from the album. The song reached number three. "Honey to the Bee" was released as the fourth single from the album; like the previous single, it reached number three. At the same time, "She Wants You" was released in the US, reaching number 9 on the "Hot Club Dance Play" chart. In 1999, Piper was nominated for two BRIT Awards and won two awards at the 1999 Smash Hits Poll Winners' party, although she was reduced to tears at the latter ceremony after being booed by fans of Ritchie Neville, whom she was dating at the time. She then started to tour and release in Asia. The singles and the album were released during mid-to-late 1999. In August of that year, the follow-up to "Because We Want To" was released in Japan, a single comprising "Girlfriend" and "She Wants You" combined. She recorded a song for Pokémon: The First Movie titled "Makin' My Way (Any Way That I Can)". thumb|Piper in 2004 During that time, Piper recorded her second album. She decided to release further records under her full name of Billie Piper. She returned to the Singles Chart in May 2000 with her third number-one single "Day & Night". She waited until September to release "Something Deep Inside", which reached number four, but her success waned. In October 2000, Piper released her second album, Walk of Life, which reached No. 14 in the UK Album Chart, but quickly fell off the charts and was certified silver in the UK. The album charted in two other countries: New Zealand, where it reached No. 17, and Australia, where it peaked at No. 23. In Piper's autobiography, she states that the album was a "commercial bomb". The song "Walk of Life", the final single off the album, was released in December 2000 and reached No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart. In February 2001, Piper appeared in court to testify against a woman named Juliet Peters. Peters was charged with, and eventually convicted of, stalking as well as making numerous threats against Piper and members of her family. Peters received psychiatric treatment as part of her sentence. According to her autobiography, Piper was reluctant about the court case, but was pushed by her parents and her label. She also stated in the book that this was why "The Tide Is High" was not released as a single, writing: "The court case succeeded in doing what I alone could not cutting the ties. Without it I might have been tempted back." In January 2007, BBC Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles started a campaign to get "Honey to the Bee" back into the top 100 on download sales as a way of testing out new chart rules that favour download sales. The campaign was successful, with "Honey to the Bee" re-entering the official UK singles chart at No. 17, eight years after it was first released. ===Film and television performances=== In 2004, Piper appeared in the films The Calcium Kid and Things to Do Before You're 30. Shortly before starting work on Doctor Who, she had a starring role in the horror film Spirit Trap, released in August 2005 to poor reviews. In November 2005, she starred as Hero in a BBC adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing, updated for the modern-day in a similar manner to the Canterbury Tales (2003) series in which she featured, with Hero now being a weather presenter in a television station. In 2005, Doctor Who was resurrected after a sixteen-year absence from TV. Piper was cast as Rose Tyler, a travelling companion to the ninth incarnation of The Doctor (played by Christopher Eccleston). Piper won the Most Popular Actress category at the 2005 and 2006 National Television Awards for her work on Doctor Who. BBC News named her one of its "Faces of the Year" for 2005, primarily due to her success in Doctor Who. At The South Bank Show Awards in January 2006, she was awarded The Times Breakthrough Award for her successful transition from singing to acting. In March, the Television and Radio Industries Club named her as the best new TV talent at their annual awards ceremony. In September, she was named Best Actress at the TV Quick and TV Choice Awards. After the completion of the very successful first series of the revamped Doctor Who, the British media regularly released conflicting reports about how long Piper would be staying with the show. In March 2006, she claimed that she would continue on Doctor Who into its third series in 2007. In May, however, she was reported to be considering quitting the series, although she did express an interest in playing a female version of the Doctor in the future (possibly related to a proposed Doctor Who spin-off series about Rose, which was later dropped). In June, the BBC announced that she was to depart in "Doomsday" (2006), the final episode of the second series. Her decision to leave had been made a year previously, but had not yet been made public. Although Piper was absent in the 2007 series, her character Rose was mentioned several times and seen in archive footage in The Runaway Bride. Piper starred as Hannah Baxter in Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007–2012), an ITV2 adaptation of Brooke Magnanti's The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl, a memoir detailing the life of a high-class prostitute who adopted "Belle de Jour" as her pseudonym, which aired from September 2007. As part of her preparation for the role, Piper met the memoir's author two years before her identity as a research scientist was revealed in a Sunday newspaper: "I absolutely had to meet the person behind the words to be able to take the part... people did ask me about her and I just had to smile, to avoid giving anything away."Radio Times, 23–29 January 2010In November 2007, the BBC confirmed that she would reprise her role as Rose Tyler in the fourth series of Doctor Who for three episodes. Later, it was confirmed by Russell T. Davies in Doctor Who Magazine that this return had been planned since she left. The series began in April 2008, and after several cameos, Piper made her official return as Rose in the series four final episodes "Turn Left", "The Stolen Earth", and "Journey's End". She did not initially state whether she would be reprising the role again. Interviewed on Doctor Who Confidential, she commented that "it's never really the end for the Doctor and Rose, but it's certainly the end for the foreseeable future"."The End of An Era". Doctor Who Confidential. BBC. Episode 56 (Season 4, No. 13), BBC Three, 5 July 2008. Piper completed work on two stand-alone television productions. In the first, a BBC adaptation of Philip Pullman's historical novel The Ruby in the Smoke which was broadcast in December 2006, she played protagonist Sally Lockhart, a Victorian orphan. The BBC planned to film all four of Pullman's Sally Lockhart novels, with Piper continuing in the role in The Shadow in the North, which was shown in December 2007. Piper also appeared as Fanny Price in an adaptation of Jane Austen's novel Mansfield Park, screened on ITV1 in March 2007. This was her first acting role on television for a broadcaster other than the BBC. She then provided voice-overs for various television commercials, including one for Comfort fabric-softener airing in June 2007. The second series of Secret Diary of a Call Girl, with Piper again in the starring role, started filming in May 2008, during which a body double was hired to hide Piper's pregnancy during the sex scenes. Piper was also quoted during this time as worrying that she may have "ruined her future career" due to the nature of the topless scenes and other sexual scenes required. The third series began airing in January 2010. For the third and fourth series Piper was credited as executive producer. In January 2010, tying in with the broadcast of the third series and following on from the real Belle de Jour confirming her real identity, ITV2 broadcast an interview special, Billie and the Real Belle Bare All, which saw Piper meeting with Dr Brooke Magnanti on camera for the first time. She reprised her role as Rose Tyler in "The End of Time", the last of the 2008–2010 Doctor Who specials, as a younger version of Rose Tyler (specifically 3 months before her initial meeting with the Ninth Doctor in 2005 episode "Rose"). She also shared the role of Betty with Sue Johnston in the two-part TV adaptation of A Passionate Woman, screened on BBC 1 in April 2010. In May 2011, it was announced that Piper would join the cast of a romance-comedy film directed by Robin Sheppard titled Truth about Lies. In January 2013, Piper stated on The Graham Norton Show that she had not been asked to return for the 50th anniversary of Doctor Who, however, the BBC announced in the following March that she would be returning in the special, titled "The Day of the Doctor", which was broadcast in November 2013. Despite being credited as Rose Tyler, Piper's actual role in the episode is the consciousness of "The Moment", a sentient weapon which takes on the form of Rose's "Bad Wolf" personality. On 11 May 2014, Showtime aired a new horror series called Penny Dreadful in which Piper plays Brona Croft, a poor Irish immigrant who is trying to escape a dark past. In the show's second series, Brona is resurrected by Victor Frankenstein as "Lily". She was nominated for Best TV Supporting Actress at the 2015 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards. The show was renewed for a third and final series, which she began filming on 17 September 2015. Piper returned to the role of Rose Tyler alongside David Tennant in three stories that form the second volume of The Tenth Doctor Adventures audio drama series from Big Finish Productions. One story also featured Camille Coduri reprising her role as Rose's mother Jackie Tyler. The set was released in November 2017. It was later announced that Piper would be headlining her own audio drama titled Rose Tyler: The Dimension Cannon. The box set featured four stories with Rose Tyler alongside her parents Jackie (Coduri) and Pete Tyler (Shaun Dingwall) as well as featuring Clive from the episode "Rose", played by his original actor Mark Benton. The first volume was released in September 2019 with two more expected in October 2022 and September 2023. In 2019, Piper wrote, starred in and made her directorial debut with the "anti- romcom" Rare Beasts, before appearing alongside Sally Hawkins, Alice Lowe, and David Thewlis in Eternal Beauty, directed by Craig Roberts. The following year, in August 2020, Piper co-created and starred in the critically acclaimed Sky Atlantic series I Hate Suzie. The series was also co-created and written by Secret Diary of a Call Girl creator Lucy Prebble. Piper portrays the titular Suzie Pickles, a former child screen star whose life and career are turned upside down by a compromising phone hack. Critics noted her own experience of having been a prodigious young singer-turned-actress who becomes famous at a young age would have informed her role as Pickles. The Guardian gave it a five-star review, describing Piper's character as "nude, lewd and joyously off the rails" in "this scabrously funny drama". In March 2021, it was announced that Piper would appear in the film adaptation of a children's book called Catherine Called Birdy. In February 2023, it was announced she would play Sam McAlister, the TV producer who secured Newsnight's interview with Prince Andrew, in Scoop, a Netflix adaptation of McAlister's book. ===Stage work=== Piper made her stage debut in a touring production of Christopher Hampton's play Treats, which opened in early 2007 in Windsor, Berkshire. Treats was to have ended its tour in the West End, at the Garrick Theatre, starting in February 2007 with previews. The play officially closed in May. Piper played Carly in the UK premiere of Neil LaBute's play Reasons to Be Pretty at the Almeida Theatre, running from November 2011 to January 2012. It received critical acclaim from The Guardian, The Observer, London Evening Standard, Metro, The Times, The Telegraph, Time Out, The Arts Desk, Daily Express and The Financial Times, all of which rated the production with a minimum of four stars. BBC Radio 4 described Piper as "fantastic, completely brilliant. Her performance is so convincing and moving, an absolutely terrific performance". The Jewish Chronicle hailed Piper's performance as second to none, being the best of the night, and stating that "no actor can cry more convincingly than Piper", giving the show four stars. Piper made her National Theatre debut in The Effect by Lucy Prebble, which ran from November 2012 to February 2013. The play went on to become the most critically acclaimed show of the season and Piper was nominated for the WhatsOnStage Best Actress award for her work in The Effect. The play was also nominated for Best New Play and Best Set Designer. Due to success and demand, the show was extended for a further month and an online petition was started for the show to be added to the National Theatre's Live Programming. In 2013, Piper was nominated for Best Actress at the Olivier Awards and Evening Standard Theatre Awards for The Effect. Piper also starred in Great Britain at the Royal National Theatre in 2014. On 29 May 2014, Piper appeared alongside Ben Whishaw in the Playhouse Presents television special Foxtrot. thumb|Piper at the 2016 Magic City Con In 2016, Piper starred in an adaptation of Federico García Lorca's 1934 play Yerma at the Young Vic, written and directed by Simon Stone. Upon opening, the play received critical acclaim, mainly for Piper's performance. She was described as "earth-quaking" by The Guardian and "a generation's greatest performance" by The Stage. The Independent described her as "shattering" with the reviewer admitting he found himself "still visibly shaking from its effects on the Tube home afterwards." The Jewish Chronicle proclaimed, "This is the performance to which [Piper's] previous excellent appearances on stage have been leading. She's one of those rare actresses who can be monumentally tragic and almost casually realistic at the same time." Conversely, The Arts Desk warned its readers that her performance was "an utterly grueling, almost unbearable 100 minutes." Piper won all six of the available Best Actress awards for that one performance, making it one of the most acclaimed and awarded stage performances in British theatre history, and making her the only actor to have picked up all six Best Actress awards for a single performance, including the coveted Olivier Award. On 31 August 2017, Yerma streamed live into more than 700 cinemas across the UK. Whilst ticket sales are yet to be confirmed, more than 100 cinemas confirmed they had sold out to capacity with many requesting encore copies. In an unprecedented event, after the live screening had finished, '#Yerma' trended on Twitter at number three, with some writers claiming Twitter had 'gone into complete meltdown' over Piper's performance. The play was streamed across the world from 21 September. Piper reprised the performance in a limited run at New York's Park Avenue Armory during March and April 2018, her New York stage debut. She once again received unanimous critical praise. The New York Times said Piper's performance was "an unconditional victory" and "blisteringly powerful" awarding it five stars, whilst Hollywood Reporter found her "simply staggering" adding; "When the actress appears at the curtain call, looking emotionally and physical exhausted, you find yourself relieved that she's OK and concerned that she'll have to do it all over again the next night." Time Out likened Piper to an "angry beast" warning that her "astonishing" performance inflicted psychological-like emotions on the audience. NBC's Katie Englehart said, "Piper is so devastating I almost vomited in my seat – that doesn't sound like an endorsement but it is." Vogue hailed Piper as "one of the great talents of her generation" and described her performance as "astonishing, raw, feral and terrifying." The AM New York critic claimed to be left "gasping for air" whilst the New York Stage Review found Piper's "downward spiral into abyss utterly harrowing and blazingly remarkable." ==Personal life== Piper married television presenter Chris Evans in a secret ceremony at the Little Church of the West in Paradise, Nevada near Las Vegas on 6 May 2001 after six months of dating. Their marriage attracted much comment because Piper was 18 and Evans was 35. The couple separated in 2004, and divorced in May 2007. Piper married actor Laurence Fox on 31 December 2007, at St Mary's Church in Easebourne, West Sussex. They have two sons: Winston James was born on 21 October 2008, and Eugene Pip was born on 5 April 2012. By 24 March 2016, the pair had separated after eight years of marriage. No third party was involved in the separation. On 12 May 2016, Piper and Fox divorced. Piper began dating Johnny Lloyd, the frontman of Tribes, in 2016. Their daughter, Tallulah, was born on 2 January 2019. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1996 Evita Girl wanting Juan Perón's autograph Uncredited The Leading Man Girl 2004 The Calcium Kid Angel 2005 Things to Do Before You're 30 Vicky Spirit Trap Jenny 2010 Animals United Bonnie (voice) The Raven Raven Short film 2016 City of Tiny Lights Shelley 2017 Beast Grace Short film 2018 Two for Joy Lilah 2019 Rare Beasts Mandy Also writer and director Eternal Beauty Nicola 2022 Catherine Called Birdy Lady Aislinn TBA Scoop Sam McAlister ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 2003 The Canterbury Tales Alison Crosby Episode: "The Miller's Tale" 2004 Bella and the Boys Bella Television film 2005 ShakespeaRe-Told Hero Episode: "Much Ado About Nothing" 2005–2006, 2008, 2010 Doctor Who Rose Tyler 34 episodes: Series 1, 2 and 4, 2010 special 2006 The Ruby in the Smoke Sally Lockhart Television film 2007 Mansfield Park Fanny Price The Shadow in the North Sally Lockhart 2007–2011 Secret Diary of a Call Girl Hannah Baxter 32 episodes 2010 A Passionate Woman Betty 2 episodes 2012 True Love Holly Episode: "Holly" 2013 Doctor Who "The Moment" Episode: "The Day of the Doctor" 2014 Playhouse Present Badger Episode: "Foxtrot" 2014–2016 Penny Dreadful Brona Croft / Lily Frankenstein 27 episodes 2018 Collateral Karen Mars 4 episodes 2020–2022 I Hate Suzie Suzie Pickles 11 episodes; also co-creator Coming Undone Terri White In development Kaos === Audio === Year Title Role Production Notes 2017 Doctor Who: The Tenth Doctor Adventures Rose Tyler Big Finish Productions Volume 2 2019 Warhammer Adventures: City of Lifestone Narrator Black Library Part of the Realm Quest series Warhammer Adventures: Lair of the Skaven Warhammer Adventures: Forest of the Ancients 2019–present Rose Tyler: The Dimension Cannon Rose Tyler Big Finish Productions Volume 1–3 2020 Mansfield Park Narrator Audible Part of The Jane Austen Collection Warhammer Adventures: Flight of the Kharadron Black Library Part of the Realm Quest series == Theatre == Year Title Role Theatre Notes 2007 Treats Ann Garrick Theatre 2011–2012 Reasons to Be Pretty Carly Almeida Theatre 2012–2013 The Effect Connie National Theatre 2014 Great Britain Paige 2016 Yerma Yerma Young Vic 2017 Revival of the 2016 production 2018 Park Avenue Armoury Off-Broadway transfer ==Discography== * Honey to the B (1998) * Walk of Life (2000) == Accolades == Piper has won and been nominated for more than 70 recognised awards. During her musical career, she was nominated for two BRIT Awards in 1999. In 2005 and 2006, she won two National Television Awards for Best Actress for her acting work in Doctor Who. She has also been nominated for two British Academy Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Actress for her performances in the television dramas Collateral (2018) and I Hate Suzie (2020–present), respectively. For her role in the 2016 production of Federico García Lorca's Yerma, Piper has won a total of six Best Actress awards, including the Laurence Olivier Award, and is now the only actor to have earned all of the currently available UK theatre Best Actress awards for a single performance. ==See also== *List of British actors ==References== ==Further reading== * Piper, Billie (2007). Growing Pains. London: Hodder & Stoughton. * ==External links== * * * * Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Actresses from Wiltshire Category:Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School Category:English child singers Category:English dance musicians Category:English women pop singers Category:English film actresses Category:English stage actresses Category:English television actresses Category:English voice actresses Category:People from Hounslow Category:People from Swindon Category:Robin Fox family Category:Musicians from Wiltshire Category:Laurence Olivier Award winners Category:Child pop musicians Category:20th-century English actresses Category:20th-century English singers Category:21st-century English actresses Category:21st-century English singers Category:Innocent Records artists Category:Virgin Records artists Category:Actors from Swindon |
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors. The name Wnt is a portmanteau created from the names Wingless and Int-1. Wnt signaling pathways use either nearby cell-cell communication (paracrine) or same-cell communication (autocrine). They are highly evolutionarily conserved in animals, which means they are similar across animal species from fruit flies to humans. Three Wnt signaling pathways have been characterized: the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway. All three pathways are activated by the binding of a Wnt-protein ligand to a Frizzled family receptor, which passes the biological signal to the Dishevelled protein inside the cell. The canonical Wnt pathway leads to regulation of gene transcription, and is thought to be negatively regulated in part by the SPATS1 gene. The noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway regulates the cytoskeleton that is responsible for the shape of the cell. The noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway regulates calcium inside the cell. Wnt signaling was first identified for its role in carcinogenesis, then for its function in embryonic development. The embryonic processes it controls include body axis patterning, cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell migration. These processes are necessary for proper formation of important tissues including bone, heart and muscle. Its role in embryonic development was discovered when genetic mutations in Wnt pathway proteins produced abnormal fruit fly embryos. Later research found that the genes responsible for these abnormalities also influenced breast cancer development in mice. Wnt signaling also controls tissue regeneration in adult bone marrow, skin and intestine. This pathway's clinical importance was demonstrated by mutations that lead to various diseases, including breast and prostate cancer, glioblastoma, type II diabetes and others. In recent years, researchers reported first successful use of Wnt pathway inhibitors in mouse models of disease. ==History and etymology== The discovery of Wnt signaling was influenced by research on oncogenic (cancer- causing) retroviruses. In 1982, Roel Nusse and Harold Varmus infected mice with mouse mammary tumor virus in order to mutate mouse genes to see which mutated genes could cause breast tumors. They identified a new mouse proto- oncogene that they named int1 (integration 1). Int1 is highly conserved across multiple species, including humans and Drosophila. Its presence in D. melanogaster led researchers to discover in 1987 that the int1 gene in Drosophila was actually the already known and characterized Drosophila gene known as Wingless (Wg). Since previous research by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus (which won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995) had already established the function of Wg as a segment polarity gene involved in the formation of the body axis during embryonic development, researchers determined that the mammalian int1 discovered in mice is also involved in embryonic development. Continued research led to the discovery of further int1-related genes; however, because those genes were not identified in the same manner as int1, the int gene nomenclature was inadequate. Thus, the int/Wingless family became the Wnt family and int1 became Wnt1. The name Wnt is a portmanteau of int and Wg and stands for "Wingless-related integration site". ==Proteins== thumb|alt=Crystal structure of Wnt8 bound to the Frizzled8 cysteine rich domain. Wnt resembles a hand that is "pinching" Frizzled with it's thumb and forefinger.|Crystal structure of Wnt8 (rainbow coloring) bound to the cysteine rich domain of Frizzled8 (green). Wnt comprises a diverse family of secreted lipid-modified signaling glycoproteins that are 350–400 amino acids in length. The lipid modification of all Wnts is palmitoleoylation of a single totally conserved cysteine residue. Palmitoleoylation is necessary because it is required for Wnt to bind to its carrier protein Wntless (WLS) so it can be transported to the plasma membrane for secretion and it allows the Wnt protein to bind its receptor Frizzled Wnt proteins also undergo glycosylation, which attaches a carbohydrate in order to ensure proper secretion. In Wnt signaling, these proteins act as ligands to activate the different Wnt pathways via paracrine and autocrine routes. These proteins are highly conserved across species. They can be found in mice, humans, Xenopus, zebrafish, Drosophila and many others. Species Wnt proteins Homo sapiens WNT1, WNT2, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT4, WNT5A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT8B, WNT9A, WNT9B, WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT11, WNT16 Mus musculus (Identical proteins as in H. sapiens) Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2B, Wnt3, Wnt3A, Wnt4, Wnt5A, Wnt5B, Wnt6, Wnt7A, Wnt7B, Wnt8A, Wnt8B, Wnt9A, Wnt9B, Wnt10A, Wnt10B, Wnt11, Wnt16 Xenopus Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2B, Wnt3, Wnt3A, Wnt4, Wnt5A, Wnt5B, Wnt7A, Wnt7B, Wnt8A, Wnt8B, Wnt10A, Wnt10B, Wnt11, Wnt11R Danio rerio Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2B, Wnt3, Wnt3A, Wnt4, Wnt5A, Wnt5B, Wnt6, Wnt7A, Wnt7B, Wnt8A, Wnt8B, Wnt10A, Wnt10B, Wnt11, Wnt16 Drosophila Wg, DWnt2, DWnt3/5, DWnt 4, DWnt6, WntD/DWnt8, DWnt10 Hydra hywnt1, hywnt5a, hywnt8, hywnt7, hywnt9/10a, hywnt9/10b, hywnt9/10c, hywnt11, hywnt16 C. elegans mom-2, lin-44, egl-20, cwn-1, cwn-2 ==Mechanism== thumb|left|Figure 1. Wnt doesn't bind to the receptor. Axin, GSK and APC form a "destruction complex," and β-Cat is destroyed. ===Foundation=== Wnt signaling begins when a Wnt protein binds to the N-terminal extra-cellular cysteine-rich domain of a Frizzled (Fz) family receptor. These receptors span the plasma membrane seven times and constitute a distinct family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, to facilitate Wnt signaling, co-receptors may be required alongside the interaction between the Wnt protein and Fz receptor. Examples include lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-5/6, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and ROR2. Upon activation of the receptor, a signal is sent to the phosphoprotein Dishevelled (Dsh), which is located in the cytoplasm. This signal is transmitted via a direct interaction between Fz and Dsh. Dsh proteins are present in all organisms and they all share the following highly conserved protein domains: an amino-terminal DIX domain, a central PDZ domain, and a carboxy-terminal DEP domain. These different domains are important because after Dsh, the Wnt signal can branch off into multiple pathways and each pathway interacts with a different combination of the three domains. ===Canonical and noncanonical pathways=== The three best characterized Wnt signaling pathways are the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway. As their names suggest, these pathways belong to one of two categories: canonical or noncanonical. The difference between the categories is that a canonical pathway involves the protein beta-catenin (β-catenin) while a noncanonical pathway operates independently of it. thumb|left|400px|Canonical Wnt pathway ====Canonical pathway==== The canonical Wnt pathway (or Wnt/β-catenin pathway) is the Wnt pathway that causes an accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm and its eventual translocation into the nucleus to act as a transcriptional coactivator of transcription factors that belong to the TCF/LEF family. Without Wnt, β-catenin would not accumulate in the cytoplasm since a destruction complex would normally degrade it. This destruction complex includes the following proteins: Axin, adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α). It degrades β-catenin by targeting it for ubiquitination, which subsequently sends it to the proteasome to be digested. However, as soon as Wnt binds Fz and LRP5/6, the destruction complex function becomes disrupted. This is due to Wnt causing the translocation of the negative Wnt regulator, Axin, and the destruction complex to the plasma membrane. Phosphorylation by other proteins in the destruction complex subsequently binds Axin to the cytoplasmic tail of LRP5/6. Axin becomes de-phosphorylated and its stability and levels decrease. Dsh then becomes activated via phosphorylation and its DIX and PDZ domains inhibit the GSK3 activity of the destruction complex. This allows β-catenin to accumulate and localize to the nucleus and subsequently induce a cellular response via gene transduction alongside the TCF/LEF (T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor) transcription factors. β-catenin recruits other transcriptional coactivators, such as BCL9, Pygopus and Parafibromin/Hyrax. The complexity of the transcriptional complex assembled by β-catenin is beginning to emerge thanks to new high-throughput proteomics studies. However, a unified theory of how β‐catenin drives target gene expression is still missing, and tissue-specific players might assist β‐catenin to define its target genes. The extensivity of the β-catenin interacting proteins complicates our understanding: β-catenin may be directly phosphorylated at Ser552 by Akt, which causes its disassociation from cell- cell contacts and accumulation in cytosol, thereafter 14-3-3ζ interacts with β-catenin (pSer552) and enhances its nuclear translocation. BCL9 and Pygopus have been reported, in fact, to possess several β-catenin-independent functions (therefore, likely, Wnt signaling-independent). thumb|right|250px|Noncanonical PCP pathway ====Noncanonical pathways==== The noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway does not involve β-catenin. It does not use LRP-5/6 as its co-receptor and is thought to use NRH1, Ryk, PTK7 or ROR2. The PCP pathway is activated via the binding of Wnt to Fz and its co- receptor. The receptor then recruits Dsh, which uses its PDZ and DIX domains to form a complex with Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1). Daam1 then activates the small G-protein Rho through a guanine exchange factor. Rho activates Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), which is one of the major regulators of the cytoskeleton. Dsh also forms a complex with rac1 and mediates profilin binding to actin. Rac1 activates JNK and can also lead to actin polymerization. Profilin binding to actin can result in restructuring of the cytoskeleton and gastrulation. thumb|left|250px|Noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway The noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway also does not involve β-catenin. Its role is to help regulate calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in order to control intracellular calcium levels. Like other Wnt pathways, upon ligand binding, the activated Fz receptor directly interacts with Dsh and activates specific Dsh-protein domains. The domains involved in Wnt/calcium signaling are the PDZ and DEP domains. However, unlike other Wnt pathways, the Fz receptor directly interfaces with a trimeric G-protein. This co-stimulation of Dsh and the G-protein can lead to the activation of either PLC or cGMP-specific PDE. If PLC is activated, the plasma membrane component PIP2 is cleaved into DAG and IP3. When IP3 binds its receptor on the ER, calcium is released. Increased concentrations of calcium and DAG can activate Cdc42 through PKC. Cdc42 is an important regulator of ventral patterning. Increased calcium also activates calcineurin and CaMKII. CaMKII induces activation of the transcription factor NFAT, which regulates cell adhesion, migration and tissue separation. Calcineurin activates TAK1 and NLK kinase, which can interfere with TCF/β-Catenin signaling in the canonical Wnt pathway. However, if PDE is activated, calcium release from the ER is inhibited. PDE mediates this through the inhibition of PKG, which subsequently causes the inhibition of calcium release. ===Integrated Wnt Pathway=== The binary distinction of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways has come under scrutiny and an integrated, convergent Wnt pathway has been proposed. Some evidence for this was found for one Wnt ligand (Wnt5A). Evidence for a convergent Wnt signaling pathway that shows integrated activation of Wnt/Ca2+ and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, for multiple Wnt ligands, was described in mammalian cell lines. ===Other pathways=== Wnt signaling also regulates a number of other signaling pathways that have not been as extensively elucidated. One such pathway includes the interaction between Wnt and GSK3. During cell growth, Wnt can inhibit GSK3 in order to activate mTOR in the absence of β-catenin. However, Wnt can also serve as a negative regulator of mTOR via activation of the tumor suppressor TSC2, which is upregulated via Dsh and GSK3 interaction. During myogenesis, Wnt uses PA and CREB to activate MyoD and Myf5 genes. Wnt also acts in conjunction with Ryk and Src to allow for regulation of neuron repulsion during axonal guidance. Wnt regulates gastrulation when CK1 serves as an inhibitor of Rap1-ATPase in order to modulate the cytoskeleton during gastrulation. Further regulation of gastrulation is achieved when Wnt uses ROR2 along with the CDC42 and JNK pathway to regulate the expression of PAPC. Dsh can also interact with aPKC, Pa3, Par6 and LGl in order to control cell polarity and microtubule cytoskeleton development. While these pathways overlap with components associated with PCP and Wnt/Calcium signaling, they are considered distinct pathways because they produce different responses. ===Regulation=== In order to ensure proper functioning, Wnt signaling is constantly regulated at several points along its signaling pathways. For example, Wnt proteins are palmitoylated. The protein porcupine mediates this process, which means that it helps regulate when the Wnt ligand is secreted by determining when it is fully formed. Secretion is further controlled with proteins such as GPR177 (wntless) and evenness interrupted and complexes such as the retromer complex. Upon secretion, the ligand can be prevented from reaching its receptor through the binding of proteins such as the stabilizers Dally and glypican 3 (GPC3), which inhibit diffusion. In cancer cells, both the heparan sulfate chains and the core protein of GPC3 are involved in regulating Wnt binding and activation for cell proliferation. Wnt recognizes a heparan sulfate structure on GPC3, which contains IdoA2S and GlcNS6S, and the 3-O-sulfation in GlcNS6S3S enhances the binding of Wnt to the heparan sulfate glypican. A cysteine-rich domain at the N-lobe of GPC3 has been identified to form a Wnt-binding hydrophobic groove including phenylalanine-41 that interacts with Wnt. Blocking the Wnt binding domain using a nanobody called HN3 can inhibit Wnt activation. At the Fz receptor, the binding of proteins other than Wnt can antagonize signaling. Specific antagonists include Dickkopf (Dkk), Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF-1), secreted Frizzled-related proteins (SFRP), Cerberus, Frzb, Wise, SOST, and Naked cuticle. These constitute inhibitors of Wnt signaling. However, other molecules also act as activators. Norrin and R-Spondin2 activate Wnt signaling in the absence of Wnt ligand. Interactions between Wnt signaling pathways also regulate Wnt signaling. As previously mentioned, the Wnt/calcium pathway can inhibit TCF/β-catenin, preventing canonical Wnt pathway signaling. Prostaglandin E2 is an essential activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Interaction of PGE2 with its receptors E2/E4 stabilizes β-catenin through cAMP/PKA mediated phosphorylation. The synthesis of PGE2 is necessary for Wnt signaling mediated processes such as tissue regeneration and control of stem cell population in zebrafish and mouse. Intriguingly, the unstructured regions of several oversized Intrinsically disordered proteins play crucial roles in regulating Wnt signaling. == Induced cell responses == === Embryonic development === Wnt signaling plays a critical role in embryonic development. It operates in both vertebrates and invertebrates, including humans, frogs, zebrafish, C. elegans, Drosophila and others. It was first found in the segment polarity of Drosophila, where it helps to establish anterior and posterior polarities. It is implicated in other developmental processes. As its function in Drosophila suggests, it plays a key role in body axis formation, particularly the formation of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes. It is involved in the induction of cell differentiation to prompt formation of important organs such as lungs and ovaries. Wnt further ensures the development of these tissues through proper regulation of cell proliferation and migration. Wnt signaling functions can be divided into axis patterning, cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell migration. ====Axis patterning==== In early embryo development, the formation of the primary body axes is a crucial step in establishing the organism's overall body plan. The axes include the anteroposterior axis, dorsoventral axis, and right-left axis. Wnt signaling is implicated in the formation of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Wnt signaling activity in anterior-posterior development can be seen in mammals, fish and frogs. In mammals, the primitive streak and other surrounding tissues produce the morphogenic compounds Wnts, BMPs, FGFs, Nodal and retinoic acid to establish the posterior region during late gastrula. These proteins form concentration gradients. Areas of highest concentration establish the posterior region while areas of lowest concentration indicate the anterior region. In fish and frogs, β-catenin produced by canonical Wnt signaling causes the formation of organizing centers, which, alongside BMPs, elicit posterior formation. Wnt involvement in DV axis formation can be seen in the activity of the formation of the Spemann organizer, which establishes the dorsal region. Canonical Wnt signaling β-catenin production induces the formation of this organizer via the activation of the genes twin and siamois. Similarly, in avian gastrulation, cells of the Koller's sickle express different mesodermal marker genes that allow for the differential movement of cells during the formation of the primitive streak. Wnt signaling activated by FGFs is responsible for this movement. Wnt signaling is also involved in the axis formation of specific body parts and organ systems later in development. In vertebrates, sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt morphogenetic signaling gradients establish the dorsoventral axis of the central nervous system during neural tube axial patterning. High Wnt signaling establishes the dorsal region while high Shh signaling indicates the ventral region. Wnt is involved in the DV formation of the central nervous system through its involvement in axon guidance. Wnt proteins guide the axons of the spinal cord in an anterior-posterior direction. Wnt is also involved in the formation of the limb DV axis. Specifically, Wnt7a helps produce the dorsal patterning of the developing limb. In the embryonic differentiation waves model of development Wnt plays a critical role as part a signalling complex in competent cells ready to differentiate. Wnt reacts to the activity of the cytoskeleton, stabilizing the initial change created by a passing wave of contraction or expansion and simultaneously signals the nucleus through the use of its different signalling pathways as to which wave the individual cell has participated in. Wnt activity thereby amplifies mechanical signalling that occurs during development. ====Cell fate specification==== Cell fate specification or cell differentiation is a process where undifferentiated cells can become a more specialized cell type. Wnt signaling induces differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into mesoderm and endoderm progenitor cells. These progenitor cells further differentiate into cell types such as endothelial, cardiac and vascular smooth muscle lineages. Wnt signaling induces blood formation from stem cells. Specifically, Wnt3 leads to mesoderm committed cells with hematopoietic potential. Wnt1 antagonizes neural differentiation and is a major factor in self-renewal of neural stem cells. This allows for regeneration of nervous system cells, which is further evidence of a role in promoting neural stem cell proliferation. Wnt signaling is involved in germ cell determination, gut tissue specification, hair follicle development, lung tissue development, trunk neural crest cell differentiation, nephron development, ovary development and sex determination. Wnt signaling also antagonizes heart formation, and Wnt inhibition was shown to be a critical inducer of heart tissue during development, and small molecule Wnt inhibitors are routinely used to produce cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells. ====Cell proliferation==== In order to have the mass differentiation of cells needed to form the specified cell tissues of different organisms, proliferation and growth of embryonic stem cells must take place. This process is mediated through canonical Wnt signaling, which increases nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin. Increased β-catenin can initiate transcriptional activation of proteins such as cyclin D1 and c-myc, which control the G1 to S phase transition in the cell cycle. Entry into the S phase causes DNA replication and ultimately mitosis, which are responsible for cell proliferation. This proliferation increase is directly paired with cell differentiation because as the stem cells proliferate, they also differentiate. This allows for overall growth and development of specific tissue systems during embryonic development. This is apparent in systems such as the circulatory system where Wnt3a leads to proliferation and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells needed for red blood cell formation. The biochemistry of cancer stem cells is subtly different from that of other tumor cells. These so-called Wnt-addicted cells hijack and depend on constant stimulation of the Wnt pathway to promote their uncontrolled growth, survival and migration. In cancer, Wnt signaling can become independent of regular stimuli, through mutations in downstream oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that become permanently activated even though the normal receptor has not received a signal. β-catenin binds to transcription factors such as the protein TCF4 and in combination the molecules activate the necessary genes. LF3 strongly inhibits this binding in vitro, in cell lines and reduced tumor growth in mouse models. It prevented replication and reduced their ability to migrate, all without affecting healthy cells. No cancer stem cells remained after treatment. The discovery was the product of "rational drug design", involving AlphaScreens and ELISA technologies. ====Cell migration==== thumb|500px|Diagram illustrating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition Cell migration during embryonic development allows for the establishment of body axes, tissue formation, limb induction and several other processes. Wnt signaling helps mediate this process, particularly during convergent extension. Signaling from both the Wnt PCP pathway and canonical Wnt pathway is required for proper convergent extension during gastrulation. Convergent extension is further regulated by the Wnt/calcium pathway, which blocks convergent extension when activated. Wnt signaling also induces cell migration in later stages of development through the control of the migration behavior of neuroblasts, neural crest cells, myocytes, and tracheal cells. Wnt signaling is involved in another key migration process known as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process allows epithelial cells to transform into mesenchymal cells so that they are no longer held in place at the laminin. It involves cadherin down-regulation so that cells can detach from laminin and migrate. Wnt signaling is an inducer of EMT, particularly in mammary development. ===Insulin sensitivity=== thumb|400px|Diagram illustrating the interaction between the Wnt and insulin signaling pathways Insulin is a peptide hormone involved in glucose homeostasis within certain organisms. Specifically, it leads to upregulation of glucose transporters in the cell membrane in order to increase glucose uptake from the bloodstream. This process is partially mediated by activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which can increase a cell's insulin sensitivity. In particular, Wnt10b is a Wnt protein that increases this sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells. ==Clinical implications== ===Cancer=== Since its initial discovery, Wnt signaling has had an association with cancer. When Wnt1 was discovered, it was first identified as a proto-oncogene in a mouse model for breast cancer. The fact that Wnt1 is a homolog of Wg shows that it is involved in embryonic development, which often calls for rapid cell division and migration. Misregulation of these processes can lead to tumor development via excess cell proliferation. Canonical Wnt pathway activity is involved in the development of benign and malignant breast tumors. The role of Wnt pathway in tumor chemoresistance has been also well documented, as well as its role in the maintenance of a distinct subpopulation of cancer-initiating cells.Milosevic, V. et al. Wnt/IL-1β/IL-8 autocrine circuitries control chemoresistance in mesothelioma initiating cells by inducing ABCB5.Int. J. Cancer, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32419 Its presence is revealed by elevated levels of β-catenin in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm, which can be detected with immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. Increased β-catenin expression is correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. This accumulation may be due to factors such as mutations in β-catenin, deficiencies in the β-catenin destruction complex, most frequently by mutations in structurally disordered regions of APC, overexpression of Wnt ligands, loss of inhibitors and/or decreased activity of regulatory pathways (such as the Wnt/calcium pathway). Breast tumors can metastasize due to Wnt involvement in EMT. Research looking at metastasis of basal-like breast cancer to the lungs showed that repression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can prevent EMT, which can inhibit metastasis. Wnt signaling has been implicated in the development of other cancers. Changes in CTNNB1 expression, which is the gene that encodes β-catenin, can be measured in breast, colorectal, melanoma, prostate, lung, and other cancers. Increased expression of Wnt ligand-proteins such as Wnt1, Wnt2 and Wnt7A were observed in the development of glioblastoma, oesophageal cancer and ovarian cancer respectively. Other proteins that cause multiple cancer types in the absence of proper functioning include ROR1, ROR2, SFRP4, Wnt5A, WIF1 and those of the TCF/LEF family. Wnt signaling is further implicated in the pathogenesis of bone metastasis from breast and prostate cancer with studies suggesting discrete on and off states. Wnt is down- regulated during the dormancy stage by autocrine Dkk1 to avoid immune surveillance, as well as during the dissemination stages by intracellular Dact1. Meanwhile Wnt is activated during the early outgrowth phase by E-selectin. The link between PGE2 and Wnt suggests that a chronic inflammation-related increase of PGE2 may lead to activation of the Wnt pathway in different tissues, resulting in carcinogenesis. ===Type II diabetes=== Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a common disease that causes reduced insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance in the periphery. It results in increased blood glucose levels, or hyperglycemia, which can be fatal if untreated. Since Wnt signaling is involved in insulin sensitivity, malfunctioning of its pathway could be involved. Overexpression of Wnt5b, for instance, may increase susceptibility due to its role in adipogenesis, since obesity and type II diabetes have high comorbidity. Wnt signaling is a strong activator of mitochondrial biogenesis. This leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to cause DNA and cellular damage. This ROS-induced damage is significant because it can cause acute hepatic insulin resistance, or injury-induced insulin resistance. Mutations in Wnt signaling- associated transcription factors, such as TCF7L2, are linked to increased susceptibility. == See also == *AXIN1 *GSK-3 *Management of hair loss *Wingless localisation element 3 (WLE3) *WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) *WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP2) *WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP3) == References == == Further reading == * * == External links == * Category:Signal transduction Category:Genes Category:Evolutionary developmental biology |
Comber ( , , locally ) is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies south of Newtownards, at the northern end of Strangford Lough. It is situated in the townland of Town Parks, the civil parish of Comber and the historic barony of Castlereagh Lower. Comber is part of the Ards and North Down Borough. It is also known for Comber Whiskey which was last distilled in 1953. A notable native was Thomas Andrews, the designer of the and was among the many who went down with her. Comber had a population of 9,071 people in the 2011 Census. == History == The confluence of two rivers, which gave the town its name, is that of the Glen River and the Enler River which meet here. thumb|St. Mary's Church of Ireland thumb|Interior of St. Mary's Church of Ireland During the influx of Scots in the early 1600s (see Plantation of Ulster), a settlement grew up at Comber, although it was focused about further south than at present, in the townland of Cattogs, and there is evidence that the settlement was a port used by traders and fishermen. By the 1700s, however, the focus of the town had moved to the area of the present main Square and Comber became established as an industrial centre with several mills. The Andrews family made Comber a centre of both linen production and grain processing by the second half of the 1700s. Whiskey distilling was a prominent industry by the mid-1800s, the most prominent of the distillers being John Miller, uncle of William James (Lord) Pirrie and Eliza (wife of Thomas Andrews Snr.). One member of the Andrews family, Thomas, was the designer of the and lost his life when the ship sank in 1912. By 1841 the town had 1,400 inhabitants. The 20th century saw Comber lose much of its industry but re-establish itself as a commuter town for the Belfast urban area, swelling in population from 4,000 in 1961 to 8,933 according to the 2001 census. thumb|The Square. The Gillespie Memorial and St. Mary's Parish Church can also be seen. In Comber's square stands the statue of Major General Rollo Gillespie. Gillespie was a local war hero from the 19th century, famous for his heroic exploits in India. It was constructed under the oversight of John Fraser, the first county surveyor of Down, and was unveiled on 24 June 1845 (St. John's Day). Fifty lodges of the Masonic Order were present, in what is believed to be the biggest Masonic gathering in Irish history. It was calculated that 25,000 to 30,000 people crowded into the town to witness the ceremony. The column is 55 feet high. At the foot of the column are many Masonic symbols and his famous last words "One shot more for the honour of Down". The Square also has a memorial to those who died on the Titanic, which has strong links to the town. The town has its own "Comber Titanic Audio Trail which guides you to special places of interest throughout Comber that relate to the Titanic story." In 1978, the Provisional Irish Republican Army bombed La Mon restaurant, killing 12 people. The Enler River in Comber has flooded many times. As a result, the Comber flood wall was built along the river through the town which has held the water back since. == The town == Comber grew as a market town with many family-run and independent businesses, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The town still remains home to a number of independent and artisan stores. The town holds a farmers market on the first Thursday of every month. The market sells fresh, seasonal food and plant products. After achieving EU Protected Geographical Indication status in 2012, the Comber potato (Comber Earlies) became a global brand. The potatoes are now celebrated annually at the Comber Earlies Food Festival in June, together with the Comber Earlies Growers. The town has also benefitted from a £2.4 million public realm scheme. The scheme encompassing High Street, The Square, Bridge Street, Bridge Street Link, Killinchy Street and Castle Street has reinvigorated Comber, creating a unique and uniform identity for the town centre. The design concepts were developed in partnership with Ards Borough Council, and, community and business representatives. Making the announcement, Minister McCausland said: “This represents a significant investment by the Northern Ireland Executive and Ards Borough Council. The scheme has been designed to bring the maximum benefit to all of Comber’s residents and to make the town centre much more attractive to visitors. This scheme is a fundamental part of the strategy ‘Envisaging the future of Comber’. “I know from the success of public realm schemes in other towns, that this investment will make a significant contribution to improving the fortunes of the town centre. This funding demonstrates my ongoing commitment to the regeneration of Comber.” Mayor of Ards, Councillor Stephen McIlveen, welcomed the confirmation of funding. He said: "This investment by DSD and the Council will transform the visual appearance of the town centres, enhancing their appeal as places to visit and shop, with the associated positive economic impact. I look forward now to seeing the designs developed and finalised and to work beginning." Like the rest of Ireland, the Comber area has long been divided into townlands, whose names mostly come from the Irish language. Over time, more rural townlands have been built upon and they have given their names to many roads and housing estates. The following is a list of townlands within Comber's urban area, alongside their likely etymologies: *Ballyaltikilligan (from Baile Ailt Uí Ghiollagáin meaning "townland of O'Gilligan's glen" or Baile Ailt Cille Aodháin meaning "townland of the glen of Aodan's church") *Ballyhenry Minor (from Baile Héinrí or Baile Éinrí meaning "Henry's townland") *Ballymagaughey (from Baile Mhig Eacháin meaning "MacGaughey's townland") *Carnasure or Carnesure (from Ceathrú na Siúr meaning "quarterland of the sisters") *Glass Moss formerly Ballynaganemye (from Baile na Gainimhe meaning "townland of the sand") The Comber Greenway is a traffic-free section of the National Cycle Network, along the old Belfast-Comber railway line. The cycle path starts on Dee Street in Belfast and finishes at Comber. Now completed the Greenway provides an eco-friendly cycle path with views of Stormont and Scrabo Tower. This attracts many cyclists into the town boosting the local economy. The current route of the Greenway was originally used as the route for the Belfast and County Down Railway. The railway was in use from the 1850s to 1950 when it was permanently retired. Throughout the 1950s the track was lifted in stages and infrastructure, including bridges, removed. Local activists and politicians have proposed plans to extend the Greenway into the town centre directly which they say would benefit the local businesses even more. Castle Espie is a wetland reserve managed by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) on the banks of Strangford Lough, south of Comber, County Down, Northern Ireland. It is part of the Strangford Lough Ramsar Site. It provides an early wintering site for almost the entire Nearctic population of Pale-bellied Brent Geese. The Castle which gave the reserve its name no longer exists. Castle Espie was officially opened as a Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust centre by Lady Scott on 4 May 1990. The site had previously been a limestone quarry, and also had a brickworks, pottery and lime kilns for producing lime from limestone, as well as part of a farm. In September 2007, the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded a grant of £2.96 million towards a major wetland restoration project at Castle Espie, the largest investment in biodiversity in Northern Ireland. At the heart of the project, costing £4m in all, will be the restoration and improvement of intertidal and freshwater habitats along the shores of Strangford Lough to encourage more species and greater numbers of waterbirds to feed, roost or breed at Castle Espie, as well as restoring important habitats. A new ecologically sustainable visitor centre would also be constructed, and other improvements would be carried out to hides and observatories. ==Transport== Comber railway station on the Belfast and County Down Railway, opened on 6 May 1850, but finally closed on 24 April 1950. Comber also has a good public transport network with buses travelling to Belfast and Newtownards everyday on a frequent basis. In 2003 'phase two' of the Comber bypass was officially opened for traffic. This new section starts at the end of the dual carriage way from Newtownards and links up with the existing section via a roundabout on Killinchy street. Comber is also connected by a direct cycle route to Belfast. Known as the Comber Greenway, this traffic free cycle path runs for along the old railway track bed. ==Education== One of the three local primary schools is Comber Primary School. There are 15 teachers at the school. Notable alumni include Northern Ireland footballer Stephen Craigan. The other local primary school is Andrews Memorial Primary School, operating under the headmaster, Ralph Magee, which is of a similar size and as part of the school buildings includes the Andrews Memorial Hall, which was built by the citizens of Comber in memory of Thomas Andrews, the shipbuilder of the . The third primary school is St. Mary's Primary School, which is much smaller in size. Many pupils from these schools go to Nendrum College, Comber, next door to Comber Primary, and Regent House Grammar School, Newtownards. ==Demography== On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 9,071 people living in Comber (3,811 households), an increase of 1.5% on the Census 2001 population of 8,933. Of these: * 17.66% were aged under 16 years and 17.59% were aged 65 and over; * 52.19% of the usually resident population were female and 47.81% were male; * 85.08% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion and 4.65% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic faith; * 77.63% indicated that they had a British national identity, 30.75% had a Northern Irish national identity and 4.83% had an Irish national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity); * 42 years was the average (median) age of the population; * 10.09% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots and 1.98% had some knowledge of the Irish language. == People == *Comber is most famous for being the birthplace of Thomas Andrews (born in 1873), the RMS Titanic's shipbuilder, who died in the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. * John Miller Andrews was Northern Ireland's second Prime Minister between 1940 and 1945. He was born in 1871 and became a flax-spinner and a wealthy landowner in Comber. He died in 1956. * Sir Robert Rollo Gillespie (1766–1814) reached the rank of Major-General, campaigning against the French in the West Indies and also in India. He participated in the Vellore Mutiny and in Sumatra where he fought against the Sultan. He was killed in action storming a Gurkha fort in Kalunga, Dehradun, India. *Racing driver Jonny Kane (born 14 May 1973), was born in Comber. He was crowned British Formula Three champion in 1997 and went on to become 'rookie of the year' in the 1999 IndyLights series in the United States. thumb|right|150px|Edward de Wind Blue Plaque *Edmund De Wind, was born in Comber and was a Canadian (also considered Irish) recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War I. He was a member of The Royal Irish Rifles, killed during the 1918 Battle of the Somme on 21 March 1918, after repelling attack after attack until he was mortally wounded and collapsed. There is a housing estate in Comber named after him built in the 1950s. Edmund was officially remembered in Comber on Friday 14 September 2007 through the unveiling of an Ulster History Circle "Blue Plaque" in his honour. He was educated at Campbell College, Belfast. *Former Northern Ireland footballer Stephen Craigan hails from the town. Stephen played 54 times for his country in a career spanning 18 years. He retired in May 2012 at Motherwell FC to pursue a career in the media. Stephen attended local schools, Comber Primary and Comber High School (now Nendrum College). *The jazz singer Ottilie Patterson (1932-2011) was born in Comber. == Sport == ===Athletics=== The Ballydrain Harrier and Athletic Club was founded in 1932 and originally trained from The Old Schoolhouse, Ballydrain. For many years it was one of the most successful clubs in Northern Ireland, but went into decline, and by 2010 had only a few members left. A move to training at the North Down Cricket Club brought about a resurgence in membership, continuing to grow quickly with members training and racing weekly. ===Motorsport=== The Ards Circuit through Comber was a motorsport street circuit used for RAC Tourist Trophy sports car races from 1928 until 1936. At the time it was Northern Ireland's premier sporting event, regularly attracting crowds in excess of a quarter of a million people. ===Football=== One of Comber's finest sporting moments came on Christmas morning 1991 when local amateur football team Comber Rec., managed by Mervyn Boyce, overcame favourites Brantwood to lift the Steel and Sons Cup for the first time. ===Cricket=== Comber is also the home of one of Ireland's oldest and most successful cricket clubs, North Down Cricket Club, which has played its home matches at The Green since 1857. It has won the NCU Challenge Cup a record 30 times, the NCU Senior League outright on 17 occasions and the Irish Senior Cup 3 times since its inception in 1984. ===Hockey=== North Down Hockey Club is a field hockey club affiliated to the Ulster Hockey Union. The club was founded in 1896. The club was formed by members of North Down Cricket Club in 1896 and is one of the founder-members of the Ulster Hockey Union. The first reported Club match in Ulster was played in Comber against Cliftonville on 7 November 1896, with North Down winning 8–0. In 1899-1900 North Down won their first two trophies. In the only year when the Keightley Cup for the Ulster Senior League was played for on a knock-out basis, Antrim were defeated 3–2 in the final and in the Kirk Cup Final Cliftonville were beaten 4–2.Belfast Newsletter 23 April 1900 Page 3 North Down Hockey Club is based at The Green in Comber, home of North Down Cricket Club. The first hockey pitch was at the Castle Lane side of the ground on the cricket outfield. A celebration game against Cliftonville as part of the Centenary was played on this same pitch. In 1994 the decision was taken to play all first team games on the artificial turf pitch at Glenford Park, Newtownards. In 1999 the team returned to Comber and now play at Comber Leisure Centre. The Club still uses the synthetic pitch at Glenford Park and also at Nendrum College, Comber so that all home games are played on synthetic surfaces. ==See also== *List of localities in Northern Ireland by population *List of civil parishes of County Down *Nendrum Monastery == References == *Culture Northern Ireland == External links == Category:Towns in County Down Category:Civil parish of Comber |
The University of Connecticut (UConn) is a public land-grant research university system whose main campus is in Storrs, Connecticut. It was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School, named after two brothers who donated the land for the school. In 1893, the school became a public land grant college, becoming the University of Connecticut in 1939. Over the following decade, social work, nursing and graduate programs were established, while the schools of law and pharmacy were also absorbed into the university. During the 1960s, UConn Health was established for new medical and dental schools. UConn is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. The university is classified as an R1 research institution. UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford/Springfield regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England's Knowledge Corridor. UConn was the second U.S. university invited into Universitas 21, an international network of 24 research-intensive universities who work together to foster global citizenship. Competing in the Big East Conference as the Huskies, UConn has gained recognition for its women's and men's basketball programs. The Huskies have won 23 NCAA championships. The UConn Huskies are the top women's basketball program in the nation, having won a record 11 NCAA Division I National Championships (tied with the UCLA Bruins men's basketball team) and a women's record four in a row (2013–2016), plus over 40 conference regular season and tournament championships. UConn also holds the two longest winning streaks of any gender in college basketball history. ==History== thumb|right|University of Connecticut, UConn was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School. It was named after Charles and Augustus Storrs, brothers who donated the land for the school as well as initial funding. The Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station was founded in 1887. Women began attending classes in 1891 and were officially admitted in 1893, the same year that it became Connecticut's land-grant college and was renamed Storrs Agricultural College. In 1899, the name changed again to Connecticut Agricultural College, and, in 1933, to Connecticut State College. File:The agricultural experiment stations in the United States (1900) (14595517300).jpg File:The agricultural experiment stations in the United States (1900) (14595721687).jpg File:The agricultural experiment stations in the United States (1900) (14779077411).jpg On May 26, 1939, Governor Raymond E. Baldwin signed the bill that allowed Connecticut State College to have its name changed to the University of Connecticut. The following year, trustees organized and developed a plan to divide the university into separate schools and colleges in Business, Education, Home Economics, Colleges of Arts and Sciences, and College of Agriculture. This was also the year the School of Social Work and School of Nursing were established. Master's degrees had been awarded since 1920, but the Graduate School was established after the reorganization of the schools in 1940, as well as the Doctoral Program for graduates which was authorized in 1943. PhDs have been awarded since 1949. The schools of law and pharmacy were also absorbed into the university. In 1958, the School of Education established the first high school in the town of Mansfield, E. O. Smith High School, as a laboratory school for teacher training and education research. The high school, which lies adjacent to campus, was operated by the University of Connecticut until 1987, when it became the regional public high school. E.O. Smith has maintained an Agricultural Science education program since its time as a part of UConn, and junior and senior high school students may take classes for credit on UConn's campus. During the 1970s, UConn Health was established in Farmington as a home for the new School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine. John Dempsey Hospital opened in Farmington in 1975 and has been operated by UConn ever since. In 1995, a state-funded program called UConn 2000 was passed by the Connecticut General Assembly and signed into law by then-Governor John G. Rowland. This 10-year program set aside $1 billion to upgrade campus facilities, add faculty, and otherwise improve the university. An additional $1.3 billion was pledged by the State of Connecticut in 2002 as part of a new 10-year improvement plan known as 21st Century UConn. An agreement was reached in 2012 to launch Jackson Laboratory's $1.1 billion genomic medicine lab on the Farmington UConn Health campus as part of the Bioscience Connecticut initiative. In 2013, Governor Dannel P. Malloy signed into law Next Generation Connecticut, committing $1.7 billion in funding over a decade to enhance UConn's infrastructure, hire additional faculty, and upgrade STEM initiatives."[www.uconn.edu/nextgenct Next Generation Connecticut.]" NextGenCT. University of Connecticut, n.d. Retrieved July 20, 2013. thumb|President Biden at the University of Connecticut, October 15, 2021 Two sitting U.S. presidents have visited the Storrs campus, Bill Clinton in 1995 and Joe Biden in 2021, to dedicate the first and second iterations of the Dodd Center for Human Rights, respectively. The Dodd Center has brought an array of other world figures to the campus including Madeleine Albright, Elie Wiesel, Oscar Arias, and Mikhail Gorbachev in the fall of 1996. Presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush visited the campus after holding office. ==Campuses== ===Storrs campus=== The primary and original UConn campus is in Storrs, a division of the Town of Mansfield, east of Hartford, Connecticut's capital and bordered by the towns of Ashford, Coventry, Willington, and Windham. ====Libraries==== The University of Connecticut Libraries form the largest public research collection in the state. The main library is the Homer D. Babbidge Library, on Fairfield Way in the center of campus. In 1882, Charles Storrs donated the first volumes to the university library collection (specifically, of the agriculture school). The university formerly housed its primary library collections in the Old Whitney building, one of the first agriculture school buildings. The library migrated from Old Main to the basement of Beech Hall in 1929. The university's first librarian was Edwina Whitney, who served from 1900 to 1934. The library then moved to the Wilbur Cross Building and remained there until the 1970s. The current main library, Homer Babbidge, was formerly known as the Nathan Hale Library. It underwent a $3 million renovation that was completed in 1998, making it then the largest public research library in New England. The Storrs campus is also home to the university's Music and Pharmacy libraries, and the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, home to the university's archives and special collections, including university records, rare books, and manuscript collections. Each of the regional campuses also have their own libraries, including the Jeremy Richard Library at the Stamford Campus. These libraries are tied into the Babbidge library through a shared catalogue. The Babbidge-based collection places UConn among the top 30 universities in the nation for library holdings and funding, containing more than 2.5 million print volumes, approximately 2,500 current print periodicals, more than 35,000 unique electronic journals through the eJournal locator, 2.8 million units of microfilm, 180,000 maps at the Map and Geographic Information Center (New England's largest public map collection), millions of electronic books, and an array of free electronic information sources. The UCL also license approximately 265 electronic search databases, many of which contain the full-text of research journals, monographs, and historic documents. The Lyman Maynard Stowe Library, housed at UConn Health, was one of eight federally funded National Network of Libraries of Medicine libraries from 1991 to 2001. The University of Connecticut School of Law houses the School of Law Library at its campus in Hartford. The Stowe and Law libraries have catalogues separate from the Babbidge system, making the total library holdings of the University of Connecticut much higher than the 2.5 million print volumes of Babbidge. UConn participates in several outside library consortia, including the New England Law Library Consortium and the Northeast Research Libraries Consortium. The Dodd Research Center has also formed a partnership with the African National Congress to share materials with South African scholars. ====Campus==== The UConn campus at Storrs is home to the Connecticut Repertory Theatre (CRT) run by the Department of Dramatic Arts. The theatre complex has three venues, the 486-seat Harriet S. Jorgensen Theatre, the 241-seat Nafe Katter Theatre, and the 116-seat Studio Theatre. CRT is a member of the Theatre Communications Group, the national service organization for the professional theatre. The Storrs campus also houses the J. Louis von der Mehden Recital Hall, the William Benton Museum of Art, and the Ballard Institute and Museum of Puppetry. UConn is the only institution in the United States that offers a master's degree in puppetry. Among the research facilities on campus is the George Safford Torrey Life Sciences Building, one of the primary sites of biology research and education at UConn. Built in 1961, in 1980 the building was named in honor of Torrey, former head of the university's botany department.Year ending June 30, 2014 Torrey, who came to Connecticut Agricultural College in the fall of 1915 to teach botany, became head of the Department of Botany in 1929 and served in that role until 1953. A collection of his papers, including notebooks, correspondence, memoranda, administrative records, reports, photographs, and various types of slides and filmstrips are housed in the Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center. The Torrey Life Sciences Building houses offices for the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Biology Central Services. Because it is situated in a fairly rural area, the UConn campus at Storrs has facilities that allow it to be virtually self- sufficient. All heat on campus is steam, and where possible sidewalks were laid over the underground connectors to keep the snow off. In 2005, a cogeneration plant was activated, which generates most of the electricity for the campus, and uses the exhaust steam for the campus central heating system. The university owns its own public water system and waste water treatment facility. With the support of a growing number of industry leaders based in Connecticut, UConn is at the forefront of developing clean, alternative sources of renewable energy using fuel cell technology. In April 2012, UConn commissioned a fuel cell power plant at its Depot Campus that will supply the campus with clean and efficiency energy, cooling and heating. The installation of a ClearEdge Power, former UTC Power, PureCell System is the latest step by UConn to reduce its carbon footprint and build a sustainable community. The fuel cell installation was made possible through a federal stimulus grant from Connecticut's Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority (now the Connecticut GreenBank) . {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | caption_align = center | image1 = UCONNfromsky.jpg | width1 = 200 | alt1 = | caption1 = Aerial view of main campus | image3 = Campus view - University of Connecticut - DSC09948.JPG | width3 = 200 | alt3 = | caption3 = Main quad | image4 = Laurel Hall - University of Connecticut - DSC09917.JPG | width4 = 200 | alt4 = | caption4 = McHugh Hall | header = UConn's main campus in Storrs | header_align = center }} The University of Connecticut Police Department is a fully functional police agency with the same statutory authority as any municipal police department in the State of Connecticut. State and internationally accredited, the department is responsible for protecting lives and property at the University of Connecticut and all adjacent areas within the jurisdiction of the UConn Police Department. This includes the main campus in Storrs and the regional campuses. The UConn Division of Public Safety also includes the UConn Fire Department, and Office of the Fire Marshal and Building Inspectors. The UConn Storrs campus is equipped with a blue-light system which allows students to press an emergency button which will notify the police to come to that location. UConn 2000 was a public-private partnership to rebuild, renew and enhance the University of Connecticut from 1995 to 2005, funded by the State of Connecticut. UConn 2000 was enacted by the Connecticut General Assembly in 1995 and signed into law by Governor John G. Rowland. The construction projects were overseen by President Philip E. Austin. The legislature renewed the construction investments through 21st Century UConn, the continuation of UConn 2000, which is another billion dollar construction investment by the state to upgrade facilities at the University of Connecticut. It passed the Connecticut General Assembly and was signed into law by Governor Rowland in 2002. By the time of the project's completion, every building on campus will be new or completely renovated. Money has also been put into the regional and satellite campuses, including the new School of Business facilities in downtown Hartford. Next Generation Connecticut is a multi-faceted $1.5 billion plan to build the state's economic future through strategic investments in science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines (STEM). It passed the Connecticut General Assembly and was signed into law by Governor Dannel Malloy in June 2013. The funds will be used over a 10-year period to hire 250+ new faculty, increase undergraduate enrollment by 6,580 students, and upgrade aging campus infrastructure. Money has also been allocated to build new STEM facilities, construct new STEM teaching laboratories and to create a premier STEM honors college. NextGenCT will also allow for the construction of student housing and a digital media center at the Stamford campus, and allow for the relocation of the Greater Hartford campus back to downtown Hartford. ===Avery Point campus=== UConn's Avery Point campus overlooks Long Island Sound in the town of Groton. It is home to the National Undersea Research Center, the Connecticut Sea Grant College, Project Oceanology, the Long Island Sound Resource Center, and the Alexey von Schlippe Gallery of Art. The campus has undergone an extensive transformation in recent years, including new Marine Science and Project Oceanology buildings, a new research vessel, and renovations of the Branford House, the gymnasium, and the main Academic Building. The campus was formerly the summer home of Morton Freeman Plant, a 19th-century railroad, steamship, and hotel magnate. Branford House was his mansion overlooking Long Island Sound, reportedly worth $3 million when it was completed in 1904. Also located on the property was a caretaker's house (the current police station) and a barn and horse stable (the current physical plant buildings). The estate included what is now the Shennecossett Public Golf Course located just north of the campus, which was turned over to the State of Connecticut in the 1930s. During World War II, the remaining portion of the Plant estate was leased to the Coast Guard as a training center, and the Avery Point Light was built. In 1967, it was converted into the Southeastern Campus of the University of Connecticut, later renamed the University of Connecticut at Avery Point. Students have access to classes for all of UConn's traditional majors, as well as the Bachelor of General Studies (BGS). There are three other majors that can be completed at the Avery Point campus besides the BGS degree: Coastal Studies, Maritime Studies, and American Studies. Graduate programs are also offered in STEM Teacher Education, Engineering, and Nursing. ===Stamford campus=== In 1951, the University of Connecticut began offering extension courses at the former Stamford High School to provide education for GIs returning from the Korean War. In the fall of 1952, the university formally established a regional campus in Stamford. Upon inception, UConn's Stamford Campus offered five courses — English, Mathematics, History, Speech, and Sociology, and enrolled 21 part-time students. A newly constructed UConn Stamford Campus opened in 1962 on Scofield Town Road, and a separate library building was added in 1974. Also in the mid-1970s, the academic program was expanded to provide a four-year degree in several fields of study. In 1990, planning began for a new UConn Stamford Campus in the heart of downtown Stamford. One of the first UConn 2000 building projects, the new campus opened in 1998, offering a variety of academic programs including undergraduate and graduate degrees. The contemporary glass-enclosed campus features a high-tech approach to learning with internet access in classrooms, laboratories, student amenities and public spaces. Design for the new UConn building was led by Aaron Schwarz, then of Perkins Eastman. In collaboration with area businesses, UConn's Stamford Campus established the Connecticut Information Technology Institute that provides IT professional development and cyber-business research. The Stamford Campus of the University of Connecticut offers complete undergraduate degree programs in thirteen majors as well as the Bachelor of General Studies Degree Program. Majors are American Studies, Business Administration (BSBA), Business Data Analytics (BSBDA), Financial Management (BSFM), Digital Media and Design (BA) and (BFA), Economics, English, Human Development and Family Sciences, History, Political Science, Psychology, and a Certificate Entry into Nursing (CEIN/BS), an accelerated pre-licensure program. At the graduate level, Masters of Business Administration (MBA), Masters of Business Analytics and Project Management (MSBAPM) and an MS in Financial Risk Management are offered. In August 2017, UConn's first-ever permanent residence hall for students outside the Storrs campus was opened at Stamford. The six-story, 116 unit building is intended to house 290 students. ===Hartford campus=== In August 2017, UConn formally opened its new campus in downtown Hartford, after nearly 40 years in neighboring West Hartford. The new campus is located within Hartford's Front Street neighborhood—a portion of the Adriaen's Landing project. The centerpiece of the new campus is the historic Beaux-Arts, which had been the former headquarters of the Hartford Times. UConn Hartford offers a wide range of liberal arts and sciences courses and degrees to over 1,400 undergraduate and more than 600 graduate students. Students pursue undergraduate degrees in American Studies, Business and Technology, Business Administration, English, General Studies, Human Development and Family Sciences, Psychology, and Urban and Community Studies. The Center for Continuing Studies provides a number of certificate program options, in addition to the Bachelor of General Studies, an interdisciplinary degree program tailored to meet individual needs and goals of returning, non- traditional, part-time adult students. Due to the UConn Hartford's proximity to the State Capitol and legislative offices, the university's School of Public Policy (SPP) is based at the Hartford campus. The SPP offers a Master of Public Administration, Master of Public Policy, Master of Arts in Survey Research and Data Analysis, and four graduate level certificates. The university's School of Social Work is also located at the Hartford campus and offers a Master of Social Work and PhD in Social Work. UConn Hartford also offers the one-year Master of Education with Teacher Certification Program for college graduates. Located at Constitution Plaza in downtown Hartford, UConn's Graduate Business Learning Center (GBLC) is home to the UConn School of Business full-time, part-time and Executive MBA program along with master's programs in Business Analytics and Project Management (MSBAPM), Financial Risk Management (FRM), as well as the SS&C; Technologies Financial Accelerator. The center was remodeled in 2004 to create a state-of-the-art facility featuring the latest technology. The university has announced that the GBLC will be expanding in Constitution Plaza in 2017 as a result of capacity issues in the future Front Street campus. ===Waterbury campus=== In 1942, the University of Connecticut was invited to Waterbury at the request of a group of citizens, headed by the Waterbury YMCA. Named the Waterbury Extension Center, it offered primarily certificate-granting technical courses taught at the YMCA for 253 students who were mostly of returning veterans looking for an affordable and easily accessible means of earning and education. Gradually, as the demand for courses grew, and enrollment increased, certain facilities at Leavenworth High School were used. Each semester about a dozen undergraduate courses were offered and a sizeable non-credit program was added. Four years later in the fall of 1946, the local Advisory Committee, working with the local Board of Education, secured the Begnal School on Charles Street to address the growing need for space created by the increased demands for higher education. thumb|right|University of Connecticut campus in Waterbury from 1955–2003 In addition to the facilities on Charles Street, the Central YMCA allocated some space in their building for evening classes. The enrollment during this period increased to 662 students in the fall of 1947 and the establishment of an accredited, full-time undergraduate program, at the newly designated Waterbury Branch of the University of Connecticut. Students were able to take the comprehensive Freshman and Sophomore programs in Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, and Engineering as well as Continuing Education for adults. Classes continued to be held at the Begnal School until 1955. At that time, due in large part to local citizen groups, the City of Waterbury and the State of Connecticut, a new four-acre campus at 32 Hillside Avenue was provided. At first, classes and administration were housed together in the Benedict-Miller House at the center of the property. As the need for more space continued to strain the existing facilities, more buildings were added to the site, including a sixteen-room classroom building, a library, as well as a building housing the science and engineering curriculum, bookstore and cafeteria. In 1971, a garrison colonial on Buckingham Street was purchased and became the new home of the campus administration. In August 2003, the Waterbury campus moved to a new 95,000 square foot downtown campus. The U-shaped, three-story building at the intersection of East Main Street and Phoenix Avenue was designed to serve more than 1,200 students, faculty and staff, replacing the collection of buildings and houses that has served the Waterbury campus for decades. The new facility was dedicated on October 9, 2003. In January 2016, UConn Waterbury dedicated the newly renovated St. Patrick's Hall also known as the Rectory as the newest addition to its campus. The Rectory Building added two floors of classroom and office space with the fourth floor of the building serving as both a classroom and event space. The University of Connecticut's Waterbury campus serves more than 1,000 students annually and offers nine four-year undergraduate degrees in Allied Health Sciences, American Studies, Business Administration, Business Data Analytics, English, Human Development and Family Sciences, Psychological Sciences, Urban and Community Studies and a bachelor's degree in General Studies for adults. ===Torrington campus=== The University of Connecticut at Torrington, founded in 1957, was closed May 2016 due to low enrollment numbers. ===Bioscience Connecticut=== In June 2011, the Connecticut General Assembly approved legislation for Bioscience Connecticut, a plan proposed by Connecticut Gov. Dannel P. Malloy to jump-start the Connecticut economy. According to the proposal, Bioscience Connecticut will result in the creation of 3,000 construction jobs annually from 2012 through 2018 and a $4.6 billion increase in personal income by 2037, while generating more than 16,000 jobs. The initiative includes plans for renovations to existing facilities on the UConn Health campus in Farmington, as well the construction of a new patient tower and ambulatory care facility, and seeks to increase UConn Health's medical and dental school enrollments by 30 percent. ===Jackson Laboratory=== In January 2012, Gov. Malloy announced that Jackson Laboratory (JAX) had reached an agreement to launch a $1.1 billion genomic medicine laboratory on the campus of UConn Health. The laboratory is an independent, nonprofit biomedical research institution based in Bar Harbor, Maine. According to the agreement, Jackson Laboratory will enter into a collaborative research agreement with UConn Health and will create at least 300 positions within 10 years, 30 percent of total employees being senior scientist positions. Once fully developed, the facility is projected to employ 600 scientists and technicians. The state of Connecticut has approved $291 million of the total capital and research budget; Jackson Laboratory will raise the balance of $860 million through federal research grants, philanthropy, and service income. ==Academics== ===Undergraduate=== Students at UConn can pursue over 100 majors, eight undergraduate degrees, 17 graduate degrees and five professional degree programs. Students choose from 87 different minors at UConn, including areas of study not offered as formalized majors. UConn participates in the New England Board of Higher Education's Regional Student Program (NERSP), allowing students from the five other New England states to enroll at the university at a reduced out-of-state tuition rate if their intended major is not offered by one of their in-state universities. The university also participates in a special guaranteed admissions program with the Connecticut Community Colleges (CCC) that is designed for academically qualified students who are attending a Connecticut community college and who are planning to transfer to the University of Connecticut in Liberal Arts & Sciences, Agriculture, Health & Natural Resources, Business, or Engineering. Each year, more than 1,000 transfer students are admitted to the university. ====Admissions==== , of the entering freshman at the main campus in Storrs, 54% ranked in the top tenth of their high school class and 89% in the top quarter. UConn's retention rate is among the best for public universities in the nation, with 93% of students returning for their sophomore year. UConn ranks third out of 58 public research universities on basis of graduation time, with the average time to graduate being 4.2 years among those who graduate within 6 years. ===Graduate and postgraduate=== Bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs are offered through the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, the Graduate School, the Neag School of Education, the School of Nursing, the School of Business, the School of Dental Medicine, the School of Medicine, the School of Engineering, the School of Social Work, the Ratcliffe Hicks School of Agriculture, the School of Pharmacy, the School of Law and the School of Fine Arts. A number of graduate degree programs span multiple schools and colleges, such as the Master of Science in Energy and Environmental Management and the Master of Science in Data Science. These programs take an interdisciplinary approach. Founded in 1921, the University of Connecticut School of Law is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools. The campus is located just outside the downtown core of Hartford, minutes away from the Connecticut State Capitol, state courts and agencies, and the offices of Hartford's law firms and corporations. Law students have ready access to all of these institutions for study, externships, clinical education, practice, and employment. The campus is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its gothic-style buildings, constructed in 1925 (except for the new library, which was completed in 1996), housed the Hartford Seminary until 1981. The law school has approximately 325 students and a student:faculty ratio of 4.1:1. UConn Law has repeatedly been ranked the top public law school in New England by U.S. News & World Report, and was most recently in 2020 ranked 52nd of American law schools. There are four scholarly journals edited on campus: the Connecticut Law Review, the Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal, the Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, and the Connecticut Journal of International Law. The school is particularly known for its strong insurance law and intellectual property law programs. The UConn Health campus in Farmington is home to the School of Medicine, the School of Dental Medicine, John Dempsey Hospital and faculty practices in medical and dental health care. The Lyman Maynard Stowe Library, which is housed at UConn Health, was one of eight federally funded National Network of Libraries of Medicine libraries from 1991 to 2001. ===Research=== According to the National Science Foundation, UConn spent $269 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 88th in the nation. In 2005, UConn ranked 64th in terms of R&D; expenditure. ===Rankings and reputation=== {{Infobox US university ranking | Forbes = 70 | USNWR_NU = 67 | Wamo_NU = 83 | THE_WSJ = 103 | ARWU_N = 63–89 | USNWR_W = 332 | ARWU_W = 201–300 | THES_W = 401–500 | QS_W = 373 }} National Program Rankings National Program Rankings National Program Rankings National Program Rankings Program Ranking Audiology 30 Biological Sciences 85 Business 79 Chemistry 81 Clinical Psychology 62 Computer Science 82 Earth Sciences 111 Economics 78 Education 30 Engineering 67 English 77 Fine Arts 131 History 69 Law 52 Mathematics 71 Medicine: Primary Care 31 Medicine: Research 52 Nursing: Doctorate 40 Nursing: Master's 46 Pharmacy 33 Physical Therapy 64 Physics 71 Political Science 65 Psychology 53 Public Affairs 47 Public Health 78 Social Work 36 Sociology 63 Speech-Language Pathology 30 Statistics 44 Global Subject Rankings Global Subject Rankings Global Subject Rankings Global Subject Rankings Program Ranking Agricultural Sciences 240 Arts & Humanities 93 Biology & Biochemistry 298 Chemistry 429 Clinical Medicine 283 Economics & Business 182 Engineering 356 Environment/Ecology 116 Immunology 235 Materials Science 360 Microbiology 115 Molecular Biology & Genetics 283 Neuroscience & Behavior 285 Pharmacology & Toxicology 205 Physics 450 Plant & Animal Science 279 Psychiatry/Psychology 125 Social Sciences & Public Health 179 *The university was ranked tied for 23rd among public universities in the U.S. and tied for 63rd among national universities in 2021 by U.S. News & World Report. * Kiplinger's Personal Finance named UConn the 33rd best value in public higher education for 2019 (26th on the basis of out-of-state tuition). * The University of Connecticut was among the top 10 producers of Fulbright Scholars from research institutions in 2017. * The 2015 Sierra Club "Cool Schools" list of environmentally responsible universities ranked UConn eighth in the U.S. *The University of Connecticut is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. ==Student life== Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 Race and ethnicity Total White Hispanic Asian Foreign national Black Other Economic diversity Low-income Affluent ===Campus safety=== In 2014, University of Connecticut and Brown University, had the highest "total of reports of rape" on their main campus, with 43 reports of rape. According to victim advocates, the reporting of these incidents was a positive development, demonstrating that sexual assault victims were comfortable stepping forward. In recent years, the University of Connecticut has invested in awareness and prevention of sexual assault by forming a special victims unit, establishing a victim support service, and creating a revised training program to teach how to deal with cases of sexual misconduct. As a result, a study conducted by the Higher Education Data Sharing Consortium showed that rates of sexual violence at the University of Connecticut are lower than the national average. ===Student organizations=== There is a wide variety of student organizations on campus, including fraternities and sororities, musical groups, and religious, athletic, political, cultural, business, military, artistic, and community service clubs. There are also student organizations set up with the intent of governing student life itself, the Undergraduate Student Government, the Interfraternity Council, the Panhellenic Council, UConnPIRG, Residence Hall Association, and the various residence hall councils. The university's programming board, the Student Union Board of Governors (SUBOG), plans the largest students events on campus. The organization is completely student run and plans events like the annual concerts, Homecoming, One Ton Sundae, weekly movies, and hosts a range of comedians and speakers each month. The university's daily student-run newspaper, The Daily Campus, is the largest student newspaper in the state of Connecticut. The university has a Huskyvision cable network, channels 14 and 16 at the university. Channel 14 is UCTV, a cable TV network consisting of student-made public-access television shows. The university also has a student-run community radio station, WHUS, which broadcasts at 91.7FM from the UConn Student Union. Many of the students who work for UConn's student media organizations also major in journalism. The University of Connecticut Department of Journalism is the only nationally accredited journalism program in New England. Storrs Downtown Center has been a popular area for UConn students, nearby residents, and visitors. It is a long-term construction project that continues to open new stores. It is a mixed-use town center that includes retail shops, restaurants, offices, and housing, situated on Connecticut Route 195 across from the UConn campus. Some new features include a new Price Chopper supermarket, family oriented restaurants, and an extension of the UConn Co-op bookstore. While many area activities are held on campus, the university provides free local bus transportation and also arranges frequent bus trips to Boston, Manhattan, and the Connecticut shoreline. The main university campus also includes museums, theaters, and performing arts venues such as the Jorgensen Center for the Performing Arts, the J. Robert Donnelly Husky Heritage Sports Museum, the William Benton Museum of Art, the Ballard Institute and Museum of Puppetry and the Connecticut State Museum of Natural History. The UConn Dairy Bar was started circa 1953. It remains open year-round and is well known for its ice cream, with roughly 200,000 customers visiting annually. ===Symbols=== Until 1933, the mascot of UConn had been the "Aggies", because of the university's original agricultural nature. In 1933, the university changed its name from Connecticut Agricultural College to Connecticut State College. To reflect this change, athletic teams were then known as the "Statesmen". In December 1934, the Husky was chosen as the mascot. All UConn huskies are named "Jonathan" in honor of Jonathan Trumbull. The current "real" Jonathan is Jonathan XIV; he is often seen greeting fans and eating dog biscuits at sporting events. Jonathan is one of the few university mascots in the nation to have been selected by students via a popular poll. A statue of Jonathan can also be found outside near the entrances to Gampel Pavilion and the natatorium. This statue, by artist Larry Waisele, was dedicated in 1995. Students are known to rub its nose for good luck. The University has three official songs. The UConn fight song, officially titled "UConn Husky" but commonly called "The Husky Fight Song",was written by Herbert A. France and is one of the most recognizable in the country, played by the Pride of Connecticut during nationally televised sporting events. An audio presentation of the song is available on the UConn Alumni Association website. A full history of the song can be found on the UConn Advance website. "Fight On Connecticut", written by UConn alum Lawrence A. Cohen ('70), is also played during all athletic events. It's the song the Marching Band plays as it marches up the field in its Block C formation during football pre-game ceremonies and during all other athletic games and rallies. "Old Connecticut" is UConn's Alma Mater. It was written by UConn alum Alice Sawin Davis ('25). The official colors of the University of Connecticut are blue and white, with red accents included on athletic uniforms. ===Traditions=== Coated with thousands of layers of paint over the decades, "The Rock" is a student tradition dating back to the late 1940s. Students repeatedly paint it to promote student events, including dances, pep rallies, student elections, parades, fraternity and sorority functions and a host of other campus activities. The current rock is a portion of a much larger outcropping that was originally located across from the North Campus quadrangle and removed for construction of the Life Sciences building in 1958. Forty years later it was put into storage during the UCONN 2000 construction program. The Rock was relocated to its present site in 2008. UConn officials measured the paint's depth with a small drill in fall 2018 and determined 1.25 inches of paint had accumulated on the rock since it was returned to the site in 2008. The annual Spring Concert organized by the Student Union Board of Governors (SUBOG) has attracted top artists and bands such as Outkast and Third Eye Blind in 2000, Guster and Nelly in 2001, Fat Joe and Nine Days in 2002, 50 Cent and Busta Rhymes in 2003, Ludacris and Kanye West in 2004, Nas and Fabolous in 2005, O.A.R. in 2006, Dashboard Confessional, Reel Big Fish and The Starting Line in 2007, Method Man, Redman, Flo Rida and T-Pain in 2008, 50 Cent and Naughty by Nature in 2009, Jack's Mannequin and KiD CuDi in 2010, B.o.B and Far East Movement in 2011, Wiz Khalifa in 2012, Kendrick Lamar and Steve Aoki in 2013, J Cole in 2014, ASAP Ferg and Schoolboy Q in 2015, Fetty Wap in 2016, and Khalid and PnB Rock in 2018. SUBOG planned to host Lil Uzi Vert and Aminé in 2017 but due to a tropical storm grounding all flights in the area, the show needed to be cancelled. It is known for sizable outdoor parties which historically draw more than 10,000 attendees. ===Fraternities and sororities=== Since 2003, UConn has established university-owned Greek housing in the "Husky Village," created an Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life, and hired full-time staff to administer the Greek Life program. ==Athletics== The University of Connecticut athletic teams are nicknamed the "Huskies" and compete at the NCAA's Division I level and in the Football Bowl Subdivision. UConn moved to the American Athletic Conference in most sports in 2013; the Huskies were a charter member of The American when it was founded in 1979 as the original Big East Conference, and were the only remaining charter member of that league. In 2019, UConn accepted a formal invitation to join the Big East Conference following a unanimous vote of the conference's members. The Huskies will begin playing in the Big East in the 2020–2021 season in all twenty sports except for football and men's/women's ice hockey. UConn men's ice hockey became a full member of Hockey East in 2014–15. The women's hockey team will remain in the Hockey East as well, as they were founding conference members in 2002 when the league began women's ice hockey competition. The football program will not be returning to the AAC and will begin play as an FBS Independent starting in the 2020–2021 season. Regardless of football conference affiliation, the school has publicly committed to competing in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the foreseeable future. This will make UConn the only member of the Big East to compete at the highest level of college football. Many UConn student-athletes have gone on to succeed at the professional level, including Ray Allen, Josh Boone, Caron Butler, Andre Drummond, Rudy Gay, Richard Hamilton, Tony Hanson, Jeremy Lamb, Shabazz Napier, Emeka Okafor, Charlie Villanueva and Kemba Walker in the NBA; Sue Bird, Swin Cash, Tina Charles, Stefanie Dolson, Bria Hartley, Maya Moore, Renee Montgomery, Rebecca Lobo Katie Lou Samuelson, Breanna Stewart and Diana Taurasi in the WNBA; Donald Brown, Tyvon Branch, Darius Butler, Will Beatty, Nick Giaquinto, Obi Melifonwu, Byron Jones, and Dan Orlovsky in the NFL; Walt Dropo, Charles Nagy and George Springer in the MLB; and Kevin Burns, Shavar Thomas, O’Brian White, Andre Blake, Carlos Alvarez, Sergio Campbell, Tony Cascio, Josh Ford and Mamadou Doudou Diouf in the MLS. UConn men's basketball player Emeka Okafor (2004) and women's basketball players Rebecca Lobo (1995), Maya Moore (2011) were named the National Academic All-Americans of the Year by the College Sports Information Director of America as seniors. UConn student-athletes graduate at a higher rate than the general student body and many teams and individuals have won honors for academic excellence. UConn is well known for its men's and women's basketball teams, both of which are considered among the best programs in the country. The men's basketball teams have won five National Championships (1999, 2004, 2011, 2014 and 2023) while the women's basketball teams have won eleven National Championships (1995, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016) and have played in a total of 19 NCAA Final Fours, including nine in a row. The women's team went undefeated in the 1995, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2014 and 2016 seasons and ended a 111-game winning streak in the 2017 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament. UConn is the only Division I school to sweep the men's and women's basketball titles in the same year, and has done it twice: in 2004 (earning Storrs the nickname "Basketball Capital of the World") and 2014. The university elevated its football program to the Football Bowl Subdivision in 2002, although the school first fielded a team in 1896. UConn became the quickest program to go from FBS elevation to a Bowl Championship Series game when it played in the 2011 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. UConn has now played in a total of six bowl games. With the growth of the football program, in 2003 UConn football moved to 38,000-seat Rentschler Field in East Hartford, CT to host its home games. In addition, the UConn men's soccer team has won three national championships, in 1948, 1981 and 2000, while the women's soccer team advanced to the National Championship title game in 1984, 1990, 1997 and 2003. UConn is also a blue chip program in field hockey, where it has advanced to the national semifinals 16 times, winning national championships in 1981, 1985, 2013, 2014, and 2017 as an associate member of the Big East conference. The Husky baseball team has played in the College World Series five times, and participated in the 2011 NCAA Super Regionals. The Husky baseball team won the 2013 Big East Championship in Florida, defeating the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. UConn's Husky logo underwent a significant redesign which was unveiled in April 2013. The updated logo, designed by Nike, has appeared on all athletic uniforms since the fall 2013 season. ==Alumni== File:Meg Ryan 2009 portrait.jpg|Meg Ryan, actress File:Ray Allen 161208-A-HE359-046 (31482070191).jpg|Ray Allen, former professional basketball player File:John Fetterman official portrait.jpg|John Fetterman, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania File:Bob Diamond - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|Bob Diamond, banker and former chief executive officer of Barclays File:Ron Palillo 1975.jpg|Ron Palillo, actor best known for his role as Arnold Horshack on Welcome Back, Kotter File:Molly Qerim at ESPN First Take live at Luke Air Force Base.jpg|Molly Qerim, television personality and a host of ESPN's First Take File:Austin Stowell-DolphinTale (cropped).jpg|Austin Stowell, actor known for his role in Dolphin Tale File:Sue Bird at 2 August 2015 game cropped.jpg|Sue Bird, former professional basketball player File:Joe Courtney official photo (cropped).jpg|Joe Courtney, U.S. Congressman File:Richard Hamilton 180422-D-SW162-1588 (27762040388) (cropped).jpg|Richard Hamilton, former professional basketball player File:Bobby Moynihan.jpg|Bobby Moynihan, comedian File:George Springer in 2017 (36077792615).jpg|George Springer, professional baseball player File:Moby 12 17 2018 -16 (31743191557).jpg|Moby, musician File:Chris Murphy, official portrait, 113th Congress (cropped).jpg|Chris Murphy, U.S. Senator from Connecticut File:Dan Orlovsky.JPG|Dan Orlovsky, football analyst for ESPN and former professional football player File:Brett McGurk MSC 2017 (cropped).jpg|Brett McGurk, Deputy Assistant to President Joe Biden == See also == * XL Center in Hartford, second home of both basketball teams and home of the men's hockey team *Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, home to the football team *J. O. Christian Field, home to baseball team *Mark Edward Freitas Ice Forum, home to the women's hockey team and former home of the men's hockey team *Morrone Stadium, on campus stadium, home to men's and women's soccer teams *University of Connecticut Historic District, a historic district encompassing the historic core of the Storrs campus *Long River Review, University of Connecticut's literary review magazine ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * UConn Athletics website Category:Educational institutions established in 1881 Category:Land-grant universities and colleges Category:Mansfield, Connecticut University of Connecticut Category:Universities and colleges in Tolland County, Connecticut Category:Flagship universities in the United States Category:1881 establishments in Connecticut |
The of Higo Province was a powerful daimyō family of Higo, Kyūshū. The lineage was renowned for valiant service in defense of the emperor and against foreign invaders. They initially distinguished themselves during the Jürchen invasion of northern Kyūshū in 1019 and rose to prominence during the Mongol invasions of Japan when the heroism of Kikuchi Takefusa helped drive back the enemy. The Kikuchi was active in the Kenmu Restoration (1333-1336), an attempt by the emperor Go-Daigo to reassert imperial authority against the Kamakura shogunate.The Last Samurai: the Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. () The Kikuchi clan claimed descent from the Fujiwara clan. C3321 "菊池系図" It is questioned as a Korean Baekje origin Buddha statue found in their origin site is the same type of Buddha statue belonged to Kikuchi clan, and as the statue was made before Fujiwara clan existed, it's believed that Kikuchi clan was maybe older than Fujiwara clan. Japanese genealogist, Suzuki Matoshi claimed the clan was from the Korean kingdom of Baekje, while Oota Akira, Japanese historian, claimed the clan originated from Ki clan.Kikuchi clan :ja:菊池氏#cite note-4 Wikipedia Japan Another theory is that the Kikuchi descend from Minamoto no Tsunemoto.Onei Senkan. by Rin Jinyama, 1975. However Y DNA analysis shows that the Kikuchi are O1B2A1A1, which is the Y DNA of the Fujiwara clan, and confirms their claims Samurai DNA project Many famous warriors have come from this family such as Kikuchi Takanao, Kikuchi Takefusa who stopped the Mongol Invasions of Japan, Kikuchi Taketoki and Kikuchi Takemitsu whose stories have become some of the most colorful in Japanese history. Along with the Ōtomo, Ōuchi, Shōni and Shimazu they would write the history of the island of Kyūshū. The Kikuchi clan was destroyed when the Ōuchi clan attacked them and many clan members went into hiding either by moving or entering another family. Notable Kikuchi descendants are Hayashi Narinaga, a general for Mōri Motonari and Saigō Takamori who was dubbed the last samurai. ==History== ===Heian period (794–1185)=== ====Kikuchi Noritaka==== thumb|right|Fujiwara no Noritaka, founder of the clan, called himself Kikuchi Noritaka Originally known as Fujiwara no Noritaka (藤原 則隆) he was the first to take the name Kikuchi. His father Masanori (政則) worked for the Fujiwara clan. Genealogists believed that Masanori was a son of Fujiwara no Takaie (藤原 隆家) but new evidence shows that his father was named Chikanori (親則). It is recorded that Masanori was awarded a katana for military service in time of war and also on April 3, 1022, he was appointed as governor of Tsushima for his service against Toi invaders. He changed his name to Tsushima-no-kami Kuranori. "Shōyūki, Jian 2/4/3"Shōyūki (982–1032), written by Fujiwara no Sanesuke Noritaka held a high position in the Daizaifu Government. When Fujiwara no Takaie moved back to Kyoto in 1070 (2nd year of Enkyū) Noritaka decided to retire and built a retirement villa in Kikuchi District (Kikuchi- gun), Higo Province where he lived until his death. The remains of the villa can still be seen today. In 1071 (3rd year of Enkyū) he became master of Kikuchi District where he established a castle town with retainers. Today there is a city in Kumamoto Prefecture called Kikuchi, Kumamoto. He took the name of his district and founded the Kikuchi clan. ====Kikuchi Takanao (d. 1185)==== Born the second son of Tsunemune he was known as Kikuchi no Jirō Takanao (菊池 次郎 隆直) and became the sixth head of the Kikuchi clan. His childhood name was Kurō (九郎). He was eventually given the title Higo-Gon-no- kami (vice-governor). In 1180 at the start of the Genpei War he sided with Minamoto no Yoritomo and began levying troops in Kyūshū but Taira no Sadayoshi marched against him and defeated him. Later Takanao was present at the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Shortly after the battle that same year he was turned over to Minamoto no Yoshitsune by his lord Ogata no Saburo Koreyoshi and was taken to the Rokujō riverbed where he was beheaded. "One of your retainers, Kikuchi no Jirō Takanao, has been my enemy for years ... You may rely on me if you will turn Kikuchi over for execution."The Tale of the Heike (平家物語 Heike Monogatari) —Minamoto no Yoshitsune At the end of the twelfth-century events far away in eastern Japan led to the establishment of Japan's first military government, the Kamakura shogunate, which, during the initial stages at least, ran in tandem with the old imperial administration. The wars surrounding the birth of this new regime saw the Kikuchi clan coalesce into a powerful warrior league or bushidan. In 1181–82, their leader Kikuchi Takanao, joined with Ogata Koreyoshi of Bungo, another important local warrior, in rebellion against the Taira, which converted them into de facto allies of Minamoto Yoritomo, founder of the Bakafu. This rising was, however, crushed by Haruda Tanenao. Then, perversely, as the fighting drew to a close and the Taira star waned, the Kikuchi chose to align themselves with the erstwhile enemies and, together with the leading Kyūshū warriors including the Haruda, Yamaga, and Itai, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the now triumphant Bakafu. The battle took place off the coast of Kyūshū, at Dannoura, and it saw the emergence of Minamoto no Yoritomo as Japan's unquestioned military leader. His forces were drawn largely from the east, while, in the dying moments, the Taira had relied almost exclusively on warriors from Kyūshū. The new military regime, therefore, titled decidedly toward the east and against the west, a fact that was to have profound consequences for the island's future.(1961). George Sansom. A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ===Kamakura period (1185–1333)=== ====Kikuchi Yoshitaka (1201–1258)==== Yoshitaka was the eighth clan head and son of Takatsugu. During the Genpei War he was fought on the side of the Heike and after the war even though he was on the losing side the Genji permitted Yoshitaka to keep is land. During the Shōkyū War of 1221, Kikuchi Yoshitaka's job was Kyōto Obanyaku which was the post to guard Kyōto, specifically the palace and the residences of special imperial family members (and later those of the Fujiwara clan). He dispatched his two uncles to Kyōto to follow the Gotobajoko (retired Emperor) but the Kamakura shogunate were pleased increasing the lands of the Kikuchi. ====Kikuchi Takefusa (1245 – March 26, 1285)==== thumb|right|Kikuchi Takefusa sitting on the wall at Hakata Bay waiting for the Mongolian fleet. Born the second son of Takayasu he was known as Kikuchi Jirō Takefusa (); His mother was a daughter of Takuma Yoshihide () who was in turn son of the famous Ōtomo Yoshinao who was Governor of Bungo and Buzen with the title of Sakon Shogen (possibly an illegitimate son of Minamoto no Yoritomo). He gained fame for his crucial role in the Mongol invasions of Japan and in 1274 during the first Mongol invasion (Bunye) he fought with his brother Aritaka and they were awarded. The family rose to prominence during the second Mongol invasion in 1281 when the heroism of Takefusa helped drive back the enemy. The Mongolian force that landed from the Momochi field divided into two groups, being attacked by Takefusa at Akasaka, the greater group retreated to the hill of Sohara and the smaller group to Tukahara field in Befu. The Mongolian force pitched a camp in Sohara field which had a hill with the height of 30m and had a good view over the streets of Fukuoka city, and now is called Soharakouen Park. The stone monument in the center of Soharakouen Park shows the remains of battles of the Mongolian Invasion. Takefusa gained fame for all the heads of the enemy that he collected. His retainer Takezaki Suenaga (, 1246–1314) commissioned a scroll depicting the battle against the Mongols. Takefusa died young at the age of 41 only a few years after his victory and since his son Kikuchi Takamori died before him he was succeeded by his grandsons. ====Kikuchi Tokitaka (1287–1304)==== Born the first son and heir of Takamori and grandson of Takefusa he was also known as Kikuchi Jirō Tokitaka (). His father died before his grandfather so he was nominated as clan head but he died very young at the age of seventeen fighting for the position with his uncle Takenori so he was succeeded by his younger brother Taketoki. ====Kikuchi Taketoki (1292 – April 27, 1333)==== The second son of Takamori he was the twelfth clan head succeeding his older brother Tokitaka. His child name was Shoryumaru (). After coming of age he became known as Kikuchi Ikejirō nyudō Jakua and formerly as Taketoki. He succeeded the clan out of chance after his older brother Tokitaka and his uncle Takenori both died after fighting each other for the position of clan head. Taketoki had twelve children and many sons securing the clan lineage. In 1333 Emperor Go-Daigo asked Taketoki to help him and he became Go-Daigo's right-hand and was greatly awarded. In the third year of Genkō (元弘, 1333), Taketoki attacked on secret orders from Godaigo against the then acting Chinzei-tandai Hōjō Hidetoki (). He burned down Hakata and attacked but Taketoki was captured with his sons (one was named Yoritaka) and beheaded, then the enemy used their heads for archery practice. He was a clever samurai but Hidetoki did not underestimate him and his allies Otomo Uji and the Shoni clan betrayed him. After his death, a movement began to overthrow Hōjō Hidetoki and his first son Takeshige succeeded him. Taketoki was buried in Fukuoka city where he has one grave for his head and one grave for his midsection. Kikuchi Shrine was made in his honor. From the Hakata Nikki: "So the heads of Kikuchi nyudo, his son Saburo, Jakua's younger brother Kakusho, and the wakato were hung up in the place where warriors practice shootings dogs from horses. Jakua's, Saburo's, and Kakusho's [heads] were displayed separately. In the evening they were taken down and placed in the residence where they remained for about ten days. Then they were nailed to a board and a sign said that they were heads of the rebels, Kikuchi Tarō nyuda Jakua, his son Saburo, and Jakua's younger brother, Jirō Saburō nyudo Kakusho."Hakata Nikki Death poem was written while surrounded by enemies and sent to his wife: "My ancestral home, Will you wait For a man who knows not if tonight will be His last?" '' —Kikuchi Taketoki ===Muromachi period (1336–1573)=== ====Kikuchi Takeshige (1307–1338)==== thumb|right|Kikuchi Takeshige. Born the first son of Taketoki, at a younger age he held the rank of Ju-goi-no-ge (, Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade). His father and brothers were betrayed by the Shōni and Ōtomo when he attacked the Hōjō clan and beheaded. After the event, Takeshige hurried back to Kikuchi Castle and was awarded the title of governor of Higo Province by the Emperor Go-Daigo. In 1335 Ashikaga Takauji attacked Emperor Go-Daigo so Takeshige and his brother Takeyasu joined forces with Nitta Yoshitada repelling the Ashikaga who retreated to Kyōto. Ashikaga Takauji returned to Kyoto and captured Takeshige but released him. In 1337 he fought with the Southern armies once again but in 1338 he died and his younger brother succeeded him. ====Kikuchi Takehito (1321–1401)==== After the first son of Taketoki, Takeshige died he became the next head of the clan. He had other older brothers but he was the only one born from the head wife. His childhood name was Matajirō (). He ruled weakly and so his older brothers Takeshige and Toketoshi helped him with the clan. The Kikuchi was attacked by the Otomo clan and he wasn't able to handle the military situation so his brother Takemitsu took over the family and pushed him out. Takehito then became a priest and died at an old age. ====Kikuchi Taketoshi (d. 1341)==== thumb|right|Comprising a series of buildings and watchtowers set on a hilltop with a commanding view of the surrounding area, the remains of the 14th century Kikuchi Castle, seat of the Kikuchi clan, are currently undergoing restoration. He was the 8th son of Taketoki and older brother of Kikuchi Takemitsu. Taketoshi fought against the Ashikaga and Northern Court as his brothers and father. "Taketoshi had already gone to the assistance of Nitta in the East, but his younger brother, together with other Kyūshū leaders, remained on the alert at Higo, where the Kikuchi family had its stronghold. Thus Takauji had to reckon with an influential group, including such promising men as Aso, Mihara, and Kuroki, who were at one in desiring to check his progress in Kyūshū. They had entered Higo for that purpose a few days before Takauji crossed the Straits. Early in April Taketoshi attacked the Shoni stronghold at Dazaifu, Chikuzen Province. He succeeded in reducing the fort and driving out Shoni Sadatsune who made a stand in the neighboring hills but was thoroughly defeated and committed suicide with several of his kinsmen." Battle of Tatarahama (April 1336) – Kyūshū falls to Northern Imperial Court Early in 1336, a number of Kyūshū clans, anticipating the movements of the shōgun's army against them, made efforts to unite and present a formidable resistance. A number of skirmishes were fought against clans loyal to the shōgun on the island, including a siege of Dazaifu, in which the Shōni clan stronghold was taken; Shōni Sadatsune fled, but was defeated soon afterwards, and committed suicide along with a number of his retainers. Shōgun Ashikaga Takauji, arriving in Munakata, a short distance away, at this time in early April, learned of the siege of Dazaifu and the death of Shōni Sadatsune. Gathering forces, he marched from Munakata on April 15 and journeyed to Tatarahama, fifteen miles (24 km) away, where he met the opposing army, consisting primarily of warriors of the Kikuchi, Aso, Mihara, and Kuroki clans under the command of a Kikuchi Taketoshi. The military chronicle Baishō-ron describes Tatarahama as "a stretch of over three miles (5 km) of dry foreshore, crossed at the south end by a small stream. The precincts of the Hakozaki Hachiman Shrine consist of some five square miles of pine forest. To the south lies the city of Hakata." By the end of the battle, the Kikuchi clan forces had been chased by Ashikaga Tadayoshi to Dazaifu, at which point they fled into the hills. The Aso and Akizuki clan commanders committed suicide, and other commanders simply surrendered. Takauji rewarded his commanders for their bravery and service but offered a pardon to his opponents, and to several clans not participating in the battle, who thus joined him in its aftermath. Kyūshū thus became united under the shogunate, and the Northern Imperial Court. ====Kikuchi Takemitsu (1319–1373)==== thumbnail|Portrait of Kikuchi Takemitsu Takemitsu was the 9th son of Taketoki and continued fighting for the Emperor as his father had done. He was a general of the Nanbokucho era, fighting on the side of the emperor, along with Prince Kaneyoshi (, also known as Kanenaga) (1326–1383) (son of Emperor Go-Daigo). The scene where he fights a famous battle on the Chikugo river is probably his most famed. He was the strongest and most dependable ally of Prince Kanenaga in the struggle against the Bafuku. He was stuck with a triple threat by the armies of Ashikaga Yoshinori, Ashikaga Takasaki and Ashikaga Tadaaki. This made Takemitsu have to raise the siege of Takasaki and address himself to the defence of Daizaifu. The three Ashikaga armies enveloped Daizaifu and it fell into their hands before the end of September 1372. Takemitsu had to retreat and escaped to Chikugo with Prince Kanenaga. When Takemitsu died he left the loyalist defence without a really tested leader, and his heir Takemasa, a promising soldier, died in 1374. The Battle of Oohobaru (The Battle of Chikugo River): Forty thousand followed Kikuchi Takemitsu as their head advanced northwards from Kikuchi in Kumamoto with Prince Kanenaga, and were opposed to North Dynasty's Army across the Chikugo River. Kikuchi Takemitu commanded 5000 soldiers to cross the Chikugo River and pitched a camp around present Miyase. The unit of Kikuchi Takemitsu went along the present Oomuta Railway Line northwards, and headed for Ajisaka. But, forces of the Shouni Family avoided the fight and retreated to the point near present Ooho station. Although as for this battle line, the stalemate continued for half a month, on the midnight of August 15, Takemitsu finally took the suicide corps of 3000 and moved quietly on the east side of the forces of the Syouni, and attacked it from both sides. In a short while, 1000 horsemen headed by Kikuchi Takemasa arrived there for the help and the Battle of Oohobaru started. Although both armies repeated fierce fight of advance and retreat around Ogoori, the Kikuchi army pressed the Shouni army gradually, the Shouni army retreated along present the Amagi Railway Line toward the northeast to arrive at Yamakumahara which spread over present Tachiarai. Although the Shoni army tried to reorganize the disrupted forces at Mt. Hanatateyama, they ran into Mt. Hōmanzan 15 kilometers north because they were scattered by the fierce pursuit of the Kikuchi army which didn't give any spare time for them.Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan. Stanford University Press, 1999. () ====Kikuchi Takemasa (July 6, 1342 – May 26, 1374)==== Also known as Kikuchi Jirō Takemasa Born the first son of Takemitsu on July 6, 1342, he fought in Kyūshū against the Northern Court with his father and had great success. When Imagawa Sadayo () (1326–1420) became head of the opposing army things starting going sour for the Kikuchi. In November 1373 his father died and he became the head of the clan and hearing about the death of Takemitsu, Imagawa attacked and won many battles against Takemasa. Kikuchi Takemasa asked Asō Koretaka for help and he was one of their most trusted retainers in the war against the North. Takemasa died just one year after his father on May 26, 1374. ====Kikuchi Taketomo (1363–1407)==== Taketomo was born the first son and heir of Takemasa becoming the 17th head of the clan. He wrote the "Taketomo moshijo" on the ancestry of the Kikuchi. He said that his ancestor is Fujiwara no Michitaka and Michitaka's fourth- generation descendant Noritaka came to live in Higo. He sent a copy of the genealogy to the government. This move was explained with the failing position of the Kikuchi at the time and showing ancestry from the Fujiwara would give the Kikuchi some more prestige and power. Masanori's father Chikanori is thought to be a descendant of Baekje immigrants. Taketomo shows up in the Tale of Genji where Lady Murakami calls him Chuwamono (powerful leader in the wilderness). ====Kikuchi Yoshiyuki (1482–1504)==== thumb|right|Kikuchi Yoshiyuki Born the son of Shigetomo, as the twenty-second head of the clan he held the rank Ju-goi-no-ge (, Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade). He was succeeded by his brother Masataka who was the last head of the clan descended from the Kikuchi lineage since the twenty-fourth clan head Taketsune was adopted from the Asa clan. ====Kikuchi Takekane (d. 1532)==== He was born the son of Kikuchi Takeyasu who was 4th in descent from Kikuchi Takzumi, one of the sons of Kikuchi Taketoki. When the mainline (Takemitsu line) was having problems with succession Takekane was adopted from the branch family and became the 25th head of the Kikuchi clan. ====Kikuchi Yuriko (1505–1554)==== The last and 26th head of the Kikuchi Clan before the rule of Higo went to the Ōtomo even though he was from that clan himself. "The head of the Ōtomo family, Ōtomo Yoshiaki placed his younger brother Ōtomo Shigeharu as the fictive heir of the famous tradition rich but now extinct shugo family, the Kikuchi of Higo. Yoshiaki's son was the famous Ōtomo Sōrin () (1530–1587). Kikuchi Yoshitake did not act as a puppet at all though and placed his bets on the Ōuchi to prevail in Northern Kyūshū and took up arms against Yoshiaki. But he was no match for his older brother and was brushed aside. By 1543, Ōtomo Yoshiaki's hold on Higo was solid enough to make his appointment as shugo of that province.Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149.; George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334, Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47. When he recovered Higo-Kumamoto Castle, his retainer Akahoshi Chikaie () sided with the Ōtomo. Chikaie later fought against Yoshitake's other retainer, Kumabe Chikanaga, and died. Ōtomo Sōrin (Ōtomo Yoshishige) became head of the Ōtomo in 1550 and his uncle Kikuchi Yoshitake declared his independence about the same time. Sōrin marched against him and destroyed him in 1554 ending the long line of the Kikuchi clan. ==Kikuchi family heads== *Chikanori () *Masanori () (997–1064) #Kikuchi Noritaka () (11th century) (Kikuchi progenitor) #Kikuchi Tsunetaka () (11th century) #Kikuchi Tsuneyori () (12th century) #Kikuchi Tsunemune () (12th century) #Kikuchi Tsunenao () (12th century) #Kikuchi Takanao () (d. 1185) #Kikuchi Takatada () (13th century) #*Kikuchi Takatsugu () (13th century) #Kikuchi Yoshitaka () (13th century) #Kikuchi Takayasu () (13th century) #Kikuchi Takefusa () (1245–1285) (r. 12??–1285) #*Kikuchi Takamori () (13th–14th century) #Kikuchi Tokitaka () (1287–1304) (r. 12??–1304 #Kikuchi Taketoki () (1292–1333) (r. 1304–1333) #Kikuchi Takeshige () (1307–1338) (r. 1333–1338) #Kikuchi Takehito () (1321–1401) (r. 1338–1345) #Kikuchi Takemitsu () (1319–1373) (r. 1345–1372) #Kikuchi Takemasa () (1342–1374) (r. 1372–1374) #Kikuchi Taketomo () (1363–1407) (r. 1374–1407) #Kikuchi Kanetomo () (1383–1444) (r. 1407–1431) #Kikuchi Mochitomo () (1409–1446) (r. 1431–1446) #Kikuchi Tamekuni () (1430–1488) (r. 1446–1466) #Kikuchi Shigetomo () (1449–1493) (r. 1466–1493) #Kikuchi Yoshiyuki () (1482–1504) (r. 1493–1504) #Kikuchi Masataka () (1491–1509) (r. 1504–1505) #Kikuchi Taketsune () (1480–1537) (r. 1505–1511) #Kikuchi Takekane () (d. 1532) (r. 1511–1520) #Kikuchi Yoshitake () (1505–1554) (r. 1520–1554) == Genealogy == Chikanori ┃ Masanori ┃ (1)Kikuchi Noritaka ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ (2)Tsunetaka (Hyodo clan - ) Yoritaka (Kojima clan - ) Masataka (Saigo clan - 西郷氏) ┃ (3)Tsuneyori ┃ (4)Tsunemune ┃ (5)Tsunenao ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ (6)Takanao (Akahoshi clan - 赤星氏) ┃ (7)Takatada ┃ Takatsugu ┃ (8)Yoshitaka ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ (9)Takayasu Takatsune (Jô clan - 城氏) Takayori (Jô clan - 城氏) ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┓ (10)Takefusa Naotaka Yoritaka Aritaka (Akahoshi clan - 赤星氏) (Wakamiya clan) Takafuyu Yasunari Shigemune ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓ Takamori Michitake Takemoto Takenari Taketsune Takekado Takemura ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ (11)Tokitaka (12)Taketoki ┣━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┓ (13)Takeshige Yoritaka (14)Takehito Takeyoshi Taketoshi (15)Takemitsu Takezumi Takenao ( Takase clan - ) Taketoyo ┃ ┃ ┃ (16)Takemasa Takemoto Takekuni ┃ ┃ ┃ (17)Taketomo Moritake Takenaga (adopted to Hayashi clan - 林氏) ┃ ┃ ┃ (18)Kanetomo Yasuharu Hayashi NarinagaHurusato (Old Country) Tokushu Sengoku Jidai Sera-gun de Katsuyaku shita Shitobito (People of Sera-gun in the Sengoku Era). Kosan-cho Culture Association, 722-0411, Sera-gun, Kosan-cho, Utsu-do 2296-2 Kurahashi Sumio's House. Report Hurusato #3 Published March 1, 2000. ┃ ┃ (19)Mochitomo Takeyasu ┃ ┃ (20)Tamekuni (25)Takekane ┣━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓ (21)Shigetomo 武邦 重安 ┃ ┃ (22)Yoshiyuki (23)Masataka ┃┃ (24)Taketsune (adopted from Asa clan - 阿蘇氏) ┃┃ (25)Takekane (from Takezumi line) ┃┃ (26)Yoshitake (Ōtomo Shigeharu - 大友氏) ==Family Tree in Japanese== thumb|center|Click to see larger image ==Retainers== *Akahoshi clan () – cadet branch of the Kikuchi clan *:Akahoshi Chikaie () (1514–1562) *:Akahoshi Muneie () (1530–1619) *Kumabe clan () *:Kumabe Chikanaga () (1516–1588) *:Kumabe Chikayasu () *Takezaki clan () *:Takezaki Suenaga () (1236–1314) *Saigo clan () – cadet branch of the Kikuchi clan *Jō clan () – cadet branch of the Kikuchi clan *:Jō Takeaki *Kashiki clan () *Udo clan () ==See also== *Ōtomo clan *Ōuchi clan *Shōni clan ==Notes== ==References== * The Origins of Japan's Medieval World: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century by Jeffrey P. Mass * Shōyūki (982-1032), written by Fujiwara no Sanesuke * The Last Samurai: the Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. () * Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan. Stanford University Press, 1999. () * The Tale of the Heike (平家物語 Heike Monogatari) * (1961). A History of Japan, 1334-1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Hakata Nikki * Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149.; George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334, Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47\. * Hurusato (Old Country) Tokushu Sengoku Jidai Sera-gun de Katsuyaku shita Shitobito (People of Sera-gun in the Sengoku Era). Kosan-cho Culture Association, 722-0411, Sera-gun, Kosan-cho, Utsu-do 2296-2 Kurahashi Sumio's House. Report Hurusato #3 Published March 1, 2000. Category:Japanese clans Category:Deified Japanese people Category:Fujiwara clan |
The English progressive rock band Yes has toured for five decades. The band played live from its creation in Summer 1968. Their first overseas shows were in Belgium and the Netherlands in June 1969. They played regularly through December 1980, with the band splitting up early the next year. The band reformed in 1983, and regular tours resumed in 1984 and continued over the next few decades. The longest break in touring came from late 2004 through late 2008. Touring has tended to focus on the UK and the rest of Europe, The United States, Canada and Japan, but the band have also played other parts of the world, notably Australia. ==Drama Tour== Lineup: * Geoff Downes – keyboards * Trevor Horn – vocals, additional guitar and percussion * Steve Howe – guitars, vocals * Chris Squire – bass, vocals * Alan White – drums Setlist: * "Does it Really Happen?" (Squire, Howe, White, Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes) * "Yours Is No Disgrace" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Kaye, Bruford) * "Into the Lens" (Squire, Howe, White, Horn, Downes) * "Clap" (Howe) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) * "Go Through This" (Squire, Howe, White, Horn, Downes) * "Man in a White Car Suite" (Squire, Howe, White, Horn, Downes) * "We Can Fly from Here" (Horn, Downes, Squire) * "Tempus Fugit" (Squire, Howe, White, Horn, Downes) * "Amazing Grace/The Fish (Schindleria Praematurus)" (Traditional, arr. Squire/Squire) * "Machine Messiah" (Squire, Howe, White, Horn, Downes) * "Starship Trooper" (Anderson, Squire, Howe) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) Also occasionally played were: * "Parallels" (Squire) (29, 30 August 1980, 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 22, 25, 26, 27 September 1980, 2 October 1980, 16 November 1980) * "Surface Tension" (Steve Howe solo acoustic guitar piece) (Played on 17 October 1980) * "Video Killed the Radio Star" (Horn, Downes, Bruce Woolley) (originally by The Buggles in 1979) (Played on 6 October and 24 November 1980, short passage 29 August 1980) * "Run Through the Light" (Played on 16 October 1980) * "The Fish (Schindleria Praematurus)" (Played on 5 September 1980, 16 October 1980) Tour dates Date City Country Venue Tickets sold / available Gross revenue United States and Canada 29 August 1980 Toronto Canada Maple Leaf Gardens 16,500 / 16,500 $231,000 30 August 1980 Montreal Montreal Forum 17,872 / 18,000 $223,400 1 September 1980 Hartford United States Hartford Civic Center 2 September 1980 Portland Cumberland County Civic Center 4 September 1980 New York City Madison Square Garden 54,000 / 54,000 $680,000 5 September 1980 6 September 1980 8 September 1980 Providence Providence Civic Center 9 September 1980 Boston Boston Garden 10 September 1980 Glen Falls Glens Falls Civic Center 11 September 1980 Landover Capital Centre 12 September 1980 Philadelphia The Spectrum 32,861 / 35,000 $410,762 13 September 1980 14 September 1980 Binghamton Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena 16 September 1980 Rochester Rochester War Memorial 17 September 1980 Buffalo Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 18 September 1980 Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Civic Arena 19 September 1980 Detroit Joe Louis Arena 20 September 1980 Richfield Richfield Coliseum 21 September 1980 Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum 22 September 1980 Chicago International Amphitheatre 18,000 / 18,000 $190,836 23 September 1980 25 September 1980 St. Louis The Checkerdome 5,259 / 16,000 $46,218 26 September 1980 Tulsa Tulsa Convention Center 27 September 1980 Dallas Reunion Arena 28 September 1980 San Antonio HemisFair Arena 29 September 1980 Houston The Summit ~~1 October 1980~~ Tempe University Activity Center 2 October 1980 San Diego San Diego Sports Arena 3 October 1980 Los Angeles Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 4 October 1980 5 October 1980 Fresno Selland Arena 6 October 1980 Daly City Cow Palace 8,805 / 13,000 $91,812 9 October 1980 Saint Paul St. Paul Civic Center 10 October 1980 Notre Dame Convocation Center 11 October 1980 Champaign Assembly Hall 13 October 1980 Louisville Louisville Gardens 14 October 1980 Nashville Municipal Auditorium 16 October 1980 Bethlehem Stabler Arena 17 October 1980 Philadelphia The Spectrum 13,541 / 15,000 $122,361 18 October 1980 Hampton Hampton Coliseum 19 October 1980 Uniondale Nassau Coliseum 20 October 1980 New Haven New Haven Coliseum United Kingdom 16 November 1980 Bristol England Hippodrome Theatre 17 November 1980 Oxford New Theatre 19 November 1980 Birmingham Birmingham Odeon 4,878 / 4,878 $68,292 20 November 1980 22 November 1980 Queensferry Wales Deeside Leisure Centre 24 November 1980 Leicester England De Montfort Hall 25 November 1980 27 November 1980 Glasgow Scotland Apollo Theatre 29 November 1980 Edinburgh Playhouse Theatre 30 November 1980 2 December 1980 Newcastle England Newcastle City Hall 3 December 1980 4 December 1980 6 December 1980 Manchester Apollo Theatre 7 December 1980 9 December 1980 Southampton Mayflower Theatre 10 December 1980 11 December 1980 Brighton Brighton Centre 12 December 1980 London Lewisham Odeon 14 December 1980 Hammersmith Odeon 15 December 1980 16 December 1980 17 December 1980 Rainbow Theatre 18 December 1980 ==9012Live Tour== Lineup: * Jon Anderson – Vocals, additional keyboard and percussion * Tony Kaye – Keyboards, vocals * Trevor Rabin – Guitars, vocals * Chris Squire – Bass, vocals * Alan White – Drums, percussion, vocals and * Casey Young – Additional keyboards (offstage) Setlist: * "Cinema" (Trevor Rabin, Kaye, Squire, White) * "Leave It" (Rabin, Horn, Squire) * "Our Song" (dropped between 4 March 1984 and 9 August 1984, dropped after 1 October 1984) (Anderson, Squire, Rabin, White) * "Yours Is No Disgrace" (dropped between 9 August 1984 and 1 October 1984) (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Kaye, Bruford) * "Hold On" (Anderson, Rabin, Squire) * "Perpetual Change" (dropped after 1 March 1984) (Anderson, Squire) * "Hearts" (Anderson, Rabin, Kaye, White, Squire) * "I've Seen All Good People" (Anderson, Squire) * Kaye solo/"Si" (dropped between 29 August 1984 and 1 October 1984) (Kaye) * "Solly's Beard" (Rabin) * "Changes" (Rabin, Anderson, White) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) * "Soon" * "Make It Easy" (Intro)/Owner of a Lonely Heart" (Rabin, Anderson, Squire, Horn) * "It Can Happen" (Anderson, Squire, Rabin) * "Long Distance Runaround" (dropped after 26 July 1984) * "Whitefish/Amazing Grace" (Squire; traditional, arr. Squire) * "City of Love" (Anderson, Rabin) * "Starship Trooper" (Anderson, Squire, Howe) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) * "Gimme Some Lovin'" (added on from 9 August 1984) (Steve Winwood, Spencer Davis, Muff Winwood) (originally by The Spencer Davis Group in 1966) Also occasionally played were: * "Sweet Dreams" (Anderson, Foster) (Played on 5 March 1984 and 6 March 1984) * "I'm Down" (Lennon-McCartney) (Played on 24 June 1984 and 1 September 1984) * "Awaken" (Played on 9, 11 August 1984) * "Whitefish" (Played on 14 March 1984, 11 May 1984, and 1 July 1984) * "Ritual (Nous sommes du soleil) (Played on 7, 11, 12, 14 July 1984, and 21, 22 August 1984) Date City Country Venue Tickets sold / available Gross revenue United States and Canada 28 February 1984 Millersville United States Millersville University 1 March 1984 Columbus Ohio Center 6,864 / 6,864 $82,368 2 March 1984 Toledo Centennial Hall 4 March 1984 Detroit Joe Louis Arena 15,501 / 15,501 $209,263 5 March 1984 Champaign Assembly Hall 6 March 1984 Cedar Rapids Five Seasons Center 7 March 1984 Saint Paul St. Paul Civic Center 8 March 1984 Rosemont Rosemont Horizon 28,452 / 28,452 $383,361 9 March 1984 10 March 1984 Milwaukee MECCA Arena 10,732 / 11,609 $120,047 11 March 1984 St. Louis Kiel Auditorium 8,576 / 10,532 $106,814 12 March 1984 Kansas City Kemper Arena 12,670 / 13,882 $155,865 14 March 1984 Oklahoma City Myriad Convention Center 15 March 1984 Dallas Reunion Arena 16 March 1984 Houston The Summit 17 March 1984 Austin Frank Erwin Center 12,092 / 13,628 $143,989 20 March 1984 Denver McNichols Sports Arena 15,247 / 18,000 $209,289 21 March 1984 Albuquerque Tingley Coliseum 22 March 1984 Phoenix Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum 8,570 / 13,460 $107,125 23 March 1984 Tucson McKale Center 5,974 / 14,418 $74,618 24 March 1984 Paradise Thomas & Mack Center 6,541 / 10,274 $96,855 26 March 1984 Inglewood The Forum 15,484 / 15,484 $185,808 27 March 1984 San Diego San Diego Sports Arena 28 March 1984 Inglewood The Forum 15,556 / 15,556 $207,463 29 March 1984 Daly City Cow Palace 30 March 1984 31 March 1984 Reno Lawlor Events Center 2 April 1984 Vancouver Canada Pacific Coliseum 8,818 / 10,000 $102,164 3 April 1984 Seattle United States Seattle Center Coliseum 4 April 1984 Pullman Beasley Coliseum 5 April 1984 Boise BSU Pavilion 7 April 1984 Casper Casper Events Center 8 April 1984 Rapid City Rushmore Plaza Civic Center 10 April 1984 Saint Paul St. Paul Civic Center 11 April 1984 Madison Dane County Coliseum 6,903 / 9,813 $93,184 12 April 1984 Indianapolis Market Square Arena 13 April 1984 Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum 15 April 1984 Nashville Nashville Municipal Auditorium 8,333 / 9,470 $104,384 16 April 1984 Atlanta Omni Coliseum 11,466 / 11,466 $137,592 18 April 1984 Lakeland Lakeland Civic Center 17,982 / 20,000 $236,585 19 April 1984 20 April 1984 North Fort Myers Lee County Civic Center 6,293 / 9,000 $78,552 21 April 1984 Pembroke Pines Hollywood Sportatorium 22 April 1984 Jacksonville Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Coliseum 6,219 / 10,276 $80,847 24 April 1984 Memphis Mid-South Coliseum 25 April 1984 Lexington Rupp Arena 26 April 1984 Notre Dame Convocation Center 28 April 1984 Oxford Millett Hall 9,992 / 10,000 $104,384 29 April 1984 Erie Erie Civic Center 7,500 / 7,500 $91,935 30 April 1984 Philadelphia The Spectrum 18,355 / 18,355 $230,224 1 May 1984 Pittsburgh Civic Arena 12,097 / 15,000 $145,164 2 May 1984 Richfield Richfield Coliseum 4 May 1984 Hartford Hartford Civic Center 26,479 / 32,152 $323,242 5 May 1984 7 May 1984 East Rutherford Brendan Byrne Arena 19,286 / 20,528 $259,924 8 May 1984 Providence Providence Civic Center 11,015 / 12,100 $135,416 9 May 1984 Buffalo Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 10 May 1984 Rochester Rochester Community War Memorial 9,235 / 9,235 $111,372 11 May 1984 Uniondale Nassau Coliseum 12 May 1984 Worcester Worcester Centrum 12,507 / 12,507 $151,333 14 May 1984 New York City Madison Square Garden 15 May 1984 Landover Capital Centre 17,413 / 18,500 $217,662 Europe 11 June 1984 Stockholm Sweden Johanneshovs Isstadion 13 June 1984 Copenhagen Denmark Falkoner Center 14 June 1984 Malmö Sweden Malmö Isstadion 15 June 1984 Gothenburg Scandinavium 16 June 1984 Drammen Norway Drammenshallen 18 June 1984 West Berlin West Germany Waldbühne 19 June 1984 Hamburg Alsterdorfer Sporthalle 21 June 1984 Cologne Sporthalle 22 June 1984 Stuttgart Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle 23 June 1984 Dortmund Westfalenhallen 24 June 1984 25 June 1984 Munich Olympiahalle 26 June 1984 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 28 June 1984 Mannheim West Germany Eisstadion am Friedrichspark 29 June 1984 Frankfurt Festhalle Frankfurt 30 June 1984 Würzburg Carl-Diem-Halle 1 July 1984 Rotterdam Netherlands Rotterdam Ahoy 2 July 1984 3 July 1984 Brussels Belgium Forest National 5 July 1984 Nantes France Stade de la Beaujoire 7 July 1984 Paris Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy 8 July 1984 11 July 1984 London England Wembley Arena 12 July 1984 14 July 1984 Birmingham NEC Arena 17 July 1984 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 18 July 1984 Milan Italy Palasport di San Siro 20 July 1984 Nice France Palais des Expositions 21 July 1984 Béziers Arènes de Béziers 22 July 1984 Biarritz Parc des Sports Aguiléra 24 July 1984 Barcelona Spain La Monumental 26 July 1984 Madrid Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas United States and Canada 9 August 1984 Omaha United States Omaha Civic Auditorium 10,000 / 10,000 $122,500 11 August 1984 East Troy Alpine Valley Music Theatre 13,406 / 20,000 $157,136 12 August 1984 Hoffman Estates Poplar Creek Music Theater 13 August 1984 Clarkston Pine Knob Music Theatre 15 August 1984 Louisville Freedom Hall 16 August 1984 Cincinnati Riverbend Music Center 17 August 1984 Fort Wayne Allen County War Memorial Coliseum 18 August 1984 Wyoming Fort Wyoming in Lamar Park 20 August 1984 Ottawa Canada Lansdowne Park 21 August 1984 Quebec City Quebec City Coliseum 22 August 1984 Montreal Montreal Forum 23 August 1984 Toronto CNE Stadium 24 August 1984 Cuyahoga Falls United States Blossom Music Center 25 August 1984 Rochester Rochester Community War Memorial 26 August 1984 Syracuse Great New York State Fair 27 August 1984 Saratoga Springs Saratoga Performing Arts Center 29 August 1984 New York City Forest Hills Tennis Stadium 1 September 1984 Hershey Hersheypark Arena 2 September 1984 Springfield Springfield Civic Center 5,348 / 9,800 $69,255 3 September 1984 Portland Cumberland County Civic Center 4 September 1984 Holmdel Garden State Arts Center 6 September 1984 Columbia Merriweather Post Pavilion 7 September 1984 Boston Boston Garden 8 September 1984 New Haven New Haven Coliseum 8,104 / 10,700 $106,196 9 September 1984 Philadelphia The Spectrum 35,917 / 35,917 $488,058 10 September 1984 12 September 1984 Hampton Hampton Coliseum 13 September 1984 Charlotte Charlotte Coliseum 14 September 1984 Greensboro Greensboro Coliseum 15 September 1984 Atlanta Omni Coliseum 16 September 1984 Bonner Springs Sandstone Amphitheater 18 September 1984 Boulder CU Events Center 7,616 / 12,170 $98,305 20 September 1984 Reno Lawlor Events Center 6,959 / 8,000 $104,385 21 September 1984 Berkeley Hearst Greek Theater 16,952 / 16,952 $257,640 22 September 1984 23 September 1984 Irvine Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre 16,085 / 16,085 $189,127 25 September 1984 Salt Lake City Salt Palace 27 September 1984 Calgary Canada Olympic Saddledome 28 September 1984 Edmonton Northlands Coliseum 29 September 1984 1 October 1984 Portland United States Memorial Coliseum South America 17 January 1985 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Rock in Rio 20 January 1985 27 January 1985 Maldonado Uruguay Campus Municipal de Maldonado 1 February 1985 Buenos Aires Argentina José Amalfitani Stadium 2 February 1985 ~~6 February 1985~~ ~~Rosario~~ ~~Teatro Olimpo~~ 9 February 1985 Buenos Aires José Amalfitani Stadium ~~12 February 1985~~ ~~Mar del Plata~~ ~~Hotel Provincial~~ ~~13 February 1985~~ ==Big Generator Tour== Lineup: * Jon Anderson – Vocals, additional keyboard and percussion * Tony Kaye – Keyboards, vocals * Trevor Rabin – Guitars, vocals * Chris Squire – Bass, vocals * Alan White – Drums, percussion, vocals Setlist: * "Almost Like Love" (dropped after 20 December 1987) (Kaye, Anderson, Rabin, Squire) * "Rhythm of Love" (Kaye, Anderson, Rabin, Squire) * "Hold On" (Anderson, Rabin, Squire) * "Heart of the Sunrise" (Anderson, Squire, Bruford) * "Changes" (Rabin, Anderson, White; Kaye, Squire) * "Big Generator" (Anderson, Rabin, Kaye, White, Squire) * "Shoot High, Aim Low" (Anderson, Rabin, Kaye, White, Squire) * "Holy Lamb (Song for Harmonic Convergence)" (Anderson) * Kaye solo (Kaye) * "Solly's Beard" (Rabin) * "Make it Easy" (Intro)/Owner of a Lonely Heart" (Rabin, Anderson, Squire, Horn) * "Yours Is No Disgrace" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Kaye, Bruford) * "Ritual (Nous Sommes du Soleil") (Excerpt) (added on 7 December 1987, first played on 28 November 1987) (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Wakeman, White) * "Amazing Grace" (traditional, arr. Squire) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) * "I'm Running" (dropped after 22 November 1987) (Anderson, Rabin, Kaye, White, Squire) * "Würm" (the third section of "Starship Trooper") (Howe) * "Love Will Find a Way" (Rabin) * "I've Seen All Good People" (Anderson, Squire) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) Also played occasionally were: * "Soon" (Anderson) (Played on 4, 5 April 1988) * "On The Silent Wings of Freedom" (Anderson, Squire) (only the bass riff only on 19 November 1987) * "Final Eyes" (Played on 14 November 1987, 19 November 1987, 21 November 1987, and 28 November 1987) * "Donguri Koro Koro" (Played on 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 April 1988) Date City Country Venue Tickets sold / available Gross revenue United States and Canada ~~20 October 1987~~ ~~Peoria~~ United States ~~Peoria Civic Center~~ N/A ~~22 October 1987~~ ~~Kansas City~~ ~~Kemper Arena~~ ~~23 October 1987~~ ~~Oklahoma City~~ ~~The Myriad~~ ~~25 October 1987~~ ~~Denver~~ ~~McNichols Sports Arena~~ ~~26 October 1987~~ ~~Albuquerque~~ ~~Tingley Coliseum~~ ~~27 October 1987~~ ~~Las Cruces~~ ~~Pan American Center~~ ~~29 October 1987~~ ~~Houston~~ ~~The Summit~~ ~~31 October 1987~~ ~~Dallas~~ ~~Reunion Arena~~ ~~1 November 1987~~ ~~Baton Rouge~~ ~~LSU Assembly Center~~ ~~3 November 1987~~ ~~Memphis~~ ~~Mid- South Coliseum~~ ~~5 November 1987~~ ~~Jacksonville~~ ~~Jacksonville Memorial Coliseum~~ ~~6 November 1987~~ ~~Hollywood~~ ~~Hollywood Sportatorium~~ ~~7 November 1987~~ ~~Tampa~~ ~~USF Sun Dome~~ ~~10 November 1987~~ ~~Charlotte~~ ~~Charlotte Coliseum~~ ~~11 November 1987~~ ~~Chapel Hill~~ ~~Dean Smith Center~~ ~~13 November 1987~~ ~~Atlanta~~ ~~Omni Coliseum~~ 14 November 1987 Omaha Omaha Civic Auditorium 10,000 / 10,000 $125,000 ~~15 November 1987~~ ~~South Bend~~ ~~Athletics and Convocation Center~~ ~~17 November 1987~~ ~~Lincoln~~ ~~Delaney Sports Center~~ ~~18 November 1987~~ ~~Bloomington~~ ~~Met Center~~ 19 November 1987 Springfield Prairie Capital Convention Center 21 November 1987 Detroit Joe Louis Arena 22 November 1987 Louisville Freedom Hall 23 November 1987 St. Louis St. Louis Arena 6,974 / 10,000 $96,959 24 November 1987 Milwaukee MECCA Arena 25 November 1987 Rosemont Rosemont Horizon 10,921 / 12,265 $191,118 27 November 1987 Pittsburgh Civic Arena 28 November 1987 Richmond Richmond Coliseum 29 November 1987 Philadelphia The Spectrum 30,839 / 30,839 $479,028 30 November 1987 1 December 1987 Syracuse Onondaga County War Memorial 3 December 1987 Hartford Hartford Civic Center 4 December 1987 Buffalo Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 6 December 1987 Ottawa Canada Ottawa Civic Center 3,545 / 10,000 $60,841 7 December 1987 Quebec City Quebec City Coliseum 8 December 1987 Montreal Montreal Forum 9 December 1987 Toronto Maple Leaf Gardens 9,103 / 10,000 $164,453 11 December 1987 Worcester United States Worcester Centrum 12 December 1987 Rochester Rochester Community War Memorial 13 December 1987 Landover Capital Centre 15 December 1987 Troy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Fieldhouse 16 December 1987 New York City Madison Square Garden 17 December 1987 Providence Providence Civic Center 6,639 / 6,639 $109,543 18 December 1987 East Rutherford Brendan Byrne Arena 19 December 1987 20 December 1987 Bethlehem Stabler Arena 6,004 / 6,004 $105,070 United States and Canada 19 January 1988 Tallahassee United States Leon County Civic Center 3,687 / 6,944 $47,042 20 January 1988 Pensacola Pensacola Civic Center 22 January 1988 Tampa USF Sun Dome 15,514 / 16,970 $256,480 23 January 1988 24 January 1988 Pembroke Pines Hollywood Sportatorium ~~25 January 1988~~ ~~Jacksonville~~ ~~Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Coliseum~~ ~~28 January 1988~~ ~~Knoxville~~ ~~Thompson–Boling Arena~~ ~~29 January 1988~~ ~~Columbus~~ ~~Ohio Center~~ ~~31 January 1988~~ ~~Indianapolis~~ ~~Market Square Arena~~ ~~2 February 1988~~ ~~Kalamazoo~~ ~~Wings Stadium~~ 5 February 1988 Uniondale Nassau Coliseum 12,508 / 14,268 $220,001 6 February 1988 Binghamton Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena 6,925 / 6,925 $84,886 7 February 1988 Philadelphia The Spectrum 13,637 / 13,637 $216,676 8 February 1988 Hershey Hersheypark Arena 10 February 1988 Nashville Nashville Municipal Auditorium 11 February 1988 Charlotte Charlotte Coliseum 12 February 1988 Atlanta Omni Coliseum 13 February 1988 Chapel Hill Dean Smith Center 16 February 1988 Richfield Richfield Coliseum 9,527 / 12,245 $157,196 17 February 1988 Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum 19 February 1988 Houston The Summit 8,199 / 12,618 $131,478 20 February 1988 Lafayette Cajundome 21 February 1988 Dallas Reunion Arena 22 February 1988 Austin Frank Erwin Center 4,976 / 6,528 $71,066 24 February 1988 Tucson Tucson Convention Center 4,927 / 7,221 $73,040 26 February 1988 Sacramento ARCO Arena 6,247 / 9,700 $109,323 27 February 1988 Oakland Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena 12,823 / 13,000 $237,226 28 February 1988 Reno Lawlor Events Center 1 March 1988 Fresno Selland Arena 2 March 1988 Inglewood The Forum 11,161 / 13,506 $165,261 4 March 1988 Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Bowl 4,526 / 4,526 $77,814 5 March 1988 Costa Mesa Pacific Amphitheatre 18,765 / 18,765 $195,681 8 March 1988 San Diego San Diego Sports Arena 5,715 / 8,928 $105,728 9 March 1988 Tempe ASU Activity Center 5,352 / 7,098 $79,497 10 March 1988 Las Vegas Aladdin Theatre 6,800 / 6,800 $83,354 11 March 1988 Albuquerque Tingley Coliseum 13 March 1988 Denver McNichols Sports Arena 7,895 / 13,000 $142,397 30 March 1988 Honolulu Neil S. Blaisdell Center Asia 4 April 1988 Tokyo Japan Yoyogi National Gymnasium 5 April 1988 7 April 1988 9 April 1988 Yokohama Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium 10 April 1988 Nagoya Century Hall 12 April 1988 Osaka Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium 13 April 1988 ==An Evening of Yes Music Plus Tour (ABWH)== This tour is documented on the live release: An Evening of Yes Music Plus. Lineup: * Jon Anderson – Vocals, percussion * Bill Bruford – Drums, percussion * Steve Howe – Guitars, vocals * Rick Wakeman – Keyboards plus: * Julian Colbeck – Additional keyboards * Tony Levin – Bass, vocals, Stick (replaced by Jeff Berlin 4–10 September 1989 due to illness) * Milton McDonald – Additional guitars, vocals Setlist: * Medley * "Time and a Word (Anderson, Foster) * "Owner of a Lonely Heart" (Anderson, Horn, Rabin, Squire) * "Teakbois: The Life and Time of Bobby Dread" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford) * "Clap/Mood for a Day" (Howe) * Wakeman solo (Wakeman) * "Long Distance Runaround"/Bruford solo (Anderson; Bruford) * "Birthright" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford, Max Bacon) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Howe, Squire, Bruford) * "I've Seen All Good People" (Anderson, Squire) (omitted on some dates in 1990) * "Close to the Edge" (Anderson, Howe) * "Themes" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford) * Levin-Bruford duet (Bruford, Tony Levin) * "Brother of Mine" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford, Downes) * "The Meeting" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford) * "Heart of the Sunrise" (Anderson, Squire, Bruford) * "Order of the Universe" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford, Rhett Lawrence) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) * "Starship Trooper" (Anderson, Howe, Squire) (omitted on some dates in 1990) * "Sweet Dreams" (Anderson, Foster) (only occasionally from 4 August 1989) Other songs: * "Let's Pretend" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford, Vangelis) (played on 29 July 1989) * "Quartet" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, Bruford) (played on 29 July 1989) * "Leaves of Green" (Anderson, Howe, Squire, Wakeman, White) (played on 29 July 1989) * "Soon" (Anderson) (played on 29 October 1989) Date City Country Venue 29 July 1989 Memphis United States Mud Island 30 July 1989 Atlanta Chastain Park 1 August 1989 Hampton Hampton Coliseum 2 August 1989 Harrisburg Metro Bank Park 3 August 1989 Philadelphia The Spectrum 4 August 1989 Uniondale Nassau Coliseum 5 August 1989 Columbia Merriweather Post Pavilion 6 August 1989 Mansfield Comcast Center 8 August 1989 Manchester Riverfront Park 9 August 1989 Middletown Orange County Fairgrounds 10 August 1989 Wantagh Jones Beach Amphitheater 11 August 1989 Hartford Hartford Civic Center 12 August 1989 Old Orchard Beach Seashore Performing Arts Center 13 August 1989 Holmdel PNC Bank Arts Center 15 August 1989 Pittsburgh A. J. Palumbo Center 16 August 1989 Cuyahoga Falls Blossom Music Center 17 August 1989 Weedsport Cayuga County Fair Speedway 18 August 1989 Corfu Darien Lake Performing Arts Center 19 August 1989 Clarkston Pine Knob Music Theater 20 August 1989 Hoffman Estates Poplar Creek Music Theater 22 August 1989 Toronto Canada Canadian National Exhibition Stadium 23 August 1989 Ottawa Frank Clair Stadium 24 August 1989 Montreal Montreal Forum 25 August 1989 Quebec City L'Agora Du Vieux Port 28 August 1989 Houston United States The Summit 4 September 1989 San Diego Open Air Theater 5 September 1989 Costa Mesa Pacific Amphitheatre 6 September 1989 Los Angeles Greek Theater 7 September 1989 8 September 1989 Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Bowl 9 September 1989 Mountain View Shoreline Amphitheatre (released on An Evening of Yes Music Plus DVD) 10 September 1989 Sacramento California State Fair 20 October 1989 Whitley Bay England Whitley Bay Ice Rink 21 October 1989 Edinburgh Scotland Playhouse Theater 22 October 1989 24 October 1989 Birmingham England National Exhibition Centre 25 October 1989 28 October 1989 London Wembley Arena 29 October 1989 2 November 1989 Brussels Belgium Vorst Nationaal 3 November 1989 Rotterdam Netherlands Rotterdam Ahoy 5 November 1989 Hamburg West Germany Alsterdorfer Sporthalle 6 November 1989 Copenhagen Denmark Folketeatret 8 November 1989 Stockholm Sweden Johanneshovs Isstadion 9 November 1989 Oslo Norway Skedsmohallen 11 November 1989 Cologne West Germany Sporthalle 12 November 1989 Kassel Stadhalle 13 November 1989 Munich Rudi-Sedlmeyer- Sporthalle 14 November 1989 Stuttgart Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle 16 November 1989 Frankfurt Festhalle Frankfurt 17 November 1989 Würzburg Carl-Diem-Halle 18 November 1989 Basel Switzerland St. Jakobs-Halle 19 November 1989 Paris France Palais Omnisport Paris Bercy 20 November 1989 Turin Italy Palasport Di Torino 21 November 1989 Milan Palatrussardi 23 November 1989 Rome Palaeur 21 February 1990 Barcelona Spain Palacio Municipal De Los Deportes 22 February 1990 Madrid Palacio De Deportes 23 February 1990 Zaragoza Palacio de Deportes 1 March 1990 Tokyo Japan Nihon Hohsoh Kyokai 2 March 1990 4 March 1990 5 March 1990 Osaka Festival Hall 7 March 1990 Yokohama Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium 8 March 1990 Tokyo Nihon Hohsoh Kyokai 12 March 1990 Vancouver Canada Pacific Coliseum 13 March 1990 Spokane United States Spokane Opera House 14 March 1990 Portland Chiles Center 15 March 1990 Seattle Paramount Theater 18 March 1990 Richmond The Mosque 19 March 1990 Philadelphia The Spectrum 20 March 1990 Boston Citi Performing Arts Center 22 March 1990 Washington, D.C. DAR Constitution Hall 23 March 1990 New York City Madison Square Garden ==Union Tour== Lineup: * Jon Anderson – lead vocals * Bill Bruford – electric + acoustic drums & percussions * Steve Howe – acoustic & electric guitars, backing vocals * Tony Kaye – Hammond organ, synthesizers * Trevor Rabin – electric guitars, lead & backing vocals * Chris Squire – bass guitar, pedals, backing vocals * Rick Wakeman – electric piano, synthesizers, keytar * Alan White – acoustic drums & percussion Setlist: * "Yours Is No Disgrace" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Kaye, Bruford) * "Rhythm of Love" (Kaye, Anderson, Rabin, Squire) * "Shock to the System" (Anderson, Howe, Jonathan Elias) * "City of Love" (Rabin, Anderson) (Dropped after 9 April 1991) * "Heart of the Sunrise" (Anderson, Squire, Bruford) * Steve Howe solo section (Howe) * "Make it Easy" (Intro)/Owner of a Lonely Heart" (Anderson, Rabin, Horn, Squire) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) * Drum duet (Bruford, White) * "Hold On" (dropped after 13 June 1991) (Rabin, Anderson, Squire) * Kaye solo (only between 12 April 1991 and 22 June 1991) (Kaye) * "Changes" (Anderson, Rabin, White) * "I've Seen All Good People" (added on from 19 April 1991) (Anderson, Squire) * "Solly's Beard" (Rabin) * "Take the Water to the Mountain" (Anderson) (Dropped after opening night) * "Soon" (Anderson) (Dropped after opening night) * "Long Distance Runaround" (replaced by "Saving My Heart" starting 12 July 1991) (Anderson; Rabin) * "Whitefish/Amazing Grace" (Squire, White; traditional, arr. Squire) * "Lift Me Up" (Rabin, Squire) * Wakeman solo (Wakeman) * "Awaken" (Anderson, Howe) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) * "Starship Trooper" (dropped after 17 April 1991) (Anderson, Squire, Howe) Also played occasionally were: * "Close to the Edge" (Anderson, Howe) (Played on 14 July 1991 without Trevor Rabin, Tony Kaye, or Alan White) * "Gimme Some Lovin'" (Winwood, Davis, Winwood) (Played on 24 April 1991) Date City Country Venue Tickets sold / available Gross revenue United States and Canada 9 April 1991 Pensacola United States Pensacola Civic Center 12 April 1991 Atlantic City Etess Arena 9,700 / 9,700 $340,650 13 April 1991 14 April 1991 East Rutherford Brendan Byrne Arena 20,356 / 20,356 $449,594 16 April 1991 Philadelphia The Spectrum 18,585 / 18,585 $388,665 17 April 1991 Worcester Worcester Centrum 10,280 / 13,649 $208,450 18 April 1991 Hartford Hartford Civic Center 9,213 / 16,550 $230,889 19 April 1991 Fairfax Patriot Center 9,988 / 9,988 $225,966 20 April 1991 Uniondale Nassau Coliseum 18,056 / 18,056 $413,620 22 April 1991 Quebec City Canada Colisée de Québec 11,986 / 14,000 $275,720 23 April 1991 Toronto Skydome 12,510 / 14,000 $299,150 24 April 1991 Montreal Montreal Forum 9,417 / 13,000 $217,379 25 April 1991 Albany United States Knickerbocker Arena 8,621 / 10,000 $210,720 26 April 1991 Buffalo Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 10,496 / 17,000 $210,386 27 April 1991 Auburn Hills The Palace of Auburn Hills 15,000 / 15,000 $320,515 29 April 1991 Richfield Richfield Coliseum 12,385 / 15,000 $247,700 3 May 1991 Kalamazoo Wings Stadium 6,040 / 6,981 $129,270 4 May 1991 Fairborn Nutter Center 9,281 / 9,281 $221,703 5 May 1991 Champaign Assembly Hall 6 May 1991 Rosemont Rosemont Horizon 14,676 / 15,747 $346,593 7 May 1991 Minneapolis Target Center 6,979 / 17,000 $153,440 9 May 1991 Denver McNichols Arena 9,214 / 15,422 $197,513 11 May 1991 Phoenix Desert Sky Pavilion 9,720 / 19,945 $170,983 12 May 1991 Paradise Thomas & Mack Center 14 May 1991 San Diego San Diego Sports Arena 8,554 / 12,399 $199,459 15 May 1991 Inglewood The Forum 16,584 / 16,584 $405,095 16 May 1991 Sacramento ARCO Arena 8,159 / 8,554 $168,323 17 May 1991 Oakland Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena 14,307 / 14,307 $323,563 19 May 1991 Portland Memorial Coliseum 20 May 1991 Vancouver Canada Pacific Coliseum 21 May 1991 Seattle United States Seattle Center Coliseum 10,020 / 14,000 $241,130 Europe 29 May 1991 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle Frankfurt 30 May 1991 Munich Olympiahalle 31 May 1991 Stuttgart Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle 1 June 1991 Oldenburg Weser-Ems Halle 2 June 1991 Cologne Sporthalle 3 June 1991 Paris France Le Zénith 4 June 1991 6 June 1991 Grenoble Le Summum 7 June 1991 Marseille Palais Des Sports De Marseille 8 June 1991 Toulouse Palais Des Sports De Toulouse 10 June 1991 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12 June 1991 Rome Italy Palaeur 13 June 1991 Milan Palatrussardi ~~16 June 1991~~ Athens Greece Athens Sports Palace ~~20 June 1991~~ Budapest Hungary MTK Stadium 22 June 1991 Brussels Belgium Vorst Nationaal 23 June 1991 Rotterdam Netherlands Rotterdam Ahoy 25 June 1991 Birmingham England National Exhibition Centre 26 June 1991 28 June 1991 London Wembley Arena 29 June 1991 30 June 1991 United States and Canada 5 July 1991 Tampa United States Florida State Fairgrounds 6 July 1991 Miami Miami Arena 11,902 / 14,000 $298,720 7 July 1991 Orlando Orlando Arena 9 July 1991 Atlanta Coca-Cola Lakewood Amphitheatre 10 July 1991 Raleigh Walnut Creek Amphitheatre 12 July 1991 Philadelphia The Spectrum 29,389 / 36,240 $622,910 13 July 1991 14 July 1991 Lake Placid Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex 15 July 1991 New York City Madison Square Garden 15,158 / 15,158 $415,835 16 July 1991 Holmdel Garden State Arts Center 6,993 / 10,802 $168,985 18 July 1991 Mansfield Great Woods Center for the Performing Arts 19 July 1991 Canandaigua Finger Lakes Performing Arts Center 20 July 1991 Landover Capital Centre 21 July 1991 Wantagh Jones Beach Theater 10,208 / 10,208 $262,100 22 July 1991 Middletown Orange County Fairgrounds Speedway 24 July 1991 Burgettstown Star Lake Amphitheater 25 July 1991 Tinley Park New World Music Theatre 26 July 1991 East Troy Alpine Valley Music Theatre 27 July 1991 Maryland Heights Riverport Amphitheater 28 July 1991 Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum 30 July 1991 Clarkston Pine Knob Music Theatre 31 July 1991 Noblesville Deer Creek Music Center 7,700 / 19,102 1 August 1991 Lafayette Cajundome 2 August 1991 The Woodlands Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion 3 August 1991 Dallas Starplex Amphitheatre 10,676 / 20,111 $204,332 6 August 1991 Costa Mesa Pacific Amphitheatre 7 August 1991 Concord Concord Pavilion 8 August 1991 Mountain View Shoreline Amphitheatre Asia 29 February 1992 Tokyo Japan Yoyogi National Gymnasium 2 March 1992 Osaka Osaka Castle Hall 3 March 1992 Nagoya Century Hall 4 March 1992 Yokohama Yokohama Bunka Taiikukan 5 March 1992 Tokyo Nippon Budokan ==Talk Tour== This was the last tour to feature Trevor Rabin and Tony Kaye as members of Yes. Touring Personnel:Yes "Talk Tour" Itinerary. Travel Rite Itineraries: San Rafael, CA 1994. Band * Jon Anderson – Vocals, percussion, keyboards * Tony Kaye – Keyboards * Trevor Rabin – Guitars, keyboards, vocals * Chris Squire – Bass guitar, vocals * Alan White – Drums, percussion with * Billy Sherwood – Guitars, keyboards, bass guitar, vocals Tour Management *Chris Pollan - Tour Manager *Peter Mackay - Assistant Tour Manager *Graham "Grim Reaper" Holmes - Production Manager *Mark Reinke - Stage Manager *Karen Holmes - Production Assistant *Jonathan Smeeton - Lighting/Set Designer *Butch Allen - Lighting Director Band Crew *Jimmy Robison - Drum Tech *Robbie Eagle - Keyboard Tech *Paul Linford - Guitar Tech *Richard Davis - Bass Tech *John Laraio - Jon Anderson Tech Sound Crew *Dave Natale - House Engineer *Dave Skaff - Monitor Engineer *Bart Adams - Sound Tech *Kirk Shriener - Sound Tech *Chad Shreiner - Sound Tech Lighting Crew *Bill Conte - Lighting Crew Head *Sam Deleo - Vari*Lite Operator *Gregg Kocurek - Vari*Lite Technician *Ian England - Lighting Tech *Garry Waldie - Lighting Tech *Peter Moore - Roboscan Programmer Setlist: * "Perpetual Change" (Anderson, Squire) * "The Calling" (Rabin, Anderson, Squire) * "I Am Waiting" (Rabin, Anderson) * "Rhythm of Love" (Kaye, Rabin, Anderson, Squire) * "Hearts" (dropped after 30 September 1994) (Anderson, Rabin, Kaye, Squire, White) * "Real Love" (Rabin, Anderson, Squire) * "Changes" (Anderson, Rabin, White) * "Heart of the Sunrise" (Anderson, Squire, Bruford) * "Cinema" (dropped after 16 August 1994) (Squire, Rabin, White, Kaye) * "City of Love" (dropped after 16 August 1994) (Rabin, Anderson) * "Make it Easy" (Intro)/Owner of a Lonely Heart" (Anderson, Rabin, Squire, Horn) * "Where Will You Be" (Dropped after 26 August 1994) (Rabin, Anderson) * Trevor Rabin's Keyboard solo/"And You and I" (Rabin; Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) * "I've Seen All Good People" (Anderson, Squire) * "Walls" (Anderson, Rabin, Roger Hodgson) * "Endless Dream" (Rabin, Anderson) * "Hold On" (only between 25 June 1994 and 26 July 1994) (Anderson, Rabin, Squire) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) * "Purple Haze" (added on from 13 August 1994) (Jimi Hendrix) (originally by Hendrix in 1967) "Yours Is No Disgrace" was played on the last night of the tour. Date City Country Venue United States and Canada ~~16 June 1994~~ New York City United States Madison Square Garden 18 June 1994 Binghamton Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena 19 June 1994 Canandaigua Finger Lakes Performing Arts Center 21 June 1994 Allentown Allentown Fairgrounds 23 June 1994 Fairborn Nutter Center 24 June 1994 Columbus Polaris Amphitheater 25 June 1994 Clarkston Pine Knob Music Theater 26 June 1994 Noblesville Deer Creek Music Center 28 June 1994 Moline The MARK of the Quad Cities 29 June 1994 Maryland Heights Riverport Amphitheater 30 June 1994 Milwaukee Marcus Amphitheater 2 July 1994 Tinley Park New World Music Theater 3 July 1994 Minneapolis Target Center 4 July 1994 Bonner Springs Sandstone Amphitheater 6 July 1994 Morrison Red Rocks Amphitheatre 7 July 1994 Park City, Utah Wolf Mountain 9 July 1994 Salem L.B. Day Amphitheater 10 July 1994 George The Gorge Amphitheatre ~~11 July 1994~~ Vancouver Canada Deer Lake Park 13 July 1994 Concord United States Concord Pavilion 14 July 1994 Sacramento California Exposition and State Fair 15 July 1994 Mountain View Shoreline Amphitheatre 16 July 1994 Reno Reno-Hilton Amphitheater 17 July 1994 San Bernardino Blockbuster Pavilion 19 July 1994 Fresno Selland Arena 22 July 1994 Los Angeles Greek Theatre 23 July 1994 25 July 1994 Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Bowl 26 July 1994 San Diego Embarcadero Marina Park 27 July 1994 Paradise Thomas & Mack Center 28 July 1994 Phoenix Desert Sky Pavilion 30 July 1994 Dallas Starplex Amphitheater 31 July 1994 San Antonio SeaWorld San Antonio 1 August 1994 The Woodlands Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion ~~3 August 1994~~ Oklahoma City The Myriad 5 August 1994 New Orleans Lakefront Arena 6 August 1994 Pensacola Pensacola Civic Center 7 August 1994 Atlanta Lakewood Amphitheater 9 August 1994 Tampa USF Sun Dome 10 August 1994 Miami Miami Arena 11 August 1994 Orlando Orlando Arena 12 August 1994 Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Coliseum 13 August 1994 Charlotte Blockbuster Pavilion 14 August 1994 Raleigh Walnut Creek Amphitheater 16 August 1994 Huntsville Von Braun Civic Center 17 August 1994 Little Rock Riverfest Amphitheater 18 August 1994 Nashville Starwood Amphitheatre 19 August 1994 Merrillville Star Plaza Theatre 20 August 1994 Cuyahoga Falls Blossom Music Center 21 August 1994 Middletown Orange County Fairgrounds Speedway 22 August 1994 Saratoga Springs Saratoga Performing Arts Center 24 August 1994 Burgettstown Star Lake Amphitheater 25 August 1994 Syracuse Great New York State Fair 26 August 1994 Philadelphia The Spectrum 27 August 1994 Richmond Classic Amphitheatre at Strawberry Hill 28 August 1994 Columbia Merriweather Post Pavilion 29 August 1994 Mansfield Great Woods Performing Arts Center 31 August 1994 Toronto Canada Kingswood Music Theater 1 September 1994 Montreal Montreal Forum 2 September 1994 Quebec City Quebec City Coliseum ~~3 September 1994~~ Old Orchard Beach United States Seashore Performing Arts Center 7 September 1994 Holmdel Garden State Arts Center 8 September 1994 Wantagh Jones Beach Amphitheatre 9 September 1994 New Haven New Haven Coliseum 10 September 1994 New York City Madison Square Garden South America 14 September 1994 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Metropolitan 15 September 1994 São Paulo Olympia 16 September 1994 18 September 1994 Viña del Mar Chile Quinta Vergara Amphitheatre 20 September 1994 Santiago Estación Mapocho 22 September 1994 Buenos Aires Argentina El Teatro De Broadway 23 September 1994 24 September 1994 Asia 29 September 1994 Osaka Japan Osaka Castle Hall 30 September 1994 Takamatsu Prefectural Kenmin Hall 1 October 1994 Kokura Kita Kosei Nenkin Hall 4 October 1994 Tokyo Budokan Hall 5 October 1994 6 October 1994 Sendai Sun Plaza Hall 10 October 1994 Nagoya Rainbow Hall 11 October 1994 Hiroshima Kosei Nenkin Hall == San Luis Obispo shows (Keys to Ascension Tour) == These were the first shows to feature Steve Howe and Rick Wakeman since the Union tour. Wakeman played all three shows, but subsequently left the band, later re-joining in 2002. Since these shows, Howe has to this day been performing with the group. Lineup: * Jon Anderson – Vocals * Steve Howe – Guitars, vocals * Chris Squire – Bass, vocals * Rick Wakeman – Keyboards * Alan White – Drums, percussion Setlist: * "Siberian Khatru" (Anderson, Howe, Wakeman) * "Close to the Edge" (Anderson, Howe) * "I've Seen All Good People" (Anderson, Squire) * "Time and a Word" (Anderson, Foster) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) * "The Revealing Science of God (Dance of the Dawn)" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Wakeman, White) * "Going for the One" * "Turn of the Century" (Anderson, Howe, White) * "Happy Birthday to You (Chris Squire)" (Only on 4 March 1996) * "America" (Simon) * "Onward" (Squire) * "Awaken" (Anderson, Howe) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) * "Starship Trooper" (Anderson, Squire, Howe) Date City Country Venue 4 March 1996 San Luis Obispo United States Edward's Fremont Theater 5 March 1996 6 March 1996 ==Cancelled Know Tour== Date City Country Venue ~~12 June 1997~~ Hartford United States Meadows Music Theatre ~~13 June 1997~~ Mansfield Great Woods Center for the Performing Arts ~~17 June 1997~~ New York City Beacon Theatre ~~18 June 1997~~ ~~20 June 1997~~ Holmdel PNC Bank Arts Center at Garden State ~~23 June 1997~~ Charlotte Blockbuster Pavilion ~~1 July 1997~~ Cincinnati Riverbend Music Center Amphitheatre ~~21 July 1997~~ San Diego Hospitality Point ~~25 July 1997~~ Irvine Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre ~~26 July 1997~~ Universal City Universal Amphitheater ~~27 July 1997~~ This tour was entirely cancelled due to Wakeman's sudden departure. ==Open Your Eyes and 30th Anniversary Tour== Lineup: * Jon Anderson – Vocals * Steve Howe – Guitars, vocals * Billy Sherwood – Guitars, vocals * Chris Squire – Bass, vocals * Alan White – Drums, percussion plus: * Igor Khoroshev – Keyboards, vocals Setlist: * "Siberian Khatru" * "Rhythm of Love" (Kaye, Rabin, Anderson, Squire) * "America" (Simon) (Dropped after 9 July 1998) * "Open Your Eyes" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Billy Sherwood) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) * "Heart of the Sunrise" (Anderson, Squire, Bruford) * "Steve Howe solo section" (Howe) * "Leaves of Green" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Wakeman, White) (Dropped after 2 December 1997) * "From the Balcony" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood) (between 5 December 1997 and 24 April 1998) * Khoroshev keyboard solo (dropped after 5 July 1998) (Igor Khoroshev) * "Children of Light" (Anderson, Howe, Squire, Vangelis, Wakeman; Anderson) (replaced by "Wonderous Stories" starting 1 March 1998) * "Long Distance Runaround" * "Whitefish/Ritual (Nous sommes du Soleil)" (Excerpt) (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Wakeman, White) * "Owner of a Lonely Heart" (Anderson, Rabin, Squire, Horn) * "Soon" (Anderson) (Dropped after 22 November 1997) * "The Revealing Science of God (Dance of the Dawn)" (Dropped after 24 April 1998, replaced by "Close to the Edge" from 18 June 1998) * "I've Seen All Good People" (Anderson, Squire) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) * "Starship Trooper" (Anderson, Squire, Howe/Anderson, Squire, Howe, Kaye, Bruford) (replaced by "Yours Is No Disgrace" from 18 June 1998) Also occasionally played were: * "No Way We Can Lose" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood) (Played on 17 October 1997 and 24 July 1998) * "Ritual (Nous Sommes du Soleil)" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Wakeman, White) (Played on 6 March 1998, 7 April 1998, 19 June 1998, 20 June 1998, and 23 June 1998) * "Memphis, Tennessee" (Chuck Berry) (originally by Berry in 1959) (Played on 4 August 1998) Date City Country Venue United States and Canada 17 October 1997 Hartford United States Meadows Music Theatre 18 October 1997 Boston Orpheum Theatre 19 October 1997 New Brunswick State Theatre 21 October 1997 Albany Palace Theatre 22 October 1997 Fairfax Patriot Center 24 October 1997 Upper Darby Tower Theatre 25 October 1997 26 October 1997 28 October 1997 Hershey Hersheypark Arena 29 October 1997 New York City Beacon Theatre 30 October 1997 31 October 1997 2 November 1997 Pittsburgh A. J. Palumbo Center 3 November 1997 Detroit Fox Theatre 5 November 1997 Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena 6 November 1997 Toronto Canada Massey Hall 7 November 1997 8 November 1997 Syracuse United States Landmark Theatre 9 November 1997 Poughkeepsie Mid- Hudson Civic Center 10 November 1997 Buffalo Shea's Performing Arts Center 12 November 1997 Cleveland Cleveland Music Hall 13 November 1997 Merrillville Star Plaza Theatre 14 November 1997 Rosemont Rosemont Theater 15 November 1997 Milwaukee Riverside Theater 18 November 1997 Minneapolis State Theatre 20 November 1997 Indianapolis Murat Centre 21 November 1997 Louisville Palace Theatre 22 November 1997 Cincinnati Taft Theatre 23 November 1997 Columbus Veterans Memorial Auditorium 25 November 1997 St. Louis Fox Theatre 26 November 1997 Tulsa Brady Theater 28 November 1997 Dallas Bronco Bowl 29 November 1997 Houston Aerial Theater 30 November 1997 San Antonio Majestic Theatre 2 December 1997 Denver Buell Theater 5 December 1997 Phoenix Union Hall 6 December 1997 Las Vegas The Joint 7 December 1997 Universal City Universal Amphitheatre ~~8 December 1997~~ Fresno Saroyan Theater 9 December 1997 San Diego San Diego Civic Theater 11 December 1997 Sacramento Memorial Auditorium 12 December 1997 San Francisco Warfield Theatre 13 December 1997 14 December 1997 San Jose American Musical Theatre ~~16 December 1997~~ Santa Barbara Arlington Theater ~~2 January 1998~~ Portland Aladdin Theater ~~3 January 1998~~ Seattle Paramount Theater ~~4 January 1998~~ ~~5 January 1998~~ Vancouver Canada Queen Elizabeth Theater ~~6 January 1998~~ ~~8 January 1998~~ Edmonton Jubilee Auditorium ~~9 January 1998~~ Calgary Singer Concert Hall ~~11 January 1998~~ Saskatoon Centennial Auditorium ~~12 January 1998~~ Regina Regina Arts Center ~~14 January 1998~~ Winnipeg Walker Theater ~~16 January 1998~~ Montreal St Denis Theater ~~17 January 1998~~ Quebec City Grand Theater Europe 26 February 1998 Manchester England Apollo Theatre 27 February 1998 Newcastle Newcastle City Hall 28 February 1998 Glasgow Scotland Clyde Auditorium 1 March 1998 Nottingham England Royal Concert Hall 3 March 1998 Bournemouth Bournemouth International Centre 4 March 1998 London Labatt's Apollo Hammersmith 5 March 1998 6 March 1998 Paris France Palais des Congrès 7 March 1998 Fnac store (forum) 8 March 1998 Utrecht Netherlands Muzickcentrum Vredenburg 9 March 1998 10 March 1998 Frankfurt Germany Jahrhunderthalle Hoechst 11 March 1998 Düsseldorf Philipshalle 13 March 1998 Zurich Switzerland Kongresshaus 14 March 1998 Milan Italy Teatro Lirico 16 March 1998 Berlin Germany Internationales Congress Centrum Berlins 17 March 1998 Dresden Kulturpalast Dresden 18 March 1998 Mannheim Mozartsaal Im Rosengarten 20 March 1998 Stuttgart Bethovensaal 21 March 1998 Halle Steintor Variete 22 March 1998 Hamburg Congress Center Hamburg 23 March 1998 Hanover Musikhalle Hanover 24 March 1998 Bayreuth Oberfrankenhalle 26 March 1998 Warsaw Poland Sala Kongresowa 27 March 1998 Katowice Spodek 28 March 1998 Prague Czech Republic Mala Sportovni Hala 29 March 1998 Poznań Poland Sala Arena 31 March 1998 Budapest Hungary Budapest Sportcsarnok 1 April 1998 Trieste Italy Palasport Di Chiarbola 2 April 1998 Vienna Austria Libro Music Hall 3 April 1998 Munich Germany Circus Krone ~~4 April 1998~~ Ravensburg Oberschwabben Hall 6 April 1998 Brussels Belgium Vorst Nationaal 7 April 1998 Lille France Zénith de Lille 8 April 1998 Differdange Luxembourg Centre Sportif de Differdange 10 April 1998 Groningen Netherlands Martinihal 11 April 1998 Eindhoven Muzickcentrum Frits Philips 13 April 1998 Birmingham England Symphony Hall 14 April 1998 Cardiff Wales Cardiff International Arena 15 April 1998 Plymouth England Plymouth Pavilion 16 April 1998 Birmingham Symphony Hall 17 April 1998 Edinburgh Scotland Playhouse Theatre 19 April 1998 Liverpool England Empire Theatre 20 April 1998 Sheffield Sheffield City Hall 21 April 1998 Brighton Brighton Dome 22 April 1998 Croydon Fairfield Hall 24 April 1998 London Labatt's Apollo Hammersmith South America and Mexico 7 May 1998 São Paulo Brazil Olímpia 8 May 1998 9 May 1998 10 May 1998 Belo Horizonte Estacionamento do Minas Shopping 12 May 1998 Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan 14 May 1998 Buenos Aires Argentina Obras Sanitarias Stadium 15 May 1998 16 May 1998 19 May 1998 Porto Alegre Brazil Bar Opiniao ~~20 May 1998~~ Curitiba Cutiriba Forum 21 May 1998 Santiago Chile Teatro Monumental 25 May 1998 Mexico City Mexico National Auditorium 26 May 1998 28 May 1998 Monterrey Auditorio Coca-Cola United States and Canada 18 June 1998 Toronto Canada Molson Amphitheatre 19 June 1998 Montreal Parc Des Iles 20 June 1998 Quebec City Hippodrome de Quebec 22 June 1998 Virginia Beach United States Virginia Beach Amphitheatre 23 June 1998 Bristow Nissan Pavilion 24 June 1998 Pittsburgh IC Light Amphitheatre 26 June 1998 Holmdel PNC Bank Arts Center 27 June 1998 Camden Sony Music Center 28 June 1998 Scranton Montage Mountain Amphitheater 29 June 1998 New York City Hard Rock Cafe 30 June 1998 Boston Harborlights Pavilion 1 July 1998 Wallingford Oakdale Theatre 2 July 1998 Wantagh Jones Beach Amphitheatre 4 July 1998 Canandaigua Finger Lakes Performing Arts Center 5 July 1998 Clarkston Pine Knob Music Theatre 6 July 1998 Cincinnati Riverbend Music Center 7 July 1998 Cuyahoga Falls Blossom Music Center 9 July 1998 Tinley Park New World Music Theatre 10 July 1998 Walker Moondance Ranch Jam 11 July 1998 Milwaukee Marcus Amphitheatre 12 July 1998 Noblesville Deer Creek Music Center 14 July 1998 Greenwood Village Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre 15 July 1998 West Valley City E Center 17 July 1998 Vancouver Canada General Motors Place 18 July 1998 Woodinville United States Chateau Ste. Michelle 20 July 1998 Reno Reno-Hilton Amphitheater 21 July 1998 Concord Concord Pavilion 22 July 1998 San Diego Open Air Theatre 24 July 1998 Universal City Universal Amphitheatre 25 July 1998 Las Vegas The Joint 26 July 1998 Phoenix Desert Sky Pavilion 27 July 1998 El Paso Chavez Theatre 28 July 1998 Santa Fe Paolo Soleri Amphitheatre 30 July 1998 Dallas Starplex Amphitheatre 31 July 1998 The Woodlands Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion 1 August 1998 Bee Cave The Backyard 2 August 1998 San Antonio Municipal Auditorium 4 August 1998 Memphis Mud Island Amphitheatre 5 August 1998 Nashville Starwood Amphitheatre 6 August 1998 Atlanta Chastain Park 7 August 1998 Tampa Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center 8 August 1998 West Palm Beach Coral Sky Amphitheatre Asia 8 October 1998 Tokyo Japan Shibuya Koukaidou 9 October 1998 11 October 1998 Kawaguchi Kawaguchi LILIA Main Hall 13 October 1998 Nagoya Nagoya-shi Koukaido 14 October 1998 Osaka Kouseinennkin Kaikan ==The Ladder Tour== Lineup: * Jon Anderson – Vocals * Steve Howe – Guitars, vocals * Billy Sherwood – Guitar, vocals * Igor Khoroshev – Keyboards, vocals * Chris Squire – Bass, vocals * Alan White – Drums, percussion Setlist: * "Yours Is No Disgrace" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Kaye, Bruford) * "America" (Simon) (Dropped after 24 September 1999) * "Time and a Word" (excerpt) (Anderson, Foster) * "Homeworld (The Ladder)" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood, Khoroshev) * "Perpetual Change" (Anderson, Squire) * "Lightning Strikes" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood, Khoroshev) * "New Language" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood, Khoroshev) (replaced by "The Messenger" starting 23 October 1999) * "Ritual (Nous Sommes du Soleil)" (excerpt) (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Wakeman, White) * "And You and I" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Bruford) (Added on 16 September 1999) * "It Will Be a Good Day (The River)" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood, Khoroshev) * "Face to Face" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood, Khoroshev) (added on 15 October 1999) * "Hearts" (Anderson, Rabin, Kaye, Squire, White) (Dropped after 4 March 2000) * "Nine Voices (Longwalker)" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood, Khoroshev) (dropped after 9 November 1999) * "Awaken" (Anderson, Howe) (Added on 15 October 1999) * "To Be Alive (Hep Yadda)" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, White, Sherwood, Khoroshev) (dropped after 12 September 1999) * "I've Seen All Good People" (Anderson, Squire) * Steve Howe solo section (Howe) * "Cinema" (Rabin, Squire, White, Kaye) (Added on 15 October 1999) * "Owner of a Lonely Heart" (Anderson, Rabin, Squire, Horn) * "Roundabout" (Anderson, Howe) Also occasionally played were: * "Close to the Edge" (Anderson, Howe) (Played on 18, 21, 22, 24 September 1999 and 29, 30, 31 October 1999) * "Leaves of Green" (Anderson, Squire, Howe, Wakeman, White) (Played on 15 October 1999 and 19 October 1999) * "Long Distance Runaround" (Anderson) (Played on 6, 16, 18, 21, and 22 September 1999 and 23, 25 March 2000) * "Soon" (Anderson) (Played on 6 September 1999) * "Survival" (Played on 12 September 1999) Date City Country Venue South America and Mexico 6 September 1999 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Rio Arena 8 September 1999 São Paulo Olímpia 9 September 1999 12 September 1999 Buenos Aires Argentina Estadio Luna Park ~~14 September 1999~~ Santiago Chile Estadio Chile 16 September 1999 Lima Peru Muello Uno 18 September 1999 San Pedro Costa Rica San Pedro Jazz Cafe 21 September 1999 Caracas Venezuela Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex 22 September 1999 24 September 1999 Mexico City Mexico Palacio de los Deportes United States and Canada 15 October 1999 North Myrtle Beach United States House of Blues 16 October 1999 Atlanta The Tabernacle 18 October 1999 Tampa The David A. Straz Jr. Center for the Performing Arts 19 October 1999 21 October 1999 Sunrise Sunrise Musical Theatre 22 October 1999 Lake Buena Vista House of Blues 23 October 1999 Jacksonville Florida Theatre 25 October 1999 New Orleans House of Blues 26 October 1999 Houston Aerial Theater 29 October 1999 Phoenix Union Hall 30 October 1999 Anaheim Sun Theatre 31 October 1999 Las Vegas House of Blues 2 November 1999 West Hollywood 3 November 1999 4 November 1999 6 November 1999 San Francisco Warfield Theatre 7 November 1999 9 November 1999 Seattle Paramount Theatre 12 November 1999 Minneapolis Orpheum Theatre 13 November 1999 Milwaukee Milwaukee Auditorium 15 November 1999 Chicago Riviera Theatre 16 November 1999 17 November 1999 19 November 1999 Royal Oak Royal Oak Music Theatre 20 November 1999 Toledo SeaGate Convention Centre 21 November 1999 Cincinnati Taft Theatre 23 November 1999 Rochester Rochester Auditorium 24 November 1999 Cleveland Agora Theatre 26 November 1999 New Brunswick State Theatre 27 November 1999 Ledyard Fox Theatre 28 November 1999 Wallingford Oakdale Theatre 30 November 1999 Wilkes-Barre The F.M. Kirby Center for the Performing Arts 1 December 1999 Pittsburgh A. J. Palumbo Center 2 December 1999 Mount Pleasant Soaring Eagle Casino 4 December 1999 Toronto Canada Massey Hall 5 December 1999 Montreal Métropolis 7 December 1999 New York City United States Beacon Theatre 8 December 1999 9 December 1999 11 December 1999 Boston Orpheum Theatre 12 December 1999 Upper Darby Tower Theatre 13 December 1999 Europe 6 February 2000 Dublin Ireland National Concert Hall ~~7 February 2000~~ Birmingham England Symphony Hall 8 February 2000 10 February 2000 Sheffield Sheffield City Hall 11 February 2000 Cardiff Wales Cardiff International Arena 12 February 2000 Bournemouth England Windsor Hall 13 February 2000 Manchester Apollo Theatre 14 February 2000 Liverpool Empire Theatre 16 February 2000 Nottingham Royal Concert Hall 17 February 2000 Glasgow Scotland Clyde Auditorium 19 February 2000 London England Royal Albert Hall 20 February 2000 23 February 2000 Porto Portugal Coliseu do Porto 24 February 2000 Lisbon Pavilhao Atlantico 25 February 2000 Madrid Spain La Riviera 26 February 2000 Barcelona El Teatro De Zeleste 28 February 2000 Paris France L'Olympia 29 February 2000 Brussels Belgium Vorst Nationaal 1 March 2000 Utrecht Netherlands Muzickcentrum Vredenburg 2 March 2000 4 March 2000 Bologna Italy PalaSavena ~~5 March 2000~~ Sull'Oglio Pala-Us ~~6 March 2000~~ Milan Forum di Assago ~~7 March 2000~~ Florence Verdi Theater 9 March 2000 Zurich Switzerland Kongresshaus Zurich 11 March 2000 Offenbach am Main Germany Stadhalle 12 March 2000 Cologne Palladium Koln 13 March 2000 Stuttgart Kultur Und Kongresszentrum Liederhalle 15 March 2000 Leipzig Haus Auensee 16 March 2000 Berlin ColumbiaHalle 17 March 2000 Furth Stadttheater Furth 19 March 2000 Vienna Austria Libro Music Hall 20 March 2000 Ljubljana Slovenia Hala Tivoli 23 March 2000 Sofia Bulgaria Winter Sports Palace 25 March 2000 Bucharest Romania Sala Palatului ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== *Yesworld: The Official Yes website Past & present versions *Forgotten Yesterdays (A Comprehensive Guide To Yes Shows) 1980s Category:1980s-related lists Category:1990s-related lists Yes |
Newfound Regional High School (NRHS) is a public secondary school in Bristol, New Hampshire, United States. Surrounding towns that attend NRHS are Alexandria, Bridgewater, Bristol, Danbury, Groton, Hebron, Hill, and New Hampton. The school is part of the Newfound Area School District (NASD) and was originally named Newfound Memorial High School. It was originally located where Newfound Memorial Middle School currently stands until the present high school building was constructed in 1989. Newfound Regional High School was awarded "NH Excellence in Education" in 2010. Newfound Regional High School's motto is "Choose your path to success...make a commitment." ==School district== Newfound Regional High School is part of School Administrative Unit 4. The Superintendent of Schools is Pierre Couture. NRHS is the only high school within the district, and the school board approves most of the decisions. There is currently one high school, one middle school, and four elementary schools located within the district. School name Location Type of school Newfound Regional High School Bristol High school Newfound Memorial Middle School Bristol Middle school Bridgewater-Hebron Village School Bridgewater Elementary school Bristol Elementary School Bristol Elementary school Danbury Elementary School Danbury Elementary school New Hampton Community School New Hampton Elementary school ==Administration== Newfound Regional High School has one principal, one vice principal, and multiple administrative staff positions: Paul Hoiriis became the current principal on July 1, 2015. The past principal, Michael O'Malley, retired at the end of the 2014-2015 school calendar. He had served the district for 30 years. ==School culture== Newfound has 34 full-time teachers and 402 students. There is a 6% minority enrollment, mostly made of African Americans and Asians. According to , Newfound Regional High School is ranked #11 in Best High Schools in New Hampshire in 2015. Newfound Regional High School has an 81% proficiency in reading, while 37% proficient in mathematics. ==School board== The School Board Chair for the Newfound Area School District is Jeff Levesque of Groton. The current school board members are Don Franklin of Hebron, Sue Cheney of Alexandria, Vincent Migliore of Bridgewater, John Larsen of Bristol, and Christine Davol of New Hampton. The individual towns decide who is elected to the school board spots. ==Student activities== Student activities at Newfound include National Honor Society, Student Council, Math Team, Outing Club, Art Club, Cooking Club, E-Cubed, Geek Culture Club, International Thespian Society, Leo's Club, Literary Magazine, Project Promise, Tech Crew, Student- Staff Senate, Yearbook, Drama, Chorus, and Jazz Band. Newfound offers three varsity sports in the fall: field hockey, soccer, unified soccer, and football. Newfound also offers cross country in the fall. Newfound offers both varsity and junior varsity basketball, Unified Basketball in the winter, as well as spirit and alpine skiing. In the spring, Newfound offers varsity and junior varsity baseball and softball, as well as track & field. ===Student- Staff Senate=== The Student-Staff Senate (SSS) is made up of students and staff who work on changes to the school. Student-Staff Senate works like the U.S Senate. SSS has committees and subcommittees for each area of topics. SSS currently has 11 subcommittees, including Advisories, Portfolio, Project Promise / Clubs, Performance Assessment, Public Relations, Challenge Day, Change Culture, Student Handbook, Student/Staff Voice, Bylaws, and Athletics. During meetings and proposals, SSS uses Robert's Rules of Order. The main purpose of this Senate is to have student and staff, alike, convene with each other and use the Senate as a way to discuss matters that the students and teachers bring up. ===Student Council=== Student Council is made up by the student body along with adult adviser(s). Student Council plans events such as Homecoming, winter carnival, spring fling, etc. Newfound Student Council follows their own Constitution that they've written up and approved by the council. Student Council has separate committees and subcommittees to focus on specific areas. Student Council meetings are run by parliamentary procedures. In order for a Student Council meeting to be in session, there must be a quorum that is met. Along with a quorum, in order to pass approvals (e.g.: fundraiser requests, agendas, ideas, etc.) the body must agree with a majority vote. ====Members==== Members are selected in various ways. In order to obtain a membership within Student Council you must: * request to become members-at- large * be a student representative to the school board (elected by the entire student body) * be a Student Council representative (elected by your class) * be a Vice President of your class (elected by your class) ===Yearbook=== Newfound Regional High School has a body of students who create the annual yearbook. Newfound uses Jostens as their primary yearbook company. Each year, they will dedicate the yearbook to an educator or administrator who exceeded expectations, or to someone who served at NRHS for a long time and is either retiring or leaving their position. The 2014-2015 yearbook was dedicated to Mr. O'Malley who is currently the principal, but will be retiring at the end of this school year. He had served the district for 30 years. ===Project Promise=== Project Promise is a program offered at NRHS along with other schools in NASD. Project Promise is a program that focuses on academic achievement in various subjects, physical and nutritional programs, and to infuse concepts of learning lifelong habits in hopes to connect with the real world. Project Promise branches off with many of the extra-curricular programs offered at the school. Cooking Club, Fashion Club, Zumba, Homework Club, Fitness Club, Japanese Culture Club, Outdoor Club, Geek Culture Club is all a part of Project Promise. NRHS Project Promise's goal is to " create a safe place that fosters youth voice and excitement among our participants." Project Promise is also a place where they help students transition after high school, and to give students opportunities to be leaders and mentor. ==Athletics== Newfound Regional High School is a Division III high school. The only two sports teams that are not in Division III are the spirit team and the football team, which are in Division IV. Newfound offers soccer, field hockey, football, and cross country in the fall. In the winter, they offer basketball, spirit, and alpine skiing. In the spring, Newfound offers baseball, softball, and track and field. The field hockey team were the state champions in 2006 and won back-to-back state championships in 2008 and 2009. In 2017 the field hockey team won the D-III state championship. ===Football=== The Newfound Regional High School football program started in 2004 but was not funded by the school district. In spite of that, the community created an organization to support the program. It was not until 2008 that the school board approved of supporting the school's football program. In 2005, the Newfound football team won the New Hampshire Interscholastic Athletic Association Sportsmanship Award. Since the beginning of the program, Newfound has yet to win any state titles or runners-up. On August 23, 2012, Newfound Regional High School added a football field next to the school campus. The school board approved adding a football field at the high school but stated that it would have to come from the taxpayers. To avoid that, the non-profit organization "Friends of Newfound Football" raised enough donations to avoid the expense paid by the taxpayers. Before the addition of the new football field, Newfound was practicing and playing "home" games at the New Hampton School. Newfound's first home game at their new field was on September 8, 2013, against Winnisquam Regional High School. The football field was named "Morrison Field". From the start of the project to the end of the project, it took nine years all together for the field to be ready to be played on. On November 4, 2018, against Franklin High School, the first ever home state playoff game was held at Morrison Field. ===Track and field=== The boys' track and field program first started in 1980 by Earl Mills, who ran the program until 1998. Newfound boys' track and field has had 14 individual state champions, along with two state decathlon champions. The following table shows the individual championships: The girls' track and field team has produced 15 individual state champions since 2004. The first coach for the Newfound girls' track and field team was Peter Cornelissen. The following are the girls' individual championships from Newfound: ===Field hockey=== The Newfound field hockey team has won four state championships since 2009, most recently in 2017. Ann Hall started the program in 1974, but retired the next year. Karri Peterson has been the current field hockey coach since 2004. The team has won four state championships in Class M/S and D-III under Peterson. Here is the following table: ===Girls' basketball=== The Newfound girls' basketball team were state champions in 1972 under Class A, and were state runners-up in 1973, 1988, and 2007. 11 Newfound players have scored more than 1,000 points during their high school varsity careers. Ann Hall was the first coach known to have coached the girls' basketball team. The current coach is Karri Peterson, a 1,000-point scorer herself. She also coaches the field hockey team. The latest 1,000 point scorer to Newfound was Ashlee Dukette in 2018. She also became the first Newfound basketball player to achieve 1,000 rebounds, in 2019. The following table shows the 12 players, and their points achieved overall: ===Boys' basketball=== The boys' basketball team were state champions in 1995. The coach then was Dan Peters. There are seven players who have scored 1,000 points in their high school varsity careers: ===Boys' cross country=== Newfound's boys' cross country team was founded in 1978. The team has won state championships in class M/S in 1985, 1986, and 1987, and were runners up in 1990, 2003, and most recently, in 2021. The team had a class S individual championship in 1953. ===Girls' cross country=== Newfound's girls' cross country was founded in 1978. The team had an individual championship winner in 2005 and 2006. ==Communities== Newfound Regional High School serves the New Hampshire towns of Alexandria, Bridgewater, Bristol, Danbury, Groton, Hebron, Hill and New Hampton. On March 18, Hill residents voted to withdraw from the Franklin School District and join Newfound. With two more votes agreeing with the motion, Hill will now have a 10-year tuition agreement with Newfound. The final vote was 75-73. Newfound students sometimes go to the Tapply Thompson Community Center (TTCC) to help out elementary students, or is there for a recreational event. ===Annual spring musical=== Every spring, the Newfound Drama Department hosts the annual school musical. The community and students from NRHS auditions for roles that they want. The musical usually occur in late April, and they start practicing around February to prepare for the show. The director of the spring musical is Stephanie Wienchek, and she herself was an actor. The spring play had been an annual tradition for 34 years. This year's performance was Once on This Island by Lynn Ahrens. ==Academics== Newfound offers Advanced Placement courses. They offer AP Calculus, AP Computer Science, AP US History, and AP Biology. Newfound also offers Virtual Learning Academy Charter School. Also, Newfound offers Jump$tart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy courses, such as accounting. Newfound also offers Extended Learning Opportunities (ELO). Some courses Newfound has to offer are: Spanish I, II, III, IV, V; French I, II, III, IV, V; Economics, Modern European History, Global Studies, Programming I, II, III AP; Robotics; Chemistry; Living on Your Own (LOYO); Family & Consumer Science. Newfound has partnered up with Plymouth Regional High School so that Newfound can send its students to PRHS for classes such as: Culinary Arts, Health Science, Mechanics, and Marketing. Newfound has to pay PRHS based on tuition basis. Currently, there are 23 CTE students that go to Plymouth Regional High School. ===Grades and grading=== Newfound goes off of the Summative assessment and Formative assessment continuum. Most of the teachers weigh the summatives as 90% of the overall grade for the quarter and 10% formatives for the overall grade for the quarter. Each quarter (4) is 20% of the overall grade, and exams (midterm/Test (assessment)) are 20% of the final grade. So they factor in 80% from the four quarters, and 20% from the midterm grade and the final exams. That adds up to 100% for the final grade. Formatives would be homework, short essays, and Document-based question. Most of the time, these materials would get you ready for the Summatives. Summatives would be quizzes (sometimes formative), projects, tests, etc. The following table shows the grading table that Newfound goes off of: ===Awards=== Newfound Regional High School has received some awards as a school, and also as individual awards recognized by the State of New Hampshire and/or individual organizations: Recipient Title of Award Sponsor Year Newfound New Hampshire School of Excellence Edies Award 2010 Michael O'Malley Outstanding Role Model New Hampshire Association of School Principals 2011 Michael O'Malley Outstanding Role Model New Hampshire Association of School Principals 2012 Paul Hoiriis Carole J. Estes Community Leader Award CADY 2014 Paul Hoiriis New Hampshire Assistant Principal of the Year New Hampshire Association of School Principals 2015 Peter Dumont New Hampshire Environmental Educator of the Year New Hampshire Environmental Educators Association 2017 Barbara Kelly New Hampshire School Nurse of the Yearhttp://nrhs.sau4.org/recent-announcements/congratulationsnursekelly New Hampshire School Nurses' Association 2017 ==Gallery== File:Newfound Soccer Payers.jpg|Newfound playing against Gilford High School at home. File:Class_of_2011_Graduation.jpg|The Class of 2011 Graduation Ceremony. ==References== ==External links== * School website * District website Category:Schools in Grafton County, New Hampshire Category:Public high schools in New Hampshire Category:Schools in New Hampshire Category:Bristol, New Hampshire |
Douglas Mitchell Gottlieb (born January 15, 1976) is an American basketball analyst and sports talk radio host. He played both NCAA collegiate basketball, twice leading the nation in assists and professional basketball (including USBL, leading the league in assists). He now works for Fox Sports, Pac-12 Network and CBS Sports after tenures with ESPN. ==College basketball career== After signing a national letter of intent with Notre Dame, Gottlieb was their starting point guard during the 1995–96 college basketball season, starting all but the first four games and leading the team with 154 assists as well as steals and minutes played. Gottlieb was widely known at this time for his efficient ball-handling skills. He left Notre Dame after an incident in which he stole a classmate's credit card and used it to charge multiple purchases. Gottlieb transferred from the Notre Dame program as a result of the incident. Gottlieb transferred to Golden West College (GWC), where he received an Associate of Arts in business. Despite offers from Cincinnati, Alabama, and others to transfer and sit out a season on their campus, Gottlieb chose to sit out his transfer year at Golden West College. GWC was coached by his former Tustin coach Tom McCluskey, and Gottlieb took on the role of redshirt player/coach. He practiced with the team and traveled to road games as the assistant coach. In addition, Gottlieb was a volunteer assistant at his high school, under Andy Ground. In one game at Santa Ana Valley, Ground was ejected, and Gottlieb coached the team to an overtime loss. Gottlieb was perceived to be waiting on Baron Davis to choose a school, as UCLA and Georgia Tech both indicated that Gottlieb was their second choice, after Davis. After Davis chose UCLA, where Gottlieb's family had season tickets for 20 years and his brother and sister were alums (sister was captain of the cheer squad), Gottlieb looked elsewhere to play college ball. His final schools were Marquette, Georgia Tech, Alabama, Oklahoma State, Utah, Oregon, and Tennessee. In 1997, Gottlieb accepted an offer from Oklahoma State coach Eddie Sutton (under whom Gottlieb's father had once been assistant coach) to attend the university. He immediately took over as point guard for an Oklahoma State team that had gone 17–15 in consecutive years, and led the Cowboys to the NCAA tournament. During his second year with Oklahoma State, Gottlieb led the NCAA in assists, with 299, and also led the nation in assists per game, with 8.8, only the second Cowboy to lead the nation in a statistical category. He also started setting Oklahoma State assist records, breaking the school career mark with 500 (after only two seasons) and broke the school record of 22 career double-figure assist games. In a game against Florida Atlantic, Gottlieb set a school record and tied the Big 12 mark with 18 assists, and in the Big 12 tournament, he set the record for assists in a game (14) as well as in tournament play (38). He led the Big 12 in games, with 34. The 1998–99 season culminated with another trip to the NCAA tournament. As a senior, Gottlieb again led the NCAA in assists, with 293, and finished second in the nation in assists per game with 8.6. He was 7th in the Big 12 in both steals, with 53, and games, with 34. Gottlieb's senior season ended with a third consecutive trip to the NCAA tournament, and the team made it all the way to the Elite Eight. In addition to being named All-Big 12 Honorable Mention his senior year at Oklahoma State, Gottlieb was named the 1999 Big 12 Scholar Athlete Community Service Athlete of the Year. Gottlieb notably entered a game with his shorts on backwards. He then took his shorts off while on the court, and put them back on correctly. He was guarded from cameras and taunting fans by a circle that his teammates formed around their embarrassed teammate. When Gottlieb became a broadcaster after his playing days ended, this incident was mentioned in a press conference by North Carolina head coach Roy Williams. After being questioned about criticism of his program by Gottlieb, Williams responded that Gottlieb "couldn't even put his pants on the right way." Williams then said "shorts on backwards, shorts on backwards," imitating the chant that opposing fans said to Gottlieb after the incident. Gottlieb currently holds all of Oklahoma State's assist records, and ranks tenth all- time in NCAA career assists, with 947. He graduated from Oklahoma State in 2000 with a bachelor's degree in marketing. ==Professional basketball career== After graduating from college, Gottlieb went undrafted in the NBA draft but was the No 1 pick of the Oklahoma Storm in the 2000 United States Basketball League draft. Gottlieb's season with the Storm was successful, as he led the USBL in assists and helped the Storm to a 2nd-place finish in the team's inaugural season (losing to the Dodge City Legend in the USBL Championship Game). Gottlieb then had to take his basketball career overseas, which included a stop in Israel after signing with Maccabi Ra'anana. Gottlieb played internationally at the professional level in France, Russia, and Israel. The Idaho Stampede of the Continental Basketball Association signed Gottlieb on November 28, 2000, prior to training camp, and then released him on December 13, two days before their opening game. On December 28, he signed with the Salina Rattlers of the (now defunct) International Basketball Association, and played in six games (four starts) before the team released him due to Gottlieb's intent to play overseas. In February 2001, he joined Ural Great Perm of the Russian Basketball Federation, and helped the team win the league championship. Following Ural's season, Gottlieb traveled to Israel and won a gold medal as the MVP for the United States team at the 2001 Maccabiah Games. In the title game, the U.S. team defeated Israel 82–71. He then played for the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA Summer League, and then was invited to return to the Oklahoma Storm. However, he and new coach Kareem Abdul-Jabbar did not see eye-to-eye, and he was released before the season began. Following his release, Gottlieb played the 2001–02 season in Israel with the Maccabi Ra'anana. ==Broadcast career== In 2002, Gottlieb co-hosted a midday sports talk show on Oklahoma City radio station WWLS 640 AM, known locally as "The Sports Animal". Gottlieb took the job in Oklahoma City only after securing a job to call college basketball games on ESPN and ESPN Regional. In addition, Gottlieb called Oklahoma State games for the Cowboy Basketball Network. At the end of the 2002–2003 season, Gottlieb returned to France to play for Claremont Ferrand. Upon returning stateside he worked out with the Minnesota Timberwolves Summer League team and co-hosted the NBA draft on ESPN Radio. Gottlieb was hired by ESPN Radio in September 2003 as co-host of ESPN Radio's GameNight. Gamenight was ESPN Radio's longest running show. Gottlieb's co-host was Chuck Wilson, one of the original voices of ESPN Radio. Gottlieb would also fill in on The Dan Patrick Show, The Herd with Colin Cowherd and began hosting The NBA Today on Sundays. Meanwhile, he also continued to call college basketball games on ESPN's family of networks. He also worked as a studio analyst for ESPNews during the NCAA tournament. Gottlieb was asked by ESPN to help launch ESPNU from Charlotte. The fledgling network was a company priority, and based upon his age, his relationship with Mike Hall, the host, and the launch being March 3, the heart of college basketball season, Gottlieb accepted the position and stayed in Charlotte for a month. The next basketball season, Gottlieb became a mainstay on SportsCenter and as an analyst on ESPN and ESPN2 games. He caused a stir when he questioned the logic in the Big Ten's officiating crews. His segment "Point of Contention" was just that, a contentious look at previously untouchable college coaches and issues. On radio, Gottlieb would move to host The Pulse weekday evenings from 8 to 10 Eastern before moving to afternoon drive (4 p.m. to 7 p.m. ET). He also served as a college basketball analyst for ESPNEWS and wrote for ESPN.com. Gottlieb was also a frequent guest on other ESPN television shows including College Basketball Gameday Final. He occasionally appeared on the shows SportsNation and Mike and Mike in the Morning as a guest host. Gottlieb and Syracuse basketball coach Jim Boeheim have traded barbs since 2005 because of Gottlieb's criticism of what he regards as Syracuse's soft nonconference schedule and Boeheim's comments regarding Gottlieb's difficulties at Notre Dame. Boeheim has discussed their feud publicly. On July 31, 2012, Gottlieb announced that he was leaving ESPN to join CBS. He served as a studio and game analyst for CBS Sports’ coverage of regular-season college basketball and joint coverage with Turner Sports of the NCAA basketball tournament. Gottlieb co-hosted a nightly television show on CBS Sports Network called Leadoff. His co-host was Allie LaForce, the former Miss Teen USA, who has become CBS' lead sideline reporter for college football. In addition to Leadoff, The Doug Gottlieb Show was moved to the new CBS Sports Radio network. Gottlieb's commentary and conversational interviewing style followed his show from ESPN Radio to CBS Sports Radio. In 2013, Gottlieb started participating in the CBS Sports Minute on CBS Radio stations throughout the country. In 2014, CBS decided to move the Doug Gottlieb Show to a TV simulcast format. Essentially canceling Leadoff, Gottlieb's radio show and his longtime producer Adam Klug moved to New York City, where the show was on both radio and television at 3 p.m. Eastern on weekdays. Beginning in April 2017, Gottlieb now works as a basketball analyst and radio host for Fox Sports. The Doug Gottlieb Show moved to Fox Sports Radio. Gottlieb is also an occasional substitute host on FS1's The Herd with Colin Cowherd, replacing original host Cowherd when he is on vacation. In June 2022, Gottlieb tweeted that Casey Close, the sports agent for Freddie Freeman, did not present the Atlanta Braves' final offer to Freeman before he signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers. Close sued Gottlieb for libel in July. In September, Gottlieb acknowledged that he was wrong, based on incorrect information that he gathered from his sources, and apologized to Close. == Coaching == Along with then-University of Tennessee coach Bruce Pearl, Gottlieb helped coach the United States team at the 2009 Maccabiah Games. He coached Team USA in basketball at the 2017 Maccabiah Games, winning a gold medal as the USA defeated France in the final in Jerusalem. He had formerly won a gold medal at the Maccabiah Games as a player, but said "It is more special to win as a coach." ==Honors== On June 26, 2011, Gottlieb was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. He is a member of the Oklahoma State University Foundation Board of Governors. In January 2016, Gottlieb became a national spokesman for the American Cancer Society. ==Personal life== Gottlieb is Jewish. He met his wife Angie, a native of Drumright, Oklahoma, and fellow Oklahoma State alum, while attending Oklahoma State and has been married since August 2000. The couple has three children. In November 2014, Bob Gottlieb, Doug's father, died of cancer. Gottlieb shared his father's death on Facebook and tens of basketball teams, high school and college, wore orange in Bob's honor. His brother Gregg is an assistant coach for the Grand Canyon University Women's basketball team. His sister Wendy, formerly worked in marketing for the Oakland Raiders, is currently involved in philanthropy in Northern California. ==See also== * List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career assists leaders * List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season assists leaders ==References== ==External links== *Doug Gottlieb ESPN Bio *Statistics at Oklahoma State *Doug Gottlieb jumps from ESPN to CBS Sports Network Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:American expatriate basketball people in France Category:American expatriate basketball people in Israel Category:American expatriate basketball people in Russia Category:American people convicted of fraud Category:American sports radio personalities Category:Competitors at the 2001 Maccabiah Games Category:Maccabiah Games medalists in basketball Category:Maccabiah Games gold medalists for the United States Category:Basketball players from California Category:College basketball announcers in the United States Category:National Football League announcers Category:Israeli Basketball Premier League players Category:Jewish American sportspeople Category:Jewish men's basketball players Category:Maccabiah Games basketball players for the United States Category:Maccabi Ra'anana players Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players Category:Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball players Category:Point guards Category:Sportspeople from Milwaukee Category:Sportspeople from Orange County, California Category:American men's basketball players Category:United States Basketball League players Category:21st-century American Jews Category:Basketball players from Milwaukee |
Missouri's 8th congressional district is one of 435 congressional districts in the United States and one of eight congressional districts in the state of Missouri. The district encompasses rural Southeast Missouri and South Central Missouri as well as some counties in Southwest Missouri. The district stretches from the Bootheel in the south to the St. Louis southern exurbs of Festus, Hillsboro, and surrounding areas in the Lead Belt; it ranges in the east to counties along the Mississippi River and in the west to counties along the Ozark Plateau near Branson. The district's largest city is Cape Girardeau. A predominantly rural district, the district votes strongly Republican for national offices. In 2004, President George W. Bush received 63% of the vote in the district over U.S. Senator John Kerry (D-Massachusetts) who clinched 36%. In 2008, U.S. Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) carried the district with 61.92% over U.S. Senator Barack Obama (D-Illinois), who received 36.42%. The district increased the margin for Republicans in 2012 when former Governor Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts) gained 65.88% of the vote over President Barack Obama's 31.99%. The district swung towards Republican Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. Trump garnered 75.4% of the vote, Democratic Nominee Hillary Clinton received just 21.0% of the vote, making it one of the most strongly Republican congressional districts in the United States. Jason T. Smith, a Republican, has represented the district in the U.S. Congress since winning a special election on June 4, 2013. The incumbent Republican U.S. Representative Jo Ann Emerson resigned on January 22, 2013 to take a position as CEO for the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association. Missouri lost one of its nine congressional district seats following redistricting based on population numbers from the 2010 U.S. Census. The Republican-controlled state legislature decided to redefine Missouri's 3rd congressional district, which was represented by U.S. Representative Russ Carnahan (D-St. Louis). The district included all of Ste. Genevieve and Jefferson counties and southern St. Louis County and the neighborhoods making up what is known as South City of St. Louis. Missouri's 8th congressional district lost its Taney County parts (which were redistricted to the Southwestern-based 7th congressional district, and picked up all of Crawford and Ste. Genevieve counties, and most of the southern and western rural parts of Jefferson County. Parts of Jefferson County that are now included in Missouri's 8th include all of the cities of Hillsboro and De Soto, and the extreme southern portions of the Twin Cities of Festus and Crystal City (most of these two cities are now part of the 2nd congressional district). == List of members representing the district == Member Party Years Cong ress Electoral history District location District created March 4, 1863 District created March 4, 1863 District created March 4, 1863 District created March 4, 1863 District created March 4, 1863 District created March 4, 1863 100px William A. Hall Unionist March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1865 Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1862. Retired. 100px John F. Benjamin Republican March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1871 Elected in 1864. Re-elected in 1866. Re-elected in 1868. Retired. James G. Blair Liberal Republican March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873 Elected in 1870. Retired. 100px Abram Comingo Democratic March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875 Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1872. Retired. 100px Benjamin J. Franklin Democratic March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1879 Elected in 1874. Re-elected in 1876. Withdrew during renomination. 100px Samuel L. Sawyer Independent Democratic March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1881 Elected in 1878. Retired. 100px Robert T. Van Horn Republican March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883 Elected in 1880. Lost re-election. 100px John J. O'Neill Democratic March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1889 Elected in 1882. Re-elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. Lost re-election. 100px Frederick G. Niedringhaus Republican March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891 Elected in 1888. Retired. 100px John J. O'Neill Democratic March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893 Elected in 1890. Redistricted to . 100px Richard P. Bland Democratic March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895 Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1892. Lost re-election. 100px Joel D. Hubbard Republican March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897 Elected in 1894. Lost re-election. 100px Richard P. Bland Democratic March 4, 1897 – June 15, 1899 Elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Died. Vacant Vacant June 15, 1899 – August 29, 1899 100px Dorsey W. Shackleford Democratic August 29, 1899 – March 3, 1919 Elected to finish Bland's term. Re-elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Lost renomination. 100px William L. Nelson Democratic March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1921 Elected in 1918. Lost re-election. 100px Sidney C. Roach Republican March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1925 Elected in 1920. Re-elected in 1922. Lost re-election. 100px William L. Nelson Democratic March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1933 Elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Re-elected in 1930. Redistricted to the and lost renomination. District inactive District inactive March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 All representatives elected At-large on a general ticket 100px Clyde Williams Democratic January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1943 Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Lost re-election. William P. Elmer Republican January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945 Elected in 1942. Lost re-election. 100px A. S. J. Carnahan Democratic January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 Elected in 1944. Lost re-election. 100px Parke M. Banta Republican January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 Elected in 1946. Lost re-election. 100px A. S. J. Carnahan Democratic January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1961 Elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Re-elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Lost renomination. 100px Richard H. Ichord II Democratic January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1981 Elected in 1960. Re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Retired. 100px Wendell Bailey Republican January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 Elected in 1980. Redistricted to the and lost re-election. 100px Bill Emerson Republican January 3, 1983 – June 22, 1996 Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Died. 1983–1993 100px Bill Emerson Republican January 3, 1983 – June 22, 1996 Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Died. 1993–2003 Vacant Vacant June 22, 1996 – November 5, 1996 1993–2003 100px Jo Ann Emerson Republican November 5, 1996 – January 3, 1997 Elected to finish her husband's term. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Resigned to become CEO of NRECA. 1993–2003 100px Jo Ann Emerson Independent January 3, 1997 – January 8, 1997 Elected to finish her husband's term. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Resigned to become CEO of NRECA. 1993–2003 100px Jo Ann Emerson Republican January 8, 1997 – January 22, 2013 Elected to finish her husband's term. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Resigned to become CEO of NRECA. 1993–2003 100px Jo Ann Emerson Republican January 8, 1997 – January 22, 2013 Elected to finish her husband's term. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Resigned to become CEO of NRECA. 2003–2013 300px Vacant Vacant January 22, 2013 – June 5, 2013 2003–2013 300px 100px Jason T. Smith Republican June 5, 2013 – Present Elected to finish Emerson's term. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. 2003–2013 300px 100px Jason T. Smith Republican June 5, 2013 – Present Elected to finish Emerson's term. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. 2013–2023 300px 100px Jason T. Smith Republican June 5, 2013 – Present Elected to finish Emerson's term. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. 2023–present 200px == Election results from statewide races == Year Office Results 2000 President George W. Bush 59 - Al Gore 39% 2004 President George W. Bush 64 - John Kerry 36% 2008 President John McCain 62 - Barack Obama 36% 2012 President Mitt Romney 66 - Barack Obama 32% 2016 President Donald Trump 75 - Hillary Clinton 21% 2020 President Donald Trump 77 - Joe Biden 21% == Recent election results == === 2012 === === 2013 special === === 2014 === === 2016 === === 2018 === === 2020 === ==Characteristics== Missouri's 8th is a relatively diverse congressional district. Although it is quite conservative and Republican-leaning at the federal level, Democrats formerly performed well here in local and state elections. Bill Clinton, a Democrat from neighboring Arkansas, carried the previous 8th district both times in 1992 and 1996; since then, however, voters in the district have solidly supported the past three Republican presidential nominees. At the local level, Republicans control a majority of elected county offices in Southeast Missouri. In presidential elections, Democratic candidates formerly performed best in the Bootheel, an agricultural area that is the most impoverished region in the district (and the state, for that matter). It has a wide majority of whites and a significant minority of African Americans. Democrats also used to do well in the Lead Belt region, which contains a core constituency of voters who belong to labor unions, particularly in the mining industry. The district takes in a large swath of the Bible Belt with evangelical Protestantism being the dominant religion in most counties in the district. This influence is demonstrated in conservative voters' positions on social issues such as abortion, gay rights and gun control. Racially, this district is predominantly white. Many voters here maintain a rural lifestyle where agriculture and farming are the backbone of the economy and are important issues of concern. Socioeconomically, it is the poorest district in Missouri (when measured by the median household income adjusted by inflation). === Counties === There are 28 counties included in the district. *Bollinger *Butler *Cape Girardeau *Carter *Dent *Douglas *Dunklin *Howell *Iron *Jefferson (parts) *Madison *Mississippi *New Madrid *Oregon *Ozark *Pemiscot *Perry *Phelps *Reynolds *Ripley *Scott *Shannon *St. Francois *Ste. Genevieve *Stoddard *Texas *Wayne *Wright === Largest cities === The 10 largest cities in the district are as follows. Rank City County Population (2010) Population (2015) Population (2020) 1 Cape Girardeau Cape Girardeau and Scott 37,941 39,462 39,540 2 Rolla Phelps 19,559 20,019 19,943 3 Farmington St. Francois 16,240 18,181 18,217 4 Sikeston Scott and New Madrid 16,318 16,436 16,291 5 Poplar Bluff Butler 17,023 17,266 16,225 6 Jackson Cape Girardeau 13,758 14,869 15,481 7 West Plains Howell 11,986 12,285 12,184 8 Kennett Dunklin 10,932 10,662 10,515 9 Park Hills St. Francois 8,759 8,692 8,587 10 Perryville Perry 8,225 8,398 8,555 ===Median household incomes=== Rank County Income (2008) 1 Cape Girardeau $45,862 2 Perry $44,264 3 Taney $39,771 4 Scott $39,735 5 St. Francois $39,551 6 Phelps $37,243 7 Bollinger $36,744 8 Butler $34,422 9 Stoddard $33,120 10 Dent $32,991 11 New Madrid $32,758 12 Washington $32,001 13 Howell $31,761 14 Reynolds $31,546 15 Ozark $31,508 16 Douglas $31,335 17 Iron $31,276 18 Madison $31,137 19 Dunklin $30,927 20 Wright $30,685 21 Texas $29,260 22 Wayne $29,166 23 Mississippi $28,837 24 Carter $27,608 25 Ripley $27,285 26 Pemiscot $26,992 27 Oregon $26,119 28 Shannon $24,835 ===Median Family Incomes=== Rank County Income (2008) 1 Cape Girardeau $58,037 2 Perry $53,034 3 Phelps $49,343 4 Scott $48,847 5 St. Francois $47,923 6 Taney $47,664 7 Bollinger $42,948 8 Butler $42,713 9 Stoddard $41,072 10 Dent $40,258 11 New Madrid $39,411 12 Dunklin $38,439 13 Washington $38,193 14 Madison $38,067 15 Howell $38,047 16 Iron $38,037 17 Reynolds $37,891 18 Wright $37,139 19 Douglas $36,648 20 Ozark $36,622 21 Mississippi $35,554 22 Wayne $34,727 23 Texas $34,503 24 Pemiscot $33,945 25 Carter $33,349 26 Ripley $33,101 27 Oregon $31,637 28 Shannon $30,102 ===Public school districts=== School District Address County Poplar Bluff R-I School District 1110 N. Westwood Blvd, Poplar Bluff Butler Jackson R-II School District 614 E. Adams St., Jackson Cape Girardeau Rolla Public School District No. 31 500a Forum Dr., Rolla Phelps Cape Girardeau Public School District No. 63 301 N. Clark St., Cape Girardeau Cape Girardeau Farmington R-VII School District 1022 Ste. Genevieve, Farmington St. Francois Sikeston R-VI School District 1002 Virginia, Sikeston Scott North St. Francois County R-I School District 300 Berry Road, Bonne Terre St. Francois West Plains R-VII School District 613 W. First St., West Plains Howell Potosi R-III School District 400 N. Mine, Potosi Washington Perry County School District No. 32 326 College St., Perryville Perry Dexter R-XI School District 1031 Brown Pilot Lane, Dexter Stoddard Kennett Public School District No. 39 510 College Ave., Kennett Dunklin St. Francois County Central R-III School District 200 High St., Park Hills St. Francois Fredericktown R-I School District 704 E. State Highway 72, Fredericktown Madison St. James R-I School District 122 E. Scioto St., St. James Phelps New Madrid County Central R-I School District 310 U.S. Highway 61, New Madrid New Madrid Doniphan R-I School District 309 Pine St., Doniphan Ripley Mountain Grove R-III School District 207 E. Fifth (P.O. Box 806), Mountain Grove Wright Salem R-80 School District 1409 W. Rolla Road, Salem Dent Ava R-I School District 507 NE 3rd St. (P.O. Box 338), Ava Douglas Caruthersville Public School District No. 18 1711 Ward St., Caruthersville Pemiscot Willow Springs R-IV School District 215 W. Fourth St., Willow Springs Howell Mountain View-Birch Tree R-III School District 1 Highway 60 East (P.O. Box 464), Mountain View Howell Forsyth R-III School District 178 Panther St., Forsyth Taney East Prairie R-II School District 304 E. Walnut, East Prairie Mississippi Malden R-I School District 505 Burkhart St., Malden Dunklin Charleston R-I School District 1014 S. Main (P.O. Box 39), Charleston Mississippi Clearwater R-I School District State Highway 34 (Rte. 4 Box 1004), Piedmont Wayne Arcadia Valley R-II School District 750 Park Dr., Ironton Iron West St. Francois County R-IV School District 1124 Main, Leadwood St. Francois Houston R-I School District 423 W. Pine, Houston Texas Twin Rivers R-X School District 9348 State Highway 51 (P.O. Box 146), Broseley Butler Scott City R-I School District 3000 Main St., Scott City Scott Scott County R-IV School District 4035 State Highway 77, Benton Scott Woodland R-IV School District State Highway 34 (Rte. 5 Box 3210), Marble Hill Bollinger Puxico R-VIII School District 481 N. Bedford St., Puxico Stoddard Senath-Hornersville C-8 School District 803 S. State (P.O. Box 370), Senath Dunklin Hayti R-II School District 500 N. Fourth (P.O. Box 469), Hayti Pemiscot Licking R-VIII School District 125 College Ave. (P.O. Box 179), Licking Texas Kingston K-14 School District 10047 Diamond Road, Cadet Washington East Carter County R-II School District 24 S. Herren Ave., Ellsinore Carter Portageville School District 904 King Ave., Portageville New Madrid Cabool R-IV School District 1025 Rogers St. (P.O. Box 613), Cabool Texas Hartville R-II School District 175 N. School Ave. (P.O. Box 460), Hartville Wright Alton R-IV School District Rte. 2 Box 2180, Alton Oregon Greenville R-II School District 127 Walnut (P.O. Box 320), Greenville Wayne Bloomfield R-XIV School District 505 Court St., Bloomfield Stoddard South Pemiscot County R-V School District 611 Beasley Road, Steele Pemiscot Mansfield R-IV School District 316 W. Ohio Ave., Mansfield Wright Thayer R-II School District 401 E. Walnut St., Thayer Oregon Plato R-V School District 10645 Plato Dr., Plato Texas Campbell R-II School District 801 S. State Route 53, Campbell Dunklin Holcomb R-III School District 102 S. Cherry (P.O. Box 190), Holcomb Dunklin Gainesville R-V School District HC03 Box 170, Gainesville Ozark Neelyville R-IV School District 289 Broadway St. (P.O. Box 8), Neelyville Butler Bismarck R-V School District 101 Dennis Dr., Bismarck St. Francois Meadow Heights R-II School District State Highway 72 (Rte. 1 Box 2365), Patton Bollinger Bernie R-XIII School District 516 W. Main, Bernie Stoddard Southern Reynolds County R-II School District 1 School St., Ellington Reynolds Chaffee R-II School District 517 W. Yoakum St., Chaffee Scott Winona R-III School District Highway 19 (P.O. Box 248), Winona Shannon Van Buren R-I School District 906 Broadway (P.O. Box 550), Van Buren Carter Newburg R-II School District 701 Wolf Pride Dr., Newburg Phelps Valley R-VI School District 1 Viking Dr., Caledonia Washington Advance R-IV School District 19805 State Highway 91 (P.O. Box 370), Advance Stoddard Iron County C-4 School District State Highway 49 #35 (P.O. Box 368), Viburnum Iron Naylor R-II School District Rte. 2 Box 512, Naylor Ripley Southland C-9 School District 500 S. Main, Cardwell Dunklin Summersville R-II School District 400 Rogers St. (P.O. Box 198), Summersville Texas Bakersfield R-IV School District 1201 O Highway (P.O. Box 38), Bakersfield Ozark Norwood R-I School District 675 N. Hawk Ave., Norwood Wright Oran R-III School District 310 Church St. (P.O. Box 250), Oran Scott Scott County Central School District 20794 U.S. Highway 61, Sikeston Scott Dora R-III School District Highway 181 South (P.O. Box 14), Dora Ozark South Iron County R-I School District 210 School St., Annapolis Iron Gideon Public School District No. 37 400 Main St. (P.O. Box 227), Gideon New Madrid Oak Ridge R-VI School District 4198 State Highway E (P.O. Box 10), Oak Ridge Cape Girardeau Clarkton C-4 School District State Highway 162 (P.O. Box 637), Clarkton Dunklin Cooter R-IV School District 1867 State Highway E (P.O. Box 218), Cooter Pemiscot Eminence R-I School District 1 Redwing Dr. (P.O. Box 730), Eminence Shannon Delta R-V School District 324 Liberty St. (P.O. Box 787), Delta Cape Girardeau Richland R-I School District 24456 State Highway 114, Essex Stoddard North Pemiscot County R-I School District 102 School Dr. (P.O. Box 38), Wardell Pemiscot Lesterville R-IV School District State Highway 21 (P.O. Box 120), Lesterville Reynolds Oregon-Howell R-III School District School Street (P.O. Box 398), Koshkonong Oregon Delta C-7 School District 20 Charger Lane (P.O. Box 297), Deering Pemiscot Bunker R-III School District State Highway 72 (P.O. Box 365), Bunker Reynolds Bradleyville R-I School District 16474 N. State Highway 125 (P.O. Box 20), Bradleyville Taney Zalma R-V School District School Street (HC02 Box 184), Zalma Bollinger Bell City R-II School District 25254 Walnut St., Bell City Stoddard Couch R-II School District Rte. 1 Box 1187, Myrtle Oregon Lutie R-VI School District HC04 Box 4775, Theodosia Ozark Leopold R-III School District 100 Main St. (P.O. Box 39), Leopold Bollinger Marquand-Zion R-VI School District 205 E. Morley St., Marquand Madison Risco R-II School District State Highway 62 (P.O. Box 17), Risco New Madrid ===Public Universities=== *Southeast Missouri State University - Cape Girardeau **Southeast Missouri State University-Kennett (Satellite Campus) **Southeast Missouri State University-Malden (Satellite Campus) **Perryville Area Higher Education Center (PAHEC) - Perryville (Satellite Campus) **Sikeston Area Higher Education Center (SAHEC) - Sikeston (Satellite Campus) *Southeast Missouri Hospital College of Nursing *Missouri University of Science and Technology - Rolla (Formerly known as the University of Missouri-Rolla [UMR]) *Missouri State University - Springfield (Formerly known as Southwest Missouri State University) - Located in Missouri's 7th congressional district **Missouri State University-Mountain Grove (Satellite Campus) **Missouri State University-West Plains (Satellite Campus) ===Community Colleges=== *Mineral Area College - Park Hills **Mineral Area Regional Medical Center School of Radiation Technology *Three Rivers Community College - Poplar Bluff ==Election results from presidential races, by county== ===2000=== County George W. Bush % Al Gore % Ralph Nader % Others % Margin % Total Bollinger 3,487 65.87% 1,692 31.96% 41 0.77% 74 1.40% −1,795 R+ 33.91% 5,294 Butler 9,111 63.28% 4,996 34.70% 149 1.03% 141 0.99% −4,115 R+ 28.58% 14,397 Cape Girardeau 19,832 66.42% 9,334 31.26% 376 1.26% 317 1.06% −10,498 R+ 35.16% 29,859 Carter 1,730 61.61% 997 35.51% 40 1.42% 41 1.46% −733 R+ 26.10% 2,808 Crawford 4,754 57.26% 3,350 40.35% 100 1.20% 98 1.19% −1,404 R+ 16.91% 8,302 Dent 3,996 66.73% 1,839 30.71% 66 1.10% 87 1.46% −2,157 R+ 36.02% 5,988 Dunklin 5,426 51.55% 4,947 47.00% 78 0.74% 74 0.70% −479 R+ 4.55% 10,525 Howell 9,018 64.07% 4,641 32.97% 197 1.40% 219 1.56% −4,377 R+ 31.10% 14,075 Iron 2,237 50.68% 2,044 46.31% 64 1.45% 69 1.56% −193 R+ 4.37% 4,414 Madison 2,460 56.25% 1,828 41.80% 42 0.96% 43 0.99% −632 R+ 14.45% 4,373 Mississippi 2,395 45.93% 2,756 52.85% 29 0.56% 35 0.67% −361 D+ 6.92% 5,215 New Madrid 3,416 47.01% 3,738 51.45% 45 0.62% 67 0.92% −322 D+ 4.44% 7,266 Oregon 2,521 59.56% 1,568 37.04% 60 1.42% 84 1.98% −953 R+ 22.52% 4,233 Pemiscot 2,750 45.38% 3,245 53.55% 37 0.61% 28 0.46% −495 D+ 8.17% 6,060 Perry 4,667 67.61% 2,085 30.20% 70 1.01% 81 1.17% −2,582 R+ 37.41% 6,903 Phelps 9,444 58.49% 6,262 38.78% 253 1.57% 187 1.16% −3,182 R+ 19.71% 16,146 Reynolds 1,762 56.28% 1,298 41.46% 42 1.34% 29 0.92% −464 R+ 14.82% 3,131 Ripley 3,121 61.62% 1,820 35.93% 58 1.15% 66 1.30% −1,301 R+ 25.69% 5,065 Scott 8,999 57.30% 6,452 41.09% 113 0.72% 130 0.83% −2,547 R+ 16.21% 15,704 Shannon 2,245 59.38% 1,430 37.82% 48 1.27% 58 1.53% −815 R+ 21.56% 3,781 St. Francois 9,327 49.50% 9,075 48.17% 265 1.41% 174 0.93% −252 R+ 1.33% 18,841 Stoddard 7,727 62.04% 4,476 35.94% 114 0.92% 137 1.10% −3,251 R+ 26.10% 12,454 Texas 6,136 61.78% 3,486 35.10% 137 1.38% 173 1.74% −2,650 R+ 26.68% 9,932 Washington 4,020 48.64% 4,047 48.97% 95 1.15% 103 1.25% −27 D+ 0.33% 8,265 Wayne 3,346 57.22% 2,387 40.82% 55 0.94% 60 1.03% −959 R+ 16.40% 5,848 Wright 5,391 68.75% 2,250 28.70% 86 1.10% 114 1.45% −3,141 R+ 40.05% 7,841 District Total 139,318 58.85% 92,043 38.88% 2,660 1.12% 2,689 1.14% 47,275 R+ 19.97% 236,720 ===2004=== County George W. Bush % John Kerry % Others % Margin % Total Bollinger 4,102 69.58% 1,754 29.75% 39 0.63% −2,348 R+ 39.83% 5,895 Butler 11,696 71.14% 4,666 28.38% 79 0.48% −7,030 R+ 42.76% 16,441 Cape Girardeau 23,814 68.90% 10,568 30.57% 183 0.53% −13,246 R+ 38.33% 34,565 Carter 1,797 64.66% 964 34.69% 18 0.64% −833 R+ 29.97% 2,779 Dent 4,369 69.31% 1,865 29.58% 70 1.12% −2,504 R+ 39.73% 6,304 Douglas 4,498 71.09% 1,741 27.52% 88 1.39% −2,757 R+ 43.57% 6,327 Dunklin 6,720 57.55% 4,901 41.97% 56 0.48% −1,819 R+ 15.58% 11,677 Howell 11,097 67.75% 5,118 31.25% 164 1.00% −5,979 R+ 36.50% 16,379 Iron 2,477 52.94% 2,157 46.10% 45 0.96% −320 R+ 6.84% 4,679 Madison 2,905 59.07% 1,972 40.10% 41 0.84% −933 R+ 18.97% 4,918 Mississippi 2,903 54.79% 2,374 44.81% 21 0.40% −529 R+ 9.98% 5,298 New Madrid 4,154 52.54% 3,716 47.00% 37 0.47% −438 R+ 5.54% 7,907 Oregon 2,769 59.26% 1,823 39.01% 81 1.74% −946 R+ 20.25% 4,673 Ozark 3,083 65.50% 1,561 33.16% 63 1.34% −1,522 R+ 32.34% 4,707 Pemiscot 3,398 49.93% 3,381 49.68% 27 0.40% −17 R+ 0.25% 6,806 Perry 5,583 67.70% 2,621 31.78% 43 0.52% −2,962 R+ 35.92% 8,247 Phelps 11,874 63.50% 6,666 35.65% 160 0.75% −5,208 R+ 27.85% 18,700 Reynolds 1,896 56.36% 1,449 43.07% 19 0.57% −447 R+ 13.29% 3,364 Ripley 3,693 65.33% 1,907 33.73% 53 0.94% −1,786 R+ 31.60% 5,653 Scott 11,330 64.94% 6,057 34.71% 61 0.35% −5,273 R+ 30.23% 17,448 Shannon 2,511 60.26% 1,618 38.83% 38 0.92% −893 R+ 21.43% 4,167 St. Francois 12,087 52.71% 10,748 46.87% 98 0.43% −1,339 R+ 5.84% 22,933 Stoddard 9,242 69.74% 3,946 29.78% 64 0.48% −5,296 R+ 39.96% 13,252 Taney* 3,496 67.53% 1,644 31.76% 37 0.71% −1,852 R+ 35.77% 5,177 Texas 7,234 65.66% 3,664 33.25% 120 1.09% −3,570 R+ 32.41% 11,018 Washington 4,641 50.57% 4,459 48.58% 78 0.84% −182 R+ 1.99% 9,178 Wayne 3,919 63.17% 2,250 36.27% 35 0.57% −1,669 R+ 26.90% 6,204 Wright 6,090 72.97% 2,188 26.22% 68 0.82% −3,902 R+ 46.75% 8,346 District Total 173,378 63.50% 97,778 35.81% 1,886 0.69% 75,600 R+ 27.69% 273,042 *These numbers reflect only the eastern sections of Taney County that were included in the 8th Congressional District. ===2008=== County John McCain % Barack Obama % Others % Margin % Total Bollinger 3,972 68.67% 1,690 29.22% 122 2.11% −2,282 R+ 39.45% 5,784 Butler 11,805 68.09% 5,316 30.66% 217 1.25% −6,489 R+ 37.43% 17,338 Cape Girardeau 24,768 66.30% 12,208 32.68% 379 1.01% −12,560 R+ 33.62% 37,446 Carter 1,840 63.49% 984 33.95% 74 2.55% −856 R+ 29.54% 2,898 Dent 4,655 67.78% 2,056 29.94% 157 2.29% −2,599 R+ 37.84% 6,868 Douglas 4,405 65.63% 2,140 31.88% 167 2.49% −2,265 R+ 33.75% 6,712 Dunklin 7,044 59.88% 4,540 38.59% 180 1.53% −2,504 R+ 21.29% 11,764 Howell 10,982 64.49% 5,736 33.68% 311 1.83% −5,246 R+ 30.81% 17,029 Iron 2,090 47.35% 2,213 50.14% 111 2.51% −123 D+ 2.79% 4,414 Madison 2,897 57.62% 2,042 40.61% 89 1.77% −855 R+ 17.01% 5,028 Mississippi 3,034 56.65% 2,247 41.95% 75 1.40% −787 R+ 14.70% 5,356 New Madrid 4,593 56.76% 3,370 41.65% 129 1.59% −1,223 R+ 15.11% 8,092 Oregon 2,652 57.77% 1,811 39.45% 128 2.78% −841 R+ 18.32% 4,591 Ozark 2,918 62.27% 1,661 35.45% 107 2.28% −1,257 R+ 26.82% 4,686 Pemiscot 3,954 56.11% 3,029 42.98% 64 0.91% −925 R+ 13.13% 7,047 Perry 5,527 63.92% 3,005 34.75% 115 1.33% −2,522 R+ 29.17% 8,647 Phelps 11,706 60.22% 7,394 38.04% 338 1.74% −4,312 R+ 22.18% 19,524 Reynolds 1,782 54.21% 1,418 43.14% 87 2.65% −364 R+ 11.07% 3,287 Ripley 3,407 63.53% 1,795 33.47% 161 3.00% −1,612 R+ 30.06% 5,363 Scott 11,563 64.15% 6,258 34.72% 205 1.13% −5,305 R+ 29.43% 18,082 Shannon 2,075 54.06% 1,637 42.65% 126 3.29% −438 R+ 11.41% 3,838 St. Francois 12,660 51.57% 11,540 47.01% 350 1.42% −1,120 R+ 4.56% 24,550 Stoddard 9,172 69.16% 3,899 29.40% 191 1.44% −5,273 R+ 39.76% 13,262 Taney* 2,138 67.62% 979 30.96% 45 1.42% −1,159 R+ 36.66% 3,162 Texas 7,215 66.49% 3,410 31.43% 226 2.08% −3,805 R+ 35.06% 10,851 Washington 4,706 48.95% 4,711 49.00% 197 2.05% −5 D+ 0.05% 9,614 Wayne 3,784 61.49% 2,243 36.45% 127 2.06% −1,541 R+ 25.04% 6,154 Wright 5,784 67.94% 2,557 30.03% 173 2.03% −3,227 R+ 37.91% 8,514 District Total 174,564 61.92% 102,682 36.42% 4,688 1.66% 71,882 R+ 25.50% 281,934 *These numbers reflect only the eastern sections of Taney County that were included in the 8th Congressional District. ===2012=== County Mitt Romney % Barack Obama % Others % Margin % Total Bollinger 4,095 75.05% 1,213 22.23% 148 2.72% −2,882 R+ 52.82% 5,456 Butler 12,248 72.52% 4,363 25.83% 278 1.65% −7,885 R+ 46.69% 16,889 Cape Girardeau 25,370 70.81% 9,728 27.15% 731 2.04% −15,642 R+ 43.66% 35,829 Carter 1,978 70.67% 754 26.94% 67 2.39% −1,224 R+ 43.73% 2,799 Crawford 6,434 67.17% 2,951 30.81% 194 2.03% −3,483 R+ 36.36% 9,579 Dent 4,883 73.51% 1,585 23.86% 175 2.63% −3,298 R+ 49.65% 6,671 Douglas 4,649 70.90% 1,710 26.08% 198 3.02% −2,939 R+ 44.82% 6,557 Dunklin 6,850 64.31% 3,636 34.14% 165 1.55% −3,214 R+ 30.17% 10,651 Howell 11,544 70.62% 4,395 26.89% 407 2.49% −7,149 R+ 43.73% 16,346 Iron 2,252 55.87% 1,669 41.40% 110 2.73% −583 R+ 14.47% 4,031 Jefferson* 14,608 55.18% 11,277 42.59% 591 2.23% −3,331 R+ 12.59% 26,476 Madison 3,227 65.46% 1,588 32.21% 115 2.33% −1,639 R+ 33.25% 4,930 Mississippi 2,997 60.91% 1,858 37.76% 65 1.33% −1,139 R+ 23.15% 4,920 New Madrid 4,284 59.09% 2,814 38.81% 152 2.10% −1,470 R+ 20.28% 7,250 Oregon 2,886 65.28% 1,419 32.10% 116 2.62% −1,467 R+ 33.18% 4,421 Ozark 3,080 69.17% 1,261 28.32% 112 2.51% −1,819 R+ 40.85% 4,453 Pemiscot 3,598 56.80% 2,671 42.16% 66 1.04% −927 R+ 14.64% 6,335 Perry 5,669 70.98% 2,184 27.34% 134 1.68% −3,485 R+ 43.64% 7,987 Phelps 11,895 65.05% 5,798 31.71% 593 3.24% −6,097 R+ 33.34% 18,286 Reynolds 1,931 60.31% 1,157 36.13% 114 3.56% −774 R+ 24.18% 3,202 Ripley 3,743 71.12% 1,396 26.52% 124 2.36% −2,347 R+ 44.60% 5,263 Scott 11,623 68.37% 5,122 30.13% 254 1.50% −6,501 R+ 38.24% 16,999 Shannon 2,262 61.27% 1,302 35.27% 128 3.46% −960 R+ 26.00% 3,692 St. Francois 13,248 58.67% 8,829 39.10% 505 2.23% −4,419 R+ 19.57% 22,705 Ste. Genevieve 4,055 50.25% 3,813 47.25% 202 2.50% −242 R+ 3.00% 8,070 Stoddard 9,496 73.81% 3,153 24.51% 217 1.68% −6,343 R+ 49.30% 12,866 Texas 7,618 70.77% 2,871 26.67% 275 2.56% −4,747 R+ 44.10% 10,764 Washington 5,071 58.32% 3,417 39.30% 207 2.38% −1,654 R+ 19.02% 8,695 Wayne 3,790 66.26% 1,813 31.70% 117 2.04% −1,977 R+ 34.56% 5,720 Wright 5,830 73.29% 1,953 24.55% 172 2.16% −3,877 R+ 48.74% 7,955 District Total 201,214 65.88% 97,700 31.99% 6,523 2.13% 103,514 R+ 33.89% 305,437 *These numbers reflect only the western and southern sections of Jefferson County that are included in the 8th Congressional District. ===2008 Democratic Presidential Primary=== County Hillary Clinton % Barack Obama % John Edwards % Others % Margin % Total Bollinger 971 74.12% 293 22.37% 38 2.90% 8 0.61% −678 C+ 51.75% 1,310 Butler 2,490 69.87% 960 26.94% 82 2.30% 32 0.90% −1,530 C+ 42.93% 3,564 Cape Girardeau 4,510 56.55% 3,145 39.44% 247 3.10% 73 0.92% −1,365 C+ 17.11% 7,975 Carter 541 75.24% 137 19.05% 32 4.45% 5 0.70% −404 C+ 56.19% 719 Dent 962 62.23% 493 31.89% 74 4.79% 17 1.10% −469 C+ 30.34% 1,546 Douglas 827 62.32% 454 34.21% 39 2.94% 7 0.53% −373 C+ 28.11% 1,327 Dunklin 2,587 78.44% 604 18.31% 69 2.09% 38 1.15% −1,983 C+ 60.13% 3,298 Howell 2,307 64.07% 1,168 32.44% 99 2.75% 27 0.75% −1,139 C+ 31.63% 3,601 Iron 1,180 70.53% 406 24.27% 72 4.30% 15 0.90% −774 C+ 46.26% 1,673 Madison 971 68.72% 344 24.35% 64 4.53% 34 2.40% −627 C+ 44.37% 1,413 Mississippi 1,094 65.43% 502 30.02% 57 3.41% 19 1.14% −592 C+ 35.41% 1,672 New Madrid 1,801 71.19% 610 24.11% 101 3.99% 18 0.71% −1,191 C+ 47.08% 2,530 Oregon 989 71.77% 332 24.09% 42 3.05% 15 1.09% −657 C+ 47.68% 1,378 Ozark 689 65.62% 332 31.62% 18 1.71% 11 1.05% −357 C+ 34.00% 1,050 Pemiscot 1,270 70.83% 466 25.99% 34 1.90% 23 1.28% −804 C+ 44.84% 1,793 Perry 1,180 61.24% 650 33.73% 81 4.20% 16 0.83% −530 C+ 27.51% 1,927 Phelps 2,392 53.93% 1,878 42.34% 122 2.75% 43 0.97% −514 C+ 11.59% 4,435 Reynolds 741 66.22% 277 24.75% 70 6.26% 31 2.77% −464 C+ 41.47% 1,119 Ripley 1,073 74.20% 282 19.50% 72 4.98% 19 1.31% −791 C+ 54.70% 1,446 Scott 2,931 63.43% 1,443 31.23% 191 4.13% 56 1.22% −1,488 C+ 32.20% 4,621 Shannon 914 69.72% 323 24.64% 50 3.81% 24 1.83% −591 C+ 45.08% 1,311 St. Francois 5,418 70.25% 1,993 25.84% 224 2.90% 78 1.01% −3,425 C+ 44.41% 7,713 Stoddard 2,225 72.95% 684 22.43% 112 3.67% 29 0.95% −1,541 C+ 50.52% 3,050 Taney* 1,219 62.51% 674 34.56% 39 2.00% 18 0.92% −545 C+ 27.95% 1,950 Texas 1,858 68.03% 743 27.21% 101 3.70% 29 1.06% −1,115 C+ 40.82% 2,731 Washington 2,345 74.63% 670 21.32% 100 3.18% 27 0.86% −1,675 C+ 53.31% 3,142 Wayne 1,458 75.94% 359 18.70% 71 3.70% 32 1.66% −1,099 C+ 57.24% 1,920 Wright 1,143 69.48% 452 27.48% 36 2.19% 14 0.85% −691 C+ 42.00% 1,645 District Total 48,086 66.92% 20,674 28.77% 2,337 3.25% 762 1.06% 27,412 C+ 38.15% 71,859 *These numbers reflect only the eastern sections of Taney County that were included in the 8th Congressional District at the time of the Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008. ===2008 Republican Presidential Primary=== County Mike Huckabee % John McCain % Mitt Romney % Ron Paul % Others % Margin % Total Bollinger 657 39.72% 518 31.32% 384 23.22% 65 3.93% 30 1.81% −139 H+ 8.04% 1,654 Butler 2,215 48.85% 1,117 24.64% 1,007 22.21% 134 2.96% 61 1.35% −1,098 H+ 24.21% 4,534 Cape Girardeau 3,068 27.63% 3,528 31.77% 3,922 35.32% 361 3.25% 226 2.04% −394 R+ 3.55% 11,105 Carter 373 52.39% 202 28.37% 107 15.03% 24 3.37% 6 0.84% −171 H+ 24.02% 712 Dent 959 48.78% 442 22.48% 411 20.91% 127 6.46% 27 1.37% −517 H+ 26.30% 1,966 Douglas 1,343 55.04% 516 21.15% 270 11.07% 295 12.09% 16 0.66% −827 H+ 33.89% 2,440 Dunklin 1,309 58.52% 480 21.46% 381 17.03% 36 1.61% 31 1.39% −829 H+ 37.06% 2,237 Howell 2,882 52.97% 1,347 24.76% 793 14.57% 356 6.54% 63 1.16% −1,535 H+ 28.21% 5,441 Iron 354 43.17% 269 32.80% 138 16.83% 43 5.24% 16 1.95% −85 H+ 10.37% 820 Madison 560 43.96% 452 35.48% 185 14.52% 51 4.00% 26 2.04% −108 H+ 8.48% 1,274 Mississippi 471 42.59% 373 33.73% 226 20.43% 15 1.36% 21 1.90% −98 H+ 8.86% 1,106 New Madrid 656 48.74% 386 28.68% 250 18.57% 43 3.19% 11 0.82% −270 H+ 20.06% 1,346 Oregon 696 58.88% 242 20.47% 134 11.34% 101 8.54% 9 0.76% −454 H+ 38.41% 1,182 Ozark 766 48.09% 428 26.87% 235 14.75% 149 9.35% 15 0.94% −338 H+ 21.22% 1,593 Pemiscot 565 57.59% 233 23.75% 149 15.19% 20 2.04% 14 1.43% −332 H+ 33.84% 981 Perry 575 25.76% 973 43.59% 542 24.28% 96 4.30% 46 2.06% −398 M+ 17.83% 2,232 Phelps 1,728 35.15% 1,459 29.68% 1,340 27.26% 321 6.53% 68 1.38% −269 H+ 5.47% 4,916 Reynolds 283 46.09% 202 32.90% 93 15.15% 25 4.07% 11 1.79% −81 H+ 13.19% 614 Ripley 750 53.84% 329 23.62% 238 17.09% 52 3.73% 24 1.72% −421 H+ 30.22% 1,393 Scott 1,549 36.79% 1,389 32.99% 1,076 25.56% 113 2.68% 83 1.97% −160 H+ 3.80% 4,210 Shannon 515 54.44% 223 23.57% 83 8.77% 109 11.52% 16 1.69% −292 H+ 30.87% 946 St. Francois 1,631 35.90% 1,727 38.01% 949 20.89% 134 2.95% 102 2.25% −96 M+ 2.11% 4,543 Stoddard 1,571 50.56% 772 24.85% 643 20.70% 91 2.93% 30 0.97% −799 H+ 25.71% 3,107 Taney* 1,821 55.89% 844 25.91% 462 14.18% 92 2.82% 40 1.23% −977 H+ 29.98% 3,258 Texas 1,727 50.13% 954 27.69% 480 13.93% 234 6.79% 50 1.45% −773 H+ 22.44% 3,445 Washington 622 38.73% 616 38.36% 297 18.49% 50 3.11% 21 1.31% −6 H+ 0.37% 1,606 Wayne 740 45.20% 499 30.48% 323 19.73% 46 2.81% 29 1.77% −241 H+ 14.72% 1,637 Wright 1,878 59.64% 746 23.69% 298 9.46% 178 5.65% 49 1.56% −1,132 H+ 35.95% 3,149 District Total 32,264 43.93% 21,266 28.95% 15,416 20.99% 3,361 4.58% 1,141 1.55% 10,998 H+ 14.98% 73,447 *These numbers reflect only the eastern sections of Taney County that were included in the 8th Congressional District at the time of the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008. ==See also== *Missouri's congressional districts *List of United States congressional districts *Missouri's 8th congressional district special election, 2013 *2012 House of Representatives election in Missouri 8th district ==References== * * * Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present * 08 Category:Constituencies established in 1863 Category:1863 establishments in Missouri Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1933 Category:1933 disestablishments in Missouri Category:Constituencies established in 1935 Category:1935 establishments in Missouri |
The sixteenth season of Australian reality television series The Block premiered on 23 August 2020 on the Nine Network. Hosts Scott Cam and Shelley Craft, site foremen Keith Schleiger and Dan Reilly, and judges Neale Whitaker, Shaynna Blaze and Darren Palmer, all returned from the previous season. ==Production== In July 2019, it was reported by the Herald Sun that The Block and Channel 9 had acquired a vacant block of land in the exclusive bayside suburb of Brighton on 360 New Street, Brighton. Newly renovated houses are expected to be built on the land in 2020 for the 16th season of the Block. Applications for the sixteenth season of the series opened in August 2019 until 15 September 2019, looking for couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents. Filming for the season is slated to begin in late January 2020. In October 2019, the sixteenth season and location of The Block were officially confirmed at Nine's upfronts. In March 2020, the season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and the potential risk it could cause to the crew, workers and contestants. After more than a month of suspension, the season resumed production on 4 May 2020 with extra safety precautions set in place. Due to the health and safety standards caused by COVID-19, The Block’s open for inspection will be a virtual experience which took place on 9Now on Monday, 16 November 2020. The Block auctions (or Block- tions) for the houses were held on Saturday, 21 November 2020, with the final episode of 2020 airing the next day on Channel Nine and 9Now at 7:00pm (AEDT) on Sunday, 22 November 2020. Jimmy and Tam won the series with their house selling for over $4.2m. All houses sold on auction day with all teams profiting well over $400k. ==Contestants== This is the eighth season of The Block to have five couples instead of the traditional four couples. House Couple Age Location Relationship Occupations 1 Harry & Tash Pavlou 57 & 32 Melbourne, VIC Father & Daughter IT Manager & Social Media Project Manager 2 Sarah & George Bragias 27 & 33 Sydney, NSW Married, expecting their first child Teacher & Electrical worker 3 Daniel & Jade Joyce 35 & 35 Wandearah, SA Married with children Farmer & Hairdresser 4 Luke & Jasmin Neuwen 35 & 36 Perth, WA Married with children Chippy & Teacher 5 Jimmy & Tam Wilkins 33 & 31 Brisbane, QLD Married with children Plumber & Bar Manager ==Score history== Teams' progress through the competition Teams Harry & Tash Sarah & George Daniel & Jade Luke & Jasmin Jimmy & Tam Rooms Scores Guest Bedroom 24 21 25 20½ 25½ Guest Ensuite 21½ 27 23 25½ 28½ Master Bedroom & Walk-in-Robe 25½ 23 25 25 21½ Master Ensuite 28½ 28½ 28 29 29 Guest Bedroom & Bathroom 23½ 29 25½ 30 29 Kitchen 29 28 29½ 28 29 Living & Dining 28½ 25 28 24½ 21½ Upstairs 28 28½ 27½ 26 25½ Stairway, Hallway & Laundry 25 25 25 28½ 29 Front Garden & Facade 26 29 28 28 29 Studio & Garage 20 29½ 25½ 25½ 29 Backyard 22½ 30 24 29½ 27½ Total Points 302 323½ 314 320 324 Auction Order 5th 3rd 4th 1st 2nd Auction Result 3rd 2nd 5th 4th 1st ===Weekly Room Budget=== Weekly Room Budget Week Room(s) Budget Costs Costs Costs Costs Costs Week Harry & Tash Sarah & George Daniel & Jade Luke & Jasmin Jimmy & Tam 1 Guest Bedroom $19,000 $14,150 $15,100 $15,700 $17,150 $14,250 2 Guest Ensuite $22,000 $18,600 $20,000 $24,900 $25,300 $15,700 3 Master Bedroom & Walk-in-Robe $19,000 $20,200 $25,000 $21,800 $20,200 $32,700 4 Master Ensuite $24,000 $28,450 $21,700 $27,500 $24,500 $18,950 5 Guest Bedroom & Bathroom $36,000 $30,200 $35,800 $37,700 $27,400 $27,000 6 Kitchen $18,000 $23,474 $20,860 $16,284 $22,922 $31,316 7 Living & Dining $18,000 $33,120 $17,387 $24,685 $18,946 $20,555 8 Upstairs $21,000 $21,627 $21,777 $25,192 $23,500 $30,987 9 Stairway, Hallway & Laundry $35,000 $48,470 $42,635 $35,961 $44,714 $47,240 10 Front Garden & Facade $25,000 $41,986 $40,089 $25,811 $32,365 $51,696 11 Studio & Garage $35,000 $29,800 $40,000 $45,400 $42,700 $42,700 12 Backyard $40,000 — — — — — ===Weekly Room Prize=== Week Room Winning Team Prize 1 Guest Bedroom Jimmy & Tam $10,000 & $120,000 worth of Gaggenau kitchen appliances 2 Guest Ensuite Jimmy & Tam $10,000 3 Master Bedroom & Walk-in-Robe Harry & Tash $10,000 4 Master Ensuite Luke & Jasmin $10,000 split ($5,000 each) 4 Master Ensuite Jimmy & Tam $10,000 split ($5,000 each) 5 Guest Bedroom & Bathroom Luke & Jasmin $10,000 6 Kitchen Daniel & Jade $10,000 7 Living & Dining Harry & Tash $10,000 & a Mustang for a week 8 Upstairs Sarah & George $10,000 9 Stairway, Hallway & Laundry Jimmy & Tam $10,000 10 Front Garden & Facade Sarah & George $10,000 split ($5,000 each) 10 Front Garden & Facade Jimmy & Tam $10,000 split ($5,000 each) 11 Studio & Garage Sarah & George $10,000 12 Backyard Sarah & George Ford Puma ==Results== ===Judges' Scores=== ; Colour key: : Highest Score : Lowest Score Summary of Judges' Scores Week Area(s) Scores Teams Harry & Tash Sarah & George Daniel & Jade Luke & Jasmin Jimmy & Tam 1 Guest Bedroom Darren 8½ 7 9 8 9 Shaynna 8 7 8 6 8 Neale 7½ 7 8 6½ 8½ Total 2 Guest Ensuite Darren 7½ 9 8½ 9 9½ Shaynna 6½ 9 7 8½ 9½ Neale 7½ 9 7½ 8 9½ Total 3 Master Bedroom & Walk-in-Robe Darren 8½ 8 8½ 8½ 7 Shaynna 8½ 7½ 8½ 8½ 7 Neale 8½ 7½ 8 8 7½ Total 4 Master Ensuite Darren 9½ 9½ 9½ 10 9½ Shaynna 9½ 9 9½ 9½ 9½ Neale 9½ 10 9 9½ 9 Total 5 Guest Bedroom & Bathroom Darren 7 9½ 8½ 10 10 Shaynna 7½ 9½ 8½ 10 9½ Neale 9 10 8½ 10 9½ Total 6 Kitchen Darren 9½ 9½ 9½ 9½ 9½ Shaynna 9½ 9 9½ 9 10 Neale 10 9½ 9½ 9½ 9½ Total 7 Living & Dining Darren 9½ 8½ 10 8½ 7 Shaynna 9½ 8 9 8 7½ Neale 9½ 8½ 9 8 7 Total 8 Upstairs Darren 9½ 9½ 9½ 9 8½ Shaynna 9½ 9½ 9 8½ 8½ Neale 9 9½ 9 8½ 8½ Total 9 Stairway, Hallway & Laundry Darren 9 8½ 9½ 9½ 9½ Shaynna 8 8 7½ 9½ 9½ Neale 8 8½ 8 9½ 9 Total 10 Front Garden & Facade Darren 8½ 10 9½ 9½ 9½ Shaynna 8 9½ 9 9½ 9½ Neale 9½ 9½ 9½ 9 10 Total 11 Studio & Garage Darren 6½ 9½ 8½ 8½ 10 Shaynna 7 10 8½ 8½ 9½ Neale 6½ 10 8½ 8½ 9½ Total 12 Backyard Darren 7½ 10 8 9½ 9 Shaynna 7½ 10 8 10 9 Neale 7½ 10 8 10 9½ Total ===Challenge scores=== Summary of challenge scores Week Challenge Reward Teams Challenge Description Harry & Tash Sarah & George Daniel & Jade Luke & Jasmin Jimmy & Tam 1 Beach Boxes Challenge Create a similar Melbourne Brighton Beach Boxes structure which will become their bedroom for the week First choice of the houses House 2 (1940s) (4th) House 3 (1930s) (2nd) House 4 (1910s) (3rd) 3 Block It In Challenge Pick the closest to the correct price of the home the agent take them through Agent for their house auction Marty from Whitefox Pete from The Agency David from Belle property Harley from Buxton Michael from McGrath 3 Block It In Challenge Guess the value (or closest to it) of one of India's most expensive family home valued at $1 billion. $5,000 and a bonus point Guess: Below $100 million Guess: Below $100 million Guess: Below $100 million Guess: $177 million 6 Pottery Challenge create a specific item of pottery which must feature in their kitchens on reveal day. $5,000 and a bonus point Fruit Bowl Condiment Dish Tea Cup & Saucer Utensil Holder 7 Property Challenge Present their properties in a PowerPoint presentation to 3 real estate executives $5,000 25½ 23½ 26 25½ 8 LEGO Dream House Challenge Build their dream house out of LEGO $10,000, a bonus point and a smart home system worth $10,000 – – – – 9 Contestant Portrait Challenge 2019 contestants create portraits of the 2020 contestants $10,000 – – – – 10 Sell in Style Team Challenge In 2 teams, each must furnish and style an apartment $20,000 (split between teams) – – ($6,666) ($6,666) ($6,666) 11 Re-upholstery Challenge Re-upholster an old chair which must be used in their studio apartment $5,000 – – – – 11 Moo-sical Chairs Last contestant standing in musical chairs wins $5,000 – – – – 12 Pub Trivia Challenge Guess correctly the most trivia questions 1st: $3,000, 2nd: $2,000, 3rd: $1,000 – – ===Auction=== Rank Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total Winnings Auction Order 1st Jimmy & Tam $3.290m $4,256,000 $966,000 $1,066,000 2 2nd Sarah & George $3.350m $4,000,002 $650,002 $650,002 3 3rd Harry & Tash $3.350m $4m $650,000 $650,000 5 4th Luke & Jasmin $3.350m $3.856m $506,000 $506,000 1 5th Daniel & Jade $3.340m $3.8m $460,000 $460,000 4 ==Ratings== The Block 2020 metropolitan viewership and nightly position ; Colour key: : – Highest rating during the series : – Lowest rating during the series Week Episode Original airdate Timeslot Viewers Nightly rank Source 1 1 "Welcome to The Block" 23 August 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.947 3 2 "Guest Bedrooms Begin" 24 August 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.738 8 3 "Guest Bedrooms Continue" 25 August 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.762 8 2 4 "Guest Bedrooms Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 30 August 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.943 * * * 1.016 4 * * * 3 5 "Guest Ensuites Begin" 31 August 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.744 9 6 "Guest Ensuites Continue" 1 September 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.692 8 7 "Guest Ensuites Walk Arounds" 2 September 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 7 3 8 "Guest Ensuites Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 6 September 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.924 * * * 0.985 4 * * * 3 9 "Master Bedrooms & WIRs Begin" 7 September 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.789 6 10 "Block It In Challenge" 8 September 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.753 5 11 "Master Bedrooms & WIRs Continue" 9 September 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.687 7 4 12 "Master Bedrooms & WIRs Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 13 September 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.960 * * * 0.991 4 * * * 3 13 "Master Ensuites Begin" 14 September 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.791 7 14 "Master Ensuites Continue" 15 September 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.821 5 15 "Master Ensuite Walk Arounds" 16 September 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.742 7 5 16 "Master Ensuites Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 20 September 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.987 * * * 1.029 4 * * * 2 17 "Guest Bedroom & Bathrooms Begin" 21 September 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.885 5 18 "Guest Bedroom & Bathrooms Continue" 22 September 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.807 5 19 "Guest Bedroom & Bathrooms Inspections" 23 September 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.701 7 6 20 "Guest Bedroom & Bathrooms Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 27 September 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.928 * * * 0.997 4 * * * 3 21 "Kitchens Begin" 28 September 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.837 5 22 "Kitchens Continue" 29 September 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.809 5 23 "Kitchen Inspections" 30 September 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.828 5 7 24 "Kitchens Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 4 October 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.981 * * * 1.058 2 * * * 1 25 "Living & Dinings Begin" 5 October 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.939 5 26 "Property Challenge" 6 October 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.894 4 27 "Living & Dinings Continue" 7 October 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.744 5 8 28 "Living & Dinings Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 11 October 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.992 * * * 1.086 2 * * * 1 29 "Upstairs Begin" 12 October 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.863 5 30 "LEGO Dream House Challenge" 13 October 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.837 5 31 "Upstairs Continue" 14 October 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.744 7 9 32 "Upstairs Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 18 October 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 1.009 * * * 1.082 2 * * * 1 33 "Stairway, Hallway & Laundries Begin" 19 October 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.783 6 34 "Portrait Challenge" 20 October 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.793 6 35 "Stairway, Hallway, Laundries Continue" 21 October 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.809 5 10 36 "Stairway, Hallway, Laundries Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 26 October 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.981 * * * 0.975 5 * * * 6 37 "Front Gardens & Facades Begin" 27 October 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.819 5 38 "Sell in Style Challenge" 28 October 2020 Wednesday 7:30pm 0.762 6 39 "Front Gardens & Facades Continue" 29 October 2020 Thursday 7:30pm 0.679 7 11 40 "Front Gardens & Facades Revealed" 1 November 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 1.014 1 41 "Studios & Garages Begin" 2 November 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.830 5 42 "Double Challenge Day" 3 November 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.816 8 43 "Studio & Garage Inspections" 5 November 2020 Thursday 7:30pm 0.739 6 12 44 "Studios & Garages Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 8 November 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 1.012 * * * 1.061 2 * * * 1 45 "Backyards Begin" 9 November 2020 Monday 7:30pm 0.805 7 46 "Backyards Continue" 10 November 2020 Tuesday 7:30pm 0.828 5 47 "Backyard Inspections" 12 November 2020 Thursday 7:30pm 0.748 5 13 48 "Backyards Revealed" * * * "Room Winners Announced" 15 November 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 0.977 * * * 1.065 2 * * * 1 13 49 "Open For Inspections - 9Now Exclusive" 16 November 2020 Monday 7:30pm colspan=3 14 50 "Grand Final/ Auctions" * * * "Winner Announced" 22 November 2020 Sunday 7:00pm 1.428 * * * 1.792 2 * * * 1 ==Notes== *Ratings data is from OzTAM and represents the live and same day average viewership from the 5 largest Australian metropolitan centres (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide). * Throughout the course of the series, the teams total room score will be accumulated to decide which team will choose the auction order for all other teams. *The original score of Jimmy & Tam's Master Ensuite was 28, but they used a bonus point they won in the “Block It In Challenge”. Their score was changed to 29. *The original score of Daniel & Jade's Kitchen was 28½, but they used a bonus point they won in the “Pottery Challenge”. Their score was changed to 29½. *These are the rooms each teams has built Upstairs: **Sarah & George: Study, Powder Room & Bedroom **Luke & Jasmin: Living Room & Bedroom **Daniel & Jade: Bedroom, Living Room & Study **Harry & Tash: Bedroom & Study **Jimmy & Tam: Media Room & Bedroom *The original score of Jimmy & Tam's Stairway, Hallway & Laundry was 28, but they used a bonus point they won in the “LEGO Dream House Challenge”. Their score was changed to 29. * The buyer of the house at the auction failed to pay for the property for $4,256,000. Which made Jimmy and Tam win the series. This failure to pay for the property caused a void in the contract making the property go back on the market. However Jimmy and Tam were allowed to keep the prize of $100,000, as well as the money over reserve. ==References== Category:2020 Australian television seasons Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic 16 |
The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) is an association for human resource management professionals. Its headquarters are in Wimbledon, London, England. The organisation was founded in 1913 - it is the world's oldest association in its field and has over 160,000 members internationally working across private, public and voluntary sectors. Peter Cheese was announced in June 2012 as CIPD's new CEO from July 2012.Personnel Today "CIPD Appoints Peter Cheese as new chief executive" 16 May 2012 CIPD What's New ==History== ===Origins=== In the United Kingdom, factory inspectors were appointed for the first time in 1893. In 1896 to look after its women and child workers Rowntree's appointed their first inspector - a Mrs E M Wood. Edward Cadbury of Cadbury Brothers in 1909 called together employers to discuss industrial welfare work and as a result 25 employers formed an association with Mrs Wood of Rowntree's as Secretary. The work of 'welfare workers' came to public attention during a trade show in 1912 at Olympia in London. The forerunner of the CIPD, the Welfare Workers' Association (WWA) was formed at an employers' conference in York on 6 June 1913. The meeting was chaired by Seebohm Rowntree. Alongside his company, Rowntree's around fifty other companies were present including; Boots, Cadbury and Chivers and Sons.HRD Happy 100th anniversary CIPD, Accessed 09 February 2015 Thirty-four of the employers present decided that the WWA be founded as...an association of employers interested in industrial betterment and of welfare workers engaged by them. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 led to many women and children taking up the work of men, particularly in the larger munition factories where the appointment of welfare officers was made compulsory by legislation and was monitored by the Health of Munition Workers Committee. This led to the rapid expansion of female welfare workers. There were concerns about the training of welfare staff, and in 1917, at a gathering in Leeds of the seven welfare associations formed during the period it was agreed that they merge by forming the Central Association of Welfare Workers which to accommodate the regional associations established the beginnings of a local branch structure. The Association's position was also enhanced during the war years by nationally driven encouragement of workers to join trade unions to reduce the occurrence of industrial strife. Another development which increased the numbers of company staff dealing with labour and welfare matters occurred with the inclusion of managers, mainly men, from the North-western Area Industrial Association to assist with discipline, dismissal and industrial relations in increasingly unionised organisations. In 1918, to avoid confusion as to its purpose the Association changed its name to the Central Association of Welfare Workers (Industrial) (CAWWI). Another important event which had a recurring impact on the activities of the CAWWI occurred in 1918 when the Rev. Robert Hyde founded the Boys’ Welfare Association soon after renamed the Industrial Welfare Society (IWS) with six employers who were concerned with the welfare of boys employed or apprenticed in the shipbuilding industry. From the outset there was a strained relationship between the two bodies which continued right through the inter-war period until resolved in 1946. Though both organisations were concerned with 'welfare at work' the CAWWI developed as an institution for practitioners and the IWS was established as a membership body for employers and there was strong disagreement on how best to bring about improvements in workplace conditions and workers' welfare. The IWS later became the Industrial Society and is now known as the Work Foundation.Labour Management vs Welfare Work Alistair Evans PHd Thesis, University of West London, 2003, Retrieved 10 February 2015 ===The post-World War I period=== In November 1919, following merger with welfare associations for men the Central Association of Welfare Workers (Industrial) was renamed the Welfare Workers' Institute and now had a membership of 700. However, the next five years saw a reduction in membership to 250 coinciding with the rapid collapse in industrial output as the government sought to reduce the national debt. Again in 1924 on incorporation the organisation changed its name to the Institute of Industrial Welfare Workers (IIWW). Minnie Louise Haskins, the author of the famous poem The Gate of the Year and a lecturer at LSE, was closely involved with the IIWW and edited its monthly bulletin. As a consequence of the activities of welfare workers during the General Strike of 1926 distrust in the welfare movement grew amongst trade unions which saw a new breed of 'labour managers' part of 'management' which was reflected in 1931 when the IIWW became the Institute of Labour Management and its magazine, rebranded Labour Management. Members of the institute experienced new demands during the 1930s. Firstly, economic growth resulted in a shortfall in skilled labour as companies competed to recruit workers. Secondly, this was followed by lay-offs and industrial action as a worldwide depression took hold, particularly in the industrially-focussed north of England. This influence also had the effect of increasing the number of male members of the institute which significantly shifted the gender balance of the membership. Thirdly, new human relations practices developed in the US were finding their way into more enlightened business which invested in their employees through training and provision of such things as salary benefits, pensions and paid holidays. In 1938 the first of the institute branches opened in the Republic of Ireland. In 1939 membership stood at 760. Mirroring the First World War during World War II, the government insisted on personnel officers to be deployed in factories engaged in war-related production. ===The latter part of 20th century=== Directly after the Second World War the incoming Labour government instigated a policy of industry nationalization and launched the National Health Service, further increasing the role of personnel professions in handling public sector recruitment, retention, payroll, training, and industrial relations issues. The enlightened practices of large American corporations, some of which had adopted the ideas of human relations thinkers, such as Elton Mayo, and the Civil Service in the field of personnel management were being taken up by the larger UK companies. Both influences were reflected in a further change of name in 1946 to the Institute of Personnel Management (IPM).Qualifying Associations IIs by Geoffrey Millerson, Accessed 09 February 2014 The 1950s were marked by government efforts to improve productivity both through introducing more modern management practices and increase labor supply through encouraging migration of people from the British Commonwealth also known as the Windrush generation. In 1955, responding to these changes, the IPM sought to increase the professional standards and standing of its members by introducing an externally moderated examination scheme, and restricting entry to full membership to fully qualified or practising personnel officers over age 35 with several years' experience. Membership in 1956 stood at 3,979. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s influences on the UK workplace ranged from a series of technological revolutions, economic pressures from entry into the Common Market and impact of globalization, deregulation of the financial services industry (the Big Bang). Government intervention in industrial relations and the growth of health and safety, equality, collective and recruitment and employment legislation encouraged new specialisms to develop in the function. In some companies a shift was seen from reactive personnel management processes towards what became known as strategic human resource management practices, or in shorthand HRM. All these factors also influenced a steady increase in membership, which in 1987 was 31,400. The IPM underwent a period of contemplation during which it considered whether; to shift towards an HRM approach as its counterpart in the US the Society for Human Resource Management had already done, or to maintain its focus on the more traditional personnel management practices where the majority of its members still operated, or find a third way reflecting a more UK-focused approach. In 1994, a merger took place between the IPM and the Institute of Training and Development (ITD). The new organisation which had 70,000 members was named the Institute of Personnel and Development (IPD), sought to represent the range of professionals engaged in one or more elements of people management.A potted history of work-related ideas and events CIPD June 1913 , Accessed 09 February 2015 ===Chartered status=== Chartered status was achieved in 2000 and the IPD was incorporated under Royal Charter from 1 July of that year to become known as the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) and reported it had a membership of 120,000 practitioners.Annual report. (1994-1999) London: Institute of Personnel and Development [and] Annual Report. (2000-2004/5) London Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. In June 2013 the CIPD commemorated its centenary year. ==CIPD membership== As of November 2019 the CIPD reported it had over 150,000 members working or studying in the UK and internationally. Following the re-designation of chartered and non-chartered membership status in 2010 the membership structure comprises:CIPD Transforming Membership - New membership criteria accessed:26.04.10 ===Professional memberships=== ===Chartered grades=== * Chartered Companion (CCIPD) By invitation only, awarded in recognition of contributions to the profession or the institute. * Chartered Fellow (FCIPD) An upgrade from Chartered MCIPD, applicants must have at least 10 years' relevant experience. To achieve Chartered Fellow status, you'll need to demonstrate at least three years’ current experience working consistently at a senior level. The scope of your role will be strategic in nature, with an impact across many functions; you'll rarely work operationally. * Chartered Member (MCIPD) Awarded on request to graduate members who have three years' relevant managerial experience. Or a non-graduate member assessed against the professional standards after five years' relevant experience (though experience assessment). To achieve Chartered Member status, you'll need to demonstrate at least three years’ current experience working consistently at this level. Your role may include elements of developing people strategy, but you'll also be operational, planning and managing HR activity. === Non-chartered grades === * Associate (Assoc CIPD) This Associate grade was introduced in 2010 and has since replaced the Licentiate grade in 2010 and Graduate level which was phased out in 2014. If you're currently a Student member you'll be awarded Associate membership when you successfully complete your CIPD-approved Certificate or CIPD Diploma. Associate membership is the first level of HR certification and professionalism in the HR/L&D; field. * Affiliate: a basic level of membership, not assessed against professional standards but relevant qualification and work experience is mandatory. * Student Membership You're normally undertaking a CIPD-approved Certificate or Diploma and have not had a higher membership level prior to that. ===Academic memberships=== To be eligible for Academic Membership of the CIPD you need to be an individual working in the field of teaching or research in HRM or an HRM related area. ===Chartered grades=== * Academic Member (Academic MCIPD) Typically an experienced lecturer, senior researcher, recognized in the UK or internationally as an expert in more than one relevant HR or L&D; subject area. * Academic Fellow (Academic FCIPD) Typically a senior academic or research leader, recognized in the UK or internationally as an expert in at least two areas of HR or L&D.; ===Non-chartered grades=== * Academic Associate (Academic Assoc CIPD) Typically an experienced lecturer, tutor or researcher in an HR or L&D; subject area. == Accreditation == CIPD is also a training provider of professional HR and L&D; qualification. As such, the non profit registered charity is incorporated with the Royal Charter and is listed as an awarding body and learning provider of professional qualification which is officially recognized by the government of United Kingdom's Ofqual, CCEA and Qualification Wales. This mean the CIPD qualifications are recognized nationally and internationally. This also gives CIPD accreditation powers to choose which universities meet their strict requirements for accreditation of undergraduate, postgraduate, MSC, HR and L&D; programmes, which is highly sought out by UK and International universities. ==Research== On an annual basis the institute conducts regular surveys on reward management, employee expectations and attitudes to pay and benefits, resourcing and talent planning, and learning and development. The CIPD's 2015 research programme includes specific projects on; the behavioural sciences and learning, people management in small and medium-sized enterprises, social media and technology impacts in the workplace, leadership and management development, valuing the impact of an organisation's people on business performance, the 'megatrends' shaping the labour market and the future workplace. Periodic research reports are published for members on the results from surveys and the findings from research projects.What's new from CIPD research CIPD, Accessed 10 February 2015 ==Public policy== The CIPD contributes on public policy issues on behalf of its members by using its in-house research team and draws on the professional experience of its members to develop responses to public policy issues including government consultations. It researches and publishes surveys and responds to media enquiries on the range of human resource issues such as labour markets, reward and employment policy.Dissecting the latest CIPD Labour Market Outlook report January 2014 , Accessed 10 February 2015Business First August 2014 , Accessed 10 February 2014 Commentating on labour market economics and trends has become an increasingly important feature of the CIPD's services to members. The institute's chief economist (currently Mark Beatson) provides economic intelligence to members via CIPD publications and events and as its key spokesperson on labour market economic analysis and forecasting is involved in promoting the institute in the national and business media.wage growth will struggle until 2016, says Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development City A.M., Accessed 10 Feb 2015 ==Branches== The CIPD is represented at local level through its 52 branches in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands, Isle of Man and Gibraltar. The branches provide learning and networking opportunities, events, information services, and membership and upgrading help for CIPD members and students.CIPD Report and Financial Statement June 2014, Accessed 09 February 2015 ==International activities== The CIPD runs a training programme for international HR practitioners and has links with European and World Federations of HR. The CIPD hosted the 2008 WFPMA World HR Congress. Based in Dublin, CIPD Ireland has over 6,000 members spread in seven regional branches. The Singapore Management University (SMU) has become the first university in Asia to offer a master's degree accredited by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD). SMU joins prestigious universities such as the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and King's College London to deliver the CIPD's premier level accredited qualifications. The CIPD opened its first office in the Middle East in Dubai in 2016 to support its over 4,000 members in the region. ==Digital services== The CIPD website provides podcasts, an RSS news feed, blogs and a professional discussion forum. ==Commercial services== CIPD Enterprises Limited is the wholly owned subsidiary of the CIPD. Commercial services supplied by CIPD Enterprises include: * CIPD Publishing * CIPD Training * CIPD Events * People Management Jobs *CIPD Asia *CIPD Middle East ==Publications and events== * Haymarket Media Group publishes the HR journal People Management, on behalf of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. * Annual Conference and Exhibition: The CIPD holds its Annual Conference and Exhibition in Manchester, typically at Manchester Central during November"HRM Guide" accessed 23.09.2009 * Learning And Development Conference and Exhibition (Previously HRD): This is held annually at Olympia, London in April."Training Journal" accessed 23.09.2009 * HR Software Show Incorporating Recruitment Exhibition: This is held annually at Olympia, London in July. == See also == * List of human resource management associations *Royal Charter *Privy Council *SHRM *AHRI ==References== Blog Reference: How will CIPD help me in a career in HR? ==External links== * Global CIPD Writers * CIPD website * Catalogue of the CIPD archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick Personnel and Development Category:1913 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom Category:Business magazines published in the United Kingdom Category:Human resource management associations Category:Magazines published in London |
This is a list of seasons played by Persepolis Football Club in Iranian and Asian football, from 1963 to the most recent completed season. It details the club's achievements in major competitions, and the top scorers for each season. Top scorers in bold were also the top scorers in the Iranian league that season. frame|left|Persepolis in the beginning of the 1970s thumb|none|400px|The Persepolis's positions ==Key== Key to league competitions: * Iran Pro League (IPL) – Iran's top football league, established in 2001 * Azadegan League (Div 1) – The first tier of Iran football league until the inception of the Iran Pro League in 2001. It was downgraded to the second tier, but remained the highest division of the Iranian Football League until 2001, established in 1991 * Asian Club Championship Qualification (ACCQ) * Tehran Football League (TFL) * Local League (Loc) – The first period of Iran football league, established in 1970 * Takht Jamshid Cup (TJC) – The first tier of Iran football league from 1973 until Iranian Revolution in 1979 * Qods League (QL) – The first period of Iran football league after Iranian Revolution, held in 1989 Key to colours and symbols: 1st or W Winners 2nd or RU Runners-up 3rd Third place R16↓ * * * ↓ Advanced to next round but thecompetition continued in next season Top scorer of competition Top scorer of competition Key to league record: * Season = The year and article of the season *P = Played *W = Games won *D = Games drawn *L = Games lost *F = Goals for *A = Goals against *Pts = Points *Pos = Final position Key to cup record: * NH = Not held * WD = Withdrew * DNE = Did not enter * DSQ = Disqualified * QGR = Qualifying Group Round * GS = Group Stage * R64 = Round of 64 * R16 = Round of 16 * QF = Quarter-finals * SF = Semi-finals * RU = Runners-up * W = Winners ==Seasons== Season League League League League League League League League League Hazfi Cup Asia Asia Other Other League's Top scorer League's Top scorer Manager Fans Season Division P W D L F A Pts Pos Hazfi Cup Competition Result Competition Result Name Goals Manager Fans 1968–69 ACCQ 4 3 1 0 6 1 7 1st NH Champion Club Tournament GS Tehran Hazfi Cup RU Parviz Dehdari 1969–70 TFL 15 5 2 8 19 24 12 11th DNE Rajab Faramarzi 1970–71 Loc * * * TFL 4 * * * 14 2 * * * 10 0 * * * 4 2 * * * 0 10 * * * 25 6 * * * 3 4 * * * 24 * * * 2nd DNE Hossein Kalani * * * 7 * * * Hossein Fekri 1971–72 Loc 14 13 0 1 45 6 26 1st NH Hossein Kalani * * * Safar Iranpak 11 Alan Rogers 1972–73 TFL 15 5 4 6 12 15 14 9th Alan Rogers 1973–74 TJC 22 15 7 0 46 4 37 1st Hossein Kalani * * * Safar Iranpak 8 Alan Rogers 1974–75 TJC 22 12 7 3 32 13 31 2nd Alan Rogers 1975–76 TJC 30 16 12 2 36 12 42 1st R16 Safar Iranpak 10 Behzadi / Vatankhah 1976–77 TJC 30 10 17 3 25 18 37 2nd R16 Ivan Kuonoev 1977–78 TJC 30 14 10 6 45 27 38 2nd NH Alan Whittle 9 Mansour Amirasefi 1978–79 TJC Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Not completed due to Iranian Revolution Tehran Hazfi Cup W Ali Parvin 5 Mehrab Shahrokhi 1979–80 Espandi Cup Espandi Cup Espandi Cup Espandi Cup Espandi Cup Espandi Cup Espandi Cup Espandi Cup 1st Mehrab Shahrokhi 1980–81 TFL Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Not held due to start of Iran–Iraq War Tehran Hazfi Cup RU Mehrab Shahrokhi 1981–82 TFL 13 5 7 1 19 14 17 2nd Tehran Hazfi Cup W Abbas Kargar 5 Shahrokhi / Parvin 1982–83 TFL 17 13 4 0 39 5 30 1st Ali Parvin 15 Ali Parvin 1983–84 TFL 17 12 2 3 33 14 26 2nd Nasser Mohammadkhani 13 Ali Parvin 1984–85 TFL Not finished Not finished Not finished Not finished Not finished Not finished Not finished Not finished Ali Parvin 9 Ali Parvin 1985–86 TFL 9 4 2 3 11 11 10 5th Ali Parvin 1986–87 TFL 8 6 2 0 16 4 14 1st R16 Farshad Pious Ali Parvin 7 1987–88 TFL 17 13 2 2 31 8 28 1st W Tehran Hazfi Cup W Farshad Pious Ali Parvin 13 1988–89 TFL 15 11 4 0 28 7 37 1st SF Asian Club Championship QGR Ali Parvin Farshad Pious 13 1989–90 QL * * * TFL 20 * * * 15 11 * * * 12 9 * * * 2 0 * * * 1 34 * * * 28 10 * * * 6 31 * * * 26 * * * 1st NH DNE Ali Parvin 1990–91 TFL 17 13 4 0 34 8 30 1st SF Asian Cup Winners' Cup W Farshad Pious Ali Parvin 16 1991–92 Div 1 * * * TFL 22 * * * 15 13 * * * 11 5 * * * 2 4 * * * 2 30 * * * 27 12 * * * 9 31 * * * 24 * * * 2nd W DNE Farshad Pious * * * Farshad Pious Ali Parvin 11 * * * 16 1992–93 Div 1 14 6 6 2 25 8 18 2nd NH Asian Cup Winners' Cup RU Hassan Shirmohammadi Ali Parvin 8 1993–94 Div 1 26 10 11 5 40 25 31 2nd QF Asian Cup Winners' Cup QF Khordbin / Panjali 1994–95 Div 1 22 14 5 3 53 17 33 4th R16 DNE Farshad Pious 20 Brajović / Derakhshan 1995–96 Div 1 30 15 12 3 33 18 57 1st WD DNE Gede / Poklepović 1996–97 Div 1 30 17 8 5 52 24 59 1st WD b. SF Asian Club Championship 3rd Poklepović / Derakhshan 1997–98 Div 1 withdrew due to international commitments withdrew due to international commitments withdrew due to international commitments withdrew due to international commitments withdrew due to international commitments withdrew due to international commitments withdrew due to international commitments withdrew due to international commitments NH Asian Club Championship 4th Derakhshan / Matković 1998–99 Div 1 30 19 8 3 56 21 65 1st W DNE Edmond Bezik 11 Ali Parvin 1999–2000 Div 1 26 15 9 2 45 23 54 1st WD b. R16 Asian Club Championship 3rd Behnam Seraj 11 Ali Parvin 2000–01 Div 1 22 13 7 2 36 16 46 2nd R16 Asian Club Championship 3rd Behrouz Rahbarifar 7 Ali Parvin 2001–02 IPL 26 13 10 3 36 23 49 1st QF DNE Sohrab Entezari 9 Ali Parvin 2002–03 IPL 26 11 11 4 30 21 44 3rd R16 2002–03 ACL GS Ali Ansarian * * * Payan Rafat 5 Ali Parvin 2003–04 IPL 26 10 9 7 42 28 39 5th R16 DNE Ali Daei 16 Vinko Begović 2004–05 IPL 30 16 7 7 43 27 55 4th R16 * * * DNE * * * Javad Kazemian 9 Rainer Zobel 2005–06 IPL 30 9 11 10 39 40 32 13th RU * * * DNE * * * Javad Kazemian 11 Parvin / Haan 30,330 2006–07 IPL 30 14 11 5 49 33 53 3rd SF * * * DNE * * * Mehrzad Madanchi 10 Mustafa Denizli 40,350 2007–08 IPL 34 18 11 5 55 34 59 1st R16 * * * DNE * * * Mohsen Khalili 18 Afshin Ghotbi 60,380 2008–09 IPL 34 15 10 9 50 41 55 5th QF * * * 2009 ACL * * * R16 Ibrahima Touré 11 Ghotbi / Peyrovani / Vingada 47,952 2009–10 IPL 34 13 14 7 46 40 53 4th W * * * DNE * * * Karim Bagheri 10 Kranjčar / Daei 47,826 2010–11 IPL 34 17 7 10 50 36 58 4th W * * * 2011 ACL * * * GS Mohammad Nouri 9 Ali Daei 30,769 2011–12 IPL 34 10 12 12 50 54 42 12th QF * * * 2012 ACL * * * R16 Ali Karimi 11 Estili / Denizli 50,600 2012–13 IPL 34 12 14 8 41 31 50 7th RU * * * DNE * * * Karim Ansarifard 8 Manuel José / Golmohammadi 67,980 2013–14 IPL 30 16 8 6 34 15 55http://namnak.com/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3.p4647 2nd QF * * * DNE * * * Khalatbari * * * Seyed-Salehi 6 Ali Daei 69,110 2014–15 IPL 30 9 9 12 31 35 36 8th SF * * * 2015 ACL * * * R16 Mehdi Taremi 7 Daei / Derakhshan / Ivanković 15,768 2015–16 IPL 30 16 9 5 50 34 57 2nd QF * * * DNE * * * Mehdi Taremi 16 Branko Ivanković 71,071 2016–17 IPL 30 20 6 4 46 14 66 1st R64 * * * 2017 ACL * * * R16↓ Mehdi Taremi 18 Branko Ivanković 48,567 2017–18 IPL 30 19 7 4 48 15 64 1st QF 2017 ACL * * * 2018 ACL * * * R16↓ Iranian Super Cup W Branko Ivanković Ali Alipour 19 39,786 2018–19 IPL 30 16 13 1 36 14 61 1st W 2018 ACL * * * 2019 ACL * * * GS Iranian Super Cup W Branko Ivanković Ali Alipour 14 40,300 2019–20 IPL 30 21 4 5 46 17 67 1st SF * * * 2020 ACL * * * ↓ Iranian Super Cup W Ali Alipour 12 Calderón / Golmohammadi 27,556 2020–21 IPL 30 19 10 1 47 14 67 1st QF 2020 ACL * * * 2021 ACL * * * R16↓ Iranian Super Cup W Ahmad Nourollahi 10 Yahya Golmohammadi NC 2021–22 IPL 30 18 9 3 44 21 63 2nd QF 2021 ACL * * * 2022 ACL * * * DSQ Iranian Super Cup RU Mehdi Abdi 7 Yahya Golmohammadi 11,000 2022–23 IPL 30 20 6 4 46 13 66 1st W ↑ ↑ Mehdi Torabi 7 Yahya Golmohammadi 2023–24 IPL 2023–24 ACL Iranian Super Cup W Yahya Golmohammadi Total National League Total National League 1036 529 332 175 %W:51.06 %W:51.06 1768 Grand Total Grand Total 1246 665 380 201 %W:53.37 %W:53.37 2025 ==Squads== This is selection of the most famous squads of Persepolis Football club from 1963 to the most recent completed season.Goal Sports Newspaper, #720,Retrieved on 2008-07-26 ===Famous Squads=== ==Memorable matches== *Persepolis F.C. vs Jam Abadan 1967 Persepolis was a weak team and played in 2nd Division at that time. Although it was a friendly match, but it was the birth of a new pole in Iranian football. 4 of Shahin players played for Persepolis at that match : Ebrahim Ashtiani, Nazem Ganjapour, Kazem Rahimi (as Captain) and Bahman Norouzi. After it rest of Shahin players joined Persepolis. *Persepolis F.C. 0-1 Paykan F.C. December 22, 1970 Paykan used Persepolis’ previous season players except of Aziz Asli and Mahmoud Khordbin and Persepolis played with a young line-up because of contract between Abdo and Khayami. Ali Parvin scored Paykan's victorious goal! *Persepolis F.C. 6-0 Esteghlal September 7, 1973 Persepolis’ the best ever result in Tehran derby. Being beaten by 6 goals of their old Rivals and enemies was so shameful for Esteghlal. Homayoun Behzadi hattricked, Iraj Soleimani Scored twice and another goal scored by Hossein Kalani. *Persepolis F.C. 5-0 Homa F.C. July 8, 1988 Homa was a respected team and was beaten by 5 goals. Behrouz Soltani Goalkeeper of Persepolis played as a striker and scored a goal! *Persepolis F.C. 0 (4)-0 (2) Esteghlal February, 1989 This is one of few times the two clubs have met each other in the Hazfi Cup. The match finished scoreless in regulation time, and extra-time was eventless. Persepolis beat Esteghlal 4–2 in penalty shootouts to advance to the next stage in the Hazfi Cup. *Persepolis F.C. 0-3 Esteghlal January 11, 1995 In the 38th derby Persepolis was leading in the match by a score of 2-0 until the last 10 minutes of the match. Esteghlal scored 2 goals in quick succession, including one which was a penalty. This angered the Persepolis fans and players who felt the referee was biased towards Esteghlal. Persepolis fans stormed the field, and many fights broke out on the pitch between fans and players. After this match it was decided that Iranian referees will no longer be used for the derby. *Persepolis F.C. 2-2 Esteghlal December 29, 2000 One of the most exciting and heated matches in derby history. The game was extremely sensitive as Mehdi Hasheminasab had left Persepolis in the off-season for Esteghlal. Behrouz Rahbarifar opened up the scoring in minute 56, while Mohammad Navazi tied the game up at the 67th minute. Many thought the game would be over when Hasheminasab scored a late goal at minute 86, but Ali Karimi saved Persepolis scoring a spectacular goal at minute 89 to please the red fans. During the game Esteghlal's goalkeeper Parviz Broumand and Persepolis striker Payan Rafat were constantly insulting each other. This eventually led to Broumand punching Rafat in the face and giving him a black eye. A massive fight broke out between the players. After the match hooligans went on a rampage. They completely destroyed 250 city buses and damaged many shops. Three players from each side were arrested along with 60 fans for their behavior. *Persepolis F.C. 1-0 Fajr Sepasi May 28, 2002 Persepolis' win against Fajr Sepasi on the last day of the 2001–02 league with Ebrahim Asadi's header just after he substituted gave them the title of first ever IPL champions. *Persepolis F.C. 1-2 Bayern MunichTehran football fans rise to greet Reds January 2, 2006 It was the retirement match for Ahmadreza Abedzadeh. Ali Karimi was one of Bayern players and played against his former club. Ali Ansarian scored for Persepolis . *Persepolis F.C. 2-1 Sepahan May 17, 2008 Persepolis won Sepahan in front of over 100’000 fans and became 2007–08 IPL champion. Mohsen Khalili lead Persepolis, After a while Ehsan Hajsafi tied game and it meant Sepahan is the champion. In 90+6th min when everyone was chill, in a chancy position, Captain Karim Bagheri Sent a Pass and Sepehr Heidari's Header lead Persepolis and gave them championship. * Persepolis 3-2 Esteghlal February 2, 2012 After losing four times in a row, Persepolis and its fans were desperate for a win over their blue rivals. Head coach Mustafa Denizli had returned to the reds for the second half of the season and had previously experienced victory over Esteghlal back in 2006. Persepolis found themselves 2-0 down yet again and had Mehrdad Oladi very harshly sent off for what was seen as just a foul. Mazloumi and blues fans were beginning celebrations of yet another victory over their rivals as Persepolis fans began to leave the stadium when suddenly newly signed forward Eamon Zayed bagged a goal back for the reds in the 82nd minute. Persepolis were lifted by this goal and Zayed immediately connected with Mehdi Mahdavikia's excellent cross a minute later and levelled the score to 2–2 with a fine header. The last five minutes of the game was very open with Persepolis looking more lively and in the 92nd minute of the match, Hossein Badamaki's cross found Zayed yet again and the Libyan striker turned his defender and finished brilliantly to round off a historic hat-trick and great win for Persepolis and its fans. * Persepolis 4-2 Esteghlal April 15, 2016 This derby was highly anticipated and vital for both teams as they were competing for the top spot in the Iran Pro League table. Persepolis came into this match with an excellent form and were regarded as favourites to win; however, Esteghlal was in 2nd place above their archrival on goal difference. In a highly entertaining and end-to-end game, the red-clad Persepolis netted twice in each half to beat the blue-shirted Esteghlal 4–2 in their 82nd derby in Tehran on a rainy Friday and be the new Iran Pro League table-topper in the 26th week. The league's top scorer Mehdi Taremi (2), Ramin Rezaeian, Mohsen Mosalman scored for the reds; Jaber Ansari, Omid Ebrahimi (penalty) scored for the blues. After Red's captain Hadi Norouzi had died earlier in the season due to a heart attack in his sleep, Persepolis players and fans labelled the scoreline in reference to Norouzi's shirt number of 24. == See also == * Persepolis F.C. * Persepolis F.C. Honours * Takht Jamshid Cup * 17th of Shahrivar league * Azadegan League * Iran Pro League * AFC Champions League * Asian Cup Winners' Cup ==References== Seasons Persepolis |
Lucien Tesnière (; May 13, 1893 - December 6, 1954) was a prominent and influential French linguist. He was born in Mont-Saint-Aignan on May 13, 1893. As a senior lecturer at the University of Strasbourg (1924) and later professor at the University of Montpellier (1937), he published many papers and books on Slavic languages. However, his importance in the history of linguistics is based mainly on his development of an approach to the syntax of natural languages that would become known as dependency grammar. He presented his theory in his book Éléments de syntaxe structurale (Elements of Structural Syntax), published posthumously in 1959.Due to illness at the end of his life, Tesnière did not manage to see his central work published. The actual publication of Éléments was due in part to the work of friends, family (especially his widow), and former students of his. These admirers of the linguist ensured that the manuscript he left was organized and put into book form in the years after his death. In the book he proposes a sophisticated formalization of syntactic structures, supported by many examples from a diversity of languages. Tesnière died in Montpellier on December 6, 1954. Many central concepts that the modern study of syntax takes for granted were developed and presented in Éléments. For instance, Tesnière developed the concept of valency in detail, and the primary distinction between arguments (actants) and adjuncts (circumstants, French circonstants), which most if not all theories of syntax now acknowledge and build on, was central to Tesnière's understanding. Tesnière also argued vehemently that syntax is autonomous from morphology and semantics, although his stance is different from generative grammar which takes syntax to be a separate module of the human faculty for language. ==Biography== Lucien Tesnière was born on May 13, 1893, in Mont- Saint-Aignan, now a suburb of Rouen (north-west of France). He studied Latin, Greek, and German in school, spent time abroad as a young man in England, Germany, and Italy.The biographical information here is an abbreviated version of the biography produced in the Translators' introduction to the English version of the Éléments. See Kahane and Osborne (2015). He was enrolled at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris) and the University of Leipzig studying Germanic languages when World War I broke out. He was mobilized on August 12 and sent to the front on October 15. He became a prisoner of war on the 16th of February 1915. He was interned in the camp at Merseburg with 4000 other prisoners from all nationalities. During his 40 months of captivity, he continued his intense study of languages. He also worked for the German authorities as a French-English-Russian-Italian-German interpreter. He continued his studies at the Sorbonne after the war. He studied with Joseph Vendryes, and attended lectures at the Collège de France by Antoine Meillet, the most prominent French linguist of the first half of the 20th century. In 1920 Tesnière was invited as a lecturer in French to the University of Ljubljana (now the capital of Slovenia), where he wrote his doctoral thesis on the disappearance of the dual in Slovenian. He married Jeanne Roulier in Zagreb and fathered three children with her. In February 1924, Tesnière became associate professor of Slavic language and literature at the University of Strasbourg, where he taught Russian and Old Slavic. Tesnière was promoted to professor of grammaire comparée at the University of Montpellier in 1937. During World War II Tesnière worked as a cryptography officer for the Military Intelligence, the so-called Deuxième Bureau. He became very ill after the war in 1947 and his health remained poor until he died on December 6, 1954. His primary oeuvre, Éléments de syntaxe structurale, was then published five years later in 1959 due to the constant efforts of his wife Jeanne and the help of colleagues and friends. It was further revised and a second edition published in 1966. ==Central ideas in Tesnière's conception of syntax== The following subsections consider some of the central ideas and concepts in Tesnière's approach to syntax. The following areas are touched on: (1) connections, (2) autonomous syntax, (3) verb centrality, (4) stemmas, (5) centripetal (head- initial) and centrifugal (head-final) languages, (6) valency, (7) actants and circonstants, and (8) transfer. ===Connections=== Tesnière begins the presentation of his theory of syntax with the connection. Connections are present between words of sentences. They group the words together, creating units that can be assigned meaning. Tesnière writes: ::"Every word in a sentence is not isolated as it is in the dictionary. The mind perceives connections between a word and its neighbors. The totality of these connections forms the scaffold of the sentence. These connections are not indicated by anything, but it is absolutely crucial that they be perceived by the mind; without them the sentence would not be intelligible. ..., a sentence of the type Alfred spoke is not composed of just the two elements Alfred and spoke, but rather of three elements, the first being Alfred, the second spoke, and the third the connection that unites them – without which there would be no sentence. To say that a sentence of the type Alfred spoke consists of only two elements is to analyze it in a superficial manner, purely morphologically, while neglecting the essential aspect that is the syntactic link."The passage cited here is taken from the first page of the Éléments (1966). Tesnière calls the asymmetrical connections that he describes in this passage dependencies (Chapter 2), hence the term dependency grammar.Note that Tesnière never actually used the term dependency grammar to describe the theory of syntax he was proposing. That concept arose later in the 1960s as Tesnière's theory was being received and evaluated. Two words that are connected by a dependency do not have equal status, but rather the one word is the superior, and the other its subordinate. Tesnière called the superior word the governor, and the inferior word the subordinate.These key terms (governor and subordinate) are first presented in chapter 2 of the Éléments (1966:13]). By acknowledging the totality of connections between the words of a sentence, Tesnière was in a position to assign the sentence a concrete syntactic structure, which he did in terms of the stemma (see below). === Antinomy between structural and linear order === Tesnière rejected the influence of morphology on the field of syntax.Tesnière states in chapter 15 that morphology and syntax are separate domains (1966:34]). In so doing, he was promoting a break from a tradition in linguistics that focused on concrete forms such as affixes and the inflectional paradigms associated with the study of the languages of antiquity (Latin and Greek). Tesnière argued that the study of syntax should not be limited to the examination of concrete forms, but rather one has to acknowledge and explore the connections (as just described above). He pointed to the key concept of innere Sprachform 'inner speech form' established by Wilhelm von Humboldt.Tesnière first mentions Wilhelm von Humboldt and innere Sprachform in chapter 1 (1966:13]). Since innere Sprachform (i.e. the connections) is abstract, one cannot acknowledge it and explore the central role that it plays in syntax by focusing just on concrete forms. Tesnière was arguing, in other words, that syntax is largely independent of morphology. Tesnière also saw syntax and semantics as separate domains of language. To illustrate this separation, he produced the nonsensical sentence Le silence vertébral indispose la voile licite 'The vertebral silence indisposes the licit sail'.This nonsensical sentence is discussed in chapter 20 (1966:40-42). He emphasized that while the sentence is nonsensical, it is well-formed from a syntactic point of view, for the forms of the words and their order of appearance are correct. Noam Chomsky later made the same point with his famous sentence Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.Note that Tesnière died in 1954, whereas Chomsky's famous sentence appears in his book Syntactic Structures (1957:15). Although both Tesnière and Chomsky argue for 'autonomy of syntax', their concepts are quite different and should not be confused with one another. The central issue is in language cognition which is elementary for Chomsky who claims that syntax is an innate psychological phenomenon. In contrast, Tesnière's concept of autonomy of syntax, or antinomy between structural and linear order, is fully non-psychological. Tesnière's grammar is not meant to be taken as a theory of language, but as a tool for linguistic analysis. Tesnière argues for a one-way link from meaning to expression: > “When we speak, our intent is not to find meaning afterwards in a pre- > existing string of phonemes, but rather to give an easily transmissible form > to a thought that precedes the form and which is its sole raison d’être” Tesnière's concept of language is based on the idea that the meaning of a sentence resides on a semantic plane which is two-dimensional (nonlinear). The sentence, on the other hand, belongs to the expression plane which is one- dimensional (linear). When nonlinear meaning is forced into linear form, its structure will have to break. The outcome does not reflect logic or psychology, but brute necessity. Tesnière's grammar is the semantic, nonlinear analysis of the linear sentence form. ===Verb centrality=== Tesnière argued vehemently against the binary division of the clause into subject and predicate that was and is prevalent in the study of syntax, and he replaced this division with verb centrality.Tesnière discusses the binary division and verb centrality in chapters 48-49 of the Éléments (1966:102-105). He stated that the division stems from logic and has no place in linguistics. He positioned the verb as the root of all clause structure, whereby all other elements in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on the verb. Tesnière illustrated the distinction with the diagrammatic representations (stemmas) of the French sentence Alfred parle lentement 'Alfred speaks slowly' and the Latin sentence Filius amat patrem '(The) son loves (the) father':The following two stemmas are from chapter 48 of the Éléments (1966:102). ::Verb centrality The diagram of the French sentence above illustrates the binary division that Tesnière rejected; the clause is divided into two parts, the subject Alfred and the predicate parle lentement. The Latin sentence below illustrates the verb centrality that Tesnière espoused; the verb amat is the root of the clause and the subject filius and the object patrem are its dependents. The importance of this distinction resides with the overall understanding of sentence structure that arises from these competing views. A theory of syntax that starts with the binary division is likely to become a phrase structure grammar (a constituency grammar), whereas a theory of syntax that starts with verb centrality is likely to become a dependency grammar. ===Stemmas=== Tesnière relied heavily on tree- like diagrams to represent the understanding of sentence structure and syntax that he was pursuing. He called these diagrams stemmas - the Éléments contains over 350 of them. These stemmas show the connections and the manner in which the connections link the words of sentences into a hierarchy of structure, e.g.The two examples given here are the English translations of the French originals. A majority of the stemmas Tesnière produced were (of course) of French sentences and phrases, (since Tesnière was a Frenchman). ::Stemmas 1.1 These diagrams show some of the main traits of Tesnière's conception of syntactic structure. Verb centrality is evident, since the verb is the highest word in the stemma (the root). Syntactic units are present; constituents and phrases are identified; they correspond to complete subtrees. An important aspect of these stemmas is that they are "unordered", i.e. they do not reflect actual word order. For Tesnière, structural order (hierarchical order) preceded linear order in the mind of a speaker. A speaker first conceives of what he/she wants to say, whereby this conception consists of words organized hierarchically in terms of connections (structural order). The act of speaking involves transforming structural order to linear order, and conversely, the act of hearing and understanding involves transforming linear order to structural order.Tesnière discusses the distinction between structural order and linear order in chapter 6 (1966:19ff.). This strict separation of the ordering dimensions is a point of contention among modern dependency grammars. Some dependency grammars, i.e. the stratified ones (e.g. Meaning-text theory and Functional generative description) build on this strict separation of structural order and linear order, whereas other dependency grammars (e.g. Word grammar) are monostratal (in syntax) and hence reject the separation. ===Centrifugal (head-initial) and centripetal (head-final) languages=== Given the hierarchical organization of syntactic units that he posited (and represented using stemmas), Tesnière identified centripetal and centrifugal structures.The distinction between centripetal and centrifugal structures is first presented in chapter 8 (1966:22ff.). The modern terms for these concepts are head-initial (centrifugal) and head-final (centripetal). Centrifugal structures see governors (heads) preceding their dependents, whereas the situation is reversed for centripetal structures, the dependents preceding their heads, e.g. ::Stemmas 2 Tesnière did not actually produce "ordered" stemmas like the two on the right here.The two ordered stemmas on the right here have been included merely to aid understanding. But if one does choose to reflect word order in the stemmas, then the distinction between centrifugal vs. centripetal structures that Tesnière established is clearly visible. The following two trees of the English sentences Stop attempting to do that and His sister's attempts succeeded illustrate the distinction: ::Stemmas 3 The stemmas clearly show the manner in which centrifugal structures extend down to the right, and centripetal structures down to the left. Tesnière classified languages according to whether they are more centrifugal than centripetal, or vice versa. The distinction has since become a mainstay of language typology. Languages are classified in terms of their head-directionality parameter: as predominantly head-initial or head-final. The Semitic languages (e.g. Hebrew, Arabic) are, for instance, much more centrifugal than centripetal, and certain East Asian languages are much more centripetal than centrifugal (e.g. Japanese, Korean). English is a mitigated language according to Tesnière, meaning that it contains a good mixture of both centrifugal and centripetal structures.Actually, Tesnière (1966:33) claimed that English is a bit more centripetal than centrifugal, a claim that modern language typology disagrees with, since English arguably employs more centrifugal than centripetal structures. ===Valency=== With the "valency" metaphor,Tesnière develops the "valency" metaphor in chapter 97 (1966:238). Tesnière contributed to our understanding of the nature of the lexicon. This metaphor, borrowed from Charles Peirce, compares verbs to molecules. As an oxygen atom O attracts two hydrogen atoms H to create an H2O molecule, verbs attract actants to create clauses. Verbs therefore have valency. Tesnière distinguished between verbs that are avalent (no actant), monovalent (one actant), divalent (two actants), and trivalent (three actants). English examples: ::Avalent verb: It rained. \- The verb rain is avalent. (The pronoun it is devoid of meaning.) ::Monovalent verb: Sam slept. \- The verb sleep is monovalent; it takes a single actant. ::Divalent verb: Susan knows Sam. \- The verb know is divalent; it takes two actants, a subject actant and an object actant. ::Trivalent verb: Sam gave Susan earrings. \- The verb give is trivalent; it takes three actants, a subject actant, and two object actants. The valency characteristics of verbs play a role in the exploration of various mechanisms of syntax. In particular, various phenomena of diathesis (active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal, recessive) are sensitive to the underlying valency of verbs.Tesnière discusses valency and diathesis in detail in chapters 97-119 (1966:238-280). The concept of valency is now widely acknowledged in the study of syntax, even most phrase structure grammars acknowledging the valency of predicates. ===Actants vs. circumstants=== In addition to actants, Tesnière acknowledged circumstants (French circonstants). While the actants that appear with a verb are important for completing the meaning of the verb, circumstants add optional content, e.g. ::Tomorrow Alfred is leaving at noon.This first example illustrating circumstants corresponds to stemma 118 (1959 [1969:125]). \- The circumstants tomorrow and at noon add optional content. ::One sees him a lot all the time everywhere.This second example illustrating circumstants corresponds to stemma 121 (1966:126). \- The circumstants a lot, all the time, and everywhere add optional content. The number of actants that appear in a clause is limited by the valency characteristics of the clause-establishing verb, whereas the number of circumstants that can appear in a clause is theoretically unlimited, since circumstants are not restricted by verb valency.Tesnière discusses circumstants in chapter 56 (1966 :125). Modern syntax acknowledges actants and circumstants of course also, although it uses different terminology. Actants are known as arguments, and circumstants as adjuncts, so again, Tesnière identified and explored key concepts that are now a mainstay in the modern study of syntax. ===Transfer=== The second half of the Éléments (300 pages) focuses on the theory of transfer (French translation). Transfer is the component of Tesnière's theory that addresses syntactic categories. Tesnière was interested in keeping the number of principle syntactic categories to a minimum. He acknowledged just four basic categories of content words: nouns (O), verbs (I), adjectives (A), and adverbs (E). The abbreviations he used for these words (O, I, A, E) match the last letter of the corresponding Esperanto designations.Tesnière presents the four basic word categories and their abbreviations in chapter 33 (1966:63f.). In addition to these four basic content words, he also posited two types of function words, indices and translatives.Translatives are first discussed in chapter 40 (1966:82f.). He took articles (definite and indefinite) and clitic pronouns to be indices, and typical translatives were subordinators (subordinate conjunctions) and prepositions. The main task translatives perform is to transfer content words from one category to another. For instance, prepositions typically transfer nouns to adjectives or adverbs, and subordinators typically transfer verbs to nouns. For example, in the phrase le livre de Pierre 'the book of Peter, Peter's book', the preposition de serves to transfer the noun Pierre to an adjective that can modify the noun livre. In other words, the noun Pierre, although it is technically not an adjective, comes to function like an adjective by the addition of the translative de. Transfer is represented in stemmas using a special convention. The following stemmas represent the phrase de Pierre 'of Peter' and the sentence Écrivez dans le livre de votre ami 'Write in the book of your friend': ::Stemmas 4 The translative and the word that it transfers are placed equi-level and a vertical dividing line separates them. The target category, i.e. the category that is the result of transfer, is indicated above the horizontal line. In the first stemma above, the A indicates that Pierre has been transferred (by de) to an adjective. The stemma below shows two instances of transfer, whereby the first indicates that dans livre de votre ami is transferred to an adverb, and the second that de votre ami is transferred to an adjective. For Tesnière, the ability to transfer one category to another at will in fluid speech is the primary tool that makes truly productive speech possible. Syntactic categories that alone are not capable of combining with each other can be immediately unified by a translative that effects transfer. ==Legacy== Tesnière's legacy resides primarily with the widespread view that sees his Éléments as the starting point and impetus for the development of dependency grammar. Thus the frameworks of syntax and grammar that are dependency-based (e.g. Word grammar, Meaning-text theory, Functional generative description) generally cite Tesnière as the father of modern dependency grammars. Tesnière himself did not set out to produce a dependency grammar, since the distinction between dependency- and constituency-based grammars (phrase structure grammars) was not known to linguistics while Tesnière was alive. The distinction first became established during the reception of Tesnière's ideas. Tesnière's legacy is not limited to the development of dependency grammar, however. As stated above, a number of the key concepts that he developed (e.g. valency, arguments vs. adjuncts, head-initial vs head-final languages) are cornerstones of most modern work in the field of syntax. Tesnière does not receive the full credit that he perhaps deserves for his contribution to the field of syntax. Tesnière died shortly before the initiation of generative grammar, and his Éléments remained untranslated to English until 2015. Thus his influence has been greater in Europe than in English-speaking North America. ==See also== *Adjunct *Argument *Dependency grammar *Government *Head *Phrase structure grammar *Predicate *Subject *Valency ==Notes== ==Main works== *1934. Petite grammaire russe. Paris: Henri Didier. *1938. Cours élémentaire de syntaxe structurale. *1943. Cours de syntaxe structurale. *1953. Esquisse d'une syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck. *1959. Éléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck. ** 1965. Revised and corrected 2nd edition. Preface by Jean Fourquet, professor at Sorbonne. **2015. Elements of Structural Syntax [English translation of 1965 2dn edn]. Trans. Timothy Osborne & Sylvain Kahane. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ==Secondary works== *Timothy Osborne & Sylvain Kahane. ‘Translators' introduction’, in Elements of structural syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2015. Category:1893 births Category:1954 deaths Category:Linguists from France Category:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg Category:Academic staff of the University of Montpellier Category:Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Category:Syntacticians Category:People from Mont-Saint-Aignan Category:20th- century linguists |
Amon Adonai Santos de Araújo Tobin (born February 7, 1972), known as Amon Tobin (), is a Brazilian electronic musician, composer and producer. He is noted for his unusual methodology in sound design and music production. He has released eight major studio albums under the London-based Ninja Tune record label. He has also released two albums under the alias Two Fingers with collaborator Doubleclick. His latest release, A Living Room (Music from Meow Wolf's Omega Mart), was released on September 23, 2022. His music has been used in numerous major motion pictures including The Italian Job and 21. Tobin has created songs for several independent films, including the 2006 Hungarian film Taxidermia, and had his music used in other independent films, including the 2002 Cannes Palme d'Or–nominated Divine Intervention. A selection of his tracks were featured in commercial bumps on Toonami and in the 2005 anime IGPX, and he produced the musical scores to critically acclaimed video games Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory by Ubisoft in 2005, and Sucker Punch's Infamous in 2009. ==Biography== ===Early career (1995–1997)=== Tobin was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Tobin's father is Irish. At the age of 2, he and his family left Brazil to live in Morocco, the Netherlands, London, Portugal and Madeira. Tobin settled in Brighton, England as a teenager which remained his permanent residence until 2002. There he began producing electronic music in his bedroom with samplers and other audio equipment including an Amstrad Studio 100 4-track, although he was "not really involved in the [music] scene" at that time. While taking an editorial photography class at a university in Brighton, he responded to a magazine promotion for the London-based Ninebar record label asking artists to send in demos of their songs. Ninebar signed Tobin to the label in 1996 after hearing his early work, and he traveled between his home in Brighton and the studios in London to produce his first official works. Under his original moniker Cujo (in Portuguese, the word for whose), he released a series of original compositions on 12-inch vinyl. AllMusic called them "head-turning" in a review. Many of those tracks were later included on his first full-length album Adventures in Foam, originally released in 1996 by Ninebar to a limited release of 5,000 copies. The larger Ninja Tune record label had been growing in the United Kingdom at the time with help from artists DJ Food, Funki Porcini, The Herbaliser, and Coldcut. DJ Food and Funki Porcini noticed Tobin's work on Adventures in Foam and prompted the label to approach him. Ninja Tune signed Tobin in late 1996, this time under his abbreviated name "Amon Tobin". The official Ninja Tune website has said that Adventures in Foam had been re- released without permission by the US-based Shadow Records that same year and that this unauthorized version, labeled the "US release", included only 7 of the original songs, different cover art, and that some tracks were titled incorrectly. In 1997 Ninja Tune acquired the proper licenses from Ninebar and re-released the album themselves. This version included the original album in its entirety, and a second disc containing previously unreleased material. , copies of Shadow Record's "US version" are sold by online retailer Amazon.com. Over the course of its production, Adventures in Foam has been reviewed favorably. Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork Media said that its break-beat style "got totally out of hand", but that it "never fails to let the listener know who's in charge." The album was released for a fourth time in 2002, again by Ninja Tune. ===Bricolage, Permutation and Supermodified (1997–2002)=== Over the next several years, Tobin released three albums. Bricolage, released in 1997, was the culmination of two projects Tobin had started after his debut album earlier that year. His third album Permutation was released in 1998. Independent radio stations aired Tobin's pieces during the summer of 1998 to positive listener reaction from conventional jazz aficionados, who identified with the computer-generated drums and composition. In the late 1990s, sample- based music was becoming more popular with a wide range of emerging and developing genres, but Tobin himself was still largely unknown. Tobin's style of music was not seen as definitively belonging to one genre or another. The critics that commented on Bricolage and Permutation gave them positive reviews and they are often mentioned, by later reviewers and interviewers, as classic albums of the time. Pitchfork acclaimed the use of jazz instrument samples, comparing him to famous composers Quincy Jones and Miles Davis. In a 1999 review, they awarded Bricolage a very rare 10/10 and said that it was "one of the most inventive records of the decade." Tobin released his fourth album, Supermodified in 2000. The album is regarded as his most commercial album to date. Critic reviews were generally positive, with Pitchfork rating the album 9.1/10, and Stylus Magazine saying, "Not many studio-bound electronic musicians could put forward such a vivid and dynamic statement or make it as entertaining and downright funky as Supermodified has managed to do." ===Out From Out Where, Chaos Theory and Foley Room (2002–2008)=== In 2002, Tobin relocated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada where he had spent time previously at Ninja Tune's North American Headquarters. Tobin lived in the industrial area of Old Montreal to avoid noise complaints from neighbors after dark. There he produced his fifth album Out From Out Where released that same year. This was his first album created primarily in a professional studio. He later released a single, Verbal, taken from Out From Out Where. Otis Hart of Dusted Magazine said that Tobin's style of producing had come into its own. He acclaimed Tobin's "refined sense of tempo". In January 2004, Tobin was contracted by video game company Ubisoft Montreal to compose the soundtrack for the third installment of their critically successful Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell series, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory. To facilitate using the music in a video game, where the level of action or plot can change in real-time, each track was broken down by Tobin into four distinct but similar parts based on their level of intensity. The game's developers could then use each section to provide music based on the actions of the player. Despite not being an official album in Tobin's discography, it was considered a ground breaking work in the world of video game sound tracks described as "an entirely new era of media" by Tiny Mix Tapes. The album continued the trend Tobin started with Out From Out Where, as he used more field recordings during production. In addition to being included with the game, Ninja Tune released the score as an individual album in 2005, titled Chaos Theory – Splinter Cell 3 Soundtrack, several months before the game's release. It was received well, benefiting from a wider audience of reviewers in both the music and gaming industries. Ben Hogwood of MusicOMH.com applauded Tobin's use of melody and texture, adding that he controlled the sounds with the "clarity of a classical orchestrator." He later recorded a Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound version of the album with audio engineer Bobby Azinsky in a dedicated Solid State Logic studio in Los Angeles. Tobin's sixth studio album, Foley Room, was released in 2007. The title alludes to the "foley rooms" used by recording engineers and foley artists to record sound effects in the movie industry. On this album, Tobin concluded his transition away from prerecorded source material that started with Out From Out Where. All of the samples used for production were recorded by himself using an omnidirectional microphone. Recorded primarily in Montreal, San Francisco, and Seattle, the samples came from a wide range of sources including motorbikes, tigers, insects, and water falling from a tap. Also contributing to the album were the string quartet Kronos Quartet, drummer Stefan Schneider, and harpist Sarah Pagé. Foley Rooms use of field-recordings was used to help promote the album, including two official pre-release trailers posted to YouTube. Nate Dorr of PopMatters.com called it a "smooth, natural progression" from his work on Supermodified. The first single, "Bloodstone", was released to the iTunes Music Store months before the rest of the album. Ninja Tune also published a DVD titled Foley Room: Found Footage which documented the recording process. === ISAM and Two Fingers (2009–2018) === In 2006, Tobin began collaborating on a hip-hop oriented project with British drum-and-bass producer Doubleclick and a number of guest vocalists. As Two Fingers, the pair have released several singles, followed by their self- titled debut album in 2009. The eponymous release came out in 2009 on Paper Bag Records in North America and Big Dada in the United Kingdom. The two producers, who first met when Tobin was living in Brighton, U.K., got together in Montreal in 2007 over a series of tracks that were partially an extension of their previous collaborations — exemplified by the dense, pummeling 2003 track "Ownage" — but in general, a fundamentally new and dynamic direction incorporating visceral elements of dancehall, dubstep, and grime. Following the singles "That Girl" and "What You Know," the group's self-titled debut was released in spring 2009, featuring vocals from dancehall star Ce'Cile, Ms. Jade, and, on seven of the album's 12 tracks, British rapper Sway. In 2009, Tobin also collaborated with the UK drum-and-bass artist Dom & Roland on a track titled “Sylo” for the album No Strings Attached. In 2008, Tobin announced he was working on a new video game soundtrack for an "undisclosed PS3 title". This was later revealed to be the PlayStation 3 exclusive game, inFamous, and in 2010, Tobin announced that he would be working on the music for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction. Recent works include "Hey Mr. Tree" as a 'Bonus Joint' to accompany his earlier 'Monthly Joint' collection, a remix of Noisia's "Machine Gun" released alongside remixes by 16 Bit and Spor, and a collaboration with ESKMO dubbed Eskamon. Eskamon has released a single "Fine Objects". In January 2011, his artist page was updated on Ninja Tune website, announcing a new album entitled ISAM, as well as a Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory remix album. After being leaked by a journalist, ISAM was released on April 20, 2011. As its extension, in May 2012, Tobin released the Boxset, prominent of its form of a mechanical press. As a set of 15 different physical carriers, it contains remixes, cover versions and re-interpretations of tracks from ISAM, along with Tobin's earliest audio experiments, film and television scores, as well as deleted bootlegs. The second album under Two Fingers, Stunt Rhythms, was a solo effort by Amon Tobin and was designed by Inventory Studio and released worldwide by Big Dada Recordings in 2012. On April 18, 2015, Amon Tobin announced Dark Jovian, an EP, and his first release under his name in four years. === Nomark Records and new aliases (2019–present) === In February 2019, Amon Tobin's website announced a new album, Fear in a Handful of Dust, to be released in April 2019 on a new label, Nomark Records. The album's release on April 26, 2019, marked the end of a 8 year long hiatus in new studio LP album releases under Tobin's name (his previous release being ISAM in 2011). Throughout the remainder of 2019, Tobin would also release three singles under his Two Fingers alias: You Ain't Down, 296 Rhythm, and LED Moon Rhythm. On July 26, 2019, Tobin released the album Time to Run under a new alias known as Only Child Tyrant. In September 2019, Tobin announced the Nomark Club, an annual subscription service that grants access to all of Tobin's material as it is released, including some member- exclusive content (the material is delivered via Bandcamp's subscription service). A supporter-exclusive extended play album titled Fine Strips of Violence was released in tandem with the announcement. Long Stories, which arrived October 2019, was made in parallel with Fear in a Handful of Dust and features prominent use of a broken Omnichord. In December 2019, Tobin released a two-track Nomark Club-exclusive album titled Nine Bars Back under the alias of Cujo—one that had not been used since the release of Adventures in Foam in 1996. Tobin released The World As We Know It in July 2020 under the alias Figueroa, which marked a departure in Tobin's usual instrumental style, as it was his first major release to feature prominent vocal work. The album's lyrics were performed by Tobin himself with technical guidance from producer Sylvia Massy. Tobin describes the lyrics as being rather ambiguous, stating in an interview that "I want the feeling of the songs to be the priority, rather than the specific meaning." West Coast Love Stories, the debut album by new alias Stone Giants, "celebrates the relationship between voice and machine from an altogether different perspective - humans and electronics pooling resources to explore themes of love and being none the wiser for it." The "cinematic and apocalyptic" How Do You Live, released under Tobin's name, arrived in September 2021. In February 2021, Tobin was announced to be involved in the soundtracking of the Meow Wolf Omega Mart installation, along with Beach House, Brian Eno, Santigold, and others. Tobin's soundtrack to the installation, A Living Room (Music from Meow Wolf's Omega Mart) was released on September 23, 2022, on his Nomark Records label as a single-sided vinyl record with an etching on the reverse. As Two Fingers, a trio of collaborative singles with the German producer Muadeep came out in 2022: Blood Moon, Banished, and Lost Gods. Also in 2022, the Only Child Tyrant alias released a pair of singles: HoneyCup Troll and Make Better Friends. ==Musical style and influences== Tobin is best known for his use of audio manipulation techniques, where any given source material is transformed to produce a new sound. His use of this technique has changed over the course of his career. On his original singles under Ninebar and his first three albums, Tobin acquired all of the sound sources to produce music from his personal collection of vinyl records. He manipulates the sounds with a combination of audio hardware and software including Cubase, often leaving the original source unrecognizable in its new context. The majority of his early work focused on reordering the break beats from jazz and blues music into faster more complex patterns. Guido Farnell of InTheMix.com, wrote about his use of this technique, saying that Tobin has "taken the art to new and dizzying heights." His fifth album Out From Out Where began the gradual shift away from prerecorded material by incorporating original guitar samples. His techniques began branching into technical sound design, taking break beats or single instruments, modifying specific frequencies, and producing new sounds. This trend continued through his video game score Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Soundtrack, and by his sixth album, Foley Room, all of the source material was recorded in the field by himself. Speaking about the creativity of sample-based music compared to traditional instruments, he says that "creative input is not determined by your source material but in how you edit and manipulate the sounds." Tobin experimented with various instruments. He does not come from a music family, nor has he had any formal training in music theory. About his music in general, Tobin says that he sees it as a "genuine" expression of the time he lives in, as he says that by contrast, blues, jazz, and Brazilian genres were "genuine" expressions of the 1960s. Despite his indirect connection with Brazilian genres, Tobin collaborated with a number of artists on Bebel Gilberto's 2000 bossa nova album Tanto Tempo. Tobin's albums are often compared to soundtracks, and he says that movies by David Lynch have influenced him. In addition, he has stated to like films by the Coen brothers, Dario Argento, and Roman Polanski. ==Live performances== Tobin began performing live shows in clubs with other Ninja Tune artists after releasing his second album, Bricolage. His shows generally contained music that he had produced during his career, mixed with modified songs from drum and bass, hip- hop, or other genres. Because his music was entirely produced in a studio with electronics, Tobin was not interested in adapting his music to suit a Live PA incorporating musicians. He instead used turntables which he felt had more in common with his approach to music production. He is known for building Dolby Digital 7.1 surround sound speaker systems for his performances. In 2011, Tobin developed a live show in support of the album ISAM, fitting his criteria for a performance that is both live and purely electronic. He told Wired Magazine "The idea was to integrate myself, quite literally, into an audio and visual presentation of the album,". It incorporates the use of new video mapping techniques that are projected onto a large cubic structure from which Tobin performs. The show has been met with international acclaim described by Vice Magazine's Creators Project as "revolutionizing the live music experience". Tobin has performed individual shows in many countries including tours in Europe, Australia, Japan, and the United States. His 2003 live performance in Melbourne, Australia was used for the fourth album in Ninja Tune's Solid Steel series because Tobin was not available to record a studio mix at the time. Many songs from the original recording were omitted because of copyright issues with the original artists, including the R&B; group Destiny's Child. A second Solid Steel album Foley Room Recorded Live in Brussels was recorded in Brussels at the Ancienne Belgique in 2007, and was released for free in November 2008. According to Tobin's official website, "After months of back and forth and despite everyone's best efforts the mix was in danger of being edited into the ground to accommodate big labels and publishers. Rather than release a compromised version commercially, the decision was made to give it away for free instead." == Film work and soundtracks == Amon Tobin's sounds and samples are frequently used in the British car-based TV show Top Gear, and his song "Four Ton Mantis" has been used in advertisements for Nissan Qashqai and Juke. Tobin's music also appeared in several major motion pictures including The Italian Job, Tideline (Littoral) and 21. He has also produced tracks for a number of independent films, including The Last Minute, and has created production music for the BMG Zomba commercial library which is used in various films. In 2006, he scored the soundtrack for the Hungarian horror film Taxidermia which was made available on his website. He also produced the score for the 2009 documentary Pax Americana and the Weaponization of Space. In April 2010, Tobin composed and produced a small body of work for the video game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction which was available for streaming on his website. In 2013, Two Fingers composed the theme music for the BBC America/Space original series Orphan Black. ==Discography== Tobin has released seventeen major studio albums under his name as well as various aliases: Studio albums as Amon Tobin * Bricolage (1997) * Permutation (1998) * Supermodified (2000) * Out from Out Where (2002) * Foley Room (2007) * ISAM (2011) * Fear in a Handful of Dust (2019) * Long Stories (2019) * How Do You Live (2021) Soundtrack albums * Chaos Theory (2005) as Cujo * Adventures in Foam (1996) as Two Fingers * Two Fingers (2009) * Stunt Rhythms (2012) * Fight! Fight! Fight! (2020) * Cronos (2023) as Only Child Tyrant * Time to Run (2019) as Figueroa * The World As We Know It (2020) as Stone Giants * West Coast Love Stories (2021) In addition, his body of work includes a variety of extended plays containing several B-sides each, a live album for the Solid Steel series, new material for various compilation albums, and original tracks available as free downloads on his website. ==Notes== ==External links== * – official site *Amon Tobin artist page at Ninja Tune * *Amon Tobin artist page at YouTube * *Amon Tobin at The Creators Project * *Amon Tobin career retrospective article at PopMatters *Amon Tobin video of the Infamous Soundtrack Category:Brazilian DJs Category:Brazilian electronic musicians Category:Brazilian drum and bass musicians Category:Intelligent dance musicians Category:Brazilian people of Irish descent Category:British people of Brazilian descent Category:Video game composers Category:Ninja Tune artists Category:Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city) Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Paper Bag Records artists Category:Theremin players Category:Electronic dance music DJs |
Shen Youzhi (沈攸之) (died 478), courtesy name Zhongda (仲達), was a general during the Chinese Liu Song dynasty, who, in the final moments of the dynasty, made a final failed attempt to prevent Xiao Daocheng from seizing the throne. == Service under Emperors Wen and Xiaowu == It is not known when Shen Youzhi was born. However, it is known that his father Shen Shuren (沈叔仁) was an army officer under Emperor Wen's brother Liu Yiji (劉義季) the Prince of Hengyang and was a cousin of the famed general Shen Qingzhi (沈慶之). Shen Shuren's household was not rich, and he grew up in poverty after apparently losing his father early in life. In 450, when Northern Wei forces made a major invasion into Liu Song territory, Shen Youzhi was conscripted, and he went to see the general Liu Zunkao (劉遵考) to request a sergeant position. Liu was not impressed by his appearance and refused his request, so he went to follow his distance uncle Shen Qingzhi. However, Shen Qingzhi did not initially make him an officer either, and he did not become an officer until 452, when he followed Shen Qingzhi in a campaign against the Xiyang Aborigines (西陽蠻, located in modern Huanggang, Hubei). In 453, Emperor Wen was assassinated by his crown prince Liu Shao, who then seized the throne. Instead of acquiescing to Liu Shao's reign, Shen Qingzhi persuaded Liu Shao's brother Liu Jun the Prince of Wuling into an uprising against Liu Shao. Shen Youzhi was part of Shen Youzhi's army against Liu Shao, and at the Battle of Xinting (新亭, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), near the capital Jiankang, he suffered severe injuries but recovered. After Liu Shao was defeated and killed and Liu Jun became emperor (as Emperor Xiaowu), Shen Youzhi was created the Marquess of Pingluo and promoted. In 459, when Emperor Xiaowu's brother Liu Dan (劉誕) the Prince of Jingling rose against him, Shen Youzhi again joined Shen Qingzhi in the campaign against Liu Dan by besieging Liu Dan's post of Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and he contributed to the victory over Liu Dan. Emperor Xiaowu wanted to reward him greatly, but Shen Qingzhi, perhaps because Shen Youzhi was a relative, reduced the award, and Shen Youzhi became resentful of Shen Qingzhi after this point. == Service under Emperor Qianfei == In 464, Emperor Xiaowu died and was succeeded by his impulsive and violent son Emperor Qianfei. Emperor Qianfei, suspecting the high-level officials of conspiring against him, soon carried out a campaign of terror against them, and because he feared assassinations, he greatly endeared himself to a number of fierce army officers, including Shen Youzhi, Zong Yue (宗越), Tan Jin (譚金), and Tong Taiyi (童太一), making them command his personal guards. Shen, along with the others, participated in his slaughters of the high-level officials. After one such attack in winter 475 against Emperor Qianfei's uncle and brother-in-law He Mai (何邁), whose wife Liu Yingmei (劉英媚) the Princess Xincai Emperor Qianfei engaged in an incestuous relationship with, Shen Qingzhi tried to enter the palace to persuade Emperor Qianfei to change his ways, but was stopped by roadblocks that Emperor Qianfei had set up in anticipation of his attempt. Emperor Qianfei then ordered Shen Youzhi to deliver poison to Shen Qingzhi to force him to commit suicide. Shen Qingzhi refused to take the poison, and Shen Youzhi then suffocated him with a blanket. In less than a month, however, while Shen and the other key officers Emperor Qianfei trusted were out of the palace, Emperor Qianfei's attendant Shou Jizhi (壽寂之) assassinated him, and Emperor Qianfei's uncle Liu Yu then took the throne as Emperor Ming. == Service under Emperor Ming == Emperor Ming did not trust the guard officers that Emperor Qianfei had endeared, and he offered to give them commandery governor posts to get them to leave the palace. However, they were largely fearful that Emperor Ming had other intentions, and they entered into a plot against Emperor Ming. Shen Youzhi, however, informed Emperor Ming of the plot, and Emperor Ming then had those officers executed, except for Shen, whom he began to trust and made him a guard commander again. Meanwhile, Deng Wan (鄧琬), the chief of staff for Emperor Qianfei's brother Liu Zixun the Prince of Jin'an and governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian), refused to accept Emperor Ming's offer to promote Liu Zixun, and instead started an uprising in Liu Zixun's name, declaring Liu Zixun emperor in spring 466. Soon, nearly the entire empire pledged loyalty to Liu Zixun, and Emperor Ming was left with control of only the several commanderies around Jiankang. However, Liu Zixun's forces proceeded slowly toward Jiankang, and Emperor Ming used the opportunity to gather his troops in preparation of a war. Shen Youzhi was one of the generals. After his commanding general Yin Xiaozu (殷孝祖) was killed in battle, initially his officers wanted Shen Youzhi to take over command of the army, but judging that another general, Jiang Faxing (江法興), would be unwilling to submit to him, Shen humbled himself and offered the command to Jiang, preserving unity of the forces. Shen Youzhi subsequently was particularly successful against Liu Zixun's general Liu Hu (劉胡), and his successes, combined with the successes of Zhang Xingshi (張興世), caused Liu Zixun's forces to collapse. In fall 466, Shen Youzhi arrived at Liu Zixun's headquarters at Xunyang (尋陽, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi), and he executed Liu Zixun and delivered the head to Jiankang. For his successes, Emperor Ming created him the Duke of Zhenyang. Emperor Ming, however, made the crucial mistake of appearing not to accepting the pledge of allegiance of Xue Andu (薛安都), the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui), instead sending Shen and Zhang Yong (張永) north with troops, which frightened Xue and led him to surrender to Northern Wei. When Shen and Zhang subsequently arrived at Xue's headquarters at Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), their siege of the city failed, forcing them to withdraw in early 467. They were pursued and then defeated by Xue and the Northern Wei general Yuchi Yuan (尉遲元), suffering extreme losses. In fall 467, against Shen's advice, Emperor Ming ordered Shen to again attack Pengcheng, and he was again defeated by Yuchi's forces. He suffered major injuries in the battle, but was able to escape. In 469, Emperor Ming made Shen the governor of Ying Province (郢州, modern eastern Hubei), and there, he began to build up a personal army which he hoped would be loyal to him. In 472, Emperor Ming died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Houfei. == Service under Emperor Houfei == Emperor Houfei's administration was initially dominated by Emperor Ming's associates Wang Daolong (王道隆) and Ruan Dianfu (阮佃夫), who distrusted the strict governor of the important Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei), Cai Xingzong (蔡興宗). They therefore recalled Cai to the capital and moved Shen from Ying Province to Jing Province. According to historical records written in the subsequent Southern Qi Dynasty, Shen effectively made Jing Province into a personal domain, disregarding imperial directives, and saving resources in preparation of eventual war. He was said to be temperamental and austere but talented, and his subordinates feared him and did not dare to hide truths from him. It was also said that the social order was so well maintained that people could sleep at night without closing doors. In 474, when Emperor Houfei's uncle Liu Xiufan (劉休範) the Prince of Guiyang declared a rebellion, he manufactured a prophecy in which Shen Youzhi was referred to was prime minister, and had the prophetic writing delivered to Shen, who however declined to join his rebellion, and subsequently aligned with Wang Sengqian (王僧虔) the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, modern Hunan), Zhang Xingshi the governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern northwestern Hubei and southwestern Henan), and the chief of staff of Liu Xie (劉燮) the Prince of Jinxi and governor of Ying Province to attack Liu Xiufan's base at Xunyang, forcing Xunyang's surrender and killing Liu Xiufan's two sons. Liu Xiufan, meanwhile, while sieging Jiankang, was killed by assassins sent by the general Xiao Daocheng, and his rebellion collapsed. In the aftermaths of Liu Xiufan's defeat, the high-level officials wanted to recall Shen to the capital, but did not dare to do so without his agreement in fear of causing him to rebel, and so sent messenger in the name of Emperor Ming's wife Empress Dowager Wang to try to persuade Shen to accept a promotion and a recall. Shen declined, and the high-level officials permitted him to remain at Jing Province. However, concerned about Shen, Xiao, who had been friendly with Shen up to this point - so much so that Shen Youzhi's son Shen Wenhe (沈文和) married Xiao's daughter - sent the general who had assassinated Liu Xiufan, Zhang Jing'er (張敬兒), to be the governor of Yong Province in 475, to prepare for an eventual betrayal of Shen. Shen tried to foster a relationship with Zhang, and believed incorrectly that he had won Zhang over to his side, but Zhang remained secretly still loyal to Xiao. In 476, when Emperor Houfei's cousin Liu Jingsu (劉景素) the Prince of Jianping and governor of South Xu Province (南徐州, modern western central Jiangsu) rebelled, it was rumored that Shen was aligned with Liu Jingsu, and he tried to show his loyalty by sending an army to aid Xiao and other imperial generals against Liu Jingsu, although by the time his forces arrived at Jiankang, Liu Jingsu had already been defeated. Emperor Houfei was a violent and unpredictable teenage emperor, and he often killed whoever he encountered. On one occasion, he was set to kill Xiao, and Xiao then engaged Emperor Houfei's attendants to kill him. On the night of Qi Xi in 477, Emperor Houfei's attendant Yang Yufu (楊玉夫) did so, and Xiao took effective control of the imperial government, making Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun the Prince of Ancheng emperor (as Emperor Shun). == Uprising against Xiao Daocheng == Shen Youzhi often claimed that he had entered into a secret oath with Emperor Ming, written on white silk that he then sewed into his vest. Upon hearing of Emperor Houfei's death, his staff members Zong Yanzhi (宗儼之) and Zang Yin (臧寅) both tried to persuade him to start an uprising immediately against Xiao, but Shen failed to do so because his oldest son Shen Yuanyan (沈元琰) was still in Jiankang. Xiao then subsequently sent Shen Yuanyan to Shen Youzhi, along with weapons that Emperor Houfei had used to slice his victims open, to Shen Youzhi to explain the reasons why he had Emperor Houfei assassinated. However, Shen was still displeased that Xiao had taken over the government, and he stated that he would rather be like the Cao Wei general Wang Ling, who had unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Sima Yi, than be Jia Chong, who submitted to and served Sima Yi's sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao and grandson Emperor Wu of Jin. However, he still could not immediately start his uprising, but kept Shen Yuanyan at Jing Province. Soon, claiming that he had received secret instructions from Empress Dowager Wang, hidden in a pair of candles, Shen did announce a rebellion, accusing Xiao of intending to usurp the throne. However, the provincial governors whom he invited to join him all declined and either resisted him or stood by. Shen nevertheless had a strong army, and the imperial army generals were apprehensive about facing him. He initially progressed quickly toward Jiankang, but as he passed Yingcheng (郢城, in modern Wuhan, Hubei), he was provoked by insults of Liu Shilong (柳世隆), the chief of staff for Liu Zan (劉贊) the Prince of Wuling and governor of Ying Province into stopping and laying siege to the well-fortified city. Meanwhile, Xiao had Shen Qingzhi's son Shen Wenji (沈文季) arrest Shen Youzhi's brother Shen Dengzhi (沈登之) and execute Shen Youzhi's clan, to avenge Shen Qingzhi. In 478, with his forces unable to capture Yingcheng, Shen Youzhi's soldiers began to desert. Shen then aggravated the situation by imposing severe punishments on the commanding officers of deserting soldiers - which in turn caused them to desert. Shen's officer Liu Rangbing (劉攘兵) then surrendered to Liu Shilong, causing his forces to collapse. He tried to retreat to Jiangling (the capital of Jing Province), but by the time he did so, Zhang Jing'er had already captured Jiangling and killed Shen Yuanyan, whom Shen Youzhi had left in charge of Jiangling. Shen's remaining army, seeing that Jiangling had fallen, collapsed, and he initially tried to flee, but realizing that his escape route had been cut off, committed suicide along with his son Shen Wenhe (沈文和). His other sons were killed by Zhang Jing'er. In 483, Xiao Daocheng's son Emperor Wu of Southern Qi, recognizing Shen Youzhi's accomplishments, permitted him to be reburied with proper honors. == Notes == == References == Category:Liu Song generals Category:478 deaths Category:Liu Song politicians Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Politicians from Huzhou Category:Generals from Zhejiang Category:Suicides in Liu Song |
Lloyd Newson (born 1957) is a director, dancer and choreographer. He formed DV8 Physical Theatre and has led the company since its inception in 1986. He studied psychology and social work at Melbourne University and after graduating began his dancing career in New Zealand, initially as a dancer but later also as a choreographer. DV8 Physical Theatre was formed as a response to Newson's increasing frustration with the superficiality of contemporary dance. DV8's work is characterised by the desire to communicate ideas and feelings clearly and unpretentiously, with a focus on socio-political issues. Under the banner of DV8 Physical Theatre, Newson's work has won 55 national and international awards. He has choreographed and directed DV8's work since its inception, with the exception of My Sex; Our Dance (1986) which was co- created with performer Nigel Charnock. Between 1986 and 1992 Newson frequently collaborated with performers Michelle Richecoeur, Nigel Charnock and Wendy Houstoun. Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men premiered in 1988, and was the first of Newson's work to be adapted for film (1990). Further film translations of stage shows include Strange Fish (1992), Enter Achilles (1995), and The Cost of Living (2004). Living Costs (2003) was the company's first site specific performance, in collaboration with Tate Modern, and featured elements from the stage production The Cost of Living. In 2004 Newson conceived and directed the film version of this work which was set on location in Cromer, an English seaside town. Since 2007, Newson's work has combined his individual style of movement with verbatim text. These verbatim-dance works deal with contemporary issues: religious tolerance and intolerance towards sexuality in To Be Straight With You (2007–09), censorship and freedom of speech in Can we Talk About This? (2011–12) and a man's attempt to escape his criminal background and redeem his life in JOHN (2014–15). ==Early life and career== Born in Albury, New South Wales in 1957, Newson attended the University of Melbourne, from which he graduated in 1978. Whilst studying psychology and social work, he started attending dance classes with Margaret Lasica and regularly performed with her company, the Modern Dance Ensemble. By the time of his graduation, Newson had become interested in pursuing dance professionally, and subsequently joined Impulse Dance Theatre (1979), on a combined tour with the Royal New Zealand Ballet Company. He travelled to London in 1980 performing with the Australian company One Extra Dance Theatre and whilst there won a scholarship to London Contemporary Dance School (1980-1981). Between 1981 and 1985 he danced with Extemporary Dance Theatre (UK). ==DV8 Physical Theatre== ===History=== By 1986, Newson had worked with 28 different choreographers and was beginning to feel increasingly frustrated by lack of subject matter within the British contemporary dance scene. He has been quoted as saying that he felt the majority of the work he had been dancing in was 'conning' audiences 'about the depth' of what was being presented. Seeking a way to challenge the limitations of dance, he began to explore the concept of physical theatre, which he saw as allowing him to use 'any means necessary to find the most appropriate way to say something'. He subsequently formed DV8 Physical Theatre in 1986. Since its inception, the company has been characterised by work that incorporates a range of mediums, including elements of theatre, dance, film and text. === Early work === The first work Newson produced with the new company was My Sex, Our Dance (1986), created in partnership with the performer Nigel Charnock. It tackled the emergence of AIDS as a social issue, exploring through physical risk-taking the extent to which two men can trust each other. This was followed by Deep End (1987), and Elemen T(H)ree Sex (1987), works which focused on heterosexual relationships. These works toured the UK, with Elemen T(H)ree sharing a bill in 1987 with My Sex, Our Dance; something Deep End would also do in 1987 and 1988. In 1987 the company premiered My Body, Your Body, which featured performer Wendy Houstoun, who had attended a workshop and quickly became a frequent collaborator with the company. The work, based on audio recordings of a close female friend of Newson's and the book Women Who Love Too Much by Robin Norwood, explored the psychology of women who seek out relationships with abusive men. Initially conceived with students at Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University), the piece was remounted and toured the UK at the end of 1987. Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men followed in 1988, and drew inspiration from the book Killing for Company, written about the mass- murderer Dennis Nielsen. The work premiered at the Third Eye Centre in Glasgow, and received critical acclaim, going on to win the 1989 Time Out Dance Award, and the Evening Standard Ballet Award for the same year. In 1990, the work was adapted for film with the director David Hinton and went on to be awarded as The Best Stage Performance Reworked for the Camera by IMZ Dance Screen. === 1990: If Only... === After Dead Dreams on Monochrome Men, Newson has stated that he was 'fatigued by the bruising physicality' of his earlier works. His, and DV8's, following production, If Only... (1990) marked a stylistic change from previous works; later described by Newson as being 'less combative' and 'more poetical'. The main protagonist was a woman, Wendy Houstoun. The work was inspired by Bertrand Russell’s writings on happiness, and much like Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men, the production was critically acclaimed, winning the Golden Pegasus Award at 1990's Melbourne International Festival. === Strange Fish, MSM and Enter Achilles === In Strange Fish (1992) Newson altered his approach to new work by writing narratives in advance of the rehearsal period. Wendy Houstoun again played the central role in the production. Strange Fish explored friendship and, in Newson's own words, 'the search for something or someone to believe in'. Co-produced by EXPO Seville, Britain at EXPO and National Arts Centre Ottawa, the show opened in Seville and saw its UK premiere at Tramway, Glasgow. The Independent newspaper called it 'one of the richest and most unsparing theatrical experiences' they had had 'in a long time'. The work was also awarded a London Dance & Performance Award (1992) and adapted for film, with director David Hinton collaborating with Newson on the move from the stage to the screen. The production of Newson's next work, MSM (1993), was based on first hand verbatim interviews with men of various ages, backgrounds and sexualities on the subject of cottaging - MSM is the sociological term to describe the act of men having sex with men, irrespective of the sexuality they identify as. The production premiered in Montreal, before opening in the UK at the Nottingham Playhouse. It was co- commissioned by the Royal Court Theatre (London). 1995's Enter Achilles scrutinised the concept of masculinity in modern society. Set in a typical British pub, it looks at how a group of men hide actions and feelings that are deemed unmanly, only for these repressed emotions to manifest themselves in other ways. The work toured initially in the UK and Europe in 1995, and to Australia in 1996 - a revival tour to the US, Canada and Europe followed in 1997, then Russia and Japan in 1998. The stage production was also translated to film, with Newson working with the director Clara van Gool. The film was shown widely at international festivals, and won awards including a Prix Italia and an Emmy Award for the Performing Arts (1997). A new production of Enter Achilles, in collaboration with Ballet Rambert and Sadler's Wells, staged its world premiere at the Adelaide Festival in March 2020. === Bound to Please and The Happiest Day of My Life === 1997 saw the premiere of Bound to Please, in which Newson directly tackled the dance world. The work featured a love scene between an older woman (Diana Payne-Meyers) and a much younger man. Newson then followed this work with The Happiest Day of My Life (1999), which saw him exploring the themes of love and betrayal, mixing the surreal with the suburban. The elaborate set of a carpeted room sinking into water won Time Out Design of the Year. === The Cost of Living === In 2000, the Sydney 2000 Cultural Olympiad commissioned Newson to create Can We Afford This, later renamed The Cost of Living. It opened London's Dance Umbrella season, and featured 17 performers investigating how society measures success and how we in turn calculate our own value. Newson was cited as saying the work was about 'what we think we are, and what we think we ought to be'. The touring of the show took DV8 to South East Asia for the first time, and led to several revival projects: a re-staging toured extensively in 2003. In the same year, Tate Modern commissioned a reimagined version of the show Living Costs marking Newson's first site specific work for DV8. The production took scenes from The Cost of Living and blended them with new material, as visitors were taken on a promenade around 7 levels of the Tate Modern, to explore the concepts of high/low art and living through dance, circus, video projection and live music. In 2004, Newson directed the film version of The Cost of Living which was commissioned by Channel 4. It won 18 prizes, including the NOW Audience Choice Award at the Moving Pictures Festival of Toronto, and the Rose d'Or for Arts & Specials in 2005. === Just for Show === Just for Show (2005 – 06) incorporated virtual technology and allowed Newson to play with ideas around image; where ‘people are often more concerned about looking good, than being good’. Just for Show and subsequent productions To Be Straight With You, Can We Talk About This? and JOHN were presented and co-produced by the National Theatre in London. === Move to Verbatim Theatre === Newson has stated that after "Just for Show", he began to feel that he could no longer express complex ideas and stories solely through movement. He began to experiment with verbatim text, using interview transcripts to explore how movement and text interrelated. The first production to showcase this was To Be Straight with You (2007), an examination of tolerance/intolerance, homosexuality, culture and religion. The piece toured widely between 2007 and 2009, and was critically praised for its 'hard hitting' nature, and desire to tackle difficult subject matters head on. Can we Talk About This? (2011-2012), dealt with freedom of speech, censorship and Islam. For this production, Newson drew on existing interviews as well as ones he conducted himself, concerning events such as the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, the murder of filmmaker Theo van Gogh, and the burnings of Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses. The work sought to examine how those events, and others, have influenced multicultural policies, press freedom and artistic censorship. "Can We Talk About This?" was awarded the Helpmann Award (2012) and Production of the Year (2012) by Tanz Magazine (Germany). Newson's most recent work, again using the methods of verbatim theatre, is JOHN (2014), which follows one man (the eponymous title character, played by performer Hannes Langolf) tracing his criminality, drug use and personal relationships, efforts at rehabilitation and desire to lead an ordinary life. Built on interviews with over 50 men, the work premiered in Vienna (2014), before having an extended run at the Royal National Theatre in London (2014-2015). It was also broadcast to cinemas around the country through the pioneering NT Live programme. === 2016 - DV8 On Hold === On 12 January 2016, as DV8 celebrated its 30th Anniversary, the company announced that artistic director Lloyd Newson was taking time out to reflect about the future. Due to this the company confirmed that the production of new work was to be paused indefinitely. == Selected awards == * OBE for services to contemporary dance (2013) * UK Critics Circle 100 most influential people in the arts in the last 100 years * Helpmann Award for 'Best Ballet or Dance Work' (2012) * Honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt), Roehamption University (2011) * Grand Prix de Danse, Syndicat Professionnel de la Critique de Théâtre, Musique et Danse (2009) * Prix Italia (Performing Arts) (2005) * Rose d'Or (Arts and Specials Category) (2005) * International Emmy Award for Performing Arts (1997) ==References== ==External links== * DV8 Homepage * Lloyd Newson Biography on IMDB * * * * * Category:Australian male dancers Category:People from Albury, New South Wales Category:University of Melbourne alumni Category:1957 births Category:Living people Category:Contemporary dancers Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade (October 27, 1800March 2, 1878) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a United States Senator for Ohio from 1851 to 1869. He is known for his leading role among the Radical Republicans.Benjamin Wade. American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved February 13, 2022. Had the 1868 impeachment of U.S. President Andrew Johnson led to a conviction in the Senate, as president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Wade would have become acting president for the remaining nine months of Johnson's term. Born in Massachusetts, Wade worked as a laborer on the Erie Canal before establishing a law practice in Jefferson, Ohio. As a member of the Whig Party, Wade served in the Ohio Senate between 1837 and 1842. After a stint as a local judge, Wade was sworn into the United States Senate in 1851. An opponent of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Wade joined the nascent Republican Party as the Whigs collapsed.Benjamin Franklin Wade. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 13, 2022. He established a reputation as one of the most radical American politicians of the era, favoring women's suffrage, trade union rights, and equality for African-Americans. During the Civil War, Wade was highly critical of President Abraham Lincoln's leadership. In opposition to Lincoln's post-war plans, which he deemed too lenient and conciliatory, Wade sponsored the Wade–Davis Bill, which proposed strict terms for the re-admittance of Confederate states. He also helped pass the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Morrill Act of 1862. In 1868, the House of Representatives impeached President Johnson for his defiance of the Tenure of Office Act. Wade's unpopularity with his senatorial Moderate Republican colleagues was a factor in Johnson's acquittal by the Senate. He lost his Senate re-election bid in 1868, though remained active in law and politics until his death in 1878. Although frequently criticized for his radicalism during his time, particularly as he opposed Lincoln's ten-percent plan, Wade's contemporary reputation has been lauded for his lifelong unwavering and persistent commitment to civil rights and racial equality. ==Early life and education== Wade was born in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts, on October 27, 1800, to Mary and James Wade. Benjamin Wade's first job was as a laborer on the Erie Canal. He also taught school before studying law in Ohio with Elisha Whittlesey. After being admitted to the bar in 1828, he began practicing law in Jefferson, Ohio. Wade formed a partnership with Joshua Giddings, a prominent anti-slavery figure, in 1831. He became the prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County by 1836, and as a member of the Whig Party, Wade was elected to the Ohio State Senate, serving two two-year terms between 1837 and 1842. He established a new law practice with Rufus P. Ranney and was elected presiding judge of the third district in 1847. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge of common pleas in what is now Summit County (Ohio). In 1851 Wade was elected by his legislature to the United States Senate. There, he associated with such eventual Radical Republicans as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. He fought against the controversial Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. After the decline of the Whigs' power, Wade joined the Republican Party. He was also critical of how certain aspects of capitalism were practiced in the 19th century, opposing the imprisonment of debtors and special privileges for corporations. ==Career== ===American Civil War=== In March 1861, Wade became chairman of the Committee on Territories, and in July 1861, along with other politicians, he witnessed the defeat of the Union Army at the First Battle of Bull Run. There, he was almost captured by the Confederate Army. After arriving back at Washington, D.C., he was one of those who blamed the attack on the supposed incompetence of the leadership of the Union Army. From 1861 to 1862 he was chairman of the important Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, and in 1862, as chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, was instrumental in abolishing slavery in the Federal Territories. During the American Civil War, Wade was highly critical of President Abraham Lincoln; in a September 1861 letter, he privately wrote that Lincoln's views on slavery "could only come of one born of poor white trash and educated in a slave State." He was especially angry when Lincoln was slow to recruit African- Americans into the armies, and actively advocated for the bill that abolished slavery and had a direct hand in the passing of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862. Wade was also critical of Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan; in December 1863, he and Henry Winter Davis sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. The Wade–Davis Bill mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The House of Representatives passed the bill on May 4, 1864, by a margin of 73 ayes to 59 nays; the Senate passed it on July 2, 1864, by a margin of 18 ayes to 14 nays and was brought to Lincoln's desk. Wade signed, along with Davis, the Wade–Davis Manifesto, which accused the president of seeking reelection by the executive establishment of new state governments.The Wade–Davis Reconstruction Bill. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Retrieved February 13, 2022. On July 28, 1866, the 39th Congress passed an act to adjust the peacetime establishment of the United States military. Wade proposed that two of the cavalry regiments should be composed of African-American enlisted personnel. After strong opposition, the legislation was passed which provided for the first black contingent in the regular U.S. Army, consisting of six regiments: 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st Infantry Regiments. These units, made up of black enlisted personnel and white officers, were not the first of such units to serve on the Western Frontier. During late 1865 through early 1866, companies from the 57th US Colored Infantry Regiment and the 125th United States Colored Infantry Regiment had been assigned to posts in New Mexico Territory to provide protection for settlers in the area, and escort those going further west. Blunt, outspoken, and above all uncompromising, Wade was among the best known of the Radicals in American politics. He played a major role in founding the new Republican Party, emancipating the slaves, and battling the enemies of the Freedmen's Bureau. Wade thought Lincoln was laggard in battling slavery, but Lincoln proved the better politician, building a deeper coalition in support of policies that would hold the Union together by destroying the economic base of plantation slavery that supported the Confederacy. Later when the groundwork for Radical Republicanism was being laid, Wade contended that under a new economic and social structure in the South shaped by free labor, both blacks and whites would "finally occupy a platform according to their merits." He also fiercely opposed the admittance to representation of Southern states that continued denying suffrage to blacks. As the descendant of leading Puritans, and an activist in the militant Western Reserve in Ohio, Wade's constituents enthusiastically supported his radicalism. His defeat for reelection in the Senate in 1868 demonstrated that his statewide base was shaky. In addition to his anti-slavery activities, he also fought for land grants, women's rights, and labor reform.Hans L. Trefousse, "Wade, Benjamin Franklin" in John A. Garraty, ed., Encyclopedia of American Biography (1974) pp 1134-1135. ===Impeachment of Johnson, later years=== thumb|right|250px|Wade in his later years. Wade initially expressed optimism in President Andrew Johnson, telling the Tennessee Democrat, "we have faith in you." However, along with most other Radical Republicans, he would become highly critical of Johnson. Wade supported the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills (which he succeeded in extending to the District of Columbia) and was a strong partisan of the Fourteenth Amendment. He also strengthened his party in Congress by forcefully advocating the admission of Nebraska and Kansas. These actions made him so prominent that at the beginning of the 40th Congress (in 1867), Wade became the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, which meant that he was next in line for the presidency (as Johnson had no vice president). After many fallouts with the Republican-dominated Congress, the Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Johnson (who had been a Democrat). When Johnson was impeached, Wade was sworn in as one of the senators sitting in judgment, but was greatly criticized because of his unseemly interest in the outcome of the trial. Although most senators believed that Johnson was guilty of the charges, they did not want the extremely radical Wade to become acting president. One newspaper wrote, "Andrew Johnson is innocent because Ben Wade is guilty of being his successor." According to John Roy Lynch (R-MS, 1873–77, 1882–83), one of the twenty-two African Americans elected to Congress from the South during Reconstruction, in his book Facts Concerning Reconstruction: > It was believed by many at the time that some of the [moderate] Republican > Senators that voted for acquittal [of Andrew Johnson] did so chiefly on > account of their antipathy to the man who would succeed to the presidency in > the event of the conviction of the [sitting] president. This man was Senator > Benjamin Wade, of Ohio, President pro tempore of the Senate who as the law > then stood, would have succeeded to the presidency in the event of a vacancy > in the office from any cause. Senator Wade was an able man … He was a strong > party man. He had no patience with those who claimed to be [Radical] > Republicans and yet refused to abide by the decision of the majority of the > party organization [as did Grimes, Johnson, Lincoln, Pratt, and Trumbull] … > the sort of active and aggressive man that would be likely to make for > himself enemies of men in his own organization who were afraid of his great > power and influence, and jealous of him as a political rival. That some of > his senatorial Republican associates should feel that the best service they > could render their country would be to do all in their power to prevent such > a man from being elevated to the Presidency … for while they knew he was an > able man, they also knew that, according to his convictions of party duty > and party obligations, he firmly believed he who served his party best > served his country best…that he would have given the country an able > administration is concurrent opinion of those who knew him best. Indeed, some of the Moderate Republican Senators who voted to acquit Johnson, including William P. Fessenden of Maine, acted out of antipathy towards the staunchly pro-civil rights Wade, who they did not want to become president. Northern business interests also disdained Wade due to his advocacy of labor unions, high protective tariffs, and a "soft" monetary policy. In 1868, then- presidential candidate Ulysses S. Grant was urged by his fellow Republicans to choose Wade as his vice presidential running mate; but he refused, instead choosing another radical, Speaker Schuyler Colfax (presiding officer of the House), who coincidentally married Wade's niece, Ellen Maria Wade, shortly after the election. After being defeated in the 1868 elections, Wade returned to his Ohio law practice. Though no longer a government official, Wade continued to contribute to the world of law and politics. He became an agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, continued his party activities, became a member of the commission researching the likelihood of the purchase of the Dominican Republic in 1871 and served as an elector for Rutherford Hayes in the election of 1876. ===Stalwart politics, antipathy towards President Hayes=== thumb|right|Wade, who maintained lifelong support for civil rights, became disenchanted with President Hayes' leniency towards the South. Among Wade's political activities in his post-Congress years included his taking part among the Republican "Stalwart" faction, the wing of the GOP which supported the Reconstruction policies of President Ulysses S. Grant and opposed civil service reform during the 1870s. * Riddleberger, Patrick W. "The radicals' abandonment of the Negro during Reconstruction." Journal of Negro History 45.2 (1960): 88-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/2716572 He became a lobbyist for Jay Cooke and the Northern Pacific Railroad in the 1870s.Trefouse, 1963, p. 315. Although Wade enthusiastically supported Rutherford B. Hayes' 1876 campaign for president, he became disillusioned with Hayes' withdrawal of remaining federal troops from the South, an action he viewed as constituting a betrayal of Republican principles. He wrote in a subsequently published letter to Uriah Hunt Painter of The New York Times: Throughout the summer and fall of 1877, Wade continued his forceful denunciation of the Hayes administration, asserting in November that the president would never have received his vote had he knew Hayes intended to "abandon the Southern Republicans and put in his Cabinet a rebel who had fought four years to destroy the Government." Wade disdained Hayes' selection of David M. Key, a former Confederate officer, to the position of United States Postmaster General. However, Wade's lack of power at this point made him helpless. ===Death=== Wade, amidst his expressed frustration and grief over President Hayes' betrayal of the Republican Party's commitment to civil rights, fell ill. His progressively worsening health, attributed by doctors to a form of typhoid fever, would subsequently result in his death. On March 1, 1878, Wade, while lying on his bed, summoned his wife Caroline and whispered his last words: In the following morning, Wade died in Jefferson, Ohio. News reporting quickly spread; The New York Times, which had long criticized him frequently, published an obituary titled: "The Last of the Congressional Champions of Freedom." ==References== ===Citations=== ===Cited works=== * * ==Further reading== ===Secondary sources=== * Bogue, Allan G. “Historians and Radical Republicans: A Meaning for Today.” Journal of American History, 70.1 , 1983, pp. 7–34. online * Bordewich, Fergus M. “The Radicals’ War: How the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War Tried to Shape the Course of the Civil War.” in Congress and the People’s Contest: The Conduct of the Civil War, edited by Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon, Ohio University Press, 2018, pp. 113–46. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224tvzn.8 * Land, Mary. “‘Bluff’ Ben Wade's New England Background.” New England Quarterly 27.4 (Dec. 1954): 484-509. * Martinez, J. Michael. Congressional Lions: Trailblazing Members of Congress and How They Shaped American History (2019) pp 57-130. * Richards, David L., "Senator Benjamin F. Wade and the Influence of Nature, Nurture, and Environment on his Abolitionist Sentiments" (MA Thesis, Wright State University 2016). online * * ===Primary sources=== * Wade, Benjamin Franklin, and Daniel Wheelwright Gooch. Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War: Sherman. Vol. 3. (US Government Printing Office, 1865) online. * Wade, Benjamin F. Speech, “Nebraska and Kansas Bills” Senate of the United States, March 3, 1854. online ==External links== * * Category:1800 births Category:1878 deaths Category:Activists for African-American civil rights Category:American abolitionists Category:Ohio Republicans Category:Ohio state court judges Category:Ohio state senators Category:Ohio Whigs Category:19th-century American politicians Category:People from Jefferson, Ohio Category:People of the Reconstruction Era Category:People of Ohio in the American Civil War Category:Republican Party United States senators from Ohio Category:Union (American Civil War) political leaders Category:1868 United States vice-presidential candidates Category:Whig Party United States senators Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Category:Radical Republicans Category:Left-wing populism in the United States Category:Stalwarts (Republican Party) |
The Old London Bank Building is a heritage-listed former bank building and boarding house and now guesthouse at 17 Sturt Street, Bourke, Bourke Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Melbourne architectural firm Terry and Oakden and built from 1886 to 1888, with construction attributed to local builders/architects Perry and Hawken. The building now operates as the Gidgee Guesthouse. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. == History == In 1862, prior to the first sale of land at Bourke, William Sly, Joseph Becker and John Kelly are thought to have constructed the first buildings in Bourke on the banks of the Darling River on what was to become Lots 245 and 6 of Section 1 and Lots 1, 2, 3 and 5 of Section 2 located next to the punt. Sly and Kelly established the first Bourke hotels on their land and Becker established a store. Sly also owned Lot 6, which is the site of the Old London Bank. Bourke was proclaimed a township in 1862 and quickly grew and developed. By 1872 the township's businesses included bakers, cordial manufacturers, tailors, jewellers, market gardeners, and a blacksmith and wheelwright. The growth and development of Bourke continued throughout the 1890s and the early decades of the twentieth century. The telegraph system of communication was supplemented with telephone in 1911 and electricity became available in the early 1930s. With development grew numerous industries. There were two Bourke breweries operating by 1881 as woolstores, and the meat processing and export industry was established in 1889. The local meat business, Bourke Meat Works closed in 1900 and it was not until 1938 that it was replaced by Tancred Brothers Pty Ltd who established an abattoir in Bourke in 1938. This business prospered and continued to operate through the 1970s. The industry and business interests in the Bourke community were supported by a growing financial and banking sector. The first bank to open in Bourke was the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney in 1865, this was followed by the Australian Joint Stock Bank in 1875, the Bank of New South Wales in 1877 and by 1881 the London Chartered Bank of Australia was established in the town, the bank was restructured in 1888 becoming the London Bank of Australia. Most of these banking operations had started their operations in rented rooms in the business district. As they firmed their position in the community most banks purchased property and constructed imposing premises from which to operate. In April 1887 the London Chartered Bank purchased Lot 6 Section 1, which had by this time passed from the ownership of William Sly to Henry and George Colless and eventually to George Allen, Charles Cowper and Jane Becker. By 1887 a prominent firm of architects from Melbourne, Terry and Oakden had been commissioned to design the new London Chartered Bank building and residence. The building was completed by 1889 and the bank operations and the then Bank Manager's family, the Gledhills, moved into the premises on 12 February 1889. The building housed the operations of the London Bank of Australia from 1889 to 1942. In 1920 the bank was amalgamated with the English, Scottish and Australian Bank (ES&A;) bank. During these years the bank and its managers became part of the fabric of the political social and business life of the Bourke community. The bank managers' families were involved in community affairs such as local sporting event, council business and charitable activities. One bank manager, Mr Gledhill, became Mayor of Bourke and inevitably the Bank as part of its business operations came to hold substantial interests in local pastoral land through the process of administering mortgages on properties. In 1942 the Bank closed its operation in Bourke due to the wartime rationalisation scheme which aimed to free up personnel so they could enlist or contribute to the war effort. The building was purchased in 1942 by the a Sylvia Faith Randall, who immediately transferred ownership to Tancred Brothers who by this time had built a boarding house or hostel on the adjacent property to house their abattoir staff. The hostel was run by a series of managers who were either women or couples. It operated as a hostel until the 1970s. Initially rent was paid directly to the Tancred Brothers who then paid the managers. Later a system was established where the manager collected rent and paid a portion of it to Tancred Brothers. While initially confined to the hostel or barracks building, with an increasing demand for accommodation not only from Tancred employees but also itinerant shearers and others, the boarding house operations gradually encroached onto the nank premises. In 1943 a dining room building was built directly adjacent to the living room and kitchen of the original residence. The manager and her family lived in the original residence and eventually some of Tancreds' more senior employees also lived in rooms in the original residence. In 1946 the Commonwealth Bank leased the former banking chambers at the Old London Bank. The design of the building ensured that secure banking operations could be maintained even if other parts of the original residence continued to serve as a boarding house and accommodation for the boarding house managers family. The chambers had by this time been partitioned into accommodation quarters and Tancreds agreed to remove these, repair and paint the walls, windows and doors, clean the area, and install certain fittings for the bank. The verandah was enclosed for bathroom facilities in the 1950s. The Commonwealth Bank operated from the Old London Bank's chambers until 1956 when it was again used to accommodate the seasonal surges in Tancred staff numbers. Tancred's operations in Bourke were affected by the periods of drought, industrial action and shifts in the market demand for their products during the 1960s and 1970s. During this period the bank building's use as accommodation quarters ceased and the hostel quarters adjacent closed in 1972. In 1981 the Bank building was bought and used as a residence and secondhand furniture repair shop. In 1988, the Bourke Historic Buildings Co-op purchased the building with a grant from the New South Wales Heritage Council. Some restoration was undertaken at this time. In 1993 a Permanent Conservation Order was gazetted for the Old London Bank. Between 1993 and 1997 the Cornerstone Community established backpacker accommodation on the premises. Some maintenance work and renovations were undertaken during the lease period, but towards the end of their tenure some structural problems were identified which required quite extensive maintenance and replacement work. Between 1998 and 1999 vandalism exacerbated the maintenance problems. In 2001 an agreement was struck between Chris Ware and Kristie Smiles and the Bourke Shire Council (for the Historic Building Co-Op) which allowed for the conservation and repair of the building "in consideration of future ownership". The work began in 2001 and the premises was opened as the Gidgee Guesthouse in 2002. == Description == thumb|Heritage boundaries The former London Chartered Bank is located at 17 Oxley Street, Bourke and is bound on the north by a laneway, the southern side by Oxley Street, the eastern side by Sturt Street. The site today consists of 5 buildings. ;1. A two-storey brick Victorian Filigree Style commercial building facing onto Oxley Street and Sturt Streets. This building has a single story wing extending to the west of the property. The brick construction of the two-storey wing is tuck-pointed Flemish bond. The single storey wing is of stretcher bond. The roof of the two storey wing of the building is hipped with gabled roof vents and constructed of slate. The single storey wing roof is hipped and is constructed of slate except for a section on the northern section which is of corrugated sheet metal. The two storey section of the building is surrounded on 3 sides by deep verandah on both levels. The ground floor verandah consists of a brick baluster with piers at intervals and a stone copping. Paired, fluted cast iron posts are positioned above each brick pier. The columns have a faceted base, decorative capitals, infill panel and brackets. Double sided cast iron panels with a Gothic tracery motif from a railing between the paired columns. The upper verandah follows the same theme without the brackets. The arched portico entry to the banking chamber from Sturt Street is position centrally in the eastern facade and is approached by white marble steps. The entry to the former Bank Manager's residence is located toward the western end of the southern facade of the building off Oxley Street. Its arched door opening with highlight window and side lights and timber mouldings give the entrance suitable prominence. The interior of this building comprises the former banking chamber (now used as common area for guests) accessed through an entrance hall and also the bank managers office (now used as part of the accommodation for the guesthouse manager). These rooms retain many original features such as original joinery and a black marble fireplace, although the original plaster lathe ceilings are covered by a new ceiling. The rear wing contains the former residence kitchen and living and dining room complete with pressed metal ceilings and servery, parts of an internal bell pull system and the original Metters kitchen stove. Other rooms on this level include the bathroom and former bedroom and store. The upper level of the building is accessed by the original decorative timber staircase and the second storey rooms retain much of their original detailing, such as cornices and doors. The former bank and residence has suffered some masonry cracking through poor drainage and the results of vandalism and neglect. Upper floor verandah collapsed and is being reinstated. Timber window shutters are similarly being repaired or reinstated. Some of the interior of the bank and residence has sustained damage through neglect and work has begun to repair this and restore original features. ;2. A single storey concrete block building located adjacent to and north of the original kitchen. This was added in 1943 and functioned as the kitchen for the boarding house established on the site by the Tancred Brothers to house their Bourke employees. It is now a kitchen/dining room for the current backpacker accommodation (in what is described here as Building 3) It can be accessed through an opening between the residence dining/living room and this room and has a deck at its eastern end, which has replaced a narrow verandah running between this building and the verandah of the residence. The former Tancreds dining room requires maintenance to remediate masonry cracking and external timber deterioration ;3. Accommodation wing, formerly known as Tancred Brothers Boarding House. This is an L shaped, painted, concrete block building with a half gabled hip corrugated iron roof located on the east and northern boundaries of the property. The building contains a series of 11 bedrooms opening onto a verandah that runs along the building and opens onto a garden. The Accommodation wing has sustained damage to the barge boards and the half gable at the end of the roof. ;4. Ablutions block At the north western end of this building is a relatively newly constructed toilet and shower block. ;5. Laundry Store Room A single storey brick building located at the north west corner of the residence. == Heritage listing == The Old London Bank in Bourke was built on the site of the town's first land sale in 1862. The bank reflects the opulent buildings that sprang up during the town's boom period when Bourke was a major river port for the expanding wool trade.AHC press release, 5/04 The site of the old London Bank is able to demonstrate the planning of the township of Bourke and its early subdivision. The old London Bank is an important and rare example of Victorian style bank architecture resulting from a period of prosperity in the region and the prediction of continuity. It demonstrates Bourke's recognition of financial institutions and business people and position as a significant inland riverport, rail head and business centre important in the further development of western NSW at the turn of the century and in the early decades of the twentieth century. The combined banking chamber and residence retains its two-storey Victorian character, form and planning and contributes to the historic streetscape. It is the only surviving example of nineteenth century banking in Bourke. The barracks and dining room are reminders of a period of ownership by Tancred Brothers, a significant local industry, and its use as a boarding house for their employees, many of whom were migrants. The old London Bank is a major landmark in Bourke. The site's successful adaptation as backpackers accommodation is evidence of the growth of two new industries in Bourke - that of tourism and heritage. Old London Bank Building was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The configuration of the site of the Old London Bank of Australia demonstrates the first subdivision of allotments for the township of Bourke in 1862. It is evidence of a period of economic expansion in Bourke in the nineteenth century that encouraged banks to establish larger more permanent officers in the Darling River Town thus facilitation the settlement and development of the then remote areas of western NSW. The premises were operated exclusively as a bank and managers residence for 53 years. Closure of the branch in 1942 was evidence of the pressure on Australian financial institutions to rationalise staff and resources in support of the war effort. The construction of the "barracks" and Tancred's dining room 1943 on the site is evidence of Tancred Brothers' provision of accommodation for their employees, including many new migrants. The continuing, though sporadic use of the buildings for accommodation reflects ongoing demand for casual lodging for itinerant workers and tourists. The site and its buildings continue to meet the needs of the local tourism industry at the same time emphasising several phases of Bourke's rich heritage and its contribution to the opening up and development of the State during the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The Old London Bank, Bourke is associated with the rapid development and gradual implementation of controls on the Australian Banking industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The building is associated with the managers, the staff and their families who came to Bourke for professional reasons and participated in and contributed to community activities. It is also associated with the banks local clients who relied on the bank for financial advice and to support their business interests. The Old London Bank has a strong association with Tancred Brothers Pty Ltd through the boarding house that they established on the site 1943 to accommodate meatworks employees. Fluctuations in the need to accommodate the rural workforce reflected cycle of boom and bust in the Australian Meat and Livestock industry. The design of the Old London Bank is associated with Terry and Oakden, prominent bank architects based in Voctoria. The design of the building is not typical of the style for which they are best known. although the face brick treatment is reminiscent of Oakden. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The Old London Bank is a good example of the character and style of financial institution architecture of the Victorian era. Like other bank building the combined banking chamber and residence demonstrates the scale planning, symmetry and landmark qualities associated with public buildings. The scale and detailing of the impressive edifice demonstrates the social and economic importance of banking and banks. The building is evidence of the status that nineteenth century banks with to convey to customers and their optimism about the town's future. As such the building is a landmark building in the streetscape and provides a link with other nineteenth and early twentieth century elements in Oxlet Street such as the Post Office and Court House. The deep verandah, sliding timber shutters and closable wall vents are important in demonstrating the methods architects Terry and Oakden, to deal with a hot and dusty environment such as that found in areas in western NSW. The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The Old London Bank is held in high regard by the community as demonstrated by its inclusion on the Register of the National Trust, the State Heritage Register, State Heritage InventoryNo. 1220004 and Bourke Shire Council's LEP Heritage Schedule. The old London Bank has a strong association with the Bourke community as a reminder of the significance of the bank as an institution integral to rural investment. It has a special association with the families of Bank Managers who were posted to Bourke, for whom it was often the first experience of life in western NSW. The building's survival into the twenty-first century, adaptation for tourist accommodation and restoration is evidence of the community's awareness and appreciation of Bourke's heritage. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Old London Bank has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the building materials and methods used in building in hot and dusty, outback environments such as Bourke in western NSW. Some of the site is relatively undisturbed and has the potential to provide evidence of prior occupation in addition to superseded structures such as the stables, coach house, drains, cisterns and wells. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Old London Bank is a rare example of a nineteenth century banking building institution in Bourke. It is a rare reminder of Bourke's boomtime period and reputation as a key inland port, railhead and pastoral centre crucial in the opening up and development of western NSW in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The scale, form and planning of the Old London Bank is broadly representative of regional bank architecture of the late nineteenth century. == References == === Bibliography === * * * === Attribution === Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register Category:Bourke, New South Wales Category:Former bank buildings in New South Wales Category:Houses in New South Wales Category:Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register |
The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority (NSIA; , SHK) is the government agency responsible for investigating transport-related accidents within Norway. Specifically, it investigates aviation accidents and incidents, rail accidents, maritime accidents, select traffic accidents, and serious incidents in the defence sector. All investigations aim to find underlying causes and to improve safety; criminal investigation is not part of AIBN's mandate. Subordinate to the Ministry of Transport, the agency is located on the premises of Kjeller Airport in Skedsmo. Traditionally marine accidents were investigated Institute of Maritime Enquiry, which mixed safety investigation, criminal and civil liability into a combined investigation. Aviation accidents and major rail accidents were investigated by ad hoc commissions. The Accident Investigation Board for Civil Aviation was established as a permanent organization on 1 January 1989, originally based at Oslo Airport, Fornebu. From 2002 it also took over investigating rail accidents, road accidents were included in 2005, marine accidents from 2008 and finally defense sector accidents in 2020. ==History== ===Former commissions=== Traditionally, marine accident investigation was carried out by the Institute of Maritime Enquiry () and the Permanent Investigation Board for Special Accidents in the Fisheries Fleet. This system centered around mandatory inquiries carried out by a district court. In exceptional cases the Norwegian government had the jurisdiction to appoint an ad hoc investigation board. At the time of Norway's first major civilian aviation accident, the Havørn accident on 16 June 1936, no particular routine existed for investigating aviation accidents. An ad hoc commission was established at the scene to investigate it, consisting of Chief of Police Alf Reksten, Sheriff Kaare Bredvik, the Norwegian Air Lines' technical director Bernt Balchen, Captain Eckhoff of the aviation authorities, and Gjermundson from the insurance company. A similar organization took place from 1945 to 1956, where the government appointed an accident investigation commission for each accident and incident. These commissions had no permanent organization or members and were appointed for each accident on an ad hoc basis. Its members normally consisted of staff from the Norwegian Air Traffic and Airport Management and the Royal Norwegian Air Force. In addition, it had representatives from the Norwegian Police Service and the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority. From 1956, a permanent secretariat was appointed, the Aviation Accident Commission (), but the various commissions members were only tied to the commission during the period of the investigation. By the 1980s, this had increased to two full-time technicians and a clerk. This period had accident commissions with a significantly different mission from later. Firstly, it only investigated actual accidents of a certain size. General- aviation accidents and near accidents were not investigated. Secondly, the commissions were both given the task to uncover the cause of the accident from a safety point of view, but also to uncover any criminal occurrences. This was the reason for including police and prosecution officials in the commissions. Within the railway sector, accident investigation had been carried out by the Norwegian State Railways and its successors, the Norwegian National Rail Administration and the Norwegian State Railways. Major accidents were thereby investigated by in-house commissions with the potential for conflicts of interest, or through ad hoc committees appointed by the government. Similar to marine accidents, it was ultimately a subjective call by the Ministry of Transport and Communications to make the call for if a committee were needed. ===Establishment=== During the 1980s, a shift occurred in the view of aviation accident commissions, and by 1988, the Ministry of Transport and Communications launched a specific proposal to create a permanent agency responsible for aviation accident and incident investigation. This followed changes to international law according to regulations set down by the International Civil Aviation Organization. The ministry primarily stressed the mix of criminal and safety preventative as contrary to international law, as well as near-accidents being investigated by NATAM. Secondary concerns were that since the commission members were part-time employees, investigations would drag on unnecessarily, as freeing up the members from the regular jobs was often difficult. The investigators also often arrived late at the scene of the crime due to these conditions. One alternative proposal was to make the commission part of the Civil Aviation Authority of Norway, although this never materialized as the latter was not created until later. The legal framework took effect on 1 January 1989, and the same day, the Accident Investigation Board for Civil Aviation () was established. In its primordial form it was organized as an office within the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Its first director was Ragnar Rygnestad, which had been the former commission's secretary for ten years. The board soon received five employees. The legal changes meant that near-accidents were also investigated, significantly increasing the number of cases to be handled. By June, the agency still did not have sufficient staff to handle all cases, and in particular had not yet implemented human behavior and psychological expertise. It was initially based at Villa Hareløkka on the premises of Oslo Airport, Fornebu in Bærum. In addition, it used a military hangar at Kjeller Airport to store and reconstruct aircraft parts. The board was reorganized from 1 July 1999, when it was split out of the ministry and became an independent government agency. By then, the agency had 15 employees. Oslo Airport, Fornebu was closed down 1998, so the board was forced to move from its premises. The board subsequently relocated to a temporary site on the premises of Kjeller Airport in Skedsmo. A new, tailor-made structure was opened within the military perimeter of the airport in May 2001. Designed by Knut Longva, it features both offices and a hangar measuring . ===Rail and road=== Meanwhile, the government started looking at expanding the agency's role. While these commissions had technical competence, their transient nature caused them to not be sufficient methodological in their investigations. Creating a permanent staff and a larger specialist environment was seen as a way to allow for better investigation and reporting. Particularly two accidents were pinnacle to this move, the sinking of MS Sleipner and the Åsta accident, which killed 16 and 19 people, respectively. Although the government wanted to include all modes of transport, legal and practical reasons caused the railway sector to be the first to be included. The agency took over responsibility for investigating railway accidents from 1 January 2002. It simultaneously took the name Accident Investigation Board for Civil Aviation and Railways (, HSLB). At the time, the agency investigated about 100 to 150 aviation accidents and incidents per year and about 60 railway accidents and incidents per year. The next expansion involved road traffic accidents, taking effect on 1 September 2005. Unlike in aviation and railway accidents, only a select few road accidents were to be investigated. These were selected based on their ability to provide useful information to improve road safety. In particular bus and truck accidents were prioritized, along with tunnel accidents and ones with dangerous goods. The agency initially hired four investigations and aimed at them investigating twenty to twenty-five accidents per year. This comprised 3.4 million Norwegian krone of the agency's 31.8 million budget. One advantage of the agency was that it could allow for protected testimonies, without these having to be subject to criminal investigation by the Norwegian Police Service. The agency thereby took its current name. Meanwhile, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration established a group of regional offices to investigate other accidents and aggregate information from these. During this period, discussions also arose as to whether the board should investigate cases related to pipelines and accidents on oil platforms. This discussion came from the mandate of the United States' National Transportation Safety Board, which had such authority. ===Marine expansion=== In particular, the investigations of MS Scandinavian Star, MS Estonia, and MS Jan Heweliusz during the 1990s caused a questioning of the quality of marine accident investigations, and the other Nordic countries established marine investigation boards during that decade. Work on reforming the marine system started in 1998, and resulted in a committee recommending the system be scrapped in favor of an accident investigation board. The prime reason was that the Institute of Maritime Enquiry was regarded as having insufficient competence to investigate major accidents. Also, some concerns were that the system mixed the criminal prosecution and the safety investigation aspects, which could hinder a proper learning to take place from an accident. The system used court interviews with witnesses, while owners, insurance companies, and press were present. Facing both legal and economic consequences, witnesses would often give testimonies of reduced accuracy, hindering proper investigation from a safety point of view. Initially, the committee proposed an independent investigation board for the maritime sector, either as part of the Norwegian Maritime Authority or as an independent agency subordinate to the Ministry of Justice. During the political discussions a joint board was favored instead. Parliament approved the new jurisdiction in 2004. However, it took four years to implement the decision, and nine years from the conclusions of the committee were presented. The delays were caused by the legal implications and complexity of the investigations. Because the board was only to investigate from a safety point of view, a new legal and administrative framework had to be implemented to ensure that the Norwegian Police Service could take over the responsibility for criminal investigation of the marine accidents. The changes took effect on 1 July 2008. In addition to the investigation aspect, which was issued to the board, the Maritime Authority established a division to work with strategic safety. Criminal investigation of marine accidents became the responsibility of an office at Rogaland Police District. ===Defense sector expansion=== In July 2019, the Norwegian government announced that the AIBN would merge with the (DAIBN) in 2020. The AIBN would take over the work of the DAIBN on 1 July 2020 under the new name Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority (NSIA; ()). ==Mandate== The Accident Investigation Board Norway is a government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communications. In questions related to maritime safety, it reports to the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Fisheries. Neither ministry can instruct the board in professional matters. The agency is mandated to investigate transport-related accidents and incident within the scope of aviation, maritime, rail transport, and road transport. The board's responsibility is to determine which accidents and incidents are to be investigated, and the scope and scale of any investigations. This is a trade- off between use of resources and the perceived safety benefits from further inquiries. AIBN's goal is exclusively to look into the safety aspects of accidents, with the overall goal to uncover causes and the line of events so as to learn, improve safety, and hinder similar accidents from happening again. The board is not involved in any assessment of blame or liability, whether under criminal or civil law. Criminal investigation is carried out by the Norwegian Police Service and prosecution by the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority. In particular, the board can accept testimonies, which can remain anonymous and will under no circumstances be handed over to the police or prosecuting authorities. The board's responsibilities are delineated towards those of the Police Service and the Prosecution Authority, as well as those of the Civil Aviation Authority of Norway, the Norwegian Maritime Authority, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, and the Norwegian Railway Authority. Aviation accidents are mandated through the Aviation Act of 11 June 1993, which again references Council Directive 94/56/EC of 21 November 1994. This includes all aviation accidents, as well as serious incidents. Marine accidents and incident investigation is based on the Norwegian Maritime Code of 24 June 1994. This is again based on obligationsand requirements stipulated under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. This includes all accidents with passenger ships and other large Norwegian vessels, in which people have or are assumed to have lost lives or been substantially injured. AIBN may also investigate foreign ships in cases where Norwegian jurisdiction can be applied under international law. AIBN may also investigate accidents with recreational boats if such an inquiry is presumed to improve safety at sea. Rail accident and incident investigation has its legal basis in the Railway Investigation Act of 3 June 2005. This is again a national incorporation of the European Union's Railway Safety Directive 2004/49/EC. The responsibility includes both mainline railways, tramways and rapid transit, but not funiculars. Road accident investigation is based on the Road Traffic Act of 18 June 1965. AIBN has no legal obligation to investigate any specific road accidents, although it is to be informed of any accidents involving buses and heavy trucks, and accidents in tunnels and those involving dangerous goods. AIBN then makes the call as to whether to investigate the matter, based on the assessment of if an investigation can further road traffic safety. ==References== Category:Government agencies of Norway Norway Category:Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents Category:Aviation organisations based in Norway Category:Organisations based in Skedsmo Category:Government railway authorities of Norway Category:Road safety organizations Category:Government agencies established in 1989 Category:1989 establishments in Norway Category:Transport authorities of Norway Category:Ministry of Transport (Norway) Category:Transport safety organizations |
Henry Soskin (12 February 1930 – 23 February 2022), better known as Henry Lincoln, was a British author, television presenter, scriptwriter, and actor. He co-wrote three Doctor Who multi-part serials in the 1960s, and — starting in the 1970s — inspired three Chronicle BBC Two documentaries on the alleged mysteries surrounding the French village of Rennes-le-Château (on which he was writer and presenter) — and, from the 1980s, co-authored and authored a series of books of which The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail was the most popular, becoming the inspiration for Dan Brown's 2003 best-selling novel, The Da Vinci Code. He was the last living person to have written for Doctor Who in the 1960s. ==Early career== Lincoln was born in London in 1930 and studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Under his original name of Henry Soskin, he worked as both screenwriter and supporting actor. In 1964 he wrote one of the episodes of The Barnstormers (Associated-Rediffusion), as well as starring in two of the episodes. Lincoln also appeared in other television series such as The Avengers (1961, 1963), The Saint (1967), Man in a Suitcase (1968), and The Champions (1969); as well as in the 1968 film Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River.Paul Mavis, The Espionage Filmography: United States Releases, 1898 through 1999, entry 416 (McFarland & Company, Inc., 2001); e- He was co- writer, with Mervyn Haisman, of three Doctor Who stories starring Patrick Troughton: The Abominable Snowmen (1967), The Web of Fear (1968) and The Dominators (1968) and retained the rights to the recurring character Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. Prior to his death in February 2022, he was the sole- surviving writer from the 1960s era of Doctor Who, following the death of Donald Tosh in December 2019. Lincoln wrote and presented documentaries on other subjects such as The Man in the Iron Mask (Timewatch, 1988), Nostradamus, The Curse of the Pharaohs, and The Cathars (the latter three documentaries formed the television series Mysteries shown on the BBC during the 1980s). ==Rennes-le-Château== In 1969, while on holiday in the Cévennes, Lincoln happened to read Le Trésor Maudit de Rennes-le-Château (trans: The Accursed Treasure of Rennes-le-Château),Gerard de Sede, The Accursed Treasure of Rennes-le-Château, 1967; Baigent, Leigh & Lincoln The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Introduction a book by Gérard de Sède about an alleged hidden treasure. The book reproduced copies of Latin parchments that had been found by the parish priest of Rennes-le-Château, Bérenger Saunière, within a pillar inside his Romanesque church. Inspired by what appeared to be secret codes hidden in the Latin text, Lincoln did some research about the parchments and a possible treasure, writing several books presenting his theories about the area. He presented three documentaries in the Chronicle series for BBC2: "The Lost Treasure of Jerusalem", shown in February 1972, "The Priest, the Painter and the Devil", shown in October 1974, and finally "The Shadow of the Templars", shown in November 1979. One of the parchments (which was later shown to be a forgery, since the writing was written in modern French and not in 18th or 19th century French)Bill Putnam, John Edwin Wood, The Treasure of Rennes-le-Chateau, A Mystery Solved (Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003) involved a series of raised letters throughout its Latin text, spelling out a message: À Dagobert II Roi et à Sion est ce trésor et il est là mort (trans: "This treasure belongs to King Dagobert II and to Sion, and he is there dead"; or, "This treasure belongs to King Dagobert II and to Sion, and it is death"). This referred to the Merovingian king Dagobert II, who had been assassinated without a direct heir in the 7th century, thereby ending his branch of the dynasty. Later research, however, showed that de Sède's book had actually been written at the instigation of Pierre Plantard as part of an elaborate hoax to promote a society known as the Priory of Sion, and Plantard claimed to be descended from Dagobert II. Pierre Plantard died in 2000. ==The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail== Lincoln was best known for being one of the co-authors of the controversial 1982 best-seller The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. During the mid-1970s, while Lincoln was lecturing at a summer school, he met Richard Leigh, an American fiction writer. Leigh introduced him to Michael Baigent, a New Zealand photo-journalist who had been working on a project about the Knights Templar. The three discovered that they shared a common interest in the Knights Templar, and between them later developed a theory that Jesus Christ had started a bloodline that had later intermarried with the Frankish Merovingian royal dynasty. The three of them took their theory on the road during the 1970s in a series of lectures that later developed into the 1982 book, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, which became a best-seller and popularised the hypothesis that Jesus had fathered a still extant and powerful bloodline (the true Holy Grail), and which was tied together by a set of fraudulent documents hinting at the existence of a secret society known as the Priory of Sion. The author Dan Brown later used these ideas as the basis of his novel The Da Vinci Code. The book has been described as "a work thoroughly debunked by scholars and critics alike".Elizabeth Sherr Sklar, Donald L. Hoffman (editors), King Arthur in Popular Culture, p, 214 (McFarland & Company, Inc., 2002). Arthurian scholar Richard Barber has commented, "It would take a book as long as the original to refute and dissect The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail point by point: it is essentially a text which proceeds by innuendo, not by refutable scholarly debate".cited in Richard Barber, "The Search for Sources: The Case of the Grail", in Norris J. Lacy, editor, A History of Arthurian Scholarship, p. 34 (D. S. Brewer, 2006); ==Dan Brown lawsuit== Some of the ideas presented in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, were incorporated in the best-selling American novel The Da Vinci Code, by Dan Brown. In March 2006, Baigent and Leigh filed a lawsuit in a British court against Brown's publisher, Random House, claiming copyright infringement. On 7 April, High Court judge Peter Smith rejected the copyright-infringement claim, and Brown won the court case. Lincoln was not involved in the proceedings, reportedly due to illness. However, in the Channel Five documentary (10 May 2006) Revealed... The Man behind the Da Vinci Code, Lincoln stated that he did not wish to take part in the proceedings because the ideas brought forth in Holy Blood were not even original themselves, and Brown's actions could only be described as, "a bit naughty". An earlier novel had already used the theme of a Jesus bloodline: The Dreamer of the Vine, by Liz Greene, published in 1980.Liz Greene, The Dreamer of the Vine (London: Bodley Head, 1980). ==Bornholm== left|thumb|150px|Les Bergers d'Arcadie, Nicolas PoussinIn 1993, Lincoln wrote and presented the four-episode TV-series The Secret which was produced and directed by Erling Haagensen. The series presented elements of Lincoln's lifelong research on Rennes-le-Château, such as an alleged link between the area and the painting Les Bergers d'Arcadie by 17th century painter Nicolas Poussin. In 2000, Lincoln collaborated with Haagensen to write The Templar's Secret Island, linking their mutual hypotheses about geometry being observed in the placement of medieval churches around both Rennes-le- Château and the Danish island of Bornholm.Christopher L. Hodapp, Alice Von Kannon, The Templar Code For Dummies, page 336, New Jersey: Wiley Publishing, Inc, 2007. These speculative findings led them to allege that the Knights Templar had built the churches on Bornholm in a specific pattern, to be used as a series of medieval astronomical observatories. Sharan Newman, author of The Real History Behind The Templars, has noted that the history given in The Templar's Secret Island "is based on a few pieces of data and several assumptions that rely on inaccurate information", also adding that there are no records of Templar activity in Denmark.Sharan Newman, The Real History Behind The Templars, p. 373 (New York: Berkley Books, 2007); Vivian Etting, "Crusade and Pilgrimage: Different Ways to the City of God", Medieval History Writing and Crusading Ideology, ed Tumoas M.S. Lehtonen, Kurt Villads Jensen (Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, 2005), p. 187. Quote: "However the [Hospitaller] Order had no military functions in Denmark and the competing Order of the Knights Templars [sic] was never established in Scandinavia". Mainstream historians and specialists in medieval architecture believe that the four central-plan churches in Ny, Nylars, Ols and Østerlars in Bornholm were built as a result of the pilgrimages made by Sigurd I of Norway to the recaptured Jerusalem between 1107 and 1111.Justin E. A. Kroesen, The Sepulchrum Domini Through The Ages: Its Form And Function, pp. 27–29 (Uitgeverij Peeters, Bondgenotenlaan, 2000); Kenneth John Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, 800 to 1200, p. 433 (Penguin Books: Harmondsworth, 1959) Raymond Oursel, Living Architecture: Romanesque, p. 95 (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, Inc., 1967) Justin E. A. Kroesen, Regnerus Steensma, The Interior of The Medieval Village Church, page 291 (Leuven: Peeters, 2004). Dan Cruickshank (editor), Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture (Oxford: Architectural Press, 1996). John Paxton, Sheila Fairfield, Calendar of Creative Man, London: Macmillan, 1980; Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović & Želimir Čolić, Fortress-Churches In Croatia, page 11 (University of Michigan, 1995); Sharan Newman commented, "The idea of building a church in the form of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem wasn't new. A hundred years before the Templar order was founded, the Benedictine church at Saint-Bénigne at Dijon was built with a round nave in imitation of the Holy Sepulcher. Even the Hospitallers built round churches."Real History Behind The Templars, p. 378 (citing Henry de Curzon, La Maison du Temple de Paris, Paris, 1888, page 87). =="Militi Templi Scotia"== On 8 November 2003, Lincoln was awarded a Honorary Knighthood in the Militi Templi Scotia order, in recognition of his work in the fields of sacred geometry and Templar history. A description of Lincoln's ceremony of knighthood can be found in Rat Scabies and The Holy Grail by Christopher Dawes, a gonzo-style book about Rennes-le-Château in which Lincoln appears as a central character. "Militi Templi Scotia ceased to exist in 2006 when a great majority of members left and started the Jacques de Molay 1314 Commandery in 2006, it then due to the membership rising became The Autonomous Grand Priory of Scotland in 2009 as the membership rose to the required numbers allowing it to do so."The Autonomous Grand Priory of Scotland ==Personal life and death== Lincoln died in Rennes-les-Bains on 23 February 2022, at the age of 92.Henry Soskin ==Works== * 1950s television series: ** Our Mutual Friend (as Bob Gliddery) * 1960s television series: ** Strange Concealments (as Ambrose Lemmon) ** Sierra Nine (as King Sharifa) ** Maigret (guest actor) ** The Secret of the Nubian Tomb (as The Omda) ** The Avengers (guest actor) ** No Hiding Place (guest actor) ** The Saint (guest actor) ** The Champions (guest actor) ** Man in a Suitcase (guest actor) ** Emergency Ward 10 (screenwriter) * 1970s television series ** L'homme sans visage (credited as Henry Soskin, in the role of professeur Pétri, 1975; adaptation of the 1974 film Nuits rouges, also credited as Henry Soskin, with the same cast, released in English called Shadowman, credited as Henry Lincoln; both television series and film directed by Georges Franju) * Co-writer, with Mervyn Haisman, of three Doctor Who stories ** The Abominable Snowmen ** The Web of Fear ** The Dominators * Co-writer, with Mervyn Haisman, of the Boris Karloff film, Curse of the Crimson Altar, directed by Vernon Sewell (1968). * Three BBC2 Chronicle documentaries about Rennes-le-Château, written and presented by Henry Lincoln. ** The Lost Treasure of Jerusalem...?, 31 March 1972 (directed by Andrew Maxwell-Hyslop, produced by Paul Johnstone) ** The Priest, the Painter, and the Devil, 30 October 1974, repeated in 1979 (produced by Roy Davies) ** The Shadow of the Templars, 27 November 1979 (co- written by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, Anthony Wall and Jania MacGillivray; produced by Roy Davies) * 1982: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (with Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh) * 1987: The Messianic Legacy (with Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh) * 1991: The Holy Place: Discovering the Eighth Wonder of the Ancient World (or The Holy Place: Decoding the Mystery of Rennes-le-Château or The Holy Place: Saunière and the Decoding of the Mystery of Rennes-le-Château) * 1993: The Secret: 4-part documentary written and presented for Tv2 Danmark (later released on video and DVD) * 2002: Key to the Sacred Pattern: The Untold Story of Rennes-le-Château * 2002: The Templars' Secret Island: The Knights, The Priest and The Treasure (with Erling Haagensen) * 2002: Henry Lincoln’s Guide To Rennes-Le-Château And The Aude Valley video * 2005: Origins of The Da Vinci Code DVD (with Erling Haagensen) == References == ==Sources== * Secret Knowledge * Rennes le Chateau FAQ – Interview with Lincoln * Behind the Da Vinci Code, 2006 History Channel video documentary primarily about Lincoln's involvement. Produced and directed by Ian Bremner * "The Priory of Sion", 30 April 2006 segment on 60 Minutes * Category:1930 births Category:2022 deaths Category:20th-century British writers Category:20th-century English male writers Category:21st-century British writers Category:Alumni of RADA Category:British conspiracy theorists Category:British male novelists Category:British science fiction writers Category:British television writers Category:British male television writers Category:Pseudohistorians Category:Priory of Sion hoax Category:Sacred geometry Category:Writers from London |
Selmer Adolf Jackson (May 7, 1888 – March 30, 1971) was an American stage"Seen at Theaters / Aristocracy—Pabst / Selmer Jackson, Miss Ruth Gates and Lynn Pratt carried the entire burden of the performance, and carried it well. Mr. Jackson made a most agreeable impression in the role of Jefferson Stockton, a sturdy, keen American business man, devoted to his wife and ready to give her all that it was in his power to give. He was more than equal to the demands of an exacting part." (The Milwaukee Sentinel, December 31, page 4) film and television actor. He appeared in nearly 400 films between 1921 and 1963. His name was sometimes spelled Selmar Jackson. Jackson was born in Lake Mills, Iowa and died in Burbank, California from a heart attack.Screen capture of Selmer Jackson in The Big Noise Jackson gained early acting experience in stock theater, working with groups such as the Des Moines Stock Company. Jackson's screen debut was in the silent film The Supreme Passion (1921). On March 30, 1971, Jackson died of a heart attack in Burbank, California. He was 82. ==Filmography== * The Supreme Passion (1921) – Clara's Beau * Thru Different Eyes (1929) – King (defense attorney) * Why Bring That Up? (1929) – Eddie * Lovin' the Ladies (1930) – George Van Horne * Brothers (1930) – Assistant Defense Attorney (uncredited) * Madonna of the Streets (1930) – Kingsley's Partner (uncredited) * Dirigible (1931) – Lt. Rowland (uncredited) * Subway Express (1931) – Mason * The Secret Call (1931) – Matt Stanton * Left Over Ladies (1931) – Churchill * The Big Timer (1932) – Jim Colton (uncredited) * Play Girl (1932) – Horserace Announcer (uncredited) * Shopworn (1932) – Murray – Headwaiter (uncredited) * The Mouthpiece (1932) – Prison Clerk (uncredited) * The Strange Love of Molly Louvain (1932) – Detective Charlie (uncredited) * Winner Take All (1932) – Ring Announcer (uncredited) * Doctor X (1932) – Willard Keefe – Daily World Night Editor (uncredited) * Two Against the World (1932) – Radio Commentator (uncredited) * Big City Blues (1932) – Joe (uncredited) * Three on a Match (1932) – Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited) * You Said a Mouthful (1932) – Jones – Attorney (uncredited) * Luxury Liner (1933) – Older Man (uncredited) * Forgotten (1933) – Hans Strauss * The Little Giant (1933) – Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited) * The Working Man (1933) – Hartland Co. Man (uncredited) * Picture Snatcher (1933) – Joe Chase – Record Editor (uncredited) * Brief Moment (1933) – Conover (uncredited) * Police Car 17 (1933) – Police Radio Dispatcher (uncredited) * After Tonight (1933) – Intelligence Officer (uncredited) * Blood Money (1933) – Man in District Attorney's Office (uncredited) * Hell and High Water (1933) – Lt. Saunders (uncredited) * Let's Fall in Love (1933) – Barton (uncredited) * I've Got Your Number (1934) – Joe—Gangster * Sisters Under the Skin (1934) – Mullen * Stand Up and Cheer! (1934) – White House Correspondent (uncredited) * The Witching Hour (1934) – Henry Walthall (uncredited) * Sadie McKee (1934) – Tiffany Salesman (uncredited) * Fog Over Frisco (1934) – Radio Announcer (uncredited) * The Most Precious Thing in Life (1934) – Game Announcer (uncredited) * Now I'll Tell (1934) – Decker (uncredited) * The Defense Rests (1934) – Duffy * Blind Date (1934) – George E. Martin (uncredited) * The Richest Girl in the World (1934) – Dr. Harvey (uncredited) * 6 Day Bike Rider (1934) – Announcer (uncredited) * I'll Fix It (1934) – Crawley (uncredited) * Jealousy (1934) – Radio Announcer (uncredited) * Murder in the Clouds (1934) – Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited) * Bright Eyes (1934) – Ned's Attorney (uncredited) * The Secret Bride (1934) – Vincent's Counsel (uncredited) * The Best Man Wins (1935) – O'Neill (uncredited) * Red Hot Tires (1935) – Prosecuting Attorney Charles M. Yaghem (uncredited) * Devil Dogs of the Air (1935) – Medical Officer (uncredited) * Carnival (1935) – Baby Judge (uncredited) * The Great Hotel Murder (1935) – Railroad Ticket Agent (uncredited) * Living on Velvet (1935) – Captain at Flying Field (uncredited) * Traveling Saleslady (1935) – J.C. Scoville * $10 Raise (1935) – Real Estate Agent (uncredited) * Let 'Em Have It (1935) – Bertillion Instructor (uncredited) * Public Hero No. 1 (1935) – Simpson – Prison Board Member (uncredited) * In Caliente (1935) – Graphic Artist (uncredited) * Chinatown Squad (1935) – Detective (uncredited) * Alibi Ike (1935) – Second Radio Announcer (uncredited) * Front Page Woman (1935) – Joe Davis * The Murder Man (1935) – Lt. White – Ballistics Expert (uncredited) * Don't Bet on Blondes (1935) – Gambler Who Bet $30,000 (uncredited) * Broadway Gondolier (1935) – Program Director (uncredited) * Page Miss Glory (1935) – Radio Announcer (uncredited) * Red Salute (1935) – Army Officer #2 * Navy Wife (1935) – Doctor (uncredited) * She Married Her Boss (1935) – Andrews (uncredited) * The Public Menace (1935) – Chief Steward (uncredited) * This Is the Life (1935) – Mr. Walters (uncredited) * Shipmates Forever (1935) – Cmdr. Gibbs (uncredited) * Grand Exit (1935) – District Attorney Cope * A Night at the Opera (1935) – Committeeman (uncredited) * Paddy O'Day (1936) – Ship's Officer (uncredited) * Next Time We Love (1936) – Dr. Campbell (uncredited) * It Had to Happen (1936) – Minor Role (uncredited) * The Bridge of Sighs (1936) – Defense Attorney Alan Adams * The Great Ziegfeld (1936) – Barber Shop Customer (uncredited) * The Singing Kid (1936) – IRS Head J.A. Hanson (uncredited) * Show Boat (1936) – Hotel Clerk (uncredited) * Educating Father (1936) – Prof. Howard (uncredited) * The Golden Arrow (1936) – Lorimer (uncredited) * Revolt of the Zombies (1936) – Officer (uncredited) * Little Miss Nobody (1936) – Judge Gibson (uncredited) * Parole! (1936) – Earl Bigbee * Easy Money (1936) – Mr. Harrison * Public Enemy's Wife (1936) – Duffield * The Bride Walks Out (1936) – Mr. Barrows – International Steel (uncredited) * Charlie Chan at the Race Track (1936) – J.L. Lansing, Racing Secretary (uncredited) * Postal Inspector (1936) – Chief Postal Inspector (uncredited) * Sing, Baby, Sing (1936) – City Editor (uncredited) * My Man Godfrey (1936) – Blake – Socialite (uncredited) * Libeled Lady (1936) – Adams – Washington Chronicle Editor (uncredited) * The Magnificent Brute (1936) – Dr. Coleman * Ace Drummond (1936, Serial) – William Meredith Sr. (uncredited) * Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island (1936) – Mr. Canfield * The Accusing Finger (1936) – Medical Examiner (uncredited) * Wanted! Jane Turner (1936) – Ferris – Postal Inspector (uncredited) * Charlie Chan at the Opera (1936) – Hudson – Wire-Photo Technician (uncredited) * Stowaway (1936) – Randall's Lawyer in Reno (uncredited) * Three Smart Girls (1936) – Hamilton (uncredited) * Jungle Jim (1937, Serial) – Attorney Tyler [Ch.1] * Man of the People (1937) – Governor (uncredited) * Girl Overboard (1937) – Capt. Hartman (uncredited) * Breezing Home (1937) – Steward (uncredited) * Two Wise Maids (1937) – Dr. MacIntyre * A Family Affair (1937) – Hoyt Wells * Behind the Headlines (1937) – J.H. Scott, FBI (uncredited) * Charlie Chan at the Olympics (1937) – Navy Commander (uncredited) * The Man in Blue (1937) – District Attorney * The Case of the Stuttering Bishop (1937) – Victor Stockton * The 13th Man (1937) – Andrew Baldwin * Between Two Women (1937) – Dr. Shanklin (uncredited) * Meet the Boyfriend (1937) – Madison * Reported Missing (1937) – C. J. Fleming FBI (uncredited) * The Man Who Cried Wolf (1937) – Defense Attorney (uncredited) * My Dear Miss Aldrich (1937) – Captain (scenes deleted) * Hot Water (1937) – Maxwell * The Wrong Road (1937) – Judge * The Westland Case (1937) – The Warden * West of Shanghai (1937) – Harry Hemingway (uncredited) * Federal Bullets (1937) – Harker * Manhattan Merry-Go-Round (1937) – J. Henry Thorne (uncredited) * The Duke Comes Back (1937) – Jim Watson * You're Only Young Once (1937) – Hoyt Wells * Smashing the Vice Trust (1937) – District Attorney * Wise Girl (1937) – Lawyer Barton #2 (uncredited) * Midnight Intruder (1938) – Judge Hammond * Mad About Music (1938) – Reporter (uncredited) * Prison Nurse (1938) – Parker * Arson Gang Busters (1938) – Commissioner Benton * Alexander's Ragtime Band (1938) – Manager Radio Station * Crime Ring (1938) – Ernie – Lawyer (uncredited) * Little Tough Guy (1938) – 3rd Judge (uncredited) * The Chaser (1938) – Second Judge (uncredited) * Gateway (1938) – Inspector (uncredited) * The Missing Guest (1938) – Frank Baldrich * Personal Secretary (1938) – Blackmere (defense attorney) * Secrets of an Actress (1938) – Thompson * Too Hot to Handle (1938) – Coast Guard Captain (uncredited) * Garden of the Moon (1938) – Doctor (uncredited) * Down in 'Arkansaw' (1938) – Edwards * Flight to Fame (1938) – Jules Peabody * Gangster's Boy (1938) – Judge Roger Davis * The Law West of Tombstone (1938) – New York Judge (uncredited) * Secrets of a Nurse (1938) – Assistant District Attorney (uncredited) * Gambling Ship (1938) – Steve Riley * Pacific Liner (1939) – San Francisco Port Doctor (uncredited) * Stand Up and Fight (1939) – Whittingham P. Talbot (scenes deleted) * Off the Record (1939) – Det. Mendall * Wings of the Navy (1939) – First Doctor (uncredited) * Society Lawyer (1939) – District Attorney (uncredited) * Mr. Moto in Danger Island (1939) – Doctor (uncredited) * Undercover Agent (1939) – John Graham * Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) – Customs Official (uncredited) * Union Pacific (1939) – Jerome (uncredited) * Outside These Walls (1939) – John Wilson * Sorority House (1939) – Mr. Grant * Inside Information (1939) – Alfred Huxley * 6,000 Enemies (1939) – Judge (uncredited) * Naughty but Nice (1939) – Plaintiff's Attorney (uncredited) * Five Came Back (1939) – Airline Official (uncredited) * The Forgotten Woman (1939) – Man (uncredited) * Each Dawn I Die (1939) – Editor Patterson (uncredited) * The Under-Pup (1939) – Lawyer (uncredited) * The Star Maker (1939) – Doctor * Calling All Marines (1939) – Col. C.B. Vincent * Espionage Agent (1939) – Instructor (uncredited) * The Escape (1939) – Mr. Henley (uncredited) * Scandal Sheet (1939) – Douglas Haynes * On Dress Parade (1939) – Capt. Evans Dover * 20,000 Men a Year (1939) – C.A.A. Official (uncredited) * Blondie Brings Up Baby (1939) – Tom Malcolm (uncredited) * Missing Evidence (1939) – Manager (uncredited) * Reno (1939) – Disbarment Lawyer (uncredited) * Two Thoroughbreds (1939) – Bill Conway * Private Detective (1939) – Simmy Sanger * The Honeymoon's Over (1939) – Madden (uncredited) * South of the Border (1939) – American Consul * Swanee River (1939) – Army Medical Examiner (uncredited) * Invisible Stripes (1939) – Police Lieutenant (uncredited) * The Green Hornet (1940, Serial) – District Attorney [Chs. 4, 10] * The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1940) – James Sawyer (uncredited) * Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) – Aide to Stephen Douglas (uncredited) * The Grapes of Wrath (1940) – Inspection Officer * The Man from Dakota (1940) – Surgeon (uncredited) * Honeymoon Deferred (1940) – Frederick Johnson (uncredited) * Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940, Short) – John W. Riggs, Cabinet Member (uncredited) * The Marines Fly High (1940) – Medical Officer (uncredited) * Johnny Apollo (1940) – Warden * Son of the Navy (1940) – Capt. Parker * Forty Little Mothers (1940) – Missing Persons Detective (uncredited) * If I Had My Way (1940) – Mr. Melville (uncredited) * On Their Own (1940) * Murder in the Air (1940) – Capt. Riddell – Naval Hospital Doctor (uncredited) * Florian (1940) – Desk Sergeant (uncredited) * Babies for Sale (1940) – Arthur Kingsley * Wagons Westward (1940) – Major Marlowe * Queen of the Mob (1940) – Frederick Smith (uncredited) * Sailor's Lady (1940) – Executive Officer * Millionaires in Prison (1940) – Dr. Harry Lindsay * Military Academy (1940) – Mr. Blake (uncredited) * Brigham Young (1940) – Caleb Kent * Men Against the Sky (1940) – Capt. Sanders * Hired Wife (1940) – Hudson (uncredited) * Public Deb No. 1 (1940) – Lawyer (uncredited) * No Time for Comedy (1940) – First-Nighter (uncredited) * I'm Still Alive (1940) – Baxter (uncredited) * City for Conquest (1940) – Doctor * Glamour for Sale (1940) – Police Chief Thomas (uncredited) * The Ape (1940) – Dr. McNulty * Girls Under 21 (1940) – Judge Frank P. Wallace (uncredited) * Gallant Sons (1940) – Henry, Gambling Man (uncredited) * Lady with Red Hair (1940) – Henry DeMille * Santa Fe Trail (1940) – Officer Reading Names of Graduates (uncredited) * Bowery Boy (1940) – Dr. Crane * Buck Privates (1941) – Capt. Johnson (uncredited)"Teeth, Pies and Movies: Selmer Jackson, who plays the colonel in "Buck Privates" and has appeared as high ranking army and navy officer in more than a score of pictures, has never served a day in either branch of real service." (The Milwaukee Journal, February 2, 1941, page 4) * Back Street (1941) – Arthur (uncredited) * Nice Girl? (1941) – General (uncredited) * Meet John Doe (1941) – Radio Announcer at Convention (uncredited) * The Man Who Lost Himself (1941) – Mr. Green * She Knew All the Answers (1941) – Broker * Love Crazy (1941) – Doctor at Susan's Apartment (uncredited) * Tight Shoes (1941) – Larry – District Attorney * Paper Bullets (1941) – District Attorney * Blossoms in the Dust (1941) – Texas Senator (uncredited) * Sergeant York (1941) – Gen. Duncan (uncredited) * The Shepherd of the Hills (1941) – Doctor (uncredited) * Three Sons o' Guns (1941) – Draft Board Chairman (uncredited) * Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941) – Board Member (uncredited) * International Squadron (1941) – Saunders * Parachute Battalion (1941) – Thomas Morse * Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941) – Dr. Whitney (uncredited) * Navy Blues (1941) – Capt. Willard (uncredited) * It Started with Eve (1941) – Henry – Hotel Guest (uncredited) * International Lady (1941) – Colonel (uncredited) * The Devil Pays Off (1941) – Adm. Curtiss (uncredited) * They Died with Their Boots On (1941) – Capt. McCook (uncredited) * Road to Happiness (1941) – Sam Rankin * Remember the Day (1941) – Graham * Dick Tracy vs. Crime, Inc. (1941, Serial) – Army Officer (uncredited) * A Date with the Falcon (1942) – Mr. Wallis (uncredited) * The Power of God (1942) – The Pastor * Dr. Kildare's Victory (1942) – Mr. Jackson (uncredited) * Frisco Lil (1942) – McIntyre * Joe Smith, American (1942) – Hospital Doctor (uncredited) * Sing Your Worries Away (1942) – Producer (uncredited) * Secret Agent of Japan (1942) – American Naval Captain * True to the Army (1942) – Congressman * The Strange Case of Doctor Rx (1942) – Judge (uncredited) * Saboteur (1942) – FBI Chief (uncredited) * Romance on the Range (1942) – Harrison (uncredited) * Meet the Stewarts (1942) – Club Member (uncredited) * My Favorite Spy (1942) – Minister at Wedding (uncredited) * The Falcon Takes Over (1942) – Laird Burnett (uncredited) * Miss Annie Rooney (1942) – Mr. Thomas * Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) – Sersen * Powder Town (1942) – Mr. Tuttle (uncredited) * Thru Different Eyes (1942) – Chaplain * Cairo (1942) – Captain, USS Hiawatha (uncredited) * The Secret Code (1942, Serial) – Maj. Henry Barton * Get Hep to Love (1942) – George Arnold – Insurance Man (uncredited) * Thunder Birds (1942) – Minor Role * Madame Spy (1942) – Harrison K. Woods * When Johnny Comes Marching Home (1942) – Maj. Donaldson (uncredited) * Margin for Error (1943) – Coroner (uncredited) * You Can't Beat the Law (1943) – Mr. Bedford * It Ain't Hay (1943) – Grant * Harrigan's Kid (1943) – Mr. Ranley * The Falcon in Danger (1943) – Airport Official (uncredited) * Honeymoon Lodge (1943) – Carol's Lawyer (uncredited) * Someone to Remember (1943) – Mr. Freeman (uncredited) * Adventures of the Flying Cadets (1943, Serial) – Prof. Mason [Chs. 11–13] * Guadalcanal Diary (1943) – Col. Thompson (uncredited) * Around the World (1943) – Consul (uncredited) * What a Woman! (1943) – Bruce (uncredited) * The Fighting Sullivans (1944) – Damage Control Officer (uncredited) * Hey, Rookie (1944) – Col. Robbins * Stars on Parade (1944) – J. L. Carson * A Night of Adventure (1944) – Washington D.C. Official (uncredited) * Roger Touhy, Gangster (1944) – Principal Keeper (uncredited) * Marine Raiders (1944) – Colonel at Guadalcanal (uncredited) * Wing and a Prayer (1944) – Admiral (uncredited) * The Big Noise (1944) – Mr. Manning of the Patent Office (uncredited) * Heavenly Days (1944) – Sunday Editor (uncredited) * She's a Sweetheart (1944) – General * Destiny (1944) – Warden (uncredited) * Sheriff of Las Vegas (1944) – Arthur Stanton * Forever Yours (1945) – Williams * Dillinger (1945) – Dr. Rex Spang (uncredited) * Circumstantial Evidence (1945) – Warden * Escape in the Desert (1945) – FBI Chief (uncredited) * Thrill of a Romance (1945) – 2nd Hotel Monte Belva Clerk (uncredited) * A Sporting Chance (1945) – John Smalley * Out of This World (1945) – Doctor (uncredited) * The Caribbean Mystery (1945) – Dr. Herbert Merryman (uncredited) * First Yank Into Tokyo (1945) – Col. Blaine (uncredited) * The Royal Mounted Rides Again (1945, Serial) – RCMP Superintendent MacDonald * This Love of Ours (1945) – Dr. Melnik * Dakota (1945) – Dr. Judson * Allotment Wives (1945) – Deacon Sam * Black Market Babies (1945) – Mr. Henry Andrews * Shock (1946) – Dr. Blair (uncredited) * Girl on the Spot (1946) – Ridgeway (uncredited) * Johnny Comes Flying Home (1946) – Dr. Gunderson (uncredited) * Mysterious Intruder (1946) – Dr. Connell (uncredited) * The Glass Alibi (1946) – Dr. John F. Lawson * The French Key (1946) – Walter Winslow * She Wrote the Book (1946) – Fielding * The Time of Their Lives (1946) – Mr. Dibbs – Museum Curator (uncredited) * Dangerous Money (1946) – Ship's Doctor * Child of Divorce (1946) – Dr. Sterling * Wife Wanted (1946) – Lowell Cornell (uncredited) * Boston Blackie and the Law (1946) – Warden Lund (uncredited) * San Quentin (1946) – Rev. Eckles (uncredited) * The Thirteenth Hour (1947) – Judge Collins (uncredited) * The Beginning or the End (1947) – Senior Engineer (uncredited) * A Likely Story (1947) – Doctor in Elevator (uncredited) * Sarge Goes to College (1947) – Marine Capt. R.S. Handler * Stepchild (1947) – Judge * The Pretender (1947) – Charles Lennox * Magic Town (1947) – Stringer * Key Witness (1947) – Edward Clemmons * Bury Me Dead (1947) – Rev. Dr. Foster (uncredited) * Cass Timberlane (1947) – Dr. Leskett (uncredited) * The Fabulous Texan (1947) – Flanigan (uncredited) * Her Husband's Affairs (1947) – Judge (uncredited) * Heading for Heaven (1947) – Doctor * High Wall (1947) – Police Insp. Harding (uncredited) * The Cobra Strikes (1948) – Dr. Keating * King of the Gamblers (1948) – Judge * The Fuller Brush Man (1948) – Henry Seward (uncredited) * Stage Struck (1948) – Mr. Howard * Dream Girl (1948) – Judge 'Jed' Allerton (uncredited) * Blonde Ice (1948) – DA Ed Chalmers * Pitfall (1948) – Ed Brawley * The Gentleman from Nowhere (1948) – District Attorney (uncredited) * The Girl from Manhattan (1948) – Dr. Moseby * Sealed Verdict (1948) – Dr. Bossin, US Army * The Dark Past (1948) – Warden Benson (uncredited) * Every Girl Should Be Married (1948) – Clergyman (uncredited) * Alaska Patrol (1949) – Capt. Wright * The Crime Doctor's Diary (1949) – Warden (uncredited) * Tulsa (1949) – Oilman (uncredited) * Sorrowful Jones (1949) – Doctor (uncredited) * The Fountainhead (1949) – Cortlandt Official (uncredited) * Forgotten Women (1949) – Judge Donnell * Mighty Joe Young (1949) – Judge (uncredited) * Renegades of the Sage (1949) – Brown * Mark of the Gorilla (1950) – Warden Frank R. Bentley * Gunmen of Abilene (1950) – Dr. Johnson * No Man of Her Own (1950) – Minister (uncredited) * Lucky Losers (1950) – David J. Thurstinn * Pygmy Island (1950) – Army Officer at Pentagon (uncredited) * The Magnificent Yankee (1950) – Mr. Amboy (uncredited) * The Flying Missile (1950) – Col. Halliburton (uncredited) * Bowery Battalion (1951) – Col. Masters * Up Front (1951) – General (uncredited) * Buckaroo Sheriff of Texas (1951) – Governor * That's My Boy (1951) – Doc Hunter * Purple Heart Diary (1951) – Col. Tappen * Elopement (1951) – Dr. Halsey (uncredited) * Captain Video (1951, Serial) – J.R. Wade- Deputy Commissioner of Public Safety (uncredited) * Indian Uprising (1952) – Commissioner of Indian Affairs (uncredited) * Deadline - U.S.A. (1952) – Williams (uncredited) * Young Man with Ideas (1952) – Merritt Crayton – Attorney (uncredited) * Montana Territory (1952) – Banker (uncredited) * Washington Story (1952) – Party Guest Greeting Ambassador (uncredited) * We're Not Married! (1952) – Chaplain Hall (uncredited) * Sudden Fear (1952) – Dr. Van Roan (uncredited) * Ruby Gentry (1952) – Club Member at Bar (uncredited) * Jack McCall, Desperado (1953) – Col. Brand * Rebel City (1953) – Col. Barnes (uncredited) * The President's Lady (1953) – Col. Green (uncredited) * Sky Commando (1953) – Gen. Carson * Crazylegs (1953) – President of Michigan Alumni Association (uncredited) * Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954) – Senator (uncredited) * Seven Angry Men (1955) – Ralph Waldo Emerson (uncredited) * The Eternal Sea (1955) – V.I.P. (uncredited) * Devil Goddess (1955) – Prof. Carl Blakely * Autumn Leaves (1956) – Mr. Wetherby * Three Brave Men (1956) – Retired Admiral (uncredited) * Hellcats of the Navy (1957) – Fleet Adm. Chester W. Nimitz (uncredited) * The Lost Missile (1958) – Secretary of State * The Atomic Submarine (1959) – Adm. Terhune * The Gallant Hours (1960) – Adm. Chester W. Nimitz (uncredited) * The Wheeler Dealers (1963) – Businessman (uncredited) ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1888 births Category:1971 deaths Category:20th-century American male actors Category:American male film actors Category:Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery Category:Male actors from Iowa Category:People from Lake Mills, Iowa |
Don J. Snyder (born 1950, Pennsylvania) is an American novelist and screenwriter. ==Life== In the beginning, Snyder locked himself in rooms for twelve years, teaching himself how to write luminous sentences about love and loss, in a world where all we ever really have in common are the ways we can be broken. He dreamed his books would be published by the illustrious publishing houses of New York City-- a million miles away. "I wanted this so badly that if someone had said, 'Okay, cut off your right arm and we'll make your dream real.' I would have said, No, thanks. But you can cut off my left. All I wanted was to become a novelist. Because I believed that people can buy what they WANT at the mall or on line. And even what they NEED. But not what THEY LONG FOR. They long for meaning. And that's where serious writers come in. They deliver meaning to people.” When he was 27 Snyder worked for a newspaper up north on the coast of Maine. There was a blizzard tearing through the town his second day on the job. The light on his desk was the only light on in town. He saw a man walking through the storm, straight to his door. In that moment, he felt his life begin to turn. "The stranger kicked the snow off his boots and said he had a story to tell me. But I was called away and I asked him to come back the next day. On his way to see me, he dropped dead in the snow. I wrote his obituary. His widow told me that he was a soldier and a POW in the Korean War who the Army sent to prison as a traitor. All his life he claimed he was innocent and his wife believed him. Now she asked me if I could find the truth." It took Snyder 6 years to research and write the story that proved the soldier's innocence in his first published book, A SOLDIER'S DISGRACE, that took him to Hollywood when Paramount Pictures purchased the film rights. "I had dreamed of bringing some peace to this soldier's widow. I had fought the FBI and the United States Army for six years who always insisted that the soldier's records had been destroyed in a fire. I found them. But the price was high." That book and the first chapters of a novel earned his passage into the Iowa Writers Workshop where he won their most prestigious fellowship. "Iowa City is where Colleen and I lived together after eloping in England. It is where our first baby was born. It is the place where I stood on the front steps of the Iowa Memorial Union under a sky swept with stars, with Colin Harrison, as we took the pledge to spend our lives writing books that deprived the world of some of its loneliness and its indifference no matter what this might cost us." Iowa led to two novels published in New York in the next two years, a James A. Michener fellowship, and a year teaching writing at Colby College where his second daughter was born, before Snyder took his family to Ireland. "In County Wicklow all we had was each other. We lived on love and air and heartbreaking beauty, among generous people who were all as poor as we were. We belonged to an aristocracy of beggars. Perfect for a writer who is always begging God or the stars to give him the story, begging for the sentences to tell the story, begging for the strength to write the story well enough, begging for someone to publish the story with a certain measure of dignity so you can support your family, begging for people to read the story. Soon we had four children all under the age of seven and during that time I began awaking at 4 am to write in bed beside Colleen and the babies, a habit I would continue for the rest of my writing life, long after these babies had grown up and left home. Writing from darkness into light and growing more and more certain that if you have been loved by a girl who pours her desire upon you and places one stunning baby after another in your arms, you have shared the sacred time, and been granted immortality." For the rest of his life, those years with babies inspired his work. "We owned nothing, but we were rich. My daughters were twelve, fourteen and sixteen when Hollywood turned a screenplay of mine into a movie and I took them to Beverly Hills to buy them the first nice dresses I could afford. I was 50 years old. I always tell young writers that God will watch over them if they never contribute to the violence or the meanness or the shallowness of the world." In 1993 after losing his job as a professor, he and his family were refugees in Maine before he found work on a winter construction crew building a mansion on the coast. "Some mornings it was 26 below zero. It was Colin Harrison who told me I should write about this." It became a cover story for Harper's Magazine and the New York Times Sunday Magazine and a memoir called The Cliff Walk that was published by Little Brown. Disney bought the film rights for a movie and signed Curtis Hansen to direct. "This returned us to Ireland again where I had the privilege of watching my four children walk with their mother through the little village outside Sligo where her grandmother had left her parents the morning her journey to Elis Island began in 1919." The Cliff Walk landed Snyder on Oprah's stage and soon led him to a remarkable discovery when he learned at age 49 that the only mother he had ever known was actually his stepmother and that own real mother had died just nine months after marrying his father, and sixteen days after giving birth to him and his twin brother in August 1950. "She was nineteen years old. And her name was Peggy. When I learned of this, my father's health was failing, so I set out to research his love story with my mother he had lost so that I might give it back to him at the end of his time. OF TIME & MEMORY, was published by Alfred A. Knopf and was the first book Oprah chose to make into a book video. I learned that my young mother had taken a secret to her grave that only her doctor knew. I found him when he was 78 years old. At first he kept his promise to her and lied to me that she had never been his patient. But in time he told me that he had failed to persuade her to save her life by letting him end the pregnancy. She made this doctor promise that he would never tell anyone that her twin babies had caused her death. She did not want my brother and me to know that we had ended her life. And she did not want her husband to know that she had chosen her unborn babies over him because she feared that if he knew this, he might not be able to be a good father to us." Shattered by her death, his father slept that autumn on her grave. Over the next fourteen years Snyder would write a film adaptation of Of Time & Memory as well as a series under the title-- THE TIME THEY HAD. "I wrote 7 days a week for 14 years about how we never really know the love story that carried us into this world. Those people in the old black and white photographs remain strangers to us all our lives. Which may be why we are often strangers to ourselves. You've seen the same photographs: The young husbands in their crew cuts. The wives in their lipstick and nylon stockings. Their arms around each other, and their eyes bright with passion as if they almost believed that they would go on forever that way, so that at the end of their lives they would not have to wish that they had loved each other better when they had the chance." Not long after OF TIME & MEMORY was published by Knopf, Snyder was up early writing when he heard on the morning news of a bombing in Northern Ireland in the town of Omagh. "Someone set off the bomb on the day when mothers took their children to the town center to buy their back-to-school uniform. Thirty nine people were slaughtered. Twenty hours after I heard the news I was walking through the wreckage of the town. The children's patches from their school blazers were scattered through the streets like leaves.I went to 13 funerals, walking in the long processions to the grave yards. I stayed in a hotel for a month and then returned the next year to write a novel set against the backdrop of the bombing. NIGHT CROSSING was published by Knopf in 2001. I fictionalized everything except the name of Avril Monaghan who was killed in the bombing. She was holding the hand of her three year old daughter, and two weeks from delivering the twin girls in her belly. All of them were killed.They buried the four of them together in the only square grave I had ever seen." Three more novels followed but Snyder was finally crippled by his mother's story and the Clinical Depression that had plagued him from the time he was a little boy. He found peace working two seasons as a caddie in Scotland, preparing to caddie for his son, Jack, on his first pro tour. His book,WALKING WITH JACK, came next. And in 2019, he founded the world's only caddie school for soldiers in St. Andrews, Scotland that helps soldiers rise above the darkness of war that haunts them. Interviewed on the ToDay Show Snyder said, "witnessing the humble nobility of these soldiers and helping them recover the dignity they are entitled to, has been the great privilege of my life." Snyder's 11th book- THE TIN NOSE SHOP, a novel he worked on for six years, was published by The Legends Press of London in July, 2022 and chosen as a BBC Radio2 Book Club Selection. This novel reveals a last untold story of WWI, about the soldiers who wore masks the rest of their lives to hide their mutilated faces. It opens with these words: For most of us, it takes a while to realize that we cross lines in our lives. Silent, unmarked borders of time that we pass, as if in our dreams, without ever realizing what we are leaving behind. We do not see that the matchless nights of being cherished and held close are vanishing even as we live them, and that we are all refugees from one war torn country or another, or from one war torn love story or another. Time moves so deceptively that we never say, ‘This is the last walk I will take with you along the shore.’ Or ‘This afternoon I carried a child in my arms for the final time.’ Perhaps early this morning while we dressed and put the kettle on, our destiny advanced unwatched. ==Literary career== Across the forty years of his writing life, Snyder taught for nine years at Colgate University, Colby College, the University of Maine (in both Orono and Farmington), Columbia College and Western Connecticut State University. This experience and raising children he has called the great privileges of his life. Snyder is the author of six novels and four non-fiction books published by Alfred A. Knopf, Little Brown, Random House, Simon & Schuster and Doubleday. He won a James A. Michener Fellowship for his first novel, Veterans Park. His work has been translated into nineteen languages and is focused upon the distance between the way we dream our lives will turn out and the way they do. He wrote the 2003 film Fallen Angel, which is based on his novel, and stars Joely Richardson and Gary Sinise. For the last eighteen years , he has been working on the screenplay adaptation of his book, Of Time & Memory, which was published in 1999 by Alfred A. Knopf and tells the story of his nineteen- year-old mother who died sixteen days after giving birth to him and his twin brother and was kept secret from him all his life. His work has appeared in The New York Times Sunday Magazine, and Harper's Magazine. ==Bibliography== ;Novels * * *From the Point (1988) * * * The Winter Travelers, a novel. publisher= Downeast Books 2012 The Tin Nose Shop, a novel published by The Legends Press in London, July 2022. ;Non-fiction * *Of time and memory : a mother's story (1999)Alfred A. Knopf. * (trade paperback) * Walking With Jack, A father's journey/ publisher=Doubleday/ 2013 ==External links== * *donjsnyder.com ==References== Category:1950 births Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:20th-century American academics Category:20th-century American male writers Category:20th-century American novelists Category:20th-century American screenwriters Category:21st-century American academics Category:21st-century American male writers Category:21st- century American novelists Category:21st-century American screenwriters Category:American expatriate writers in Canada Category:American expatriates in the Republic of Ireland Category:American expatriates in Scotland Category:American male novelists Category:American male screenwriters Category:Colby College alumni Category:Colby College faculty Category:Colgate University faculty Category:Columbia University faculty Category:Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni Category:Living people Category:Novelists from Maine Category:Writers from County Wicklow Category:People from Saint Andrews, New Brunswick Category:Screenwriters from Maine Category:University of Maine faculty Category:Writers from Bangor, Maine |
Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair-pulling disorder or compulsive hair pulling, is a mental disorder characterized by a long-term urge that results in the pulling out of one's own hair. A brief positive feeling may occur as hair is removed. Efforts to stop pulling hair typically fail. Hair removal may occur anywhere; however, the head and around the eyes are most common. The hair pulling is to such a degree that it results in distress and hair loss can be seen. As of 2023, the specific cause or causes of trichotillomania are unclear; Trichotillomania is probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disorder may run in families. It occurs more commonly in those with obsessive compulsive disorder. Episodes of pulling may be triggered by anxiety. People usually acknowledge that they pull their hair, and broken hairs may be seen on examination. Other conditions that may present similarly include body dysmorphic disorder; however, in that condition people remove hair to try to improve what they see as a problem in how they look. Treatment is typically with cognitive behavioral therapy. The medication clomipramine may also be helpful, as will keeping fingernails clipped. Trichotillomania is estimated to affect one to four percent of people. Trichotillomania most commonly begins in childhood or adolescence. Women are affected about 10 times more often than men. The name was created by François Henri Hallopeau in 1889, from the Greek ; (meaning 'hair'), along with ; (meaning 'to pull'), and ; mania (meaning 'madness'). == Signs and symptoms == Trichotillomania is usually confined to one or two sites, but can involve multiple sites. The scalp is the most common pulling site, followed by the eyebrows, eyelashes, face, arms, and legs. Some less common areas include the pubic area, underarms, beard, and chest.What is Trichotillomania . 2016 The classic presentation is the "Friar Tuck" form of vertex and crown alopecia. Children are less likely to pull from areas other than the scalp. People with trichotillomania often pull only one hair at a time and these hair-pulling episodes can last for hours at a time. Some individuals may experience more satisfaction after pulling an anagen phase hair with the gel-like inner root sheath still surrounding the base of the hair. Trichotillomania can go into remission-like states where the individual may not experience the urge to "pull" for days, weeks, months, or even years. Individuals with trichotillomania exhibit hair of differing lengths; some are broken hairs with blunt ends, some new growth with tapered ends, some broken mid-shaft, or some uneven stubble. Scaling on the scalp is not present, overall hair density is normal, and a hair pull test is negative (the hair does not pull out easily). Hair is often pulled out leaving an unusual shape. Individuals with trichotillomania may be secretive or shameful of the hair pulling behavior. An additional psychological effect can be low self-esteem, often associated with being shunned by peers and the fear of socializing, due to appearance and negative attention they may receive. Some people with trichotillomania wear hats, wigs, false eyelashes, eyebrow pencil, or style their hair in an effort to avoid such attention. There seems to be a strong stress-related component. In low-stress environments, some exhibit no symptoms (known as "pulling") whatsoever. This "pulling" often resumes upon leaving this environment. Some individuals with trichotillomania may feel they are the only person with this problem due to low rates of reporting. For some people, trichotillomania is a mild problem, merely a frustration. But for many, embarrassment about hair pulling causes isolation and results in a great deal of emotional distress, placing them at risk for a co-occurring psychiatric disorder, such as a mood or anxiety disorder. Hair pulling can lead to tension and strained relationships with family members and friends. Family members may need professional help in coping with this problem."What is Trichotillomania" . 2016 Other medical complications include infection, permanent loss of hair, repetitive stress injury, carpal tunnel syndrome, and gastrointestinal obstruction as a result of trichophagia. In trichophagia, people with trichotillomania also ingest the hair that they pull; in extreme (and rare) cases this can lead to a hair ball (trichobezoar). Rapunzel syndrome, an extreme form of trichobezoar in which the "tail" of the hair ball extends into the intestines, can be fatal if misdiagnosed. Environment is a large factor which affects hair pulling. Sedentary activities such as being in a relaxed environment are conducive to hair pulling. A common example of a sedentary activity promoting hair pulling is lying in a bed while trying to rest or fall asleep. An extreme example of automatic trichotillomania is found when some patients have been observed to pull their hair out while asleep. This is called sleep-isolated trichotillomania. == Causes == Anxiety, depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder are more frequently encountered in people with trichotillomania. Trichotillomania has a high overlap with post traumatic stress disorder, and some cases of trichotillomania may be triggered by stress. Another school of thought emphasizes hair pulling as addictive or negatively reinforcing, as it is associated with rising tension beforehand and relief afterward. A neurocognitive model — the notion that the basal ganglia play a role in habit formation and that the frontal lobes are critical for normally suppressing or inhibiting such habits — sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. In several MRI studies, it has been found that people with trichotillomania have more gray matter on average than those who do not have the disorder. One study found that individuals with trichotillomania have decreased cerebellar volume on average, which suggests some differences between OCD and trichotillomania. An fMRI study reported decreased activation in the basal ganglia, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in people with trichotillomania. Abnormalities in the caudate nucleus are noted in OCD, but there is no evidence to support that these abnormalities can also be linked to trichotillomania. It is likely that a combination of multiple genes confers vulnerability to trichotillomania. Mutations in the SLITRK1, 5HT2A, and SAPAP3 genes have been associated with trichotillomania. In addition, HOXB8 knockout mice display pathological grooming behavior similar to trichotillomania, although associations between trichotillomania and the HOXB8 gene have not been demonstrated in humans. ==Diagnosis== Patients may be ashamed or actively attempt to disguise their symptoms. This can make diagnosis difficult as symptoms are not always immediately obvious, or have been deliberately hidden to avoid disclosure. If the patient admits to hair pulling, diagnosis is not difficult; if patients deny hair pulling, a differential diagnosis must be pursued. The differential diagnosis will include evaluation for alopecia areata, iron deficiency, hypothyroidism, tinea capitis, traction alopecia, alopecia mucinosa, thallium poisoning, and loose anagen syndrome. In trichotillomania, a hair pull test is negative. A biopsy can be performed and may be helpful; it reveals traumatized hair follicles with perifollicular hemorrhage, fragmented hair in the dermis, empty follicles, and deformed hair shafts. Multiple catagen hairs are typically seen. An alternative technique to biopsy, particularly for children, is to shave a part of the involved area and observe for regrowth of normal hairs. Diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5 provides the following criteria for trichotillomania: * Criterion A: Recurrent pulling of hair that must result in loss of hair. * Criterion B: There must be evidence that the person has attempted to stop hair-pulled behavior. * Criterion C: General medical conditions and other disorders that may results in hair pulling must first be ruled out, and TTM can only be diagnosed if the behavior is not in response to another disorder. Examples include delusions, or body dysmorphic disorders. === Classification === Trichotillomania is defined as a self-induced and recurrent loss of hair. It includes the criterion of an increasing sense of tension before pulling the hair and gratification or relief when pulling the hair. However, some people with trichotillomania do not endorse the inclusion of "rising tension and subsequent pleasure, gratification, or relief" as part of the criteria because many individuals with trichotillomania may not realize they are pulling their hair, and patients presenting for diagnosis may deny the criteria for tension prior to hair pulling or a sense of gratification after hair is pulled. Trichotillomania may lie on the obsessive-compulsive spectrum, also encompassing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), nail biting (onychophagia) and skin picking (dermatillomania), tic disorders and eating disorders. These conditions may share clinical features, genetic contributions, and possibly treatment response; however, differences between trichotillomania and OCD are present in symptoms, neural function and cognitive profile. In the sense that it is associated with irresistible urges to perform unwanted repetitive behavior, trichotillomania is akin to some of these conditions, and rates of trichotillomania among relatives of OCD patients is higher than expected by chance. However, differences between the disorder and OCD have been noted, including: differing peak ages at onset, rates of comorbidity, gender differences, and neural dysfunction and cognitive profile. When it occurs in early childhood, it can be regarded as a distinct clinical entity. Because trichotillomania can be present in multiple age groups, it is helpful in terms of prognosis and treatment to approach three distinct subgroups by age: preschool age children, preadolescents to young adults, and adults. In preschool age children, trichotillomania is considered benign. For these children, hair-pulling is considered either a means of exploration or something done subconsciously, similar to nail-biting and thumb-sucking, and almost never continues into further ages. The most common age of onset of trichotillomania is between ages 9 and 13. In this age range, trichotillomania is usually chronic, and continues into adulthood. Trichotillomania that begins in adulthood most commonly arises from underlying psychiatric causes. Trichotillomania is often not a focused act, but rather hair pulling occurs in a "trance-like" state; hence, trichotillomania is subdivided into "automatic" versus "focused" hair pulling. Children are more often in the automatic, or unconscious, subtype and may not consciously remember pulling their hair. Other individuals may have focused, or conscious, rituals associated with hair pulling, including seeking specific types of hairs to pull, pulling until the hair feels "just right", or pulling in response to a specific sensation. Knowledge of the subtype is helpful in determining treatment strategies. ==Treatment== Treatment is based on a person's age. Most pre-school age children outgrow the condition if it is managed conservatively. In young adults, establishing the diagnosis and raising awareness of the condition is an important reassurance for the family and patient. Non-pharmacological interventions, including behavior modification programs, may be considered; referrals to psychologists or psychiatrists may be considered when other interventions fail. When trichotillomania begins in adulthood, it is often associated with other mental disorders, and referral to a psychologist or psychiatrist for evaluation or treatment is considered best. The hair pulling may resolve when other conditions are treated. ===Psychotherapy=== Habit reversal training (HRT) has the highest rate of success in treating trichotillomania. HRT has also been shown to be a successful adjunct to medication as a way to treat trichotillomania. With HRT, the individual is trained to learn to recognize their impulse to pull and also teach them to redirect this impulse. In comparisons of behavioral versus pharmacologic treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy (including HRT) have shown significant improvement over medication alone. It has also proven effective in treating children. Biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral methods, and hypnosis may improve symptoms. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is also demonstrating promise in trichotillomania treatment. A systematic review from 2012 found tentative evidence for "movement decoupling". ===Medication=== The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medications for trichotillomania treatment. However, some medications have been used to treat trichotillomania, with mixed results. Treatment with clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, was shown in a small double-blind study to improve symptoms, but results of other studies on clomipramine for treating trichotillomania have been inconsistent. Naltrexone may be a viable treatment. Fluoxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have limited usefulness in treating trichotillomania, and can often have significant side effects. Behavioral therapy has proven more effective when compared to fluoxetine. There is little research on the effectiveness of behavioral therapy combined with medication and robust evidence from high-quality studies is lacking. Acetylcysteine treatment stemmed from an understanding of glutamate's role in regulation of impulse control. Different medications, depending on the individual, may increase hair pulling. === Devices === Technology can be used to augment habit reversal training or behavioral therapy. Several mobile apps exist to help log behavior and focus on treatment strategies. There are also wearable devices that track the position of a user's hands. They produce sound or vibrating notifications so that users can track rates of these events over time. == Prognosis == When it occurs in early childhood (before five years of age), the condition is typically self-limiting and intervention is not required. In adults, the onset of trichotillomania may be secondary to underlying psychiatric disturbances, and symptoms are generally more long- term. Secondary infections may occur due to picking and scratching, but other complications are rare. Individuals with trichotillomania often find that support groups are helpful in living with and overcoming the disorder. ==Epidemiology== Although no broad-based population epidemiologic studies had been conducted as of 2009, the lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania is estimated to be between 0.6% and 4.0% of the overall population. With a 1% prevalence rate, 2.5 million people in the U.S. may have trichotillomania at some time during their lifetimes. Trichotillomania is diagnosed in all age groups; onset is more common during preadolescence and young adulthood, with mean age of onset between 9 and 13 years of age, and a notable peak at 12–13. Among preschool children the genders are equally represented; there appears to be a female predominance among preadolescents to young adults, with between 70% and 93% of patients being female. Among adults, females typically outnumber males by 3 to 1. "Automatic" pulling occurs in approximately three- quarters of adult patients with trichotillomania. == History == Hair pulling was first mentioned by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.,Nicomachean Ethics , 1148b25-30, where Aristotle uses the term: "τριχῶν τίλσεις ." was first described in modern literature in 1885, and the term trichotillomania was coined by the French dermatologist François Henri Hallopeau in 1889. In 1987, trichotillomania was recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, third edition-revised (DSM-III-R). == Society and culture == Support groups and internet sites can provide recommended educational material and help persons with trichotillomania in maintaining a positive attitude and overcoming the fear of being alone with the disorder. === Media === A documentary film exploring trichotillomania, Bad Hair Life, was the 2003 winner of the International Health & Medical Media Award for best film in psychiatry and the winner of the 2004 Superfest Film Festival Merit Award. Trichster is a 2016 documentary that follows seven individuals living with trichotillomania, as they navigate the complicated emotions surrounding the disorder, and the effect it has on their daily lives. === Fiction === The trichotillomania of a prominent character is a key plot element in the 1999 novel Whatever Love Means by David Baddiel. Ashley Barret, a character portrayed by Colby Minifie in the superhero fiction series The Boys, is shown suffering from it. === Music === On the 2017 album, 20s a Difficult Age by Marcus Orelias, there is a song called "Trichotillomania". == See also == * Feather-plucking * Noncicatricial alopecia * Psychogenic alopecia, a form of baldness that is caused by excessive grooming in cats * Self-harm == References == Category:Body-focused repetitive behavior Category:Conditions of the skin appendages Category:Hair diseases Category:Hair removal Category:Human hair Category:Mania Category:Neurocutaneous conditions Category:Self-harm Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate |
Super Rugby is a men's professional rugby union club competition involving teams from Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. It previously included teams from Argentina, Japan, and South Africa. Building on various Southern Hemisphere competitions dating back to the South Pacific Championship in 1986, with teams from a number of southern nations, the Super Rugby started as the Super 12 in the 1996 season with 12 teams from 3 countries: Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The Super 12 was established by SANZAR after the sport became professional in 1995. At its peak the tournament featured the top players from nations representing 16 of the 24 top-three finishes in the history of the Rugby World Cup. After the COVID-19 pandemic forced the competition to split into three, the reformed competition in 2021 and beyond will only include Oceanian clubs representing Australia, New Zealand and from the Pacific islands (specifically a Fijian team, and a New Zealand-based Pacifika side representing Samoan, Tongan and other Pacific communities). The name was changed to Super 14 with the addition of two teams for the 2006 season, and with expansion to 15 teams in the three countries for the 2011 season, the competition was rebranded as Super Rugby (with no number). In 2016 two new teams, the Jaguares from Argentina and Sunwolves from Japan, joined the competition, playing in two newly separated African groups. In 2018, the competition underwent another change in format, this time dropping two teams (the Cheetahs and Kings) from the South African conference, and one (Western Force) from the Australian conference. This left the competition with 15 teams. The Sunwolves left the competition for financial reasons before the conclusion of the 2020 season. The 2020 Super Rugby season was subsequently cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and this led to a mass-scale restructuring of the competition. Due to international travel restrictions relating to the pandemic, the competition was unable to resume in its multinational format, prompting Rugby Australia and New Zealand Rugby to launch domestic tournaments, Super Rugby AU and Super Rugby Aotearoa respectively. Both these tournaments will continue in 2021, to be followed by Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, a crossover tournament. In September 2020, the South African Rugby Union announced the withdrawal of their four Super Rugby franchises from the competition, with plans for them to join an expanded PRO14 (which would become the United Rugby Championship). The Argentinian Jaguares also would take no further part in Super Rugby competitions. The long-term future of Super Rugby in 2022 and beyond was confirmed in August 2021, with a 12-team format confirmed. The competition sees the addition of a Fijian side and a team representing the Pacific Islands, and will return to a format similar to what was played pre-COVID-19 pandemic. The tournament for 2022 and 2023 will be named Super Rugby Pacific. The competition has been dominated by New Zealand teams, who have won 18 times in 26 years. The have won most often, with 11 titles. ==Organisation and format== ===SANZAAR=== SANZAAR is the body that administers Super Rugby, and has the Australian, New Zealand, South African and Argentine rugby unions as its sole members. SANZAAR also runs the Rugby Championship tournament that is contested by Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa following the conclusion of the Super Rugby tournament; the Tri-Nations preceded the Rugby Championship before Argentina joined the competition. The organisation was formed in 1996 to establish and run the Super 12, and Tri-Nations Tournament. ===Competition format=== Prior to 2011, Super Rugby was a round-robin competition where each team played with every other team once; a team had six or seven home games, and six or seven away games each. The winner received four competition points; if the game was a draw two points were awarded to each team. The Rugby union bonus points system was also used, where any team scoring four or more tries, and/or losing by seven points or less, receives an extra competition point. In 2016, the try bonus changed. A team now has to score three more tries than their opponents. The top four teams at the end of the round-robin phase then played semi-finals – the first placed team hosting the fourth placed team, and the second placed team hosting the third placed team. The two winners then played the final at the home ground of the top surviving seed. There were 91 regular season games in total. Games were held over 14 weekends with each team receiving one bye. From 2011 – 2015 the format changed, with each country forming its own conference. Each team within a conference played each of the other teams in its conference twice, once at home and once away. Each team then played four out of the five teams from each of the other conferences once. Competition points were awarded on a similar basis as before. The format of the finals also changed; it involved six teams: the top team in each of the three conferences plus the three next teams with the highest total number of points, regardless of conference. The four lower ranking teams were paired in two sudden death games; the winners of those two games each played one of the two top ranked teams (which received a bye at the start of the finals). Those winners played for the championship. For the 2016 and 2017 seasons the format changed again, with three more teams joining, one each from Argentina, Japan and South Africa. There were four conferences, with Africa getting two conferences. The finals had eight teams with each conference winner getting a home quarter final. They were joined by four wild card teams, three from the Australasian group and one from the South African group. From the 2018 season the format changed again, with two South African teams and an Australian team being dropped. There were three conferences, one containing the five New Zealand teams, a South African one including Argentina's team and an Australian one including Japan's team. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the competition had to undergo a change in structure and be split into regionalised tournaments. There are currently two national competitions, Australia's Super Rugby AU and New Zealand's Super Rugby Aotearoa, and those followed by Super Rugby Trans-Tasman in 2021, a crossover competition involving the five Australian sides playing the five New Zealand sides. Super Rugby currently only consists of Australian and New Zealand sides, with the Japanese Sunwolves departing the competition after the 2020 season, the South African sides voting to leave to join an expanded PRO14 (Later known as the United Rugby Championship), and the Argentinian Jaguares not set to compete in any Super Rugby tournament in 2021. From 2022, the tournament will revert to round robin format featuring 12 teams, with the Fijian Drua and Moana Pasifika joining the competition. There will be no divisions from 2022 onwards, with one main log being used instead, and top 8 teams qualifying for the playoffs. ==History== ===Background=== Before 1996, a number of transnational competitions involving regional and provincial rugby union teams had taken shape in the southern hemisphere. The earliest of these was the South Pacific Championship, which was launched in 1986 and continued until 1990. Super 6 Champions Season Champions 1992 Queensland ====Super 6==== After the demise of the South Pacific Championship, with no tournament played in 1991, the competition was relaunched as the Super 6 in 1992. The original Super 6 competition consisted of three provincial teams from New Zealand: Auckland, Canterbury, Wellington; along with two Australian state teams: Queensland and New South Wales; and also the Fiji national team. ====Super 10==== Super 10 Champions 1993 – 1995 Season Champions 1993 Transvaal 1994 Queensland 1995 Queensland In 1993, the Super Six competition was revamped and expanded into the Super 10 tournament. With South Africa being readmitted into international sport following the dismantling of apartheid, there was an opportunity to launch an expanded competition which would also feature South Africa's top provincial teams. The inaugural competition featured the following teams: Waikato, Auckland, Otago and North Harbour (New Zealand); Natal, Transvaal and Northern Transvaal (South Africa); Queensland and New South Wales (Australia) and Western Samoa (Pacific Tri-Nations winner). The Super 10 was won by Transvaal (South Africa) in 1993, and by Queensland (Australia) in 1994 and 1995. ===SANZAR era=== ====Super 12 (1995–2005)==== The official declaration of professionalism in rugby union in August 1995 led to a restructuring of the Super 10 competition. Following the success of the 1995 World Cup, the rugby boards of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa formed SANZAR (South African, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) to administer an annual 12-team provincial/franchise based competition pitting regional teams from the three nations against each other. In addition it was decided to hold an annual Tri- Nations Test Series between the three countries. A significant reason for the development of the Super 12 was the threat to rugby union from rival football code rugby league: part of the business model for the Foxtel pay TV network in Australia was to attract subscribers by offering an exclusive product (such as rugby union) which could not be seen on free-to-air broadcast television. By setting up the Super 12, the Unions had a product that was in demand from viewers, enabling them to sell a 10-year contract for exclusive television rights to News Corp for US$555 million, giving them both coverage and financial support to kickstart the new competition. thumb|upright=0.8|right|The Super 12 logo used from 1996 to 2005. With significant sponsorship, and rugby turning a professional sport in August 1995, the Super 12 competition successfully kicked off in 1996 with five New Zealand franchises, four South African provinces and three domestic Australian teams competing. New Zealand's dominance of the competition began in the first year when the Auckland Blues won the inaugural competition defeating South African side the 45–21 in a home final. The Blues would repeat the success of 1996 beating Australian side the ACT Brumbies 23–7 in the 1997 final. The Blues then reached their third successive final in 1998 but went down to fellow countrymen the Canterbury Crusaders 13–20. This would mark the beginning of the Crusaders' three-year dominance as they went on to win the 1999 and 2000 finals over the Otago Highlanders and ACT Brumbies respectively. The 2001 season was the first in which no New Zealand franchise reached the final, being contested between the ACT Brumbies and with the Brumbies convincing winners, with a 36–6 scoreline. The Crusaders won their 4th final in 2002 winning all 11 matches and missed out on their 5th in 2003 with a four-point loss to fellow countrymen the Blues. In 2004 the Brumbies took revenge on their 2000 final loss to the Crusaders defeating them 47–38 in front of a home crowd. The Crusaders would bounce back to win the 2005 final 35–25 against the Australian side the New South Wales Waratahs who reached their first-ever final. This was the last year of the 12 team format. From the early 2000s Australia had started to push for the inclusion of a fourth Australian team, and South Africa for another team from its country. There was also speculation of including a team from the South Pacific Island nations, such as Fiji; or a combined Pacific Islanders team from Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Argentina was also pushing for inclusion in the Super 12. In the early 2000s the provincial names from the New Zealand franchises were dropped, so, for example, the Canterbury Crusaders became The Crusaders. Also South Africa followed the New Zealand franchise model, where previously South African participation was decided by the previous year's Currie Cup placings. ====Super 14 (2006–2010)==== SANZAR announced in December 2004 that a new five-year television deal had been signed that would cover 2006 to 2010, with News Corporation winning the rights for the UK, Australia and New Zealand, and SuperSport winning rights for South Africa. The contract was worth US$323 million over five years, a 16% annual increase compared to the previous deal. It covers international fixtures as well as the Super 14. SANZAR remained free to negotiate separate deals for other markets, such as France, Japan and the Americas. thumb|upright=0.8|right|The Super 14 logo used from 2006 to 2010. The TriNations is the "cash cow" for the SANZAR partners as it provides nearly 60 per cent of the money from News Ltd. The Super 14 made up about 30 per cent of the deal. Under the new deal, Australia and South Africa each got one extra team in the competition, and a third round of fixtures was added to the Tri Nations Series. The new Australian team in the competition was based in Perth and was named the Western Force. The addition of the new South African team led to considerable controversy, including government involvement. Finally, the five teams for 2006 were confirmed to be the country's existing four teams plus the Cheetahs, which draws its players from the Free State and Northern Cape Provinces. For the 2007 season, the Southern Spears, based in Port Elizabeth, were originally intended to replace the lowest-finishing South African team from the 2006 competition. However, the existing South African Super 14 franchises opposed the plan, which was pushed through by controversial president of the South African Rugby Union, Brian van Rooyen. After van Rooyen was ousted as president, SARU announced that the Spears would not enter the competition. SARU investigated the viability of the Spears after discovering serious financial irregularities. A High Court of South Africa ruling stated that the Spears had a valid contract to compete in the Super 14 and Currie Cup. However, because of the organisation's financial and administrative troubles, in November 2006 a settlement was reached. The Spears abandoned their legal case, and will continue to exist, but not compete in the Super 14. SANZAR rejected a proposal to split the Super 14 into two seven-team divisions, and decided to keep the competition in its traditional single-table format. Argentina and the Pacific Islands remained shut out of the competition. The two new teams didn't perform all that well, the South African franchise the Cheetahs did the better of the two teams finishing 10th on the ladder notching up 5 season wins. The Australian franchise the Western Force only managed one victory and ended winning the wooden spoon as last placed 14th. The highlight for the Force was a 23-all draw against eventual champions the Crusaders, who defeated first-time finalists the Hurricanes 19–12. thumb|right|250px|The Cats (now the Lions) playing the Sharks. During the 2007 season, 22 All Blacks missed the competition's first seven rounds as part of an All Black "conditioning programme" that was a part of the All Blacks' 2007 Rugby World Cup preparations, and every New Zealand franchise was without players for the first seven rounds. At the end of the regular season, for the first time since 1998, no Australian franchise had made the semi-finals. Although the Brumbies were strong and the Western Force experienced vast improvement, it was a poor season for the Queensland Reds and Waratahs who finished last and second last respectively. Also, the competition featured the first all-South African final as the Sharks and Bulls, who finished 1–2 on the season ladder, both won their respective semi-finals. The final, held in Durban, saw the visiting Bulls win 20–19. During the time the competition was branded as the Super 14, only two teams won the tournament. The Crusaders winning the 2006 and 2008 tournaments; while the Bulls ended victorious in 2007, 2009, and 2010 respectively. ====Super Rugby: 15 teams (2011–2015)==== SANZAR unveiled in 2009 its model for an expanded season that would begin in 2011. This model was based around the original ARU proposal for three national conferences: each side were to have played the other four teams from their own country twice and the other ten teams once each; the season has to end with a six-team finals series. thumb|upright=0.8|right|The Super Rugby logo used from 2011 to 2021. There were four major compromises, however, designed to accommodate certain wishes of each country, that somewhat complicated the model: * Each team would only play four, instead of all five, teams in each of the other two national conferences, making sixteen regular season games for each team instead of eighteen, and allowing for a late February start, somewhat placating the ARU and NZRU who wanted a March start. * There would be a three-week gap for the June test (international) matches favoured by the SARU. * The season would finish in early August so as not to overlap new streamlined versions of New Zealand's and South Africa's domestic competitions. * The three conference winners and the three best performers of the remaining teams would qualify for a three-week finals series, with seedings deciding the match-ups. This system is a hybrid of the conference- based qualification system favoured by the SARU and the 'top six' model favoured by the ARU and NZRU. SANZAR announced in 2009 the addition of a fifth Australian team that would play in the expanded "Super Rugby" competition in 2011. The licence was awarded to Victoria, Australia, and the team's name announced as the Melbourne Rebels. The Australian start-up franchise was given the nod ahead of South Africa's Southern Kings. Brian Waldron, former CEO of the NRL club the Melbourne Storm, was confirmed as the new CEO of the Rebels on 11 January 2010, but resigned on 23 April after a salary cap breach was uncovered at the Storm. ===SANZAAR era=== ====Expansion: 18 teams (2016–2017)==== In February 2012, SANZAR chief executive Greg Peters announced that the organisation was considering adding franchises in Argentina, Japan and the United States in 2016, the first year of SANZAR's next television contract. This was also the year that rugby sevens entered the Olympics, which contributed towards increased interest in the sport in many countries, including Japan and the US. Australian sports broadcasting analyst Colin Smith noted that the addition of Japanese and American teams could result in a TV deal worth more than A$1 billion beyond 2020. Specifically, he stated, "You could have a deal comparable to the other major sports in Australia. Rugby is a college (university) sport in the US, if soccer can create its own league there and sell teams for $40 million, imagine what you could do in 10–12 years with rugby in that market." By comparison, the largest TV deal in Australian sport, that of the Australian Football League (Australian rules), is worth A$1.26 billion from 2012 to 2016. Even that figure was dwarfed by the TV contracts of the NFL, for which contracts at the time were worth more than US$4 billion annually. Peters added that the conference-based structure was ideal for expanding the competition to new territories, either by adding new conferences or by adding teams to the current conferences. He also discussed the possibility that offshore Super Rugby teams could be a home for surplus players from the SANZAR countries, keeping them in the SANZAR fold and away from European clubs. Prior to Super Rugby's broadcast contracts expiring after the 2015 season, SANZAR considered several alternatives for the competition's future organisation: * Retention of the conference system that was in place for 2011–15. * Expansion of the structure to include teams from Asia, the United States and/or Canada. * A split of the competition, with South Africa forming one competition with the likely addition of at least one Argentine side, and Australia and New Zealand forming another, with the possibility of including Asian teams. The last proposal, made by the SARU, was reportedly driven by internal union politics. With only five guaranteed places in Super Rugby but six active franchises, the bottom team in the South African Conference faced a promotion/relegation playoff with the sixth franchise for a place in the next season's competition. Australia and New Zealand warmed to the SARU proposal, as a trans-Tasman competition would potentially allow for more regional derbies, fewer time zone complications and less player travel. However, NZRU chief executive Steve Tew indicated that a competition that did not include South African teams was a commercial non-starter because of large broadcast revenues from that country and because the NZRU considered Super Rugby matches in South Africa to be critical for national team development. SANZAR announced on 4 September 2013 that South Africa would be granted a sixth franchise starting in the 2016 season, negating the need for relegation play-offs involving the sixth South African franchise. SANZAR then announced on 20 November 2014 that Japan and Argentina would each be allocated a team from the 2016 season onwards. In 2017, the Australian Rugby Union was rebranded to Rugby Australia. ====Contraction: 15 teams (2018–2020)==== In April 2017, SANZAAR confirmed the competition would be reduced to 15 teams in 2018 with two South African and one Australian team to have their franchises withdrawn.Australian Rugby Union to axe Western Force or Melbourne within three days Nine's Wide World of Sports 10 April 2017 Subsequently, four South African teams took part: the Bulls, Lions, Sharks and Stormers, with the Cheetahs and Kings losing their spots. The Cheetahs and Kings joined the Pro 12, which became the Pro14 from the 2017–2018 season onwards. On 11 August 2017, Australia announced that the Western Force had lost their licence. On 21 March 2019, SANZAAR confirmed that 2020 will be the Sunwolves last season of competition in Super Rugby. ==== COVID-19: Separate competitions and South African departure (2020–2021) ==== The global COVID-19 pandemic caused the 2020 Super Rugby competition to be cut short. As health concerns eased, other professional sports returned to play. The Super Rugby season was unable to resumed, however, due to border restrictions and the need for teams to be placed into quarantine upon arrival in each country. This resulted in New Zealand Rugby and Rugby Australia forming their own Super Rugby tournaments starting in June and July respectively, so that their teams could compete domestically. South African Rugby subsequently launched its own domestic Super Rugby competition which started play in October 2020. The three competitions formed were: * Super Rugby Aotearoa (5 teams, New Zealand) * Super Rugby AU (5 teams, Australia) * Super Rugby Unlocked (7 teams, South Africa) thumb|Super Rugby AU final between Queensland Reds and Brumbies in 2021. Super Rugby Aotearoa featured all five New Zealand teams from Super Rugby: the Blues, Chiefs, Crusaders, Highlanders and Hurricanes. Super Rugby AU included Australia's four teams, the Reds, Waratahs, Brumbies and Rebels, as well as former Super Rugby side, the Western Force. The Force had continued as a franchise after their 2017 post-season exclusion from Super Rugby and were playing in Global Rapid Rugby, also suspended due to COVID-19. The Australian and New Zealand competitions each scheduled a 20-game home and away season in 2020 but Super Rugby AU played two additional knockout matches to decide the Australian title. Super Rugby Unlocked featured South Africa's four Super Rugby teams (the Bulls, Lions, Sharks and Stormers) plus former franchise the as well as the Currie Cup sides and . These seven teams competed in a single round-robin domestic format in 2020. In September 2020, SA Rugby announced the withdrawal from Super Rugby of all of their teams, with plans for the four sides to join an expanded Pro14/United Rugby Championship competition. Super Rugby Aotearoa and Super Rugby AU continued in 2021, Super Rugby Trans-Tasman would also take place in 2021, a crossover competition featuring the Australian sides playing the New Zealand sides. ==== Super Rugby Pacific: Fiji and the Pacific Islands join the competition (2022–) ==== In the longer term, a new 12-team tournament from 2022 onwards had been mooted, with the current five Australian and five New Zealand sides to be joined by Moana Pasifika, and a Fijian side. New Zealand Rugby has confirmed that it intends to partner with Fiji Rugby and Moana Pasifika, along with Australia going forward. In April 2021, it was announced that licences had been offered to the Fijian Drua and Moana Pasifika ahead of joining Super Rugby in 2022. The new format was confirmed in August 2021, with the tournament branded as Super Rugby Pacific, with the competition returning to a round robin format, although the divisions will be replaced by one main log instead. ==Current franchises== There are twelve franchises currently in Super Rugby; five from Australia, one from Fiji, five from New Zealand, and one representing the Pacific Islands. Each franchise is representing a franchise area, with each franchise in New Zealand representing a collection of unions, compared to the Australian model of one franchise per union. This model differs from the traditional club-based model of other Australian sports; with 5 Super Rugby teams in Australia compared to the 16 Australian-based National Rugby League teams and the 18 teams of the Australian Football League. The Pacific Islands franchise, Moana Pasifika, will play mainly in New Zealand during the 2022 season. Club City Stadium Capacity First season Blues Auckland, Auckland Region Eden Park 50,000 (Super 12) Brumbies Canberra, Australian Capital Territory GIO Stadium 25,011 (Super 12) Chiefs Hamilton, Waikato FMG Stadium Waikato 25,800 (Super 12) Crusaders Christchurch, Canterbury Orangetheory Stadium 18,600 (Super 12) Drua Suva, Fiji Churchill Park HFC Bank Stadium 11,000 15,000 Force Perth, Western Australia HBF Park 20,500 (Super 14) Highlanders Dunedin, Otago Forsyth Barr Stadium 30,748 (Super 12) Hurricanes Wellington, Wellington Region Sky Stadium 34,500 (Super 12) Moana Pasifika South Auckland, Auckland Region Mt Smart Stadium 30,000 Rebels Melbourne, Victoria AAMI Park 30,050 Reds Brisbane, Queensland Suncorp Stadium 52,500 (Super 12) Waratahs Sydney, New South Wales Allianz Stadium 42,500 (Super 12) * Notes: == Former franchises == * Bulls – Pretoria, Gauteng (withdrawn by the South African Rugby Union in 2020) * Cats – Johannesburg, Gauteng (renamed as the Lions in 2005) * Cheetahs – Bloemfontein, Free State (withdrawn by Super Rugby and moved to Pro14 in 2017, participated in Super Rugby Unlocked in 2020) * Griquas – Kimberley, Northern Cape (participated in Super Rugby Unlocked in 2020) * Jaguares – Buenos Aires, Argentina (not named in a Super Rugby competition for 2021) * Lions – Johannesburg, Gauteng (renamed the Cats 1998, returned to Lions name 2006; withdrawn by the South African Rugby Union in 2012, returned to Super Rugby in 2014; withdrawn by the South African Rugby Union in 2020) * Pumas – Mbombela, Mpumalanga (participated in Super Rugby Unlocked in 2020) * Sharks – Durban, KwaZulu-Natal (withdrawn by the South African Rugby Union in 2020) * Southern Kings – Gqeberha, Eastern Cape (withdrawn by Super Rugby and moved to Pro14 in 2017) * Stormers – Cape Town, Western Cape (withdrawn by the South African Rugby Union in 2020) * Sunwolves – Tokyo, Japan (withdrawn by the Japan Rugby Football Union in 2020) ==Champions== The following sides have won Super Rugby titles since the competitions inception in 1996. Year No. of Teams Final Final Final Losing semi-finalists Losing semi-finalists Winners Score Runners-up 1st losing semi- finalists 2nd losing semi-finalists 1996 12 Blues 45–21 Sharks Reds Bulls 1997 12 Blues 23–7 ACT Brumbies Hurricanes Sharks 1998 12 Crusaders 20–13 Blues Sharks Highlanders 1999 12 Crusaders 24–19 Highlanders Reds Stormers 2000 12 Crusaders 20–19 ACT Brumbies Highlanders Cats 2001 12 ACT Brumbies 36–6 Sharks Cats Reds 2002 12 Crusaders 31–13 ACT Brumbies Waratahs Highlanders 2003 12 Blues 21–17 Crusaders Hurricanes ACT Brumbies 2004 12 ACT Brumbies 47–38 Crusaders Stormers Chiefs 2005 12 Crusaders 35–25 Waratahs Bulls Hurricanes 2006 14 Crusaders 19–12 Hurricanes Waratahs Bulls 2007 14 Bulls 20–19 Sharks Crusaders Blues 2008 14 Crusaders 20–12 Waratahs Sharks Hurricanes 2009 14 Bulls 61–17 Chiefs Hurricanes Crusaders 2010 14 Bulls 25–17 Stormers Crusaders Waratahs 2011 15 Reds 18–13 Crusaders Blues Stormers 2012 15 Chiefs 37–6 Sharks Crusaders Stormers 2013 15 Chiefs 27–22 Brumbies Crusaders Bulls 2014 15 Waratahs 33–32 Crusaders Sharks Brumbies 2015 15 Highlanders 21–14 Hurricanes Waratahs Brumbies 2016 18 Hurricanes 20–3 Lions Chiefs Highlanders 2017 18 Crusaders 25–17 Lions Chiefs Hurricanes 2018 15 Crusaders 37–18 Lions Hurricanes Waratahs 2019 15 Crusaders 19–3 Jaguares Brumbies Hurricanes 2020 15 / 17 colspan=3 '' 2021 10 colspan=3 '' 2022 12 Crusaders 21–7 Blues Chiefs Brumbies 2023 12 Crusaders 25–20 Chiefs Blues Brumbies * Notes: ===Regionalised Competition winners=== Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, regionalised tournaments were played for the remainder of the 2020 Super Rugby season and the 2021 Super Rugby season. Those competitions were: Super Rugby AU (Australia), Super Rugby Aotearoa (New Zealand), Super Rugby Unlocked (South Africa) and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman (Australia and New Zealand). Year Super Rugby AU Super Rugby Aotearoa Super Rugby Unlocked Super Rugby Trans- Tasman 2020 2021 * * South Africa withdrew from all Super Rugby competitions at the end of the 2020 Super Rugby season. === Final appearances, victories by country === In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by victorious seasons. Team Wins Losses Winning percent Season(s) 16 Crusaders 12 4 .750 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023 6 Brumbies 2 4 .333 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2013 5 Blues 3 2 .600 1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2022 4 Chiefs 2 2 .500 2009, 2012, 2013, 2023 4 Sharks 0 4 .000 1996, 2001, 2007, 2012 3 Bulls 3 0 1.000 2007, 2009, 2010 3 Waratahs 1 2 .333 2005, 2008, 2014 3 Hurricanes 1 2 .333 2006, 2015, 2016 3 Lions 0 3 .000 2016, 2017, 2018 2 1 1 .500 1999, 2015 1 Reds 1 0 1.000 2011 1 Stormers 0 1 .000 2010 1 Jaguares 0 1 .000 2019 Team Wins Losses Winning percent 30 19 11 .633 11 3 8 .272 10 4 6 .400 1 0 1 .000 0 0 0 .000 ===Semi- final appearances by team=== * 21 Crusaders (16 wins, 5 losses) * 11 Brumbies (6 wins, 5 losses) * 11 Hurricanes (3 wins, 8 losses) * 8 Blues (5 wins, 3 losses) * 8 Chiefs (4 wins, 4 losses) * 8 Sharks (4 wins, 4 losses) * 8 Waratahs (3 wins, 5 losses) * 7 Bulls (3 wins, 4 losses) * 5 Lions (3 wins, 2 losses) (2 losses as the Cats) * 5 Highlanders (1 wins, 4 losses) * 4 Reds (1 win, 3 losses) * 4 Stormers (1 win, 3 losses) * 1 Jaguares (1 win) ===Conference winners by team=== Between 2011 and 2019, teams from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa have played in 3 separate conferences. With teams playing each team in their own conference twice (home and away) and in the other conferences playing four of the five teams. The winner of each conference is awarded a home final and their region specific conference trophy. In 2016, the South Africa conference was split in two, with Japan's Sunwolves and Argentina's Jaguares added to South Africa 1 and 2, respectively. In 2018, the South African conferences re-integrated, with Argentina's Jaguares remaining in the South Africa conference, and Japan's Sunwolves joining the Australia conference. Conference 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Australia Reds Brumbies Waratahs Brumbies Waratahs Brumbies New Zealand Crusaders Chiefs Crusaders Hurricanes Crusaders South Africa 1 Stormers Bulls Sharks Stormers Stormers Lions Jaguares South Africa 2 Lions ==Salary cap== ===Australia=== The five Australian teams playing in the competition are subjected to a A$5.5 million salary cap for a squad of up to 40 players per Australian team. The Australian Rugby Union decided in 2011 to introduce the salary cap because of financial pressures.Brisbane Times, Big paycuts on cards as ARU seeks salary cap, 12 March 2011, http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/rugby-union/union-news/big-paycuts-on-cards- as-aru-seeks-salary-cap-20110312-1bs2k.html Originally starting in 2012 as a cap of A$4.1 million, it was later raised to A$4.5 million for the 2013 and 2014 seasons to take pressure off the teams' ability to recruit and retain players.Sydney Morning Herald, Tip of the cap nudges Pocock, 3 June 2012, http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-union/union-news/tip-of-the-cap-nudges- pocock-20120602-1zok6.html The salary cap is a key component of the negotiation between the ARU and the Rugby Union Players Association over the collective bargaining agreement.Fox Sports, Uncertainty over Super Rugby salary cap could yet derail Will Genia's deal with Queensland Reds, 2 May 2012, http://www.foxsports.com.au/rugby/super-rugby/uncertainty-over-super- rugby-salary-cap-could-yet-derail-will-genias-deal-with-queensland- reds/story-e6frf4qu-1226344316320#.Ub5lnBy0iXI The fact that the Australian teams in Super Rugby face a salary cap has been attributed as a factor that makes it more difficult for Australian teams to win the title.Australian Times, Salary cap makes Super Rugby harder in Australia, 15 February 2012, The cap regulations have some small concessions: * Five players on each team may be paid A$30,000 each per season by team sponsors; this amount is not included in the team cap. * The maximum cap charge for a non-Australian player is A$137,000, regardless of his actual wages. Compared to other Australian 'rival' sporting leagues, such as the NRL and AFL, the salary cap is considerably lower. Two times lower than the AFL and only makes up 55% of the NRL salary cap. However the Australian Super Rugby salary cap stands greater than the A-League, the BBL and the NBL. ==Brand and image== ===Trophies=== right|thumb|400px|The Super Rugby trophies There have been several iterations of the trophy awarded to the winner of the Super Rugby competitions. The Super 14 trophy, unveiled in New Zealand ahead of the 2006 season, was made of sterling silver with the competition logo on a globe sitting atop of a four- sided twisted spiral. Jens Hansen Gold and Silversmith in Nelson, New Zealand hand-made the trophy which took over two months to complete. On 30 June 2011, SANZAR unveiled the new trophy that will be presented to the winners of the Super Rugby final from 2011 and beyond, was crafted from solid stainless steel and polished to a mirror finish. It has a height of 65 cm and a mass of 18 kilograms. The trophy was designed by Blue Sky Design of Sydney. The trophy was manufactured by Box and Dice Pty Ltd also based in Sydney. SANZAR CEO Greg Peters said "The shape of the trophy is centred around three curved legs, each representing the Conferences involved in the Super Rugby competition . . . The champions trophy is the 'big one', and will become the ultimate symbol of Super Rugby supremacy in the years to come." The colour on each leg corresponds to the Conferences with gold for Australia, black for New Zealand, and green for South Africa. There are several other trophies contested during the competition; the Charles Anderson VC Memorial Cup between the Brumbies and Stormers, the Bob Templeton Cup between the Reds and Waratahs, the Ganbattle Trophy between Sunwolves and Rebels and the Gordon Hunter Memorial Trophy between the Blues and Highlanders. Every year the Super Rugby player of the year is awarded. ===Logo=== During the last season of the Super 12, Coast Design of Sydney was commissioned to design a new logo for the Super 14. The Super 14 logo broke away from the traditional shield formats, common to many sporting codes, and used Roman numerals (XIV), which is unique for sport in the region. The game's dynamism and speed are suggested by the orbiting football which has three distinct stitches, a subtle reference to the three countries of the tournament. The Super Rugby logo dispenses with numbers, featuring a large blue "S" with a white rugby ball in the centre and "SRY" below the "S". The three stitches of the previous ball are retained. Before the expansion to the Super 14, the Super 12 used a logo in the shape of a shield, which had the sponsors name at the top, and then the words "Rugby" and "Super 12". The lower half of the logo used three different coloured stripes, green, black and gold, the respective colours of the national teams of South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. ===Naming rights=== The naming rights for the competition are different in the five countries: * In New Zealand, Investec Bank has naming rights starting with the 2011 season, and the competition is referred to as Investec Super Rugby. During the Super 14 era, sporting goods retailer Rebel Sport had naming rights and the Super 14 competition was referred to as the Rebel Sport Super 14. Previously the naming rights holders were U-Bix and then Telecom New Zealand (TNZ). Telecom used its ISP brand Xtra as the label in their last year of holding naming rights. * In Australia, telecommunications company Vodafone has been the title sponsor of Super Rugby since 2017 As a result, the competition is officially referred to as Vodafone Super Rugby. Prior to this, Super Rugby in Australia was sponsored by Suncorp Group through their life insurance brand Asteron Life. Vodafone were also the title sponsor of the competition during the Super 12 era. In the first season of Super Rugby, Australia had no naming rights partner. Previous to that, Investec acquired naming rights in the middle of the Super 14 era from Lion Nathan, who had named the competition the Tooheys New Super 14, after its Tooheys New beer brand. *In South Africa, telecommunications carrier Vodacom has naming rights, and the expanded competition is referred to as Vodacom Super Rugby. Before 1999, when cigarette advertising was banned in South Africa, the competition was sponsored by Winfield. *In Argentina, telecommunications carrier Personal has naming rights, and the expanded competition is referred to as Personal Super Rugby. *In Japan, real estate developer Mitsubishi Estate acquired naming rights in 2018, the competition referred to as Mitsubishi Estate Super Rugby. The competition had no title sponsor in Japan during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. ==Competition records== ===Team records=== ====Single match==== * Highest score: 96 points – Crusaders defeated Waratahs 96–19, 2002 * Lowest score: 0 points – Reds defeated Hurricanes 11–0, 1999; Brumbies defeated Bulls 15–0, 1999; Sharks defeated Bulls 29–0, 1999; Brumbies defeated Cats 64–0, 2000; Highlanders defeated Bulls 23–0, 2005; Blues defeated Brumbies 17–0, 2006; Brumbies defeated Reds 36–0, 2007; Crusaders defeated Western Force 53–0, 2008; Crusaders defeated Stormers 22–0, 2009; Highlanders defeated Crusaders 6–0, 2009; Stormers defeated Highlanders 33–0, 2011; Waratahs defeated Rebels 43–0, 2011; Crusaders defeated Bulls 27–0, 2011; Brumbies defeated Reds 29–0, 2015; Sharks defeated Kings 53–0, 2016; Hurricanes defeated Sharks 41–0, 2016; Crusaders defeated Highlanders 17–0, 2017; Lions defeated Waratahs 29–0, 2018; Highlanders defeated Sunwolves 52–0, 2019; Brumbies defeated Sunwolves 33–0, 2019; Crusaders defeated Rebels 66–0, 2019; Stormers defeated Hurricanes 27–0, 2020; Stormers defeated Bulls 13–0, 2020 * Highest combined score: 137 points – Chiefs defeated Lions 72–65, 2010 * Lowest combined score: 6 points – Highlanders defeated Crusaders 6–0, 2009 * Highest winning margin: 89 points – Bulls defeated Reds 92–3, 2007 * Highest score away: 83 points – Hurricanes defeated Sunwolves 83–17, 2017 * Most tries in a match by one team: 14 by Crusaders (v Waratahs), 2002; 14 by Lions (v Sunwolves), 2017 * Most tries in a match by both teams: 18 by Lions and Chiefs, 2010 ====Season or streak==== * Most consecutive wins: 16 wins – Crusaders, 2018–19 * Most consecutive losses in a season: 13 losses – Lions, 2010 * Most consecutive losses: 17 losses – Lions, 15 May 2009 to 12 March 2011 * Most tries in a season: 97 tries – Hurricanes, 2017 * Fewest tries in a season: 13 tries – Lions, 2007 * Most wins in the regular season: 14 wins – Stormers (2012); Hurricanes (2015); Crusaders (2017); Lions (2017) * Most wins in a full season: 17 wins – Crusaders (2017) * Fewest wins in a season: 0 wins – Bulls, 2002, Lions, 2010 regular season * Fewest losses in a season: 0 losses – Blues, 1997; Crusaders, 2002 * Most wins in a row at home: 36 wins – Crusaders 2018–2020 * Most points conceded in a season: 684 – Kings, 2016 * Largest points difference conceded in a season: 402 – Kings, 2016 ===Player records=== ====Career==== * Points: 1,708 – Dan Carter, Crusaders * Tries: 60 – Israel Folau, Waratahs, Julian Savea, Hurricanes * Conversions: 317 – Richie Mo'unga, Crusaders * Penalties: 307 – Dan Carter, Crusaders * Quickest Try: 8 seconds – Bryan Habana, Stormers * Consecutive Games: 104 – Caleb Ralph, Crusaders * Most Caps: 202 – Wyatt Crockett, Crusaders ====Season==== * Points: 263 – Morné Steyn, Bulls, 2010 * Tries: 16 – Ben Lam, Hurricanes, 2018 * Conversions: 57 – Richie Mo'unga, Crusaders, 2023 * Penalties: 58 – Christian Leali'ifano, Brumbies, 2013 * Drop Goals: 11 – Morné Steyn, Bulls, 2009 ====Match==== * Points: 50 – Gavin Lawless, Sharks * Tries: 5 – Sean Wainui, Chiefs * Conversions: 13 – Andrew Mehrtens, Crusaders * Penalties: 9 – Elton Jantjies, Lions * Drop Goals: 4 – Morné Steyn, Bulls ==Domestic competitions== Each respective country competing in Super Rugby has a number of their own domestic leagues, which feed into Super Rugby teams. South Africa actually used their Currie Cup teams as opposed to creating new teams during the earlier years of the Super 12. However, the Currie Cup is now the third tier of rugby in South Africa, below Test and Super Rugby; it is played after the Super Rugby season, and all unions are aligned to a Super Rugby team, though it is mainly the big six, Blue Bulls, Golden Lions, , Free State Cheetahs, Western Province and Eastern Province Elephants which contribute the most to the Super Rugby sides. In New Zealand, the National Provincial Championship is the most prominent domestic competition below the Super Rugby, in which all the respective Unions are also aligned with Super Rugby sides. In Australia, the National Rugby Championship (NRC) was launched in 2014. Several teams that played in the former Australian Rugby Championship in 2007, were revived for the NRC. Argentina, until 2018, like South Africa and New Zealand, had a national championship where several provincial unions competed, the Campeonato Argentino. Another national championship, but for clubs, is Nacional de Clubes. Japan's main domestic competition was the Japan Rugby League One (formerly Top League), featuring 16 clubs, while the second division, the Top Challenge League, featured 8 clubs. Fiji's domestic competition is the Skipper Cup, featuring the countries top 12 provincial sides. ==Media== Until 2020, in Australia, pay TV station Fox Sports showed every match live and beginning in 2016, free-to-air station Network Ten started showing a full match replay every Sunday morning of the 'Match of the Round' featuring at least one Australian team. Network Ten also showed full match replays of all finals matches featuring Australian teams. From 2021 onwards, Nine Network possesses the broadcasting rights, and any future Super Rugby seasons will have games aired live on streaming service Stan, with the potential for a number of games to be simulcast live on either Nine's flagship free-to-air channel or a multichannel, similar to the current situation with Super Rugby AU. Super Rugby is broadcast on Supersport in South Africa and is simulcast terrestrially on M-Net. Sky Sport is the official broadcaster in New Zealand. Super Rugby was broadcast in over 40 countries – in the UK on Sky Sports; in Spain it is broadcast by Digital+, and in the United States by ESPN+, which has confirmed all matches will be broadcast live or on demand. In Canada, TSN broadcasts all matches only on TSN GO, their online SD streaming platform. Following the 2020 season though, broadcasting deals with European broadcasters ended, and no new deal had been arranged for the start of the 2021 season. On 24 February 2021, RugbyPass announced streaming rights for the Super Rugby Aotearoa competition, to be streamed in all territories in the UK & Ireland, Europe, Asia and the Middle East, totalling 100 territories. On 6 March 2021, World Rugby announced streaming for the Super Rugby AU competition, to be streamed in all territories in the UK & Ireland, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, totalling over 100 territories. On 19 March 2021, further broadcasters were announced for both competitions, with ESPN and ESPN International being announced as covering North and South America, Digicel covering the Pacific Islands and Papua New Guinea, Telefónica covering Spain and Wowow covering Japan. On 13 May 2021, further broadcasters were announced for Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, with RugbyPass picking up streaming services in European territories again for the tournament. Canal+ was announced as covering France, ESPN Argentina covering the United States, Premier Sports covering Southeast Asia, Sky Italia covering Italy and TSN covering Canada. On 14 February 2022, SANZAAR announced the launch of Sanzaarrugby.tv, a global streaming service for the Super Rugby competition to territories that don't have right holder broadcasters in place. The current broadcasters ahead of the 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season are: ===Broadcasters=== Broadcaster Country(ies) Canal+ Romandy Digicel ESPN Latin America Fijian Broadcasting Corporation FloSports Nine Network Stan Sport Premier Sports Mariana Islands Sanzaarrugby.tv Sky Italia Sky Pacific Sky Sport SuperSport TSN Wowow ==See also== * List of Super Rugby champions * List of Super Rugby stadiums * SANZAAR * Super Rugby Aotearoa * Super Rugby AU * Super Rugby Trans-Tasman * Super Rugby Unlocked * Super W * Super Rugby Aupiki ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * ==External links== * Category:Rugby union competitions for provincial teams Category:Fox Sports (Australian TV network) Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1996 Category:1996 establishments in Australia Category:1996 establishments in New Zealand Category:1996 establishments in South Africa Category:Sports leagues established in 1996 Rugby union Category:Professional sports leagues in New Zealand Category:Professional sports leagues in South Africa Category:Multi- national professional rugby union leagues Category:Multi-national professional sports leagues |
Nikolai Zlobin (; born 1 March 1958) is a Russian political scientist, journalist and historian who has spent more than 30 years living and working in the United States. He is the author of more than a dozen books and more than 300 essays and articles on topics of 20th century history, Russian and American politics, and international security. Following a lengthy career in academia, Zlobin emerged as a leading commentator on U.S.-Russian relations. He currently serves as founder and president of the Center on Global Interests in Washington, D.C. ==Early life== Nikolai Zlobin was born in Moscow on March 1, 1958, to a family of academics. His father was Vasiliy Ivanovich Zlobin (1919–2008), a World War II veteran and a distinguished professor of history at Moscow State University, where he taught from 1951 until 2008. Vasiliy authored a number of works on political history, World War II, and theory of political parties in Russia and the Soviet Union that were widely published in Russia and abroad. Zlobin's mother was Clara Konstantinovna Zlobina [née Bondarenko] (1928–2003), a nuclear physicist at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (presently the Russian Academy of Sciences). Zlobin grew up in the famous “instructors’ building" that housed Moscow State University professors, located at the intersection of Leninsky and Lomonosovsky prospects. He attended School No.14 (presently School No.26), the same school where his daughter would later enter first grade. By Zlobin's own account, he was a “hooligan” who did well on his schoolwork but consistently received poor grades for his behavior. ==Education== Zlobin completed his studies at Moscow State University. His undergraduate academic adviser was the social historian Vladimir Drobizhev (1931-1989). He received a BA degree there in 1977, a MA in 1979, followed by postgraduate studies in 1979–82 and 1990–93. ==Academic work== From 1983 to 1993, Zlobin was an assistant professor and later vice- head of the History Department at Moscow State University. He later served as an adviser to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Between 1995 and 1999 Zlobin was a visiting professor at Webster University, St. Louis. Between 1993 and 2000, Zlobin also held various short-term positions as a visiting professor and research fellow at a number of universities and research institutions in the United States,as well as the Kennan Institute of Advanced Russian Studies at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. At Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri Zlobin created the university's first international communications program. During this time he completed research for a book that would become the first non-American assessment of U.S. President Harry S. Truman, whom Zlobin largely credited with shaping the Cold-War world. In 2000, Zlobin published the first archival study on the preparation of Winston Churchill's 1946 "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, which effectively announced the start of the Cold War. Zlobin also produced the first works on Russian political humor during the Gorbachev era. His articles on the topic, such as “Humor as Political Protest” (1996), first appeared in the journal Demokratizatsiya, where Zlobin was co-editor. === Nonprofit work === From 2001 to 2012, Zlobin was Director of Russian and Asian programs at the Center for Defense Information (later renamed the World Security Institute) in Washington, D.C. During part of this time he produced Washington ProFile, a Russian-language news digest of American news and analysis that was widely read in Russia (see “Media” below). In the fall of 2012, he founded and became President of the Center on Global Interests, a nonprofit research organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. While acknowledging the difficulties of opening a new think tank in an already saturated environment, Zlobin said his goal was to create an organization that would “go beyond Cold War thinking” to provide a strategic, long-term vision for U.S.-Russian relations. === Awards and honors === Zlobin was a permanent member of the Valdai Discussion Club from its inception in 2004 until his withdrawal after 2016. From 2008, he has been a permanent member of the Yaroslavl Global Policy Forum. He has also received two MacArthur Foundation awards, two awards from the Truman Institute, and another from the Soros Foundation. ==Media== === 1990 - 2000 === After his arrival in the United States during the 1990s, Zlobin was a regular contributor to Literaturnaya Gazeta, at the time Russia's largest-circulation newspaper, and to Nezavisimaya Gazeta, a leader in the newly independent Russian press. Zlobin was one of the first in the West to report on the growing influence of organized crime in Russia, which was initially thought to jeopardize his return to the country. After his article, "The Mafiacracy Takes Over," was published in The New York Times in 1994, Zlobin's father reportedly called and told his son, "I love you, but don't come back." From 1993 to 2013, he served as an original executive co-editor of Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post- Soviet Democratization, an international scholarly journal focused on the contemporary transformation of the Soviet successor states. Initially launched at American University, it developed into an editorial project linking U.S. and Russian scholars and secured the support of the Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation, headed at the time by former Reagan adviser Jeane Kirkpatrick. It continues to be published today by George Washington University under Managing Editor Robert Orttung. === 2000 - present === From 2000 to 2004, Zlobin was founder and Editor-in-Chief of Washington ProFile, an independent digest of American news and analysis delivered to international readers on a minimal budget. Within several years of its existence Washington ProFile was distributed weekly to more than 20,000 Russian-language subscribers, and to a similar number of Chinese readers, in more than 100 countries . In 2003 the digest was listed as the second-most cited American- based news agency in the Russian mass media after CNN. Its advisory board included the future U.S. Ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul, then an associate professor at Stanford University, who called the news outlet “the perfect kind of low-tech democracy assistance." In the early 2000s, Zlobin became a columnist for the daily newspaper Izvestia, and from 2009 to 2012 he wrote a column for the Russian online journal Snob.ru. He also served on the Expert Board of the Russian news agency RIA Novosti from 2005 until its liquidation by the state in 2014. In 2008–2012, he was a permanent columnist for the newspapers Vedomosti and Rossiyskaya Gazeta, and frequently blogs for Echo of Moscow. His editorials have also appeared in the New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Washington Post, Financial Times, Los Angeles Times and the Chicago Tribune. From 2008 to 2009 he hosted a weekly radio show on the Russian station Silver Rain. In 2010–2011, he was co-host of the weekly radio show “Direct Contact” [Rus: «Прямой контакт»] on Vesti-FM. He also appears as a frequent guest on BBC and on the Russian political talk-show “The Duel” [Rus: «Поединок»]. == Books and other publications == === Early works === Zlobin co-authored the first non-communist high school history textbook used in Russia and other post-Soviet republics. After moving to the United States, he wrote the first study by a foreigner of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. === America—What a Life! === After writing a number of bestselling works on Russian and international politics, Zlobin developed a wide commercial following with the publication of a series of volumes on everyday life in the United States: America—What a Life! (2012), America: Bane of Heaven (2013) and Empire of Freedom: Values and Phobias of U.S. Society (2016). Written when the United States were being cast in a negative light by Russian state media, the books sought to acquaint ordinary Russians with the America beneath its “ideological blanket” by documenting the customs and daily features of life in the country, from American eating habits to the phenomenon of the teenage babysitter. The first book was an immediate bestseller in Russia and was praised by The New York Times’ then-Moscow Bureau Chief Ellen Barry, who described the author as “suggesting, in his soft way, that Russian leaders would benefit from understanding what Americans are like.” In an atypical show of interest toward a foreign-language work, The New York Times also translated and published select excerpts from the book on its website. The book and its sequels have not yet been translated into English. ==== Selected books ==== * «Кто есть кто в команде Трампа?» (Who is Who in Trump's Team). Moscow: Eksmo, 2017. * «Империя свободы: ценности и фобии американского общества» (Empire of Freedom: Values and Phobias of U.S. Society). Moscow: Eksmo, 2016. * «Америка: исчадие рая» (America: Bane of Heaven). Moscow: Eksmo, 2013. * «Америка: живут же люди!» (America—What a Life!). Moscow: Eksmo, 2012. * «Противостояние. Россия. США» (Standoff: United States-Russia) (Foreword by Alexander Voloshin;Comments by Vladimir Solovyov). Moscow: Eksmo, 2009. * «Второй новый миропорядок: Геополитические головоломки» (The Second New World Order: Geopolitical Puzzles). Moscow: Eksmo, 2009. ==== Co-authored books ==== * «Русский вираж: куда идет Россия?» (The Russian Turn: Where Is Russia Headed?). With Vladimir Solovyov. Moscow: Eksmo, 2014. * «Путин—Медведев. Что дальше?» (Putin—Medvedev: What’s Next?). With Vladimir Solovyov. Moscow: Eksmo, 2010. * «В кулуарах Вашингтона: умонастроения истеблишмента США в годы второго срока президента Джорджа Буша (2005-2008)» (In Washington’s Corridors of Power: The Mindset of the American Elite During George W. Bush’s Second Term, 2005-2008). With Lev Belousov. Moscow: Stepanenko, 2009. * International Communication: A Media Literacy Approach, with Art Silverblatt. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004. ==== Selected articles (in English) ==== * “Russia: Regaining its Position as a Leading World Newsmaker.” Valdai Discussion Club. Aug. 7, 2013. * “The New World Order.” International Journal. Vol. 63, No. 2, Spring 2008. * “Limited Possibilities and Possible Limitations.” Russia in Global Affairs. No.1, Jan-March, 2005. * “Iraq in the Context of Post-Soviet Policy.” Mediterranean Quarterly. Vol.14, No.2, Spring 2004. * “The United States, Russia, and the New Challenges.”http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya Demokratizatsiya. Vol.11, No.1, Winter 2003. * With Michael J. McFaul. “A Half-Democratic Russia Will Always be a Half-Ally to the United States.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.9, No.4, Fall 2001. * “‘New Russian’ Humor.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.8, No.3, Summer 2000. * “The Writing on the Wall.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.5, No.3, Summer 1997. * “Will Russia be Crushed by its History?” World Affairs. Vol.159, No.2, Fall 1996. * “Humor as Political Protest.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.4, No.2, Spring 1996. * “Country of Eternal ‘Pregnancy.’” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.3, No.2, Spring 1995. * “Finita La Comedia?" "If Democracy is to Survive, Yeltsin Must Learn to Compromise." Demokratizatsiya. Vol.2, No.2, Spring 1993 * Edited. “From the Archives: Thirteen Documents from the Secret Archives of Iosif Stalin.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.1, No.4, Fall 1992. * Edited. “From the Archives: Installing Soviet Power in the Caucasus.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.1, No.3, Summer 1992. * “Perestroika Versus the Command-Administrative System.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.1, No.2, Spring 1992. * “The Command-Administrative System in Russia: The Historical Legacy.” Demokratizatsiya. Vol.1, No.1, Winter 1992. ==Political stance== === "Polar-less" world theory === In the early 2000s Zlobin proposed the theory of a so-called “polar-less” world, later outlined in The Second New World Order (2009), according to which the modern system of global politics is neither centered on two superpowers as it was during the Cold War, nor around multiple centers of power (a concept known as multipolarity). Instead, the "polar-less" world would have no dominant centers of power as states grew increasingly dependent on each other to address global challenges. The theory subsequently caught the attention of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, at the time Russia's ambassador to the United Nations, who called it a compelling new argument in international relations. === Disintegration of state sovereignty === Following the 2011 Libyan war, during which the UN Security Council approved a Western military intervention in Libya, Zlobin observed that the traditional concept of state sovereignty that emerged from the 1648 Peace of Westphalia was gradually becoming obsolete. Citing the growing number of military and humanitarian interventions carried out in foreign countries, Zlobin posited the end of Westphalian sovereignty, characterized by the principle of non-intervention, that had until then governed the international system. He has also promoted the creation of new principles of global security, replacing those with a regional approach with a new system of international institutions. Zlobin has stated on numerous occasions that the process of the Soviet Union's collapse has not yet reached its conclusion and will continue to take place as new international borders are formed within the post-Soviet states. He has also said there is a danger that Russia may break apart into several states, and supports the elimination of internal national borders within the Russian Federation. === 2008 Russian-Georgian War === Following the 2008 Russian- Georgian war, Zlobin was one of the few American political experts to openly support the independence of Abkhazia. Rejecting the notion that Abkhazia was a Russian puppet state, Zlobin argued that Abkhazian independence instead coincided with Russian interests by hindering Georgia’s accession to NATO. === Corruption in Russia === Zlobin is a harsh critic of Russian policy despite being known to frequently interact with many of the country’s high-ranking officials. He has written widely about corruption within the country's political and business elite and has said that the absence of an effective judicial system is the main threat to Russian stability. In 2011, he described the Russian system as being run by “secretive and highly influential clans, without the consent of which no important economic or political decision in the country can be made or implemented.” Zlobin concluded that the return of clan politics to Russia was corrupting both the domestic system and the global institutions in which Russia took part. === Meetings with Russian leaders === Zlobin has interacted with Russia's leaders on numerous occasions, often within the framework of the Valdai Discussion Club. For example, in 2005, he was given a signed memo by Vladimir Putin stating that the latter wouldn't run for president in 2008 and would not change the constitution in order to allow himself to run for a consecutive third term. In 2008, Zlobin asked Putin how long the latter was planning to remain prime minister; Putin replied that he would remain in that post as long as “God wills." In 2009, in response to Zlobin's question about whether he would compete with Dmitry Medvedev in the 2012 presidential elections, Putin announced that he and Medvedev would not run against each other but would rather “sit down and talk it over.” Medvedev confirmed these words shortly thereafter. In the fall of 2011, Putin was asked by Zlobin why his political system was unsuccessful at generating young political leaders. Putin declared that the leaders were there, although he couldn't name anyone but Dmitry Medvedev as an example. During a Q&A; with then-presidential candidate Vladimir Putin in February 2012, Zlobin raised the question of why Russia had no political allies in the world. Putin gave a vague reply that the fact that the 2014 Winter Olympics were voted to take place in Russia proved that Russia had “many allies." === Dmitry Medvedev's presidency === In 2012, Zlobin was one of the few experts to reach a positive assessment of Dmitry Medvedev's term as president (2008-2012), and was criticized by his colleagues around the world for this as a result. While pointing out Medvedev's failure to implement an ambitious domestic agenda, Zlobin argued that Medvedev pursued a more effective foreign policy than his predecessor by making Russia “an active participant in the creation of a new world order, instead of defending the old one,” as Putin had done. === WikiLeaks === Zlobin was mentioned multiple times in a 2008 document published by WikiLeaks, in which he was described as a U.S.-based political expert with connections to Russia's ruling United Russia party. According to the document, Zlobin had come to the conclusion that the Putin-Medvedev tandem "works." == Personal life == Zlobin was a track and field athlete during his undergraduate years at Moscow State University. He passed the standard for Master of Sport of the USSR in the 100-meter race, the equivalent of a Nationally Ranked Player. He has been married and divorced several times. == References == ==External links== * Personal blog * Personal blog * Nikolai Zlobin’s profile on Snob.ru * Nikolai Zlobin's blog on Echo of Moscow * Center on Global Interests Category:Russian political scientists Category:American political scientists Category:Moscow State University alumni Category:Living people Category:1958 births |
Zubin Khan is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Holby City, played by actor Art Malik. He first appeared in the series five episode "Private Lives", broadcast on 17 June 2003. Zubin arrives at Holby City hospital as a consultant anaesthetist. The BBC's drama controller Mal Young approached Malik with the offer of joining the show. He let Malik have control over Zubin's characterisation and as a result Zubin became a Muslim man with an "honourable" persona. The actor also accepted the role because he believed that Holby City positively featured many multiracial characters. To prepare for the role Malik consulted with his real-life family of surgeons and took work experience in a hospital. Writers planned a series of dramatic affairs for the character, the first being with patient Elizabeth Woods (Emma Samms) who is also married. She becomes obsessed with Zubin, stalks him, and makes a false sexual assault allegation against him. He then proves his innocence and writers developed an "illicit affair" with nurse Jess Griffin (Verona Joseph). She is twenty years younger and also his best friend's daughter. Writers created special episodes featuring them falling in love in Paris, which were filmed on a two-week location shoot. They keep their relationship a secret and Jess becomes pregnant. She dates Senior House Officer Sean Thompson (Chinna Wodu) and pretends the baby is his. The truth eventually comes out and he and Jess get together. Other stories include Zubin being promoted as the head of the hospital's intensive care unit. When Malik decided to leave the show in 2005, Zubin's final episodes saw him investigated over a patient's death and moving to live in the United States. His final appearance occurred in the episode titled "Days of Repentance", which aired on 4 October 2005. For his portrayal of Zubin, Malik won the "Best TV Actor" award at the 2004 Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards. The introduction of Zubin proved popular with critics of the genre, while many others opined that the character had assumed the role as Holby City's "heart-throb" archetype. ==Casting== In November 2002, it was announced that Art Malik had been cast in Holby City and would begin filming in February 2003. A BBC representative said that the company were happy that he had agreed to join the show and said he would appear regularly from June 2003. They added that "he will play a doctor drafted in to help sort out management problems at the hospital." BBC drama controller Mal Young approached Malik and Denis Lawson who plays Tom Campbell-Gore with the other of joining the show. He wanted to attract well known actors to the show and promised to create the characters to suit them. Producers also decided to let Malik continue working on another film project while he was contracted with them. Malik has said that he "jumped at the chance" to join the cast of Holby City because of its history of multiracial characters. When Malik was negotiating the terms of his contract with the show, he requested that Zubin would be an "honourable" character. He also requested that the character would be a practicing Muslim, because he believed there needed to be a better Muslim representation on television. Malik told Annie Leask of the Daily Mirror that "there was no opposition to the idea, people were very supportive. I just wanted this sort of image of an educated Muslim man to reach the audience that Holby City goes out to". He also wanted to play a "moral center" character, having previously played an "evil" one. He later reflected "that's what Zubin was in Holby City. I wanted to place him there because of the turmoil happening in the world". To prepare for the role, Malik spent time with actual anaesthetists at a south London hospital. There he began to appreciate the "crucial role" they have. In addition, he was able to gain advice from family, as his father is an eye surgeon and his brother is a neurosurgeon. ==Development== ===Introduction and Elizabeth Woods=== Zubin is well respected among his colleagues and as an "outstanding anaesthetist" he is an important part of the team. Malik has said that Zubin is supposed to be perceived as a "sexy" character. Zubin made his debut in the series five episode titled "Private Lives", which was broadcast on 17 June 2003. In one of his first storylines, Zubin's estranged daughter brings in her friend with gunshot wounds for treatment. He is conflicted when he discovers that she is in the country illegally, but treats her anyway. Another plot sees his colleague Helen Grant (Susannah York) accuse Zubin of medical negligence when he incorrectly believes a patient's morphine pump is faulty. Producers hired Emma Samms to play Elizabeth Woods and announced that she would falsely accuse Zubin of raping her. A publicist from the show revealed that "she once had a fling with Zubin. He thinks she's single but she is married and she accuses him of rape when she is found out." Samms told a reporter from The Scotsman that Elizabeth and Zubin would "get quite close". She arrives on the ward after being admitted with an ulcer but then has a cancer scare while in Zubin's care. Samms revealed that they strike up an affair despite her being married. Their affair begins when Zubin has an "intimate chat" with Elizabeth. She confides in him that she has decided to leave her husband because he has been abusive towards her. Zubin realises that there is an attraction between them and kisses her. But it soon transpires that she is not telling Zubin the truth about her circumstances. She soon becomes "infatuated" with Zubin and Malik confirmed that his character would "battle on his hands". Emma then begins to stalk Zubin around the hospital as her obsession grows. She then steps up her vendetta and accuses Zubin of sexually assaulting her. Zubin is arrested and suspended from his role. He has to return to the hospital under escort to retrieve his possessions and clothing so that they can be tested. He sees Elizabeth and begs her to tell the truth, but she refuses to withdraw her statement. Zubin's colleagues Kath Fox (Jan Pearson) and Chrissie Williams (Tina Hobley) begin to suspect Elizabeth's accusation and talk to her estranged husband. He states that she is "emotionally unbalanced", and they decide to support Zubin's innocence. He is eventually cleared of all charges. ===Jess Griffin=== thumb|right|160px|Malik and Joseph filmed scenes for their character's romance in front of the Eiffel Tower. In one of his main stories writers decided to create a relationship with nurse Jess Griffin (Verona Joseph). Jess is the daughter of Zubin's best friend Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie) and is twenty years younger than him. They have to try and conceal their relationship to avoid Ric finding out. Their romance begins when Zubin and Jess realise their attraction and they share their first kiss during the episode "Hard Lesson To Learn". Joseph told Alex Tate from The People that the relationship developed unexpectedly considering their shared history. Zubin was a "really good" old family friend and more "like a godfather to Jess" than a lover. But she believed it was understandable because the respect he shows Jess. She added that Zubin's very "charming", intelligent" and "treats her like a princess". Holby City commissioned episodes set in the French capital Paris and Malik and Joseph filmed in the city for two weeks. They filmed at many famous tourist attractions such as the Eiffel Tower in which a kiss scene was filmed. The scenes were filmed at night and the streets were cordoned off for filming. But crowds soon gathered and began cheering at the actors. Joseph felt it was "really magical and it gave me goosebumps". Malik said that otherwise they kept a "low profile" which made filming the episodes "exciting". The duo share an "illicit kiss" and sleep together. Joseph described the process as "challenging" and that she found romance scenes awkward. But Malik helped her and was the "perfect gentleman" whilst they filmed the story. Jess becomes pregnant and is left with a difficult choice after deciding to keep the baby, she must prevent anyone from finding out Zubin is the father. Jess begins a relationship with Senior House Officer Sean Thompson (Chinna Wodu) and she lets him believe that the baby is his. Jess later rethinks her decision and psyches herself up to tell Zubin the truth. He tells her that he is happy that she has moved on with Sean which forces Jess to continue lying. Joseph told a reporter from the Manchester Evening News that "Jess's in a bit of a pickle really, she's got herself in a situation that's snowballing. Her problems are getting bigger by the episode. She hasn't been very honest with most people and she's kidding herself." Despite their best efforts to move, Joseph believed that her character is "completely in love with Zubin and he is with her." Ultimately Zubin thinks that falling in love with his best friend's daughter is unacceptable and cannot bring himself to live openly with Jess. The actress added "Zubin's set in his ways and too scared to admit to the world that Jess is the woman he wants to spend the rest of his life with." Joseph assessed that Zubin is "standing by watching her play happy families with Sean" but not because he does not care about her. Zubin actually believes that he is helping Jess and sees being with someone closer to her own age in her best interests. Zubin remains off-screen for a selection of episodes. In this time Jess decides to out the truth. But before she can tell Ric, Zubin returns to the hospital and it is revealed he is the new head of anaesthetics and ITU. He then begins to get involved in Jess and Sean's relationship. A patient injures Jess and leaves her with a bruise on her face. Zubin sees her bruise and assumes that Sean is hitting her. He tells Ric who attacks Sean and in argument over the misunderstanding, Zubin is shocked to learn that Jess is pregnant with his child. Jess cannot maintain her relationship with Sean and her lies begin to unravel. Wodu told Sarah Chadwick from TV Record that Sean confides in Zubin about their problems. He believes that as Jess' godfather, he can help solve the situation. This causes an altercation between Jess and Sean. Wodu added that Jess angrily tells him that she does not love him and that Zubin is actually the father of the unborn child. Jess gives birth to a boy and they name him Paris. When Zubin finds bruises on Paris' body he accuses Jess of hurting him. But they soon discover his blood is not clotting properly and is ill. Paris begins fitting and is rushed to an operating theatre where he dies. ===Patient death and departure=== In May 2005, it was revealed that Malik had decided to move on to new roles away from the show. One of the character's last storylines occurs when a patient named Dominic Fryer (Simon Dutton) dies. Consultant cardiothoracic surgeon Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing) decides to open an investigation into his death. She suspects that registrar Diane Lloyd (Patricia Potter) is responsible because Dominic had sexually assaulted her. When the results of a post-mortem are returned, it is revealed that he has died as a result of an anaestethic overdose while being operated on by Zubin. A writer from Inside Soap revealed that Zubin is left "stunned" by the revelation he may be to blame for Dominic's death. Dominic had chosen to remain conscious during the routine operation. Zubin had only entered the operating theatre because Diane was treating him when suddenly began fitting, requiring his assistance. Zubin could not understand why his health suddenly deteriorated. The writer added that Zubin is "humiliated at work" after he is forced to work under the supervision of a junior doctor. An inquest into Dominic's death is soon launched which they added is "damaging" for Zubin. But when he tries to redeem himself management do not reward his work. Zubin operates and notices something odd about a patient's oxygen supply. When he investigates he realises that nitrogen is leaking into the supply, which results in death. Despite solving the case Zubin decides he has enough of working at Holby City hospital and creates an exit plan to leave the trust. Jess convinces him to stay longer. But when she ends their relationship Zubin decides to leave to live in the US. His final episode was titled "Days of Repentance", which aired on 4 October 2005. ==Reception== For his portrayal of Zubin, Malik won the "Best TV Actor" award at the 2004 Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards. When Malik won the award, a journalist from The Times criticised the decision writing "Holby City doesn't merit any recognition." He was also nominated for "Best Actor" at the BBC's "Drama Best of..." feature for three consecutive years. He was also nominated for "Best Actor" at the 2005 TVQuick & TVChoice Awards. A writer for the BBC website "Pure Soap" said that Malik was one of the "reliable actors" who help keep Holby City strong. Judith Woods from The Daily Telegraph branded Zubin "a dishy consultant anaesthetist with a maverick streak". The Daily Mirror's Leask branded the character as a "handsome, brooding anaesthetist". A Western Mail reporter opined that "Professor Zubin Khan is the unflappable anaesthetist in chief." Shane Donaghey from The People branded Zubin "the really cool doc" and while their colleagues Debbie Manley and Alice Walker named him a "Holby City heart- throb", a label which a Birmingham Evening Mail writer also used for the character. Graham Young from the publication chose Zubin hiring Ric's son in secret in his "Pick of the day" feature. Sarah Dempster from The Scotsman described Zubin and Elizabeth's romance as "the tiresomely courtly tryst betwixt Dr Khan and ulcer patient Mrs Woods." Rachel Mainwaring from Wales on Sunday said that Holby City was depressing because of stories like Zubin and Elizabeth's. Following Zubin's brief sabbatical Polly Hudson from Daily Mirror was delighted by his return stating "Holby City Gasp-out-loud return of Art Malik. Yippee!". Donaghey later criticised the show for depicting Zubin operating without a mask on. He bemoaned "I know he's cool, but surely nobody's that clean when it comes to other people's insides?" The episode featuring Zubin and Jess in Paris was unpopular with The People's Sarah Moolla when she jibed "the appalling Jess and Zubin toe-curlingly bad Paris (not-so) special." ==In other media== On 8 October 2003, BBC One aired a "Kenyon Confronts" documentary by Panorama reporter Paul Kenyon, investigating hospitals run by the Private Finance Initiative. He discovered various issues within the hospitals, which were dramatised by the Holby City cast in specially commissioned scenes. The scenes featured Zubin locked in a broken down lift operating on a patient and highlighted the lack of beds available for treatment. This was done to convey alleged poor building plans. ==References== ==External links== * Zubin Khan at BBC Online Category:Holby City characters Category:Television characters introduced in 2003 Category:Fictional medical specialists Category:Male characters in television |
Fritz Konrad Ferdinand Grobba (18 July 1886 – 2 September 1973) was a German diplomat during the interwar period and World War II. ==Early life== He was born in Gartz on the Oder in the Province of Brandenburg, Germany. His parents were Rudolf Grobba, a nurseryman, and Elise Grobba, born Weyer. He attended elementary and high school in Gartz. Grobba studied law, economics and Oriental languages at the University of Berlin. In 1913, he received his doctorate of law. Grobba worked briefly in the German consulate in Jerusalem, Palestine. Palestine was then part of the Ottoman Empire. ==World War I== During World War I, Leutnant Grobba fought for the Central Powers, as an officer of the Prussian Army. Grobba fought in France and with the Asia Corps on the Middle Eastern Front. ==Interwar== In September 1922, Grobba joined the legal affairs department of the German Foreign Ministry of the Weimar Republic. In January 1923, he was transferred to Department 3 (Abteilung III), the department responsible for the Middle East. In October 1923, when postwar diplomatic relations were established between Weimar Germany and the Emirate of Afghanistan, Grobba was named Germany's representative in Kabul, with the rank of consul. In 1925, when the government of Emir Amanullah Khan accused him of attempting to help a visiting German geographer escape from Afghanistan shortly after the geographer shot and killed an Afghan citizen near Kabul, Grobba denied the charge. There was a diplomatic crisis between Germany and Afghanistan over the role of Grobba. In April 1926, Grobba was recalled to Berlin. From 1926 to 1932, Grobba served again in Abteilung III. He was now in charge of the section responsible for Iran, Afghanistan and British India. ===Ambassador to Iraq and Saudi Arabia=== From October 1932, he was appointed as the German ambassador to the Kingdom of Iraq and was sent to Baghdad. Grobba was able to speak both Turkish and Arabic. He frequently spoke of Arab nationalism and of ousting the British from the Middle East. Grobba purchased a Christian-owned newspaper, "The Arab World" (al-'Alam al-'Arabi). He serialised an Arabic version of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, and soon, Radio Berlin began to broadcast in Arabic.Podeh, p. 135 On 30 January 1933, Hitler became the chancellor. By the death of President Paul von Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers Party were in full control over Germany. After the death of King Faisal I on 8 September 1933, Grobba convinced King Ghazi to send a group of Iraqi military officers to Germany for a military simulation. The officers returned home amazed. Grobba also convinced Ghazi to allow Germany to send 50 German officers to Iraq for war games. Ghazi was convinced to accept German "research expeditions" to Iraq. Unlike the Iraqis, the Germans did not return home but stayed in Iraq for the long term. Grobba enthusiastically supported a virulently anti-imperialist group of Iraqi officers, the "Circle of Seven".Tripp, p. 99 Its four leading officers were nicknamed the "Golden Square". They would represent real power, as successive Iraqi governments sought the support of the military for survival. They had long looked to Germany to support them, which Grobba enthusiastically encouraged.Lyman, p. 11 In 1938, a main British pipeline in Iraq was attacked and set on fire by Arabs. When the attack was claimed to be connected to Grobba, he was forced to flee. Grobba fled to the court of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. Since 1937, Ibn Saud was reported to be "on the outs" with the British,Time, 3 July 1939 and, in 1939, his emissary was reported to be seeking arms in Germany.Nicosia, p. 190 From November 1938 to September 1939, Grobba was also the German Ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ==Beginning of World War II== On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany occupied Poland and World War II began. On 3 September, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. After Germany and the United Kingdom became enemies, the Kingdom of Iraq deported German officials and broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. However, contrary to Article 4 of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930, Prime Minister Nuri Said chose not to have Iraq declare war on Germany despite Article 4: "Should ... either of the High Contracting Parties become engaged in war, the other High Contracting Party will ... immediately come to his aid in the capacity of an ally." In addition to refusing to declare war, Said also announced that Iraqi armed forces would not be employed outside of Iraq.Lukutz, p. 95 On 31 March 1940, Said was replaced by Rashid Ali as Prime Minister. On 10 June, when Fascist Italy joined the war, on the side of Germany and against Britain, the Iraqi government under Ali did not break off diplomatic relations with Italy.Playfair, p. 177 That violated Article 4 of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. On 3 February 1941, after much tension and calls for his removal, he was replaced as Prime Minister by Taha al-Hashimi, a candidate acceptable to Ali and the members of the "Golden Square". From October 1939 to May 1941, Grobba served in the German foreign ministry in Berlin. ==Iraqi coup== On 1 April 1941, Rashid Ali and members of the "Golden Square" led a coup d'état in Iraq. During the time leading up to the coup d'état, Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that Germany was willing to recognize the independence of Iraq from the British Empire, there had also been discussions on war material being sent to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British.Lyman, p. 63 ==War in Iraq== On 2 May 1941, after much tension between the Rashid Ali government and the British, the besieged forces at RAF Habbaniya under Air Vice-Marshal H. G. Smart launched pre-emptive air strikes against Iraqi forces throughout Iraq and the Anglo-Iraqi War began. On 3 May, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop persuaded Hitler that Fritz Grobba be secretly returned to Iraq to head up a diplomatic mission to channel support to the Rashid Ali regime. Grobba was to return under the alias "Franz Gehrke". Grobba's mission was to be sent to Iraq along with a military mission commanded by the High Command in the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW). The military mission had the cover name "Special Staff F" (Sonderstab F) and it included Brandenburgers and a Luftwaffe component. Sonderstab F was commanded by General Hellmuth Felmy.Kurowski, pg. 131 On 6 May, Luftwaffe Colonel Werner Junck received instructions in Berlin that he was to take a small force of aircraft to Iraq. While under Junck's tactical direction, the force was to be under the overall direction of Lieutenant General Hans Jeschonnek and was to be known as "Airplane Commander for Iraq" (Fliegerführer Irak). The aircraft of Fliegerführer Irak were to have Iraqi markings and they were to operate out of an air base in Mosul, some 240 miles north of Baghdad. Also on 6 May, Grobba and his mission flew from Foggia to Rhodes in two Heinkel 111 bombers which were dubbed the "Führer Courier Squadron".Kurowski, p.130 The mission was accompanied by two Messerschmitt 110 fighters. On 9 May, they reached Aleppo in Vichy French-held Syria.Lyman, p. 64 On 10 May, the mission reached Mosul and after contacting the Iraqi government, Grobba was told to come to Baghdad as soon as was possible. On 11 May, they reached Baghdad. On 16 May, Grobba met in Baghdad with Colonel Junck, Rashid Ali, General Amin Zaki, Colonel Nur ed-Din Mahmud, and Mahmud Salman. The group agreed to a number of priorities for Fliegerführer Irak. The first priority was to prevent the British flying column Kingcol from relieving RAF Habbaniya. The second priority was for Iraqi ground forces to take Habbaniyah with air support provided by Fliegerführer Irak. An overall priority for the Germans was to provide the Iraqi Army with a "spine straightening". Much of the army was known to be terrified of bombing by British aircraft.Lyman, p. 68 In the end, Fliegerführer Irak failed to make the impact envisioned by the Germans, RAF Habbaniya was not taken by the Iraqi ground forces, and whether or not the Germans stopped Kingcol did not matter. The air and ground forces at the besieged air base drove off the Iraqis before Kingcol arrived. On 7 May, RAF armoured cars confirmed that the Iraqis on the escarpment above the base were gone.Lyman, p. 51 It was not until 18 May that Kingcol arrived to "relieve" Habbaniya.Lyman, p. 60 By 22 May, British and Commonwealth ground forces advancing from Habbaniya took and held Fallujah for good. They then began the advance on Baghdad. On 28 May, Grobba sent a panicked message from Baghdad reporting that the British were close to the city with more than 100 tanks. By then, Junck had no serviceable Messerschmitt 110 fighters and only two Heinkel 111 bombers with just four bombs between them.Lyman, p. 84 Late on 29 May, Rashid Ali, several of his key supporters, and the German military mission fled, under cover of darkness. On 30 May, Grobba fled Baghdad. Grobba's escape took him through Mosul and then through Vichy French-held Syria. A British flying column commanded by Major R. E. S. Gooch and nicknamed Gocol was created to pursue and capture Grobba. To accomplish this, Gocol first made its way to Mosul and arrived there 3 June. The column then drove west and illegally entered French territory, just prior to the commencement of the Syria-Lebanon Campaign. During the week following 7 June Gocol made efforts to capture Grobba. The column entered Qamishli in Syria, fully expecting to capture him there, but found that Grobba had already been and gone.Lyman, p. 87 In the end, Gocol failed in its mission, and Grobba escaped to Nazi occupied Europe. ==Later life== In February 1942, Grobba was named foreign ministry plenipotentiary for the Arab States, a job that entailed liaison between the German government and Arab exiles in Berlin such as Mohammad Amin al-Husayni. In December 1942, Grobba was named to the Paris branch of the German archives commission. He held the post until his brief return to the foreign ministry in April 1944. In June 1944, Grobba was officially retired from the foreign ministry. However, he continued to work there until the end of the year. In 1945, Grobba worked briefly in the economics department of the government of Saxony, in Dresden. At the end of the war, Grobba was captured and was kept in Soviet captivity until 1955. ==Memoirs== In his 1957 memoirs, Men and Power in the Orient, Grobba summarized as "wasted opportunities" the Middle East policy of Germany during the 1930s. He thought that Germany did not take enough advantage of the Arab hostility towards both the United Kingdom and France. According to Grobba, Germany's failure in the Middle East tracked directly to Hitler; Grobba claimed that as Hitler was uninterested in the Middle East, he deferred to Italian interests in the Mediterranean area against the British. Grobba also claimed that Hitler also expressed a disinclination to totally eliminate all of the power of the British. Ultimately, Grobba indicated that Hitler was never willing to lend his support to Arab independence and national self-determination. ==See also== * Führer Directive No. 30: German Intervention in Iraq * Ahnenerbe - A Nazi German think tank that promoted itself as a "study society for intellectual ancient history". * Farhud - A violent pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad, Iraq on 1 and 2 June 1941. * Werner Otto von Hentig - A bitter rival of Grobba; whereas Grobba belonged to a faction in the Foreign Office that favored the massive incitement of Muslims to jihad in the British and French colonial empires and the Soviet Union, Hentig opposed it. * Franz von Papen - German ambassador to Turkey from 1939 to 1944. * Fawzi al-Qawuqji - An Arab nationalist who fought against the British and the French in the British Mandate of Palestine, the French Mandate of Syria, and the Kingdom of Iraq. * Mohammad Amin al-Husayni ==Notes== === Bibliography === * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== * * * Category:1886 births Category:1973 deaths Category:People from the Province of Brandenburg Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Category:German orientalists Category:German Army personnel of World War I Category:German Muslims Category:Converts to Islam Category:German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union Category:Ambassadors of Germany to Iraq Category:Ambassadors of Germany to Saudi Arabia Category:German male non- fiction writers |
Holliston is a New England town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States in the Greater Boston area. The population was 14,996 at the 2020 census. It is located in MetroWest, a Massachusetts region that is west of Boston. Holliston is the only town in Middlesex County that borders both Norfolk and Worcester counties. ==History== thumb|left|225px|First Congregational Church of Holliston on the church green. This is the site of Holliston's original meeting house. thumb|left|225px|A 19th century depiction of Holliston's original meeting house. Built in 1725, it served as the center of all town affairs until being razed 1822 for the present-day First Congregational Church and the town hall. thumb|left|Panorama of Holliston, At the time of the earliest European settlements, where Holliston exists now was part of the territory of the Awassamog family of Natick (the first Nipmuc Praying Town), who also held authority over land near Waushakum Pond at Framingham and land near Annamasset at Mendon. In 1701, a large tract of land that included the west half of Holliston, eastern Milford and parts of Hopkinton and Ashland was given to the local Nipmucs in a land exchange with Sherborn. Their ownership of the tract was brief, as settlers purchased tracts of land there until all traces of Nipmuc presence disappeared. The Nipmuc village of Mucksquit (translation – "place of much grass"), located on the shore of Wennakeening (translation – "smile of the great spirit") was near the site of the Morse family farm, today known as Lake Winthrop. The Morses, Sheffields, Marshalls and Bullards and many others followed Pout Lane (an old Native American foot-path, now partly modern day Rte 16 and Highland St., respectively) out to the new territory and settled along the path, thus forming a cluster of farms that would eventually become Holliston. John Eliot and Daniel Gookin (Christian missionaries) also followed the path in search of converts to Christianity and encouraged the Nipmucs to gather into villages, which made their task of finding them easier. Though not as famous as the Bay Path or the Old Connecticut Path, Pout Lane played a major role in the settlement of Holliston and other points southwest of Boston. Holliston, then part of Sherborn, was first settled by Europeans in 1659 by Massachusetts Bay Puritans. The town of Holliston was incorporated on December 3, 1724, by virtue of approval by the General Court petition requesting that "the western part of Sherborn be a Town." The name was taken in honor of Thomas Hollis of London, a benefactor of Harvard College. The first town meeting was held at the house of Timothy Leland on December 23, 1724, "at which five selectmen and all other required officers were chosen." The town has grown from a community of a few hundred residents setting aside ten pounds per year for public education to a community of over 13,000 with an annual budget of over $40 million including more than $23 million for a nationally recognized school system. Town of Holliston In "Holliston" by Images of America and the Holliston Historical Society, it is written: An article in a local newspaper Holliston Historical Society in 1894 heralded the charms of Holliston as the quintessential New England village, which, the story said, sprang into existence solely due to the talent of its people. Perhaps this is so, for there was no great moment in history to mark the founding of this town. Holliston has become a reflection of the accomplishments of the inhabitants of this place for more than three hundred years, and although the town had to admit to no magnitude of greatness to rival Boston, Lexington, or Concord, Holliston did define itself as a home to heroes of the commonplace. The feature story of 1894 said: > "Many cities have sprung into existence because of their advantageous > situations. The prosperity of Holliston is solely due to the genius of its > people. A visit to such places stirs the blood, quickens the pulse and > produces an enthusiastic desire to have a share in the developing good > times. Massachusetts may be Whittier's land, and the region from Marblehead > to Amesbury may be full of legendary and spectral armies, and witchdom, and > Buddha knows what, but the imaginative and the poetical must submit to the > rights of the commonplace. The commonplace is honeycombed with the uncommon > heroisms of the patient, everyday existence that make up the life of such > plucky towns as Holliston. These are the things the average man is most > interested in. Average life is but a portfolio of views of struggles with > the commonplaces of everyday existence" (Holliston 1997). The town was once the largest producer of shoes in the United States. Historic American Buildings Survey, 2005 Although many of the shoe factories have been lost by fires and other problems, the largest company, the Goodwill Shoe Company, still has remaining empty factories on Water Street, many of which are now used as artists' studios. Competition from overseas factories is largely to blame for the loss of the industry. Holliston's Mudville neighborhood claims to be the location of the 1888 Ernest Lawrence Thayer poem, "Casey at the Bat", and maintains an ongoing rivalry with Stockton, California, which makes the same claim regarding the poem's setting. ===The Legend of Balancing Rock=== right|thumb|275px|Holliston Balancing Rock thumb|275px|Balancing Rock, after it fell. On the north side of Route 16 heading into Milford sits a large rock, some in length, in width, thick, and weighing easily over 5 tons (4.5 metric tons). The rock appears to be balanced precariously on an outcrop of granite ledge. On November 6, 1789, General George Washington led his entourage from Boston to New York via this route. He recalled in his diary the road in Holliston that would eventually be honored with his name, "an indifferent road, diversified by good and bad land, cultivated and in woods, some high barren, others low, wet and piney." Legend has it that, as they came across this "Balancing Rock," they took the opportunity to have some fun and tried their best to tip over the rock. It is said that the General himself, quite amused at the spectacle, added his muscle in an attempt to push the rock off its natural pedestal. Their efforts—and those of many others over the years—were to no avail. On September 22, 2020, Balancing Rock appears to have finally fallen. The rock is on the property of the Balancing Rock development, a community for "active" adults over the age of 55. Balancing Rock 55 Community Website ==Geography== According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Water covers 1.73% of the town's total area. The Charles River passes near the southern region of town. It is located west of Boston and is within short driving distance of Interstate 495 and the Massachusetts Turnpike (part of Interstate 90). Massachusetts Route 16 and Massachusetts Route 126 pass through the town. ===Historic districts=== With a history spanning nearly three centuries, Holliston has many smaller divisions within its borders with names tied to a host of historic and cultural origins. Although the town is only served by one post-office today, several of its historic villages originated from previous post offices as well as train stops on the Boston and Albany Railroad's Milford line. Today the town retains two official historic districts, both of which contain smaller landmark areas of historic significance. There are several additional residential developments and other areas of Holliston which retain their own colloquial names, however at this time the following are the only areas officially recognized as historic by the town and the U.S. Geologic Survey. * Braggville * East Holliston * Gooch Corners * Metcalf *Thomas Hollis Historic District **Mudville * Brentwood * Lakeside ===Adjacent towns=== Holliston is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by: *Sherborn on the east *Millis on the southeast *Medway on the south *Milford on the southwest *Hopkinton on the northwest *Ashland on the north ==Demographics== As of the census of 2000, there were 13,801 people, 4,795 households, and 3,842 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 4,868 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.7% White, 0.9% African American, 0.9% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population. Ancestries of Holliston residents are reported to be Irish (29.4%), Italian (18.3%), English (17.8%), German (9.7%), French (5.6%), and Polish (5.6%). There were 4,795 households, out of which 44.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.2% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. Of all households, 16.4% were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.25. In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males. In 2000, the median income for a household in the town was $78,092, and the median income for a family was $84,878. Males had a median income of $48,473 versus $36,405 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,116. As of the census of 2000, about 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over. In 2009, 79% of Holliston residents age 25 and over held bachelor's degrees or higher and 35.8% held graduate or professional degrees. DP-2. Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000 ==Government== Holliston retains its original open town meeting form of government, in which registered voters act as the town's legislature. The town's day-to-day affairs are overseen by an elected Board of Selectmen with a Town Administrator. Clerk of Courts: Michael A. Sullivan District Attorney: Marian T. Ryan Register of Deeds: Maria C. Curtatone Register of Probate: Tara E. DeCristofaro County Sheriff: Peter J. Koutoujian State government State government State Representative(s): James Arena-DeRosa (D) State Senator(s): Karen E. Spilka (D) Governor's Councilor(s): Robert L. Jubinville (D) Federal government Federal government U.S. Representative(s): Katherine Clark (D-5th District) U.S. Senators: Elizabeth Warren (D), Ed Markey (D) ==Education== right|thumb|275px|Holliston High School athletic field The Town of Holliston has a public school system which serves students from kindergarten through twelfth grade. Schools in the district include two elementary schools, a middle school and a high school. Public schools include: Sam Placentino Elementary School, Fred W. Miller Elementary School, Robert H. Adams Middle School, and Holliston High School. Holliston High School was ranked among the top 150 best public high schools in Greater Boston. The Holliston public school system also maintains a Montessori and French Immersion program that students can enroll in upon entering kindergarten. == Environment == Within Holliston there are five registered Superfund sites. Three of these sites are still monitored by CERCLIS (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System). Name of site Location Status Adams Street Property 519 Adams Street Archived Wood Engineering 29 Everett Road Archived Axton Cross Corp 1 Cross Street Non-NPL (National Priorities List) Bird Property (Prentice Street Property) 708 Prentice Street Non-NPL hotofabrication Engineering Inc. 229 Lowland Street Non-NPL An archived status indicates that the site has been cleaned, requires no further investigation, and poses little to no threat. A Non-NPL status indicates the sites are not considered to be the most hazardous by the EPA and are therefore not included in the NPL, but the clean- up of the site has not been completed. Non-NPL sites are still monitored by CERCLIS and are considered open or active sites. An NPL status indicates that the EPA considers the site to pose serious health and environmental risks. NPL sites are considered to be the most hazardous sites in the nation. === Axton Cross Corp === Established in 1967, "the site was an Industrial Chemical Distributor for the textile, paper, rubber, metals and plastics industries." In the early 1990s the company filed for bankruptcy and the facility closed. The site is 8.6 acres of developed and undeveloped land which consist of two buildings. The buildings are being considered for demolition. According to the Mass DEP Axton Cross is considered to be a Disposal Site. The chemicals recorded by the Mass DEP were oil and other unknown hazardous materials. According to locals, "Axton-Cross polluted the property it owned and the land surrounding it and the wildlife with toxic chemicals." According to the EPA's last inspection (08/08/1995), the water was not impaired, but the Ozone is considered to be a Non-Attainment Area. No further data was recorded. === Bird Property (Prentice Street Property) === In 1966 a gravel mining permit for the property was granted to a Charles Bird. Mining of the land continued into the late 1970s. Through the late 1960s to early 1980s the mined areas were filled with building debris and commercial solid waste. The property was also used for tire stockpiling. The site is approximately 53 acres. The land is being considered for the construction of residential housing. Since then the Mass DEP and EPA have ordered remedial activities which included the removal of: potential contaminants, solid waste, construction debris, tires, and over 70 tons of impacted soils. The groundwater plume from the site contains low levels of a chemical called TCE. Due to the low and naturally declining levels (due to the removal of the source) the Mass DEP to conclude that no further water clean-up is required. Other chemicals recorded by the Mass DEP were VOCs. According to the EPA's inspection the Ozone is considered to be a Non- Attainment Area. No further data was recorded. === Photofabrication Engineering Inc. === Founded in 1968, Photofabrication Engineering, Inc. (PEI) manufactures precision metal parts for computers and semiconductors. The company moved from Holliston to Milford, MA in 1984. The newer facility has helped PEI become an environmentally cleaner manufacturer. Chemicals recorded by the Mass DEP were chlorinated solvents, metals, and wastewater discharge. The Mass DEP considers the site to be in phase IV of V. In this phase a cleanup plan is implemented. According to the EPA's inspection, the water was not impaired, but the Ozone is considered to be a Non-Attainment Area. No further data was recorded. ==Points of interest== right|thumb|250px| * Apollo 14 Moon Tree, at the Holliston Police Department. * Bogastow Brook Viaduct, also known as the Arch Bridge, off Woodland Street, named as one of the 1,000 places to visit in Massachusetts *Bullard Farm, the preserved homestead of the Bullard family, some of the first settlers of the town. Established in 1652, it served as the family's farm until 1916. * Casey's Crossing, the town's first train depot, built in the 1840s. Presently a family restaurant and pub. * Holliston Superette, a small neighborhood grocery and deli founded by Arthur and Nelli Guidi in 1960. It has been in business ever since and has been featured on Phantom Gourmet, as well as numerous other culinary shows. * Holliston Grill, formerly Pete's Lunch (50 yrs) and the Black Horse Restaurant (25 yrs) offering full service breakfast and lunch in downtown Holliston. * Fatima Shrine, a restful haven in a peaceful rustic setting, Fatima Shrine is an oasis for prayer, reflection, and meditation. The rosary walk at Fatima Shrine is believed to be the world's largest rosary. * Fiske's General Store, founded in 1863, is the oldest retail business in town. Popular with the young and old, it's known for its catchphrase, "'most everything". * First Congregational Church of Holliston, built on the site of Holliston's original meeting house, is the holding institution of the King James Bible donated by Thomas Hollis in 1724. * Highland Farm, offering apple-picking in a picturesque orchard in the town's rolling hills * Holliston Mill Artist Studios, once the former factory of the Goodwill Shoe Company, Bi-Annual Open House expositions of the varied artist occupants and their work * Lake Winthrop is nearly in diameter and covers approximately . It was originally called "Dean Winthrop's Pond." and used as a boundary marker for his land. Dean was the son of John Winthrop. The town history states that the Nipmuck tribe, a clan of the Algonquian Indians, lived on the lake's southwestern shore in the village of Musquit near present-day Lake Grove Cemetery. The lake was then called Wennakeening, meaning "smile of the great spirit" or "pleasant smile". Holliston NetNews Today, Lake Winthrop offers fishing, kayaking, and swimming. In season 5 episode 4 of the sitcom "Cheers" Woody, Norm and Cliff go on a fishing outing to Lake Winthrop. * Mount Hollis Lodge A.F. & A.M., founded in Holliston on February 14, 1865. This Masonic Lodge resides in a historic building that was once the Methodist Church in Holliston. * National Police Scanner Museum * Outpost Farm * Upper Charles River Trail, a scenic, recreational path for bicycling, walking, cross-country skiing, roller- blading, and other non-motorized uses. When completed, the trail will connect Holliston to Ashland, Hopkinton, Milford, and Sherborn. ===Golf courses=== * Pinecrest Golf Club, 18-hole golf course ===Parks and playing fields=== * Goodwill Park, playground for children, tennis courts, baseball and soccer fields * Patoma Park, Stoddard Park's sister park offers woodland trails for hiking and recreational activities * Pleasure Point, located on Lake Winthrop with a beach, picnic area, playground, and boat launch * Stoddard Park, located on Lake Winthrop with a beach, picnic area, and recreational area (two youth baseball/softball diamonds) * Weston Pond, multi-sport practice and soccer playing fields. * Damigella Field, large baseball diamond and softball fields, part of the elementary and middle school complex. * Kamitian Field, multi-sport artificial turf surface, part of the high school complex. * Marshall Street Soccer Fields (Private, managed by Holliston Youth Soccer) ==Notable people== * Arthur Judson Brown, clergyman, missionary, author * Lyndon Byers, retired NHL right-wing, formerly a radio personality for The Hill-man Morning Show * Mike Condon (ice hockey), goalie for the Ottawa Senators, played for the Montreal Canadiens and briefly for the Pittsburgh Penguins * McKay Coppins, journalist, political personality * Joseph Fish, first Major League Baseball player from Holliston, signed by the Boston Red Sox in 1957. Played in the Red Sox minor league system for 1 year.url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=fish-- 001jos>Baseball Reference page for Joseph Fish * Adam Green, director, writer and or actor for movies Hatchet and Frozen among other horror films * Mike Grier, forward for Edmonton Oilers, Washington Capitols, Buffalo Sabres, San Jose Sharks hockey team * Michael Mantenuto, actor (Jack O'Callahan in Miracle) * Greg Mauldin, center for Austrian Hockey League's KHL Medveščak Zagreb, previously played for the NHL's Columbus Blue Jackets, New York Islanders, and Colorado Avalanche * Jo Dee Messina, popular country music singer * Andrew Natsios, director, United States Agency for International Development * Shirley Nelson, award-winning author * Albert P. Rockwood, early Latter Day Saint leader * John Sencio, national television personality – HGTV, NBC, MTV * Ken Stone, UFC bantamweight fighter * Mark Sweeney, first baseman, pinch hitter for San Diego Padres, Milwaukee Brewers, Colorado Rockies, Los Angeles Dodgers * Kevin Systrom, co-founder of Instagram * Jeff Taylor, founder of Monster.com, University of Massachusetts graduate * Amy Townsend- Small, director of the Environmental Studies Program at the University of Cincinnati * Kara Wolters, professional basketball player and Olympic medal winner ==References== ==Further reading== * Bragg, Ernest A. The Origin and Growth of the Boot and Shoe Industry in Holliston and Milford, Massachusetts 1793–1950. 1st ed. Boston, 1950. *1871 Atlas of Massachusetts. Wall & Gray. Map of Massachusetts. Map of Middlesex County. * History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1 (A–H), Volume 2 (L–W); compiled by Samuel Adams Drake, published 1879–1880. 572 and 505 pages. Holliston article by Rev. George F. Walker, pp. 470–483. ==External links== * Town of Holliston official website Category:1659 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony Category:MetroWest Category:Populated places established in 1659 Category:Towns in Massachusetts Category:Towns in Middlesex County, Massachusetts |
The Mid-States Football Association (MSFA) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA. Member institutions are located in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Missouri. The MSFA was organized in 1993, and on- field competition began in 1994. The MSFA is divided into two leagues, the Mideast and the Midwest. MSFA member schools have won eight NAIA National Championships since the inception of the league in 1993. An MSFA team has played in each of the last seven championships, winning six of the seven, including each of the last three. The two MSFA division champions earn an automatic bid to the NAIA National Championship Series. ==History== ===Chronological timeline=== * 1994 - The Mid-States Football Association (MSFA) was founded. Charter members included the following: Geneva College, Malone College (now Malone University), Tiffin University, Urbana University, and Westminster College representing the Mideast League, while the University of Findlay, Lindenwood College (now Lindenwood University), Olivet Nazarene University, Saint Xavier University, Taylor University and Trinity International University representing the Midwest League beginning the 1994 fall season (1994-95 academic year). * 1996 - Lindenwood left the MSFA to move its football program with its other sports when it joined the Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC) after the 1995 fall season (1995-96 academic year). * 1996 - Tri-State University (now Trine University) and Walsh University joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League, while Iowa Wesleyan College (now Iowa Wesleyan University) and St. Ambrose University joined the MSFA to represent the Midwest League in the 1996 fall season (1996-97 academic year). * 1998 - Findlay and Westminster (Pa.) left the MSFA to move their football programs to the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (MIFC), along with their other sports when both joined the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) after the 1997 fall season (1997-98 academic year). * 1998 - The University of Saint Francis of Indiana joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League, while McKendree College (now McKendree University) joined the MSFA to represent the Midwest League in the 1998 fall season (1998-99 academic year). * 1999 - St. Ambrose left the MSFA after the 1998 fall season (1998-99 academic year). * 1999 - The University of St. Francis of Illinois joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League in the 1999 fall season (1999-2000 academic year). * 2000 - St. Ambrose returned to the MSFA in the 2000 fall season (2000-01 academic year). * 2002 - Tiffin left the MSFA to join the Independent Football Alliance (IFA) after the 2001 fall season (2001-02 academic year). * 2002 - William Penn University joined the MSFA to represent the Midwest League in the 2002 fall season (2002-03 academic year). * 2003 - Trine left the MSFA to move its football program with its other sports when it joined the NCAA Division III ranks after the 2002 fall season (2002-03 academic year). * 2003 - Quincy University joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League in the 2003 fall season (2003-04 academic year). * 2004 - Ohio Dominican University joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League in the 2004 fall season (2004-05 academic year). * 2006 - Quincy moved to the Midwest League in the 2006 fall season (2006-07 academic year). * 2007 - Geneva left the MSFA to move its football program with its other sports when it joined the NCAA Division III ranks and the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) after the 2006 fall season (2006-07 academic year). * 2007 - Marian University joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League in the 2007 fall season (2007-08 academic year). * 2007 - Saint Xavier (Ill.) moved to the Mideast League in the 2007 fall season (2007-08 academic year). * 2008 - Urbana left the MSFA to move its football program with its other sports when it joined the NCAA Division III ranks and the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) after the 2007 fall season (2007-08 academic year). * 2009 - Ohio Dominican left the MSFA to move its football program with its other sports when it joined the NCAA Division II ranks after the 2008 fall season (2008-09 academic year). * 2009 - Grand View University and Waldorf University joined the MSFA to represent the Midwest League in the 2009 fall season (2009-10 academic year). * 2009 - Olivet Nazarene and Trinity International moved to the Mideast League in the 2009 fall season (2009-10 academic year). * 2011 - Three institutions left the MSFA to move their football programs with their other sports when they joined the NCAA Division II ranks: Malone and Walsh to the GLIAC, and McKendree to the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) after the 2010 fall season (2010-11 academic year). * 2011 - Concordia University Ann Arbor joined the MSFA to represent in the Mideast League in the 2011 fall season (2011-12 academic year). * 2011 - Quincy returned to the Mideast League, while Olivet Nazarene and Trinity International went back to the Midwest League in the 2011 fall season (2011-12 academic year). * 2012 - Two institutions left the MSFA to move their football programs with their other sports when they joined the NCAA ranks: Quincy to D-II and the GLVC, and Iowa Wesleyan to D-III after the 2011 fall season (2011-12 academic year). * 2012 - Siena Heights University joined the MSFA to represent in the Mideast League in the 2012 fall season (2012-13 academic year). * 2013 - Robert Morris University Illinois joined the MSFA to represent in the Mideast League in the 2013 fall season (2013-14 academic year). * 2013 - Saint Xavier (Ill.) returned to the Mideast League, while Saint Francis (Ill.) moved to the Midwest League in the 2013 fall season (2013-14 academic year). * 2014 - Waldorf left the MSFA to join the North Star Athletic Association (NSAA) as an affiliate member for football after the 2013 fall season (2013-14 academic year). * 2015 - Grand View and William Penn left the MSFA to move their football programs with their other sports when both joined the HAAC after the 2014 fall season (2014-15 academic year). * 2015 - Lindenwood University – Belleville and Missouri Baptist University joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League in the 2015 fall season (2015-16 academic year). * 2015 - Saint Francis (Ill.) went back to the Mideast League in the 2015 fall season (2015-16 academic year). * 2018 - Lindenwood–Belleville left the MSFA after the 2017 fall season (2017-18 academic year). * 2019 - Robert Morris (Ill.) left the MSFA after the 2018 fall season (2018-19 academic year). * 2019 - Indiana Wesleyan University and Lawrence Technological University joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League in the 2019 fall season (2019-20 academic year). * 2019 - Missouri Baptist moved to the Midwest League in the 2019 fall season (2019-20 academic year). * 2020 - Madonna University joined the MSFA to represent the Mideast League, while Roosevelt University joined the MSFA to represent the Midwest League in the 2020 fall season (2020-21 academic year). * 2021 - Judson University joined the MSFA to represent the Midwest League in the 2021 fall season (2021-22 academic year). * 2022 - Two institutions announced that they will leave the MSFA to move their football programs with their other sports: Roosevelt to D-II and the GLIAC, and Missouri Baptist to the HAAC after the 2022 fall season (2022-23 academic year). * 2023 – Trinity International University will leave the MSFA, coinciding with the closure of its residential campus at the end of the spring semester in favor of online undergraudate programs. ==National Championship appearances== Year MSFA Member Opponent Result Score 1995 Findlay (OH) Central Washington Tie 21–21 1997 Findlay (OH) Willamette Won 14–7 1998 Olivet Nazarene (IL) Azusa Pacific (CA) Lost 17–14 2004 Saint Francis (IN) Carroll (MT) Lost 15–13 (2 OT) 2005 Saint Francis (IN) Carroll (MT) Lost 27–10 2006 Saint Francis (IN) Sioux Falls (SD) Lost 23–19 2011 Saint Xavier (IL) Carroll (MT) Won 24–20 2012 Marian (IN) Morningside (IA) Won 30–27 (OT) 2013 Grand View (IA) Cumberlands (KY) Won 35–23 2014 Marian (IN) Southern Oregon Lost 55–31 '2015 Marian (IN) Southern Oregon Won 31–14 2016 Saint Francis (IN) Baker (KS) Won 38–17 2017 Saint Francis (IN) Reinhardt (GA) Won 24–13 2019 Marian (IN) Morningside Lost 38–40 ==Member schools== ===Current members=== The MSFA currently has 16 member schools, all of them are private schools. In 2021, Madonna began conference play as a member of the Mideast League, and Judson has competed in the Midwest. Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined Primary conference Mideast League Mideast League Mideast League Mideast League Mideast League Mideast League Mideast League Mideast League Concordia University Ann Arbor, Michigan 1963 Lutheran LCMS 1,055 Cardinals 2011 Wolverine–Hoosier (WHAC) Indiana Wesleyan University Marion, Indiana 1920 Wesleyan Church 15,872 Wildcats 2019 Crossroads Lawrence Technological University Southfield, Michigan 1932 Nonsectarian 4,154 Blue Devils 2019 Wolverine–Hoosier (WHAC) Madonna University Livonia, Michigan 1930 Catholic 3,250 Crusaders 2020 Wolverine–Hoosier (WHAC) Marian University Indianapolis, Indiana 1851 Catholic 1,800 Knights 2007 Crossroads Fort Wayne, Indiana 1890 Catholic 1,883 Cougars 1998 Crossroads Siena Heights University Adrian, Michigan 1919 Catholic 2,274 Saints 2012 Wolverine–Hoosier (WHAC) Taylor University Upland, Indiana 1846 Nondenominational 1,887 Trojans 1994 Crossroads Midwest League Midwest League Midwest League Midwest League Midwest League Midwest League Midwest League Midwest League Judson University Elgin, Illinois 1963 American Baptist 1,231 Eagles 2021 Chicagoland (CCAC) Missouri Baptist University 1828 Southern Baptist 2,800 Spartans 2015 American Midwest Olivet Nazarene University Bourbonnais, Illinois 1907 Nazarene 4,666 Tigers 1994 Chicagoland (CCAC) Roosevelt University Chicago, Illinois 1945 Nonsectarian 7,500 Lakers 2020 Chicagoland (CCAC) Davenport, Iowa 1882 Catholic 3,343 Fighting Bees 1996 Chicagoland (CCAC) Joliet, Illinois 1920 Catholic 3,352 Fighting Saints 1999 Chicagoland (CCAC) Saint Xavier University Chicago, Illinois 1846 Catholic 5,028 Cougars 1994 Chicagoland (CCAC) Trinity International University Deerfield, Illinois 1897 Evangelical 2,730 Trojans 1994 Chicagoland (CCAC) ;Notes: ===Former members=== Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined Left Primary conference Findlay, Ohio 1882 Churches of God 4,870 Oilers 1994 1998 Great Midwest (G-MAC) Geneva College Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 1848 Reformed 1,791 Golden Tornadoes 1994 2007 Presidents' (PAC) Grand View University Des Moines, Iowa 1896 Lutheran ELCA 1,988 Vikings 2009 2015 Heart of America (HAAC) Iowa Wesleyan College Mount Pleasant, Iowa 1842 United Methodist 570 Tigers 1996 2012 Continental Lindenwood University 1827 Presbyterian 4,822 Lions 1994 1996 Ohio Valley (OVC) Lindenwood University–Belleville Belleville, Illinois 2003 Presbyterian N/A Lynx 2015 2018 Closed in 2020 Malone University Canton, Ohio 1892 Evangelical 1,684 Pioneers 1994 2011 Great Midwest (G-MAC) McKendree University Lebanon, Illinois 1828 United Methodist 1,702 Bearcats 1998 2011 Great Lakes Valley (GLVC) Ohio Dominican University Columbus, Ohio 1911 Catholic 1,716 Panthers 2004 2009 Great Midwest (G-MAC) Quincy University Quincy, Illinois 1860 Catholic 1,092 Hawks 2003 2012 Great Lakes Valley (GLVC) Robert Morris University Chicago, Illinois 1913 Nonsectarian N/A Eagles 2013 2019 N/A Tiffin University Tiffin, Ohio 1888 Nonsectarian 3,096 Dragons 1994 2002 Great Midwest (G-MAC) Trine University Angola, Indiana 1884 Nonsectatian 4,104 Thunder 1996 2003 Michigan (MIAA) Urbana University Urbana, Ohio 1850 Nonsectarian N/A Blue Knights 1994 2008 Closed in 2020 Waldorf College Forest City, Iowa 1903 For- profit 580 Warriors 2009 2014 North Star (NSAA) Walsh University North Canton, Ohio 1960 Catholic 2,779 Cavaliers 1996 2011 Great Midwest (G-MAC) Westminster College New Wilmington, Pennsylvania 1852 Presbyterian 1,482 Titans 1994 1998 Presidents' (PAC) William Penn University Oskaloosa, Iowa 1873 Quakers 1,550 Statesmen 2002 2015 Heart of America (HAAC) ;Notes: ===Membership timeline=== DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20 Period = from:1994 till:2030 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:5 left:5 bottom:40 top:5 Colors = id:line value:black PlotData = width:15 textcolor:darkblue shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:s bar:1 color:yelloworange from:1994 till:1998 text:Findlay (1994–1998) bar:2 color:redorange from:1994 till:2007 text:Geneva (1994–2007) bar:3 color:yelloworange from:1994 till:1996 text:Lindenwood (1994–1996) bar:4 color:redorange from:1994 till:2011 text:Malone (1994–2011) bar:5 color:yelloworange from:1994 till:2009 text:Olivet Nazarene (1994–2009) bar:5 color:redorange from:2009 till:2011 text:(2009–2011) bar:5 shift:(20) color:yelloworange from:2011 till:end text:(2011–present) bar:6 color:yelloworange from:1994 till:2007 text:Saint Xavier (IL) (1994–2007) bar:6 color:redorange from:2007 till:2013 text:(2007–2013) bar:6 color:yelloworange from:2013 till:end text:(2013–present) bar:7 color:yelloworange from:1994 till:2002 text:Taylor (1994–2002) bar:7 color:redorange from:2002 till:end text:(2002–present) bar:8 color:redorange from:1994 till:2002 text:Tiffin (1994–2002) bar:9 color:yelloworange from:1994 till:2009 text:Trinity International (1994–2009) bar:9 color:redorange from:2009 till:2011 text:(2009–2011) bar:9 shift:(20) color:yelloworange from:2011 till:2023 text:(2011–2023) bar:10 color:redorange from:1994 till:2008 text:Urbana (1994–2008) bar:11 color:redorange from:1994 till:1998 text:Westminster (PA) (1994–1998) bar:12 color:yelloworange from:1996 till:2012 text:Iowa Wesleyan (1996–2012) bar:13 color:yelloworange from:1996 till:1999 text:St. Ambrose (1996–1999) bar:13 shift:(30) color:yelloworange from:2000 till:end text:(2000–present) bar:14 color:redorange from:1996 till:2003 text:Trine (1996–2003) bar:15 color:redorange from:1996 till:2011 text:Walsh (1996–2011) bar:16 color:yelloworange from:1998 till:2011 text:McKendree (1998–2011) bar:17 color:redorange from:1998 till:end text:Saint Francis (IN) (1998–present) bar:18 color:yelloworange from:1999 till:2013 text:St. Francis (IL) (1999–2013) bar:18 color:redorange from:2013 till:2015 text:(2013–2015) bar:18 shift:(20) color:yelloworange from:2015 till:end text:(2015–present) bar:19 color:yelloworange from:2002 till:2015 text:William Penn (2002–2015) bar:20 color:redorange from:2003 till:2006 text:Quincy (2003–2006) bar:20 shift:(30) color:yelloworange from:2006 till:2011 text:(2006–2011) bar:20 color:redorange from:2011 till:2012 text:(2011–2012) bar:21 color:redorange from:2004 till:2009 text:Ohio Dominican (2004–2009) bar:22 color:redorange from:2007 till:end text:Marian (2007–present) bar:23 color:yelloworange from:2009 till:2014 text:Waldorf (2009–2014) bar:24 color:yelloworange from:2009 till:2015 text:Grand View (2009–2015) bar:25 color:redorange from:2011 till:end text:Concordia–Michigan (2011–present) bar:26 color:redorange from:2012 till:end text:Siena Heights (2012–present) bar:27 color:redorange from:2013 till:2015 text:Robert Morris (2013–2015) bar:27 shift:(90) color:yelloworange from:2015 till:2019 text:(2015–2019) bar:28 color:redorange from:2015 till:2018 text:Lindenwood–Belleville (2015–2018) bar:29 color:redorange from:2015 till:2019 text:Missouri Baptist (2015–2019) bar:29 shift:(50) color:yelloworange from:2019 till:2023 text:(2019–2023) bar:30 color:redorange from:2019 till:end text:Indiana Wesleyan (2019–present) bar:31 color:redorange from:2019 till:end text:Lawrence Tech (2019–present) bar:32 color:redorange from:2020 till:end text:Madonna (2020–present) bar:33 color:yelloworange from:2020 till:2023 text:Roosevelt (2020–2023) bar:34 color:yelloworange from:2021 till:end text:Judson (2021–present) ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:2 start:1994 TextData = fontsize:M textcolor:black pos:(0,25) tabs:(400-center) text:^"Mid-States Football Association membership history" ==Sports== The MSFA sponsors teams only in football. For other sports, MSFA-member schools are affiliated with a variety of other conferences; including the American Midwest Conference, the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference, the Crossroads League, and the Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference. ==References== ==External links== * Category:Sports in the Midwestern United States Category:Sports organizations established in 1993 Category:1993 establishments in the United States Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines |
Germany competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. It was the first time the European nation participated after German reunification in 1990. Previously, West Germany and East Germany had sent independent teams to the Games. 463 competitors, 300 men and 163 women, took part in 237 events in 26 sports. ==Medalists== Medal Name Sport Event Date Christian Meyer Uwe Peschel Michael Rich Cycling Men's team time trial Swimming Women's 400 metre freestyle Shooting Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol Wrestling Men's Greco- Roman 90 kg Michael Glöckner Jens Lehmann Stefan Steinweg Andreas Walzer Cycling Men's team pursuit Cycling Men's sprint Cycling Women's individual pursuit Athletics Women's javelin throw Canoeing Women's slalom K-1 Rowing Men's single sculls Kristina Mundt Birgit Peter Sybille Schmidt Rowing Women's quadruple sculls Shooting Men's 10 metre running target Monica Theodorescu Nicole Uphoff Isabell Werth Equestrian Team dressage Michael Steinbach Stephan Volkert André Willms Rowing Men's quadruple sculls Weightlifting Men's 110 kg Equestrian Individual dressage Ulrich Schreck Udo Wagner Thorsten Weidner Ingo Weißenborn Fencing Men's team foil Robert Felisiak Uwe Proske Wladimir Resnitschenko Arnd Schmitt Fencing Men's team épée Athletics Women's long jump Ingo Spelly Canoeing Men's C-2 500 metres Torsten Gutsche Canoeing Men's K-2 500 metres Canoeing Women's K-1 500 metres Michael Stich Table tennis Men's doubles Torsten Gutsche Canoeing Men's K-2 1000 metres Athletics Men's 5000 metres Athletics Women's high jump Oliver Kegel Thomas Reineck André Wohllebe Canoeing Men's K-4 1000 metres Ramona Portwich Birgit Schmidt Anke von Seck Canoeing Women's K-4 500 metres Germany men's national field hockey team Field hockey Men's tournament Boxing Featherweight Boxing Light heavyweight Equestrian Individual jumping Swimming Women's 200 metre freestyle Cycling Men's individual pursuit Equestrian Individual eventing Daniela Brendel Jana Dörries Dagmar Hase Daniela Hunger Simone Osygus Bettina Ustrowski Swimming Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay Wrestling Men's Greco-Roman 57 kg Cycling Women's sprint Swimming Women's 200 metre backstroke Karsten Finger Uwe Kellner Thoralf Peters Hendrik Reiher Rowing Men's coxed four Gymnastics Men's horizontal bar Annette Dobmeier Zita-Eva Funkenhauser Anja Fichtel Monika Weber-Koszto Fencing Women's team foil Jörg Roßkopf Table tennis Men's doubles Athletics Men's discus throw Equestrian Individual dressage Wrestling Men's freestyle 100 kg Germany women's national field hockey team Field hockey Women's tournament Table tennis Women's singles Boxing Lightweight Swimming Women's 100 metre freestyle Shooting Men's 10 metre air rifle Swimming Women's 200 metre freestyle Annette Hadding Daniela Hunger Kerstin Kielgass Simone Osygus Manuela Stellmach Swimming Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay Dirk Richter Andreas Szigat Christian Tröger Steffen Zesner Bengt Zikarsky Swimming Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay Weightlifting Men's 67.5 kg Herbert Blöcker Ralf Ehrenbrink Cord Mysegaes Equestrian Team eventing Swimming Women's 800 metre freestyle Swimming Women's 200 metre individual medley Swimming Men's 1500 metre freestyle Athletics Women's javelin throw Judo Men's 65 kg Annette Hohn Gabriele Mehl Birte Siech Rowing Women's coxless four Athletics Women's heptathlon Canoeing Men's slalom K-1 Diving Women's 3 metre springboard Gymnastics Men's pommel horse Gymnastics Men's rings Judo Men's 60 kg Armin Eichholz Detlef Kirchhoff Manfred Klein Bahne Rabe Frank Richter Hans Sennewald Thorsten Streppelhoff Ansgar Wessling Rowing Men's eight Kathrin Haacker Christiane Harzendorf Daniela Neunast Cerstin Petersmann Dana Pyritz Annegret Strauch Ute Schell Judith Zeidler Rowing Women's eight Weightlifting Men's +110 kg Athletics Women's shot put Equestrian Individual dressage Boxing Light flyweight Athletics Men's 50 kilometres walk Canoeing Men's C-1 500 metres Athletics Men's marathon ==Competitors== The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.Germany at the 1992 Summer Olympics Sport Men Women Total Archery 3 3 6 Athletics 39 40 79 Badminton 2 2 4 Basketball 12 0 12 Boxing 12 - 12 Canoeing 22 7 29 Cycling 13 4 17 Diving 3 4 7 Equestrian 9 3 12 Fencing 15 5 20 Field hockey 16 16 32 Gymnastics 6 7 13 Handball 16 16 32 Judo 7 6 13 Modern pentathlon 3 - 3 Rowing 31 22 53 Sailing 13 2 15 Shooting 14 4 18 Swimming 20 14 34 Synchronized swimming - 2 2 Table tennis 2 3 5 Tennis 3 3 6 Water polo 12 - 12 Weightlifting 10 - 10 Wrestling 17 - 17 Total 300 163 463 ==Archery== In Germany's fifth archery competition, only one of the six archers qualified for the individual elimination rounds. He lost his first match, as did both the men's and women's teams. Women's Individual Competition: * Astrid Hanschen – Ranking round, 43rd place (0-0) * Cornelia Pfohl – Ranking round, 44th place (0-0) * Marion Wagner – Ranking round, 53rd place (0-0) Men's Individual Competition: * Frank Marzoch – Round of 32, 32nd place (0-1) * Marc Rosicke – Ranking round, 38th place (0-0) * Andreas Lippoldt – Ranking round, 43rd place (0-0) Women's Team Competition: * Hanschen, Pfohl, and Wagner – Round of 16, 10th place (0-1) Men's Team Competition: * Marzoch, Rosicke, and Lippoldt – Round of 16, 11th place (0-1) ==Athletics== ===Men's competition=== Men's 400 metres *Thomas Schönlebe *Rico Lieder Men's 800 metres *Jörg Haas Men's 1,500 metres *Jens-Peter Herold *Rüdiger Stenzel *Hauke Fuhlbrügge Men's 5,000 metres *Dieter Baumann :* Heat – 13:20.82 :* Final – 13:12.52 (→ File:Med 1.png Gold Medal) Men's 10,000 metres *Stéphane Franke :* Heat – 28:52.83 (→ did not advance) *Carsten Eich :* Heat – 29:22.19 (→ did not advance) Men's 4 × 400 m Relay *Ralph Pfersich, Rico Lieder, Jörg Vaihinger, and Thomas Schönlebe :* Heat – DSQ (→ did not advance) Men's Marathon * Stephan Freigang – 2:14.00 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) * Konrad Dobler – 2:23.44 (→ 49th place) Men's 110 metres hurdles *Florian Schwarthoff *Dietmar Koszewski Men's 400 metres hurdles *Carsten Kohrbruck :* Heat – 49.37 :* Semifinal – 49.41 (→ did not advance) *Olaf Hense :* Heat – 49.97 :* Semifinal – DNS (→ did not advance) Men's 3,000 metres Steeplechase *Steffen Brand *Hagen Melzer Men's 20 km Walk *Robert Ihly – 1:26:56 (→ 11th place) *Axel Noack – 1:29:55 (→ 20th place) Men's 50 km Walk *Ronald Weigel – 3:53:45 (→ File:Med 3.png Bronze Medal) *Hartwig Gauder – 3:56:47 (→ 6th place) Men's High Jump *Ralf Sonn *Hendrik Beyer *Dietmar Mögenburg Men's Long Jump *Dietmar Haaf :* Qualification – 7.85 m (→ did not advance) *Konstantin Krause :* Qualification – 7.50 m (→ did not advance) Men's triple jump *Ralf Jaros :* Qualification – 16.89 m (→ did not advance) Men's Javelin Throw *Volker Hadwich :* Qualification – 81.10 m :* Final – 75.28 m (→ 12th place) Men's Hammer Throw *Heinz Weis :* Qualification – 74.86 m :* Final – 76.90 m (→ 6th place) *Claus Dethloff :* Qualification – 73.64 m (→ did not advance) Men's Discus Throw *Jürgen Schult :* Qualification – 63.46 m :* Final – 64.94 m (→ File:Med 2.png Silver Medal) *Lars Riedel :* Qualification – 59.98 m (→ did not advance) Men's Shot Put *Ulf Timmermann :* Qualification – 19.93 m :* Final – 20.49 m (→ 5th place) *Udo Beyer :* Qualification – 18.47 m (→ did not advance) *Kalman Konya :* Qualification – did not start (→ did not advance) Men's Decathlon *Paul Meier *Frank Müller *Thorsten Dauth ===Women's competition=== Women's 100 metres *Andrea Philipp Women's 200 metres *Silke Knoll *Sabine Günther *Andrea Thomas Women's 400 metres *Anja Rücker Women's 800 metres *Sabine Zwiener :* Heat – 2:00.87 :* Semifinal – 2:02.64 (→ did not advance) *Sigrun Grau :* Heat – 2:00.31 :* Semifinal – 2:00.91 (→ did not advance) *Christine Wachtel :* Heat – 2:01.39 (→ did not advance) Women's 1,500 metres *Ellen Kießling Women's 10,000 metres *Uta Pippig :* Heat – 32:07.28 :* Final – 31:36.45 (→ 7th place) *Kerstin Preßler :* Heat – 33:17.88 (→ did not advance) *Kathrin Ullrich :* Heat – did not finish (→ no ranking) Women's Marathon * Katrin Dörre – 2:36.48 (→ 5th place) * Birgit Jerschabek – 2:42.45 (→ 15th place) Women's 100 metres hurdles * Gabi Roth * Kristin Patzwahl * Caren Jung Women's 400 metres hurdles *Heike Meissner :* Heat – 55.52 :* Semifinal – 55.35 (→ did not advance) *Silvia Rieger :* Heat – 56.61 (→ did not advance) *Linda Kisabaka :* Heat – DNS (→ did not advance) Women's 4 × 100 metres relay *Andrea Philipp *Silke Knoll *Andrea Thomas *Sabine Günther Women's 4 × 400 metres relay *Uta Rohländer *Heike Meißner *Linda Kisabaka *Anja Rücker Women's 10 km walk *Beate Anders :* Final – 46:31 (→ 16th place) *Kathrin Born-Boyde :* Final – 50:21 (→ 33rd place) Women's High Jump * Heike Henkel :* Qualification – 1.92 m :* Final – 2.02 m (→ File:Med 1.png Gold Medal) * Birgit Kahler :* Qualification – 1.92 m :* Final – 1.88 m (→ 11th place) * Marion Goldkamp :* Qualification – 1.86 m (→ did not advance) Women's Long Jump * Heike Drechsler :* Heat – 7.08 m :* Final – 7.14 m (→ File:Med 1.png Gold Medal) * Susen Tiedtke :* Heat – 6.74 m :* Final – 6.60 m (→ 8th place) * Helga Radtke :* Heat – 6.42 m (→ did not advance) Women's Shot Put * Kathrin Neimke * Stephanie Storp Women's Discus Throw * Ilke Wyludda :* Heat – 64.26m :* Final – 62.16m (→ 9th place) * Franka Dietzsch :* Heat – 63.60m :* Final – 60.24m (→ 12th place) * Martina Hellmann :* Heat – 60.52m (→ did not advance) Women's Javelin Throw * Silke Renk * Karen Forkel * Petra Felke Women's Heptathlon * Sabine Braun * Peggy Beer * Birgit Clarius ==Badminton== ==Basketball== ==Boxing== Men's Light Flyweight (- 48 kg) * Jan Quast → Bronze Bronze Medal :* First round – Defeated Mohamed Zbir (MAR), 6:0 :* Second round – Defeated Pramuansak Phosuwan (THA), 11:2 :* Quarterfinals – Defeated Valentin Barbu (ROM), 15:7 :* Semifinals – Lost to Daniel Petrov (BUL), 9:15 ==Canoeing== ==Cycling== Seventeen cyclists, thirteen men and four women, represented Germany in 1992. ;Men's road race * Erik Zabel * Steffen Wesemann * Christian Meyer ;Men's team time trial * Bernd Dittert * Christian Meyer * Uwe Peschel * Michael Rich ;Men's sprint * Jens Fiedler ;Men's 1 km time trial * Jens Glücklich ;Men's individual pursuit * Jens Lehmann ;Men's team pursuit * Michael Glöckner * Jens Lehmann * Stefan Steinweg * Guido Fulst * Andreas Walzer ;Men's points race * Guido Fulst ;Women's road race * Viola Paulitz – 2:05:03 (→ 19th place) * Petra Rossner – 2:05:03 (→ 28th place) * Jutta Niehaus – 2:08:13 (→ 44th place) ;Women's sprint * Annett Neumann ;Women's individual pursuit * Petra Rossner ==Diving== Men's 3m Springboard *Albin Killat :* Preliminary round – 392.10 points :* Final – 556.35 points (→ 10th place) *Jan Hempel :* Preliminary round – 353.85 points (→ did not advance, 18th place) Men's 10m Platform *Jan Hempel :* Preliminary round – 426.27 points :*Final – 574.17 points (→ 4th place) *Michael Kühne :* Preliminary round – 393.21 points :*Final – 558.54 points (→ 7th place) Women's 3m Springboard *Brita Baldus :* Preliminary round – 312.90 points :*Final – 503.07 points (→ File:Med 3.png Bronze Medal) *Simona Koch :* Preliminary round – 281.46 points :*Final – 468.96 points (→ 7th place) Women's 10m Platform *Ute Wetzig :*Preliminary round – 284.13 points (→ did not advance, 14th place) *Monika Kühn :*Preliminary round – 270.51 points (→ did not advance, 20th place) ==Equestrian== ==Fencing== 20 fencers, 15 men and 5 women represented Germany in 1992. ;Men's foil * Udo Wagner * Ulrich Schreck * Thorsten Weidner ;Men's team foil * Udo Wagner, Ulrich Schreck, Thorsten Weidner, Alexander Koch, Ingo Weißenborn ;Men's épée * Elmar Borrmann * Robert Felisiak * Arnd Schmitt ;Men's team épée * Elmar Borrmann, Robert Felisiak, Arnd Schmitt, Uwe Proske, Wladimir Reznitschenko ;Men's sabre * Jürgen Nolte * Felix Becker * Jörg Kempenich ;Men's team sabre * Felix Becker, Jörg Kempenich, Jürgen Nolte, Jacek Huchwajda, Steffen Wiesinger ;Women's foil * Sabine Bau * Zita-Eva Funkenhauser * Annette Dobmeier ;Women's team foil * Zita-Eva Funkenhauser, Sabine Bau, Anja Fichtel-Mauritz, Monika Weber-Koszto, Annette Dobmeier ==Gymnastics== ==Handball== ===Men's team competition=== *Preliminary round (group B) :* Germany – Unified Team 25-15 :* Germany – Romania 20-20 :* Germany – France 20-23 :* Germany – Egypt 24-16 :* Germany – Spain 18-19 *Classification Match :* 9th/10th place: Germany – Czechoslovakia 19-20 (→ Tenth place) *Team roster :*Jochen Fraatz :*Matthias Hahn :*Stephan Hauck :*Jan Holpert :*Michael Kiemm :*Michael Krieter :*Hendrik Ochel :*Klaus- Dieter Petersen :*Richard Ratka :*Bernd Roos :*Holger Schneider :*Wolfgang Schwenke :*Andreas Thiel :*Frank-Michael Wahl :*Holger Winselmann :*Volker Zerbe *Head coach: Horst Bredemeier ===Women's team competition=== *Preliminary round (group A) :* Germany – Nigeria 32-17 :* Germany – United States 32-16 :* Germany – Unified Team 22-28 *Semi Finals :* Germany – South Korea 25-26 *Bronze Medal Match :* Germany – Unified Team 20-24 (→ Fourth place) *Team roster :*Sabine Heidrun Adamik :*Andrea Bölk :*Eike Bram :*Carola Ciszewski :*Michaela Erler :*Silke Fittinger :*Sybille Gruner :*Rita Köster :*Anja Krüger :*Elena Leonte :*Kerstin Mühlner :*Gabriele Palme :*Silvia Schmitt :*Andrea Stolletz :*Bianka Urbanke :*Birgit Wagner *Head coach: Heinz Strauch ==Hockey== ===Men's team competition=== *Preliminary round (group A) :* Germany – India 3 – 0 :* Germany – Great Britain 2 – 0 :* Germany – Australia 1 – 1 :* Germany – Egypt 8 – 2 :* Germany – Argentina 2 – 1 *Semi Finals :* Germany – Pakistan 2 – 1 *Final :* Germany – Australia 2 – 1 (→ Gold Gold Medal) *Team roster :* Michael Knauth (gk) :* Christopher Reitz (gk) :* Carsten Fischer :* Jan-Peter Tewes :* Volker Fried :* Klaus Michler :* Andreas Keller :* Michael Metz :* Christian Blunck :* Sven Meinhardt :* Michael Hilgers :* Andreas Becker :* Stefan Saliger :* Stefan Tewes :* Christian Mayerhöfer :* Oliver Kurtz ===Women's team competition=== *Preliminary round (group A) :* Germany – Spain 2 – 2 :* Germany – Australia 0 – 1 :* Germany – Canada 4 – 0 *Semi Finals :* Germany – Great Britain 2 – 1 *Final :* Germany – Spain 1 – 2 (→ Silver Silver Medal) *Team roster :* Susie Wollschläger (gk) :* Simone Thomaschinski :* Caren Jungjohann :* Bianca Weiß (gk) :* Tina Peters :* Irina Kuhnt :* Britta Becker :* Anke Wild :* Tanja Dickenscheid :* Heike Lätzsch :* Franziska Hentschel :* Nadine Ernsting-Krienke :* Eva Hagenbäumer :* Christine Ferneck :* Katrin Kauschke :* Susanne Müller ==Judo== ==Modern pentathlon== Three male pentathletes represented Germany in 1992. ;Individual * Dirk Knappheide * Ulrich Czermak * Pawel Olszewski ;Team * Dirk Knappheide * Ulrich Czermak * Pawel Olszewski ==Rhythmic gymnastics== ==Rowing== ==Sailing== Men's Sailboard (Lechner A-390) *Timm Stade :* Final ranking – 214.0 points (→ 18th place) Women's 470 Class *Peggy Hardwiger and Christina Pinnow :* Final ranking – 71.7 points (→ 8th place) ==Shooting== ==Swimming== ===Men's competition=== Men's 50 m Freestyle * Nils Rudolph :* Heat – 22.70 :* Final – 22.73 (→ 8th place) * Mark Pinger :* Heat – 22.88 :* B-Final – 22.88 (→ 11th place) Men's 100 m Freestyle * Christian Tröger :* Heat – 50.05 :* Final – 49.84 (→ 7th place) * Nils Rudolph :* Heat – 50.29 :* B-Final – 50.62 (→ 12th place) Men's 200 m Freestyle * Steffen Zesner :* Heat – 1:48.12 :* Final – 1:48.84 (→ 7th place) * Christian Keller :* Heat – 1:50.07 :* B-Final – 1:50.46 (→ 14th place) Men's 400 m Freestyle * Sebastian Wiese :* Heat – 3:50.73 :* Final – 3:49.06 (→ 6th place) * Stefan Pfeiffer :* Heat – 3:49.99 :* Final – 3:49.75 (→ 7th place) Men's 1500 m Freestyle * Jörg Hoffmann :* Heat – 15:03.95 :* Final – 15:02.29 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) * Stefan Pfeiffer :* Heat – 15:13.71 :* Final – 15:04.28 (→ 4th place) Men's 100 m Backstroke * Dirk Richter :* Heat – 56.03 :* Final – 56.26 (→ 8th place) * Tino Weber :* Heat – 56.27 :* B-Final – 56.49 (→ 11th place) Men's 200 m Backstroke * Tino Weber :* Heat – 1:59.40 :* Final – 1:59.78 (→ 7th place) * Dirk Richter :* Heat – 2:00.94 :* B-Final – DNS (→ no ranking) Men's 100 m Breaststroke * Mark Warnecke :* Heat – 1:02.48 :* B-Final – 1:02.73 (→ 13th place) * Christian Poswiat :* Heat – 1:03.85 (→ did not advance, 26th place) Men's 200 m Breaststroke * Christian Poswiat :* Heat – 2:20.80 (→ did not advance, 29th place) Men's 100 m Butterfly * Christian Keller :* Heat – 54.47 :* B-Final – 54.30 (→ 9th place) * Martin Herrmann :* Heat – 54.59 :* B-Final – 54.94 (→ 14th place) Men's 200 m Butterfly * Chris-Carol Bremer :* Heat – 2:00.49 :* B-Final – 1:59.93 (→ 9th place) * Martin Herrmann :* Heat – 2:00.47 :* B-Final – 2:01.14 (→ 11th place) Men's 200 m Individual Medley * Christian Gessner :* Heat – 2:02.43 :* Final – 2:01.97 (→ 5th place) * Josef Hladký :* Heat – 2:07.18 (→ did not advance, 32nd place) Men's 400 m Individual Medley * Christian Gessner :* Heat – 4:19.92 :* Final – 4:17.88 (→ 5th place) * Patrick Kühl :* Heat – 4:18.68 :* Final – 4:19.66 (→ 6th place) Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay * Andreas Szigat, Christian Tröger, Bengt Zikarsky, and Dirk Richter :* Heat – 3:19.61 * Mark Pinger, Dirk Richter, Christian Tröger, and Steffen Zesner :* Final – 3:17.90 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay * Peter Sitt, Christian Tröger, Andreas Szigat, and Stefan Pfeiffer :* Heat – 7:18.21 * Andreas Szigat, Peter Sitt, Steffen Zesner, and Stefan Pfeiffer :* Final – 7:16.58 (→ 4th place) Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay * Tino Weber, Mark Warnecke, Christian Keller, and Bengt Zikarsky :* Heat – 3:43.00 * Tino Weber, Mark Warnecke, Christian Keller, and Mark Pinger :* Final – 3:40.19 (→ 4th place) ===Women's competition=== Women's 50 m Freestyle * Simone Osygus :* Heat – 25.79 :* Final – 25.74 (→ 7th place) * Franziska van Almsick :* Heat – 25.96 :* B-Final – DSQ (→ no ranking) Women's 100 m Freestyle * Franziska van Almsick :* Heat – 55.40 :* Final – 54.94 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) * Simone Osygus :* Heat – 55.98 :* Final – 55.93 (→ 7th place) Women's 200 m Freestyle * Franziska van Almsick :* Heat – 1:57.90 :* Final – 1:58.00 (→ Silver Silver Medal) * Kerstin Kielgass :* Heat – 2:00.55 :* Final – 1:59.67 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) Women's 400 m Freestyle * Dagmar Hase :* Heat – 4:10.92 :* Final – 4:07.18 (→ Gold Gold Medal) * Kerstin Kielgass :* Heat – 4:12.50 :* Final – 4:11.52 (→ 5th place) Women's 800 m Freestyle * Jana Henke :* Heat – 8:35.11 :* Final – 8:30.99 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) * Kerstin Kielgass :* Heat – 8:43.52 (→ did not advance, 9th place) Women's 100 m Backstroke * Sandra Völker :* Heat – 1:02.90 :* B-Final – 1:04.52 (→ 16th place) * Dagmar Hase :* Heat – 1:03.35 :* B-Final – 1:02.93 (→ 9th place) Women's 200 m Backstroke * Dagmar Hase :* Heat – 2:11.52 :* Final – 2:09.46 (→ Silver Silver Medal) * Marion Zoller :* Heat – 2:14.53 :* B-Final – 2:13.77 (→ 9th place) Women's 100 m Breaststroke * Jana Dörries :* Heat – 1:10.00 :* Final – 1:09.77 (→ 5th place) * Daniela Brendel :* Heat – 1:10.49 :* Final – 1:11.05 (→ 8th place) Women's 200 m Breaststroke * Daniela Brendel :* Heat – 2:32.09 :* B-Final – 2:32.05 (→ 10th place) * Jana Dörries :* Heat – 2:34.58 (→ did not advance, 18th place) Women's 100 m Butterfly * Franziska van Almsick :* Heat – 1:00.02 :* Final – 1:00.70 (→ 7th place) * Bettina Ustrowski :* Heat – 1:02.07 (→ did not advance, 18th place) Women's 200 m Butterfly * Bettina Ustrowski :* Heat – 2:21.49 (→ did not advance, 26th place) Women's 200 m Individual Medley * Daniela Hunger :* Heat – 2:15.16 :* Final – 2:13.92 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) * Jana Haas :* Heat – 2:17.74 :* B-Final – 2:20.94 (→ 16th place) Women's 400 m Individual Medley * Daniela Hunger :* Heat – 4:47.39 :* Final – 4:47.57 (→ 6th place) * Jana Haas :* Heat – 4:49.93 :* B-Final – 4:47.74 (→ 9th place) Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay *Annette Hadding, Simone Osygus, Kerstin Kielgass, and Manuela Stellmach :* Heat – 3:43.58 *Franziska van Almsick, Simone Osygus, Daniela Hunger, and Manuela Stellmach :* Final – 3:41.60 (→ Bronze Bronze Medal) Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay *Dagmar Hase, Daniele Brendel, Bettina Ustrowski, and Simone Osygus :* Heat – 4:10.62 *Dagmar Hase, Jana Dörries, Franziska van Almsick, and Daniela Hunger :* Final – 4:05.19 (→ Silver Silver Medal) ==Synchronized swimming== Two synchronized swimmers represented Germany in 1992. ;Women's solo * Monika Müller * Margit Schreib ;Women's duet * Monika Müller * Margit Schreib ==Table tennis== ==Tennis== Men's Singles Competition * Boris Becker :* First round – Defeated Christian Ruud (Norway) 3-6, 7-6, 5-7, 7-6, 6-3 :* Second round – Defeated Younes El Aynaoui (Morocco) 6-4, 5-7, 6-4, 6-0 :* Third round – Lost to Fabrice Santoro (France) 1-6, 6-3, 1-6, 3-6 * Michael Stich :* First round – Defeated Richard Fromberg (Australia) 6-3, 3-6, 6-1, 3-6, 6-3 :* Second round – Lost to Carl-Uwe Steeb (Germany) 4-6, 2-6, 6-4, 3-6 * Carl-Uwe Steeb :* First round – Defeated Richard Fromberg (Australia) 6-3, 3-6, 6-1, 3-6, 6-3 :* Second round – Defeated Michael Stich (Germany) 6-4, 6-2, 4-6, 6-3 :* Third round – Lost to Leonardo Lavalle (Mexico) 4-6, 6-3, 3-6, 2-6 Men's Doubles Competition * Boris Becker and Michael Stich → Gold Gold Medal :* First round – Defeated Karim Alami and Younes El Aynaoui (Morocco) walk over :* Second round – Defeated Anastasios Bavelas and Konstantinos Efraimoglou (Greece) 6-3, 6-1, 6-4 :* Quarterfinals – Defeated Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez (Spain) 6-3, 4-6, 7-6, 5-7, 6-3 :* Semifinals – Defeated Javier Frana and Christian Miniussi (Argentina) 7-6, 6-2, 6-7, 2-6, 6-4 :* Final – Defeated Wayne Ferreira and Piet Norval (South Africa) 7-6, 4-6, 7-6, 6-3 Women's Singles Competition * Steffi Graf → File:Med 2.png Silver Medal :* First round – Defeated Lupita Novelo (Mexico) 6-1, 6-1 :* Second round – Defeated Brenda Schultz-McCarthy (Netherlands) 6-1, 6-0 :* Third round – Defeated Magdalena Maleeva (Bulgaria) 6-3, 6-4 :* Quarterfinals – Defeated Sabine Appelmans (Belgium) 6-1, 6-0 :* Semifinals – Defeated Mary Joe Fernández (USA) 6-3, 6-4 :* Final – Lost to Jennifer Capriati (USA) 6-3, 3-6, 4-6 * Anke Huber :* First round – Defeated Naoko Sawamatsu (Japan) 6-0, 4-6, 6-2 :* Second round – Defeated Barbara Paulus (Austria) 6-4, 6-1 :* Third round – Defeated Nicole Muns-Jagerman (Netherlands) 7-5, 7-6 :* Quarterfinals – Lost to Jennifer Capriati (USA) 3-6, 6-7 * Barbara Rittner :* First round – Defeated Florencia Labat (Argentina) 6-3, 6-3 :* Second round – Defeated Nathalie Tauziat (France) 6-3, 6-2 :* Third round – Lost to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (Spain) 6-4, 3-6, 1-6 ==Water polo== ===Men's team Competition=== *Preliminary round (group A) :* Tied with France (7-7) :* Lost to Unified Team (7-11) :* Defeated Czechoslovakia (15-9) :* Tied with Australia (7-7) :* Lost to United States (2-7) *Classification Matches :* Lost to Hungary (7-8) :* Defeated Cuba (10-6) → 7th place *Team roster :*Frank Otto :*Hagen Stamm :*Dirk Theissmann :*Ingo Borgmann :*Rene Reimann :*Uwe Sterzik :*Piotr Bukowski :*Raúl de la Peña :*Jörg Dresel :*Torsten Dresel :*Reibel Guido :*Carsten Kusch ==Weightlifting== ==Wrestling== ==References== Category:Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics 1992 Summer Olympics |
Final Cut for Real ApS is a film production company based in Copenhagen, Denmark specializing in documentaries for the international market. The two Oscar-nominated groundbreaking documentaries The Act of Killing (2012) and The Look of Silence (2014) helped establish the company as a recognized provider of independent creative documentaries on the international stage. The recent years, Final Cut for Real has also expanded to fiction films and virtual reality. In 2019 Final Cut for Real Norway was established. ==History & Overview== Final Cut for Real was founded in 2010 by the producers Signe Byrge Sørensen and Anne Köhncke, editor Janus Billeskov Jansen and film director Joshua Oppenheimer. The company today consists of two additional producers, Monica Hellström (since 2010) and Heidi Elise Christensen, VR Producer/Post- Producer & Production Manager Maria Kristensen and Post-Producer & Editor Francesc Sitges-Sarda. The company is based at Indiakaj in the former Freeport area of Copenhagen. Final Cut for Real has produced more than 30 documentaries, minor co-produced more than 20 documentaries and even produced a few feature films, among them Sundance winner The Nile Hilton Incident. The productions of the company has been selected to a number of international film festivals, the documentaries has been part of e.g Cannes Film Festival, Berlin Film Festival, Toronto International Film Festival (Tiff), Sundance Film Festival, Telluride Film Festival, Moscow International Film Festival, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (IDFA), CPH:DOX (Copenhagen International Documentary Film Festival), Sheffield International Documentary Festival (SIDF), Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival and others. ==Filmography== * A House Made of Splinters (2022) * Flee (2021) * President (2021) * HUSH (2020) * Songs of Repression (2020) * Attacked - The Copenhagen Shootings (2020) * Meanwhile on Earth (2020) * Patrimonium (2019) * Forget Me Not (2019) * What Walaa Wants (2018) * Death of a Child (2017) * The Distant Barking of Dogs (2017) * Dreaming Murakami (2017) * A Drowning Man (2017) * Land of the Free (2017) * Les Sauteurs (2016) * The Dvor Massacre (2015) * Pebbles at Your Door (2015) * Pervert Park (2014) * The Look of Silence (2014) * Far from Home (2014) * Life is Sacred (2014) * TPB AFK: The Pirate Bay Away from Keyboard (2013) * Chikara –The Sumo Wrestler’s Son (2013) * Säilöttyjä unelmia (2012) * Gulabi Gang (2012) * The Act of Killing (2012) * The Human Scale (2012) * Traveling with Mr. T. (2012) * Hjemvendt (2011) * Verdens bedste kok (2011) * The Kid & The Clown (2011) ==Awards== ;Flee * Nordic Council Film Prize 2021 * Sundance Film Festival 2021 - Grand Jury Prize * Götenborg Film Festival 2021 - Dragon Award Best Nordic Documentary ;President * Sundance Film Festival 2021 - World Documentary Special Jury Award for Verité Filmmaking ;HUSH * AniDox:VR Awards 2020 - Most Innovative Work ;Songs of Repression * Festival Internacional de Documentales de Santiago (FIDOCS) 2020 - Best Chilean Documentary * Reykjavik International Film Festival 2020 - "A Different Tomorrow" award * CPH:DOX 2020 – DOX:AWARD (main competition award) * CPH:DOX 2020 – Politiken:Danish:Dox (critic’s award) * Festival Internacional de Cine Valdivia (FICValdivia) 2020 - Best Chilean Film * Cork International Film Festival 2020 - Best Cinematic Documentary ;PATRIMONIUM * Moscow International Film Festival 2019 - Artistic Excellence Award ;What Walaa Wants * HotDocs 2018 - Special Jury Prize * Margaret Mead Film Festival 2018 - Margaret Mead Filmmaker Award * Vancouver International Film Festival 2018 - Women in Film + TV Artistic Merit Award * Forest City Film Festival 2018 - Best Documentary Feature * Ajyal Film Festival 2018 - Hilal Award for Best Film ;The Distant Barking of Dogs * Peabody Award 2020 * Danish Producers’ Association, TV-prisen 2020 - Best documentary of the year * Association of Danish Film Critics, Bodil Awards 2019 - Best Documentary * Danish Film Academy Award, the Robert, 2019 - Best Documentary * EBS International Documentary Festival 2018 - Grand Prix * Göteborg Film Festival 2018 - Dragon Award for Best Nordic Dox ;Dreaming Murakami * Hot Docs 2018 - Audience Award for Best Mid Length Documentary ;A Drowning Man * Dokufest, Kosovo - Best Short (co-winner) * Valladolid International Film Festival - Silver Spike * Cork Film Festival - Grand Prix * Festival International du Film de Bruxelles - Best Short Film * Dubai International Film Festival - Best Short Film ;Land of the Free * CPH:DOX 2017 - Nordic DOX Award ;Les Sauteurs * Faito Doc Festival 2017 - Prix CPS * Migranti Film Festival 2017 - Gianmaria Testa Award * Ethnocineca 2017 - Excellence in Visual Anthropology Award * Black Movies 2017 - Prix des Jeunes * Filmweekend Würzberg - 2nd Documentary Price * Cinema Eye Honors 2017 - Spotlight Award * Porto/Post/Doc- Honorable Mention * Docs Against Gravity 2016 - Amnesty International Award * DMZ Docs, Korea - White Goose Award for best film, Int. Competition * Salina DOC Fest 2016 - Best Editing Award by The Italian Association of Film and TV Editors, AMC * Salina DOC Fest 2016 - Premio Tasca d'Almerita * Porto/Post/Doc - Biberstein Gusmão Award (for emerging directors) to Abou Bakar Sidibé * Frankfurt Lichter IFF 2016 - Main Award: Int. Feature length Award * dokKa Karlsruhe, 2016 - Main Prize * DocumentaMadrid 2016 - The Jury's Second Prize, Feature length Competition * Hamptons Int. Film Festival - Honorable Mention * Camden Int. Film Festival- Special Jury Mention * DOK.fest München 2016- Special Mention * Berlinale 2016 - Ecumenical Jury Award ;Pebbles at Your Door * Palm Springs International Shortfest - Runner Up Best Documentary ;Pervert Park * Sundance Film Festival 2015 - World Cinema Documentary Special Jury Award for Impact ;Far from Home * Mumbai International Film Festival 2016 - Best Debut Documentary ;Life is Sacred Vilnius IFF Kino Pavasaris 2015 - Audience Award ;The Look of Silence * Acey Artist Choice Award - Best Documentary of 2015 * Acey Artist Choice Award - Best Editing in a Documentary 2015 * Festival d'Angers - Audience Award for Best Film of 2015 * Festival d'Angers- Grand Jury Prize - Special Mention 2015 * Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) - Best Documentary of 2015 * Beboti Film Awards - Best Foreign Language Film of 2015 * Beboti Film Awards - Best Documentary of 2015 * Berlin Film Festival - Peace Film Prize of 2015 * Bodil Award - Danish Film Critics Association Prize - Best Documentary of 2015 * Boston Society of Film Critics (BSFC) - Best Foreign Language Film of 2015 * Busan International Film Festival - Best World Documentary (Cinephile Prize) 2014 * Burma Human Rights Human Dignity Film Festival - Aung San Suu Kyi Award 2015 * Calgary Underground Film Festival - Jury Awards Best Documentary Feature 2015 * Camerimage Film Festival - Best Documentary of 2015 * CINE Golden Eagle Award - Best Feature Length Documentary of 2015 * Cinema Eye Honors - Outstanding Achievement in Nonfiction Feature Filmmaking 2016 * Cinema Eye Honors - Outstanding Achievement in Direction 2016 * Cinema Eye Honors - Outstanding Achievement in Production 2016 * Central Ohio Film Critics Association - Best Documentary of 2015 * Cologne International Film and Television Festival - Phoenix Prize 2015 * CPH:DOX 2014 - Grand Prize (DOX Award) * Danish Arts Council - Prize of the Danish Arts Council 2014 * Danish Academy Award (Robert Prize) - Best Documentary of 2015 * DCist - Best Film of 2015 * Denver Film Critics Society - Best Documentary of 2016 * Denver Film Festival - Best Documentary of 2014 * Docs Against Gravity – Warsaw - Amnesty International Award 2015 * Docs Barcelona - Audience Award 2015 * Docs Barcelona - Amnesty International Award 2015 * Docs Barcelona - Best Documentary - Honorable Mention 2015 * Documenta Madrid - Audience Award of 2015 * Durban International Film Festival - Amnesty International Honorary Award 2015 * Festival Cinematográfico del Uruguay - Human Right Best Feature 2015 * Festival de Cine de Derechos Humanos Buenos Aires - Best Film of 2015 * Festival de Cinéma Valenciennes - Grand Prix 2015 * Festival de Cinéma Valenciennes - Prix de la Critique 2015 * Festival de Cinéma Valenciennes - Prix Étudiants 2015 * Gotham Award - Best Documentary of 2015 * Gothenburg International Film Festival - Dragon Award Best Nordic Documentary of 2015 * IDA Documentary Awards - Best Feature Documentary Award 2015 * Independent Spirit Award - Best Documentary of 2015 * Indiewire Critics Poll- Best Documentary of 2015 * Indonesian Alliance of Independent Journalists - Tasrif Award of 2015 * KBPS - Best Film of 2015 * London Critic's Circle Award - Foreign Language Film of the Year 2016 * MakeDox International Filmfestival - Best Film of 2015 * Milwaukee Film Festival - Jury Award Best Documentary of 2015 * Movies That Matter Festival - Vara Audience Award 2015 * Nonfics - Best Documentary of 2015 * Nonfics Critics Poll - Best Documentary of 2015 * NordicDocs - Special Jury Prize 2015 * Nordisk Panorama - Audience Award for Best Film 2015 * Nuremberg Human Rights Film Festival - Award of Honor 2015 * Nuremberg Human Rights Film Festival - Audience Award 2015 * Online Film Critics Society - Best Documentary of 2015 * Prague One World Film Festival - Best Film of 2015 * Realscreen - Best Documentay of 2015 * Ridenhour Documentary Film Prize 2015 * River Run International Film Festival - Best Director (Documentary) 2015 * Satellite Awards - Best Documentary of 2015 * Seattle Film Awards - Best Documentary of 2015 * Sheffield International Documentary Festival - Audience Award 2015 * Sofia International Film Festival - Best Documentary of 2015 * Subversive Film Festival - Wild Dreamer Award 2015 * SXSW Film Festival - Audience Award, Festival Favourites for Best Film 2015 * Toronto Film Critics Society - Best Documentary of 2015 * Tromsø International Film Festival - FICC Award/Don Quixote Prize 2015 * True/False Film Festival - True Life Fund Recipient Award * Victoria Film Festival - Best Documentary of 2015 * Village Voice Critics Poll - Best Documentary of 2015 * Vilnius International Film Festival - Best Director 2015 * Venice Film Festival - Grand Jury Prize 2014 * Venice Film Festival - Human Rights Award 2014 * Best Film of Venice Film Festival - Critics Price (FIPRESCI) 2014 * Best European and Mediterranean Film of Venice Film Festival 2014 - European Critics Prize (FEDORA) 2014 * Best Film of Venice Film Festival - Online Critics Prize (Mouse d'Oro) 2014 * Zurich Film Festival - Special Mention - International Documentary 2014 ;Chikara –The Sumo Wrestler’s Son * Al Jazeera Int. Film Festival 2015 - Winner of Jury Award for Medium Length Films ;The Act of Killing * CPH:DOX 2012 – DOX:AWARD (main competition award) * Berlin Film Festival 2013 – Panorama Audience Award * Berlin Film Festival 2013 – Prize of the Ecumenical Jury * !F Istanbul 2013 – Prize of the SIYAD jury (Turkish Film Critics' Association) * Danish Film Academy 2013 – Best Feature Documentary * FICUNAM, Mexico 2013 – Audience Award * ZagrebDox, 2013 – Movies that Matter Award * One World, Prague 2013 – Best Film * Geneva International Human Rights Film Festival 2013 – Gilda Vieira de Mello Prize * Danish Film Critics Association – Special Prize 2013 (Sær-Bodil) * Festival de Cinéma Valenciennes 2013 – Grand Prize * Festival de Cinéma Valenciennes 2013 – Special Mention, Critic's Jury * IndieLisboa 2013 – Amnesty International Award * BelDocs 2013 – Grand Prix for Best Film * DocumentaMadrid 2013 – First Prize of the Jury * DocumentaMadrid 2013 – Audience Award * Planete + Doc Warsaw 2013 – Audience Award * Planete + Doc 2013 – Grand Prix of Lower Silesia * DocsBarcelona 2013 – Best Film Award (Grand Prize) * Sheffield Doc/Fest 2013 – Grand Prize * Biografilm Festival Italy 2013 – Grand Prize * Grimstad Short and Documentary Film Festival 2013 – Grand Prize * Royal Anthropological Institute Film Festival 2013 – Basil Wright Prize * Human Rights, Human Dignity Int. Film Festival Myanmar – Aung San Suu Kyi Award for Best Documentary * Sheffield Doc/Fest 2013 – Audience Award ;The Human Scale * Aljazeera Int. Documentary Film Festival 2013 – Winner of the Child and Family Award for Long Film * Planete Doc, Warsaw 2013 – Green Cross Award ;The Kid and the Clown * Aljazeera Int. Documentary Film Festival 2012 – Winner of the Child and Family Award for Medium Categories * HotDocs 2012 – In competition: Medium Length Documentary * TRT Documentary Awards 2012 – Winner of the first Special Prize in the International Category * Kraków Int. Documentary Film Festival 2012 – Winner of the Silver Horn Award for Best Middle-length Documentary * Pärnu Film Festival 2012 – Winner of Best Film for Kids ==References== ==External links== * * Category:Film production companies of Denmark Category:Mass media companies based in Copenhagen Category:Danish companies established in 2009 Category:Companies based in Copenhagen Municipality |
Court uniform and dress were required to be worn by those in attendance at the royal court in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Specifically, court uniform was worn by those holding particular offices associated with the government, the Civil Service, the Royal Household, or similar national institutions. A range of office-holders were entitled to wear it, with different grades of uniform specified for different grades of official. It is still worn today on state occasions by certain dignitaries both in the UK and abroad.Mansfield, Alan, Ceremonial Costume. London: A & C Black, 1980 Court dress, on the other hand, is a stylized form of clothing deriving from fashionable eighteenth- century wear, which was directed to be worn at court by those not entitled to a court uniform. For men, it comprised a matching tailcoat and waistcoat, breeches and stockings, lace cuffs and Cravat, cocked hat and a sword. For women, a white or cream evening gown was to be worn, together with a train and other specified accoutrements. Male court dress is still worn today as part of the formal dress of judges and King's Counsel, and is also worn by certain Lord Mayors, parliamentary officials, and high sheriffs of counties. Formerly, female court dress was required wear for debutantes being presented at court, but it ceased to be regularly worn after the Second World War, as afternoon presentations largely replaced evening courts. Precise descriptions, both of court uniform and of court dress, were laid down in an official publication called Dress Worn at Court, which was published by the Lord Chamberlain's Office.Dress and Insignia Worn at His Majesty's Court. Various editions 1898-1937 The 1937 edition remains authoritative for those rare circumstances in which court uniform or court dress are still required. == Men's court dress == thumbnail|upright|High Sheriff of the Isle of Wight in 2012 wearing court dress Court dress (as distinguished from court uniform) was worn by all men not entitled to court uniform or military uniform on occasions of state where such were customarily worn. Such occasions are now rare, but formerly they included state balls, evening state parties, courts and levées. (Courts were evening occasions at which women were formally presented to the monarch; levées were morning gatherings at which men were presented.) It is still worn today, to a very limited extent, in courts of law and by certain parliamentary and other office-holders; the last time it was worn by people in significant numbers was at the Coronation in 1953. It consists of a tail-coat with matching waistcoat and breeches, lace cuffs and jabot, silk stockings, buckled shoes, cocked hat, white gloves and a sword. At one time suits of various colours were to be seen, often with gold or silver embroidery; but (as is generally the case with men's formal dress) black is now the predominant colour, and has been since the nineteenth century. ===Origins and development=== Peers' robes were worn over normal dress, which gradually became stylised as the court suit. It was only from the late eighteenth century that court dress became fossilised. By the early to mid eighteenth century velvet was largely confined to court dress. Court dress was obligatory in Westminster Abbey for all not wearing official or lordly apparel. During the seventeenth century, gentlemen's court dress was largely determined by two related influences, the retention of out-dated styles, producing a distinctive form of dress, and an interest in military uniform. The first produced the court suit, a coat with tails, waistcoat and knee breeches, worn with silk stockings, and a formal court sword with a cut-steel hilt and embellishments, and bicorne hat. The court suit has undergone a number of changes since the eighteenth century. However, apart from changes in the cut of the sleeves and shoulders, there was little basic alteration until the third quarter of the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century, dress worn at court comprised gold and silver stuff, brocades, velvets and cloth coats. They were always embroidered, and worn with waistcoats generally of a different colour- gold or silver brocade, damask, silk or satin, heavily embroidered or laced in silver or gold. From the 1730s at least cloth was popular for court wear. By the 1780s dress was established as dark cloth or velvet, embroidered in silk or metal, single-breasted silk waistcoat (usually white), with the fronts curved away. ===The 19th century=== From 1810, the Lord Chamberlain laid down regulations for court dress. In the nineteenth century court dress coats were commonly black, brown, dark green, purple, or blue. Breeches matched, or could be silk of a similar colour. The coat, and sometimes the breeches, were embroidered. The waistcoat was generally white satin, sometimes embroidered. These were worn with white silk stockings, black shoes with shoe buckles, and sword. A wig-bag was found on the back of the neck. A crescent-shaped chapeau- bras, known as an opera-hat, developed in the 1760s–1770s from the three- cornered hat. In the second decade of the nineteenth century, this hat became known simply as the cocked hat. In the 1830s–1840s, the full court dress was sometimes decorated with embroidery, and sometimes not. Cloth was most general, but velvet was also used. For levées, cloth trousers were worn. A new style of court dress, worn from the 1840s, comprised a dark, frequently black, cloth (or silk-velvet) single-breasted dress coat (lined with black silk, except for the tail, which was white), with a stand collar. This was worn with a white satin or black silk collarless waistcoat, and white neckcloth. For levées, this was worn with matching velvet trousers with a gold lace stripe down the seam. For drawing rooms matching breeches with white silk stockings, and a white neck-cloth was worn. In 1869, the Lord Chamberlain's Department issued new regulations for gentlemen at Court. The new style of suit was described, in which the cloth coat and breeches were replaced with silk velvet. This had been permitted before, but in place of the embroidered waistcoat was a waistcoat of plain white silk. A coat for levée dress had dark coloured cloth, single-breasted, with a stand collar, and trousers of the same material and colour as the coat, both decorated with narrow gold lace on collar, cuffs and pocket flaps, similar to that worn on certain classes of the civil uniform. A gold lace loop and button were similarly worn on the hat, and a sword of the same pattern carried. In 1898, court dress was described as black (often very dark blue) velvet, or a dark colour cloth suit (not black). The velvet version in 1898 was without gold embroidery on the coat, and the buttons were gilt, steel or plain. The waistcoat was either black velvet, or the normal white one. Trousers were of velvet. Hats were as for the cloth version, that is beaver or silk cocked hat with black silk cockade, but the loop and buttons were gilt or steel, and there was no lace. The sword was gilt or steel with silk shoulder belt. A white neckcloth was worn. When breeches were worn they were black velvet with black silk hose. Gilt or steel buckled shoes were worn. The velvet suit was all black. The cloth coat in 1898 had embroidery on collar, cuffs and pocket flaps, specified as similar to fifth- class civil uniform, . The buttons were convex gilt with mounted crown in relief. Gold lace striped trousers (for levée dress) or white breeches, black or white silk stockings, gilt buckled shoes, beaver or silk cocked hat with black silk cockade gold lace loop and buttons, sword same as civil, suspended by a silk shoulder belt worn underneath the waistcoat, white neck cloth. ===The 20th century: variations on a theme=== By the time Dress worn at Court was published, in 1898, regulations for three different varieties of court dress had been laid down: 'old style velvet', 'new style velvet' and 'cloth'. The velvet suits were in black and without embroidery; the cloth court suit ("for Courts and Evening Parties") is to have embroidery, and is to be "mulberry, claret or green - not blue or black". (Legal and judicial cloth Court suits were black.) The most notable difference between the 'old style' and 'new style' suits is that the old style coat has a curved front and is worn with a lace jabot, whereas the new style coat is cut away at the waist and is worn with a white bow tie. In this, it will be seen that the new style is closer to what is nowadays known as 'white tie' or white tie and tails. This form of dress had begun to be fashionable in the nineteenth century, and was itself given official status as 'Alternative Court Dress' in 1924). ====Old style velvet court dress==== In 1908, the old-style court suit was of velvet, with a cut-back frock style, single-breasted with seven buttons and button-holes, but the coat was actually fastened edge-to-edge on the chest by a hook and eye. There were six buttons at the back, two extra halfway down the tails. A black silk flash or wig-bag, and lace frill and ruffles were worn. A white satin or black silk waistcoat was worn, which was no longer to be embroidered (and has four small buttons). The breeches were black velvet, with three steel buttons and steel buckles at the knee. Black silk stockings, black patent leather shoes with steel buckles, black silk or beaver hat, steel hilt sword and black scabbard (belt under waistcoat) and white gloves completed the dress. At levées velvet trousers with patent leather military boots were worn. In 1912, the old style pointed pocket flaps were to have three buttons (one under each point). The waistcoat has pointed pocket flaps and three buttons under each, skirted fronts. The sword is of sling type, with slings instead of a frog on the black silk waistband. ====New style velvet court dress==== thumb|upright|New style velvet court dress, By 1908, the new style court dress was described as being a single-breasted black silk-velvet coat, worn open but with six buttons, a stand collar, gauntlet cuffs, four buttons at back, two at centre waist, two at bottom of tails. It was lined with black silk, except for the tail, which was white. Buttons were cut steel. The waistcoat was white satin or black silk, breeches were black velvet, with three steel buttons and steel buckles at the knee. Black silk stockings, black patent leather shoes with steel buckles, black silk or beaver hat, steel hilt sword and black scabbard, belt under waistcoat, white gloves, and white bow tie completed the dress. At levées velvet trousers with patent leather military boots were worn. The regulations for 1912 were substantially the same as in 1908. The only difference for the new style was that the pocket flaps were to have the three points on the waist seams, the coat lined with white silk, tails with black lining, trousers were now not allowed at levées. The hat has a steel loop as a black silk cockade or rosette, sword belt a black silk waist belt under the waistcoat, with blue velvet frog. At levées one could wear with the velvet or cloth dress a black or very dark Inverness cape, or a long full dark overcoat. In 1937, the final edition of Dress Worn at Court was published. The new style velvet court dress included a white satin waistcoat (not white corded silk or marcella), or a new optional black velvet waistcoat. The cocked hat is described as "beaver", silk being omitted. The shirt was to be as worn with evening dress, soft front with stiff white cuffs. Trousers were still prohibited. ====Cloth court dress==== In 1908, a dark cloth suit was worn for courts and evening parties. This was mulberry, claret, or green, but not black or blue. It was single-breasted, worn open but with six gilt buttons and dummy button-holes. There was a stand collar, gauntlet cuffs, two buttons at back centre waist, and two at bottom of tails. Gold embroidery was on the collar, cuffs, and pocket flaps as for the 5th class. There were matching breeches, gilt buckled, a white corded silk or marcella waistcoat with four small gilt buttons. Stockings, tie, gloves, shoes, and hat were as for the new style, but gilt buckles were added to the shoes, and a gold loop on the hat. The sword was "Court Dress with gilt hilt", in a black scabbard gilt mounted, with gold knot. At levées, trousers were worn instead of breeches, to match the coat, and patent leather military boots. In 1912 the cloth court dress is still described as embroidered on the collar, cuffs and pocket flaps as for 5th class. Buttons are gilt, convex, mounted with the imperial crown. Matching cloth trousers with rows gold lace. By 1937 the cloth coat was decorated with gold embroidery similar to the edge of a Privy Counsellor's uniform coat, . ====Alternative court dress==== In 1924 white-tie evening dress was given official status as an 'Alternative Court Dress' for use on State occasions.Dress worn at Court 1924 edition; (from 1914 to the 1920s, an unofficial style had been used). It comprised black dress coat with silk facings (or revers), white marcella (or the same material as coat) waistcoat, black cloth knee-breeches with three buttons and black strap fastening with black buckle, black silk stockings with plain black court shoes with bows, and white gloves. This was worn with ordinary dress shirt, collar, white bow tie, and opera hat. This was very similar to the "frock dress" introduced in the mid nineteenth century, and worn at dinners and evening parties when uniform was not worn: frock dress in 1883 comprised dress coat and waistcoat, breeches or pantaloons, white cravat. In 1908 this was described as being dress coat with silk facings, black or white waistcoat, black cloth or stockinette breeches, with three black buttons and buckle at knee, pantaloons not now being allowed. This was worn with plain court shoes with bows, not buckles, and the cravat was replaced by a white tie. A folding cocked hat in corded silk with a black loop and rosette and white gloves finished the dress, which was used for dinners, balls, and receptions. In 1912, the frock dress was the same, except that the hat was now an opera hat. In 1929 and 1937, this was substantially the same, except that a stiff evening dress shirt and a winged collar were added, and opera hat omitted. In the Army and Navy Stores catalogue of 1939 this dress is described as the "new pattern cloth (alternative) Evening Dress". Official sanction of 'Frock dress' as an alternative to Court dress coincided with the election of Britain's first Labour government (George V is said to have shown sensitivity to his new government in sartorial matters). Similarly, for the 1937 Coronation, gentlemen were firmly instructed to wear 'full-dress uniform or full velvet Court dress'; but a note in the Gazette reveals that 'Members of the House of Commons may obtain particulars of alternative dress from the Speaker's Secretary' and likewise 'representatives of trade unions and friendly societies may apply for information as to their dress to the Earl Marshal's office'.Reported in the Glasgow Herald, 3 February 1937. By the time of the 1953 Coronation, those in procession in the Abbey were instructed to wear full-dress uniform or Court dress; but for other gentlemen a range of dress was permitted: 'one of the forms of Court Dress as laid down in the Lord Chamberlain's Regulations for Dress at Court, or evening dress with knee breeches or trousers, or morning dress, or dark lounge suits.'London Gazette, 2 December 1952 On both occasions, 'Oriental dress' was also permitted, for those for whom it was 'the usual Ceremonial Costume'. ===The 21st century=== In the twenty-first century old and new style velvet Court Dress has become the distinctive garb of High Sheriffs (see the external images in the links on the right). Male members of the Royal Family continue to wear 'Alternative Court Dress' (with knee-breeches) for the annual Diplomatic Reception at Buckingham Palace.Photo, 2016. Varieties of court dress continue to be worn by senior legal professionals, and by certain parliamentary and other officials. ===Legal and other variations=== ====Legal court dress==== thumbnail|upright|Legal court dress worn under ceremonial robe by a Lord Justice of Appeal There were slight variations in the velvet and cloth court suits in the case of the judiciary and the legal profession in 1937. This is worn still by legal persons, mostly by King's Counsel and judges of the superior courts – when sitting in the divisional court and administrative court of the King's Bench division of the High Court, and in the Court of Appeal Criminal Division – and by some parliamentary officials. It is a single-breasted cloth or velvet coat, of cut-away front style, with seven buttons although actually fastened edge-to-edge on the chest by a hook and eye arrangement. There are six buttons at the back, with two extra halfway down the tails. The coat is worn with a waistcoat, breeches to match the coat, black silk stockings, buckled shoes, sling sword, cocked hat, lace frill, ruffles, black silk flash (or wig-bag). They are worn with military boots and trousers for levées. For daily wear, only the coat and waistcoat are worn, with trousers and shoes. Full dress for the Lord Chancellor and judges comprises black cloth or velvet court coat, waistcoat, black cloth knee breeches, black silk stockings, shoes and steel buckles, plain bands, white gloves, and a beaver hat. The cloth dress is worn only on such occasions as when attending St Paul's Cathedral in state, the Lord Chancellor's Breakfast, in court on the first day of Michaelmas Law Term, and at the House of Lords when His Majesty The King is personally present, and is worn with robes, wigs and lace bands. On other state and semi-state occasions, ordinary black velvet court dress of the legal style should be worn. ====Parliamentary use==== The Clerks of both Houses wear short wig and gown over a legal cloth court suit, worn with trousers and white bow tie. At the State Opening and on similar occasions the Clerk of the Parliaments and the Clerk of the House of Commons wear the same dress but with knee-breeches and lace jabot & cuffs. The Clerk of the Crown and their Deputy wear the same dress in most respects, but with bands rather than bow tie. The Serjeants at Arms wear a cloth court suit of legal pattern with knee-breeches, white gloves and silver-hilted sword. On State occasions they wear lace and a Collar of Esses also. Black Rod is similarly dressed (with, on State occasions, his chain of office rather than the collar) but with black-hilted sword, black leather gloves and black shoe- buckles (rather than silver). Attendants or messengers in both Houses have, since the nineteenth century, worn a black evening dress suit, black waistcoat, white tie and a silver badge suspended from the neck. In the House of Commons, the Speaker traditionally wore a black silk gown over a black cloth court suit of legal pattern, knee-breeches, white bands, full-bottomed wig, and carried a three-cornered hat. On state occasions, as when attending on His Majesty together with the House of Commons (such as for the State Opening of Parliament or the presentation of an Address) the Speaker traditionally wore a state robe of black satin damask with gold lace guarding over a black velvet court suit, lace jabot, lace ruffles or cuffs, full- bottomed wig and white gloves, with hat. For mourning, the Speaker has traditionally worn a black paramatta gown, white 'weepers' (broad linen wraps) on coat cuffs, broad-hemmed frill and ruffles instead of lace, lawn bands, and black buckles on shoes and knees replacing the bright metal ones. This was worn by Sir Lindsay Hoyle in 2022 when the House of Commons sat in the aftermath of the death of Queen Elizabeth II. Others in Court dress wear broad-hemmed frill and ruffles, black buckles and gloves and a black-mounted sword. The Speaker's Secretary and his train-bearer wear a black cloth court suit of legal pattern, with lace frill and ruffles, steel buckles on breeches and shoes, cocked hat and sword. The formal dress of the Lord Chancellor was and is almost identical to that traditionally worn by the Speaker of the House of Commons, as is that of the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords. ====Clerical court dress==== At courts and levées, bishops were directed to wear rochet and chimere; other clergy (and nonconformist ministers) were to wear cassock, gown and scarf. For 'state or full dress dinners, and evening state parties', however, they were to wear a cloth court coat with knee-breeches and buckled shoes. For bishops the coat was purple (and was worn with a half-cassock called an 'apron'). For other clergy, the court coat was black; (deans and archdeacons wore aprons, junior clergy wore a clerical waistcoat). Archbishops of Canterbury continued to wear this form of dress, at state banquets, into the twenty-first century. ====Scottish dress==== thumbnail|right|Scottish dress In 1898, a special dress with sword and dirk was allowed for Chiefs and petty Chiefs as a military uniform at court. By 1908, this was extended to Highland gentlemen, and comprised: kilt, sporran, doublet of cloth or velvet, Highland belts, claymore, dirk, long plaid. By 1912, the qualification was absent and the description was more detailed. It was to comprise: * black silk velvet full dress doublet * set of silver Celtic or crested buttons * superfine tartan full dress kilt * short trews (if desired) * full dress tartan hose * full dress-length shoulder plaid * full dress white hair sporran, silver-mounted and tassels * dirk with knife and fork * sgian dubh (sock knife) * patent leather shoulder belt, silver-mounted * waist belt with silver clasp * silver mounted shoulder brooch * silver kilt pin * lace jabot * one pair buckles for instep of shoes * one pair small ankle buckles for shoes * full dress brogues * Highland claymore. * Glengarry or Balmoral, crest or ornament * Cross belt of leather (or metal mounted) for carrying the sword worn over the right shoulder. By 1937, the shoulder plaid became shoulder plaid or belted plaid. Dress sporran could be hair, fur, or skin, any pattern. Footwear was dress shoes and brogues. Highland Bonnet, feather or feathers if entitled. Highland pistols and powder horn may be worn. Dress Doublet- of velvet, cloth or tartan. Waistcoat [if doublet is intended to be worn unbuttoned]- velvet, cloth, tartan; dress kilt; dress hose; plaid either shoulder or belted; shoulder brooch for plaid; dress sporran and strap or chain (sealskin, silver furnished top)- can be hair, fur, skin; Highland basket-hilt sword, black leather or metal mounted scabbard; sgian dubh (sock knife); dirk; kilt pin; jabot, lace (lace, silk, satin or lawn stock); cuffs, lace; Ghillie Brogue shoes (leather uppers, soles and tassels) or Dress shoes (with buckle); Highland Bonnet; belt and buckle (leather and lined); flashes; Highland pistols and powder horn may be worn; gloves are not worn. ==Women's court dress== For women (as for men) court dress originally meant the best and most opulent style of clothing, as worn in fashionable and royal society. A distinctive style can be seen in the dresses and accoutrements worn by courtly ladies in the Elizabethan period, and likewise in subsequent reigns. The Commonwealth put a stop to Court activity – and to opulent display in general; but with the Restoration, the opportunities afforded by attendance at the royal court was taken up all the more zealously by young women of status or aspiration (and their families). Fashion (and wealth) continued to dictate what was worn on these occasions; but in the late eighteenth century, a degree of fossilisation began to set in, with the result that women in attendance at royal courts were still, in the early nineteenth century, to be seen in garments with side-hoops, reminiscent of forms of dress fashionable in the mid-1700s. In the 1820s, however, George IV made known his opinion that obsolete side-hooped dresses should no longer be worn; and thereafter fashion began to have more of an impact on the style of dress worn by women at court. thumb|Court dress, c.1890. Dress with long train attached, worn with feathers and veil Courtly garments, then, can be seen reflecting something of the contemporary fashions of high society, from the expansive skirts and crinolines of the 1850-60s, through the posterior bustles of the 1870s & 80s, right through to the straight gowns of the 1920s. Some details of court dress, though, were more or less invariable (and these set court dress apart from more ordinary forms of evening or day wear in any given period). Moreover, from the late eighteenth century, what was worn at court had been subject to a degree of regulation, and this helped standardise certain features. Most noticeably, court dresses (regardless of style) are expected to have a sizeable train (usually separate from the dress itself). Trains were required to be a minimum of three yards in length; in the late 1800s a length of fifteen yards was not unusual. The dress itself was expected to be long and low-cut (again, whatever the style). The prescribed headwear was also distinctive: ostrich feathers (usually three in number) were to be worn (to be 'mounted as a Prince of Wales plume', according to the instructions given in Dress worn at Court) - a style which had its origin in fashionable eighteenth- century daywear. In addition, a short veil was worn, and/or lace lappets (first seen in the 1660s, and still being worn by some ladies in the 1930s). By the end of the nineteenth century, the main occasions at which court dresses were worn were those at which debutantes were presented to the Queen. In the twentieth century (especially following the First World War), occasions for full court dress diminished. It was still required wear for ladies attending the 1937 coronation (albeit without trains and veils - and Peeresses were expected to wear tiaras rather than feathers);London Gazette, 29 December 1936 ff but in 1953, ladies attending the coronation were directed to wear 'evening dresses or afternoon dresses, with a light veiling falling from the back of the head. Tiaras may be worn ... no hats'.London Gazette, 29 December 1952 Court presentations continued, except during wartime, but they gradually became less opulent. In the post-war 1940s evening court events were replaced with afternoon presentations (for which afternoon dresses were worn); and with that, the donning of full court dress ceased to be a rite of passage for young women taking their place in society. ==Court uniform== thumb|upright|Full- dress, 1st class, civil uniform worn by Sir Walter Townley Court uniform came into being in the early nineteenth century. Two orders of dress are prescribed: full dress and levée dress. The full-dress uniform consists of a dark blue high-collar jacket with gold oak-leaf embroidery on the chest, cuffs and long tails; white breeches and stockings; and a cocked hat edged with ostrich feathers. Levée dress is less ornate: the jacket is comparatively plain (with embroidery on the cuffs, collar and pockets only), and is worn with dark blue gold-striped trousers instead of breeches. On occasions, trousers are worn with the full-dress jacket; this is sometimes referred to as 'half-dress'.NB this term is ambiguous, as it is also used as a synonym for levée dress in some contexts. Different grades (or 'classes') of uniform were stipulated for different grades of official; these are described in detail below. In the United Kingdom, court uniform was formerly worn by various ranks within the Civil and Diplomatic Service, by Privy Counsellors, and by officials of the Royal Household (who were distinguished from other wearers of the uniform by having scarlet, rather than blue, collar and cuffs). Full dress was worn at courts, evening state parties, drawing rooms, state balls, state concerts, etc.; levée dress was worn at levées, and other ceremonies where full dress was not worn. Neither were worn after retirement without special permission. ===Origin, development, and detail of the design=== In 1820, King George IV introduced a court uniform based on the Windsor uniform, modified by the dress of the Marshal of France. It had a dark blue single-breasted tail coat (or "coatee"), lined with black silk, the stand collar and gauntlet cuffs having scarlet velvet facings, gilt buttons, waistcoat, breeches or trousers. Soon only the Royal Household wore scarlet cloth facings, and all others had black velvet collar and cuffs. Later the facings, collar and cuffs became blue velvet. ====Classification==== Court uniforms came in five (later six) classes. Which class of uniform was worn depended on the office held by the wearer: the more senior the position, the higher the class of uniform. In India, for example, in 1921, the Governors of Bengal, Bombay and Madras were entitled to wear the 1st class uniform, the President, Members, Secretary and Chief Engineer of the Railway Board (among others) were entitled to 3rd class uniform, while Under Secretaries to Local Governments (among others) were entitled to 5th class uniform. The different classes were indicated by different widths of gold oak-leaf embroidery on the coatee: 1st class had , 2nd class had , 3rd class had , 4th class , and 5th class ; (these measurements related to the width of embroidery on the cuffs in both full and levée dress). On the edge of the cuffs, collar and coatee, the embroidery had a wavy edging for 1st class, and saw edge for lower classes. ====Full dress and levée dress==== For each class of uniform, both a 'full dress' version and a 'levée dress' version were stipulated; which was worn depended on the occasion. In full dress the coatee's chest, back, tails back and front, collar, cuffs and pocket flaps were all decorated with gold oak-leaf embroidery. It was fastened by hooks and eyes, with dummy buttons bearing the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (nine buttons up the front, showing between the two embroidered edges two at the waist behind, two at the bottom of back skirts). The coatee had white silk linings, and was worn with white breeches, white gloves, and patent leather court shoes with gilt buckles. The sword had black scabbard, gilt mountings, and sword knot of gold lace strap with bullion tassel; it was worn on a sword belt of white web, with white cloth frog. In levée dress the coatee had the same embroidery, but only on collar, cuffs, and pocket flaps; the collar of the 1st and 2nd classes had embroidery all around the neck as on full dress, whereas that of 3rd class had front embroidery long, that of 4th class had front embroidery long, and that of 5th class a saw edge only. The coatee was fastened with practical buttons bearing the Crown onto button-holes. Blue cloth trousers were worn in place of breeches, with a gold oak lace stripe, wide for 1st and 2nd classes, for 3rd and 4th classes, and for 5th class. White gloves were again worn, while patent leather military boots replaced the buckled shoes, and the sword accessories were similar to that on full dress, but with blue cloth frog. Separate full- dress and levee-dress coatees were only provided for the higher grades of official (those holding 1st, 2nd or 3rd class Household positions, or 1st or 2nd class Civil Service positions); lower-grade officials (those holding 4th or 5th class Household, or 3rd, 4th or 5th class Civil Service positions) were only entitled to a levée dress coatee; this was worn for both full dress and levée dress occasions (with breeches worn for full dress, trousers for levée dress). ====Accoutrements==== thumb|right|upright|The great coat and cape could be worn separately or (as seen here, in 1938) together. Both types of dress were worn with black beaver cocked hat, with black silk cockade; for the 1st class it had white ostrich feather border, as well as treble gold bullion loop and tassels. The 2nd class was as above, but with double gold bullion loop and tassels. The 3rd, 4th, 5th class had black ostrich feather border, plaited gold bullion loops, and no tassels. In addition, a scarlet lined blue cloth cloak, double breasted, black velvet collar and two rows of six buttons each, with a detachable cape, was described in 1898 for outdoor wear, with a soft cloth forage cap (military staff shape), with a blue peak and scarlet welts around the crown and gold braid on top for the Household, and gold braid without scarlet welt in the case of other officials. The cap for consular use had silver instead of gold braid. A greatcoat as an alternative to the cloak was available in 1912. In 1908, white gloves were still mentioned in the regulations, while in 1912 they were not, and the 1937 regulation said that they are not worn. ====20th-century changes==== A sixth uniform, which was classified as the 1st class of civil uniform, was introduced after the First World War, that of Privy Counsellors. Thereafter, the embroidery measured for the new 1st class, for the old 1st class, and for old 2nd class; whereas the lace for old 3rd class, for the old 4th class and for the old 5th class were replaced by a standard gold lace on the cuffs (so that the collar alone became the distinguishing feature between these three classes of uniform). The gold oak lace stripe for Privy Counsellors trousers measured , as did 1st and 2nd classes. The trouser stripes of the 3rd class remained , but that of 4th and 5th was now . For Privy Counsellors, on both levée and full dress coatees, the embroidery had a purl edging; the cocked hat was similar to that of the 1st class, but with additional hangers on the gold tassels. From the early 20th century the Privy Counsellors, 1st and 2nd classes' levée coatee embroidery was extended to include the centre back waist as well as the collar, cuffs and pocket flaps. Cabinet ministers, being Privy Counsellors, are entitled to wear the 1st Class civil uniform and continue to be so entitled after they leave Cabinet. Edward VII ordered Privy Counsellors to wear civil uniform at Privy Council meetings, but this requirement has lapsed. In lieu of Civil Uniform or Court Dress, alternative dress may be worn by gentlemen (except for Household, Diplomatics and Consular Services) on all occasions when uniform or court dress is prescribed. ====21st century==== By the end of the 20th century the use of this uniform had greatly diminished. Within Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service ambassadors retain a simplified version for wear on such occasions as the presentation of credentials and then only when accredited to certain countries. Until about 1965 Foreign Office Regulations and Consular Instructions had required even junior foreign service officers to acquire this formal dress following completion of their probation period. The Governors of the few remaining colonial territories were notified in 2004 that the expense of providing uniforms would no longer be a recognised charge against the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In the UK, Court uniform is still worn by a few select officials on formal State occasions (such as at the State Opening of Parliament); but the last time it was worn by people in significant numbers was at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Breeches, stockings and court shoes are now confined to coronations so trousers of the levee version are worn instead with full dress. ===Great Officers of State=== The Lord Great Chamberlain wears a unique form of Court uniform, his coatee being scarlet (with scarlet facings) rather than blue. The Earl Marshal's coatee is also scarlet, with dark blue collar and cuffs. The Earl Marshal's officers (i.e. the Pursuivants, Heralds and Kings of Arms) wear similar coatees with varying degrees of embroidery. All the aforementioned continue to wear the uniform at the State Opening of Parliament and on other occasions, the officers of arms wearing it under their tabards. ===Foreign Service variants=== Members of the Diplomatic Service wore Court Uniform: ambassadors' coats wore 1st class civil uniform, but with additional embroidery on the sleeves and back seams. High commissioners for Dominions in London wore 1st class uniform. The High Commissioner for Southern Rhodesia, and Agents-General for Australian states, wore 2nd class uniform. The King's or Queen's Foreign Service Messengers were entitled to 5th class court uniform (upgraded to 4th class in 1929) and also wore a distinctive greyhound badge. Members of the Consular Service wore a slightly different form of the uniform, with silver embroidery rather than gold predominating. The coatee (for both full-dress and levée dress) was in blue cloth, with a Prussian collar, single-breasted buttoning with nine frosted gilt buttons of royal arms, two more buttons on back waist, two more on coat tails. Consuls-general and consuls had embroidered gold and silver lace on collar, cuffs, pocket flaps, and back. Consuls-general had , consuls . Vice-consuls on cuffs, and front half of collar only. All wore white breeches and stockings, patent leather court shoes with gilt buckles for full dress, or trousers with silver lace stripes and patent leather military boots for levée dress. Consuls' stripes were , others' were . These were worn with black beaver cocked hats, black cockade, silver bullion loops, and gold tassels. For consuls-general there were treble loops and a border of black ostrich feathers, for consuls double loops, and for vice-consuls single loops. A blue greatcoat or cloak, blue detachable cape was for outdoors use. The sword accessories were the same as for standard court uniform. Members of the Colonial Service wore Court Uniform (or military uniform, if so entitled); but Governors, and Governors General have distinctive uniform of their own: a plain blue coat, scarlet collar and cuffs (embroidered in silver), silver epaulettes and trimmings and a plumed hat (with Governors General wearing aiguillettes in addition). This uniform (in slightly simplified form) continues to be worn by Governors of British Overseas Territories. Lieutenant- Governors and other officials of various ranks wear regular Court Uniform, as detailed above. Indian members of the Indian Civil Service were entitled to civil uniform, with a turban or pagri replacing the cocked hat, or the national dress which they were accustomed to wear on ceremonial occasions. They could also wear a blue coat buttoning from the neck to below the waist, worn with white trousers or pyjamas and the native head-dress. ====Tropical dress==== For all the above, a simplified white uniform was provided for use in tropical postings: of white drill with gilt buttons. Members of the diplomatic and consular services had the same embroidery on the collar and cuffs as on the full-dress blue coatee, but worked on (detachable) white cloth panels. Members of the colonial service, on the other hand, wore dark blue gorget patches with gold braid, which varied according to rank (as did the number of buttons on the cuff). With this uniform the same cocked hat was worn as with the temperate uniform, or else (specifically 'out of doors during the day') a white sun helmet would be worn; in full-dress, the helmet would have a spike attached (for members of the diplomatic and consular services) or (for governors and governors general) a plume. ==See also== * Choir dress * Dress uniform * Ghillies * Mess dress * Sumptuary law * Windsor uniform * Nationella dräkten ==Notes== ==Sources== Dress Worn at Court , published by the Lord Chamberlain's Office, provides official regulations for all details of Court Dress and Uniforms. The 1937 edition has not been superseded. Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II by Philip Mansel, London: Yale University Press, 2005, . ==External links== * * CUH&GS;: Dress and Insignia Worn at Court, 1937, accessed 4 February 2006. Citing Titman, G.A. (1937): Dress and Insignia Worn at His Majesty's Court. Harrison and Sons Limited. Category:1810s fashion Category:1820s fashion Category:19th-century fashion Category:20th-century fashion Category:British uniforms Category:History of clothing (Western fashion) Category:State ritual and ceremonies Category:19th century in the United Kingdom Category:Court uniforms and dress Category:Material culture of royal courts |
In Dianetics and Scientology, auditing is a sequence of actions whereby the "auditor" takes an individual through times in their current or past lives with the purpose of ridding the individual of negative influences from past events or behaviors. According to practitioners, auditing is meant to bring the individual to "Clear" status; thus, an individual being audited is known as a "preclear" or PC. Auditing was invented by L. Ron Hubbard as an integral part of Dianetics, first introduced in 1950. In 1951, auditing also became a core practice of Scientology. The E-meter, a device to measure electrodermal activity, became an integral part of auditing in scientology. According to the Church of Scientology, "one formal definition of auditing is the action of asking a person a question (which he can understand and answer), getting an answer to that question and acknowledging him or her for that answer". Hubbard claimed auditing provided many benefits including unsupported medical and psychological health effects. Since 1971, Scientology now publishes disclaimers in its books and publications declaring that the E-Meter "by itself does nothing", and that it is used specifically for spiritual purposes, not for mental or physical health. ==Description== In the context of Dianetics or Scientology auditing, Dianetics addresses the body, Scientology the spirit or being. Auditing is an activity where an auditor, trained in the task of communication, listens and gives auditing commands to a subject, who is referred to as a "preclear", or more often as a "PC". Auditing sessions are confidential. Auditing involves the use of "processes", which are sets of questions asked or directions given by an auditor. Based on a prior interview looking for "charged" subjects—"charge" being that which prevents the PC from thinking on a subject or getting rid of a subject or approaching a subject—on the E-meter, found by asking questions to the PC in regard to them and their fancied case. When the specific objective of any one process is achieved, the process is ended, and another can then be started. Through auditing, the subjects are said to free themselves from barriers that inhibit their natural abilities. Charged areas can be viewed as areas of misinformation or lies. Once uncovered, they dissipate as their truth becomes apparent and the charge is eliminated once viewed for what it really is, an untruth. The auditor is obliged to maintain a strict code of conduct, called the Auditor's Code. Auditing is said to be successful only when the auditor conducts himself in accordance with the Code. A violation of the Auditor's Code is considered a high crime in Scientology. The code outlines a series of 29 promises, which include pledges such as: * Not to evaluate for the preclear or tell him what he should think about his case in session * Not to invalidate the preclear's case or gains in or out of session * Never to use the secrets of a preclear divulged in session for punishment or personal gain The main intention of an auditing session is to remove "charged incidents" that have caused trauma, which are believed in Scientology to be stored in the "reactive mind". These incidents must then be eliminated for proper functioning. In 1952, auditing techniques "began to focus on the goal of exteriorizing the thetan" with the goal of providing complete spiritual awareness. === Preclear === The preclear or pc is the person who is being audited — the client, formerly called the patient. At most levels of auditing, there are two people present: the auditor is the one asking questions, and the preclear is the one answering them. In some of the upper levels, a person audits oneself, being both auditor and preclear at the same time. The term was created back when the ultimate goal of auditing was to create a person who had been cleared, ergo the person being audited was pre-Clear. However, even after Hubbard created the upper levels, the term preclear was still used even if the person had surpassed the state of Clear. The term has continued to represent the role in auditing rather than the level the person has attained. During an auditing session, the auditor writes down the questions and the preclear's answers, and the papers are stored in the client's pc folder (preclear folder). ===E-meter=== thumb|Mark Super VII Quantum E-meter Most auditing sessions employ a device called the Hubbard Electropsychometer or E-Meter. The E-Meter is not a custom electrodermal activity measurement device, instead it measures the resistance of the body (flesh, bones, liquids and all; skin resistance is only a small part of the total resistance being measured) from one hand through the breast to the other hand. It measures changes in the electrical resistance of the "preclear" by passing a small electric current (typically in the range from 50 µA to 120 µA) through the preclear's body by means of a pair of tin-plated tubes originally much like empty soup cans, attached to the meter by wires and held by the preclear during auditing. These changes in electrical resistance are allegedly a reliable and precise indication of changes in the "reactive mind" of the preclear. According to L. Ron Hubbard the development of the E-Meter enabled auditing techniques and made it more precise. Later, the E-Meter was used to identify which processes should (and could) be run and equally crucially, to determine when to stop running a particular action. As a repair tool, the E-Meter reacts to a list of possible difficulties and relevant phrases, called out by the auditor, helping to guide the auditor to the difficulty. Hubbard clarified how the E-Meter should be used in conjunction with auditing: Hubbard claimed that the device also has such sensitivity that it can measure whether or not fruits can experience pain, claiming in 1968 that tomatoes "scream when sliced". Scientology teaches that individuals are immortal souls or spirits (called thetans by Scientology) and are not limited to a single lifetime. Scientologists state that the E-Meter aids the auditor in locating subliminal memories ("engrams", "incidents", and "implants") of past events in a thetan's current life and in previous ones. In such Scientology publications as Have You Lived Before This Life, Hubbard wrote about past life experiences dating back billions and even trillions of years. When various foundations of Dianetics were formed in the 1950s, auditing sessions were a hybrid of confession, counseling and psychotherapy. According to Passas and Castillo, the E-Meter was used to "disclose truth to the individual who is being processed and thus free him spiritually". == The Bridge == The Bridge to Total Freedom, also known as the Classification, Gradation and Awareness Chart, is Scientology's primary road map to guide a person through the sequential steps to attain Scientology's concept of spiritual freedom. In Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, Hubbard used the analogy of a bridge: "We are here at a bridge between one state of Man and a next. We are above the chasm which divides a lower from a higher plateau and this chasm marks an artificial evolutionary step in the progress of Man. [...] In this handbook we have the basic axioms and a therapy which works. For God's sake, get busy and build a better bridge!" The current Classification, Gradation and Awareness Chart is printed with red ink on white paper and hangs as a poster in every Scientology organization. A newcomer to Scientology starts the Bridge at the bottom of the chart and rises through the levels, perhaps reaching the level of Clear, then continuing upward through the OT Levels to higher states of awareness and ability. == Procedure == Each Grade on the Bridge has a list of processes that auditors should run. Some auditing actions use commands, for example "Recall a time you knew you understood someone," and some auditing actions use questions such as, "What are you willing for me to talk to others about?" Below are sample commands from processes run in each Grade. :ARC Straightwire: "Recall a communication." :Grade 0: "Recall a place from which you have communicated to another." :Grade I: "Recall a problem you have had with another." :Grade II: "Recall a secret." :Grade III: "Can you recall a time of change?" :Grade IV: "What about a victim you could be responsible for?" Each Grade is targeted at a specific area of potential difficulty a person might have. The working hypothesis is that if the subject matter is not "charged"; in other words, if it is not causing any difficulty, then it will not read on the E-meter, and therefore will not be run. (Reference see above) A possible audit could be performed like this: :Auditor: "Recall a secret." :Preclear: "I deliberately broke the window in the hall with my ball." :Auditor: "Thank you. Recall a secret." :Preclear: "I saw my sister kissing the postman." :Auditor: "Ok. Recall a secret." :Preclear: "I hate my mum's apple pie, but my dad told me not to tell her." :Auditor: "Thank you. Recall a secret." ==Controversy== ===Preclear folders=== The Scientology and Dianetics auditing process has raised concerns from a number of quarters, as auditing sessions are permanently recorded in the form of handwritten notes in preclear folders, which are supposed to be kept private. Judge Paul Breckenridge, in Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong, noted that Mary Sue Hubbard (the plaintiff in that case) "authored the infamous order 'GO 121669', which directed culling of supposedly confidential P.C. Preclear files/folders for the purposes of internal security". This directive was later canceled because it was not part of Scientology as written by L. Ron Hubbard. Bruce Hines has noted in an interview with Hoda Kotb that Scientology's collecting of personal and private information through auditing can possibly leave an adherent vulnerable to potential "blackmail" should they ever consider disaffecting from the cult. A number of sources have claimed that information gleaned from preclear folders have indeed been used for intimidation and harassment. ===Anderson Report=== In 1965 the Anderson Report, an official inquiry conducted for the state of Victoria, Australia, found that auditing involved a form of "authoritative" or "command" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes "positive authoritative control" over the subject. "It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous. ... the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute ... which was virtually unchallenged—leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology." Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology) by Kevin Victor Anderson, Q.C. Published 1965 by the State of Victoria, Australia. ===Claims=== L. Ron Hubbard claimed benefits from auditing including improved IQ, improved ability to communicate, enhanced memory and alleviation of issues such as psychosis, dyslexia and attention deficit disorder. Some people have alleged that auditing amounts to medical treatment without a license, and in the 1950s, some auditors were arrested on the charge. The Church disputes that it is practicing medicine, and it has successfully established in United States courts of law that auditing addresses only spiritual relief. According to the Church, the psychotherapist treats mental health and the Church treats the spiritual being. Hubbard clarified the difference between the two: In 1971, a ruling of the United States District Court, District of Columbia (333 F. Supp. 357), specifically stated that the E-meter "has no proven usefulness in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of any disease, nor is it medically or scientifically capable of improving any bodily function." As a result of this ruling, Scientology now publishes disclaimers in its books and publications declaring that the E-meter "by itself does nothing" and that it is used specifically for spiritual purposes. ===Child auditors=== Dutch investigative reporter Rinke Verkerk reported that she was given an auditing session by an 11-year-old in the Netherlands. This has been criticized by clinical psychologists and child psychologists, on the grounds that secondary stress can affect children more strongly than adults. The fact that the child was working full days for a whole weekend was also considered to be problematic. An auditor is only allowed to audit processes (on others) which are below his own case (level of auditing which he has undergone). == See also == * Scientology security checks ==References== ==External links== *Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter Auditing Category:Pseudoscience |
Jerseyville is the largest city in and the county seat of Jersey County, Illinois, United States. At the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 8,337. Jerseyville is a part of Southern Illinois, the Metro-East region and the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area. ==History== In 1827, James Faulkner, a Pennsylvania native, and his family built a small framed structure that was named the "Little Red House," in the area that is now known as Jerseyville. The "Little Red House" served as the first stagecoach station, first tavern, first school, and first bank in the immediate area. By 1834, the small settlement that grew up around Faulkner's home, then known as Hickory Grove by its residents, was surveyed and platted by two immigrants from New Jersey, John Lott and Edward M. Daly. Lott and Daly's involvement marked the beginning of a proportionally large number of merchants, businessmen and settlers from New Jersey. A meeting was called in that same year at the "Little Red House" to vote for a town name, so a post office could be established. The name of Jerseyville was chosen to honor the native state of many of its inhabitants.Jerseyville description & history , retrieved August 24, 2007 In 1839, Jersey County was formed out of Greene County and Jerseyville was named as its county seat. Jerseyville was a minor stopping point on the historic Underground Railroad before and during the Civil War. The "Little Red House" and a few other residences were utilized as stations for the Underground Railroad until the end of the Civil War, with some residences having false cellars that were used to hide slaves searching for freedom. After the American Civil War ended, and the construction of the Alton & Chicago Railroad was completed, Jerseyville saw a period of commercial, industrial and urban growth. The first major period of growth in the city occurred from 1880 to 1916, and from that time to the present, Jerseyville's growth has since been steady and substantial. The majority of the commercial structures that are now located in the Downtown Historic District and Courthouse Square were built during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was also during this time that the present Jersey County Courthouse was built. The two-story, Romanesque Revival building was completed in 1893, and is considered to be one of the most aesthetic courthouses in the area. Other nearby Victorian style buildings in the city include Queen Anne, Edwardian and Italianate architectural features, with several of these buildings having been recently renovated. From 1912 to 1918, Jerseyville was the terminus of an interurban electric passenger railroad from Alton which was the stub of a project by the Alton, Jacksonville and Peoria Railway for a line to Peoria.Hilton & Due: The Electric Interurban Railways in America Stanford University Press 1960 p. 351 In recent decades, Jerseyville has been a testing ground in the agricultural biotechnology field. Bayer (formerly Monsanto) owns and operates a facility located just south of the city, which in 1987, was the site of the world's very first biotechnology field trial – first with tomatoes and later that year with soybeans. The facility was also home to the first triple stacked corn trial in 1998, which later became a part of one of Monsanto's top-selling products. The facility was further expanded in 2008, and now consists of sixteen greenhouses and almost of land for field testing.Monsanto Jerseyville description , retrieved April 1, 2011 The Downtown Historic District is presently home to some antique stores and gift shops, some clothing and shoe stores, a pharmacy, public library, post office, and several local restaurants and banks. Most of the growth that has occurred since the early 1990s has been in the southern and southwestern portions of the city, where new residential subdivisions and retail shopping centers have been built, and where numerous land annexations have been made by the city. ==Geography== Jerseyville is located at (39.120789, -90.327545). According to the 2010 census, Jerseyville has a total area of , all land. ===Climate=== Typically, the city's climate reflects most Midwest cities, located in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type (Köppen Dfa and Cfa, respectively), with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. Spring is the wettest season and produces severe weather ranging from tornadoes to snow or ice storms. Summers are hot and humid, and the humidity often makes the heat index rise to temperatures feeling well above . Fall is mild with lower humidity and can produce intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow flurries usually forming in late November. Winters can be cold at times with periodic light snow and temperatures below freezing. In recent years, average temperatures in Jerseyville have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July. The record low temperature of was recorded in January 1977 and the record high temperature of was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranges from in February to in May. ==Demographics== thumb|alt=Location of Jerseyville within Jersey County|Location of Jerseyville within Jersey County As of the census of 2000, there were 7,984 people, 3,260 households, and 2,089 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,423 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.85% White, 0.09% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population. There were 3,260 households, out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35, and the average family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,556, and the median income for a family was $46,832. Males had a median income of $37,312 versus $21,282 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,178. About 5.8% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over. ==Culture== ===National Register of Historic Places=== Jerseyville has five places and sites that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Jersey County Courthouse and the Jerseyville Downtown Historic District were added in 1986. The Col. William H. Fulkerson Farmstead was added to the Register in 1998, and the Fisher-Chapman Farmstead was added in 2012. The Jerseyville First Presbyterian Church was added to the Register in 2021. ===Media=== Print / Online: *Daily newspaper: The Telegraph - published out of Alton, but also covers the Jerseyville and Jersey County areas *Weekly newspaper: The Jersey County Journal - distributed every Thursday and available online *Weekly classifieds: The Jersey County Advantage - print only Radio: *WJBM 1480 kHz AM / 104.7 mHz FM - has a talk radio / country music format *KXI70 162.450 mHz - NOAA Weather Radio Jerseyville is also served by most stations in the St. Louis area market. ===Recreation=== The Jerseyville Parks and Recreation Department maintains and operates seven parks: *Blackorby Athletic Field - Franklin Ave. *Dolan Park - June and Spruce St. *Lions Club Park - Jefferson and Spruce St. *Northmoor Park - Liberty St. *Rotary Club Centennial Park - Liberty, Prairie, and Carpenter St. (Illinois Route 16) *Wittman Park - Jefferson St. *Wock Family Lake - June St. and Fidelity Rd. The Donald W. Snyders Community Sports Complex is located on the southern side of the city on County Road, east of Jersey Community Middle School. The complex is made up of two baseball fields, two softball fields, one football field, outdoor oval track, and a concession stand. The complex, which is maintained by Jersey Community Unit School District 100, replaced the previous oval track and football field at Jersey Community High School, as the building was built on top of the field in 2005. ==Government== Jerseyville uses a city commission form of government, consisting of four commissioners and one mayor. The city's current mayor is William Russell. ==Education== Jerseyville has a number of public and private schools. Public schools are part of Jersey Community Unit School District 100. ; Elementary schools * East Elementary School (Grades 3 through 5) * West Elementary School (Grades Pre-K through 2) * Holy Ghost School (Grades Pre-K through 4) ; Middle schools * Jersey Community Middle School (Grades 5 through 7) * St. Francis Xavier School (Grades 5 through 8) ; High school *Jersey Community High School (Grades 8th through 12th) Both Holy Ghost and St. Francis Xavier Schools are private Roman Catholic schools. Schools in Jerseyville had a total combined enrollment of 2,720 students.ILDCEO Community Profile , retrieved March 9, 2008 Nearby colleges and universities include Principia College, in Elsah, and Lewis and Clark Community College, in Godfrey. == Religious organizations == Jerseyville is home to a number of religious organizations, consisting of both small and large congregations. Churches that serve Jerseyville are listed here in alphabetical order: *Church of the Nazarene *Eastland Baptist Church *Faith Temple Pentecostal Church *First Assembly of God *First Baptist Church *First Church of Christ, Scientist *First Presbyterian Church *Gospel Assembly Church *Grace Community Baptist Church *Holy Ghost Church *Hope Lutheran Church *Jerseyville Church of Christ *Jerseyville Methodist Church *Kingdom Increase Church *LifechurchX *Open Door House of Praise *Peace United Church of Christ *St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church *Victory Baptist Church ==Infrastructure== ===Transportation=== Two major highways run through the city. US Highway 67 runs along a north–south route, while Illinois Route 16 runs along a west–east route. Also, Illinois Route 109 has its northern terminus in Jerseyville at US Highway 67. A four-lane expansion of US Highway 67 in Jerseyville has been in the planning stages for years, and is currently in Illinois' five-year road construction plan. The plan includes the Jerseyville Bypass, which is expected to go around the eastern portion of the city when it is completed. Construction of the bypass has not started yet, but all of the work prior to actual road construction was scheduled to be completed by 2012. In nearby Delhi, an extension of the expressway was opened up to traffic in 2021. This is a part of the completion of the entire US Highway 67 four-lane project in Illinois between Godfrey and the Quad Cities area. ===Utilities=== Utility companies serving Jerseyville are Ameren (natural gas and electricity), Grafton Technologies and Frontier Communications (landline telephone service and internet), and Sparklight (cable television). Water and sewer services are provided and maintained by Illinois American Water. ==Notable people== * Kathie Conway, member of the Missouri House of Representatives * Hugh W. Cross, (1896-1972) former Illinois Lieutenant Governor and member of the Illinois House of Representatives * Russell E. Dunham, (1920-2009) World War II veteran and recipient of the Medal of Honor. He resided in Jerseyville. * Brent Hawkins, former football player for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL, and for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL * Arthur Scott King, (1876–1957) noted physicist and astrophysicist * Anthony L. Knapp, (1828–1881) US congressman and Illinois senator * Robert M. Knapp, (1831–1889) US congressman and former mayor of Jerseyville * Stan McGarvey, former NCAA Division II head football coach. * Thomas J. Selby, (1840–1917) congressman and former mayor of Jerseyville * Jim Watson, former member of the Illinois House of Representatives ==See also== *Jersey Community Hospital *Oak Grove Cemetery (Jerseyville, Illinois) ==References== ==Further reading== * Marshall M. Cooper, History of Jerseyville, Illinois, Brookhaven Press, 2001. * Robbi Courtaway, Spirits of St. Louis II: Further Hauntings in the Mound City, Virginia Publishing, 2002. * National Academy of Sciences Staff, Biographical Memoirs, National Academies Press, 1996. ==External links== *City of Jerseyville Category:Metro East Category:Cities in Illinois Category:Cities in Jersey County, Illinois Category:County seats in Illinois Category:Populated places established in 1827 Category:Populated places on the Underground Railroad Category:1827 establishments in Illinois |
Cheryl Ladd (born Cheryl Jean Stoppelmoor; July 12, 1951) is an American actress, singer, and author best known for her role as Kris Munroe in the ABC television series Charlie's Angels, whose cast she joined in its second season in 1977 to replace Farrah Fawcett-Majors. Ladd remained on the show until its cancellation in 1981. Her film roles include Purple Hearts (1984), Millennium (1989), Poison Ivy (1992), Permanent Midnight (1998), and Unforgettable (2017). ==Early life== Ladd was born Cheryl Jean Stoppelmoor on July 12, 1951, in Huron, South Dakota, the second daughter of Dolores (née Katz), a waitress, and Marion Stoppelmoor, a railroad engineer. After high school, she traveled with the band The Music Shop and played in venues in the United States Midwest before settling in Los Angeles in 1970. ==Career== ===Early roles=== Ladd originally came to Hollywood to begin a career in music (she was known as "Cherie Moor" when she was the singing voice of Melody on Hanna-Barbera's Josie and the Pussycats animated series, and she also sang on the 1970 album of the same name). However, she soon began to land non-singing roles in commercials and episodic television, including guest appearances on shows such as on The Rookies, The Partridge Family, Police Woman, The Muppet Show, Search and Happy Days. ===Charlie's Angels (1977–1981)=== thumb|right|upright|Ladd (middle) in Charlie's Angels Ladd's big acting break came in 1977, when she was cast in the ABC television series Charlie's Angels, replacing star Farrah Fawcett, who left the show after only one season to pursue a movie career. To make the transition easier for audiences, producers cast Ladd as Fawcett's character's younger sister, Kris, instantly making her a part of the "Angels family". In the years to come, this practice of replacing Angels became a common event for the show. However, Ladd remained a part of the main cast for four seasons, until the show's cancelation in June 1981. While starring in the highly rated Charlie's Angels, Ladd took advantage of her newfound popularity to further her musical career, guest starring in musical-comedy variety series and specials, performing the National Anthem at the Super Bowl XIV in January 1980, and releasing three albums. She had a top-40 Billboard Hot 100 single and a gold record. ===Later career=== right|thumb|upright|Ladd in 2007 Following Charlie's Angels, Ladd remained a familiar face on television and has starred in more than 30 made-for-television films, including as Grace Kelly, the Philadelphia heiress who became a Hollywood glamour girl and then a European princess, in a biopic that was begun shortly before Kelly's death. She also appeared in a number of feature films, such as Purple Hearts (1984), Millennium (1989), Poison Ivy (1992) (featuring Drew Barrymore, who later starred in the film adaptations of Charlie's Angels) and Permanent Midnight (1998). Ladd had the lead role in the television series One West Waikiki (1994–96) and made guest appearances in other TV shows such as Charmed, Hope and Faith and CSI: Miami. From 2003 until the show's cancellation in 2008 Ladd played Jillian Deline, the wife of the lead character Ed Deline (James Caan), in 29 episodes of the television drama series Las Vegas. In 1996, Ladd published a children's book titled The Adventures of Little Nettie Windship. In 2005, she published Token Chick: A Woman's Guide to Golfing With the Boys, an autobiographical book which focused on her love of golf. For several years, Ladd hosted a golf tournament sponsored by Buick. In September 2000, Ladd starred on Broadway, taking over the title role from Bernadette Peters in a revival of Irving Berlin's Annie Get Your Gun. She played the role until January 2001, when Reba McEntire took over. On April 17, 2010, Ladd — along with her co-angel Jaclyn Smith — accepted the 2010 TV Land Pop Culture Award for Charlie's Angels. Ladd has continued to appear in a number of TV productions, including the 2011 Hallmark Channel movie Love's Everlasting Courage, guest starring in the NCIS episode "Thirst" (as the love interest of medical examiner Dr. Donald "Ducky" Mallard), and the series Chuck, playing Sarah Walker's mother. On September 8, 2022, Ladd was announced as a contestant on season 31 of Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with Louis Van Amstel. They were eliminated in the third week of the competition, placing 14th. ==Personal life== She married fellow actor David Ladd (son of Alan Ladd) in 1973. They have a daughter, actress Jordan Ladd. Ladd took his surname as her own, keeping it after their divorce in 1980. Ladd has been married to music producer Brian Russell since 1981 and has a stepdaughter, Lindsay Russell. Ladd is a celebrity ambassador for the child abuse prevention and treatment non-profit Childhelp. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1971 Chrome and Hot Leather Kathy 1974 The Treasure of Jamaica Reef Zappy 1982 Now and Forever Jessie Clarke 1984 Purple Hearts Deborah Solomon 1989 Millennium Louise Baltimore 1990 Lisa Katherine 1992 Poison Ivy Georgie Cooper 1998 Permanent Midnight Pamela Verlaine 1999 A Dog of Flanders Anna 2007 Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story Herself Uncredited 2008 Holiday Baggage Sarah Murphy 2012 Santa Paws 2: The Santa Pups Mrs. Claus 2014 The Perfect Wave Mrs. McCormack (Mom) 2017 Unforgettable Helen / Lovey 2017 Camera Store Alma 2021 A Cowgirl's Song Erin Mays ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1970–1971 Josie and the Pussycats Melody Valentine (singing voice) 16 episodes 1972 The Rookies Girl Episode: "The Good Die Young" 1972 Alexander Zwo Nelly Episode: "Das gestohlene Ich" 1972 The Ken Berry 'Wow' Show Herself 5 episodes 1972–1973 Search Amy Love 3 episodes 1973 Harry O Teenage Girl Episode: "Such Dust as Dreams Are Made On" 1973 Ironside Gwen Episode: "A Game of Showdown" 1973 Satan's School for Girls Jody Keller Television film; co-starred with future "angel" colleague Kate Jackson 1973 The Partridge Family Johanna Houser Episode: "Double Trouble" 1974 The Streets of San Francisco Susan Ellen Morley Episode: "Blockade" 1974 Happy Days Cindy Shea Episode: "Wish Upon a Star" 1975 Switch Jill Lorimer Episode: "Death by Resurrection" 1977 Police Woman Kate Episode: "Silky Chamberlain" 1977 Police Story Buffy Episode: "Prime Rib" 1977 Code R Ruth Roberts Episode: "The Aliens" 1977 The Fantastic Journey Natica Episode: "The Innocent Pray" 1977 The San Pedro Beach Bums Herself Episode: "Angels and the Bums" 1977–1981 Charlie's Angels Kris Munroe 87 episodes; replaced original "angel" Farrah Fawcett; second longest serving "angel" in the series after Jaclyn Smith 1978 The Muppet Show Guest Episode: "Cheryl Ladd" 1979 Carol Burnett & Company Guest Episode: "Pilot" 1979 The Cheryl Ladd TV Special Herself - Host and singer TV special 1979 When She Was Bad Betina "Teeny" Morgan Television film 1980 The Cheryl Ladd Special: Souvenirs Herself - Host and singer TV special 1983 Kentucky Woman Maggie Telford Television film 1983 Grace Kelly Grace Kelly Television film 1983 The Hasty Heart Margaret Television film 1985 Romance on the Orient Express Lily Parker Television film 1985 A Death in California Hope Masters Television miniseries, 2 episodes 1986 Crossings Liane DeVilliers Television miniseries, 3 episodes 1987 Deadly Care Ann Halloran Television film 1988 Bluegrass Maude Sage Breen Television miniseries, 2 episodes 1989 The Fulfillment of Mary Gray Mary Gray Television film 1990 Jekyll & Hide Sara Crawford née Lanyon Television film 1990 The Girl Who Came Between Them Laura Television film 1990 Crash: The Mystery of Flight 1501 Diane Halstead Television film 1991 Changes Melanie Adams Television film 1991 Locked Up: A Mother's Rage (aka The Other Side of Love) Annie Gallagher Television film 1993 Dead Before Dawn Linda Television film 1993 Broken Promises: Taking Emily Back Pam Cheney Television film 1994 Dancing with Danger Mary Dannon Television film 1996 Kiss and Tell Jean McAvoy Television film 1996 The Haunting of Lisa Ellen Downey Television film 1994–1996 One West Waikiki Dawn 'Holli' Holliday, M.E. 21 episodes 1996 Vows of Deception Lucinda / Lucy Ann Michaels Television film 1997 Ink Mercedes Episode: "The Black Book" 1998 Every Mother's Worst Fear Connie Hoagland Television film; co-starred with daughter Jordan Ladd 1998 Perfect Little Angels Elaine Friedman Television film 1999 Jesse Mary Anne Myers Episode: "Crazy White Female" 1999 Michael Landon, the Father I Knew Lynn Noe Landon Television film 1999 Intimate Portrait Herself - Cheryl Ladd TV series, 1 episode 2000 Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place Berg's Mom 2 episodes 2002 Her Best Friend's Husband Jane Thornton Television film 2003 Charmed Doris Bennett Episode: "The Day the Magic Died" 2003–2008 Las Vegas Jillian Deline 29 episodes 2004 Hope and Faith Mary Jo Johnson Fairfield Episode: "9021-Uh-Oh" 2004 Eve's Christmas Diane Simon Television film 2006 Though None Go with Me Elizabeth Bishop Television film 2009 CSI: Miami Amanda Collins Episode: "Bolt Action" 2011 Love's Everlasting Courage Irene Television film 2011 NCIS Mary Courtney Episode: "Thirst" 2011 Chuck Emma Episode: "Chuck Versus The Baby" 2014 Anger Management Joanne Episode: "Charlie Gets Tied Up with A Catholic Girl" 2015 Ray Donovan Tina Harvey Episode: "Breakfast of Champions" 2015 Garage Sale Mystery: The Wedding Dress Helen Whitney Carter Television film 2016 The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story Linell Shapiro 4 episodes 2017 Ballers Mayor of Las Vegas Episode: "Bull Rush" 2017 Royal New Year's Eve Abigail Television film 2018 Malibu Dan the Family Man Pamela Marshall 2 episodes 2018 The Christmas Contract Renee Guidry Television film 2019 Grounded for Christmas Susan Television film 2020 Christmas Unwrapped Janet Cohen Television film 2022 Dancing With The Stars Contestant Placed 14th/16 ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== Year Title Label Notes 1970 Josie and the Pussycats Capitol Records 1978 Cheryl Ladd The album reached number 129 on the US Billboard 200 chart, with the single "Think It Over" peaking at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100. The track "Walking In The Rain" was used as an ending song for Charlie's Angels in Japan and was released as a single, while the song "I'll Never Love This Way Again" was recorded by Dionne Warwick the following year. 1979 Dance Forever The album reached number 179 on the US Billboard 200 chart. The title track was also the closing theme of Charlie's Angels in Japan and was released as an EP, while the song "Where Is Someone To Love Me" was the theme of a Japanese whisky TV commercial featuring Ladd herself. 1981 Take a Chance Released in Japan 1982 You Make It Beautiful Mini-album released in Tokyo, Japan ===Singles=== Issued Title Label Release Catalogue No. 1970 "Every Beat Of My Heart" b/w "It's All Right With Me" (as a member of Josie and the Pussycats) Capitol Records 45 rpm 2967 "Inside, Outside, Upside Down" b/w "A Letter To Mama" (Josie and the Pussycats) Kellogg's Cereal Promo Record CP-58 "Josie" b/w "With Every Beat Of My Heart" (Josie and the Pussycats) Kellogg's Cereal Promo Record CP-59 "Voodoo" b/w "If This Isn't Love" (Josie and the Pussycats) Kellogg's Cereal Promo Record CP-60 "It's Gotta Be Him" b/w "I Wanna Make You Happy" (Josie and the Pussycats) Kellogg's Cereal Promo Record CP-61 1971 "Stop Look And Listen" b/w "You've Come A Long Way Baby" (Josie and the Pussycats) Capitol Records 45 rpm P-3045 1974 "The Family" b/w "Mamma Don't Be Blue" Warner Bros 45 rpm 7821 1976 "Country Love" b/w "He's Looking More Everyday Like The Man Who Broke My Heart" Capitol Records 45 rpm 4215 1978 "Think It Over" b/w "Here Is A Song" Capitol Records 45 rpm 4599 "Good Good Lovin'" b/w "Skinnydippin" Capitol Records 45 rpm 4650 "Skinnydippin'"(Extended Version) (either side) Capitol Records 12" Promo Single SPRO-8894 "Walking in the Rain" b/w "I'll Come Running" Capitol Records Japan 45 rpm ECR-20516 1979 "Missing You" b/w "Thunder In The Distance" Capitol Records 4698 "Missing You" (Extended Version) (either side) 12" Promo Single SPRO-9096 "Dance Forever" b/w "Missing You" Capitol Records Japan 45 rpm ECR-20575 1980 "Where Is Someone To Love Me" b/w "Just Like Old Times" ECR-17013 1981 "Just Another Lover Tonight" b/w "Television" ECR-17205 "Take A Chance" b/w "Victim Of The Circumstance" ECR-17155 1982 "Can't Say No To You" b/w "You Make It Beautiful" (duet with Frankie Valli) Capitol Records B-5115 "You Make It Beautiful" (duet with Frankie Valli) b/w "Can't Say No To You/Love And Passion/Sakura Sakura" Capitol Records Japan EP ECS-41010 ==References== ==External links== * Official site * * * * * * Charlie's Angels website * Interview on role in 1983 Grace Kelly movie, July 7, 2014, Ft. Wayne News-Sentinel * The Perfect Wave Category:1951 births Category:20th-century American actresses Category:21st- century American actresses Category:Actresses from South Dakota Category:American musical theatre actresses Category:American people of German descent Category:20th-century American singers Category:American film actresses Category:American women pop singers Category:American dance musicians Category:American stage actresses Category:American television actresses Category:Living people Category:People from Huron, South Dakota Category:Ladd family (show business) Category:20th-century American women singers Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners |
Jackson County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,109. Since 1913, its county seat has been Sylva, which replaced Webster. Jackson County comprises the Cullowhee, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area. Cullowhee is the site of Western Carolina University (WCU). In the early 21st century, the university has more than 12,000 students, nearly twice the number of the permanent residents of Cullowhee. The university has a strong influence in the region and county. More than 10 percent of the county residents identify as Native American, mostly Cherokee. The federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is based at Qualla Boundary, land that consists of territory in both Jackson and neighboring Swain County. This is the only federally recognized tribe in North Carolina, and one among three federally recognized Cherokee tribes nationally. The other two are based in what is now the state of Oklahoma, former Indian Territory. ==History== This area was part of Cherokee Nation homelands at the time of European encounter. Cullowhee was one of several historic Cherokee towns that had developed along the Tuckasegee River, which has its headwaters here and runs into Swain County to the north. Like several other Cherokee towns in the region, Cullowhee was centered around a single earthwork platform mound, known as Cullowhee Mound, built by ancestral peoples. It is estimated to have been built about 1000 CE, by people during the period of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture. Archeological excavations have revealed evidence of indigenous peoples here since 3000 BCE. While most Cherokee were forced out of the area through succeeding treaties for land cessions, followed by removal to Indian Territory in the late 1830s, hundreds of Cherokee stayed in Western North Carolina. Their descendants form most of the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), the only tribe in the state to have this status. They are based on Qualla Boundary, which is located in Swain and Jackson counties. Their citizens make up most of the more than ten percent of people in Jackson County who identify as Native American on the US census. ===Mid-19th century to present=== The European-American population increased slowly in this isolated, mountainous area of the state. Jackson County was not organized until 1851, when it was created from parts of Haywood and Macon counties. It was named for Andrew Jackson, President of the United States from 1829 to 1837, who promoted Indian (reds) Removal from the Southeast in order to allow development by European Americans (whites). The original county courts were held at the home of Dan Bryson in Beta, Scott Creek township. They were moved to Webster the following year. In 1861 parts of Jackson and Henderson counties were combined to form Transylvania County. In 1871 parts of Jackson and Macon counties were combined to form Swain County. In 1913 Sylva was designated by the legislature as the county seat of Jackson County. In the 1880s, mining companies began to mine for kaolin, used to produce porcelain. Charles Joseph Harris (11 Sept. 1853–14 Feb. 1944) moved here from Denver, Colorado about 1888 and became important to development of the county and Western North Carolina from the late 19th century into the 20th century. He eventually established his own mining companies, and shipped kaolin to Trenton, New Jersey, among other places, which was a major manufacturing center. He also acquired tens of thousands of acres of woodland and established lumber businesses. His two sons, David Rust and Robert Ward Harris, joined him in these family businesses. ==Geography== According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.8%) is water. The Tuckasegee River flows through the county. ===National protected areas=== * Blue Ridge Parkway (part) * Cherokee Indian Reservation/Qualla Boundary (part) * Ellicott Rock Wilderness (part) * Nantahala National Forest (part) * Judaculla Rock (part) * Waterrock Knob (part) ===State and local protected areas/sites=== * Judaculla Rock * Nantahala National Forest Game Land (part) * The Pines Recreation Area * Pisgah National Forest Game Land (part) * Ralph J Andrews Recreation Park * Salt Rock Gap * Southern Highlands Reserve (part) ===Major water bodies=== * Bear Creek Lake * Brushy Creek * Cedar Cliff Lake * Chattooga River * Connelly Creek * Dark Ridge Creek * Greens Creek * Horsepasture River * Lake Glenville * Oconaluftee River * Slickens Creek * Toxaway River * Tuckasegee River * Wayhutta Creek * West Fork Tuckasegee River * Whitewater River ===Adjacent counties=== * Haywood County - northeast * Transylvania County - east * Oconee County, South Carolina - south * Macon County - west * Swain County - northwest ==Demographics== ===2020 census=== Jackson County racial composition Race Number Percentage White (non-Hispanic) 32,800 76.09% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 736 1.71% Native American 3,849 8.93% Asian 497 1.15% Pacific Islander 10 0.02% Other/Mixed 1,925 4.47% Hispanic or Latino 3,292 7.64% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 43,109 people, 16,773 households, and 9,964 families residing in the county. ===2010 census=== As of the census of 2010, there were 40,271 people. As of the 2000 Census, there were 13,191 households and 8,587 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 19,291 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 85.68% White, 1.67% Black or African American, 10.20% Native American (mostly Cherokee), 0.51% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.55% from other races, and 1.38% from two or more races. 1.74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.5% identify as being of American, 13.7% as English, 11.3% as Irish, 10.5% as German and 9.2% as of Scots-Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 95.3% spoke English, 2.1% Spanish and 1.5% Cherokee as their first language. There were 13,191 households, out of which 25.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.40% were married couples living together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.90% were non-families. 27.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.79. In the county, the population was spread out, with 19.00% under the age of 18, 17.90% from 18 to 24, 24.40% from 25 to 44, 25.00% from 45 to 64, and 13.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males. The median income for a household in the county was $32,552, and the median income for a family was $40,876. Males had a median income of $27,738 versus $22,029 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,582. About 9.50% of families and 15.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.70% of those under age 18 and 15.20% of those age 65 or over. ==Law, government, and politics== ===Government=== As mandated by the laws of North Carolina, Jackson County has a commission- manager form of government. The five members of Board of Commissioners are elected at-large to four-year terms. This system of at-large voting, rather than having representatives elected from single-member districts, favors candidates supported by the majority of the population. Together they appoint and oversee the actions of a County Manager, who administers operations. Jackson County is a member of the regional Southwestern Commission council of governments. Jackson County contains a portion of the Qualla Boundary, a land trust of historic territory of the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. The tribe is sovereign in its territory and is the only federally recognized tribe in the state. The reservation operates Harrah's Cherokee Casino, which is open to the public, as are associated resort facilities there. ===Sheriff and Sylva PD=== The Jackson County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, patrol and detective services for all of Jackson County except for incorporated Sylva, which has a municipal police department. ===Politics=== Together with Buncombe and Watauga counties, Jackson is considered one of three "swing" counties in Western North Carolina. Except for 1980, it would vote for the winner in every Presidential election from 1960 to 2008. The exception was 1980, when Jimmy Carter won the county but lost nationally. In 2012 voters here favored Republican candidate Mitt Romney, who was defeated by President Barack Obama. In 2016 county voters split their vote, favoring Donald Trump for the presidency, but Democrat Roy Cooper for state governor. The county was one of four in the state to do so. In 2020, Jackson County voters favored incumbent Donald Trump, but Democrat Joe Biden won the election nationally. ====2020 presidential election==== In 2020 the county and the state voted for incumbent Donald Trump, but Democrat Joe Biden carried the election overall, winning both the popular vote and electoral college. ====2016 presidential election==== In the 2016 Republican Primary in Jackson County, Donald Trump received 1,624 votes (or 39.5% of the total votes) followed by Ted Cruz, who had 1,434 votes (or 34.9% of the total votes). In the 2016 Democratic Primary, Bernie Sanders received 3,021 votes (57.0% of the total); Hillary Clinton received 2,022 votes (38.1% of the total). In the general election Donald Trump received 9,870 votes (or 52.7% of the total vote); Hillary Clinton received 7,713 votes (41.2% of the total vote) and Libertarian Candidate Gary Johnson received 742 votes (4.0% of total votes in the county). ==Transportation== ===Major highways=== * * * * * * * * * * * * * Jackson County is served by three main roads: the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway runs east–west across the northern half of the county and connects the county seat of Sylva to Waynesville and Asheville in the east and Cherokee, Andrews and Murphy in the west. North Carolina State Highway 107 connects Sylva and Western Carolina University to Cashiers in the south. U.S. Highway 64 traverses east–west across the southern part of the county connecting Cashiers to Brevard in the east and Highlands in the west. ===Airport=== Jackson County Airport is located here, east of Cullowhee. It is governed by the Jackson County Airport Authority. ===Railroads=== Norfolk Southern Railway operates a portion known as the Murphy Branch through Jackson County, providing a rail connection with the rest of the country. In Sylva, Norfolk Southern connects with the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad. Interchange between the two lines is handled near the site of the Jackson Paper Company. Great Smoky Mountains RR operates the rest of the Murphy Branch from Dillsboro to Andrews. Because of competition with independent automobile traffic, passenger rail traffic declined; it was stopped in 1948 from Sylva to Murphy. Despite widespread restructuring in the industry across the country, freight commercial service continued another forty-odd years before ending in 1983. In 2015, Watco, which purchased the section which Norfolk Southern previously owned, was reportedly in talks with the towns and counties in an attempt to build a viable tourist railroad clientele. The major obstacle for such service is the Cowee Mountain Tunnel, which does not meet height and weight specifications for modern rail engines and passenger cars. ==Education== Jackson County Public Schools serves all areas of the county except for the Qualla Boundary (Eastern Cherokee Reservation), which is instead zoned to Cherokee Central Schools. The county also is home to Western Carolina University in Cullowhee. ==Communities== thumb|250px|Map of Jackson County with municipal and township labels ===Towns=== * Dillsboro * Sylva (county seat) * Webster ===Village=== * Forest Hills ===Census-designated places=== * Cashiers * Cherokee * Cullowhee (largest community) * Glenville ===Unincorporated communities=== * Addie * Balsam * Beta * Gay * Savannah * Tuckasegee * Whittier * Willets * Wilmot ===Townships=== The county is divided into fifteen townships: Barker's Creek: Named for the creek which starts here and flows through the township before entering the Tuckasegee River. It includes the Dicks Creek, Barkers Creek, and Wilmont communities. US 74/23 runs as a four-lane divided highway through the township. The township is served by Smokey Mountain Elementary School and Smoky Mountain High School. Formerly, the Log Cabin Association Consolidated School served the township, but it closed in 1980 when Smokey Mountain Elementary opened. Canada: Named for the tall ridges, narrow valleys, and sharp peaks of this part of the county, the main waterway is the East Fork of the Tuckasegee River, which flows into the River Township before joining the West Fork, becoming the Tuckasegee River. There are four major lakes: Bear, Wolf, Tanasee Creek, and Ceader Cliff, in the township. It is served by NC 281 and is one of the most remote locations in the county. It is served by Cullowhee Valley School and Smoky Mountain High School. Before the 1990s, the schools for the area were Canada Consolidated School and Cullowhee High School, both closed in the 1980s. Caney Fork: Named for the creek that flows through the township, which empties into the Tuckasegee River at East LaPorte. The main road is Caney Fork Road. The area is served by Cullowhee Valley School and Smoky Mountain High School. Prior to 1964, the schools that served the area were Johns Creek Elementary and Cullowhee High School. Cashiers: Named for a lost horse, the town of Cashiers includes the communities of Panthertown Valley, Whiteside Cove, Fairfield, and Sapphire. It is served by NC 107 and US 64. The Eastern Continental Divide follows a ridge north of the township, and defines the boundaries between the Cashiers, Canada, and Glenville townships. The Chattooga, Horsepasture, and Toxaway rivers all originate or flow through the township. It is served by Blue Ridge School, which consolidated Glenville School and Cashiers Elementary in 1975. Cullowhee: This is derived from the Cherokee name for the valley, which referred to a legendary figure, Judacullah. NC 107, Old NC 107, and NC 107-Alternate all serve the township as major roads; NC 107 is the only 4-lane roadway. Western Carolina University, the village of Forest Hills, and the communities of Speedwell, Old Cullowhee Road, Buzzards Roost, and Dicks Gap are all within the township. In the nineteenth century, this was one of the first areas in the county to be settled by European Americansy, along with Caney Fork, River, Scott Creek, and Canada townships. It is the largest township by population according to the 2000 United States Census. The Cullowhee Creek, a tributary, and the Tuckasegee River both flow through the township; the confluence is around Old Cullowhee Road. The township is served by the local Cullowhee Valley School. Older children go to Smoky Mountain High School in Sylva. The former Cullowhee High School closed in 1988. Dillsboro: Named after the Dills family who founded the town, the township also has the town of Dillsboro. Scotts Creek arises to the northwest, flowing from Scott Creek Township through Sylva Township into Dillsboro Township, where it flows into the Tuckasegee River. US 74/23, US 441, and NC 107 converge in two major intersections within the township. The township is served by Smokey Mountain and Fairview elementary schools and by Smoky Mountain High School. It has not had its own school since Dillsboro Elementary closed in 1951. The students were transferred to Log Cabin School in Barkers Creek Township, or Sylva Elementary School in Sylva township. Greens Creek: Named for the creek which flows through most of the township before emptying into Savannah Creek, this township is served by US 441, a four-lane highway along the western edge. Greens Creek Road goes through the middle of the township. The township is served by Fairview Elementary School and Smoky Mountain High School. It was formerly served by the Savannah Consolidated School, from 1940 to 1973. Hamburg: Named for the fort and original name of Glenville, the township is served by NC 107. The area was once a large valley, but the valley was flooded in 1941 by a dam on the Tuckasegee River, which formed Lake Glenville. The West Fork of the Tuckasegee River originates within the township, and flows north into the River Township. Blue Ridge School is located in the township and serves the township. It developed in 1975 from the consolidation of the Glenville School and Cashiers Elementary School. Mountain: Named for Cullowhee Mountain, this township is served by NC 107 Alternate. The headwaters of Cullowhee Creek are located here, flowing north into Cullowhee Township before joining the Tuckasegee River. It is served by Cullowhee Valley School/Smoky Mountain High School in Cullowhee and Sylva, respectively. It was formerly served by Cullowhee High School and Camp Lab Elementary. Qualla: Named for the Qualla Boundary, which occupies most of the township, Qualla Township is served by US 441, US 19, and US 74/23. Smokey Mountain Elementary School is located in the township, resulting from the 1980 consolidation of Qualla Elementary School and Log Cabin Association Consolidated School. It is served by the Jackson County Public School System and the Cherokee Reservation School System. Students can choose among Smokey Mountain Elementary/Smoky Mountain High School, Cherokee School, or Swain East Elementary, Swain Middle School, and Swain High School. A Cherokee language immersion school has been founded in the township. The communities of Qualla, Birdtown, Soco, Whittier, Indian Hills, and Wilmont are all located at least partially, if not wholly, within the township. River: Named for the Tuckasegee River, which is formed within the township by the confluence of two streams, it is served by NC 107 and NC 281. The community of Tuckasegee is located in the township. It is served by Cullowhee Valley School/Smoky Mountain High School. Prior to 1958, Tuckasegee School and Cullowhee High School both operated here. Savannah: Named for Savannah Creek, which runs through the district, this township includes the Viewpoint, Pumpkintown, Savannah, and Fort Wilderness communities. The township is served by four-lane US 441. Fairview Elementary School and Smoky Mountain High School serve the township as well. From 1940 to 1973, it was home to Savannah Consolidated School. Its higher-grade students went to Webster High School and now Sylva-Webster High School. Scotts Creek: Named for Scotts Creek, which starts here and flows through the township before passing into Sylva Township. It is served by US 74/23 and old US 19/23, which run through the five communities within the township: Balsam, Willets, Ochre Hill, Addie and Beta. The Murphy Branch Railroad also runs through the township. Scotts Creek School has served the township since 1951. It had a new building constructed in 2001. The old school building is now used for the Jackson County School of Alternatives (the HUB). Sylva: Named for William D. Sylva, as is the town and county seat of Sylva, located within the township. It is served by NC 107, US 74/23, and BUS 23. The Jackson County Courthouse and Library are both located in the township. Scotts Creek runs through the township before flowing into the Tuckasegee in Dillsboro Township. The township is served by Fairview and Scotts Creek elementary schools and Smoky Mountain High School; the latter serves all the county. Consolidation since the late 20th century closed many smaller schools in the county. Webster: Also the site of the town of Webster, this township is at the original geographical center of the county. Due to territorial changes, that is now Cullowhee Township. For many years, it had the only town in Jackson County. It is served by NC 116 and NC 107. The county seat designation and courthouse were located here from 1851 to 1913. Since Sylva was designated as the county seat, Webster lost business. The schools that serve the township are Fairview Elementary School (1973) and Smoky Mountain High School (1960/1988). ==In popular culture== Several movies have been filmed in the county. These include the action-adventure The Fugitive (1993), starring Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones; the drama Deliverance (1972), which also set a scene against downtown Sylva; and the comedy My Fellow Americans (1996) starring Jack Lemmon and James Garner. * The train wreck scene in The Fugitive was filmed in Dillsboro along the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad. The wreckage set can still be viewed on outbound train excursions from Dillsboro. The later scene in a small hospital was filmed at Harris Regional Hospital in Sylva. * The Great Smoky Mountains Railroad was also used in the filming of My Fellow Americans. The characters are seen getting on to one of their trains as a stand-in for a charter train full of North Carolina Tar Heels fans headed for the NCAA Final Four. * Sylva's Main Street was used in the filming of Three Billboards outside Ebbing, Missouri (2016). * Ron Rash's 2008 novel, Serena, features Jackson County. * David Joy's novels, Where All Light Tends to Go and The Weight of This World, are set in Jackson County. ==See also== * List of counties in North Carolina * National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, North Carolina * Great Smoky Mountains ==References== ==External links== * * * Jackson County Travel & Tourism * North Carolina GenWeb Jackson County - free genealogy resources for the county * The Sylva Herald Category:Counties of Appalachia Category:1851 establishments in North Carolina Category:Populated places established in 1851 |
Some of the new features included in Windows 7 are advancements in touch, speech and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard disks, support for additional file formats, improved performance on multi-core processors, improved boot performance, and kernel improvements. ==Shell and user interface== Windows 7 retains the Windows Aero graphical user interface and visual style introduced in its predecessor, Windows Vista, but many areas have seen enhancements. Unlike Windows Vista, window borders and the taskbar do not turn opaque when a window is maximized while Windows Aero is active; instead, they remain translucent. ===Desktop=== thumb|right|The Desktop Slideshow feature in Windows 7. ====Themes==== Support for themes has been extended in Windows 7. In addition to providing options to customize colors of window chrome and other aspects of the interface including the desktop background, icons, mouse cursors, and sound schemes, the operating system also includes a native desktop slideshow feature. A new theme pack extension has been introduced, `.themepack`, which is essentially a collection of cabinet files that consist of theme resources including background images, color preferences, desktop icons, mouse cursors, and sound schemes. The new theme extension simplifies sharing of themes and can also display desktop wallpapers via RSS feeds provided by the Windows RSS Platform. Microsoft provides additional themes for free through its website. The default theme in Windows 7 consists of a single desktop wallpaper named "Harmony" and the default desktop icons, mouse cursors, and sound scheme introduced in Windows Vista; however, none of the desktop backgrounds included with Windows Vista are present in Windows 7. New themes include Architecture, Characters, Landscapes, Nature, and Scenes, and an additional country-specific theme that is determined based on the defined locale when the operating system is installed; although only the theme for a user's home country is displayed within the user interface, the files for all of these other country-specific themes are included in the operating system. All themes included in Windows 7—excluding the default theme—include six wallpaper images. A number of new sound schemes (each associated with an included theme) have also been introduced: Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savana, and Sonata. Themes may introduce their own custom sounds, which can be used with others themes as well. ====Desktop Slideshow==== Windows 7 introduces a desktop slideshow feature that periodically changes the desktop wallpaper based on a user-defined interval; the change is accompanied by a smooth fade transition with a duration that can be customized via the Windows Registry. The desktop slideshow feature supports local images and images obtained via RSS. ====Gadgets==== With Windows Vista, Microsoft introduced the Windows Sidebar to host Microsoft Gadgets that displayed details such as feeds and sports scores; the gadgets could optionally be placed on the Windows desktop. With Windows 7, gadgets can still be placed on the Windows desktop, but the Windows Sidebar itself has been removed, and the platform has been renamed as Windows Desktop Gadgets. Gadgets are more closely integrated with Windows Explorer, but the gadgets themselves continue to operate in a single `sidebar.exe` process (unlike in Windows Vista where gadgets could operate in multiple `sidebar.exe` processes). New features for gadgets include: * A context menu option on the desktop to access the Gadgets Gallery to add, display, or uninstall gadgets is now available * Gadgets that display details from online sources can now also display content that has been cached * High DPI support * Larger controls designed for touch- based interaction * Rearrangement capabilities automatically arrange gadgets based on their proximity with other gadgets * When gadgets are displayed on the desktop, there is a context menu option to display or hide them; hiding gadgets can result in power savings Windows 7 also introduces a single new gadget, one for Windows Media Center that displays links to the various sections (e.g., Pictures + Videos) of its interface. ====Branding and customization==== For original equipment manufacturers and enterprises, Windows 7 natively supports the ability to customize the wallpaper that is displayed during user login. Because the settings to change the wallpaper are available via the Windows Registry, users can also customize this wallpaper. Options to customize the appearance of interface lighting and shadows are also available. ===Windows Explorer=== ====Libraries==== Windows Explorer in Windows 7 supports file libraries that aggregate content from various locations – including shared folders on networked systems if the shared folder has been indexed by the host system – and present them in a unified view. The libraries hide the actual location the file is stored in. Searching in a library automatically federates the query to the remote systems, in addition to searching on the local system, so that files on the remote systems are also searched. Unlike search folders, Libraries are backed by a physical location which allows files to be saved in the Libraries. Such files are transparently saved in the backing physical folder. The default save location for a library may be configured by the user, as can the default view layout for each library. Libraries are generally stored in the Libraries special folder, which allows them to be displayed on the Navigation Pane. By default, a new user account in Windows 7 contains four libraries for different file types: Documents, Music, Pictures, and Videos. They are configured to include the user's profile folders for these respective file types, as well as the computer's corresponding Public folders. The Public folder also contains a hidden Recorded TV library that appears in the Windows Explorer sidepane when TV is set up in Media Center for the first time. In addition to aggregating multiple storage locations, Libraries enable Arrangement Views and Search Filter Suggestions. Arrangement Views allow you to pivot your view of the library's contents based on metadata. For example, selecting the "By Month" view in the Pictures library will display photos in stacks, where each stack represents a month of photos based on the date they were taken. In the Music library, the "By Artist" view will display stacks of albums from the artists in your collection, and browsing into an artist stack will then display the relevant albums. Search Filter Suggestions are a new feature of the Windows 7 Explorer's search box. When the user clicks in the search box, a menu shows up below it showing recent searches as well as suggested Advanced Query Syntax filters that the user can type. When one is selected (or typed in manually), the menu will update to show the possible values to filter by for that property, and this list is based on the current location and other parts of the query already typed. For example, selecting the "tags" filter or typing "tags:" into the search box will display the list of possible tag values which will return search results. Arrangement Views and Search Filter Suggestions are database-backed features which require that all locations in the Library be indexed by the Windows Search service. Local disk locations must be indexed by the local indexer, and Windows Explorer will automatically add locations to the indexing scope when they are included in a library. Remote locations can be indexed by the indexer on another Windows 7 machine, on a Windows machine running Windows Search 4 (such as Windows Vista or Windows Home Server), or on another device that implements the MS-WSP remote query protocol. ====Federated search==== Windows Explorer also supports federating search to external data sources, such as custom databases or web services, that are exposed over the web and described via an OpenSearch definition. The federated location description (called a Search Connector) is provided as an `.osdx` file. Once installed, the data source becomes queryable directly from Windows Explorer. Windows Explorer features, such as previews and thumbnails, work with the results of a federated search as well. ====Miscellaneous Shell enhancements==== Windows Explorer has received numerous minor enhancements that improve its overall functionality. The address bar and search box can be resized. The Command Bar features the New Folder command and a visible interface option to enable the Preview Pane (both were previously in the Organize option in Windows Vista). There is also a new Share With button on the Command Bar that allows users to share the currently viewed folder or currently selected item with people in a homegroup with either read permissions or with both read and write permissions, or with specific people, which opens the Sharing Wizard introduced in Windows Vista; a new Nobody sharing option prevents the selected folder or item from being shared, and all items that are excluded in this manner feature a new padlock overlay icon. A new Content icon view mode is added, which shows metadata and thumbnails. The List icon view mode provides more space between items than in Windows Vista. Item groups have larger text. Storage capacity indicators for hard disks introduced in Windows Vista are now also shown for removable storage devices. File types for which new iFilters or Property Handlers are installed are reindexed by Windows Search by default. When copying or moving items, selecting more details will show the filename of the current item being copied. The Navigation Pane includes a new Favorites location, which serves as the replacement for the Favorite Links functionality of the interface in Windows Vista, and newly created Saved Searches are automatically pinned to this location. Previously, adding submenus to Shell context menus or customizing the context menu's behavior for a certain folder was only possible by installing a form of plug-in known as Shell extensions. In Windows 7, however, users can edit the Windows Registry or configuration files. Additionally, a new Shell API was introduced designed to simplify the writing of context menu shell extensions by software developers. When importing pictures and videos, the Import Pictures and Videos wizard now displays the currently searched directory. After importing, an in-memory Saved Search titled Imported Pictures and Videos scopes the directory of the imported items and displays them to the user. Windows 7 includes native support for burning ISO files. The functionality is available when a user selects the Burn disc image option within the context menu of an ISO file (support for disc image verification is also included). In previous versions of Windows, users were required to install third-party software to burn ISO images. ===Start menu=== The start button now has a fade-in highlight effect when the user hovers over it with the mouse cursor. The right column of the Start menu is now prominently the Aero Glass color; in Windows Vista, it was predominantly black regardless of the color in use. thumb|The search results pane in Windows 7, demonstrating a search for the word "wireless". Windows 7's Start menu retains the two-column layout of its predecessors, with several functional changes: * Documents, Music, and Pictures now link to their respective Libraries * Jump Lists are presented in the Start Menu via a guillemet; when the user moves the mouse cursor over the guillemet or presses the arrow key, the right-hand side of the Start menu is widened and replaced with the application's Jump List. * New links include Devices and Printers (a new Device Manager), Downloads, HomeGroup, Recorded TV, and Videos * Search has been updated to display results for Control Panel category keywords, federated searches, HomeGroup locations, Libraries (including network share locations when included in Libraries), and Sticky Notes * Search results now group items in groups of three, and users can click a group to open Windows Explorer to see additional items that match the criteria * The iconographic Shut Down button of Windows Vista has been replaced with a text link to indicate the action that will be taken when the button is clicked; the default action is now configurable through Taskbar and Start Menu Properties. Group Policy settings for Windows Explorer provide the ability for administrators of an Active Directory domain to add up to five Internet Web sites and five additional "search connectors" to the Search Results view in the Start menu. The links, which appear at the bottom of the pane, allow the search to be executed again on the selected web site or search connector. Microsoft suggests that network administrators could use this feature to enable searching of corporate Intranets or an internal SharePoint server. ===Taskbar=== The Windows Taskbar has seen its most significant revision since its introduction in Windows 95 and combines the previous Quick Launch functionality with open application window icons. The taskbar is now rendered as an Aero Glass element whose color can be changed via the Personalization Control Panel. It is 10 pixels taller than in Windows Vista to accommodate touch screen input and a new larger default icon size (although a smaller taskbar size is available), as well as maintain proportion to newer high resolution monitor modes. Running applications are denoted by a border frame around the icon. Within this border, a color effect (dependent on the predominant color of the icon) that follows the mouse cursor also indicates the opened status of the application. The glass taskbar is more translucent than in Windows Vista. Taskbar buttons show icons by default, not application titles, unless they are set to 'not combine', or 'combine when taskbar is full.' In this case, only icons are shown when the application is not running. Programs running or pinned on the taskbar can be rearranged. Items in the notification area can also be rearranged. ====Pinned applications==== The Quick Launch toolbar has been removed from the default configuration, but may be easily added. The Windows 7 taskbar is more application-oriented than window-oriented, and therefore doesn't show window titles (these are shown when an application icon is clicked or hovered over). Applications can now be pinned to the taskbar allowing the user instant access to the applications they commonly use. There are a few ways to pin applications to the taskbar. Icons can be dragged and dropped onto the taskbar, or the application's icon can be right-clicked to pin it to the taskbar. thumb|left|The Windows 7 taskbar shows a preview of the window. ====Thumbnail previews==== Thumbnail previews which were introduced in Windows Vista have been expanded to not only preview the windows opened by the application in a small-sized thumbnail view, but to also interact with them. The user can close any window opened by clicking the X on the corresponding thumbnail preview. The name of the window is also shown in the thumbnail preview. A "peek" at the window is obtained by hovering over the thumbnail preview. Peeking brings up only the window of the thumbnail preview over which the mouse cursor hovers, and turns any other windows on the desktop transparent. This also works for tabs in Internet Explorer: individual tabs may be peeked at in the thumbnail previews. Thumbnail previews integrate Thumbnail Toolbars which can control the application from the thumbnail previews themselves. For example, if Windows Media Player is opened and the mouse cursor is hovering on the application icon, the thumbnail preview will allow the user the ability to Play, Stop, and Play Next/Previous track without having to switch to the Windows Media Player window. ====Jump lists==== Jump lists are menu options available by right-clicking a taskbar icon or holding the left mouse button and sliding towards the center of the desktop on an icon. Each application has a jump list corresponding to its features, Microsoft Word's displaying recently opened documents; Windows Media Player's recent tracks and playlists; frequently opened directories in Windows Explorer; Internet Explorer's recent browsing history and options for opening new tabs or starting InPrivate Browsing; Windows Live Messenger's common tasks such as instant messaging, signing off, and changing online status. Third- party software can add custom actions through a dedicated API. Up to 10 menu items may appear on a list, partially customizable by user. Frequently used files and folders can be pinned by the user as to not get usurped from the list if others are opened more frequently. thumb|right|Action Center displaying notification of security threats ====Task progress==== Progress bar in taskbar's tasks allows users to know the progress of a task without switching to the pending window. Task progress is used in Windows Explorer, Internet Explorer and third-party software. left|thumb|A testing program using Task progress ====Notification area==== The notification area has been redesigned; the standard Volume, Network, Power and Action Center status icons are present, but no other application icons are shown unless the user has chosen them to be shown. A new "Notification Area Icons" control panel has been added which replaces the "Customize Notification Icons" dialog box in the "Taskbar and Start Menu Properties" window first introduced in Windows XP. In addition to being able to configure whether the application icons are shown, the ability to hide each application's notification balloons has been added. The user can then view the notifications at a later time. A triangle to the left of the visible notification icons displays the hidden notification icons. Unlike Windows Vista and Windows XP, the hidden icons are displayed in a window above the taskbar, instead of on the taskbar. Icons can be dragged between this window and the notification area. left|thumb|Windows 7 desktop displayed through Peek. ====Aero Peek==== In previous versions of Windows, the taskbar ended with the notification area on the right-hand side. Windows 7, however, introduces a show desktop button on the far right side of the taskbar which can initiate an Aero Peek feature that makes all open windows translucent when hovered over by a mouse cursor. Clicking this button shows the desktop, and clicking it again brings all windows to focus. The new button replaces the show desktop shortcut located in the Quick Launch toolbar in previous versions of Windows. On touch-based devices, Aero Peek can be initiated by pressing and holding the show desktop button; touching the button itself shows the desktop. The button also increases in width to accommodate being pressed by a finger. ===Window management mouse gestures=== ====Aero Snap==== Windows can be dragged to the top of the screen to maximize them and dragged away to restore them. Dragging a window to the left or right of the screen makes it take up half the screen, allowing the user to tile two windows next to each other. Also, resizing the window to the bottom of the screen or its top will extend the window to full height but retain its width. These features can be disabled via the Ease of Access Center if users do not wish the windows to automatically resize. ====Aero Shake==== Aero Shake allows users to clear up any clutter on their screen by shaking (dragging back and forth) a window of their choice with the mouse. All other windows will minimize, while the window the user shook stays active on the screen. When the window is shaken again, all previously minimized windows are restored, similar to desktop preview. ===Keyboard shortcuts=== A variety of new keyboard shortcuts have been introduced. Global keyboard shortcuts: * operates as a keyboard shortcut for Aero Peek. * maximizes the current window. * if current window is maximized, restores it; otherwise minimizes current window. * makes upper and lower edge of current window nearly touch the upper and lower edge of the Windows desktop environment, respectively. * restores the original size of the current window. * snaps the current window to the left edge of the screen. * snaps the current window to the right half of the screen. * and move the current window to the left or right display. * functions as zoom in command wherever applicable. * functions as zoom out command wherever applicable. * turn off zoom once enabled. * operates as a keyboard shortcut for Aero Shake. * Opens Connect to a Network Projector, which has been updated from previous versions of Windows, and allows one to dictate where the desktop is displayed: on the main monitor, an external display, both; or allows one to display two independent desktops on two separate monitors. Taskbar: * Shift + Click, or Middle click starts a new instance of the application, regardless of whether it's already running. * Ctrl + Shift + Click starts a new instance with Administrator privileges; by default, a User Account Control prompt will be displayed. * Shift + Right-click (or right-clicking the program's thumbnail) shows the titlebar's context menu which, by default, contains "Restore", "Move", "Size", "Maximize", "Minimize" and "Close" commands. If the icon being clicked on is a grouped icon, a specialized context menu with "Restore All", "Minimize All", and "Close All" commands is shown. * Ctrl + Click on a grouped icon cycles between the windows (or tabs) in the group. ===Font management=== The user interface for font management has been overhauled in Windows 7. As with Windows Vista, the collection of installed fonts is displayed in a Windows Explorer window, but fonts that originate from the same font family appear as icons that are represented as stacks that display font previews within the interface. Windows 7 also introduces the option to hide installed fonts; certain fonts are automatically removed from view based on a user's regional settings. An option to manually hide installed fonts is also available. Hidden fonts remain installed but are not enumerated when an application asks for a list of available fonts, thus reducing the amount of fonts to scroll through within the interface and also reducing memory usage. Windows 7 includes over 40 new fonts, including a new "Gabriola" font. Users can The dialog box for fonts in Windows 7 has also been updated to display font previews within the interface, which allows users to preview fonts before selecting them. Previous versions of windows only displayed the name of the font. The ClearType Text Tuner which was previously available as a Microsoft Powertoy for earlier Windows versions has been integrated into, and updated for Windows 7. Microsoft would later backport Windows 8 Emoji features to Windows 7. ===Devices=== There are two major new user interface components for device management in Windows 7, "Devices and Printers" and "Device Stage". Both of these are integrated with Windows Explorer, and together provide a simplified view of what devices are connected to the computer, and what capabilities they support. ====Devices and Printers==== thumb|The new Devices and Printers Control Panel. Custom icons can be downloaded via the Internet. Devices and Printers is a new Control Panel interface that is directly accessible from the Start menu. Unlike the Device Manager Control Panel applet, which is still present, the icons shown on the Devices and Printers screen are limited to components of the system that a non-expert user will recognize as plug-in devices. For example, an external monitor connected to the system will be displayed as a device, but the internal monitor on a laptop will not. Device-specific features are available through the context menu for each device; an external monitor's context menu, for example, provides a link to the "Display Settings" control panel. This new Control Panel applet also replaces the "Printers" window in prior versions of Windows; common printer operations such as setting the default printer, installing or removing printers, and configuring properties such as paper size are done through this control panel. Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 introduce print driver isolation, which improves the reliability of the print spooler by running printer drivers in a separate process to the spooler service. If a third party print driver fails while isolated, it does not impact other drivers or the print spooler service. ====Device Stage==== Device Stage provides a centralized location for an externally connected multi-function device to present its functionality to the user. When a device such as a portable music player is connected to the system, the device appears as an icon on the task bar, as well as in Windows Explorer. Windows 7 ships with high-resolution images of a number of popular devices, and is capable of connecting to the Internet to download images of devices it doesn't recognize. Opening the icon presents a window that displays actions relevant to that device. Screenshots of the technology presented by Microsoft suggest that a mobile phone could offer options for two-way synchronization, configuring ring-tones, copying pictures and videos, managing the device in Windows Media Player, and using Windows Explorer to navigate through the device. Other device status information such as free memory and battery life can also be shown. The actual per-device functionality is defined via XML files that are downloaded when the device is first connected to the computer, or are provided by the manufacturer on an installation disc. ==Mobility enhancements== ===Multi-touch support=== Hilton Lock, who worked on the Tablet PC team at Microsoft, reported on December 11, 2007 that Windows 7 will have new touch features on devices supporting multi-touch. An overview and demonstration of the multi-touch capabilities, including a virtual piano program, a mapping and directions program and a touch-aware version of Microsoft Paint, was given at the All Things Digital Conference on May 27, 2008; a video of the multi-touch capabilities was made available on the web later the same day. ===Sensors=== Windows 7 introduces native support for sensors, including accelerometer sensors, ambient light sensors, and location- based sensors; the operating system also provides a unified driver model for sensor devices. A notable use of this technology in Windows 7 is the operating system's adaptive display brightness feature, which automatically adjusts the brightness of a compatible computer's display based on environmental light conditions and factors. Gadgets developed for Windows 7 can also display location-based information. Applications for certain sensor capabilities can be developed without the requisite hardware. Because data acquired by some sensors can be considered personally identifiable information, all sensors are disabled by default in Windows 7, and an account in Windows 7 requires administrative permissions to enable a sensor. Sensors also require user consent to share location data. ==Power management== ===Battery notification messages=== Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 7 is able to report when a laptop battery is in need of a replacement. The operating system works with design capabilities present in modern laptop batteries to report this information. ===Hibernation improvements=== The powercfg command enables the customization of the hibernation file size. By default, Windows 7 automatically sets the size of the hibernation file to 75% of a computer's total physical memory. The operating system also compresses the contents of memory during the hibernate process to minimize the possibility that the contents exceeds the default size of the hibernation file. ===Power analysis and reporting=== Windows 7 introduces a new /Energy parameter for the powercfg command, which generates an HTML report of a computer's energy efficiency and displays information related to devices or settings. ===USB suspension=== Windows 7 can individually suspend USB hubs and supports selective suspend for all in-box USB class drivers. ==Graphics== ===DirectX=== * Direct3D 11 is included with Windows 7. It is a strict super-set of Direct3D 10.1, which was introduced in Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008. * Direct2D and DirectWrite, new hardware-accelerated vector graphics and font rendering APIs built on top of Direct3D 10 that are intended to replace GDI/GDI+ for screen-oriented native-code graphics and text drawing. They can be used from managed applications with the Windows API Code Pack * Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform (WARP), a software rasterizer component for DirectX that provides all of the capabilities of Direct3D 10.0 and 10.1 in software. * DirectX Video Acceleration-High Definition (DXVA-HD) Direct3D 11, Direct2D, DirectWrite, DXGI 1.1, WARP and several other components are currently available for Windows Vista SP2 and Windows Server 2008 SP2 by installing the Platform Update for Windows Vista. ===Desktop Window Manager=== First introduced in Windows Vista, the Desktop Window Manager (DWM) in Windows 7 has been updated to use version 10.1 of Direct3D API, and its performance has been improved significantly. The Desktop Window Manager still requires at least a Direct3D 9-capable video card (supported with new device type introduced with the Direct3D 11 runtime). With a video driver conforming to Windows Display Driver Model v1.1, DXGI kernel in Windows 7 provides 2D hardware acceleration to APIs such as GDI, Direct2D and DirectWrite (though GDI+ was not updated to use this functionality). This allows DWM to use significantly lower amounts of system memory, which do not grow regardless of how many windows are opened, like it was in Windows Vista. Systems equipped with a WDDM 1.0 video card will operate in the same fashion as in Windows Vista, using software-only rendering. The Desktop Window Manager in Windows 7 also adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors. ===Other changes=== Support for color depths of 30 and 48 bits is included, along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB. Each user of Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 has individual DPI settings, rather than the machine having a single setting as in previous versions of Windows. DPI settings can be changed by logging on and off, without needing to restart. ==File system== ===Solid state drives=== Over time, several technologies have been incorporated into subsequent versions of Windows to improve the performance of the operating system on traditional hard disk drives (HDD) with rotating platters. Since Solid-state drives (SSD) differ from mechanical HDDs in some key areas (no moving parts, write amplification, limited number of erase cycles allowed for reliable operation), it is beneficial to disable certain optimizations and add others. Windows 7 incorporates many engineering changes to reduce the frequency of writes and flushes, which benefit SSDs in particular since each write operation wears the flash memory. Windows 7 also makes use of the TRIM command. If supported by the SSD (not implemented on early devices), this optimizes when erase cycles are performed, reducing the need to erase blocks before each write and increasing write performance. Several tools and techniques that were implemented in the past to reduce the impact of the rotational latency of traditional HDDs, most notably disk defragmentation, SuperFetch, ReadyBoost, and application launch prefetching, involve reorganizing (rewriting) the data on the platters. Since SSDs have no moving platters, this reorganization has no advantages, and may instead shorten the life of the solid state memory. Therefore, these tools are by default disabled on SSDs in Windows 7, except for some early generation SSDs that might still benefit. Finally, partitions made with Windows 7's partition-creating tools are created with the SSD's alignment needs in mind, avoiding unwanted systematic write amplification. ===Virtual hard disks=== The Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Windows 7 incorporate support for the Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) file format. VHD files can be mounted as drives, created, and booted from, in the same way as WIM files. Furthermore, an installed version of Windows 7 can be booted and run from a VHD drive, even on non-virtual hardware, thereby providing a new way to multi boot Windows. Some features such as hibernation and BitLocker are not available when booting from VHD. ===Disk partitioning=== By default, a computer's disk is partitioned into two partitions: one of limited size for booting, BitLocker and running the Windows Recovery Environment and the second with the operating system and user files. ===Removable media=== Windows 7 has also seen improvements to the Safely Remove Hardware menu, including the ability to eject just one camera card at the same time (from a single hub) and retain the ports for future use without reboot; and the labels of removable media are now also listed, rather than just the drive letter. Windows Explorer now by default only shows memory card reader ports in My Computer if they contain a card. ===BitLocker to Go=== BitLocker brings encryption support to removable disks such as USB drives. Such devices can be protected by a passphrase, a recovery key, or be automatically unlocked on a computer. ==Boot performance== According to data gathered from the Microsoft Customer Experience Improvement Program (CEIP), 35% of Vista SP1 installations boot up in 30 seconds or less. The more lengthy boot times on the remainder of the machines are mainly due to some services or programs that are loaded but are not required when the system is first started. Microsoft's Mike Fortin, a distinguished engineer on the Windows team, noted in August 2008 that Microsoft has set aside a team to work solely on the issue, and that team aims to "significantly increase the number of systems that experience very good boot times". They "focused very hard on increasing parallelism of driver initialization". Also, Microsoft aims to "dramatically reduce" the number of system services, along with their demands on processors, storage, and memory. ==Kernel and scheduling improvements== ===User-mode scheduler=== The 64-bit versions of Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 introduce a user-mode scheduling framework. On Microsoft Windows operating systems, scheduling of threads inside a process is handled by the kernel, ntoskrnl.exe. While for most applications this is sufficient, applications with large concurrent threading requirements, such as a database server, can benefit from having a thread scheduler in-process. This is because the kernel no longer needs to be involved in context switches between threads, and it obviates the need for a thread pool mechanism, as threads can be created and destroyed much more quickly when no kernel context switches are required. Prior to Windows 7, Windows used a one-to-one user thread to kernel-thread relationship. It was of course always possible to cobble together a rough many-to-one user-scheduler (with user-level timer interrupts) but if a system call was blocked on any one of the user threads, it would block the kernel thread and accordingly block all other user threads on the same scheduler. A many-to-one model could not take full advantage of symmetric multiprocessing. With Windows 7's user-mode scheduling, a program may configure one or more kernel threads as a scheduler supplied by a programming language library (one per logical processor desired) and then create a user-mode thread pool from which these UMS can draw. The kernel maintains a list of outstanding system calls which allows the UMS to continue running without blocking the kernel thread. This configuration can be used as either many-to-one or many-to-many. There are several benefits to a user mode scheduler. Context switching in User Mode can be faster. UMS also introduces cooperative multitasking. Having customizable scheduler also gives more control over thread execution.Curious case of User Mode Scheduling ===Memory management and CPU parallelism=== * The memory manager is optimized to mitigate the problem of total memory consumption in the event of excessive cached read operations, which occurred on earlier releases of 64-bit Windows. * Support for up to 256 logical processors * Fewer hardware locks and greater parallelism * Timer coalescing: modern processors and chipsets can switch to very low power usage levels while the CPU is idle. In order to reduce the number of times the CPU enters and exits idle states, Windows 7 introduces the concept of "timer coalescing"; multiple applications or device drivers which perform actions on a regular basis can be set to occur at once, instead of each action being performed on their own schedule. This facility is available in both kernel mode, via the `KeSetCoalesableTimer ` API (which would be used in place of `KeSetTimerEx`), and in user mode with the `SetWaitableTimerEx` Windows API call (which replaces `SetWaitableTimer`). ==Multimedia== ===Windows Media Center=== Windows Media Center in Windows 7 has retained much of the design and feel of its predecessor, but with a variety of user interface shortcuts and browsing capabilities. Playback of H.264 video both locally and through a Media Center Extender (including the Xbox 360) is supported. Some notable enhancements in Windows 7 Media Center include a new mini guide, a new scrub bar, the option to color code the guide by show type, and internet content that is more tightly integrated with regular TV via the guide. All Windows 7 versions now support up to four tuners of each type (QAM, ATSC, CableCARD, NTSC, etc.). When browsing the media library, items that don't have album art are shown in a range of foreground and background color combinations instead of using white text on a blue background. When the left or right remote control buttons are held down to browse the library quickly, a two-letter prefix of the current album name is prominently shown as a visual aid. The Picture Library includes new slideshow capabilities, and individual pictures can be rated. Also, while browsing a media library, a new column appears at the top named "Shared." This allows users to access shared media libraries on other Media Center PCs from directly within Media Center. For television support, the Windows Media Center "TV Pack" released by Microsoft in 2008 is incorporated into Windows Media Center. This includes support for CableCARD and North American (ATSC) clear QAM tuners, as well as creating lists of favorite stations. A gadget for Windows Media Center is also included. ===Format support=== Windows 7 includes AVI, WAV, AAC/ADTS file media sinks to read the respective formats, an MPEG-4 file source to read MP4, M4A, M4V, MP4V MOV and 3GP container formats and an MPEG-4 file sink to output to MP4 format. Windows 7 also includes a media source to read MPEG transport stream/BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream (M2TS, MTS, M2T and AVCHD) files. Transcoding (encoding) support is not exposed through any built-in Windows application but codecs are included as Media Foundation Transforms (MFTs). In addition to Windows Media Audio and Windows Media Video encoders and decoders, and ASF file sink and file source introduced in Windows Vista, Windows 7 includes an H.264 encoder with Baseline profile level 3 and Main profile support and an AAC Low Complexity (AAC-LC) profile encoder. For playback of various media formats, Windows 7 also introduces an H.264 decoder with Baseline, Main, and High profiles support, up to level 5.1, AAC-LC and HE-AAC v1 (SBR) multichannel, HE-AAC v2 (PS) stereo decoders, MPEG-4 Part 2 Simple Profile and Advanced Simple Profile decoders which includes decoding popular codec implementations such as DivX, Xvid and Nero Digital as well as MJPEG and DV MFT decoders for AVI. Windows Media Player 12 uses the built-in Media Foundation codecs to play these formats by default. Windows 7 also updates the DirectShow filters introduced in Windows Vista for playback of MPEG-2 and Dolby Digital to decode H.264, AAC, HE-AAC v1 and v2 and Dolby Digital Plus (including downmixing to Dolby Digital). ==Security== Action Center, formerly Windows Security Center, now encompasses both security and maintenance. It was called Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds. A new user interface for User Account Control has been introduced, which provides the ability to select four different levels of notifications, one of these notification settings, Default, is new to Windows 7. Geo-tracking capabilities are also available in Windows 7. The feature will be disabled by default. When enabled the user will only have limited control as to which applications can track their location. The Encrypting File System supports Elliptic-curve cryptographic algorithms (ECC) in Windows 7. For backward compatibility with previous releases of Windows, Windows 7 supports a mixed- mode operation of ECC and RSA algorithms. EFS self-signed certificates, when using ECC, will use 256-bit key by default. EFS can be configured to use 1K/2k/4k/8k/16k-bit keys when using self-signed RSA certificates, or 256/384/512-bit keys when using ECC certificates. In Windows Vista, the Protected User-Mode Audio (PUMA) content protection facilities are only available to applications that are running in a Protected Media Path environment. Because only the Media Foundation application programming interface could interact with this environment, a media player application had to be designed to use Media Foundation. In Windows 7, this restriction is lifted. PUMA also incorporates stricter enforcement of "Copy Never" bits when using Serial Copy Management System (SCMS) copy protection over an S/PDIF connection, as well as with High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) over HDMI connections. ===Biometrics=== Windows 7 includes the new Windows Biometric Framework. This framework consists of a set of components that standardizes the use of fingerprint biometric devices. In prior releases of Microsoft Windows, biometric hardware device manufacturers were required to provide a complete stack of software to support their device, including device drivers, software development kits, and support applications. Microsoft noted in a white paper on the Windows Biometric Framework that the proliferation of these proprietary stacks resulted in compatibility issues, compromised the quality and reliability of the system, and made servicing and maintenance more difficult. By incorporating the core biometric functionality into the operating system, Microsoft aims to bring biometric device support on par with other classes of devices. A new Control Panel called Biometric Device Control Panel is included which provides an interface for deleting stored biometrics information, troubleshooting, and enabling or disabling the types of logins that are allowed using biometrics. Biometrics configuration can also be configured using Group Policy settings. ==Networking== * DirectAccess, a VPN tunnel technology based on IPv6 and IPsec. DirectAccess requires domain-joined machines, Windows Server 2008 R2 on the DirectAccess server, at least Windows Server 2008 domain controllers and a PKI to issue authentication certificates. * BranchCache, a WAN optimization technology. * The Bluetooth stack includes improvements introduced in the Windows Vista Feature Pack for Wireless, namely, Bluetooth 2.1+EDR support and remote wake from S3 or S4 support for self-powered Bluetooth modules. * NDIS 6.20 (Network Driver Interface Specification) * WWAN (Mobile broadband) support (driver model based on NDIS miniport driver for CDMA and GSM device interfaces, Connection Manager support and Mobile Broadband COM and COM Interop API). * Wireless Hosted Network capabilities: The Windows 7 wireless LAN service supports two new functions – Virtual Wi-Fi, that allows a single wireless network adapter to act like two client devices, or a software-based wireless access point (SoftAP) to act as both a wireless hotspot in infrastructure mode and a wireless client at the same time. This feature is not exposed through the GUI; however the Virtual WiFi Miniport adapter can be installed and enabled for wireless adapters with drivers that support a hosted network by using the command netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow "ssid=" "key=" keyusage=persistent|temporary at an elevated command prompt. The wireless SoftAP can afterwards be started using the command netsh wlan start hostednetwork. Windows 7 also supports WPA2-PSK/AES security for the hosted network, but DNS resolution for clients requires it to be used with Internet Connection Sharing or a similar feature. * SMB 2.1, which includes minor performance enhancements over SMB2, such as a new opportunistic locking mechanism. * RDP 7.0 * Background Intelligent Transfer Service 4.0 ===HomeGroup=== Alongside the workgroup system used by previous versions, Windows 7 adds a new ad hoc home networking system known as HomeGroup. The system uses a password to join computers into the group, and allows users' libraries, along with individual files and folders, to be shared between multiple computers. Only computers running Windows 7 to Windows 10 version 1709 can create or join a HomeGroup; however, users can make files and printers shared in a HomeGroup accessible to Windows XP and Windows Vista through a separate account, dedicated to sharing HomeGroup content, that uses traditional Windows sharing. HomeGroup support was deprecated in Windows 10 and has been removed from Windows 10 version 1803 and later. HomeGroup as a concept is very similar to a feature slated for Windows Vista, known as Castle, which would have made it possible to have an identification service for all members on the network, without a centralized server. HomeGroup is created in response to the need for a simple sharing model for inexperienced users who need to share files without wrestling with user accounts, Security descriptors and share permissions. To that end, Microsoft previously created Simple File Sharing mode in Windows XP that, once enabled, caused all connected computers to be authenticated as Guest. Under this model, either a certain file or folder was shared with anyone who connects to the network (even unauthorized parties who are in range of the wireless network) or was not shared at all. In a HomeGroup, however: #Communication between HomeGroup computers is encrypted with a pre-shared password. #A certain file or folder can be shared with the entire HomeGroup (anyone who joins) or a certain person only. #HomeGroup computers can also be a member of a Windows domain or Windows workgroup at the same time and take advantage of those file sharing mechanisms. #Only computers that support HomeGroup (Windows 7 to Windows 10 version 1709) can join the network. ===Windows Firewall=== Windows 7 adds support for multiple firewall profiles. The Windows Firewall in Windows Vista dynamically changes which network traffic is allowed or blocked based on the location of the computer (based on which network it is connected to). This approach falls short if the computer is connected to more than one network at the same time (as for a computer with both an Ethernet and a wireless interface). In this case, Vista applies the profile that is more secure to all network connections. This is often not desirable; Windows 7 resolves this by being able to apply a separate firewall profile to each network connection. ===DNSSEC=== Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 introduce support for Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC), a set of specifications for securing certain kinds of information provided by the Domain Name System (DNS) as used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. DNSSEC employs digital signatures to ensure the authenticity of DNS data received from a DNS server, which protect against DNS cache poisoning attacks. ==Management features== Windows 7 contains Windows PowerShell 2.0 out-of-the-box, which is also available as a download to install on older platforms: * Windows Troubleshooting Platform * Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment * PowerShell Remoting Other new management features include: * AppLocker (a set of Group Policy settings that evolved from Software Restriction Policies, to restrict which applications can run on a corporate network, including the ability to restrict based on the application's version number or publisher) * Group Policy Preferences (also available as a download for Windows XP and Windows Vista). * The Windows Automation API (also available as a download for Windows XP and Windows Vista). ==Upgraded components== Windows 7 includes Internet Explorer 8, .NET Framework 3.5 SP1, Internet Information Services (IIS) 7.5, Windows Installer 5.0 and a standalone XPS Viewer. Paint, Calculator, Resource Monitor, on-screen keyboard, and WordPad have also been updated. Paint and WordPad feature a Ribbon interface similar to the one introduced in Office 2007, with both sporting several new features. WordPad supports Office Open XML and ODF file formats. Calculator has been rewritten, with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes, unit conversion, and date calculations. Calculator was also given a graphical facelift, the first since Windows 95 in 1995 and Windows NT 4.0 in 1996. Sticky Notes of Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2002 and the similar Sticky Notes Gadget introduced in Windows Vista have been replaced with a new Sticky Notes application that supports new Windows 7 taskbar features — a thumbnail preview of a stack representing all minimized notes, and Jump Lists on the taskbar and Start menu to create a New Note — and full-text-based search in the Windows Shell through an IFilter and protocol handler for all notes. Real-time stylus (both pen and touch input) is also supported. Resource Monitor includes an improved RAM usage display and supports display of TCP/IP ports being listened to, filtering processes using networking, filtering processes with disk activity and listing and searching process handles (e.g. files used by a process) and loaded modules (files required by an executable file, e.g. DLL files). Microsoft Magnifier, an accessibility utility for low vision users has been dramatically improved. Magnifier now supports the full screen zoom feature, whereas previous Windows versions had the Magnifier attached to the top of the screen in a dock layout. The new full screen feature is enabled by default, however, it requires Windows Aero for the advantage of the full screen zoom feature. If Windows is set to the Windows 7 Basic, Windows Classic, or High Contrast themes, Magnifier will still function like it did in Windows Vista and earlier. Windows Installer 5.0 supports installing and configuring Windows Services, and provides developers with more control over setting permissions during software installation. Neither of these features will be available for prior versions of Windows; custom actions to support these features will continue to be required for Windows Installer packages that need to implement these features. ==Other features== * Windows 7 improves the Tablet PC Input Panel to make faster corrections using new gestures, supports text prediction in the soft keyboard and introduces a new Math Input Panel for inputting math into programs that support MathML. It recognizes handwritten math expressions and formulas. Additional language support for handwriting recognition can be gained by installing the respective MUI pack for that language (also called language pack). * Windows 7 introduces a new Problem Steps Recorder tool that enables users to record their interaction with software for analysis and support. The feature can be used to replicate a problem to show support when and where a problem occurred. * As opposed to the blank start-up screen in Windows Vista, Windows 7's start-up screen consists of an animation featuring four colored light balls (one red, one yellow, one green, and one blue). They twirl around for a few seconds and then merge to form a glowing Windows logo. This only occurs on displays with a vertical resolution of 768 pixels or higher, as the animation is 1024x768. Any screen with a resolution below this displays the same startup screen that Vista used. * The Starter Edition of Windows 7 can run an unlimited number of applications, compared to only 3 in Windows Vista Starter. Microsoft had initially intended to ship Windows 7 Starter Edition with this limitation, but announced after the release of the Release Candidate that this restriction would not be imposed in the final release. * For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services), new features to shorten application install times, reduced UAC prompts, simplified development of installation packages, and improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API. * If an application crashes twice in a row, Windows 7 will automatically attempt to apply a shim. If an application fails to install a similar self- correcting fix, a tool that asks some questions about the application launches.Application Self-Healing accessed on Jan 30 2009 * Windows 7 includes an optional TIFF IFilter that enables indexing of TIFF documents by reading them with optical character recognition (OCR), thus making their text content searchable. TIFF iFilter supports Adobe TIFF Revision 6.0 specifications and four compression schemes: LZW, JPEG, CCITT v4, CCITT v6 * The Windows Console now adheres to the current Windows theme, instead of showing controls from the Windows Classic theme. * Games Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. * Users can disable many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. The new components which can now be disabled include: Handwriting Recognition, Internet Explorer, Windows DVD Maker, Windows Fax and Scan, Windows Gadget Platform Windows Media Center, Windows Media Player, Windows Search, and the XPS Viewer (with its services). * Windows XP Mode is a fully functioning copy of 32-bit Windows XP Professional SP3 running in a virtual machine in Windows Virtual PC (as opposed to Hyper-V) running on top of Windows 7. Through the use of the RDP protocol, it allows applications incompatible with Windows 7 to be run on the underlying Windows XP virtual machine, but still to appear to be part of the Windows 7 desktop, thereby sharing the native Start Menu of Windows 7 as well as participating in file type associations. It is not distributed with Windows 7 media, but is offered as a free download to users of the Professional, Enterprise and Ultimate editions from Microsoft's web site. Users of Home Premium who want Windows XP functionality on their systems can download Windows Virtual PC free of charge, but must provide their own licensed copy of Windows XP. XP Mode is intended for consumers rather than enterprises, as it offers no central management capabilities. Microsoft Enterprise Desktop Virtualization (Med-V) is available for the enterprise market. * Native support for Hyper-V virtual machines through the inclusion of VMBus integration drivers. * AVCHD camera support and Universal Video Class 1.1 * Protected Broadcast Driver Architecture (PBDA) for TV tuner cards, first implemented in Windows Media Center TV Pack 2008 for Windows Vista. * Multi-function devices and Device Containers: Prior to Windows 7, every device attached to the system was treated as a single functional end-point, known as a devnode, that has a set of capabilities and a "status". While this is appropriate for single-function devices (such as a keyboard or scanner), it does not accurately represent multi-function devices such as a combined printer, fax machine, and scanner, or web-cams with a built-in microphone. In Windows 7, the drivers and status information for multi-function device can be grouped together as a single "Device Container", which is presented to the user in the new "Devices and Printers" Control Panel as a single unit. This capability is provided by a new Plug and Play property, `ContainerID`, which is a [[Universally unique identifier |Globally Unique Identifier]] that is different for every instance of a physical device. The Container ID can be embedded within the device by the manufacturer, or created by Windows and associated with each devnode when it is first connected to the computer. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the generated Container ID, Windows will attempt to use information unique to the device, such as a MAC address or USB serial number. Devices connected to the computer via USB, IEEE 1394 (FireWire), eSATA, PCI Express, Bluetooth, and Windows Rally's PnP-X support can make use of Device Containers. * Windows 7 will also contain a new FireWire (IEEE 1394) stack that fully supports IEEE 1394b with S800, S1600 and S3200 data rates. * The ability to join a domain offline. * Service Control Manager in conjunction with the Windows Task Scheduler supports trigger-start services. ==See also== ==References== ==External links== * What's New in Windows 7 for IT Pros (RC) * Windows 7 Support Category:Windows 7 Windows 7 |
thumb|425px|Moving Day in Little Old New York, satirical painting, c.1827 Moving Day was a tradition in New York City dating back to colonial times and lasting until after World War II. On February 1, sometimes known as "Rent Day", landlords would give notice to their tenants what the new rent would be after the end of the quarter,Staff (February 13, 1854) "Facetious Landlords" The New York Times the tenants would spend good-weather days in the early spring searching for new houses and the best deals.Staff (April 30, 1873 "May Day: A History of Moving Day" The New York Times) On May 1,Oxford English Dictionary quoted at "Big Apple: Moving Day (May 1st) all leases in the city expired simultaneously at 9:00 am, causing thousands of people to change their residences, all at the same time.Straight DopeStaff (May 2, 1873) "Moving Day in Brooklyn" The New York Times Local legend has it that the tradition began because May 1 was the day the first Dutch settlers set out for Manhattan,Gelfand, et al. (2007), "Origins of Moving Day" p.2 but The Encyclopedia of New York City links it instead to the English celebration of May Day.*Erickson, Alana J. "Moving Day" in While it may have originated as a custom, the tradition took force of law by an 1820 act of the New York State Legislature, which mandated that if no other date was specified, all housing contracts were valid to the first of May;the law was repealed in 1828Staff (May 2, 1856) "Moving-Day" The New York Times – unless the day fell on a Sunday, in which case the deadline was May 2.Staff (May 1, 1881) "Many Families Moving" The New York Times ==History== In 1799, an observer commented that New Yorkers "are seized on the first of May, by a sort of madness, that will not let them rest till they have changed their dwelling."Burrows and Wallace (1999), p.392 Because there were not enough cartmen to handle all the traffic, farmers would come from Long Island and New Jersey to rent out their wagons at high prices.Anonymous (May 2, 1856) Letter dated May 19, 1759 The New York Times By 1820, because of the large increase in the number of propertyless renters, Moving Day had become "pandemonium", with the streets gridlocked with wagons carting household goods.Burrows and Wallace (1999), p.476 The tradition was still in force in 1848, when the Tenant League denounced it as a way for landlords to raise rents every year.Burrows and Wallace (1999), p.767 The cost of moving was another concern, as cartmen sometimes charged more than the official rates set by city ordinances – people were known to pay up to a week's wages to be movedGelfand et al. (2007), "Movers of Moving Day" p.3 – and the truckman might, if the customer refused to pay on delivery, take their belongings to Police Headquarters, charging for the additional transportation.Staff (April 29, 1890) "What It Costs to Move" The New York Times thumb|left|400px|A cart full of furniture upset on Moving Day, 1831 By 1856, some erosion of the strict adherence to the custom of Moving Day was noted, as some people moved a few days before or after the traditional day, creating, in effect, a "moving week". Once the economic depression of 1873 was over, more housing was constructed, dropping the price of housing down, and subsequently people had less need to move as often. Near the end of the 19th century, many people began leaving the city for the cooler suburbs in the heat of summertime, and as a result October 1 became a second Moving Day, as people returning to the city would take their belongings out of storage and move into their newly rented homes. The October date may be related to the English custom of paying land rents on Michaelmas, which falls on September 29. Eventually, the October date began to supplant the traditional May date, so that by 1922 the Van Owners Association reported only a "moderate flurry" of activity on the Spring day.Staff "May 1 Moving Rush a Thing of the Past" The New York Times The movers also attempted to get legislation passed to spread out the Fall rush to three dates: the firsts of September, October and November.Staff (November 19, 1922) "Want 3 Moving Days to Relieve October 1" The New York Times Over time, the tradition of a specific Moving Day began to fade, with the remnant evident in commercial leases, which still generally run out on May 1 or October 1. At the height of Moving Day in the early 20th century, it was estimated that a million people in the city all changed their residences at the same time. Resistance to Moving Day was strong in the 1920s and 1930s, but it took the start of World War II to end the general practice, as the moving industry found it difficult to find able-bodied men to do the work. The post-war housing shortage and the advent of rent control finally put an end to the custom for good.Gelfand, et al. (2007), "Moving Day" p.1 By 1945, a newspaper headline announced "Housing Shortage Erases Moving Day."Gelfand, et al. (2007), "Moving Day" p.8 ==Descriptions== In her 1832 book Domestic Manners of Americans, English writer Frances Trollope, mother of novelist Anthony Trollope, described the city on Moving Day: > On the 1st of May the city of New York has the appearance of sending off a > population flying from the plague, or of a town which had surrendered on > condition of carrying away all their goods and chattels. Rich furniture and > ragged furniture, carts, wagons, and drays, ropes, canvas, and straw, > packers, porters, and draymen, white, yellow, and black, occupy the streets > from east to west, from north to south, on this day. Every one I spoke to on > the subject complained of this custom as most annoying, but all assured me > it was unavoidable, if you inhabit a rented house. More than one of my New > York friends have built or bought houses solely to avoid this annual > inconvenience.Trollope, Frances (1949) Domestic Manners of the Americans, > ed. Donald Smalley, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.349–350; quoted in > Gelfand, et al. (2007), "Origins of Moving Day" p.2 John Pintard, a co-founder of the New-York Historical Society described moving day in a letter to his daughter Eliza in 1832 or 1833: thumb|right|400px|The chaos of Moving Day in New York City in 1856 > Tuesday 1st May. Hazy, raw. Yest[erda]y was very unfavorable for the general > moving of our great city. High rents, incommodious dwellings, & necessity > combine to crowd our streets with carts overloaded with furniture & hand > barrows with sofas, chairs, sideboards, looking glasses & pictures, so as to > render the sidewalks almost impassable. The practice of all moving on one > day, & give up & hiring Houses in Feb[ruar]y is of an antient custom & when > the city was small & inhabitants few in number, almost every body owned or > continued for years tenants in the same houses. Few instances of removals > were seen, but now N[ew] York is literally in an uproar for several days > before & after the 1st of May. This practice of move all, to strangers > appears absurd, but it is attended with the advantage of affording a greater > choice of abodes in the Feb[ruar]y quarter.Pintard, John (1941) Letters From > John Pintard To His Daughter Eliza Noel Pintard Davidson 1816–1833, Volume > IV 1832–1833, New York: Printed For the New-York Historical Society. p.44; > quoted in Gelfrand et al."Origins of Moving Day" Frontiersman Davey Crockett described his experience of Moving Day when he came to the city to be guest of honor at a dinner given by the Whig Party in 1834:Crockett, David (1902) Life of David Crockett, the original humorist and irrepressible backwoodsman… an autobiography, to which is added an account of his glorious death at the Alamo while fighting in defense of Texan independence, New York: A. L. Burt Co. p.165 > By the time we returned down Broadway, it seemed to me that the city was > flying before some awful calamity. "Why," said I, "Colonel, what under > heaven is the matter? Everyone appears to be pitching out their furniture, > and packing it off." He laughed, and said this was the general "moving day." > Such a sight nobody ever saw unless it was in this same city. It seemed a > kind of frolic, as if they were changing houses just for fun. Every street > was crowded with carts, drays, and people. So the world goes. It would take > a good deal to get me out of my log-house; but here, I understand, many > persons "move" every year.Crockett, Davey (1902) Life of David Crockett, the > original humorist and irrepressible backwoodsman ... an autobiography, to > which is added an account of his glorious death at the Alamo while fighting > in defense of Texan independence, New York: A. L. Burt Co. pp.188–189. > quoted in Gelfand, et al. (2007), "Origins of Moving Day" p.2 "Mrs. Felton", in her 1843 book American Life: A Narrative of Two Years' City And Country Residence in the United States gives another Englishwoman's perspective on the tradition: > By an established custom, the houses are let from this day [May 1st] for the > term of one year certain; and, as the inhabitants in general love variety, > and seldom reside in the same house for two consecutive years, those who > have to change, which appears to be nearly the whole city, must be all > removed together. Hence, from the peep of day till twilight, may be seen > carts which go at a rate of speed astonishingly rapid, laden with furniture > of every kind, racing up and down the city, as if its inhabitants were > flying from a pestilence, pursued by death with his broad scythe just ready > to mow them into eternity.Felton, Mrs. (1843) American Life: A Narrative of > Two Years' City And Country Residence in the United States, Boston: Printed > For the Authorities. p.52; quoted in "Origins of Moving Day" In 1855, the New York Times look forward to that year's Moving Day: > It will begin early – before some of us are up, no doubt, and it will > continue late. The sidewalks will be worse obstructed in every street than > Wall-street is where the brokers are in full blast. Old beds and ricketty > bedstands, handsome pianos and kitchen furniture, will be chaotically > huddled together. Everything will be in a muddle. Everybody in a hurry, > smashing mirrors in his haste, and carefully guarding boot boxes from harm. > Sofas that go out sound will go in maimed, tables that enjoyed castors will > scratch along and "tip" on one less than its complement. Bed-screws will be > lost in the confusion, and many a good piece of furniture badly bruised in > consequence. Family pictures will be sadly marred, and the china will be a > broken set before night, in many a house. All houses will be dirty – never > so dirty – into which people move, and the dirt of the old will seem > enviable beside the cleanliness of the new. The old people will in their > hearts murmur at these moving dispensations. The younger people, though > aching in every bone, and "tired to death," will relish the change, and > think the new closets more roomy and more nice, and delight themselves > fancying how this piece of furniture will look here and that piece in the > other corner. The still "younger ones" will still more enjoy it. Into the > cellar and upon the roof, into the rat-holes and on the yard fence, into > each room and prying into every cupboard, they mill make reprisals of many > things "worth saving," and mark the day white in their calendar, as little > less to be longed for in the return than Fourth of July itself.Keep your > tempers, good people. Don't growl at the carmen nor haggle over the price > charged. When the scratched furniture comes in don't believe it is utterly > ruined, – a few nails, a little glue, a piece of putty, and a pint of > varnish will rejuvenate many articles that will grow very old 'twixt morning > and night, and undo much of the mischief that comes of moving, and which at > first sight seems irreparable.Staff (May 1, 1855) "New-York City: First of > May – Moving Day" The New York Times George Templeton Strong, a prominent New York lawyer, described Moving Day in his diary: > May 1. Fine weather, to the great comfort of the locomotive public. Never > knew the city in such a chaotic state. Every other house seems to be > disgorging itself into the street; all the sidewalks are lumbered with > bureaus and bedsteads to the utter destruction of their character as > thoroughfares, and all the space between the sidewalks is occupied by long > processions of carts and wagons and vehicles omnigenous laden with perilous > piles of moveables. We certainly haven't advanced as a people beyond the > nomadic or migratory stage of civilization analogous to that of the pastoral > cow feeders of the Tartar Steppes.Strong, George Templeton; Nevins, Allan & > Thomas, Milton Halsey (eds.) (1952) The Diary of George Templeton Strong. > New York: The Macmillan Company, pp.231–232. quoted in Gelfand et al. > (2007), "Origins of Moving Day" In 1865, the Times described the attitude of the "carmen" on Moving Day: > On the 1st of May, too, the carman becomes a different creature. Not > particularly civil at any time, on moving day he must be approached with > caution. He has become lord of the ascendant. Ordinary offers do not tempt > him. He has been known to laugh to scorn a man who offered him $5 to convey > a load half a dozen blocks. He declines making any previous engagements. He > seeks no customers, but rather conveys the idea that he would prefer to be > let alone. At the same time he keeps a sharp eye to business, and only > accepts an offer when he knows he can't beat a cent more out of his > customer. And then when he is engaged, he goes about his work with supremest > indifference. ... He is above all ordinances; he is a creation of the day; > to-morrow he will be a mere carman, amenable to law and standing in fear of > the Mayor's Marshal.Staff (April 30, 1865) "Moving-Day" (editorial) The New > York Times Lydia Maria Child, the editor of the abolitionist newspaper National Anti- Slavery Standard, described Moving Day in her Letters from New-York: > [A]ll New-York moves on the first of May; not only moves about, as usual, in > the everlasting hurry-scurry of business, but one house empties itself into > another, all over the city. The streets are full of loaded drays, on which > tables are dancing, and carpets rolling to and fro. Small chairs, which > bring up such pretty, cozy images of rolly-pooly mannikens and maidens, > eating supper from tilted porringers, and spilling the milk on their night- > gowns – these go ricketting along on the tops of beds and bureaus, and not > unfrequently pitch into the street, and so fall asunder. Children are > driving hither and yon, one with a flower-pot in his hand, another with > work-box, band-box, or oil-canakin; each so intent upon his important > mission, that all the world seems to him (as it does to many a theologican,) > safely locked up within the little walls he carries. Luckily, both boy and > bigot are mistaken, or mankind would be in a bad box, sure enough. The dogs > seem bewildered with this universal transmigration of bodies; and as for the > cats, they sit on the door-steps, mewing piteously, that they were not born > in the middle ages, or at least in the quiet old portion of the world. And > I, who have almost as strong a love of localities as poor puss, turn away > from the windows, with a suppressed anathema on the nineteenth century, with > its perpetual changes. Do you want an appropriate emblem of this country, > and this age? Then stand on the side-walks of New-York, and watch the > universal transit on the first of May ... However, human being are such > creatures of habit and imitation, that what is necessity soon becomes > fashion, and each one wishes to do what everyone else is doing. A lady in > the neighbourhood closed all her binds and shutters, on May-day; being asked > by her acquaintance whether she had been in the country, she answered, "I > was ashamed not to be moving on the first of May; and so I shut up the house > that the neighbours might not know it." One could not well imagine a fact > more characteristic of the despotic sway of custom and public opinion, in > the United States, and the nineteenth century.Child, Marie Lloyd; Mills, > Bruce (ed.) (1998) Letters from New-York. Athens, Georgia: The University of > Georgia Press. pp.175–178; quoted in Gelfand et al. (2007), "Origins of > Moving Day" ==See also== *History of New York City *May Day *Michaelmas *Moving (address) *Moving Day (Quebec) ==References== Notes Bibliography * * Gelfand, Aleksandr (curator); Jamil, Hassan (design); Roff, Sandra (supervision) (2007) Moving Day (online exhibit), Baruch College, City University of New York ==External links== *"Moving Day" online exhibit (as of January 2021, temporarily not available) *"Moving Day" in the New York Times Archive *Gotham Center for New York City History *New-York Historical Society Category:History of New York City Category:Moving and relocation Category:Observances in New York City Category:Culture of New York City |
The ninth season of Let's Dance started on 11 March 2016. Sylvie Meis and Daniel Hartwich returned as hosts while Motsi Mabuse, Joachim Llambi and Jorge Gonzalez also returned as the judges. This also served as the second season to feature 14 couples. ==Couples== Celebrity Occupation / Known for Professional partner Status Niels Ruf Television presenter Otlile Mabuse Eliminated 2nd on March 18, 2016 Franziska Traub Actress Vadim Garbuzov Withdrew on March 31, 2016 Attila Hildmann Author Oxana Lebedew Eliminated 3rd on April 1, 2016 Sonja Kirchberger Actress Ilia Russo (Week 1-3) Vadim Garbuzov (Week 4) Eliminated 4th on April 8, 2016 Thomas Häßler Footballer Regina Luca Eliminated 5th on April 15, 2016 Michael Wendler Singer Isabel Edvardsson Eliminated 6th on April 22, 2016 Nastassja Kinski Actress Christian Polanc Eliminated 7th on April 29, 2016 Model Sergiu Luca Eliminated 8th on May 6, 2016 Television presenter Kathrin Menzinger Eliminated 1st & 9th on March 11, 2016 & May 13, 2016 Julius Brink Volleyball player Ekaterina Leonova Eliminated 10th on May 20, 2016 Actor Oana Nechiti Eliminated 11th on May 27, 2016 Jana Pallaske Actress Massimo Sinato Third place on June 3, 2016 Sarah Lombardi Singer Robert Beitsch Runner-Up on June 3, 2016 Victoria Swarovski Singer, heiress & television presenter Erich Klann Winner on June 3, 2016 ==Scoring chart== Couple Place 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Semi-Finals 12 Finals Couple Place 1 2 3 5 6 Victoria & Erich 1 23 25 26 22 +4 26 25 30 21 51 28 +10 38 26 24 50 30 30 60 29 30 30 89 30 29 28 87 Sarah & Robert 2 11 16 14 14 +4 18 14 30 30 21 51 27 +2 29 23 20 43 20 23 43 23 26 24 73 21 30 27 78 Jana & Massimo 3 26 25 30 27 +4 31 25 26 24 21 45 29 +6 35 28 29 57 28 30 58 27 30 22 79 26 30 30 86 Eric & Oana 4 29 23 30 21 +7 28 22 23 28 21 49 30 +4 34 19 26 45 25 25 50 22 20 26 68 Julius & Ekaterina 5 16 20 24 22 +7 29 27 21 21 42 22 +8 30 23 27 50 24 26 50 Ulli & Kathrin 6 5 5 7 +7 14 6 6 4 21 25 3 +1 4 5 5 10 Alessandra & Sergiu 7 21 11 17 22 +4 26 21 24 25 21 46 17 +3 20 Nastassja & Christian 8 14 12 11 9 +4 13 16 13 15 21 36 Michael & Isabel 9 8 10 10 11 +7 18 7 12 Thomas & Regina 10 8 13 7 11 +7 18 10 Sonja & Ilia/Vadim 11 18 14 15 16 +4 20 Attila & Oxana 12 10 5 13 Franziska & Vadim 13 11 13 − Niels & Otlile 14 8 6 :Red numbers indicates the lowest score for each week. :Green numbers indicates the highest score for each week. : indicates the couple eliminated that week. : indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two. : indicates the couple that withdrew from the competition. : indicates the couple was eliminated but later returned to the competition. : indicates the winning couple. : indicates the runner-up couple. : indicates the third-place couple. === Averages === This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. Rank by Average Place Couple Total Points Performances Average 1 1 Victoria & Erich 486 18 27.00 1 3 Jana & Massimo 513 19 27.00 3 4 Eric & Oana 390 16 24.38 4 5 Julius & Ekaterina 273 12 22.75 5 2 Sarah & Robert 414 19 21.79 6 7 Alessandra & Sergiu 179 9 19.89 7 11 Sonja & Ilia/Vadim 63 4 15.75 8 8 Nastassja & Christian 111 8 13.88 9 13 Franziska & Vadim 24 2 12.00 10 10 Thomas & Regina 49 5 9.80 11 9 Michael & Isabel 58 6 9.67 12 12 Attila & Oxana 28 3 9.33 13 14 Niels & Otlile 14 2 7.00 14 6 Ulli & Kathrin 67 10 6.70 === Highest and lowest scoring performances === The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' marks are as follows: Dance Best dancer(s) Best score Worst dancer(s) Worst score Cha-Cha-Cha Victoria Swarovski 30 Ulli Potofski 5 Quickstep Victoria Swarovski 30 Attila Hildmann 10 Waltz Victoria Swarovski 30 Ulli Potofski 7 Viennese Waltz Jana Pallaske 27 Niels Ruf 8 Rumba Jana Pallaske Victoria Swarovski 30 Attila Hildmann Ulli Potofski 5 Jive Eric Stehfest 28 Niels Ruf 6 Slowfox Victoria Swarovski 30 Ulli Potofski 5 Salsa Victoria Swarovski 29 Alessandra Meyer-Wölden 11 Tango Jana Pallaske (twice) Victoria Swarovski 30 Ulli Potofski 6 Contemporary Eric Stehfest Jana Pallaske Sarah Lombardi (twice) 30 Michael Wendler 7 Paso Doble Sarah Lombardi Victoria Swarovski 30 Ulli Potofski 6 Samba Victoria Swarovski 29 Ulli Potofski 4 Argentine Tango Julius Brink 27 Ulli Potofski 5 Disco Marathon Victoria Swarovski 10 Ulli Potofski 1 Freestyle Jana Pallaske 30 Sarah Lombardi 27 Hip-Hop Eric Stehfest 30 - - Charleston Victoria Swarovski 28 - - Bollywood Sarah Lombardi 27 - - Rock n' Roll Ulli Potofski 3 - - Lambada Jana Pallaske 29 - - Lindy Hop Julius Brink 22 - - Merengue Alessandra Meyer-Wölden 17 - - Team Dance (Week 4) Eric Stehfest Julius Brink Michael Wendler Thomas Häßler Ulli Potofski 7 Alessandra Meyer-Wölden Jana Pallaske Nastassja Kinski Sarah Lombardi Sonja Kirchberger Victoria Swarovski 4 Team Dance (Week 7) Eric Stehfest Jana Pallaske Victoria Swarovski Sarah Lombardi Julius Brink Nastassja Kinski Alessandra Meyer-Wölden Ulli Potofski 21 - - ===Couples' Highest and lowest scoring performances=== According to the traditional 30-point scale. Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances Victoria & Erich Tango, Quickstep, Fusion dance, Paso doble, Slowfox & Waltz (30) Rumba (22) Sarah & Robert Contemporary (twice) & Paso Doble (30) Quickstep (11) Jana & Massimo Tango (twice), Fusion dance, Contemporary & Freestyle (30) Cha-Cha-Cha (22) Eric & Oana Contemporary & Hip- Hop (30) Quickstep (19) Julius & Ekaterina Slowfox (27) Quickstep (16) Ulli & Kathrin Waltz (7) Rock'n'Roll (3) Alessandra & Sergiu Contemporary (25) Salsa (11) Nastassja & Christian Samba (16) Cha-Cha-Cha (9) Michael & Isabel Waltz (12) Contemporary (7) Thomas & Regina Jive (13) Paso doble (7) Sonja & Ilia/Vadim Viennese Waltz (18) Jive (14) Attila & Oxana Jive (13) Rumba (5) Franziska & Vadim Rumba (13) Cha-Cha-Cha (11) Niels & Otlile Viennese Waltz (8) Jive (6) ==Weekly scores and songs== ===Week 1: Opening Night === ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Sarah & Robert Quickstep "Avenir" - Louane 4 4 3 11 Safe 2 Alessandra & Sergiu Waltz "What If" - Kate Winslet 7 7 7 21 Safe 3 Michael & Isabel Cha-Cha-Cha "Du hast mich tausend mal belogen" - Andrea Berg 3 3 2 8 Bottom two 4 Thomas & Regina Waltz "Heaven" - Bryan Adams 3 3 2 8 Safe 5 Victoria & Erich Cha-Cha-Cha "I Don't Like It, I Love It" - Flo Rida feat. Robin Thicke & Verdine White 8 8 7 23 Safe 6 Sonja & Ilia Viennese Waltz "I Put a Spell on You" - Annie Lennox 7 6 5 18 Safe 7 Julius & Ekaterina Quickstep "Like Ice in the Sunshine" - The BossHoss 6 6 4 16 Safe 8 Franziska & Vadim Cha-Cha-Cha "She's a Lady" - Tom Jones 4 4 3 11 Safe 9 Niels & Otlile Viennese Waltz "Where the Wild Roses Grow" - Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds & Kylie Minogue 3 3 2 8 Bottom three 10 Attila & Oxana Quickstep "Wonderwall" - Paul Anka 4 4 2 10 Safe 11 Ulli & Kathrin Cha-Cha-Cha "Daddy Cool" - Boney M. 2 2 1 5 Eliminated 12 Jana & Massimo Cha-Cha-Cha "Sugar" - Robin Schulz feat. Francesco Yates 10 8 8 26 Safe 13 Eric & Oana Cha-Cha-Cha "Goodbye" - Feder feat. Lyse 10 9 10 29 Safe 14 Nastassja & Christian Viennese Waltz "Everybody Hurts" - Tina Arena 6 5 3 14 Safe ===Week 2 === ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Alessandra & Sergiu Salsa "36 Grad" - 2Raumwohnung 4 4 3 11 Bottom two 2 Julius & Ekaterina Rumba "She's the One" - Robbie Williams 7 7 6 20 Safe 3 Attila & Oxana Rumba "When I Was Your Man" - Bruno Mars 2 2 1 5 Bottom three 4 Sarah & Robert Salsa "Vivir mi vida" - Marc Anthony 6 6 4 16 Safe 5 Thomas & Regina Jive "Crocodile Rock" - Elton John 5 5 3 13 Safe 6 Victoria & Erich Slowfox "Supergirl" - Anna Naklab feat. Alle Farben & YOUNOTUS 10 9 6 25 Safe 7 Sonja & Ilia Jive "Je veux" - Zaz 5 5 4 14 Safe 8 Nastassja & Christian Rumba "I Want to Know What Love Is" - Mariah Carey 5 4 3 12 Safe 9 Michael & Isabel Slowfox "Daydream Believer" - The Monkees 4 3 3 10 Safe 10 Jana & Massimo Jive "Flash mich" - Mark Forster 9 8 8 25 Safe 11 Niels & Otlile Jive "Bad Boy" - Miami Sound Machine 2 3 1 6 Eliminated 12 Franziska & Vadim Rumba "Private Dancer" - Tina Turner 5 5 3 13 Safe 13 Eric & Oana Slowfox "Take Me to Church" - Hozier 9 8 6 23 Safe ===Week 3: 80's Night === On March 31, Franziska Traub withdrew from the competition due to an injury. Actually Niels Ruf should fill in for her due to the rules but because of his behaviour during the show and afterwards it was decided that Ulli Potofski filled in for Traub. ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Michael & Isabel Jive "Karma Chameleon" - Culture Club 4 4 2 10 Safe 2 Alessandra & Sergiu Tango "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" - Eurythmics 6 6 5 17 Safe 3 Victoria & Erich Jive "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" - Wham! 9 9 8 26 Safe 4 Thomas & Regina Paso doble "Livin' on a Prayer" - Bon Jovi 3 3 1 7 Bottom two 5 Sarah & Robert Rumba "How Will I Know" - Whitney Houston 5 5 4 14 Safe 6 Sonja & Ilia Rumba "Lady in Red" - Chris de Burgh 6 5 4 15 Bottom three 7 Julius & Ekaterina Tango "Das Model" - Kraftwerk 9 8 7 24 Safe 8 Attila & Oxana Jive "Take On Me" - A-Ha 5 5 3 13 Eliminated 9 Eric & Oana Contemporary "Flugzeuge in meinem Bauch" - Herbert Grönemeyer 10 10 10 30 Safe 10 Ulli & Kathrin Slowfox "Heartbreaker" - Dionne Warwick 2 2 1 5 Safe 11 Nastassja & Christian Slowfox "Felicita" - Albano Carrisi & Romina Power 5 4 2 11 Safe 12 Jana & Massimo Tango "Let's Dance" - David Bowie 10 10 10 30 Safe ===Week 4: 90's Night=== On April 4 it was announced that Vadim Garbuzov will be Sonja Kirchberger's partner from now on after Ilia Russo injured his back and had to leave the competition. Also this week featured a "Boys vs Girls Battle" dance where the male pro dancers and celebrities danced against the female pro dancers and celebrities. The judges then decided which group performance was the better one. ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Sarah & Robert Cha-Cha-Cha "Barbie Girl" - Aqua 5 5 4 14 Safe 2 Sonja & Vadim Slowfox "Would I Lie to You?" - Charles & Eddie 6 6 4 16 Eliminated 3 Julius & Ekaterina Samba "Coco Jambo" - Mr. President 8 8 6 22 Safe 4 Alessandra & Sergiu Rumba "It Must Have Been Love" - Roxette 8 8 6 22 Safe 5 Michael & Isabel Quickstep "Verdammt ich lieb' dich" - Matthias Reim 4 5 2 11 Safe 6 Nastassja & Christian Cha-Cha-Cha "Strong Enough" - Cher 4 3 2 9 Bottom two 7 Victoria & Erich Rumba "Un-Break My Heart" - Toni Braxton 8 7 7 22 Safe 8 Ulli & Kathrin Waltz "I Wonder Why" - Curtis Stigers 3 3 1 7 Bottom three 9 Eric & Oana Samba "Macarena" - Los Del Rio 8 8 5 21 Safe 10 Thomas & Regina Contemporary "Un'estate italiana" - Gianna Nannini & Edoardo Bennato 4 4 3 11 Safe 11 Jana & Massimo Viennese Waltz "Nothing Else Matters" - Metallica 10 10 7 27 Safe Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle Boys vs Girls Battle rowspan=2 Eric Stehfest Julius Brink Michael Wendler Thomas Häßler Ulli Potofski Freestyle "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)"一 Backstreet Boys 7 7 7 7 rowspan=2 Alessandra Meyer-Wölden Jana Pallaske Nastassja Kinski Sarah Lombardi Sonja Kirchberger Victoria Swarovski "Wannabe"一 Spice Girls Freestyle 4 4 4 4 ===Week 5=== On April 13 it was announced that Julius Brink won't perform at Friday because he is injured (groin strain). He is automatically saved and will perform next week. ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Alessandra & Sergiu Paso Doble "Spectrum (Say My Name)" - Florence + the Machine 7 8 6 21 Safe 2 Ulli & Kathrin Paso Doble "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" - Meat Loaf 2 3 1 6 Bottom three 3 Victoria & Erich Samba "Lean On" - Major Lazer 9 8 8 25 Safe 4 Thomas & Regina Cha-Cha-Cha "Easy Lover" - Phil Collins 4 4 2 10 Eliminated 5 Sarah & Robert Slowfox "I Was Made for Lovin' You " - Maria Mena 6 6 2 14 Safe 6 Michael & Isabel Contemporary "Hey" - Yvonne Catterfeld 3 3 1 7 Bottom two 7 Eric & Oana Waltz "A Whiter Shade of Pale" - Procol Harum 8 8 6 22 Safe 8 Nastassja & Christian Samba "Ella, elle l'a" - France Gall 6 6 4 16 Safe 9 Jana & Massimo Rumba "Will You Love Me Tomorrow?" - Amy Winehouse 9 8 8 25 Safe Julius & Ekaterina colspan=7 ===Week 6: Movie Night=== On April 20 it was announced that Victoria Swarovski won't perform at Friday because of a death in her family. She is automatically saved and will perform next week. ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Movie Score Result 1 Ulli & Kathrin Tango "You'll Never Tango" - John Powell Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs 3 2 1 6 Bottom three 2 Alessandra & Sergiu Slowfox "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" - Judy Garland Wizard of oz 9 8 7 24 Safe 3 Nastassja & Christian Contemporary "Orinoco Flow" - Enya Shrek Forever After 6 5 2 13 Bottom two 4 Jana & Massimo Slowfox "You Can Leave Your Hat On" - Joe Cocker 9½ Weeks 10 10 6 26 Safe 5 Michael & Isabel Waltz "Winnetou Theme" Winnetou 4 5 3 12 Eliminated 6 Sarah & Robert Contemporary "Crazy in Love" - Beyoncé Knowles Fifty Shades of Grey 10 10 10 30 Safe 7 Eric & Oana Tango "Welcome to Burlesque" - Cher Burlesque 9 8 6 23 Safe 7 Eric & Oana Argentine Tango "Welcome to Burlesque" - Cher Burlesque 9 8 6 23 Safe 8 Julius & Ekaterina Slowfox "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" - B.J. Thomas Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 9 9 9 27 Safe Victoria & Erich colspan=8 ===Week 7: Team Dances Night === ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Nastassja & Christian Salsa "Matilda" - Harry Belafonte 6 6 3 15 Eliminated 2 Ulli & Kathrin Samba "Night Fever" - Bee Gees 1 1 2 4 Bottom three 3 Eric & Oana Jive "Reet Petite" - Jackie Wilson 10 9 9 28 Safe 4 Julius & Ekaterina Cha-Cha-Cha "Summer Nights" - John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John 8 7 6 21 Safe 5 Jana & Massimo Samba "Bailando" - Enrique Iglesias 9 8 7 24 Safe 6 Alessandra & Sergiu Contemporary "California Dreamin'" - Sia 9 8 8 25 Bottom two 7 Sarah & Robert Paso Doble "Hora Zero" - Rodrigo Y Gabriela 10 10 10 30 Safe 8 Victoria & Erich Tango "El Antifaz" - Liberacion 10 10 10 30 Safe Team Dances 9 Team "Ullinators" Sarah & Robert Eric & Oana Alessandra & Sergiu Ulli & Kathrin Freestyle "Sail" - AWOLNATION 7 7 7 21 10 Team "Heart-Core" Julius & Ekaterina Victoria & Erich Jana & Massimo Nastassja & Christian Freestyle "Sail" - AWOLNATION 7 7 7 21 ===Week 8: Around the World Night === ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Victoria & Erich Charleston "Happy" - C2C ft. Derek Martin 10 10 8 28 Safe 2 Alessandra & Sergiu Merengue "Suavemente" - Elvis Crespo 6 7 4 17 Eliminated 3 Sarah & Robert Bollywood "Soni Soni" - Udit Narayan, Jaspinder Narula, Udbhav & Manohar Shetty 10 10 7 27 Safe 4 Ulli & Kathrin Rock'n'Roll "Blue Suede Shoes" - Elvis Presley 1 1 1 3 Bottom two 5 Julius & Ekaterina Lindy Hop "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)" - The Andrew Sisters 8 8 6 22 Bottom three 6 Eric & Oana Hip-Hop "Men in Black" - Will Smith 10 10 10 30 Safe 7 Jana & Massimo Lambada "Lambada" - Kaoma 10 10 9 29 Safe Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Discofox Marathon Ulli & Kathrin Sarah & Robert Alessandra & Sergiu Eric & Oana Jana & Massimo Julius & Ekaterina Victoria & Erich Disco Marathon "Biste braun, kriegste Fraun" - Mickie Krause "Ich lieb' Dich" - Pur "Pure Lust am Leben" - Geier Sturzflug "Ich sterb für dich" - Vanessa Mai "Warum hast du nicht nein gesagt" - Roland Kaiser & Maite Kelly "Fehlerfrei" - Helene Fischer "I Bums Di" - Der Jockel & Der Sommer 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 ===Week 9: One Hit Wonder Night === This week featured no bottom group instead Potofski was announced to be eliminated at the beginning of the results announcement. ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Julius & Ekaterina Jive "Mambo No. 5" - Lou Bega 8 8 7 23 Safe 2 Ulli & Kathrin Rumba "Love Is All Around" - Wet Wet Wet 2 2 1 5 Eliminated 3 Jana & Massimo Quickstep "The Way to Your Heart" - Soulsister 10 9 9 28 Safe 4 Eric & Oana Quickstep "Two Princes" - Spin Doctors 7 8 4 19 Safe 5 Victoria & Erich Contemporary "Show Me Heaven" - Maria McKee 9 9 8 26 Safe 6 Sarah & Robert Viennese Waltz "Stop!" - Sam Brown 8 9 6 23 Safe Dance Duels Dance Duels Dance Duels Dance Duels Dance Duels Dance Duels Dance Duels Dance Duels Dance Duels 7 Eric & Oana Jive "The Boy Does Nothing" - Alesha Dixon 9 9 8 26 rowspan=2 7 Victoria & Erich Jive "The Boy Does Nothing" - Alesha Dixon 8 9 7 24 8 Julius & Ekaterina Argentine Tango "Joe le taxi" - Vanessa Paradis 9 10 8 27 rowspan=2 8 Ulli & Kathrin Argentine Tango "Joe le taxi" - Vanessa Paradis 2 2 1 5 9 Jana & Massimo Rumba "After Dark" - Tito & Tarantula 10 10 9 29 rowspan=2 9 Sarah & Robert Rumba "After Dark" - Tito & Tarantula 7 7 6 20 ===Week 10: Fusion Night === This week each couple performed a non learned dance and the second dance was a fusion dance, consisting out of two different dances. ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Victoria & Erich Quickstep (Single Dance) "Walk Like an Egyptian" - The Bangles 10 10 10 30 Safe 1 Victoria & Erich Rumba & Cha-Cha-Cha (Fusion Dance) "On the Radio" - Donna Summer 10 10 10 30 Safe 2 Julius & Ekaterina Viennese Waltz (Single Dance) "Like I'm Gonna Lose You" - Meghan Trainor & John Legend 9 9 6 24 Eliminated 2 Julius & Ekaterina Rumba & Jive (Fusion Dance) "Shut Up and Dance" - Tyler Moon & Walk the Moon 9 9 8 26 Eliminated 3 Sarah & Robert Samba (Single Dance) "Cheap Thrills" - Sia 8 7 5 20 Bottom two 3 Sarah & Robert Viennese Waltz & Contemporary (Fusion Dance) "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" - Cyndi Lauper 8 8 7 23 Bottom two 4 Eric & Oana Paso Doble (Single Dance) "Matador Paso" - Andy Fortuna 9 9 7 25 Safe 4 Eric & Oana Contemporary & Jive (Fusion Dance) "Dein ist mein ganzes Herz" - Heinz Rudolf Kunze 9 9 7 25 Safe 5 Jana & Massimo Salsa (Single Dance) "El Mismo Sol" - Alvaro Soler 10 9 9 28 Safe 5 Jana & Massimo Argentine Tango & Rumba (Fusion Dance) "Hello" - Adele 10 10 10 30 Safe ===Week 11: Semi-Final=== For the second time every semi-finalist learned three individual dances while the third dance was an "impro dance" which means that the celebrities got the music only 20 minutes before they've performed. They didn't know the dance style and their costumes either. ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Eric & Oana Salsa "Oye Mi Canto (Hear My Voice)" - Gloria Estefan 8 8 6 22 Eliminated 1 Eric & Oana Rumba "Love Me Tender" - Elvis Presley 7 8 5 20 Eliminated 1 Eric & Oana Slowfox "Stand By Your Man" - Tammy Wynette 10 9 7 26 Eliminated 2 Victoria & Erich Salsa "La Bomba" - Culcha Candela 10 10 9 29 Safe 2 Victoria & Erich Paso doble "El sombrero blanco" - James Horner 10 10 10 30 Safe 2 Victoria & Erich Slowfox "Don't Worry, Be Happy" - Bobby McFerrin 10 10 10 30 Safe 3 Sarah & Robert Jive "Ex's & Oh's" - Elle King 8 8 7 23 Safe 3 Sarah & Robert Tango "Another Way to Die" - Jack White & Alicia Keys 9 10 7 26 Safe 3 Sarah & Robert Salsa "La Vida Es Un Carnaval" - Celia Cruz 9 8 7 24 Safe 4 Jana & Massimo Paso doble "Iron" - Woodkid 10 9 8 27 Bottom two 4 Jana & Massimo Contemporary "True Colors" - Cyndi Lauper 10 10 10 30 Bottom two 4 Jana & Massimo Cha-Cha-Cha "Cake by the Ocean" - DNCE 8 8 6 22 Bottom two ===Week 12: Final=== ;Running order Order Couple Dance Music Score Result 1 Sarah & Robert Cha-Cha-Cha "Better When I'm Dancing" - Meghan Trainor 8 7 6 21 Runner-Up 1 Sarah & Robert Contemporary "Crazy in Love" - Beyoncé Knowles 10 10 10 30 Runner-Up 1 Sarah & Robert Freestyle Medley of Frozen, Aladdin & The Lion King 9 9 9 27 Runner-Up 2 Victoria & Erich Waltz "Wie Schön du bist" - Sarah Connor 10 10 10 30 Winner 2 Victoria & Erich Samba "Lean On - Major Lazer 10 10 9 29 Winner 2 Victoria & Erich Freestyle Medley of The Mask 9 9 10 28 Winner 3 Jana & Massimo Jive "One Way or Another" - Blondie 9 9 8 26 Third place 3 Jana & Massimo Tango "Let's Dance" - David Bowie 10 10 10 30 Third place 3 Jana & Massimo Freestyle Medley of The Hunger Games 10 10 10 30 Third place ;Encore performances by the eliminated couples Order Couple Dance Music 1 Niels & Otlile Viennese Waltz "Where the Wild Roses Grow" - Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds & Kylie Minogue 2 Franziska & Vadim Cha-Cha-Cha "She's a Lady" - Tom Jones 3 Attila & Oxana Jive "Take On Me" - A-Ha 4 Sonja & Christian Viennese Waltz "I Put a Spell on You" - Annie Lennox 5 Thomas & Regina Jive "Crocodile Rock" - Elton John 6 Nastassja & Ilia Rumba "I Want to Know What Love Is" - Mariah Carey 7 Alessandra & Sergiu Paso Doble "Spectrum (Say My Name)" - Florence + the Machine 8 Ulli & Kathrin Rumba "Love Is All Around" - Wet Wet Wet 9 Julius & Ekaterina Slowfox "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" - B.J. Thomas 10 Eric & Oana Cha-Cha-Cha "Goodbye" - Feder feat. Lyser ==Dance chart== : Highest scoring dance : Lowest scoring dance : Did not scored (encore performance in the finale) : The pair did not perform this week : Withdrew from the competition Couple 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 Victoria & Erich Cha-Cha-Cha Slowfox Jive Rumba Freestyle Samba Tango Freestyle Charleston Disco Marathon Contemporary Jive Quickstep Rumba Cha-Cha-Cha Salsa Paso doble Slowfox Waltz Samba Freestyle Sarah & Robert Quickstep Salsa Rumba Cha-Cha-Cha Freestyle Slowfox Contemporary Paso Doble Freestyle Bollywood Disco Marathon Viennese Waltz Rumba Samba Viennese Waltz Contemporary Jive Tango Salsa Cha-Cha-Cha Contemporary Freestyle Jana & Massimo Cha-Cha-Cha Jive Tango Viennese Waltz Freestyle Rumba Slowfox Samba Freestyle Lambada Disco Marathon Quickstep Rumba Salsa Argentine tango Rumba Paso doble Contemporary Cha-Cha-Cha Jive Tango Freestyle Eric & Oana Cha-Cha-Cha Slowfox Contemporary Samba Freestyle Waltz Tango Jive Freestyle Hip-Hop Disco Marathon Quickstep Jive Paso doble Contemporary Jive Salsa Rumba Slowfox Cha-Cha-Cha Julius & Ekaterina Quickstep Rumba Tango Samba Freestyle Slowfox Cha-Cha-Cha Freestyle Lindy Hop Disco Marathon Jive Argentine Tango Viennese Waltz Rumba Jive Slowfox Ulli & Kathrin Cha-Cha-Cha Slowfox Waltz Freestyle Paso Doble Tango Samba Freestyle Rock'n'Roll Disco Marathon Rumba Argentine Tango Rumba Alessandra & Sergiu Waltz Salsa Tango Rumba Freestyle Paso Doble Slowfox Contemporary Freestyle Merengue Disco Marathon Paso Doble Nastassja & Christian Viennese Waltz Rumba Slowfox Cha-Cha-Cha Freestyle Samba Contemporary Salsa Freestyle Rumba Michael & Isabel Cha-Cha-Cha Slowfox Jive Quickstep Freestyle Contemporary Waltz Thomas & Regina Waltz Jive Paso doble Contemporary Freestyle Cha-Cha-Cha Jive Sonja & Ilia/Vadim Viennese Waltz Jive Rumba Slowfox Freestyle Viennese Waltz Attila & Oxana Quickstep Rumba Jive Jive Franziska & Vadim Cha-Cha-Cha Rumba Cha-Cha-Cha Niels & Otlile Viennese Waltz Jive Viennese Waltz ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * Official website Category:Let's Dance (German TV series) Category:2016 German television seasons |
Pekah (, Peqaḥ; Paqaḫa [pa-qa-ḫa]; )churchofjesuschrist.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide" (retrieved 2012-02-25), IPA-ified from «pē´kä» was the eighteenth and penultimate king of Israel. He was a captain in the army of king Pekahiah of Israel, whom he killed to become king. Pekah was the son of Remaliah. Pekah became king in the fifty-second and last year of Uzziah, king of Judah, and he reigned twenty years. In the second year of his reign Jotham became king of Judah, and reigned for sixteen years. Jotham was succeeded by his son, Ahaz in the seventeenth year of Pekah's reign. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 737–732 BC, while E. R. Thiele, following H. J. CookCook, H. J., "Pekah," Vetus Testamentum 14 (1964) 14121–135. and Carl Lederer,Carl Lederer, Die biblische Zeitrechnung vom Auszuge aus Ägypten bis zum Beginne der babylonischen Gefangenschaft, 1887, cited in Cook, Pekah 126, n. 1. held that Pekah set up in Gilead a rival reign to Menahem's Samaria- based kingdom in Nisan of 752 BC, becoming sole ruler on his assassination of Menahem's son Pekahiah in 740/739 BC and dying in 732/731 BC.Edwin R. Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983) 129–134, 217. This explanation is consistent with evidence of the Assyrian chronicles, which agree with Menahem being king in 743 BC or 742 BCT. C. Mitchell, "Israel and Judah until the Revolt of Jehu (931–841 B.C.)" in Cambridge Ancient History 3, Part 1, ed. John Boardman et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) 326. and Hoshea being king from 732 BC. When Pekah allied with Rezin, king of Aram, to attack Ahaz, the king of Judah, Ahaz appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III, the king of Assyria, for help. This the Assyrian king obliged, but Judah became a tributary of Assyria. == Summary of reign == With the aid of a band of Gileadites, from whose home territory he probably originally came, he slew Pekahiah and assumed the throne."Pekah", Jewish Encyclopedia In c. 732 BC, Pekah allied with Rezin, king of Aram and threatened Jerusalem. The prime reason for such a league was probably to protect their respective countries from another incursion of Tiglath-pileser III., who had compelled Menahem, in 738 B.C., to pay a large tribute. The two kings united their armies and attempted to coerce Ahaz of Judah into joining them. Pekah raided Judah and carried to Samaria a number of captives; but, rebuked by the prophet Oded and by some of the prominent men, the Israelite soldiers released them and sent them back. The united forces of Israel and Syria appeared before the walls of Jerusalem to demand its surrender. At this juncture Isaiah the prophet came to the support of Judah and her king. The allies had proposed to set upon the throne of Judah a son of Tabeel, probably one favorable to the alliance.Isaiah 7:6 Ahaz, however, knowing that Tiglath-pileser was within call, appealed to him for help. Ahaz's "dread" of Rezin and Pekah, "Son of Remaliah" is recorded in the Immanuel prophecy in Isaiah 7:14 where the birth of a son (possibly HezekiahWhittaker H. A. Isaiah Biblia, Cannock) is a sign of the defeat of both kings by the King of Assyria before the child is old enough to eat curds and honey and distinguish right from wrong. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser, the Assyrians sacked Damascus and annexed Aram.Lester L. Grabbe, Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (New York: T&T; Clark, 2007): 134 According to , the population of Aram was deported and Rezin executed. According to , Tiglath-Pileser also attacked Israel and "took Ijon, Abel Beth Maacah, Janoah, Kedesh and Hazor. He took Gilead and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and deported the people to Assyria." Tiglath-Pileser also records this act in one of his inscriptions.James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969) 283. Soon after this Pekah was assassinated by Hoshea ben Elah (that is, Hoshea the son of Elah) - a captain from Pekah's own army - who then took the throne. Tiglath-Pileser in an inscription mentions the slaying of Pekah by his fellow Israelites. The inference here is that the people, seeing the inevitable outcome of the contest with Assyria, put out of the way their fighting king, and then yielded submission to the conqueror, Tiglath-pileser III. He is supposed by some to have been the "shepherd" mentioned in . ==Chronology== === Controversy === The data given for Pekah's reign in the biblical sources have generated considerable discussion. His ending date can be established fairly firmly as 732/731 BC. But two conflicting systems of reckoning seem to be used for his reign. One system gives him a long reign of twenty years (), which puts his starting date in 752 BC. This date is consistent with the statement that Jotham began to reign in Pekah's second year, 750 BC (), and that Jotham's successor Ahaz began to reign in his 17th year, 735 BC (). However, a shorter reign is indicated by , which says that Pekah began to reign in the 52nd year of Azariah (Uzziah) of Judah, i.e. in 740 BC. Also, Pekah assassinated Pekahiah to assume the throne (), and Pekahiah's two-year reign () was preceded by his father Menahem's ten-year reign (). Menahem gave tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III, as is recorded in (where Pul = Tiglath-Pileser) and also in Tiglath-Pileser's inscriptions. Since Tiglath-Pileser came to the throne in 745 BC, Menahem's tribute would have to be in 745 or later, yet the "longer" chronology gave Pekah, successor to Menahem and Pekahiah, a twenty-year reign that started before this, in 752. These apparent inconsistencies led many scholars to reject all or part of the biblical sources concerning Pekah. D. M. Beegle has maintained that it is impossible to reconcile a twenty-year reign for Pekah with other biblical or with Assyrian history, using this as one of his arguments that the doctrine of the inerrancy of all Scripture cannot be true.Beegle, D.M., The Inspiration of Scripture (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963) 49. === C. Lederer and H. J. Cook: a rival reign in Gilead === In 1887, Carl Lederer proposed that the existence of two apparently contradictory sets of text for Pekah could be explained if there really were two systems in use for reckoning the reign of Pekah, and these were the consequence of a rivalry between Pekah and Menahem. The rivalry began when Menahem slew Shallum, putting an end to Shallum's one-month reign ().Lederer, biblische Zeitrechnung 135ff. This assumption accounted for all the chronological texts that related four kings of Judah (Uzziah through Hezekiah) to three kings of Israel (Menahem, Pekahiah, and Pekah), but it apparently was largely ignored by the scholarly community. Then in 1954, H. J. Cook added new considerations to support Lederer's thesis, beyond just the pragmatic. Cook maintained that although the Scriptures did not explicitly state the existence of two rival kingdoms in the north in the latter half of the eighth century BC, their existence could be inferred from passages of the book of Hosea that was written about the time of Pekah and Menahem. Cook showed that although "Ephraim" is sometimes used in Scripture to designate all of the northern kingdom, in various passages of Hosea such as Hosea 5:5, "Israel" and "Ephraim" are not synonymous but refer to separate entities. Cook's thesis in this regard was strengthened when Rodger Young pointed out that the Hebrew of Hosea 5:5 has a vav before Israel and then another vav before Ephraim, which is the Hebrew method of expressing "both... and," implying a distinction in this passage between Israel and Ephraim. All translations which have rendered this in some sense as "Israel, even Ephraim" are therefore incorrect (the Holman Study Bible renders the verse correctly, as did the ancient Septuagint).Rodger C. Young, "When Was Samaria Captured? The Need for Precision in Biblical Chronologies" Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 47 (2004) 581–582, n. 11. Others who have accepted the Lederer/Cook explanation of the two methods of dating for the time of Pekah are Thiele in his second edition of Mysterious Numbers and later,Thiele, Mysterious Numbers 120, 129–130. Leslie McFall,Leslie McFall, “A Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles,” Bibliotheca Sacra 148 (1991) 31 Francis Andersen and David Noel Freedman in their commentary on Hosea in the Anchor Bible Series,Francis Andersen and David Noel Freedman, Hosea: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, Anchor Bible 24 (Garden City NY: Doubleday 1980) 393. T. C. Mitchell, in the Cambridge Ancient History,T. C. Mitchell, "Israel and Judah until the Revolt of Jehu" 445–446. and Jack Finegan in his Handbook of Biblical Chronology.Jack Finegan, Handbook of Biblical Chronology (rev. ed.; Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson, 1998), 246. === Assyrian references === Looking at this from the Assyrian side, Stanley Rosenbaum maintains that the records of Tiglath-Pileser III demonstrate that the Assyrian king distinguished between two kingdoms in the north of Israel.Stanley Rosenbaum, Amos of Israel: A New Interpretation (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1990) 26. Tiglath-Pileser says he united the northern part (restored as Naphthali in the text) with Assyria, whereas for the southern part, he wrote, "Israel (bit-Humria) overthrew their king Pekah and I placed Hoshea as king over them." Cook thinks that Menahem's tribute to Assyria in 2 Kings 15:19 also suggests the existence of a rival to Menahem's kingdom: > When Tiglath-Pileser III appeared in the west, Menahem took the opportunity > to enlist his support by sending tribute of a thousand talents of silver, > with the idea--as 2 Kings xv 19 puts it--'that he might help him to confirm > his hold of the royal power'. This expression may simply indicate Menahem's > sense of insecurity in the presence of Assyrian power; but it may equally > well indicate the presence of a rival. Isaiah 7:1,2 speaks of a league between Pekah and King Rezin of Aram that was a threat to Ahaz of Judah. Ahaz and Menahem of Israel (Ephraim) followed a pro-Assyrian policy and were therefore aligned against the coalition of Pekah and the Arameans that sought to withstand Assyria, thus explaining why Menahem felt insecure and sought to buy the support of Assyria. === Pekah as commander under Pekahiah === A major objection to the idea that Pekah headed a kingdom that was rival to Menahem's reign in Samaria is that he is listed as a commander (shalish) of Pekahaiah, Menahem's son, whom he slew (2 Kings 15:25). Young remarks, > The objections to Pekah being a rival to Menahem usually center on Pekah’s > position as an officer in the army of Pekahiah, Menahem’s son and successor > (2 Kgs 15:25). But there is nothing inherently unreasonable about two rivals > reaching a détente under which one contender accepts a subordinate position, > and he then bides his time until the opportunity comes to slay his rival (or > his rival’s son) in a coup. Once the rivalry had begun, the external threat > (Assyria) provided compelling reasons for a détente.Young, "When Was Samaria > Captured?" 582, n. 11 Any rivalry between Menahem and Pekah could only appear more and more foolish in light of the growing menace of Assyria. In 733, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned against Damascus, the capital of the Arameans, Pekah's erstwhile ally, and he returned to destroy the city in 732. Pekah must have seen the handwriting on the wall in 733 or earlier, and any feeling for Realpolitik would dictate that it was time for the two rivals to put aside their differences under some sort of accommodation. But Realpolitik would also suggest that this accommodation should not include giving your potential rival a position of leadership in the army, which Pekahiah learned too late. This is based on inference from the political situation of the time. Gleason Archer showed how inference is used to reconstruct a rivalry in the neighboring kingdom of Egypt that has striking parallels to the Pekah/Menahem rivalry.Gleason Archer in Normal L. Geisler, ed., Inerrancy (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1979) 71. When Thutmose II died, the intended heir was his son Thutmose III, who was still a boy. However, some time not long after the death of her husband (Thutmose II), Hatshepsut assumed the royal regalia and the title of pharaoh, reigning for 21 years. As he grew older, Thutmose III was given the position of commander of the army, similar to Pekah's position as commander, but still under his aunt and stepmother Hatshepsut. After Hatshepsut died, Thutmose, in an inscription describing his first campaign, said it was in his 22nd year of reign, thereby counting his regnal years from the time his father died, not from the death of Hatshepsut. Thutmose left no explanation for modern historians that his 22nd year was really the first year of sole reign, any more than Pekah or the historian of 2 Kings left an explanation that Pekah's 12th year, the year in which he slew Pekahiah, was really his first year of sole reign. Modern historians rely on a comparison of inscriptions and chronological considerations to reconstruct the chronology of Thutmose III, and there is unanimity among Egyptologists that he counted as his own years the 21 years that Hatshepsut was on the throne, even though no inscription has ever been found explicitly stating this fact. Commenting on the fact that Egyptologists have no problem in reconstructing history using inference of this sort, whereas critics will sometimes not allow the same historical method to be applied to the Bible, Young writes, "Do those who reject the Menahem/Pekah rivalry as improbable also reject as improbable this reconstruction from Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty that Egyptologists use to explain the regnal dates of Thutmose III? How do they explain Hosea 5:5?" === Chronological note === The calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months, that of Judah starting in Tishri (in the fall) and that of Israel in Nisan (in the spring). Cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms therefore often allow narrowing of the beginning and/or ending dates of a king to within a six-month range. A study of the relevant texts in Scripture allows the narrowing of the start of the Pekah/Menahem rivalry on the death of Shallum to the month of Nisan, 752 BC, as Thiele showed in the second edition of Mysterious Numbers, pp. 87–88. In order to simplify things for the reader, Thiele, in the third edition, omitted the logic that allows this accuracy. The third edition also frequently fails to make explicit the six-month narrowing of dates that is possible from the Biblical data, settling instead on a somewhat inexact notation like "931/930 BC" or even simply "931 BC." For Pekah, synchronisms with the kings of Judah show that he assassinated Pekahiah sometime between Tishri 1 of 740 BC and the day before Nisan 1 of 739 BC. He was slain by Hoshea sometime between Tishri 1 of 732 BC and the day before Nisan 1 of 731 BC. ==See also== *List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources ==Notes== == References == ==Sources== * * Pritchard, James B., ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969) Category:730s BC deaths Category:8th-century BC Kings of Israel Category:8th- century BC murdered monarchs Category:Biblical murder victims Category:Biblical murderers Category:Dethroned monarchs Category:Male murder victims Category:House of Pekah Category:Gilead |
A first date is the initial meeting during the dating process of two individuals, in which an effort is made to ask about each other, plan a potential relationship, and/or organize some sort of romantic activity. Aims vary between finding a romantic, platonic, or sexual partner for a short period, to finding a long-term spouse. Dating can vary between cultures, lifestyles, religion, gender, and sexual orientation. In many countries and cultures, it is the process that romantic relationships are developed and future spouses are found. Some people go on first dates to evaluate a person's potential as a sexual partner. Often, people have dates arranged for them by their friends, or they meet the individual at work, a party, in class, in their community or online on a social media website or dating website. During the date, each participant can evaluate the compatibility of the other person and get the opportunity to screen out individuals who engage in behaviour that a person does not prefer. There are many possible outcomes on the conclusion of a first date. The two individuals may agree to a second date. One or both parties may decide that there are incompatibility issues and decide not to pursue further dates. Compatibility factors vary a great deal, and can include religion, whether or not a person uses drugs or alcohol, appearance, or personality. Alternatively, the two parties may decide to become friends or some other type of Platonic relationship (a non-sexual relationship). Some first dates may lead to a romantic relationship that can range in duration from short period to a long period. ==Purpose of a date== In one sense, the purpose of a first date is the same as the purpose of any subsequent date: it is an opportunity for the two people to meet. However, the first date differs in that it is often used to screen potential dating candidates. If a person displays behaviors deemed to be problematic, the other person may decide to not meet again. In some cases, one or both parties may decide to end the date before the end of the activity they are engaged in. Because they often set the tone for the relationship, first dates are highly important. As the study by Mary Claire Morr Serewicz of the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and Paul Mongeau of Arizona State University, states that first dates "represent an important early event in the development of dating relationship."Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121-47. ===Components of a date=== Mongeau's research shows that the term "date" can be condensed into four subcategories: 1\. Dyadic: The purpose for which the date is occurring between two individuals. 2\. Date cycle: Includes the major behavior components of a date. 3\. Positive interaction expectancies: Implies that dates allow each other a chance to get to know one another in a comfortable environment. 4\. Sexual overtones: Refers to the part of the date where romantic relationships may develop or include sexual attraction or expectation.Mongeau, Kendall 1996 These components are the basis of a date, making up its structure and providing the involved a starting place from which to begin the dating process. ===Reasons to date=== In the 2004 study done by Mongeau, he quotes Roscoe, who identifies six purposes for dating: • Recreation (to have fun) • Socialization (to get to know the partner) • Status grading (increasing social status by dating an attractive partner) • Companionship (finding a friend to do things with) • Mate selection/courtship (finding a spouse) • Intimacy (establishing a meaningful relationship)Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121-47. ==Scripts and dating norms== Mongeau's 2007 study on dates and first date goals quotes Beth Bailey of the University of Chicago, as well as Sally Lloyd of Miami University with an emphasis in family studies. These researchers show that specific dating norms have been around for a long time but have often shifted from generation to generation.Mongeau, Jacobsen, Donnerstein 2007, p. 526-47. Many studies have been done on dating scripts and norms. In a study done by Suzanna Rose of the University of Missouri and Irene Hanson Frieze of the University of Pittsburgh, published in the Journal of Gender and Society, they quote Ginsberg, who writes that scripts “are types of schema used to organize our experiences and are usually composed of a set of stereotypical actions.”Rose, Frieze 1989, p. 258-68. In the Journal of Family Issues, Laner describes that these scripts are what allow people to predict the actions of others and serve as guidelines for their own decisions on how to react to the other person.Laner, Ventrone 2000, p. 488-500. Studies done by Mongeau, Laner, and Knox all show that first dates tend to be more “traditional” (male-dominated) from start to finish. However, in certain cases, such as gay dating, the circumstances are different. ===Availability of alcohol=== A factor that could influence dating scripts is the availability of alcohol, which is sold in many Western restaurants and in all licensed bars. In Mongeau's 2004 study, he quotes Barbara Leigh of the University of Washington, who in her article on alcohol says that “it is a familiar idea that alcohol reduces inhibitions and increases sexual response.”Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121-47. William H. George, also of the University of Washington, focuses his research on the influence of alcohol on sexual behavior and has discovered that, when alcohol is involved, sex between friends occurs more frequently. Overall sexual expectations and behaviors on first dates also change, diverging from the standard “first date scripts.” George has also proven that alcohol can reduce anxiety and increase self-disclosure for men. On the other hand, women are more concerned that their actions might be misinterpreted if alcohol is involved.George, Norris 1991, p. 15, 133-138. Mongeau's study found that individuals were more likely to approve the friendship goal when alcohol was not involved as compared to if it was available, meaning that more friendships were established through first dates when there was no alcohol involved. ==Goals, motives and expectations== People on first dates are usually relatively aware of their expectations regarding the outcome of the date. “Evaluation of a date may depend, in part, on the extent to which persons reach their goals.”Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121-47. Goals are fluid, meaning said goals may change over the course of a date. For example, a person may go into a date with the aim of establishing a friendship but at some time during the date decide to pursue a romantic relationship.Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121-47. Goals depend on the individual, but for the most part, goals on the first date, are fairly similar between parties. In her study on first dates, Mary Claire Morr explains that expectations for a date can be formed based on information about the communicator, relationship and context. thumb|The expectations for a date can be formed based on the communicator, the relationship, and the context. Communicator characteristics include all of the features of the individual, such as personality, physical appearance, and communication style. These characteristics can lead the partner to predict how the other will communicate in a “dating” situation. The relationship factor involves characteristics that describe the relationship between the two individuals. These factors include the degree of familiarity, liking, attraction, or similarity. The context feature involves aspects like the environment and the situations the individuals are in such as privacy, formality, and task oriented.Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121-47. These situations either enhance or diminish the interaction on the date and help maintain and structure individual's goals. ===Common goals=== thumb|Men (blue) vs. women (red) who go on first dates to reduce uncertainty First dates are designed to produce a number of relationship outcomes. (e.g., sexual partner, friendship, short-term romantic relationship, or life partnership.) However, as Mongeau says “the desired relationship outcome (if any) is, of course, not directly observable.”Mongeau, Jacobsen, Donnerstein 2007, p. 526–47. Mongeau quotes Theiss and Solomon, who have done many scholarly articles on dating, stating that first dates are very important because partners are both getting to know each other and attempting to establish a relationship definition as well. The three most common goals that people have on first dates are to reduce uncertainty, achieve relational escalation, and to have fun.Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121–47. ==Men's vs. women's goals and expectations== As mentioned in the last section, men and women, when dating, have goals and expectations. They are looking for certain qualities and characteristics in a person that they wish to have as their immediate companion. According to a study about sex differences in human behavior by Alice Eagly and Wendy Wood, professors in Psychology at Northwestern University, both men and women are looking for certain attractiveness that fits their taste and style. The study states “the value of attractiveness stems from its perceived association with the ability to provide sexual pleasure.”Eagly, Wood 1999, p. 291. This means that attractiveness suggests information about “sexual warmth” or sexual arousal. If this is true, then men will typically seek sexiness in a partner. However, Wood and Eagly also say “given that the female gender role contains sexual restraint and lacks sexual autonomy, women place less importance on sexiness in a partner.”Eagly, Wood 1999 p. 291. ===Women’s expectations and goals=== Women look for certain cues on a first date: For example, it is important to a woman to find out if the man is courteous or not. Women will look for this by observing if the man comes to the door to pick her up or compliments her on how she looks, for example. If some of her expectations are not met, mainly the most important ones, she will not want to pursue anything more than a friendship. If the expectations are met, a second date might be in the future, but only if the man is feeling the same thing. Overall, on a first date, women's goals are related more to establishing friendships and having fun. Mongeau, in his 2004 study found that 60 percent of women go on first dates mainly to have fun and 59 percent go on dates to reduce uncertainty. (Note, however, that there are some errors in the mathematical calculations done in the study, and the study is statistically invalid as it uses the convenience sampling method.) Women's goals tend to be more relationship-oriented than men's goals.Mongeau, Serewicz, Therrien 2004, p. 121-47. Also, unlike men, women are usually more reserved when it comes to the sexual aspect and having sex. Women are more likely to express companionship, friendship, and romantic relationship goals than men and are also more likely to consider the first date in terms of their relational implications than men.Mongeau, Jacobsen, Donnerstein 2007, p. 526–47. ===Men’s goals=== Unlike women, men overall have a higher expectation for sexual goals. They are typically more concerned with the sexual aspect of a woman and a relationship. Studies done by Antonia Abbey of Wayne State University and other colleagues indicate that men tend to perceive people and relationships in more of a sexualized manner than women do.Abbey 1987, p. 173. Abbey also argues that “men may be socialized to attend more carefully than women to potentially sexual cues and are, therefore, more likely to interpret a variety of stimuli as a sign of sexual intent.”Abbey 1987, p. 173. Men tend to read into women's actions more sexually than women would read into men's actions. For example, men might find tickling to mean that the woman is very interested while to women it might just be a way of flirting or joking around. This can lead to some problems and possibly awkward encounters. Abbey also says that men tend to have a more sexual outlook and oftentimes perceive situations more sexually than women might; therefore, men could then feel that sexual advances are appropriate and justified whereas a woman may not be thinking so.Abbey 1987, p. 173. Abbey's studies might seem at first glance to corroborate the theory that men tend to be more sexually attracted to the opposite sex. However, recent research by evolutionary psychologists and others suggests that the difference in attraction is exaggerated or nonexistent. A study by Terri Fisher, Ohio State associate professor of psychology, for example, concludes that previous studies are flawed in that women are seldom given sufficient anonymity when responding to surveys and interviews, and that women give answers that suggest that women have a sexual attraction for the opposite similar to that of men when greater levels of confidentiality are provided. Conversely, men are "socialized" to exaggerate such things as the number of partners that they have had. Fisher concludes that, "Evidence clearly points to the fact that the gender difference in reported sex partners between men and women is an illusory difference created by attitudes related to sexual success as prestigious which in turn impact self-reports."Fisher, Johnson 2008 ==Citations== ==References== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Dating |
Etobicoke (, ) is an administrative district and former city within Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Comprising the city's west-end, Etobicoke is bordered on the south by Lake Ontario, on the east by the Humber River, on the west by Etobicoke Creek, the cities of Brampton, and Mississauga, the Toronto Pearson International Airport (a small portion of the airport extends into Etobicoke), and on the north by the city of Vaughan at Steeles Avenue West. The area of Etobicoke was first settled by Europeans in the 1790s. Primarily an agricultural district, it was incorporated in 1850 as Etobicoke Township. The municipality grew into city status in the 20th century after World War II. Several independent villages and towns developed and became part of Etobicoke, first when Metropolitan Toronto was formed in 1954, and later, in a 1967 consolidation. In 1998, its city status and government dissolved after it was amalgamated into present-day Toronto. Etobicoke has a highly diversified population, which totalled 365,143 in 2016. It is primarily suburban in development and heavily industrialized, resulting in a lower population density than the other districts of Toronto. Much of its cityscape is characterized by larger main streets, shopping malls, and cul-de-sac housing developments. Etobicoke has several expressways, including Highways 427, 401, 409, the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) and Gardiner Expressway. Etobicoke is the western terminus of Line 2 Bloor-Danforth of the Toronto subway and served by four suburban rail stations of GO Transit. Humber College is in Etobicoke, encompassing two campuses, one of which is also home to the University of Guelph-Humber. ==Toponymy== The name "Etobicoke" derives from the Mississauga word wah-do-be-kang (wadoopikaang), meaning "place where the alders grow". This was how they described the area between Etobicoke Creek and the Humber River. The first provincial land surveyor, Augustus Jones, also spelled it as "ato-be-coake." Etobicoke was finally adopted as the official name in 1795 at the direction of Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe. ==History== At different times throughout history, different groups of First Nations peoples used the land that is now present day Etobicoke. As the Algonquins gradually moved west from the Atlantic to Lake Erie, it is almost certain they would have occupied this land. By the time they were mostly settled on the shores of Georgian Bay, the Huron-Wendat were the primary residents of Lake Ontario's north shore. During the 17th century, the powerful Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) confederacy, made up of nations based to the south of the lake, pushed them out. After continued harassment from the Iroquois to the south, a coalition of the Ojibway, Odawa, and Potawatomi Algonquin nations, known as the Three Fires, gradually pushed the Haudenosaunee off this land. The Algonquian- speaking Mississaugas settled here by 1695, fishing and growing crops more locally in the summer and hunting farther afield in the winter.Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation and Praxis Research Associates. Date unknown. The History of the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. Hagersville, ON: Author. The British officials intended Etobicoke to be included in the Toronto Purchase of 1787. However, the Mississauga and government disagreed as to whether the western boundary of the purchase was the Humber River or the Etobicoke River (now, Etobicoke Creek). The Mississauga Indians allowed British surveyor Alexander Aitkin to survey the disputed land, and the British paid an additional 10 shillings for the purchase, although the purchase was never formally agreed to. The dispute was settled between the government and the Mississauga First Nation in 2010. Immigrants from the British Isles were among the new settlers, as well as Loyalists who had left the rebellious Thirteen Colonies, by then the United States. Early settlers included many of the Queen's Rangers, who Simcoe gave land to help protect the new capital of Upper Canada and develop this frontier area. In 1793-95, the Honourable Samuel Smith, a colonel in the Queen's Rangers, received land grants of , extending from today's Kipling Avenue to Etobicoke Creek, and north to Bloor Street. On March 18, 1797, Sergeant Patrick Mealey received the first land patent for a plot on the west side of Royal York Road on Lake Ontario. This was part of the First Military Tract, or "Militia Lands", which extended from today's Royal York Road to Kipling Avenue, south from Bloor Street. The Crown was providing land to Loyalists in compensation for property they left behind in the U.S. and to veterans of the American Revolution in payment for service. In other parts of Ontario, the Crown granted land to the Iroquoian First Nations who had served as allies during the war and were forced to cede most of their land in New York to the state. The Crown granted more land to members of the Queen's Rangers in the First Military tract, but most did not occupy their land. Many sold their acreage after a short time. The census of 1805 counted 84 people in the township of Etobicoke. In 1806, William Cooper built a grist mill and saw mill on the Humber river's west bank, just south of Dundas Street. The 1809 census counted 137 residents. The Dundas Street bridge opened in 1816, making the township more accessible. On May 18, 1846, the Albion Road Company was incorporated. Its purpose was to build and maintain a road to the north-west corner of Etobicoke, where a new community was planned. At the same time, John Grubb, who had already founded Thistletown, hired land surveyor John Stoughton Dennis to plan a community at the intersection of Islington Avenue and Albion Road, to be named Saint Andrew's. Plan 6 for this community was registered on October 15, 1847. The French master of Upper Canada College, Jean du Petit Pont de la Haye, contracted land surveyor James McCallum Jr. to create a plan for the community planned by the Albion Road Company, and Plan 28 was registered for Claireville on October 12, 1849. The township of Etobicoke was incorporated on January 1, 1850. The first meeting of the town council was held on January 21. Present at the meeting were reeve William Gamble, vice-reeve W. B. Wadsworth and aldermen Moses Appleby, Thomas Fisher, and John Geddes. The council convened monthly meetings at a variety of places. In 1850, the township's population was 2904. By 1881, the population of Etobicoke township was 2976. In 1911, the community of Mimico was incorporated on land taken from Etobicoke township. New Toronto was incorporated on January 1, 1913. Early on, there was talk of merging Mimico and New Toronto. A 1916 referendum on amalgamating the two communities was approved by the residents of Mimico, but rejected by residents of New Toronto. In 1917, Mimico became a town and in 1920, New Toronto became the Town of New Toronto. Long Branch was incorporated in 1930 as a village.Secondary Schools: G to M « For King and Country. Torontofamilyhistory.org. Retrieved on July 26, 2013. In 1954, Etobicoke Township became a part of the newly formed regional government, the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto ("Metro"). In 1967, the township of Etobicoke was merged with three small lakeside municipalities — the Village of Long Branch, the Town of New Toronto, and the Town of Mimico — to form the Borough of Etobicoke. The borough was reincorporated as a city in 1984. In 1998, six local municipalities (including Etobicoke) and the Metropolitan Toronto government merged to form the amalgamated city of Toronto. ==Character== Etobicoke has the lowest population density of the former cities and boroughs comprising the city of Toronto. This is mainly due to its expanses of industrial lands along the various expressways. The residential areas are primarily single-family dwellings, although several large multi- story high-rise condominium developments have been built in south Etobicoke near the Humber River over the past few years. Etobicoke's central areas are generally middle class. The central and northern areas of Etobicoke have many high-density apartment complexes set in the middle of sizable, open fields and parks. The central/southern areas, such as Markland Wood, The Kingsway, New Toronto, Mimico and Long Branch, have large green spaces, many parks, and main street shopping areas. The Kingsway neighbourhood has attracted many affluent individuals and families (as of 2001, over 50% of households have an income in excess of C$100,000/year).Kingsway South (15): Social Profile #3 – Neighbourhoods Households & Income. 2001. City of Toronto. Etobicoke has many public parks. Located on the banks of the Humber River, James Gardens, a popular site for wedding photography, features seasonal flowers, walkways, a rock garden, streams, and waterfalls. Etobicoke also has Centennial Park, a large recreational park, and Colonel Samuel Smith Park and Humber Bay Park on the lakeshore. Etobicoke's many golf courses include St. George's Golf and Country Club, which in 2007 was ranked as one of the three best golf courses in Canada. ===Neighbourhoods=== thumb|New condos in Islington-City Centre West (2021) Etobicoke is generally divided into three large areas roughly corresponding to its political ridings. Each has neighbourhoods, mostly developments of 19th-century 'postal villages' (rural neighbourhoods), that were built at key points along the early roads and railways; especially the three former 'Lakeshore Municipalities' that separated from Etobicoke in the early 20th century and Etobicoke's central Islington community: The Lakeshore (Etobicoke—Lakeshore), along the north shore of Lake Ontario and the "Lake Shore Road" (now Lake Shore Boulevard West), comprises three former municipalities that were the first to urbanize and became separate municipalities during the first half of the 20th century: Mimico, New Toronto and Long Branch, and related communities that were never separate from the Township of Etobicoke; namely, Alderwood (originally a suburb of New Toronto), and Humber Bay (a historic gateway community connecting to Toronto) which was originally sprawl from the east side of the Humber River that was subsequently split by the construction of Ontario's first motor vehicle 'freeway' in 1938, which cuts across the top of southern Etobicoke; (the Queen Elizabeth Way). Today, the original remnant residential (northern) section of Humber Bay is north of The Queensway, east of Mimico Creek to the Humber River. The commercial, southern section of Humber Bay retains only Christie's Biscuits bakery, as high-rise condominium towers and clustered row housing have forced out virtually all other commercial/industrial employment uses. In the late 1990s, the former McGuiness Whisky factory was converted into a high-rise loft condominium which became the centrepiece of the Mystic Pointe development. Etobicoke's first railway opened through the area in 1855, just north of the Lake Ontario shoreline, leading to the first period of growth as it replaced Dundas Street in Central Etobicoke as the main means of transportation and the industrial centre along its right-of-way. Central Etobicoke (Etobicoke Centre); the oldest communities in Etobicoke developed along the first street, Dundas Street, in the south of this area, which crosses the width of Etobicoke on the escarpment formed by the ancient shoreline of Lake Iroquois. This area centres around the Islington community, the former administrative centre of Etobicoke and later Etobicoke's 'downtown' which is near the central 'Six Points' intersection at its western boundary. The rural Richview community developed directly to the north of Islington in the 19th century on Eglinton Ave. (formerly Richview Rd.), as did the gateway Humber Heights communities (connecting to Toronto): Westmount and Humbervale, to the east on Eglinton. Development of the until-then largely undeveloped eastern part of central Etobicoke (originally a forest reserved for the use of government mills as "The King's Mill Reserve"; "Kingsmill"), the "Humber Valley", was largely the work of Robert Home Smith starting about 1900 and including the communities of The Kingsway and Humber Valley Village. As Etobicoke developed in the post-war years, low-density residential areas filled in most of the rural areas between the old communities including Thorncrest Village, Princess-Rosethorn and Eringate – Centennial – West Deane as well as the older Eatonville community to the west of Islington. Central Etobicoke includes Etobicoke's most exclusive neighbourhoods, with fine housing stock and many large treed properties. Along the East and West Mall parallel to Highway 427 exists a mix of hi-rise rentals, townhouses and post-war bungalows. Markland Wood is the farthest western community within Etobicoke/Toronto; situated along Bloor Street West, it is predominately single family housing with some mixed hi-rise rentals. North Etobicoke; The 19th-century Etobicoke communities are Clairville, Highfield, Rexdale, Smithfield, Thistletown which grew along two formerly private roads (now Albion Rd. and Rexdale Blvd.) constructed diagonally across farms in Northern Etobicoke as a shortcut for travellers to Peel County (especially modern Brampton). First developed as an urban area by Rex Heslop in the post-World War II years around the new Rexdale (the Elms) community, northern Etobicoke has many apartment buildings as well as a large 'skyway' industrial park to the west, developed after Malton Airport (in nearby Mississauga) became Toronto's main "Pearson International" Airport. ==Demographics== Most of Etobicoke's visible minorities and immigrants reside in North Etobicoke, with 62% of its population being foreign-born. Many people from India, Jamaica, Iraq, Guyana, Somalia, Ghana, Philippines, Nigeria, and Pakistan have settled in North Etobicoke. Etobicoke's central and south end has a large European population from countries such as Italy, Poland, and Ukraine, and some of the wealthiest neighbourhoods in Toronto such as The Kingsway. Ethnic groups in Etobicoke (2016) Ethnic origins Population % European 201,505 South Asian 47,780 Black 40,520 East Asian 15,985 Southeast Asian 15,595 Latin American 12,385 Middle Eastern 10,775 Aboriginal 4,130 Other 12,270 Total population 365,143 As of 2016, English was the most spoken language in Etobicoke, followed by (in order) Italian, Punjabi, Spanish, Polish, Ukrainian, Gujarati, and Portuguese. ==Economy== Islington–City Centre West is one of several central business districts outside of downtown Toronto. Pizza Pizza and Sunwing Airlines have their headquarters in Etobicoke."“FIAT” ONLINE CONTEST RULES & REGULATIONS." Pizza Pizza. Retrieved on December 5, 2012. "Pizza Pizza, 500 Kipling Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M8Z 5E5""Privacy Policy." Sunwing Airlines. Retrieved on September 3, 2012. "27 Fasken Drive Toronto, On M9W 1K6 Canada" Skyservice"skyservice.corporatebrochure.pdf." Skyservice. September 20, 2008. Retrieved on September 4, 2012. "SKYSERVICE AIRLINES 31 Fasken Drive, Etobicoke Ontario, Canada M9W 1K6" and Canada 3000World Business Directory: 1997. Company Listings : Afghanistan - Germany, Volume 1. Gale Research, 1996. 474. Retrieved from Google Books on February 13, 2011. "3000 Airlines Ltd. 27 Fasken Dr. Etobicoke, ON, Canada M9W 1K6" , . "CANADA 3000 Airlines Limited Head Office 27 Fasken Drive Toronto, Ontario M9W 1K6" had their headquarters in Etobicoke before the closure of these airlines. The construction industry in Etobicoke has been booming, with many new condominium towers developed along the waterfront near Humber Bay and along Bloor street. This has helped increase Etobicoke's population after a brief decline.Dotan, Hamutal. (November 28, 2012) Mr. Christie, the Ontario Food Terminal, and Development in Etobicoke | cityscape. Torontoist. Retrieved on 2013-07-26. The area's film and television industry is also promising.Cinespace Studios in Etobicoke (Kipling s of Norseman). Urbantoronto.ca. Retrieved on July 26, 2013. Etobicoke is home to a rib fest held every year on Canada Day long weekend at Centennial Park. The weekend is filled with entertainment, food, midway, and music. ==Education== Four public school boards offer primary education and secondary education for residents living in Etobicoke, Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM), Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). CSV and TDSB operate as secular public school boards, the former operating French first language institution, whereas the latter operated English first language institutions. The other two school boards, CSCM and TCDSB, operate as public separate school boards, the former operating French first language separate schools, the latter operating English first language separate schools. Before 1998, the boards were responsible for the education in Etobicoke were the Etobicoke Board of Education for anglophone public secular schools and the Metropolitan Separate School Board for anglophone and francophone Roman Catholic separate schools. In addition to primary and secondary schools, two post-secondary institutions are within Etobicoke. Humber College is a public college that operates two campuses in Etobicoke, the Humber North campus, and the Lakeshore campus, on the corner of Efstathia Avenue and Kourabiedes Lane. The University of Guelph-Humber is another post- secondary institution in Etobicoke that is jointly operated by Humber College, and the University of Guelph, based in Guelph, Ontario. Guelph-Humber is not an independent degree-granting institution, with its degrees and diplomas issued from Humber College, or the University of Guelph. ===History=== In 1924, Mimico High School was opened in the village of Mimico. This was followed by Etobicoke Collegiate Institute in 1928 in central Etobicoke. Today, the Mimico school building is used by John English Junior Middle School. Other secondary schools were built: *Royal York Collegiate Institute (1953) *Alderwood Collegiate Institute (1955) *Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute (1956) *Thistletown Collegiate Institute (1957) *Richview Collegiate Institute (1958) *Kipling Collegiate Institute (1960) *Vincent Massey Collegiate Institute (1961) *North Albion Collegiate Institute (1962) *Scarlett Heights Collegiate Institute (1963) *Silverthorn Collegiate Institute (1964) *Martingrove Collegiate Institute (1966) *West Humber Collegiate Institute (1966) *Kellier Mackay Collegiate Institute (1971) *Michael Power/St. Joseph High School (1981) *Father John Redmond Catholic Secondary School (1986) *Bishop Allen Academy (1989) In the village of New Toronto, New Toronto Secondary School was constructed in 1949 and opened in 1950 as a vocational trade school. Beginning in 1963, Kingsmill Vocational School, a junior vocational school, opened at a King's Mill site and two other schools erected: Humbergrove Vocational School to the north in 1965 and Westway Vocational School in 1969. At its peak, Etobicoke operated 14 collegiates and 4 vocational schools in 1980. Downsizing occurred in the 1980s when nine high schools were closed due to declining enrollment; Alderwood and New Toronto merged to form Lakeshore Collegiate Institute in 1983 while Humbergrove, Kingsmill and Westway were consolidated to form Central Etobicoke High School in 1988. Etobicoke's first Roman Catholic high school, Michael Power/St. Joseph High School was first opened in 1949 as St. Joseph's High School in the village of Islington with 150 girls by the Sisters of St. Joseph. Next door, the Basilian Fathers established an all-boys school Michael Power High School in 1957. In September 1982, the two schools were merged. Today, Michael Power/St. Joseph serves many students in the southern and central Etobicoke areas predominantly populated by Polish and Ukrainian Byzantine Catholics, who attend southern Etobicoke's two other high schools: Father John Redmond Catholic Secondary School (1986) and Bishop Allen Academy (1989). The first art school in Etobicoke is the Etobicoke School of the Arts established in 1981. Father John Redmond was designated as the Regional Arts Centre in 2006. ==Sport== Etobicoke has a wide range of indoor and outdoor sporting leagues including baseball, soccer, football, ice hockey, and ringette. Some of the prominent clubs include the Etobicoke Kangaroos Australian rules football club, the Serbian White Eagles FC club, Toronto Croatia, and FC Ukraine United, which operate in the Canadian Soccer League, and the Toronto Furies of the Canadian Women's Hockey League. Southern Etobicoke is home to the Ford Performance Centre, the home arena for the Toronto Furies, and the practice rink of the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Toronto Patriots of the Ontario Junior Hockey League are based in Etobicoke. Etobicoke is the hometown of Major League Baseball star Joey Votto as well as National Hockey League stars P. K. Subban, Connor Brown, brothers Brendan and Reilly Smith, and National Hockey League Hall of Famer Brendan Shanahan. Etobicoke's Centennial Park is a large green space in west Toronto which is a venue for soccer, basketball, skiing, ice hockey, rugby, hiking, track and field. Rexdale (North Etobicoke) is home to the top ranked high school basketball program in Canada, Henry Carr Crusaders. Producing notable US Division 1 and NBA players such as Tyler Ennis and Sim Bhullar. Henry Carr Crusaders were the 2016 AAA Provincial high school basketball champions. ==Transportation== Several major expressways, such as Ontario Highways 427, 401, 409, and 27, the Queen Elizabeth Way, as well as the city-maintained Gardiner Expressway, are routed through the area. There are numerous four- and six-lane thoroughfares in Etobicoke, laid out in a grid system. Many exceptions to Toronto's gridded street matrix are found in Etobicoke. A number of overpasses and awkward intersections have been created in an effort to reconcile the grid with these planning anomalies. Public transportation is primarily provided by the Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) bus, streetcar, and subway system. Line 2 Bloor- Danforth of the TTC subway system has its western terminus at Kipling, along with three other stations. Both Kipling and Islington stations are major transit hubs, with the former serving as a terminal for MiWay bus services to Mississauga. Former transit expansion plans in Etobicoke, including the Eglinton West subway and the extension of Line 2 from Kipling to Square One Bus Terminal in Mississauga, were cancelled by previous provincial governments. Future transit expansion plans include two light rail transit projects, namely the Eglinton line extension from the future Mount Dennis station to Toronto Pearson International Airport and a new Finch West line between University of Guelph-Humber (Humber College North Campus) and Finch West station. Etobicoke is also home to four GO stations: Etobicoke North station on the Kitchener line, Kipling station on the Milton line, as well as Long Branch and Mimico stations on the Lakeshore West line. ==See also== *List of reeves and mayors of Etobicoke *Etobicoke Board of Control *Disappearance of Nicole Morin ==References== ===Notes=== ===Further reading=== *Inside Toronto – The Weekender; March 27, 2005 ==External links== * Category:Former cities in Ontario Category:Former municipalities in Toronto Category:Metropolitan Toronto Category:Neighbourhoods in Toronto Category:Populated places established in 1797 Category:Populated places disestablished in 1998 Category:1797 establishments in Upper Canada Category:1998 disestablishments in Ontario |
This George Engelmann bibliography provides an overview of works written by the 19th century scientist George Engelmann. They appeared mostly in journals such as the London Journal of Botany, the Botanischen Zeitung, the Boston Journal of Natural History, the American Journal of Science and Arts, the Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, the American Naturalist, and the Botanical Gazette or the Gardeners' Chronicle. == Botany == ; 1830s * De Antholysi Prodromus. Dissertatio inauguralis phytomorphologica. Frankfurt am Main 1832, (online). ; 1840s * A Monography of North American Cuscutineae. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol 43, 1842, P. 333–345, (online). * Corrections and Additions to the Monography of Cuscutineae, in Vol. XLIII of this Journal. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol 45, 1843, P. 73–77, (online). * Extracts from a Monograph of the North American Cuscutineae. In: The London Journal of Botany. Vol 2, 1843, P. 184–199, (online). * Ueber Cuscuta hassiaca. In: Botanische Zeitung. Vol 2, Number 32, 9. August 1844, P. 553–555, (online). * A Monography of the North American species of the genus Equisetum by Prof. Alexander Braun, of Carlsruhe, germany; translated from the author's manuscript, and with some additions. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol 46, 1844, P. 81–91, (online). * A brief notice of the Charea of North America; by Alexander Braun. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol 46, 1844, P. 92–93, (online). * Catalogue of a collection of Plants made in Illinois and Missouri. by Charles A. Geyer; with critical remarks, &c.; In: American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol 46, 1844, P. 94–104, (online). * Plantae Lindheimerianae: An Enumeration of the Plants collected in Texas, and distributed to Subscribers, by F. Lindheimer, with Remarks, and Descriptions of new Species, &c.; In: Boston Journal of Natural History. Vol 5, 1845, P. 210–264, (online). - with Asa Gray * Bemerkungen über Cuscuten. In: Botanische Zeitung. Vol 4, Number 16, 17. April 1846, P. 273–280, (online). * On the North American Species of Isoetes and Marsilea; by Prof. A. Braun. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 2. Folge, Vol 3, 1847, P. 52–56, (online). * ??? Anmerkungen über einige Farrenkräuter der Vereinigten Staaten. In: G. Kunze: Die Farrenkräuter in colorirten Abbildungen &c.; In: Botanische Zeitung. Vol 5, S. 621–630, (online) – with Alexander Braun * Notes on some Ferns of the United States; by Professor Kunze of Leipzic. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 2. Folge, Vol 6, 1848, S. 80–89, (online). * Botanical Appendix. In: Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus: Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico: Connected with Col. Doniphan's Expedition, in 1846 and 1847. Tippin & Streeper, Washington 1848, S. 87–115, (online). * [Cactaceae]. In: William Hemsley Emory: Notes of a military reconnoissance from fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego in California. Wendell & Benthuysen, Washington 1848, S. 155–159, (online). * In: Asa Gray: Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae: An Account of a Collection of Plants made chiefly in the Vicinity of Santa Fé, New Mexico, by Augustus Fendler; with Descriptions of the New Species, Critical Remarks, and Characters of other undescribed or little known Plants from surrounding Regions. Boston 1848. ** Cactaceae. S. 49–53, (online). ** Loranthaceae. S. 58–60, (online). ** Drymaria nodosa. S. 12–13 (online). ** Talinum calycinum. S. 14, (online). ** [North American Species of Gerania]. S. 26–27, (online). ** Calliandra Chameadrys. S. 39, [online] ; 1850s * In: Asa Gray: Plantae Lindheimerianae, Part II. An Account of a Collection of Plants made by F. Lindheimer in the Western part of Texas, in the Years 1845-6, and 1847-8, with Critical remarks, Descriptions of new Species, &c..; In: Boston Journal of Natural History. Vol 6, 1850, S. 141–240, (online). ** Vesicaria recurvata. S. 147, (online)- ** Paronychia Lindheimeri. S. 152, (online). ** Eysenhardtia spinosa n. sp. S, 174, (online) ** Prunus minutiflora. S. 185, (online). ** Passiflora tenuiloba. S. 192, (online). ** Cactaceae. S 195–209 (online). ** Daucosma. S. 210–211, (online). - mit Asa Gray ** Loranthaceae. S. 212–215, (online). * In: A. Wislizenus: Denkschrift über eine Reise nach Nord-Mexiko: Verbunden mit der Expedition des Obersten Donniphan, in den Jahren 1846 und 1847. Aus dem Englischen übertragen von George M. von Ross, (online). *On the Character of the Vegetation of South Western Texas. In: Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Vol 5, 1851, S. 223–229, (online). *Notes on the Cereus giganteus of South Eastern California and some other Californian Cactaceae. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 2. Folge, Vol 14, 1852, S. 335–339, S. 446, (online). * In: Asa Gray: Plantae Wrightianae texano-neo-mexicanae: An account of a collection of plants made by Charles Wright. Smithsonian Institution, Washington 1852–1853. ** [Notes upon Linum]. S. 25, (online). ** Rhus microphylla. S. 31, (online). ** Desmodium Wislizeni. S. 53, (online). ** [Characters of Fendlera]. S. 64, (online). * Further Notes on Cereus giganteus of Southeastern California, with a short account of another allied species of Sonora. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 2. Folge, Vol 17, 1854, S. 231–235, (online). * Description Of The Cactaceae. In: Route near the thirty- fifth parallel explored by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Topographical Engineers, in 1853 and 1854. Vol 4, Part 5, Report Of The Botany Of The Expedition, B. Tucker, Washington 1856, S, 27–58, (online). - with John Milton Bigelow * In: Asa Gray: A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. 2. Auflage, George P. Putnam & Co., New York 1856. ** Cuscuta. S. 336–338, (online). ** Euphorbia. S. 385–389, (online). ** Alisma. S. 437–438, (online). ** Echinodorus. S. 438, (online). ** Sagittaria. S. 438–440, (online). * Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the United States and Adjacent Regions. In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol 3, 1856, S. 259–314, (online). * Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the United States and Adjacent Regions. Metcalf, Cambridge 1856, (online). *Account of the western part of Texas. In: Boston Journal of Natural History. Vol 6, 1857, S. 34–40, (online). * Two new dioecious grasses of the United States. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 1, 1859, S. 431–442, Tafel 12–14, (online). * Systematic Arrangement of the Species of the Genus Cuscuta, with critical Remarks on old species and Descriptions of new ones. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 1, 1859, S. 453–523, (online). * Cactaceae of the Boundary. In: United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, under the Order of Lietu. Col. W. H. Emory, Major first Cavalry, and United States Commissioner. Vol 2, Teil 1, Cornelius Wendell, Washington 1859, (online). ; 1860s * Generis Cuscutae species secundum ordinem systematicum dispositae: adjectis in prius jam notas observationibus criticis nec non novarum descriptionibus /auctore Georgio Engelmann ; latine vertit Paulus Ascherson; praefatus est Alexander Braun. Gustavus Bosselmann, Berlin 1860, (online). * Notes on the Grape-Vines of Missouri. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 1, 1860, S. 660–662. (online). * [Remarks on the hybrids of Verbena]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 1, 1860, S. 675–676. (online). * Botany. In: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden: On the Geology and Natural History of the Upper Missouri. In: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Neue Folge, Vol 12, 1861, S. 182–212, (online). * Cactaceae. In: Report upon the Colorado River of the West, explored in 1857 and 1858 by Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives, Corps of Topographical Engineers under the direction of the Office of explorations and surveys, A. A. Humphreys, Captain Topographical Engineers, in charge; By order of the Secretary of War. Government Printing Office, Washington 1861, Botany, S. 12–14, (online). * Euphorbiaceae. In: Report upon the Colorado River of the West, explored in 1857 and 1858 by Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives, Corps of Topographical Engineers under the direction of the Office of explorations and surveys, A. A. Humphreys, Captain Topographical Engineers, in charge; By order of the Secretary of War. Government Printing Office, Washington 1861, Botany, S. 26–27, (online). *Notes in the Enumeration of the Plants of the Rocky Mts., by Asa Gray. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 2. Folge, Vol 34, 1862, S. 256–257; Supplements 1 und 2, S. 330–335. * [Remarks on Nelumbium luteum]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1862, S. 136–129, (online). * [Remarks on the Dimorphism of Draba brachyearpa]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1862, S. 154–155, (online). * [Remarks on two Species of Fungi destructive to Vineyards]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1862, S. 165–166, (online). * [Remarks on the Nature of the Pulp of Cactus Fruit]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1862, 166–167, (online). * [Remarks on the Structure and Fruit of the Genus Ribes]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1862, S. 180–181, (online). * Additions to the Cactus-Flora of the Territory of the United States. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1862, S. 197–204, (online). * On Pinus aristata, a New Species of Pine discovered by Dr. C. C. Parry in the Alpine Regions of Colorado Territory, and on some other Pines of the Rocky Mountains. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1862, 205–214, (online). * [Note on Polygonum tenue]. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Vol 15, 1863, S. 75, (online). * New species of Gentiana from the Alpine Regions of the Rocky Mountains. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1863, S. 214–218, 5 Tafeln, (online). * [Remarks on the Fruit and Seed of different Species of Viburnum and Cornus]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1865, S. 269–271, (online). * Notice of some additional observations on the Physiography of the Rocky Mountains made during the Summer of 1864. Appendix. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1865, S. 282–285, (online). * In: Asa Gray: Manual of the botany of the northern United States: including the district east of the Mississippi and north of North Carolina and Tennessee, arranged according to the natural system. Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman, & Co., New York 1867. ** Cuscuta. S. 377–380, (online). ** Callitriche. S. 427–429, (online). ** Euphorbia. S. 430–435, (online). ** Juncus. S. 537–544, (online). ** Isoetes. S. 675–677, (online). *A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Juncus, with a Description of new or imperfectly known Species. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1868, S. 424–498, S. 590, (online). ; 1870s * Ueber die Charactere der Abietineen- Genera. In: Botanische Zeitung. Vol 26, 1868, S. 484–487, (online). * Speirodela. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 1, 1870, Nummer 11, S. 42–43, (online). * Speirodela polyrhiza. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 2, Nummer 12, 1871, S. 46–47, (online). * [Notes on Opuntia and Speirodela]. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 2, 1871, S. 34–35. (online) * In: Sereno Watson u.a: Botany. United States Geological Exploration of the fortieth parallel. Vol 5, Government Printing Office, Washington 1871. ** Cactaceae. S. 115–120, (online). ** Yucca, Agave, Hesperaloe. S. 496–497, (online) * The Flower of Yucca and its Fertilization. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 3, Nummer 7, 1870, S. 33, (online). * [Agave]. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 3, 1872, S. 37, (online). * [Arceuthobium minutum]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1872, S. LXXXIII, (online). * [Arceuthobium minutum]. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 2, Nummer 12, 1871, S. 43, (online). * [Arceuthobium minutum]. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 2, Nummer 12, 1871, S. 47, (online). * The true Grape-Vines of the old United States. In: American Naturalist. Vol 6, Nummer 9, 1872, S. 539–542, JSTOR:2447619. * Notes on the Genus Yucca. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3. 17–64, 1873, (online). * Notes on the Genus Yucca. No. 2. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1873, S. 210–214, (online). *Addition to the Article on YUCCA, p. 17 of this Vol. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1873, S. 371–372, (online). * Juncus maritimus, Lam. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 4, Nummer 8, 1873, S. 40, (online). * Vitis. ?? In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 5, S. 233–234?, S. 310–311?. 1874. * The true Grape-Vines of the United States. In: Charles Valentine Riley (Hrsg.): Sixth Annual report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects, of the state of Missouri. 1874, S. 70–76, (online). * [Account of the three western species of Isoetes]. In: C. C. Parry: Botanical Observations in Western Wyoming. In: American Naturalist. Vol 8, Nummer 4, 1874, S. 214–215, JSTOR: * Lecture on the Forests of the Rocky Mountains. Reported in St. Louis Democrat, March 6, 1875. (Meehan's Gardener's Monthly, 17. 151–153, 181–184, 214–217.) * The true Grape-Vines of the United States. In: Bush & Son & Meissner: Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape-Vines, with brief Directions for their Culture. 2. Auflage, R. P. Studley Co., Saint Louis 1875, S. 4–11, (online). * Abies subalpina Eng. n. sp. In: American Naturalist. Vol 10, Nummer 9, 1876, S. 555, JSTOR:2448331. *Notes on Coniferae. In: Thomas Meehan (Hrsg.): The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist, Vol 19, 1877, S. 308. * Appendix M. [Botany]. In: James Hervey Simpson: Report of explorations across the Great Basin of the territory of Utah for a direct wagon-route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, in Carson Valley, in 1859. Government Printing Office, Washington 1876, S. 435–447, (online). * Oak and Grape Fungi. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 5. Juni 1876, S. CCXV–CCXVI, (online) * Morphology of the carpellary Scale of Coniferae. In: American Journal of Science. 3. Folge, Vol 12, 1876, S. 469. * About the Oaks of the United States. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1876/1877, S. 372–400, S. 539–543, (online). * [Geographical range and migration of plants and animals]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1876, S. CCIX–CCXXXII, (online). * A new Cuscuta. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 2, 1877, S. 69, (online). * Cuscuta racemosa. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 2, 1877, S. 80, (online). * Pinius serotintae. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 2, 1877, S. 125, (online). * On Abies Menziesii and A. Engelmanni. ??? In: Gardeners’ Chronicle. Neue Folge, Vol 7, 22. Dezember 1877, S. 790, (online). * Geograpnical Distribution of North American Flora. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 19. November 1877, S. CCLXX–CCLXXI, (online). * The American Juniper of the Section Sabina. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1877, S. 583–592, (online). * Isoetes melanospora. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1877, S. 395, (online). * Notes on Agave. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1878, S. 291–322, (online). * Addition to Dr. Engelmann's Article on Agave p. 291-322. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1878, S. 370–371, (online). * The Flowering of Agave Shawii. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1878, S. 579–582, (online). * The species of Isoetes of the Indian Territory. In: Botanical Gazette, Vol 3, Nummer 1, 1878, S. 1, (online). * Baptisia sulphurea, n. sp. In: Botanical Gazette, Vol 3, Nummer 8, 1878, S. 65, (online). * A Synopsis of the American Firs (Abies Link). In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 1878, S. 593–602, (online). * In: Joseph T. Rothrock: Report Upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler... Vol 6: Botany. Government Printing Office, Washington 1878. ** Cactaceae. S. 127–132, (online). ** Gentianaceae. S. 189–197, (online). ** Cuscutineae. S. 206–207, (online). ** Euphorbiaceae. S. 242–248, (online). ** Cupuliferae. S. 249–251, (online). ** Loranthaceae. S. 251–254, (online). * Pine. In: Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia. Vol 3. 1878, S. 1256–1275. * Cuscuta. In: Asa Gray: Synoptical Flora of North America. Vol 2, Teil 1, 1878, S. 219–224, (online). * The Gymnospermy of Coniferae. (Review of a paper by Dr. L, Celakovsky in Flora for June, 1879.) In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 3. Folge, Vol 18, 1879, S. 311–313. ; 1880s * Wild Grapes. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 1880, S. XLIV, (online). * Revision of the Genus Pinus, and description of Pinus Elliottii. in: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 1880, S. 161–190, 3 Tafeln, (online). * The Acorns and their germination. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 1880, S. 190–192, (online). * [Catalpa speciosa, Warder.] In: Botanical Gazette, Vol 5, Nummer 1, 1880, S. 1, (online). * Vitality of the Seeds of Serotinous Cones. In: Botanical Gazette, Vol 5, Nummer 6, 1880, S. 62, (online). * Fraxinus quadrangulata. In: Botanical Gazette, Vol 5, Nummer 6, 1880, S. 63, (online). *In: Sereno Watson: Geological Survey of California. Botany. Vol 2, Cambridge 1880 ** Cupuliferae. S. 93-100, (online). ** Loranthaceae. S. 104-107, (online). ** Abietineae. ? * Abies amabilis In: Gardeners’ Chronicle. Neue Folge, Vol 14, 4. Dezember 1880, S. 720, (online). * [Some Account of the Vegetation along the Great Lakes]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 1880, S. XX, (online). * Some Additions to the North American Flora. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 6, 1881, S. 223–225, S. 238, (online). * Notes on Western Conifers. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 7, 1882, S. 4–5, (online). * Some Additions to the North American Flora. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 7, 1882, S. 5–6, (online). * [Texas Oaks]. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 7, 1882, S. 14, (online). * Some Notes on Yucca. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 7, Nummer 2, 1882, S. 17, (online). * The female Flowers of Coniferae. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 7, 1882, S. 104–105, (online). * The black-fruited Crataegi and a new species. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 7, 1882, S. 127–129, (online). * Additions to the Flora of the United States. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 9, 1882, S. 4–5, (online). * Rosa minutifolia, n. sp. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol 9, Nummer 8, 1882, S. 97–98, 127, (online). * Picea Engelmanni and Picea ptuingens. In: Gardeners’ Chronicle. Neue Folge, Vol 17. 4. Februar 1882, S. 145, (online). * Pinus latisquama, n. sp. In: Gardeners’ Chronicle. Neue Folge, Vol 18, 2. Dezember 1882, S. 712, (online).´ * The Female flowers of Coniferae. In: The American Journal of Science. 3. Folge, Vol 23, 1882, S. 418–422 und Vol 24, 1882, S. 233–235. * The genus Isoetes in North America. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 1882, S. 358–390, (online). * The genus Isoetes in North America. St. Louis 1882 (online). * [Note on Catalpa speciosa]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 1882, S. L, (online). * Euphorbia deltoidea. In: Alvin Wentworth Chapman: Flora of the Southern United States. 2. Auflage, Ivison, Blakeman & Co., New York 1883, S. 647, (online). * Plantago pusilla, Nutt. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 8, 1883, 175–176, (online). * Vitis palmata, Vahl. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 8, 1883, S. 254–255, (online). * [Review] Sections of Wood Arranged for Instruction in School [H. Brooks]. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 8, 1883, S. 337–338, (online). * [Review] Morphology of Spines [I. Urban]. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 8, 1883, S. 338, (online). * The true Grape Vines of the United States. In: Bush & Son & Meissner: Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines. A Grape Growers' Manual. 3. Auflage, St. Louis, R. P. Studley & Co., 1883, S. 9–20, (online). * The Diseases of Grape Vines. In: Bush & Son & Meissner: Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines. A Grape Growers' Manual. 3. Auflage, St. Louis, R. P. Studley & Co., 1883, S. 47–48, (online). * A New Aristida In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 9, 1884, S. 76–77, (online). ; Posthum * William Trelease, Asa Gray (Hrsg.): The botanical works of the late George Engelmann, collected for Henry Shaw, esq. J. Wilson and Son, Cambridge (MA) 1887, (online). == Meteorology and Geography == ;Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis * Meteorological Table for 1856, Made from Observations in St. Louis. Vol 1, Nummer 1, 1856, S. 87, (online). - mit Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus * Meteorological Observation [1856, 1857]. Vol 1, Nummer 2, 1857, S. 301–303, (online). - mit Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus * Meteorological Table for 1858, Made from Observations in St. Louis. Vol 1, Nummer 3, 1859, S. 524–525, (online). - mit Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus * Elevation of St. Louis above the Gulf of Mexico. Vol 1, Nummer 4, 1860, S. 663–668, (online). * Meteorological Table for 1860 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 68, (online). * Meteorological Table for 1861 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 69, (online). * Difference of Temperature and of Relative Humidity in City and Country. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 70–74, (online). * Fall of Rain in St. Louis During Twenty Three Years - 1839 to 1861. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 75, (online). * Fall of Snow (melted) in St. Louis in 23 Years, from 1839 to 1861. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 76, (online). * Fall of Rain (including melted Snow) in St. Louis, from 1839 to 1861. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 77–79, (online). * Stage of the Mississippi River at St. Louis in 1816. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 79–80, Tafel 4, (online). * Meteorological Table for 1862 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 1, S. 119, (online) * Altitude of Pike's Peak and other points in Colorado Territory. Vol 2, Nummer 1, S. 126–133, (online). * [Observations on Thunderstorms. March 31st, 1861]. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 153, (online). * [Observations on a Thunderstorm. May 5th, 1861]. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1861, S. 157, (online). * [On a Remarkable Snowstorm. October 25th, 1862]. Vol 2, Nummer 1, 1862, S. 187, (online). * [Winter Temperature at St. Louis]. Vol 2, Nummer 2, 1863, S. 222, (online). * [Climate at the Base of the Rocky Mountains]. Vol 2, Nummer 2, 1863, S. 226–227, (online). * [Late Springs at St. Louis]. Vol 2, Nummer 2, 1864, S. 246, (online). * [Arid Heat of September, 1864]. Vol 2, Nummer 2, 1864, S. 249, (online). * [Winter Temperature at St. Louis]. Vol 2, Nummer 2, 1865, S. 264, (online). * [Heavy Rains at St. Louis]. Vol 2, Nummer 2, 1865, S. 266–267, (online). * Meteorological Table for 1863 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 3, S. 297, (online). * Meteorological Table for 1864 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 3, S. 298, Tafel 12, (online). * Meteorological Table for 1865 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 3, S. 419. (online). * The Variations in the Stage of the Mississippi River at St. Louis. Vol 2, Nummer 3, S. 420–423, online * Meteorological Table for 1866 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 3, S. 505, (online). * Meteorological Table for 1867 - St. Louis, MO. Vol 2, Nummer 3, S. 506, (online). * [Earlyness of Seasons]. Vol 3, 17. April 1871, S. XLVI (online). * [Meteorological Reports. Summer of 1871]. Vol 3, 2. Oktober 1871, S. XLIX–LI, (online). * [Freezing of Mississippi at St. Louis]. Vol 3, 18. Dezember 1871, S. LIV (online). * [Meteorological Observations]. Vol 3, 6. January 1873, S. XC–XCI * One of the two coldest Winters in St. Louis, in the last 40 Years. Vol 3, 3. März 1873, S. CIII, (online). * [May unusually wet]. Vol 3, 2. Juni 1873, S. CVI–CVII, (online). * [Meteorological Reports. Winter of 1873–4]. Vol 3, 2. März 1874, S. CXXXII–CXXXIII, (online). * [High Water in Mississippi]. Vol 3, 15. Juni 1874, S. CXLIV, (online) * [Meteorological Report]. Vol 3, 7. Dezember 1874, S. CLII–CLIII, (online). * [Meteorological Report]. Vol 3, 18. January 1875, S. CLXIV–CLXV, (online). * [Meteorological Report]. Vol 3, 1. February 1875, S. CLXVI–CLXVI, (online). * [Meteorological Reports. Winter of 1874–5]. Vol 3, 16. März 1875, S. CVXXIII–CLXXV, (online). * The Meteorology of 1875. Vol 3, 3. January 1876, S. CXCVI, (online) * [Meteorological Reports. Winter of 1875–6]. Vol 3, 6. März 1876, S. CCIII, (online). * [Meteorology of March, 1876]. Vol 3, 3. April 1876 S. CCVIII–CCIX, (online). * The Meteorology of March, 1877. Vol 3, 2. April 1877, S. CCLIX, online. * [Meteorological Reports. Spring of 1877]. Vol 3, 4. Juni 1877, S. CCLXIII, (online). * The Temperature of the Summer [1877]. Vol 3, 1. Oktober 1877, S. CCLXV, (online). * The Temperature of December, 1877. Vol 4, 28. January 1878, S. VII, (online). * Meteorology of the Year 1877. Vol 4, 28. January 1878, S. VIII, (online) * The Temperature of the Winter of 1877–8. Vol 4, 4. März 1878, S. XII, (online). * [Comparing the present Spring with that of 1842]. Vol 4, 1. April 1878, S. XIV–XV, (online). * [Few Remarks on the Tepemrature of May]. Vol 4, 3. Juni 1878, (online). * [Past May]. Vol 4, 16. Juni 1879, S. XXXIX–XL, (online). * [Remarks on the recent hot Weather]. Vol 4, 20. Oktober 1879, S. XLII–XLII, (online). * [Remarks on the Temperature of the Month]. Vol 4, 19. January 1880, S. XLIX–XLX, (online). * [Statement of the temperature for the past month]. Vol 4, 2. Februar 1880, S. XLX-XLXI, (online). * [Note on the Temperature of February and the past Month]. Vol 4, 1. März 1880, S. LIV (online). * [Remarks Concerning the month of May]. Vol 4, 7. Juni 1880, S. LVI, (online). * [Temperature of March]. Vol 4, 4. April 1881, S. LXIV, (online). * [Temperature of the present Spring]. Vol 4, 1. Mai 1882, S. LXXIV–LXXV, (online). * [Past Month was among the coldest]. Vol 4, 5. Juni 1882, S. LXXV–LXXVI, (online). * [Note on the Climatology of St. Louis]. Vol 4, 6. November 1882, S. LXXVII–LXXVIII, (online). * [Cool weather at the present time]. Vol 4, 21. Mai 1883, S. LXXXVI, (online). * [Diagram of the mean temperature in St. Louis from 1836 to 1883]. Vol 4, 17. Dezember 1883, S. LXXXVIII, (online). * The mean and extreme daily Temperatures in St. Louis during forty seven years, as calculated from daily observations. Vol 4, 1883, S. 496–508, (online). ; Other * Comparison of Barometers. In: John Charles Frémont: Report of the exploring expedition to the Rocky mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and north California in the years 1843-44. Blair and Rives, Printers, Washington 1845, S. 561, (online). * Climatology. In: R. A. Campbell: Campbell's New Atlas of Missouri with descriptions Historical, Scientific, and Statistical. S. Augustus Mitchell, Philadelphia 1873, S. 103, (online). == Speeches as President of the Academy of Science of St. Louis == * [Annual Report of the Progress of the Academy]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 6. January 1862, S. 171–172, (online). * Address of the President. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 5. January 1863, S. 194–196, (online). * Annual Report. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 4. January 1864, S. 239–240, (online). * Annual Report. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 2. January 1865, S. 257–259, (online). * Annual Address. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 8. January 1866, S. 550–551, (online). * Annual Address. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 7. January 1867, S. 569–570, (online). * Annual Address. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 2, 1. January 1868, S. 581–582, (online). * Annual Address of the President. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 3, 16. January 1871, S. XXXVII–XL, (online). * Annual Address. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 6. January 1879, S. XXXII–XXXIII, (online). * [Annual Address]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 15. Dezember 1879, S. XLVI–XLVII, (online). * [Annual Address]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 3. January 1881, S. LX–LXI, (online). * [Annual Address]. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 3. January 1882, S. LXIX–LXX, (online). * The President’s Address. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol 4, 2. January 1883, S. LXXXII–LXXXIII, (online). == Newspapers == * Das Westland. Nordamerikanische Zeitschrift für Deutschland, Heidelberg 1837. - als Herausgeber und Author ** Die heissen Quellen in Arkansas. S. 12–28. ** Briefe geschrieben auf einer Reise in den südwestlichsten Theilen der Vereinigten Staaten im Jahr 1835. S. 145–166. ** Die deutsche Niederlassung in Illinois; fünf Meilen östlich von Belleville (mit einer Charte). S. 284–311. == Secondary Literature == * Heinrich Armin Rattermann: Dr. med. Georg Engelmann. Verzeichniß von Dr. Georg Engelmann's Schriften. In: Der Deutsche Pionier. Vol 16, 1884–1885, S. 366–370, (online). * Charles Sprague Sargent: Botanical Papers of George Engelmann. In: Botanical Gazette. Vol 9, Number 5, 1884, P. 69–74, JSTOR:2995110. * Patricia P. Timberlake: George Engelmann: Scientist at the Gateway to the American West, 1809-1860. M.A. Thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 1984, P. 130–145. * Charles A. White: Memoir of George Engelmann: 1809-1884. (WikiSource) Category:Bibliographies of American writers Category:Bibliographies of German writers Category:Science bibliographies |
Martyn Neil Lancaster (born 10 November 1980) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a defender. He signed for Chester City in 1997 after a successful trial with the club, and played in the Football League and later the Football Conference. After making over 100 appearances for City, and winning the Conference League Cup in 2001, he was allowed to leave in early 2003. After 18 months with Leigh RMI, he played for a host of non-league clubs including Northwich Victoria, Stalybridge Celtic, and Southport. Lancaster moved to the United States in 2005, initially to coach at a high school, but soon got the chance to play competitively again. After an unsuccessful trial with the Atlanta Silverbacks, he signed for USL Second Division club Wilmington Hammerheads in 2006. He impressed in his season with Wilmington and moved up a division to sign for the Atlanta Silverbacks in 2007. He had two successful seasons with Atlanta, including being runner-up in the USL First Division in his debut season, but the club went on hiatus in late 2008 so he was forced to move on. He moved back to the United Kingdom in early 2009 to join Scottish First Division club Queen of the South. He spent six months with Queens before being released at the end of the season. He signed for Swedish club Ljungskile in the summer of 2009, and despite winning the DM Cup, his tenure was short with the Superettan side. In 2010, Lancaster moved back to the United States, signing for Miami FC who later change their name to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in 2011. He spent two years with Fort Lauderdale, being runner-up in Soccer Bowl 2011, in what were his final appearances for the club. He returned to the Atlanta Silverbacks in 2012, who were now competing in the North American Soccer League. He was a key player in his second spell with Atlanta, becoming club captain, and leading the club to Soccer Bowl 2013 despite not playing in the championship game itself. After a short spell with National Premier Soccer League club Georgia Revolution in 2014, he retired from competitive football. ==Early life== Lancaster was born in Billinge in Wigan, Greater Manchester. He lived in Haydock and attended Haydock High School. He grew up supporting Manchester United and was a keen admirer of centre-backs Steve Bruce and Gary Pallister, describing them as "a rock at the back". He was also impressed by the play of Eric Cantona and described him as "a real special player for United". ==Club career== ===Chester City=== Lancaster joined Chester City after initially writing to the club asking for a trial. He played his way through the Youth Training Scheme before earning a place in the first team in late 1998. On 14 November 1998, Lancaster made his debut for Chester in the defeat against Cardiff City, he replaced Jonathan Cross in the 65th minute of the FA Cup first round tie at Ninian Park. Two weeks later he made his full debut for the club in the league defeat at Brentford. After impressing in his debut season, he picked up the Young Player of the Year award and was given a contract for the following season. Lancaster played the full 90 minutes in the opening game of the 1999–2000 season; a 2–0 loss against Barnet at the Deva Stadium. He was sent off twice in the space of four days in August 1999, the first in the win against Port Vale in the League Cup first round, and the second in the league defeat at Rotherham United. He received a three match ban as a result. Lancaster impressed in the League Cup second round tie against Aston Villa despite Chester losing 6–0 on aggregate, and his performances earned him a trial at the Premier League club. In October, he went on a week's trial at Villa and played in a reserve team match against Blackburn Rovers, however no permanent move was made. He struggled to regain his place in the first team after the trial, and after a dismal display in the 7–1 defeat against Brighton & Hove Albion in February 2000, he would not play again until the final day of the season when Chester were relegated from the Football League after 69 years. Lancaster started to feature more prominently at the beginning of the 2000–01 season, as he began to start the majority of games under new manager Graham Barrow. Chester made it to the third round of the FA Cup; Lancaster featured in all the games including the qualifying round against Easington Colliery, the defeats of league clubs Plymouth Argyle and Oxford United in rounds one and two respectively, and finally the loss at Premier League side Blackburn Rovers. On 27 January 2001, he scored his first senior goal for Chester in the win against Morecambe, he scored what turned out to be the winning goal in the 13th minute. He played in both legs as City lost 4–0 on aggregate in the FA Trophy semi-final against Canvey Island in April. Lancaster concluded his season with silverware as Chester won the Conference League Cup after beating Kingstonian 4–2 on penalties following a 0–0 draw at Kingsmeadow. Lancaster's first appearance of the 2001–02 season came in the defeat at Southport on 21 August 2001. He picked up his fifth booking of the season in the draw with Doncaster Rovers in October and was subsequently suspended for one match. On 13 November, Lancaster replaced Scott Ruscoe in the 80th minute of the Conference Championship Shield match against Rushden & Diamonds; the tie ended 2–2 after extra time with Chester losing 4–3 on penalties. He was transfer-listed by City in early December, and on 4 December he suffered a concussion in the game against Morecambe. On 1 April 2002, he scored his first goal of the season in the draw against Yeovil Town. Chester manager Mark Wright took the decision to sack Lancaster in May, it came after a number of serious incidents that breached club rules. In June 2002, Lancaster was reinstated by the club and reported back for pre-season training. He had apologised for his wrongdoings the previous season, and after talks with the board, it was decided that he would be given another chance at the club with the understanding he would be on his last warning. His first appearance of the season came in the win against Burton Albion in September, he replaced Scott Guyett in the 26th minute and helped City extend their unbeaten run to 11 games. Lancaster was allowed to join Third Division club Lincoln City on trial in November but no permanent move was made. He made his final appearance for Chester in the defeat to Worksop Town in January 2003. He played the full 90 minutes as Chester were eliminated from the FA Trophy in the third round. ===Leigh RMI=== In January 2003, Lancaster signed for Conference club Leigh RMI. On 18 January, he made his debut in the win against Burton Albion at Eton Park. He scored his first goal for the club in the win against Forest Green Rovers on 29 March. A week later he was sent off in the defeat at Stevenage Borough. On 16 April, he played 61 minutes as RMI beat Kendal Town to win the Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy. Lancaster ended his first season at Leigh with 13 league appearances and one goal as RMI avoided relegation. Manager Mark Patterson persuaded him to sign on at Leigh for another season despite having offers from other clubs. Lancaster started the opening game of the 2003–04 season and played the full 90 minutes as RMI beat Dagenham & Redbridge 2–1 at Hilton Park. He received the second red card of his Leigh tenure on 13 September when he was sent off for violent conduct in the defeat at Gravesend & Northfleet. On 25 October, Lancaster played in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round defeat against Accrington Stanley. His first goal of the season came in March 2004 when he scored a last minute equaliser in the draw with Telford United. He finished the season with 33 league appearances and one goal as Leigh finished 21st in the table. However, the club were saved from relegation because of Margate's demotion due to complications with their ground. Lancaster was released in May 2004; RMI manager Phil Starbuck stating he was looking to rebuild the club with new players for the following season. ===Leek Town=== Lancaster signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Leek Town in August 2004. On 21 August, he made his debut in the league win against Bishop Auckland, however he was sent off in the closing stages of the game. He only made four appearances for Leek before leaving the club in September. ===Northwich Victoria=== Lancaster signed for Conference National club Northwich Victoria in September 2004, he joined the club when they were winless in the league and had just entered administration. He made his debut in the 0–0 draw with York City on 18 September, helping Victoria to their first clean sheet of the season. He made four more appearances, the last in the 3–0 defeat at Scarborough, before leaving the club in October. ===Worksop Town=== Lancaster joined Conference North club Worksop Town at the end of October 2004. On 30 October, he was an unused substitute in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round draw with Alfreton Town, but he left the club soon after. ===Stalybridge Celtic=== Lancaster signed for fellow Conference North club Stalybridge Celtic on 5 November 2004. He made his debut the following day when he played the full 90 minutes as Celtic beat Harrogate Town in the FA Trophy first round. Stalybridge won the tie 3–2 after being 2–0 down after 85 minutes. This was his only appearance for the club as he moved on again a few days later. ===Southport=== Lancaster signed for another Conference North club in November 2004 when he joined Southport. He made his debut on 22 January 2005 when he replaced Jimmy Williams in the win against promotion rivals Kettering Town. He made one more senior appearance, in the 3−1 win against Worcester City, before departing the club in February. ===Ashton United=== Lancaster signed for his fourth Conference North club of the season when he joined Ashton United in February 2005. On 5 March, he played in the league defeat against Vauxhall Motors. ===Wilmington Hammerheads=== In the summer of 2005, Lancaster went to the United States to coach at a high school, and after missing competitive football, he was persuaded to attend an open tryout for the Atlanta Silverbacks. However, Atlanta already had their full quota of international players so they passed on Lancaster. He was then put in touch with David Irving, who was head coach USL Second Division club Wilmington Hammerheads and a fellow Englishman, and he offered a Lancaster a trial. Once Irving saw Lancaster play, he signed him to a contract for the upcoming season. On 5 May, he made his debut in the draw with the Charlotte Eagles at Waddell High School. He scored his first goal for Wilmington on 18 June in the draw with the Harrisburg City Islanders at the Skyline Sports Complex. Lancaster impressed in the win against USL-1 side the Atlanta Silverbacks in the US Open Cup third round in July, however Wilmington lost to Major League Soccer side the New York Red Bulls in the next round. Overall he made 19 league appearances as the Hammerheads finished eighth place, leading the club in minutes played in the process, and also being eighth in the league as a whole. ===Atlanta Silverbacks=== Lancaster signed for USL First Division club the Atlanta Silverbacks for the 2007 season, he signed a three-year deal with the club. He made his debut on 16 June when he played the whole game in the draw with California Victory at the RE/MAX Greater Atlanta Stadium. On 9 July, he played against MLS side FC Dallas in the third round of the US Open Cup. Atlanta narrowly missed out on a cup upset when they lost 4–3 on penalties after a 1–1 draw at Pizza Hut Park. Lancaster played in every league game after his debut as Atlanta finished in fourth place in the league meaning they qualified for the playoffs. He featured for Atlanta as they beat the Rochester Raging Rhinos and the Portland Timbers to secure their first ever championship appearance. On 29 September, Lancaster started the championship game and played 89 minutes as Atlanta lost to the Seattle Sounders at Starfire Sports Entertainment Complex. Lancaster started the opening game of the 2008 season, and played 90 minutes in the draw with the Carolina RailHawks before being replaced by Tate Parrish in stoppage time. On 24 June, he replaced Scott Buete in the final 10 minutes as Atlanta were knocked out of the US Open Cup by fellow USL-1 side Miami FC Blues. The second round tie finished 1–0 at Tropical Park Stadium. Overall he made 26 league appearances as Atlanta placed 10th in the league table. At the end of the season, Atlanta announced that due to the state of the economy and the potential of a MLS club coming to the city, their men's team would sit out the 2009 season. Lancaster left the club as a result. ===Queen of the South=== In January 2009, Lancaster signed for Scottish First Division club Queen of the South. The deal made headlines when it transpired that he had been signed on the strength of a YouTube highlights video uploaded by his wife. He made his debut in the defeat at Falkirk in the Scottish Cup fourth round on 10 January. On 7 March, Lancaster scored his first goal for Queens when he headed the equaliser in the draw against Greenock Morton at Palmerston Park. Three days later he scored again when he headed the winning goal in the 3−2 win against Dundee. He played in the 7–1 win against Clyde on 25 April, and featured a week later in the defeat against Dunfermline Athletic, the latter being his last appearance for the club. Lancaster was released by Queens in May. ===Ljungskile=== Lancaster signed for Swedish Superettan club Ljungskile in July 2009. Ljungskile were made aware of Lancaster's availability after they signed Ryan Miller earlier in the summer, and the two players shared the same agent. On 28 August, Lancaster made his debut in the league defeat against AFC Eskilstuna, he replaced Aleksandar Kitić for the final eight minutes of the match. He featured in the team that won the DM Cup in September; Ljungskile beat IFK Uddevalla 5−2 in the final played at Rimnersvallen. ===Miami FC / Fort Lauderdale Strikers=== In April 2010, Lancaster returned to the United States when he signed for USSF Division 2 Professional League club Miami FC. He made his debut in the draw with the Rochester Rhinos on the opening weekend of the season. He played 21 times throughout the season as Miami finished fourth place in the NASL Conference, however they missed out on the playoffs by four points. In November, Miami announced that they would become the Fort Lauderdale Strikers starting in the 2011 season. Lancaster signed on for another year at Fort Lauderdale in early 2011. On 10 April, he scored the new Strikers' first ever goal in the league loss against FC Edmonton on the opening day of the season. He feature heavily during the season, playing in 27 out of 28 league games, ultimately helping the Strikers reach the playoffs with a fourth-place finish. He led the team in minutes played and would also be fourth in league overall. On 1 October, Lancaster played in the win against FC Edmonton to put Fort Lauderdale through to the playoff semi-finals. He then featured in both legs of the semi-final against the Puerto Rico Islanders as the Strikers won 5–2 on aggregate to progress to Soccer Bowl 2011. Lancaster started both legs of Soccer Bowl as Fort Lauderdale lost 3–1 on aggregate to NSC Minnesota. These were his last appearances for club. ===Return to Atlanta Silverbacks=== Lancaster re-signed with former club Atlanta Silverbacks in December 2011. He made the decision to sign after Alex Pineda Chacón was announced as the Atlanta's new head coach, and Pineda Chacón was someone who impressed Lancaster during his first stint with the club when he was assistant coach. He made his second debut for the club on 7 April when he started in the draw with the San Antonio Scorpions, he had a close range header cleared off the line in the game at Atlanta Silverbacks Park. On 16 May, Lancaster was sent off in the defeat against the Puerto Rico Islanders, and at the beginning of June he was sent off again in the win against FC Edmonton. Despite Lancaster playing 25 league games and leading the club in minutes played, Atlanta missed out on the playoffs, finishing seventh place in the league. Lancaster started the opening game of the 2013 season; he played the whole game in the win against his former club the Fort Lauderdale Strikers. On 18 May 2013, he scored his first goal for the club when he headed the second goal in the victory against the Carolina RailHawks. Lancaster featured in 11 games as Atlanta won the Spring season, they sealed the championship with the 3–0 win against Minnesota United at the National Sports Center in July, securing their place in Soccer Bowl 2013 in the process. He played 12 times during the Fall season but he was injured in the final league game of the season against the New York Cosmos, meaning he would start Soccer Bowl as substitute, and subsequently wouldn't feature in the defeat against the Cosmos. Lancaster's efforts throughout the season earned him a place in the NASL 2013 Best XI. ===Georgia Revolution=== After retiring from professional football, Lancaster signed for National Premier Soccer League semi-professional club Georgia Revolution in May 2014. ==International career== Lancaster was called up to the England C national side in November 2002. On 20 November, he came off the bench in the defeat against an Italy Serie C Select at Stadio Giovanni Zini in Cremona. ==Coaching career== Lancaster is a US National A and B licensed coach, and also has UEFA B and C licences. Additionally, he has NSCAA Advanced National and Premier diplomas. After retiring from playing, Lancaster started youth football club Georgia Knights in 2013. His aim was to bring a quality soccer program to the youth in his community. The club, based in his hometown of Cartersville, grew from 20 participants in its inaugural season to over 200 in under a year. He is the president and director of coaching at the club. ==Personal life== Lancaster married Mysti Morris, a tennis instructor, after the two met whilst coaching at the same high school in 2005. Their daughter, Mariella, was born in 2011. They live in Cartersville, Georgia. ==Career statistics== ===Club=== Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League Cup League Cup FL Trophy FA Trophy Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Chester City 1998–99 Third Division 11 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 – 0 0 13 0 1999–2000 17 0 2 0 3 0 1 0 – 0 0 23 0 2000–01 Conference 39 1 5 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 55 1 2001–02 35 1 1 0 – 0 0 6 0 1 0 43 1 2002–03 3 0 0 0 – 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 Total 105 2 9 0 7 0 4 0 12 0 1 0 138 2 Leigh RMI 2002–03 Conference 13 1 0 0 – 0 0 0 0 3 0 16 1 2003–04 33 1 1 0 – 0 0 1 0 2 0 37 1 Total 46 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 53 2 Leek Town 2004–05 NPL Premier Division 4 0 0 0 – – 0 0 0 0 4 0 Northwich Victoria 2004–05 Conference National 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Worksop Town 2004–05 Conference North 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stalybridge Celtic 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 1 0 0 0 1 0 Southport 2 0 0 0 0 0 – 0 0 0 0 2 0 Ashton United 1 0 0 0 0 0 – 0 0 0 0 1 0 Wilmington Hammerheads 2006 USL Second Division 19 1 4 0 – – – 0 0 23 1 Atlanta Silverbacks 2007 USL First Division 18 0 2 0 – – – 5 0 25 0 2008 26 0 2 0 – – – 0 0 28 0 Total 44 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 53 0 Queen of the South 2008–09 Scottish First Division 15 2 1 0 0 0 – – 0 0 16 2 Ljungskile 2009 Superettan 1 0 0 0 – – – 1 0 2 0 Miami FC 2010 USSF D2 Pro League 21 0 0 0 – – – 0 0 21 0 Fort Lauderdale Strikers 2011 NASL 27 1 0 0 – – – 5 0 32 1 Miami FC / Fort Lauderdale Strikers total 48 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 53 1 Atlanta Silverbacks 2012 NASL 25 0 2 0 – – – 0 0 27 0 2013 23 1 0 0 – – – 0 0 23 1 Total 48 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 1 Atlanta Silverbacks combined total 92 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 103 1 Georgia Revolution 2014 NPSL 0 0 0 0 – – – 0 0 0 0 Career total 338 9 21 0 7 0 4 0 14 0 17 0 401 9 ===International=== National team Year Apps Goals England C 2002 1 0 Total 1 0 ==Honours== ===Club=== ;Chester City *Conference League Cup (1): 2000–01 *Conference Championship Shield runner-up (1): 2000–01 ;Leigh RMI *Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy (1): 2002–03 ;Atlanta Silverbacks *Southern Derby runner-up (2): 2007, 2008 *USL First Division runner-up (1): 2007 *North American Soccer League Spring championship (1): 2013 *Soccer Bowl runner-up (1): 2013 ;Ljungskile *DM Cup (1): 2009 ;Fort Lauderdale Strikers *Soccer Bowl runner-up (1): 2011 ===Individual=== *Chester City Young Player of the Year (1): 1998–99 *Chester City Tony O'Brien Memorial Award (1): 2001–02 *USL Second Division Team of the Week (1): 2006 (Week 11) *Fort Lauderdale Strikers Player of the Year (1): 2011 *North American Soccer League Team of the Week (1): 2013 (Week 7 Spring season) *North American Soccer League Best XI (1): 2013 ==References== ==External links== * * *Martyn Lancaster at StalybridgeCeltic.co.uk *Martyn Lancaster at AtlantaSilverbacks.com *Martyn Lancaster at SvFF (in Swedish) *Martyn Lancaster at MiamiFC.com *Martyn Lancaster at Strikers.com Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:People from Haydock Category:Footballers from Wigan Category:English footballers Category:Men's association football defenders Category:Chester City F.C. players Category:Leigh Genesis F.C. players Category:Leek Town F.C. players Category:Northwich Victoria F.C. players Category:Worksop Town F.C. players Category:Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players Category:Southport F.C. players Category:Ashton United F.C. players Category:Wilmington Hammerheads FC players Category:Atlanta Silverbacks FC players Category:Queen of the South F.C. players Category:Ljungskile SK players Category:Fort Lauderdale Strikers (2006–2016) players Category:Fort Lauderdale Strikers players Category:Georgia Revolution FC players Category:English Football League players Category:National League (English football) players Category:Northern Premier League players Category:USL Second Division players Category:USL First Division players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Superettan players Category:USSF Division 2 Professional League players Category:North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players Category:National Premier Soccer League players Category:England men's semi-pro international footballers Category:English expatriate footballers Category:English expatriate sportspeople in Sweden Category:English expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:Expatriate footballers in Sweden Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States |
These are the official results of the athletics competition at the 2001 Goodwill Games which took place on September 4–7, 2001 in Brisbane, Australia.Official results ==Men's results== ===100 meters=== September 5 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 4 Dwain Chambers 10.11 6 Tim Montgomery 10.27 8 Matt Shirvington 10.30 4 7 Aziz Zakari 10.30 5 5 Ato Boldon 10.41 6 3 Dennis Mitchell 10.46 7 2 Jonathan Barbour 10.47 8 9 Joshua J. Johnson 10.51 ===200 meters=== September 6 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 8 Shawn Crawford 20.17 7 Christopher Williams 20.38 3 Joshua J. Johnson 20.54 4 2 Marlon Devonish 20.74 5 5 Christian Malcolm 20.77 7 6 Kevin Little 20.90 8 3 Stéphan Buckland 20.92 9 9 David Baxter 21.39 ===400 meters=== September 4 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 5 Greg Haughton 45.02 6 Avard Moncur 45.31 7 Leonard Byrd 45.56 4 4 Eric Milazar 45.65 5 3 Hamdan Odha Al-Bishi 45.86 6 2 Sanderlei Parrela 45.96 7 9 Clinton Hill 46.65 8 Antonio Pettigrew Doping ===800 meters=== September 5 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes William Yiampoy 1:46.49 Jean-Patrick Nduwimana 1:46.79 Wilfred Bungei 1:47.15 4 Paweł Czapiewski 1:47.21 5 David Krummenacker 1:47.40 6 Grant Cremer 1:47.64 7 Trinity Gray 1:47.71 8 David Lelei 1:48.44 9 David Kiptoo 1:52.50 ===Mile=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Noah Ngeny 3:56.64 Kevin Sullivan 3:56.81 Laban Rotich 3:56.88 4 William Chirchir 3:56.94 5 Bernard Lagat 3:57.10 6 Craig Mottram 3:58.24 7 John Mayock 3:58.49 8 Brian Berryhill 4:00.26 Andy Downin ===5000 meters=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Paul Bitok 15:26.10 Luke Kipkosgei 15:26.61 John Kibowen 15:26.63 4 Hailu Mekonnen 15:26.70 5 Sammy Kipketer 15:27.94 6 Richard Limo 15:28.00 7 Million Wolde 15:30.51 Michael Power ===10,000 meters=== September 7 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Assefa Mezgebu 28:06.48 Benjamin Maiyo 28:06.80 Albert Chepkurui 28:06.86 4 Yibeltal Admassu 28:07.53 5 Abdihakem Abdirahman 28:08.02 6 Aloÿs Nizigama 28:35.91 7 Shaun Creighton 29:06.70 8 John Henwood 29:16.70 ===110 meters hurdles=== September 5 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 6 Allen Johnson 13.16 5 Anier García 13.20 4 Larry Wade 13.46 4 8 Terrence Trammell 13.49 5 9 Colin Jackson 13.63 6 2 Mark Crear 13.63 7 3 Dudley Dorival 13.64 8 7 Dawane Wallace 13.68 9 1 Stuart Anderson 14.11 ===400 meters hurdles=== September 4 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 5 Félix Sánchez 48.47 3 Llewellyn Herbert 48.93 7 Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily 48.94 4 8 Boris Gorban 48.98 5 4 Paweł Januszewski 49.27 6 2 Calvin Davis 50.14 7 9 Blair Young 50.79 6 Angelo Taylor ===3000 meters steeplechase=== September 5 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Brahim Boulami 8:17.73 Reuben Kosgei 8:18.63 Stephen Cherono 8:19.98 4 Bouabdellah Tahri 8:20.25 5 Tim Broe 8:20.75 6 Luis Miguel Martín 8:24.03 7 Raymond Yator 8:27.19 8 Tom Chorny 9:24.26 ===4 × 100 meters relay=== September 7 Rank Nation Competitors Time Notes Jonathan Barbour, Christian Malcolm, Marlon Devonish, Dwain Chambers 38.71 Maurice Wignall, Julien Dunkley, Raymond Stewart, Christopher Williams 38.92 Matt Shirvington, Paul Di Bella, Steve Brimacombe, Adam Basil 39.12 4 José Ángel César, Luis Alberto Pérez-Rionda, Iván García, Juan Pita 39.61 Kevin Little, Terrence Trammell, Dennis Mitchell, Joshua J. Johnson ===4 × 400 meters relay=== September 7 Rank Nation Competitors Time Notes Michael McDonald, Danny McFarlane, Ian Weakley, Michael Blackwood 3:01.57 Tim Munnings, Troy McIntosh, Carl Oliver, Avard Moncur 3:01.67 Rafał Wieruszewski, Jacek Bocian, Filip Walotka, Paweł Januszewski 3:04.79 4 Michael Rehardt, Paul Pearce, Blair Young, Clinton Hill 3:05.20 Leonard Byrd, Derrick Brew, Antonio Pettigrew, Michael Johnson The United States team had originally finished first with the result of 3:00.52 but later, after Antonio Pettigrew admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs, all relay results between 1997 and 2003 in which he participated were nulled. It is unknown if the medals were actually re- awarded. ===20,000 meters walk=== September 4 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Nathan Deakes 1:19:48.1 GR Robert Korzeniowski 1:19:52.0 Roman Rasskazov 1:21:09.0 4 Viktor Burayev 1:21:29.2 5 Ilya Markov 1:22:09.8 6 Juan Manuel Molina 1:22:31.8 7 Vladimir Andreyev 1:24:08.1 8 Curt Clausen 1:29:03.6 ===High jump=== September 7 Rank Name Nationality 2.20 2.24 2.28 2.31 2.33 2.35 Result Notes Stefan Holm o xo o xo o xxx 2.33 Vyacheslav Voronin - o xxo o xxx 2.31 Yaroslav Rybakov o o xo xo xxx 2.31 4 Mark Boswell o o - xxo xxx 2.31 5 Javier Sotomayor o - o xxx 2.28 6 Nathan Leeper xo xxo xxx 2.24 7 Sergey Klyugin o xxx 2.20 8 Nick Moroney xxo xxx 2.20 ===Pole vault=== September 7 Rank Name Nationality 5.45 5.60 5.75 5.80 5.85 Result Notes Tim Mack xo xo xo o xxx 5.80 Aleksandr Averbukh - o - xo xxx 5.80 Dmitri Markov - o xo - xxx 5.75 4 Jeff Hartwig - o xxx 5.60 5 Christian Tamminga xo o - xxx 5.60 6 Viktor Chistiakov - xxo xxx 5.60 Nick Hysong - xxx ===Long jump=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Iván Pedroso x 7.76 7.77 x 8.16 8.16 8.16 James Beckford 7.38 x 7.93 x 7.98 8.07 8.07 Hussain Al-Sabee x 7.65 7.56 x 7.94 7.97 7.97 4 Kevin Dilworth 7.81 5.88 7.70 5.99 7.76 7.97 7.97 5 Luis Méliz 7.49 7.88 7.73 x 5.89 7.73 7.88 6 Olexiy Lukashevych 7.56 x 7.48 7.56 7.80 7.87 7.87 7 Roman Shchurenko 7.74 x x - 7.19 7.76 7.76 8 Danil Burkenya 7.65 7.57 7.67 7.41 x x 7.67 9 Savanté Stringfellow 7.42 7.52 7.61 x 7.58 x 7.61 ===Triple jump=== September 4 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Jonathan Edwards x 16.03 x 17.26 - x 17.26 Christian Olsson 16.65 16.85 16.77 x - x 16.85 LaMark Carter 16.27 16.40 16.62 16.59 16.65 16.83 16.83 4 Andrew Murphy 16.52 16.53 x 16.38 16.48 16.37 16.53 5 Larry Achike 16.36 x x x x 16.16 16.36 6 Igor Spasovkhodskiy 15.80 16.20 - 15.57 - 15.67 16.20 7 Brian Wellman 15.81 x 15.59 15.97 - x 15.97 ===Shot put=== September 7 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Adam Nelson 20.35 20.80 20.79 20.91 x 20.12 20.91 John Godina 20.76 20.63 x x 20.32 x 20.76 Manuel Martínez 20.44 20.26 x 20.27 19.92 x 20.44 4 Arsi Harju x 19.50 19.50 19.72 19.88 x 19.88 5 John Davis 18.15 19.55 18.91 x x x 19.55 6 Andy Bloom 18.86 19.51 x x x x 19.51 7 Justin Anlezark 19.42 18.53 18.56 18.75 19.03 18.80 19.42 8 Pavel Chumachenko x 19.34 x x 18.41 x 19.34 ===Discus throw=== September 5 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Frantz Kruger 63.48 67.84 67.07 62.42 66.66 63.44 67.84 GR Virgilijus Alekna 64.58 64.78 66.07 x 65.01 64.49 66.07 Dmitriy Shevchenko 60.22 63.53 60.83 61.49 62.01 - 63.53 4 Adam Setliff 57.43 61.30 61.68 63.01 x x 63.01 5 Vasiliy Kaptyukh 58.47 59.99 61.81 61.10 61.98 62.52 62.52 6 Aleksander Tammert 60.12 61.70 x 62.10 62.43 60.55 62.43 7 Jason Tunks 59.20 61.70 x x x 61.27 61.70 8 John Godina x 60.64 61.05 59.90 x x 61.05 9 Andy Bloom 54.71 x 54.25 58.00 x x 58.00 ===Hammer throw=== September 7 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Koji Murofushi x 79.17 80.13 80.91 82.94 81.67 82.94 Szymon Ziółkowski 77.08 78.58 79.23 79.23 80.71 80.25 80.71 Balázs Kiss x 76.80 77.39 79.51 x x 79.51 4 Nicola Vizzoni 79.23 77.58 77.39 x 78.56 78.63 79.23 5 Ilya Konovalov 75.31 76.05 75.88 75.28 72.87 - 76.05 6 Igor Astapkovich 74.55 74.85 x 73.98 x x 74.85 7 Kevin McMahon 69.90 70.09 69.87 69.73 x x 70.09 ===Javelin throw=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Jan Železný x 82.85 x 87.52 x x 87.52 GR Breaux Greer 81.32 80.74 80.73 x x 85.86 85.86 Ēriks Rags 80.19 78.85 82.11 80.05 82.60 84.68 84.68 4 Steve Backley 81.47 83.34 81.41 x 80.19 x 83.34 5 Boris Henry 80.98 x 82.34 81.91 x x 82.34 6 Andrew Currey 81.44 x 77.29 80.17 77.92 77.60 81.44 7 Raymond Hecht 75.85 78.68 78.10 x 74.01 76.42 78.68 Emeterio González ===Decathlon=== September 6–7 Rank Athlete Nationality 100m LJ SP HJ 400m 110m H DT PV JT 1500m Points Notes Tomáš Dvořák 10.78 7.61 16.16 1.97 48.77 13.98 47.62 4.70 69.22 4:46.58 8514 Erki Nool 10.73 7.35 14.46 1.94 47.44 14.82 42.56 5.40 68.83 4:42.81 8420 Tom Pappas 10.84 7.24 15.30 2.18 50.27 14.05 45.43 4.90 62.19 4:57.10 8323 4 Lev Lobodin 10.93 7.26 15.83 2.03 49.73 14.25 47.33 5.00 53.61 4:42.19 8227 5 Phillip McMullen 11.42 6.72 14.88 1.91 50.17 15.02 47.90 5.00 56.81 4:28.68 7856 6 Jiří Ryba 11.31 6.82 13.09 1.97 49.08 14.65 43.88 4.80 55.21 4:34.64 7736 7 Michael Nolan 11.57 6.79 15.15 1.88 50.50 15.32 52.64 4.80 51.36 4:46.34 7625 8 Kip Janvrin 11.26 6.63 13.31 1.82 49.11 14.94 40.68 57.65 4:57.26 6531 ==Women's results== ===100 meters=== September 4 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 6 Marion Jones 10.84 GR 5 Zhanna Pintusevich-Block 11.01 7 Chandra Sturrup 11.13 4 4 Chryste Gaines 11.14 5 9 Glory Alozie 11.27 6 3 Debbie Ferguson 11.34 7 8 Inger Miller 11.37 8 2 Lauren Hewitt 11.50 ===200 meters=== September 5 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 6 Debbie Ferguson 22.80 5 Kelli White 23.05 3 Juliet Campbell 23.17 4 4 Myriam Léonie Mani 23.18 5 7 Beverly McDonald 23.34 6 8 Mercy Nku 23.41 7 9 Alenka Bikar 23.47 8 2 Lauren Hewitt 23.81 ===400 meters=== September 4 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 6 Ana Guevara 50.32 4 Lorraine Fenton 50.76 5 Amy Mbacké Thiam 51.25 4 3 Jearl Miles Clark 51.44 5 9 Sandie Richards 51.80 6 2 Michele Collins 51.85 7 7 Olesya Zykina 52.11 8 8 Kaltouma Nadjina 52.16 ===800 meters=== September 5 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Maria Mutola 1:58.76 Kelly Holmes 1:59.27 Stephanie Graf 2:00.93 4 Zulia Calatayud 2:00.94 5 Faith Macharia 2:01.57 6 Jolanda Čeplak 2:01.78 7 Svetlana Cherkasova 2:04.48 8 Tamsyn Lewis 2:05.79 ===Mile=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Violeta Szekely 4:38.03 Tatyana Tomashova 4:38.13 Carla Sacramento 4:39.18 4 Lidia Chojecka 4:39.96 5 Lyudmila Vasilyeva 4:40.79 6 Sarah Schwald 4:41.01 7 Naomi Mugo 4:41.32 8 Georgie Clarke 4:43.84 ===5000 meters=== September 4 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Olga Yegorova 15:12.22 Berhane Adere 15:12.97 Kathy Butler 15:17.96 4 Benita Willis 15:22.31 5 Susie Power 15:23.87 6 Naomi Mugo 15:33.02 7 Mardrea Hyman 16:03.71 ===10,000 meters=== September 7 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Derartu Tulu 31:48.19 GR Ayelech Worku 31:48.57 Susie Power 31:50.36 4 Lyudmila Biktasheva 31:54.06 5 Kathy Butler 32:18.36 6 Ejegayehu Dibaba 32:24.20 7 Kerryn McCann 32:43.67 8 Kimberly Fitchen 33:37.39 ===100 meters hurdles=== September 4 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 5 Gail Devers 12.61 4 Jenny Adams 12.87 6 Anjanette Kirkland 12.92 4 7 Glory Alozie 12.96 5 8 Dionne Rose-Henley 13.01 6 9 Melissa Morrison 13.08 7 3 Vonette Dixon 13.12 8 2 Jacquie Munro 13.22 ===400 meters hurdles=== September 5 Rank Lane Name Nationality Time Notes 3 Tetyana Tereshchuk-Antipova 54.47 8 Tonja Buford- Bailey 54.75 7 Yuliya Nosova 55.27 4 4 Debbie-Ann Parris 56.03 5 5 Nezha Bidouane 56.10 6 6 Daimí Pernía 56.32 7 9 Sonia Brito 56.73 8 2 Sandra Glover ===3000 meters steeplechase=== September 4 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Melissa Rollison 9:30.70 GR Irene Limika 9:39.65 Yekaterina Volkova 9:41.54 4 Elizabeth Jackson 9:41.94 5 Cristina Iloc-Casandra 9:46.56 6 Lisa Nye 9:53.97 ===4 × 100 meters relay=== September 7 Rank Nation Competitors Time Notes World Select team Glory Alozie, Mercy Nku, Myriam Léonie Mani, Zhanna Pintusevich-Block 42.95 Jenny Adams, Kelli White, Inger Miller, Chryste Gaines 42.98 Astia Walker, Juliet Campbell, Beverly McDonald, Merlene Frazer 43.13 4 Olga Khalandyreva, Irina Khabarova, Marina Kislova, Larisa Kruglova 44.40 5 Bindee Goon Chew, Rachel Jackson, Lauren Hewitt, Sarah Mulan 45.00 ===4 × 400 meters relay=== September 7 Rank Nation Competitors Time Notes Jearl Miles Clark, Monique Hennagan, Michele Collins, Suziann Reid 3:24.63 Sandie Richards, Catherine Scott, Debbie-Ann Parris, Lorraine Fenton 3:24.87 World Select team Daimí Pernía, Zulia Calatayud, Kaltouma Nadjina, Ana Guevara 3:28.07 4 Natalya Shevtsova, Irina Rosikhina, Anastasiya Kapachinskaya, Olesya Zykina 3:30.49 5 Rebecca Sadler, Sonia Brito, Renee Robson, Tamsyn Lewis 3:30.94 ===20,000 meters walk=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Olimpiada Ivanova 1:26:52.3 WR Yelena Nikolayeva 1:27:49.3 Eva Pérez 1:32:22.4 4 Valentina Tsybulskaya 1:33:25.5 5 Kerry Saxby-Junna 1:33:40.2 6 Jill Zenner 1:43:33.4 ===High jump=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality 1.85 1.89 1.93 1.97 2.00 2.05 Result Notes Hestrie Cloete o o o o o xxx 2.00 Kajsa Bergqvist o o o xo xxx 1.97 Vita Palamar o o xo xxx 1.93 Amy Acuff o o xo xxx 1.93 5 Blanka Vlašić o o xxo xxx 1.93 6 Dóra Győrffy o xo xxx 1.89 7 Venelina Veneva xo xxo xxx 1.89 8 Yelena Yelesina o xxx 1.85 ===Pole vault=== September 5 Rank Name Nationality 4.05 4.20 4.35 4.45 4.55 4.70 Result Notes Stacy Dragila - o o o xxo xxx 4.55 GR Svetlana Feofanova - o xo o xxx 4.45 Tatiana Grigorieva - o o xo xxx 4.45 4 Monika Pyrek xo o xxo xxx 4.35 5 Kellie Suttle o xxo xxx 4.20 6 Mary Sauer xo xxo xxx 4.20 7 Melissa Mueller xo xxx 4.05 Jenny Dryburgh ===Long jump=== September 7 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Maurren Maggi 6.33 6.81 6.83 6.56 6.72 6.94 6.94 Bronwyn Thompson 6.78 6.52 6.65 4.99 6.88 6.01 6.88 Tatyana Kotova 6.74 4.97 6.73 6.84 6.59 x 6.84 4 Olga Rublyova 6.55 x 6.59 x 6.81 x 6.81 5 Niurka Montalvo x x x 6.78 x x 6.78 6 Nicole Boegman 6.71 x x x x 6.51 6.71 7 Chantal Brunner 6.17 5.78 6.28 3.98 6.06 6.12 6.28 8 DeDee Nathan 6.18 6.20 6.08 6.02 - - 6.20 ===Triple jump=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Tatyana Lebedeva 14.28 14.36 14.58 14.30 x 14.45 14.58 Tereza Marinova 14.37 x x 14.11 14.14 14.11 14.37 Olena Hovorova 14.12 x 13.83 14.09 14.17 14.25 14.25 4 Magdelín Martínez x 14.12 14.10 x x x 14.12 5 Yelena Oleynikova 13.94 13.72 13.74 13.72 13.47 13.81 13.94 6 Tiombe Hurd 13.01 x x 13.10 13.40 x 13.40 7 Nicole Mladenis 13.32 x x 13.11 x 13.19 13.32 8 Heli Koivula x 13.23 x 13.13 x x 13.23 ===Shot put=== September 5 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Larisa Peleshenko 18.07 18.46 x x x 18.65 18.65 Yumileidi Cumbá x 18.37 x x x 18.41 18.41 Krystyna Danilczyk-Zabawska 17.33 18.23 x 17.54 17.54 x 18.23 4 Astrid Kumbernuss 16.03 18.09 x x x x 18.09 5 Yanina Korolchik 17.66 16.85 17.88 17.66 x 17.74 17.88 6 Svetlana Krivelyova 16.29 17.60 17.37 16.88 17.46 17.73 17.73 7 Lieja Koeman x 17.72 17.54 x x 17.57 17.72 8 Connie Price- Smith 16.63 x x x 16.42 x 16.63 9 Seilala Sua 16.19 16.52 x 16.48 x x 16.52 ===Discus throw=== September 6 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Ellina Zvereva 61.16 65.61 x x 66.36 65.86 66.36 Natalya Sadova x 63.68 64.11 62.69 61.91 63.10 64.11 Franka Dietzsch 62.59 x x 61.33 61.34 x 62.59 4 Kris Kuehl 60.39 62.39 x x 62.05 61.60 62.39 5 Seilala Sua 59.17 x 58.59 61.70 x x 61.70 6 Iryna Yatchenko 59.31 59.30 x x x 59.74 59.74 7 Alison Lever 55.94 56.28 x x 57.19 58.84 58.84 8 Monique Nacsa x x 53.54 52.04 52.42 53.70 53.70 ===Hammer throw=== September 4 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Kamila Skolimowska 66.39 70.31 x x x x 70.31 Olga Kuzenkova 67.51 69.98 x x x x 69.98 Manuela Montebrun 67.99 67.03 69.55 69.80 67.67 x 69.80 4 Yipsi Moreno x 67.83 67.65 x x x 67.83 5 Bronwyn Eagles x 60.78 x 65.15 64.44 65.38 65.38 6 Lyudmila Gubkina 61.31 63.85 62.75 62.27 63.84 64.24 64.24 7 Dawn Ellerbe x x 53.97 61.21 61.51 61.16 61.51 8 Karyne Di Marco 60.65 56.68 54.48 57.76 60.33 60.54 60.65 ===Javelin throw=== September 4 Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Osleidys Menéndez 63.32 66.14 63.48 64.12 63.78 x 66.14 Nikola Tomečková 58.73 62.22 63.95 x x 64.70 64.70 Mikaela Ingberg 55.23 60.01 60.68 60.24 60.46 60.59 60.68 4 Tatyana Shikolenko 57.85 57.18 x x x x 57.85 5 Kim Kreiner 47.10 53.08 49.32 48.96 x 50.06 53.08 ===Heptathlon=== September 4–5 Rank Athlete Nationality 100m H HJ SP 200m LJ JT 800m Points Notes Natalya Roshchupkina 13.98 1.77 14.35 23.49 6.16 45.25 2:11.93 6373 Yelena Prokhorova 13.79 1.80 12.62 24.65 6.34 49.31 2:11.52 6352 Natallia Sazanovich 13.44 1.80 14.77 24.43 6.33 44.97 2:22.85 6323 4 DeDee Nathan 13.50 1.74 14.59 24.54 6.32 44.67 2:17.79 6275 5 Larissa Netšeporuk 14.30 1.74 13.56 25.33 6.16 48.00 2:21.55 5984 6 Jane Jamieson 14.10 1.80 13.55 25.29 5.90 45.51 2:29.06 5863 7 Claire Thompson 13.98 1.68 11.72 25.62 5.62 39.62 2:28.66 5390 ==References== 2001 Category:2001 in athletics (track and field) |
The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey franchise based in Edmonton, Alberta. They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were founded in 1972 as a member of the World Hockey Association (WHA) and played in the WHA until 1979 when they joined the NHL. During their time in the WHA the Oilers drafted 59 players with the 1977 draft being their fifth and final. The NHL Oilers have drafted 395 players in 41 drafts. The NHL Entry Draft is held each June, allowing teams to select players who have turned 18 years old by September 15 in the year the draft is held. The draft order is determined by the previous season's order of finish, with non-playoff teams drafting first, followed by the teams that made the playoffs, with the specific order determined by the number of points earned by each team. Since 2016, the NHL holds a weighted lottery for the 15 non-playoff teams, allowing the winners to move up to the top three selections. From 1995–2012 the winner of the draft lottery was allowed to move up a maximum of four positions in the entry draft. The team with the fewest points has the best chance of winning the lottery, with each successive team given a lower chance of moving up in the draft. The Oilers have won the lottery three times, in 2010, 2012 and 2015. Between 1986 and 1994, the NHL also held a Supplemental Draft for players in American colleges. Edmonton's first draft pick in the WHA was John Rogers, taken sixth overall in the 1973 WHA Amateur Draft. Their first pick in the NHL was Kevin Lowe, taken 21st overall in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. The highest the Oilers have picked is first overall, which they did on three successive occasions between 2010 and 2012 and, most recently, 2015. They selected Taylor Hall (2010), Ryan Nugent- Hopkins (2011), Nail Yakupov (2012), and Connor McDavid (2015). Thirteen picks went on to play over 1,000 NHL games: Kevin Lowe (21st, 1979), Mark Messier (48th, 1979), Glenn Anderson (69th, 1979), Paul Coffey (6th, 1980), Jari Kurri (69th, 1980), Kelly Buchberger (188th, 1985), Kirk Maltby (65th, 1992), Jason Arnott (7th, 1993), Miroslav Satan (111th, 1993), Ryan Smyth (6th, 1994), Jason Chimera (121st, 1997), Shawn Horcoff (99th, 1998), and Sam Gagner (6th, 2007). Six of Edmonton's draft picks, Anderson, Coffey, Grant Fuhr (8th, 1981), Kurri, Lowe, and Messier, have been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame. ==Key== Statistics Pos Position GP Games played G Goals A Assists Pts Points PIM Penalties in minutes GAA Goals against average W Wins L Losses T Ties OT Overtime or shootout losses – Does not apply S Supplemental draft selection Positions G Goaltender D Defenceman LW Left wing C Centre RW Right wing F Forward ==Draft picks== ===WHA=== Statistics show each player's career regular season totals in the WHA. A player listed with a dash under the games played column did not play in the WHA. Year Round Pick Player Nationality Pos Team (League) GP G A Pts PIM 1973 Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL) 1973 Medicine Hat Tigers (WCHL) 1973 Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) 1973 Saskatoon Blades (WCHL) 1973 Saskatoon Blades (WCHL) 1973 Hamilton Red Wings (OHA) 1973 Chatham Maroons (SOJHL) 1973 University of Wisconsin (WCHA) 1973 Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) 1973 Brandon Wheat Kings (WCHL) 1974 Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL) 1974 Regina Pats (WCHL) 1974 St. Paul Vulcans (MidJHL) 1974 Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) 1974 University of Minnesota Duluth (WCHA) 1974 Laval National (QMJHL) 1974 St. Paul Vulcans (MidJHL) 1974 Niagara Falls Flyers (SOJHL) 1974 Flin Flon Bombers (WCHL) 1974 Swift Current Broncos (WCHL) 1974 Secret Regina Pats (WCHL) 1974 Secret Calgary Centennials (WCHL) 1975 Medicine Hat Tigers (WCHL) 1975 Victoria Cougars (WCHL) 1975 New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) 1975 Michigan Technological University (WCHA) 1975 Alberta Golden Bears (CWUAA) 1975 Boston University (ECAC) 1975 Harvard University (ECAC) 1975 Sherbrooke Castors (QMJHL) 1975 Sudbury Wolves (OHA) 1975 Shawinigan Dynamos (QMJHL) 1975 Harvard University (ECAC) 1975 Hull Festivals (QMJHL) 1975 Oshawa Generals (OHA) 1975 New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) 1976 Saskatoon Blades (WCHL) 1976 Saskatoon Blades (WCHL) 1976 New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) 1976 Regina Pats (WCHL) 1976 Lethbridge Broncos (WCHL) 1976 Laval National (QMJHL) 1976 Victoria Cougars (WCHL) 1976 Winnipeg Clubs (WCHL) 1976 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHA) 1976 Regina Pats (WCHL) 1976 Sudbury Wolves (OHA) 1977 Kingston Canadians (OHA) 1977 Flin Flon Bombers (WCHL) 1977 Toronto Marlboros (OHA) 1977 Kamloops Chiefs (WCHL) 1977 Lethbridge Broncos (WCHL) 1977 Wisconsin Badgers (WCHA) 1977 Portland Winter Hawks (WCHL) 1977 New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) 1977 Winnipeg Monarchs (WCHL) 1977 Medicine Hat Tigers (WCHL) ===NHL=== right|alt=A Caucasian male standing with his arms spread out at shoulder height|150px|thumb|The Oilers selected Mark Messier 48th overall in 1979. Statistics are complete as of the 2022–23 NHL season and show each player's career regular season totals in the NHL. Wins, losses, ties, overtime losses and goals against average apply to goaltenders and are used only for players at that position. A player listed with a dash under the games played column has not played in the NHL. Year Player Nationality Pos Team (League) GP G A Pts PIM W L T OT GAA 1979 Quebec Remparts (QMJHL) 1979 Cincinnati Stingers (WHA) 1979 University of Denver (WCHA) 1979 Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) 1979 Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) 1979 Windsor Spitfires (OMJHL) 1980 Kitchener Rangers (OMJHL) 1980 Windsor Spitfires (OMJHL) 1980 Jokerit (SM-liiga) 1980 Kingston Canadians (OMJHL) 1980 Brandon Wheat Kings (WHL) 1980 Billings Bighorns (WHL) 1980 Michigan Technological University (WCHA) 1980 IF Bjorkloven (Elitserien) 1981 Victoria Cougars (WHL) 1981 Regina Pats (WHL) 1981 Kelowna Buckaroos (BCJHL) 1981 Niagara Falls Flyers (OHL) 1981 London Knights (OHL) 1981 Saskatoon Blades (WHL) 1981 Kelowna Buckaroos (BCJHL) 1981 Poldi Kladno (Czech. Extraliga) 1981 Weyburn Beavers (SSHL) 1982 Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) 1982 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL) 1982 Cornwall Royals (OHL) 1982 HC Ceske Budejovice (Czech. Extraliga) 1982 Toronto Marlboros (OHL) 1982 Kiekko-Reipas Lahti (SM-liiga) 1982 Ottawa 67's (OHL) 1982 St. Albert Saints (AJHL) 1982 Penticton Knights (BCJHL) 1982 Cowichan Valley Capitals (BCJHL) 1982 Regina Pats (WHL) 1982 Regina Pats (WHL) 1983 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL) 1983 Reading Senior High School (USHS) 1983 Acton-Boxborough High School (USHS) 1983 HIFK (SM-liiga) 1983 Kelowna Buckaroos (BCJHL) 1983 Regina Pats (WHL) 1983 Abbotsford Flyers (BCJHL) 1983 New Westminster Bruins (WHL) 1983 Calgary Wranglers (WHL) 1983 Regina Pats (WHL) 1983 Verdun Juniors (QMJHL) 1984 Regina Pats (WHL) 1984 Kamloops Junior Oilers (WHL) 1984 Hill- Murray School (USHS) 1984 Richmond Sockeyes (BCJHL) 1984 Father Henry Carr High School (Canada) 1984 Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) 1984 Dukla Trencin (Czech. Extraliga) 1984 Oulun Karpat (SM-liiga) 1984 New Westminster Bruins (WHL) 1984 Oshawa Generals (OHL) 1984 Victoria Cougars (WHL) 1984 Belleville Bulls (OHL) 1985 Kingston Canadians (OHL) 1985 Kamloops Blazers (WHL) 1985 Hamilton Steelhawks (OHL) 1985 TJ Gottwaldov (Czech. Extraliga) 1985 North Bay Centennials (OHL) 1985 Kitchener Rangers (OHL) 1985 St. Albert Saints (AJHL) 1985 Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL) 1985 Chicoutimi Sagueneens (QMJHL) 1985 Notre Dame High School (Canada) 1985 Hull High School (USHS) 1986 Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) 1986 Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) 1986 Kamloops Blazers (WHL) 1986 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL) 1986 London Knights (OHL) 1986 Boston University (Hockey East) 1986 Slovan Bratislava (Czech. Extraliga) 1986 Drummondville Voltigeurs (QMJHL) 1986 Penticton Knights (BCJHL) 1986 Winthrop High School (USHS) 1986 HC Kosice (Czech. Extraliga) 1986 Murrayfield Racers (BHL) 1986 University of Massachusetts Lowell (Hockey East) 1987 Swift Current Broncos (WHL) 1987 Northern Michigan University (WCHA) 1987 St. Albert Saints (AJHL) 1987 HV71 (Elitserien) 1987 Saskatoon Blades (WHL) 1987 HC Ceske Budejovice (Czech. Extraliga) 1987 TJ Zetor Brno (Czechoslovak Extraliga) 1987 Storhamar Dragons (Norway) 1987 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (ECAC) 1987 Newburyport High School (USHS) 1987 University of Minnesota (WCHA) 1987 Roodvre Mighty Bulls (Danish Eliteserien) 1987 CSKA Moscow (Soviet League) 1988 Saint-Jean Castors (QMJHL) 1988 Kiekko-Espoo U20 (Jr. A SM-sarja) 1988 Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) 1988 Saskatoon Blades (WHL) 1988 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (ECAC) 1988 London Knights (OHL) 1988 Victoria Cougars (WHL) 1988 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL) 1988 University of Minnesota Duluth (WCHA) 1988 Woburn Memorial High School (USHS) 1988 CSKA Moscow (Soviet League) 1988 Boston University (Hockey East) 1988 Swift Current Broncos (WHL) 1988 Northeastern University (Hockey East) 1989 Niagara Falls Thunder (OHL) 1989 Kitchener Rangers (OHL) 1989 HC Litvinov (Czech. Extraliga) 1989 Michigan State University (CCHA) 1989 Dynamo Moscow (Soviet League) 1989 Michigan Technological University (WCHA) 1989 Dynamo Moscow (Soviet League) 1989 Michigan Technological University (WCHA) 1989 HC Ceske Budejovice (Czech Extraliga) 1989 University of New Hampshire (Hockey East) 1990 Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) 1990 Boston University (Hockey East) 1990 Lawrence Academy (USHS) 1990 Hull Olympiques (QMJHL) 1990 Cushing Academy (USHS) 1990 Jokerit (SM-liiga) 1990 Western Michigan University (CCHA) 1990 Dukla Jihlava (Czech. Extraliga) 1990 Sparta Prague (Czech. Extraliga) 1990 TJ Skoda Plzen (Czech. Extraliga) 1990 Kiekko-Espoo U20 (Jr. A SM-sarja) 1990 Boston College (Hockey East) 1991 Swift Current Broncos (WHL) 1991 HC Litvinov (Czech. Extraliga) 1991 Peterborough Petes (OHL) 1991 Cushing Academy (USHS) 1991 Verdun College Francais (QMJHL) 1991 Westminster High School (USHS) 1991 University of Michigan (CCHA) 1991 Thunder Bay Flyers (USHL) 1991 Valerenga Ishockey (Norway) 1991 CSKA Moscow (Soviet League) 1991 Oulun Karpat (SM-liiga) 1991 Miami University (CCHA) 1992 Saint Sebastian's School (USHS) 1992 EHC Freiburg (Eishockey-Bundesliga) 1992 Shawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL) 1992 Owen Sound Platers (OHL) 1992 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL) 1992 Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) 1992 Windsor Spitfires (OHL) 1992 Sherwood Park Crusaders (AJHL) 1992 Regina Midgets (Saskatchewan) 1992 Clarkson University (ECAC) 1992 Saint Louis Park High School (USHS) 1993 Oshawa Generals (OHL) 1993 London Knights (OHL) 1993 Sparta Prague (Czech Extraliga) 1993 Detroit Junior Red Wings (OHL) 1993 Pardaugava Riga (IHL) 1993 Dukla Trencin (Czech Extraliga) 1993 Tivali Minsk (IHL) 1993 University of Alaska Anchorage (WCHA) 1993 Cushing Academy (USHS) 1993 Traktor Chelyabinsk (IHL) 1993 EV Landshut (Eishockey-Bundesliga) 1993 University of New Hampshire (Hockey East) 1994 Niagara Falls Thunder (OHL) 1994 Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL) 1994 Stratford Cullitons (WOHL) 1994 North Bay Centennials (OHL) 1994 Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) 1994 Burlington Cougars (OPJHL) 1994 KalPa Kuopi (SM-liiga) 1994 Dubuque Fighting Saints (USHL) 1994 Niagara Scenics (NAJHL) 1994 Olds Grizzlys (AJHL) 1994 Tivali Minsk (IHL) 1994 Red Deer Rebels (WHL) 1994 Newmarket Royals (OHL) 1994 St. Andrew's College (Canada) 1994 Victoria Cougars (WHL) 1994 HC Olomouc (Czech Extraliga) 1994 Northern Michigan University (WCHA) 1995 Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) 1995 Saint-Jean Lynx (QMJHL) 1995 HC Ceske Budejovice (Czech Extraliga) 1995 Chilliwack Chiefs (BCJHL) 1995 Oshawa Generals (OHL) 1995 Dukla Trencin (Slovak Extraliga) 1995 Niagara Falls Thunder (OHL) 1995 HC Pardubice (Czech Extraliga) 1996 Kitchener Rangers (OHL) 1996 Shawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL) 1996 Guelph Storm (OHL) 1996 Cushing Academy (USHS) 1996 University of Notre Dame (CCHA) 1996 Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL) 1996 Saint-Hyacinthe Laser (QMJHL) 1996 Ohio State University (CCHA) 1996 St. Albert Saints (AJHL) 1996 Kingston Frontenacs (OHL) 1997 EHC Biel (NLB) 1997 Erie Otters (OHL) 1997 Las Vegas Thunder (IHL) 1997 Farjestad BK (Elitserien) 1997 Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL) 1997 Windsor Spitfires (OHL) 1997 Peterborough Petes (OHL) 1997 Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL) 1997 Sudbury Wolves (OHL) 1997 St. Albert Saints (AJHL) 1998 Barrie Colts (OHL) 1998 London Knights (OHL) 1998 Michigan State University (CCHA) 1998 Ilves U20 (Jr. A SM-sarja) 1998 Lethbridge Hurricanes (WHL) 1998 Kristall Elektrostal (RSL) 1998 Cape Breton Screaming Eagles (QMJHL) 1998 Exeter High School (USHS) 1998 Baie-Comeau Drakkar (QMJHL) 1998 London Knights (OHL) 1999 Jokerit (SM-liiga) 1999 Sudbury Wolves (OHL) 1999 HIFK (SM-liiga) 1999 Minnesota Golden Gophers (WCHA) 1999 University of Michigan (CCHA) 1999 Val-d'Or Foreurs (QMJHL) 1999 London Nationals (WOHL) 1999 Saskatoon Blades (WHL) 1999 Leksands IF (Elitserien) 2000 Torpedo Yaroslavl (RSL) 2000 University of Wisconsin (WCHA) 2000 CSK VVS Samara (RSL) 2000 Mississauga IceDogs (OHL) 2000 Brampton Battalion (OHL) 2000 Calgary Hitmen (WHL) 2000 Colorado College (WCHA) 2000 Victoriaville Tigres (QMJHL) 2000 Omaha Lancers (USHL) 2000 Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk (RSL) 2001 Hull Olympiques (QMJHL) 2001 Red Deer Rebels (WHL) 2001 Phillips Exeter Academy (USHS) 2001 Harvard University (ECAC) 2001 Tappara (SM-liiga) 2001 Breck School (USHS) 2001 Frolunda HC U20 (SuperElit) 2001 Prince George Cougars (WHL) 2001 Jokerit (SM- liiga) 2001 HC Pardubice (Czech Extraliga) 2001 Red Deer Rebels (WHL) 2002 Ilves (SM-sarja) 2002 Chicoutimi Sagueneens (QMJHL) 2002 Kootenay Ice (WHL) 2002 Green Bay Gamblers (USHL) 2002 Michigan State University (CCHA) 2002 Severstal Cherepovets Jr. (RHL) 2002 Modo Hockey (SuperElit) 2002 Vancouver Giants (WHL) 2002 Fort Saskatchewan Traders (AJHL) 2002 Tappara (SM-liiga) 2002 Cape Breton Screaming Eagles (QMJHL) 2002 Newmarket Hurricanes (OPJHL) 2002 University of Michigan (CCHA) 2002 Slavia Prague U20 (Jr. A Czech Extraliga) 2002 Frolunda HC U20 (SuperElit) 2003 Rimouski Oceanic (QMJHL) 2003 New England Junior Falcons (EJHL) 2003 Baie-Comeau Drakkar (QMJHL) 2003 IFK Arboga IK (Allsvenskan) 2003 Sudbury Wolves (OHL) 2003 Frolunda HC U20 (SuperElit) 2003 Detroit Compuware Ambassadors (NAHL) 2003 Sodertalje SK (Elitserien) 2003 Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL) 2003 Val-d'Or Foreurs (QMJHL) 2003 HC Vsetin U20 (Jr. A Czech Extraliga) 2003 Kelowna Rockets (WHL) 2004 Kamloops Blazers (WHL) 2004 London Knights (OHL) 2004 Kamloops Blazers (WHL) 2004 U.S. National Team Development Program 2004 Peterborough Petes (OHL) 2004 Peterborough Petes (OHL) 2004 Kamloops Blazers (WHL) 2004 Quebec Remparts (QMJHL) 2004 Kelowna Rockets (WHL) 2004 Djurgardens IF (Elitserien) 2005 St. Michael's Buzzers (OPJHL) 2005 Shattuck-Saint Mary's (USHS) 2005 London Knights (OHL) 2005 Breck School (USHS) 2005 Lincoln Stars (USHL) 2005 Prince Edward Island Rocket (QMJHL) 2005 Frolunda HC U20 (SuperElit) 2005 Fort McMurray Oil Barons (AJHL) 2006 Des Moines Buccaneers (USHL) 2006 Owen Sound Attack (OHL) 2006 Brampton Battalion (OHL) 2006 Providence College (Hockey East) 2006 Lada Togliatti (RSL) 2007 London Knights (OHL) 2007 Calgary Hitmen (WHL) 2007 Salmon Arm Silverbacks (BCHL) 2007 Lulea HF (Elitserien) 2007 HC Topolcany (Slovak 1.Liga) 2007 Tingsryds AIF U20 (SuperElit) 2008 Regina Pats (WHL) 2008 Bofors IK (HockeyAllsvenskan) 2008 Rimouski Oceanic (QMJHL) 2008 KalPa U20 (Jr. A SM-SM-liiga) 2008 Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL) 2009 Timra IK (Elitserien) 2009 Timra IK (Elitserien) 2009 Minnetonka High School (USHS) 2009 Everett Silvertips (WHL) 2009 Vernon Vipers (BCHL) 2009 Ilves U20 (Jr. A SM-sarja) 2009 Cape Breton Screaming Eagles (QMJHL) 2010 Windsor Spitfires (OHL) 2010 Minnesota State University, Mankato (WCHA) 2010 HC Kosice U20 (Jr. A Czech Extraliga) 2010 Saskatoon Blades (WHL) 2010 Ottawa 67's (OHL) 2010 Acadie–Bathurst Titan (QMJHL) 2010 Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL) 2010 Regina Pats (WHL) 2010 Kootenay Ice (WHL) 2010 Dinmao-Juniors (Belarusian Extraleague) 2010 Vernon Vipers (BCHL) 2011 Red Deer Rebels (WHL) 2011 Farjestad BK (Elitserien) 2011 Vancouver Giants (WHL) 2011 JYP U20 (Jr. A SM-liiga) 2011 Edmonton Oil Kings (WHL) 2011 University of North Dakota (WCHA) 2011 Tobias Rieder Kitchener Rangers (OHL) 2011 HC Kosice U20 (Jr. A Czech Extraliga) 2011 Jokerit U20 (Jr. A SM-liiga) 2012 Sarnia Sting (OHL) 2012 Edmonton Oil Kings (WHL) 2012 Prince George Spruce Kings (BCHL) 2012 Belleville Bulls (OHL) 2012 Djurgardens IF (Elitserien) 2012 Denver Pioneers (WCHA) 2012 Cornell University (ECAC) 2013 Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL) 2013 Blainville- Boisbriand Armada (QMJHL) 2013 JHC Reaktor (MHL) 2013 Salavat Yulaev Ufa (KHL) 2013 Vancouver Giants (WHL) 2013 London Knights (OHL) 2013 Victory Honda (MWEHL) 2013 Langley Rivermen (BCHL) 2013 Everett Silvertips (WHL) 2013 Calgary Hitmen (WHL) 2014 Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) 2014 Frolunda HC U20 (SuperElit) 2014 University of Michigan (Big Ten) 2014 Vernon Vipers (BCHL) 2014 Omaha Lancers (USHL) 2014 Val-d'Or Foreurs (QMJHL) 2015 Erie Otters (OHL) 2015 U.S. National Team Development Program (USHL) 2015 Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) 2015 South Shore Kings (USPHL) 2015 Ocelari Trinec U20 (Jr. A Czech Extraliga) 2015 Ak Bars Kazan (KHL) 2016 Oulun Karpat (Liiga) 2016 Vancouver Giants (WHL) 2016 Saginaw Spirit (OHL) 2016 Georgetown Raiders (OJHL) 2016 Skelleftea AIK (SuperElit) 2016 Peterborough Petes (OHL) 2016 U.S. National Team Development Program (USHL) 2016 Tappara (Liiga) 2016 Providence College (Hockey East) 2017 Spokane Chiefs (WHL) 2017 Lethbridge Hurricanes (WHL) 2017 Guelph Storm (OHL) 2017 Sparta Prague (Czech Extraliga) 2017 Niagara IceDogs (OHL) 2017 Selects Academy (USPHL) 2017 U.S. National Team Development Program (USHL) 2018 London Knights (OHL) 2018 Mississauga Steelheads (OHL) 2018 Drummondville Voltigeurs (QMJHL) 2018 New Hampton School (USHS) 2018 Espoo Blues U20 (Jr. A SM-liiga) 2019 Skellefteå AIK (SHL) 2019 Halifax Mooseheads (QMJHL) 2019 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl (KHL) 2019 Waterloo Black Hawks (USHL) 2019 Kimball Union Academy (USHS) 2019 Loko Yaroslavl (MHL) 2020 University of Wisconsin (WCHA) 2020 Sherwood Park Crusaders (AJHL) 2020 Oshawa Generals (OHL) 2020 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl (KHL) 2020 University of New Hampshire (Hockey East) 2020 Modo Hockey (HockeyAllsvenskan) 2021 Shawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL) 2021 Kölner Haie U20 (DNL) 2021 Brandon Wheat Kings (WHL) 2021 Krylya Sovetov Moscow (MHL) 2021 Boston Junior Bruins (USPHL) 2021 Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL) 2022 Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) 2022 Brynas J20 (J20 Nationell) 2022 Bars Kazan (VHL) 2022 University of Vermont (Hockey East) 2023 Barrie Colts (OHL) 2023 Flint Firebirds (OHL) 2023 Merrimack Warriors (Hockey East) ==See also== *List of Edmonton Oilers players *1979 NHL Expansion Draft ==References== ==External links== * * * * draft picks Edmonton Oilers |
This is a list of people on postage stamps of the German Democratic Republic, commonly known as East Germany. Note that many of these people have been featured on multiple stamps. The following entries list the name of the person, the year they were first featured on a stamp, and a short description of their notability.. See also the list of people on stamps of Germany. This list is complete up to 1990 for all issued stamps. From 1990 onward, the stamps of the united Germany were used. ==A== *Ernst Abbe, physicist, entrepreneur, and social reformer (1956) *Hermann Abendroth, conductor (1957) *Anton Ackermann, working class movement leader (1984) *Kurt Adams, pedagogue (1958) *Etkar Andre, leader of German labor movement (1974) *Georgius Agricola, scholar and mineralogist (1955) *Dante Alighieri, Italian Poet (1965) *Salvador Allende, president of Chile (1973) *Julius Alpari, Hungarian Communist politician and propagandist (1962) *André Marie Ampère, scientist (1975) *Martha Arendsee, communist politician (1975) *Ernst Moritz Arndt, German nationalist historian, writer and poet (1963) *Rudi Arndt, KPD-activist (1958) *Avicenna, Islamist astronomer, physician and writer (1952) ==B== *Johann Sebastian Bach, composer (1950) *Ernst Barlach, sculptor and writer (1970) *Bernhard Bästlein, German resistance (1964) *Herbert Baum, German resistance (1961) *August Bebel, socialist politician, writer and orator (1952, 1955) *Johannes Robert Becher, politician, novelist and poet (1959) *Artur Becker, German writer (1966) *Johann Beckmann, author (1989) *Ludwig van Beethoven, composer (1952) *Hans Beimler (politician), politician (1966) *Pavel Belyayev, cosmonaut (1965) *Olga Benario-Prestes, communist militant (1959) *Kurt Biedermann, kayaker (1963) *Boleslaw Bierut, president of Poland (1951) *René Blieck, Belgian poet (1962) *Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, general (1953) *Walter Bohne, runner (1963) *Simon Bolivar, South American liberator (1983) *Johannes Brahms, composer (1983) *Louis Braille, inventor of Braille writing system (1975) *Bertolt Brecht, playwright (1957) *Willi Bredel, writer (1971) *Alfred Brehm, zoologist (1989) *Christian Brehm, zoologist (1989) *Rudolf Breitscheid, politician (1957) *Lorenz Breunig, German resistance (1960) *Theodor Brugsch, German internist and politician (1978) *Georg Büchner, German dramatist (1963) *Otto Buchwitz, working class movement leader (1979) *Kurt Bürger, leader of German labor movement (1974) *Pavel Bykov, Russian engineer (1951) *Valeri Bykovski, cosmonaut (1963) ==C== *Amilcar Cabral, Guinea-Bissau freedom leader (1978) *Danielle Casanova, French communist and member of the French Resistance (1962) *Cervi Brothers, Italian anti-fascists (1962) *Adelbert V. Chamisso, botanist (1981) *Jakub Bart Cisinsky, poet (1956) *Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian major-general (1980) *Lucas Cranach, painter (1953) *Comenius, Moravian philosopher, pedagogue and theologian (1958) *Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer (1973 ) *Hans Coppi, German resistance (1961) *Hilde Coppi, German resistance (1961) *Luis Corvalan, Chilean politician (1973) *Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympics (1963) *Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist (1964) *Marie Curie, physicist (1967) ==D== *Franz Dahlem, working class movement leader (1983) *Charles Darwin, scientist (1958) *Richard Dedekind, mathematician (1981) *Philipp Dengel, working class movement leader (1979) *José Diaz, Spanish politician (1962) *Johannes Dieckmann, president of the People’s Chamber (1973) *Friedrich Diesterweg, educator (1990) *Joseph Dietzgen, philosopher (1978) *Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, chemist (1980) *Alfred Döblin, novelist (1978) *Henri Dunant, Red Cross founder (1957) *Hermann Duncker, leader of German labor movement (1974) *Albrecht Dürer, painter (1971) *Feliks E. Dzerzhinski, head or Russian Secret Police (1977) ==E== *Friedrich Ebert, working class movement leader (1984) *Werner Eggerath, labour leader (1980) *Joseph von Eichendorff, poet (1988) *Albert Einstein, theoretical physicist (1979) *Charlotte Eisenblätter, German resistance (1959) *Elvira Eisenschneider, German resistance (1961) *Gerhart Eisler, labour leader (1977) *Hanns Eisler, composer (1968) *Friedrich Engels, socialist (1952, 1953, 1955) *Lothar Erdmann, German resistance (1960) *Leonhard Euler, mathematician (1950, 1957) ==F== *Max Fechner, working class leader (1982) *Lion Feuchtwanger, novelist (1974) *Pawel Finder, Polish Communist leader (1962) *Wilhelm Florin, leader of German labor movement (1974) *Theodor Fontane, writer (1969) *Georg Forster, naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, journalist, and revolutionary (1979) *Leonhard Frank, writer (1971) *Caspar David Friedrich, painter (1974) *Friedrich Fröbel, educator (1957) *August Frölich, labour leader (1977) *Julius Fučík (journalist), Czechoslovak journalist and Nazi resistance (1962) ==G== *Fritz Gabler, working class movement leader (1987) *Yuri Gagarin, cosmonaut (1963) *Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1986) *Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician (1977) *August von Gneisenau, Prussian field marshal (1960) *Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, and statesman (1973) *Nikolai Gogol, writer (1952) *Maxim Gorky, writer (1953) *Johann Gottlieb, philosopher (1962) *Klement Gottwald, Czech leader (1952) *Albrecht von Graefe, Prussian pioneer of German ophthalmology (1978) *Ottomar Greschke, working class leader (1982) *Wilhelm Griesinger, German neurologist (1960) *Jacob Grimm, writer and philologist (1950, 1975) *Wilhelm Grimm, writer and philologist (1975) *Fritz Grosse, working class movement leader (1984) *Maria Großmuss, German resistance (1959) *Otto Grotewohl, prime minister (1965) *Ernst Grube, German politician (1963) *Otto von Guericke, physicist (1977) *Hanno Gunther, German resistance (1961) *Johann Gutenberg, printer and developer of movable type (1970) ==H== *Otto Hahn, physicist (1979) *George Handel, composer (1952, 1959) *Georg Handke, leader of German labor movement (1974) *Adolf von Harnack, German theologian (1950) *Arvid Harnack, German resistance (1983) *Mildred Harnack, German resistance (1983) *Gerhart Hauptmann, playwright (1952) *John Heartfield, German visual artist (1971) *Friedrich Hebbel, German dramatist (1963) *Fritz Heckert, German politician (1968) *G. W. F. Hegel, philosopher (1952) *Heinrich Heine, poet (1956) *Samuel Heinicke, educator (1978) *Hermann von Helmholtz, German physicist (1950) *Johann Gottfried Herder, philosopher (1974) *Liselotte Herrmann, German resistance (1961) *Gustav Hertz, physicist (1977) *Heinrich Hertz, physicist (1957) *Georg Herwegh, poet (1967) *Friedrich Hölderlin, poet (1970) *Lambert Horn, German resistance (1960) *David Edward Hughes, British-American inventor, practical experimenter, and professor of music (1990) *Victor Hugo, writer (1952) *Alexander von Humboldt, naturalist, traveler and statesman (1950, 1959) *Wilhelm von Humboldt, Prussian philosopher (1950) *Ulrich von Hutten, promulgator of the Lutheran movement (1988) ==I== There are no persons with surnames starting with “I” on the postage stamps of the German Democratic Republic. ==J== *Franz Jacob (Resistance fighter), German resistance (1964) *Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, politician (1952) *Sigmund Jähn, German cosmonaut (1986) *Joachim Jungius, mathematician (1957) ==K== *Hans Kahle, German journalist (1966) *Immanuel Kant, philosopher (1974) *Friedrich August Kekulé, German organic chemist (1979) *Johannes Kepler, astronomer (1971) *Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, German physicist (1974) *Egon Erwin Kisch, journalist (1985) *Alfred Klahr, Austrian politician (1962) *Heinrich von Kleist, poet and playwright (1953) *Tilde Klose, German resistance (1959) *Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, architect (1953) *Albin Köbis, German sailor (1967) *Robert Koch, German physician and microbiologist (1960) *K. A. Kocor, composer (1971) *Bernard Koenen, working class movement leader (1979) *Wilhelm Koenen, labour leader (1976) *Jan Amos Komensky, teacher (1958) *Käthe Kollwitz, German artist (1952) *Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Soviet partisan (1962) *Nikita Khrushchev, Russian leader (1964) *Werner Kube, German resistance (1961) *Adam Kuckhoff, German writer, journalist, and German resistance member (1964) *Albert Kuntz, KPD-activist (1958) *Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (1963) *Wilhelm Külz, politician (1965) *Alfred Kurella, working class movement leader (1984) ==L== *Max Lademann, German resistance (1960) *Karl Landsteiner, doctor (1968) *Emanuel Lasker, chess champion (1968) *Max von Laue, physicist (1979) *Helmut Lehmann, working class leader (1982) *Vladimir Lenin, premier of the Soviet Union (1960) *Alexei Leonov, cosmonaut (1965) *Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, writer and dramatist (1954, 1979) *Bruno Leuschner, labour leader (1990) *Louis Lewandowski, composer (1990) *Justis von Liebig, German scientist (1978) *Karl Liebknecht, German politician (1951, 1955, 1959, 1966, 1978) *Wilhelm Liebknecht, political figure (1955, 1975) *Gottfried von Leibniz, philosopher (1950) *Hertha Lindner, German resistance (1961) *K. A. Lingner, entrepreneur and philanthropist (1987) *Carl von Linné, Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician (1958) *Georg List, industrialist and economist (1989) *Franz Liszt, composer (1973) *Hans Loch, chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party (1978) *Albert Lortzing, composer (1952) *Margarete Luther, mother of Martin Luther (1972) *Martin Luther, priest (1982) *Rosa Luxemburg, philosopher (1955, 1959) ==M== *Heinrich Mann, novelist (1971) *Thomas Mann, novelist (1956) *Hans Marchwitza, German writer (1966) *Karl Maron, working class movement leader (1983) *Karl Marx, economist (1952, 1953, 1955) *Hermann Matern, vice-president of the DDR (1973) *Rudolf Mauersberger, German conductor (1989) *Franz Mehring, German historian (1955) *Philipp Melanchthon, theologian (1971) *Adolph von Menzel, painter and graphic artist (1965) *Felix Mendelssohn, composer (1984) *Paul Merker, leader of German labor movement (1974) *Ernst Meyer, labour leader (1977) *Michelangelo, Italian painter and sculptor (1973) *Josef Miller, working class movement leader (1983) *Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam leader (1970) *Carl Moltmann, leader of German labor movement (1974) *Theodor Mommsen, historian (1950) *Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composer (1956) *Thomas Müntzer, Protestant theologian, rebel leader (1953) ==N== *Otto Nagel, painter (1969) *Johann Friedrich Naumann, ornithologist (1980) *Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India (1989) *Walther Nernst, scientist (1950) *Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet (1974) *Theodor Neubauer, fighter against fascism (1970) *F. Caroline Neuber, actress (1971) *Balthasar Neumann, architect (1953) *Martin Andersen Nexö, Danish writer (1969) *Käthe Niederkirchner, German resistance (1959) *Andrian G. Nikolayev, cosmonaut (1962) *Albert Norden, working class movement leader (1984) *Otto Nuschke, politician and vice president (1958) ==O== *Fred Oelsser, working class movement leader (1983) *Carl von Ossietzky, German journalist and pacifist (1964) *Hans Otto, actor (1975) ==P== *Max von Pettenkofer, hygienist (1968) *Wilhelm Pieck, president of the DDR (1950, 1953, 1954, 1958, 1959, 1960) *Max Planck, physicist (1950, 1958) *Pope John Paul II, pope (1990) *Pavel R. Popovich, cosmonaut (1962) *Magnus Poser, fighter against fascism (1970) *Eugene Pottier, writer (1963) ==Q== There are no persons with surnames starting with “Q” on the postage stamps of the German Democratic Republic. ==R== *Wilhelm Raabe, writer (1981) *Siegfried Radel, working class movement leader (1983) *Guenther Ramin, musician (1957) *Heinrich Rau, politician (1966, 1976, 1979) *Max Reger, composer (1973) *Max Reichpietsch, German sailor (1967) *Max Reinhardt, Austrian theatrical director (1973) *Philipp Reis, physicist (1990) *Ludwig Renn, writer (1990) *Rudolf Renner, journalist (1958) *Fritz Reuter, writer (1954) *Albert Richter, bicyclist (1963) *Paul Robeson, singer (1983) *Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, physicist (1965) *Hans Rothbart, German resistance (1960) ==S== *Anton Saefkow, German resistance (1964) *Gustl Sandtner, German resistance (1960) *Johanna Jannetje Schaft, Dutch communist resistance fighter (1962) *Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general (1963) *Adam Scharrer, writer (1989) *John Schehr, labour leader (1976) *Arthur Scheunert, nutritionist (1979) *Ferdinand von Schill, Prussian major (1953) *Friedrich von Schiller, German poet (1955, 1959) *Heinrich Schliemann, archeologist (1971) *Kurt Schlosser, mountaineer (1963) *Paul Schneider, pastor (1957) *Ernst Schneller, German resistance (1960) *Hans Scholl, German resistance (1961) *Sophie Scholl, German resistance (1961) *Otto Schon, working class movement leader (1984) *Carlo Schönhaar, German resistance (1961) *Otto Schott, German chemist and glass technologist (1984) *Franz Schubert, composer (1953) *Johann Andreas Schubert, locomotive designer (1985) *Harro Schulze-Boysen, German resistance (1983) *Georg Schumann, labor leader (1976) *Robert Schumann, composer (1956) *Heinrich Schutz, composer (1985) *Albert Schweitzer, physician and missionary (1965) *Werner Seelenbinder, athlete, German resistance fighter (1964) *Rudolph Seiffert, long distance swimmer (1963) *Ignaz Semmelweis, doctor (1968) *Johann Gottfried Seume, German dramatist (1963) *William Shakespeare, English playwright (1964) *John Sieg, German resistance (1983) *Robert Siewert, working class movement leader (1987) *Jan Arnost Smoler, philologist (1966) *Richard Sorge, Soviet intelligence agent (1976) *Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader (1951, 1954) *Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein, Prussian statesman (1953) *Heinrich von Stephan, founder of the UPU (1981) *Heinz Steyer, soccer player (1963) *Walter Stoecker, German politician (1958) *Theodor Storm, writer (1967) *Bertha von Suttner, writer (1964) ==T== *Georg Philipp Telemann, composer (1981) *Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut (1963) *Albrecht D. Thaer, agronomist and physician (1977) *Ernst Thälmann, revolutionary leader (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1960) *Mathias Thesen, German resistance (1960) *Herman Tops, gymnast (1963) *Johannes Tralow, playwright (1972) *Herbert Tschäpe, German resistance (1961) *Kurt Tuchlosky, writer (1970) *Käte Tucholla, field hockey player (1963) ==U== *Ludwig Uhland, poet and philologist (1987) *Walter Ulbricht, chairman of the Council of State (1961) ==V== *Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance man (1952) *Walter Vesper, working class movement leader (1987) *Rudolf Virchow, physician (1952, 1960) ==W== *Richard Wagner, composer (1963) *Herbert Warnke, working class leader (1982) *Carl Maria von Weber, composer (1952) *Alfred Wegener, geophysicist and meteorologist (1980) *Helene Weigel, actress (1980) *Erich Weinert, poet and labour leader (1965) *Ehm Welk, journalist (1974) *Christoph Martin Wieland, German poet (1973) *Johann J. Winckelmann, archeologist (1967) *Otta Winzer, working class leader (1982) *Erich Wirth, activist (1951) *Friedrich Wolf, writer (1973) ==X== There are no persons with surnames starting with “X” on the postage stamps of the German Democratic Republic. ==Y== There are no persons with surnames starting with “Y” on the postage stamps of the German Democratic Republic. ==Z== *L. L. Zamenhof, developer of Esperanto (1987) *Mao Zedong, Chinese leader (1951) *Carl Zeiss, German scientific instrument maker, optician and businessman (1956) *Clara Zetkin, advocate for women's rights (1955, 1957) *Heinrich Zille, German illustrator, caricaturist, lithographer and photographer (1958) *Arnold Zweig, novelist (1977) == Sources == German Democratic Republic, List of people on stamps of Stamps Stamps Category:Postage stamps of Germany |
California Senate Bill 535 is a California bill that was introduced by Senator Kevin De Leon of Los Angeles and signed into law on September 30, 2012 by Governor Jerry Brown. SB 535 is largely based on the actions introduced by Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, commonly known as AB 32. AB 32 was passed in 2006 and its goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in California. The process outlined by AB 32 resulted in the creation of a cap- and-trade system in California. Companies must purchase extra credits when they exceed their allotted amount for the cap and trade. Each year, the money generated from companies purchasing extra credits is expected to generate about $1 billion of state revenue. SB 535 requires that 25% of the fund is spent on projects that benefit disadvantaged communities, while at least 10% of the 25% is spent on projects located in disadvantaged communities. Cal Enviroscreen is a screening methodology that identifies disadvantaged communities that the funds will be directed into. The money will be spent on projects that have been approved by the Legislature. ==History== De Leon introduced AB 1405, a bill that it very similar to SB 535. It was vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2010, because the Governor stated that “funds have yet to be realized by AB 32.” SB 535 was introduced by Senator De Leon on February 17, 2011. After the bill's introduction, an analysis that addressed some concerns was posted on April 29, 2011. Initially, opponents of the bill were concerned with the fact that “a regulatory fee must have a nexus between fee payers, the fee amount and the revenue use.” SB 535 does not meet this standard “because the amount of fee revenue is arbitrary (10% of the total amount raised), the purposes in SB 535 are unrelated to harm caused by the payers, and there is no demonstrated connection between the proposed recipients and harm caused by the payers of the revenues.” Other opponents noted that it was impossible to know how much money was necessary to meet the requirements of AB 32 of reducing emissions to the 1990 level by the year 2020. If SB 535 was passed, it might be detracting from the original goals of AB 32. After three Committee readings, the bill was passed on to the Assembly on June 2, 2011. After three Assembly readings and amendments, it was passed on to the California Senate. The Senate floor voted on the bill on August 31, 2012. The bill passed with 25 people voting “yes,” 14 voting “no,” and 1 person abstaining. On September 30, 2012 Governor Jerry Brown signed the bill and passed it into law. ==Implications of environmental justice on SB 535== People who live in communities of color, low-income, and disadvantaged communities face health disparities due to poor air quality. Many of these communities are located near industries and means of transportation that cause a large amount of pollution to affect these areas. There is a greater abundance of harmful particulate matter in air pollution around these non- white and poorer communities than in white and wealthier communities. People who live near refineries are more likely to breathe in nickel and vanadium, and those living near coal power plants are more likely to breathe in contents of high sulfate. Also, those who live near means of transportation such as busy highways are exposed to nitrates from vehicle exhaust. SB 535 is an example of environmental justice because it creates a solution to help these communities that have been affected by health disparities from the high exposures of “not only carbon dioxide, but also soot, methane, carbon monoxide and ozone. Many of these pollutants are associated with cancer, low birth weights, heart attacks, as well as respiratory problems like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.” In addition, SB 535 guarantees that 10% of the 25% of money collected from the revenue can be directed towards reducing pollution and lessening the harmful health impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. Supporters of the SB 535 bill such as the American Lung Association and Regional Asthma Management and Prevention (RAMP) are making efforts to fight the health disparities that are a result from the polluting air. == Reinvestment of cap-and-trade revenue == === Process === SB 535 falls under the three year reinvestment plan to use the cap and trade auction proceeds to meet the goals of The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, more commonly known as AB 32. The process for redirecting cap and trade auction proceeds follows two steps, which is mainly facilitated by the California Department of Finance. First, a three-year investment plan requires the Department of Finance, California Air Resources Board (ARB) and other state agencies to identify which proceeds from cap and trade programs will be directed towards current greenhouse gas reduction goals, investments for future reductions and allocation of funds to projects located in disadvantaged communities. Second, before the investment plan is submitted to Legislature and Governor, the Department of Finance and the ARB must hold two workshops and a hearing with the Finance and Climate Action Team. In addition, the members of SB 535 Coalition's main committee, Asian Pacific Environmental Network (APEN), Coalition for Clean Air, the Greenlining Institute, and public advocates which helped co-sign Senator Kevin de León's SB 535, have also provided input to which programs can be included in the state's three-year plan for cap-and-trade revenues. The main goals of using the proceeds from the Greenhouse Reduction Fund through the process of this the three-year investment plan is to help disadvantaged communities with projects that will improve their transportation, housing situations, jobs, while moving forward in the reduction of greenhouse gases and energy efficiency. ==Cap-and-trade== SB 535 uses profits from the cap-and-trade policy, which went into effect in California in 2013, to fund projects that are beneficial for disadvantaged communities. The cap-and-trade came about as a way to lessen the environmental impact of companies on the community. The system is relatively simple and easy to put into action. A regulatory agency sets up a cap on the amount of pollutants any one company can put into the environment. Once the amount of allowed pollution is determined, companies can sell these allowances to other companies. The funds collected from the cap-and-trade go into the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund. Studies have indicated that “cap and trade has been a principal part of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s efforts to reduce US emissions of sulfur dioxide under the Clean Air Act.” By placing a cap on the amount of pollutants a company can produce, the system encourages companies to be innovative a look for cleaner production habits. The goal of this system is to reduce a company's harmful impact on the environment and community. Similarly, the goal of SB 535 is to take 25% of the funds from the sale of the allowance credits and invest them into projects aimed at helping disadvantaged communities with a minimum of 10% of the profits being funneled directly into Environmental Justice communities. Some qualities that have contributed to the success of the cap-and-trade are the ease and accuracy of measuring pollutants and the fact that allowances are much less expensive to pay for than the fee for going over the allotted amount of pollution. Additionally, the cap-and-trade is significantly cheaper than other regulatory approaches. On the other hand, some challenges arise when it comes to fulfilling the cap-and-trade's main goal of reducing environmental pollutants. Since there is no nationwide system, some states with less strict regulations will end up emitting more pollutants than states with stricter regulation and some people claim that in the end, the pollution will just be spread differently across the country. Some groups claim that this system isn't very effective in reducing emissions, but it is supported because of the amount of revenue it generates for the state. === Reinvestment options of SB 535=== Possible reinvestments options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: *Low carbon transportation and infrastructure *Strategic planning for sustainable infrastructure *Energy efficiency and clean energy *Natural resources and solid waste diversion Possible triple bottom line investments: *Energy efficiency for schools *Urban forestry/green space *Sustainable agricultural practices *Mass transit Example of actual reinvestment plans: *On January 9, 2014, Governor Brown announced that he will direct $50 million from the revenue of cap-and-trade revenue in the 2014-2015 state budget towards "urban forestry projects that help meet the state’s goal of reducing greenhouse gases." SB 535 states that 25% of cap-and-trade proceeds must go towards projects that help disadvantaged communities, and Governor Brown's proposal to fund urban forestry projects is a great example of reinvestment. == Identifying disadvantaged communities == ===CalEnviroScreen=== The California Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA) is in charge of the identifying disadvantaged communities. In order to facilitate the identification of low- income and highly polluted areas, the state's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) and CEPA have adopted the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool, more commonly known as the “Cal EnviroScreen.” The use of Cal EnviroScreen will mainly be for SB 535. The main goal is to accurately locate areas/neighborhoods using pollution “scores”. It is a scientific-based tool on the California Environmental Protection Agency study of 1,769 distinct ZIP code areas that measures environmental, socioeconomic and health indicators such as *Ozone concentrations in air *PM2.5 concentrations in air * Diesel particulate matter emissions * Use of certain high-hazard, high-volatility pesticides *Toxic releases from facilities *Traffic density * Drinking water quality *Toxic cleanup sites * Groundwater threats from leaking underground storage sites and cleanups *Hazardous waste facilities and generators *Impaired water bodies *Solid waste sites and facilities *Children and elderly *Asthma emergency department visits *Low birth-weight infants *Educational attainment *Linguistic isolation *Poverty *Unemployment ===Changes to the Cal EnviroScreen=== In the past year, with the addition of water quality data, now it is possible to take into consideration the communities that have been affected by groundwater pollution. Also, this new factor can address the issue of the lack of clean drinking water within disadvantaged communities. In addition, now the OEHHA is moving towards identifying areas based on the census tract rather than zipcodes. The problem with recording pollution under the current use of zip codes in such large areas is that it's very difficult to be accurate. A major goal of SB 535 is to make sure that a minimum of 25% of the cap and trade revenue will be distributed to highly impacted communities that face burdens from different types of pollution. As of September 16, 2013 OEHHA has decided that CalEnviroScreen will no longer use race and ethnicity as a factor when identifying disadvantaged communities. Using such factors make it difficult for the government not to be faced with lawsuits, the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the California Civil Rights Initiative, known as proposition 209, when choosing where to invest the funds under sb 535. However, OEHHA's scientists say that Cal EnviroScreen will still be able to identify disadvantaged communities without concerning race or ethnicity because there will be continual research towards connecting population's scores and their racial and ethnic makeup. ==Advocacy== SB 535 was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 30, 2012. The co-sponsoring organizations are the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, Coalition for Clean Air, Greenlining Institute, and Public Advocates, and the bill has gained support from a number of groups, including: *Breathe California *California League of Conservation Voters *California Pan-Ethnic Health Network *Catholic Charities *Stockton Diocese *Coalition for Clean Air *Environment California *Environmental Defense Fund *Greenlining Institute *Los Angeles Bicycle Coalition *Natural Resources Defense Council *Sierra Club California *TransForm *The Trust for Public Lands Groups opposing the bill include: *American Council of Engineering Companies *California Building Industry Association *California Chamber of Commerce *California Farm Bureau Federation *California Manufacturers & Technology Association *The California Retailers Association The Coalition for Clean Air has been the main supporter of SB 535. The group has offices in Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Fresno, and they have “worked to restore clean air to California since 1971.” The Clean Air Coalition, along with many other groups, wrote a letter to Mary Nichols, the Chairman of the California Air Resources Board on March 8, 2013. In the letter, the coalition wished to “express support for the CalEnviroScreen as a tool to inform the identification of disadvantaged communities, provide more detail on the use of the overarching and “SB 535 Principles” that our coalition has developed and previously shared with the Administration, identify the priority AB 32 programs that will effectively serve these communities and legal mandates, and provide additional comments on the implementation considerations.” The coalition has worked closely with the state to ensure that disadvantaged communities are properly identified and funds are being appropriately used to help these communities have better air quality and less environmental pollutants. Many individual organizations have held workshops and meetings to discuss SB 535 and its implications within California communities such as the Luskin Center at UCLA and the Public Health Alliance of Southern California. Discussion topics range from identifying disadvantages communities to helping the state develop new reinvestment options. ==Controversy== In May 2013, CA Governor Jerry Brown borrowed $500 million of the year’s cap and trade revenue. The governor intended to use the $500 million, coming from the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, to fund the state’s general expenses. Opponents of Brown’s decision, such as The Greenlining institute, the Sierra Club and other environmental groups argue that this money should solely go towards programs that were intended to help low-income and disadvantaged communities. Brown said that he would pay back the borrowed money with interest. In early January, Brown proposed to return $100 million of the $500 million borrowed, and added an additional $600 million to his budget of $154.9 billion, that would go towards “efficiency retrofits and solar installations for low-income communities, low-carbon transportation, transit-friendly planning and other programs.” Governor Brown also proposed a plan for a high-speed rail project with a budget of $68.4 billion, a third of the proceeds from the cap and trade revenue, that would provide transportation from San Francisco to Los Angeles by 2028. This project is raising concerns from both environmentalists and lawmakers because they have criticized whether the project would help meet the goal of AB 32 intending to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Instead, Sierra Club California Director Kathryn Phillips states "The best use of the cap-and-trade funds is to invest them in projects that are out there now" — such as improving energy efficiency — "that can get us near-term emission reductions." ==References== SB 535 SB 535 Category:Environmental law in the United States |
Succession of states is a concept in international relations regarding a successor state that has become a sovereign state over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its roots in 19th-century diplomacy. A successor state often acquires a new international legal personality, which is distinct from a continuing state, also known as a continuator or historical heir, which despite change to its borders retains the same legal personality and possess all its existing rights and obligations (such as a rump state). == Partial and universal state succession == A state succession can be characterized as either being universal or partial. A universal state succession occurs when one state is completely extinguished and its sovereignty is replaced by that of one or more successor states. A partial state succession occurs when the state continues to exist after it has lost control of a part of its territory. An example of a partial state succession is the case of the split of Bangladesh from Pakistan, there was no challenge to Pakistan's claim to continue to exist and to retain its membership of the United Nations: it was a continuator and not a successor. Bangladesh eventually was recognized as a new state: it was a successor and had to apply for UN membership. An example of a universal state succession is the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Neither part claimed any continuity: both the Czech Republic and Slovakia were new successor states. There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (ie not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which was completely abolished after the German reunification. Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic of Germany, it is not a successor state. == Rights and obligations == Consequent upon the acquisition of international legal personality, the difficult matter of succession to treaty rights and obligations arises. Succession may refer to the transfer of rights, obligations, or property from a previously well-established predecessor state to its successor state, and can include overseas assets such as diplomatic missions, foreign-exchange reserves, and museum artifacts; and participation in treaties in force at the date of succession or international organizations. In an attempt to codify the rules of succession of states, the 1978 Vienna Convention entered into force on November 6, 1996. ==Classification of cases== In their application to the acquisition of independence, distinctions should be drawn between different cases though the line of demarcation is not always clear:Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 267. * Bilateral and multilateral treaties necessarily give rise to different considerations. * There are real treaties and personal treaties. Real treaties affect the territory itself, such as boundary agreements or the grant of transit rights, which can continue irrespective of the personality of the state. The new state must take over the country in the condition in which it finds it, as the parent state cannot give more than it possesses. Such treaties can be described as "treaties creating purely local obligations." ==Exceptions to orderly succession== There are several recent examples where a succession of states, as described above, has not been entirely adhered to. This is mostly a list of the exceptions that have occurred since the creation of the United Nations in 1945. In previous historical periods, the exceptions would be too many to list. ===Afghanistan=== The Taliban state in Afghanistan (the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan) became the de facto government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the Afghan Northern Alliance was still recognised by many nations and retained the UN seat. In 2021, the Taliban again took power, but it does not have the Afghanistan UN seat. ===China=== The People's Republic of China (PRC) was established in 1949 in mainland China and claimed succession from the Republic of China (ROC). The ROC's territory was reduced to mainly the island of Taiwan, who took control from Japan in 1945, although it continues to claim control of the mainland. At the start of the Cold War the PRC was recognized by few states; the ROC continued to represent "China" in the United Nations and hold the permanent seat on the UN Security Council. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC in the UN through General Assembly Resolution 2758, this followed a trend of greater recognition for the PRC at the expense of the ROC. Although the resolution makes no mention over Taiwan, the ROC continues to be unrepresented within the United of Nations but exercises sovereignty over the Taiwan Area. Despite of the Chinese Mainland, the ROC also claims borderlands unclaimed by the PRC, most notably Outer Mongolia. In Chinese history, periods of prolonged political division and dynastic transition saw the existence of more than one "China" at the same time. China was politically divided during several sustained periods historically, with two or more states simultaneously existing on territories associated with "China" and claiming to represent "China". Examples include the Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Three Kingdoms, Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern and Southern dynasties, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods, Warlord Era and the Chinese Soviet Republic among others. Just as the PRC and the ROC formally claim exclusive mandate over the entirety of China, historical Chinese dynasties that existed during periods of sustained political disunity often claimed exclusive Chinese politico-cultural orthodoxy at the expense of others. During dynastic transitions, it was rare for one dynasty to end abruptly and transition smoothly to a new one, resulting in the existence of more than one entity claiming to be "China". For instance, during the Ming–Qing transition, the Ming dynasty existed alongside the Qing dynasty from 1636 to 1644. The predecessor of the Qing dynasty, the Later Jin dynasty, was established in 1616 and ruled over northeastern China whilst the Ming dynasty ruled over China proper. Following the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, remnants of the Ming imperial family, whose regime is known in historiography as the Southern Ming dynasty, continued to rule parts of southern China until 1662. Multiple ephemeral regimes also existed during this period, including the Shun and Xi dynasties on mainland China, and the Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning on Taiwan. ===Republic of Ireland=== Ireland, then called the Irish Free State, seceded from the United Kingdom under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922. The new state took the view that when a new state comes into being after formerly being part of an older state, its acceptance of treaty relationships established by the older state is a matter for the new state to determine by express declaration, or by conduct in the case of each individual treaty. In practice, however, the Irish regarded the commercial and administrative treaties of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland previously applying to the territory of the Irish Free State as remaining in force. ===Israel=== Israel took the view that, by virtue of its declaration of independence in 1948, a new international personality from Mandatory Palestine was created, and that it started with a clean slate, and was bound only by such of the former international obligations affecting the territory as Israel might accept. ===Kampuchea/Cambodia=== When Democratic Kampuchea led by Pol Pot was militarily displaced by the Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea, the country's United Nations seat was held by Democratic Kampuchea for many years. It is now held by the Kingdom of Cambodia. === Korea === In 1919, when the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was formed it claimed continuity directly from their pre-1910 status. In 1948 when the modern Republic of Korea was formed it claimed that it was identical with Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and that the Provisional Government succeeded the Korean Empire. An important tenet of the modern state of Republic of Korea is that the Korean Empire's incorporation into the Empire of Japan from 1910 to 1945 is internationally recognized as an illegal occupation. South Korea resumed membership to international organizations such as the Universal Postal Union and re-affirmed that pre-1910 treaties were still in force. ===Ottoman Empire/Turkey=== There is some debate over whether the modern Republic of Turkey is a continuing state to the Ottoman Empire or a successor. The two entities fought on opposing sides in the Turkish War of Independence (1919–23), and even briefly co-existed as separate administrative units (whilst at war with one another): Turkey with its capital in Angora (now Ankara) and the Ottoman Empire from Constantinople (now Istanbul), but this type of scenario is also common in civil wars. The Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal who defected from the Ottoman Army, established the modern republic as a nation-state (or new government regime) by defeating the opposing elements in the Turkish War of Independence. There remains debate about whether the conflict was a war of independence, or a civil war that led to a regime change. The question of state succession is relevant to the issue of Armenian genocide reparations. ===Pakistan=== After Pakistan was created in 1947, it claimed that it was automatically a member of the United Nations. The United Nations Secretariat however expressed the following opinion: ===Soviet Union=== International convention since the end of the Cold War has come to distinguish two distinct circumstances where such privileges are sought by such a successor state, in only the first of which may such successor states assume the name or privileged international position of their predecessor. The first set of circumstances arose at the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991. One of the constituent republics of the USSR, the Russian Federation has declared itself to be "the continuator state of the USSR" on the grounds that it contained 51% of the population of the USSR and 77% of its territory. Consequently, Russia agreed that it would acquire the USSR's seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. This was also accepted by the rest of the former states of the USSR; in a letter dated 24 December 1991, the Russian President Boris Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the nine member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. All Soviet embassies became Russian embassies. Ukraine, the successor state of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (legally) being one of the founding members of the Soviet Union, has not recognized the exclusive Russian claims to succession of the Soviet Union and claimed such status for Ukraine as well, which was stated in Articles 7 and 8 of Law on the Succession of Ukraine issued in 1991. After independence, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against the Russian Federation in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was formerly owned by the Soviet Union.On Legal Succession of Ukraine, Articles 7 and 8. A special case for the Baltic states had existed. An important tenet of the modern states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is that their incorporation into the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 constituted an illegal occupation. In 1991 when each Baltic state regained their independence they claimed continuity directly from their pre-1940 status. Many other states share this view, and as such, these states were not considered either predecessor or successor states of the Soviet Union. As a consequence, the Baltic states were able to simply re-establish diplomatic relations with countries, re-affirm pre-1940 treaties still in force, and resume membership to international organizations. A similar situation applies to the Caucasus countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, which claimed continuity of the pre-1921 republics before being conquered by the Red Army as well as Ukraine, which as mentioned above, is the de facto successor to the Ukrainian People's Republic that was founded in 1917 before its Sovietization in 1919 (see Soviet–Ukrainian War). ===Yugoslavia=== After four of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia seceded in 1991 and 1992, the rump state, renamed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, stated it was the continuation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia—against the objections of the newly independent republics. Representatives from Belgrade continued to hold the original Yugoslavian UN seat—however, the United States refused to recognize it. The remaining territory of the federation was less than half of the population and territory of the former federation. In 1992 the Security Council on 19 September (Resolution 777) and the General Assembly on 22 September, decided to refuse to allow the new federation to sit in the General Assembly under the name of "Yugoslavia" on the theory that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had dissolved. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro) was admitted as a new member to the United Nations on 1 November 2000; in May 2006, Montenegro declared independence and Serbia continued to hold the federation's seat. Additionally, Kosovo declared independence in February 2008. ====The Agreement on Succession Issues==== The first negotiations on succession issues of the former Socialist Yugoslavia had begun in 1992 within the framework of the Working Group on Succession Issues of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia. The agreement was initially prevented by the insistence of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that it is exclusive legal and political continuator of the Socialist Yugoslavia as well as the owner of all state property owned by the earlier socialist federal government, and was willing to renounce a part of it only as an act of goodwill. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia interpreted breakup of Yugoslavia as a process of serial secessions and not as a complete dismemberment of the earlier state, interpretation rejected by other former Yugoslav republics. Badinter Arbitration Committee recommended a division of assets and liabilities based on principle of equity and even referred to the 1983 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debt (convention not in force which at the time was signed by only six states, including SRF Yugoslavia). This proposal was unacceptable to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which therefore motivated the International Monetary Fund to develop alternative key model which included economic power of republics and their contribution to the federal budget which was accepted by all. The key determined participation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with 36.52%, Croatia with 28.49%, Slovenia 16.39%, Bosnia and Herzegovina with 13.20% and Macedonia with 5.20%. Agreement was also reached on gold and other reserves at the Bank for International Settlements but the final conclusion was postponed by the beginning of the Kosovo War. After the end of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia followed next year by the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević successor states concluded their agreement. In 2001, with the support of the international community, five countries (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – today North Macedonia — and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – today Serbia and Montenegro) signed the Agreement on Succession Issues which conclusively confirmed that five sovereign equal successor states were formed upon the dissolution of the former SFR Yugoslavia. It entered into force on 2 June 2004 when the last successor state ratified it. The agreement was signed as an umbrella agreement which included annexes on diplomatic and consular properties, financial assets and liabilities, archives, pensions, other rights, interests and liabilities as well as private properties and acquired rights. At the subsequent dissolution of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro (one of the five successor states) two countries agreed on Serbian sole succession of rights and obligations of their federation. ==Examples== * Serbia, successor state to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (earlier claim to SFR Yugoslavia succession dropped in 2000) * The Islamic Republic of Iran, successor state to the Imperial State of Iran * The Republic of Indonesia, the current successor state of the Dutch East Indies * Sudan, the reduced state after the creation of South Sudan. * Predecessors of sovereign states in Africa * Predecessors of sovereign states in Asia * Predecessors of sovereign states in North America * Predecessors of sovereign states in South America * Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe * Predecessors of sovereign states in Oceania ==See also== * Comparative history * International law * Translatio imperii * Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties * State continuity of the Baltic states * Timeline of historical geopolitical changes * Peaceful transition of power * Odious debt * Rump state ==References== ==Bibliography== * Burgenthal/Doehring/Kokott: Grundzüge des Völkerrechts, 2. Auflage, Heidelberg 2000 ==External links== * European Journal of International Law – State Succession in Respect of Human Rights Treaties * Wilfried Fiedler: Der Zeitfaktor im Recht der Staatensukzession, in: Staat und Recht. Festschrift für Günther Winkler, Wien, 1997. P. 217–236. * Wilfried Fiedler: Staatensukzession und Menschenrechte, in: B. Ziemske u.a. (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Martin Kriele, München 1997. P. 1371–1391 * Draft Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States with commentaries (1999) * - Published online on 5 August 2011 Category:Historiography Category:International law |
Pindar (; , ; ; ) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. Quintilian wrote, "Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar is by far the greatest, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence, characteristics which, as Horace rightly held, make him inimitable."Quintilian 10.1.61; cf. Pseudo-Longinus 33.5 . His poems can also, however, seem difficult and even peculiar. The Athenian comic playwright Eupolis once remarked that they "are already reduced to silence by the disinclination of the multitude for elegant learning".Eupolis F366 Kock, 398 K/A, from Athenaeus 3a, (Deipnosophistae, epitome of book I) Some scholars in the modern age also found his poetry perplexing, at least until the 1896 discovery of some poems by his rival Bacchylides; comparisons of their work showed that many of Pindar's idiosyncrasies are typical of archaic genres rather than of only the poet himself. His poetry, while admired by critics, still challenges the casual reader and his work is largely unread among the general public. Pindar was the first Greek poet to reflect on the nature of poetry and on the poet's role.Gerber, p. 261 His poetry illustrates the beliefs and values of Archaic Greece at the dawn of the Classical period.Pindar (1972) Introduction p. xv Like other poets of the Archaic Age, he has a profound sense of the vicissitudes of life, but he also articulates a passionate faith in what men can achieve by the grace of the gods, most famously expressed in the conclusion to one of his Victory Odes:de Romilly, p. 37 > Creatures of a day! What is anyone? What is anyone not? A dream of a shadow > Is our mortal being. But when there comes to men A gleam of splendour given > of heaven, Then rests on them a light of glory And blessed are their days. > (Pythian 8)Bowra, Pythia VIII, lines 95–7Pindar (1972) p. 144 == Biography == ===Sources=== Five ancient sources contain all the recorded details of Pindar's life. One of them is a short biography discovered in 1961 on an Egyptian papyrus dating from at least 200 AD (P.Oxy.2438).Race, p. 4 The other four are collections that weren't finalized until some 1600 years after his death: * brief biography of Pindar and his tomb in Boeotia, from Pausanias's “descriptions of Greece” [9.23.2]-[9.23.5]. * Commentaries on Pindar by Eustathius of Thessalonica; * Vita Vratislavensis, found in a manuscript at Breslau, author unknown; * a text by Thomas Magister; * some meagre writings attributed to the lexicographer Suidas. Although these sources are based on a much older literary tradition, going as far back as Chamaeleon of Heraclea in the 4th century BC, they are generally viewed with scepticism today: much of the material is clearly fanciful.Morice, pp. 211–15 Scholars both ancient and modern have turned to Pindar's own workhis victory odes in particularas a source of biographical information: some of the poems touch on historic events and can be accurately dated. The 1962 publication of Elroy Bundy's ground-breaking work Studia PindaricaEscholarship.org led to a change in scholarly opinion—the Odes were no longer seen as expressions of Pindar's personal thoughts and feelings, but rather as public statements "dedicated to the single purpose of eulogizing men and communities."E.Bundy, Studia Pindarica, Berkeley (1962), p. 35 It has been claimed that biographical interpretations of the poems are due to a "fatal conjunction" of historicism and Romanticism. In other words, we know almost nothing about Pindar's life based on either traditional sources or his own poems. However, the pendulum of intellectual fashion has begun to change direction again, and cautious use of the poems for some biographical purposes is considered acceptable once more.Currie, pp. 11–13 Nemean 8, lines 20–21 Story is vast in range: new ways to find and test upon the touchstone, Here danger lies.Pindar (1972) p. 212. The three lines here, and in Bowra's Greek, are actually two lines or stichoi in Greek prosody. Stichoi however are often too long to be preserved as single lines in published form, and they are then broken into metrical units, or cola, the break indicated by indentation. This practice is observed both in Greek and in translations, but it is a modern convenience or preference and it has no historical authority: "...nullam habet apud codices auctoritatem neque veri simile est Pindarum ita carmina manu propria conscripsisse." ===Life=== ====Infancy to adulthood==== Pindar was born circa 518 BC (the 65th Olympiad) in Cynoscephalae, a village in Boeotia, not far from Thebes. His father's name is variously given as Daiphantus, Pagondas or Scopelinus, and his mother's name was Cleodice.Gerber, p. 253 It is told that he was stung on the mouth by a bee in his youth and this was the reason he became a poet of honey-like verses (an identical fate has been ascribed to other poets of the archaic period). Pindar was about twenty years old in 498 BC when he was commissioned by the ruling family in Thessaly to compose his first victory ode (Pythian 10). He studied the art of lyric poetry in Athens, where his tutor was Lasos of Hermione, and he is also said to have received some helpful criticism from Corinna. The early-to-middle years of Pindar's career coincided with the Greco-Persian Wars during the reigns of Darius and Xerxes. This period included the first Persian invasion of Greece, which ending at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, and second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BC). During the second invasion, when Pindar was almost forty years old, Thebes was occupied by Xerxes' general, Mardonius, who with many Theban aristocrats subsequently perished at the Battle of Plataea. It is possible that Pindar spent much of this time at Aegina. His choice of residence during the earlier invasion in 490 BC is not known, but he was able to attend the Pythian Games for that year, where he first met the Sicilian prince, Thrasybulus, nephew of Theron of Acragas. Thrasybulus had driven the winning chariot and he and Pindar were to form a lasting friendship, paving the way for his subsequent visit to Sicily. ====Middle age==== Pindar seems to have used his odes to advance his, and his friends', personal interests. In 462 BC he composed two odes in honour of Arcesilas, king of Cyrene, (Pythians 4 and 5), pleading for the return from exile of a friend, Demophilus. In the latter ode Pindar proudly mentions his own ancestry, which he shared with the king, as an Aegeid or descendant of Aegeus, the legendary king of Athens. The clan was influential in many parts of the Greek world, having intermarried with ruling families in Thebes, in Lacedaemonia, and in cities that claimed Lacedaemonian descent, such as Cyrene and Thera. The historian Herodotus considered the clan important enough to deserve mention (Histories IV.147). Membership of this clan possibly contributed to Pindar's success as a poet, and it informed his political views, which are marked by a conservative preference for oligarchic governments of the Doric kind. > Pindar might not actually claim to be an Aegeid since his 'I' statements do > not necessarily refer to himself. The Aegeid clan did however have a branch > in Thebes, and his reference to 'my ancestors' in Pythian 5 could have been > spoken on behalf of both Arcesilas and himselfhe may have used this > ambivalence to establish a personal link with his patrons.Gerber, p. 270 He was possibly the Theban proxenos or consul for Aegina and/or Molossia, as indicated in another of his odes, Nemean 7, in which he glorifies Neoptolemus, a national hero of Aegina and Molossia. According to tradition, Neoptolemus died disgracefully in a fight with priests at the temple in Delphi over their share of some sacrificial meat. Pindar diplomatically glosses over this and concludes mysteriously with an earnest protestation of innocence"But shall my heart never admit that I with words none can redeem dishonoured Neoptolemus". Possibly he was responding to anger among Aeginetans and/or Molossians over his portrayal of Neoptolemus in an earlier poem, Paean 6, which had been commissioned by the priests at Delphi and which depicted the hero's death in traditional terms, as divine retribution for his crimes. > Some doubt this biographical interpretation of Nemean 7 since it is largely > based on marginal comments by scholiasts and Pindaric scholiasts are often > unreliable. The fact that Pindar gave different versions of the myth may > simply reflect the needs of different genres, and does not necessarily > indicate a personal dilemma.Ian Rutherford, Pindar's Paeans, Oxford > University Press (2001), pp. 321–22 Nemean 7 in fact is the most > controversial and obscure of Pindar's victory odes, and scholars ancient and > modern have been ingenious and imaginative in their attempts to explain it, > so far with no agreed success. In his first Pythian ode, composed in 470 BC in honour of the Sicilian tyrant Hieron, Pindar celebrated a series of victories by Greeks against foreign invaders: Athenian and Spartan-led victories against Persia at Salamis and Plataea, and victories by the western Greeks led by Theron of Acragas and Hieron against the Carthaginians and Etruscans at the battles of Himera and Cumae. Such celebrations were not appreciated by his fellow Thebans: they had sided with the Persians and had incurred many losses and privations as a result of their defeat. His praise of Athens with such epithets as bulwark of Hellas (fragment 76) and city of noble name and sunlit splendour (Nemean 5) induced the authorities in Thebes to fine him 5,000 drachmae, to which the Athenians are said to have responded with a gift of 10,000 drachmae. According to another account,Isocrates 15.166 the Athenians even made him their proxenus or consul in Thebes. His association with the fabulously rich Hieron was another source of annoyance at home. It was probably in response to Theban sensitivities over this issue that he denounced the rule of tyrants (i.e. rulers like Hieron) in an ode composed shortly after a visit to Hieron's sumptuous court in 476–75 BC (Pythian 11).Pindar (1972) p. 158 > Pindar's actual phrasing in Pythian 11 was "I deplore the lot of tyrants" > and though this was traditionally interpreted as an apology for his dealings > with Sicilian tyrants like Hieron, an alternative date for the ode has led > some scholars to conclude that it was in fact a covert reference to the > tyrannical behaviour of the Athenians, although this interpretation is ruled > out if we accept the earlier note about covert references. According to yet > another interpretation Pindar is simply delivering a formulaic warning to > the successful athlete to avoid hubris. It is highly unlikely that Pindar > ever acted for Athenians as their proxenus or consul in Thebes. Lyric verse was conventionally accompanied by music and dance, and Pindar himself wrote the music and choreographed the dances for his victory odes. Sometimes he trained the performers at his home in Thebes, and sometimes he trained them at the venue where they performed. Commissions took him to all parts of the Greek worldto the Panhellenic festivals in mainland Greece (Olympia, Delphi, Corinth and Nemea), westwards to Sicily, eastwards to the seaboard of Asia Minor, north to Macedonia and Abdera (Paean 2) and south to Cyrene on the African coast. Other poets at the same venues vied with him for the favours of patrons. His poetry sometimes reflects this rivalry. For example, Olympian 2 and Pythian 2, composed in honour of the Sicilian tyrants Theron and Hieron following his visit to their courts in 476–75 BC, refer respectively to ravens and an ape, apparently signifying rivals who were engaged in a campaign of smears against himpossibly the poets Simonides and his nephew Bacchylides.Pindar (1972) pp. 10, 88–9 Pindar's original treatment of narrative myth, often relating events in reverse chronological order, is said to have been a favourite target for criticism.Pindar (1972) Introduction p. XIII Simonides was known to charge high fees for his work and Pindar is said to have alluded to this in Isthmian 2, where he refers to the Muse as "a hireling journeyman". He appeared in many poetry competitions and was defeated five times by his compatriot, the poet Corinna, in revenge of which he called her Boeotian sow in one of his odes (Olympian 6. 89f.). > It was assumed by ancient sources that Pindar's odes were performed by a > chorus, but this has been challenged by some modern scholars, who argue that > the odes were in fact performed solo. It is not known how commissions were > arranged, nor if the poet travelled widely: even when poems include > statements like "I have come" it is not certain that this was meant > literally.Race, pp. 10–11 Uncomplimentary references to Bacchylides and > Simonides were found by scholiasts but there is no reason to accept their > interpretation of the odes.David Campbell, Greek Lyric IV, Loeb Classical > Library (1992), page 6 In fact, some scholars have interpreted the allusions > to fees in Isthmian 2 as a request by Pindar for payment of fees owed to > himself.Pindar (1972) p. 239 His defeats by Corinna were probably invented > by ancient commentators to account for the Boeotian sow remark, a phrase > moreover that was completely misunderstood by scholiasts, since Pindar was > scoffing at a reputation that all Boeotians had for stupidity.D. Campbell, > Greek Lyric IV, p. 2 ====Old age and death==== His fame as a poet drew Pindar into Greek politics. Athens, the most important city in Greece throughout his poetic career, was a rival of his home city, Thebes, and also of the island state Aegina, whose leading citizens commissioned about a quarter of his Victory Odes. There is no open condemnation of the Athenians in any of his poems but criticism is implied. For example, the victory ode mentioned above (Pythian 8) describes the downfall of the giants Porphyrion and Typhon and this might be Pindar's way of covertly celebrating a recent defeat of Athens by Thebes at the Battle of Coronea (447 BC).Pindar (1972), p. 138 The poem ends with a prayer for Aegina's freedom, long threatened by Athenian ambitions. > Covert criticism of Athens (traditionally located in odes such as Pythian 8, > Nemean 8 and Isthmian 7) is now dismissed as highly unlikely, even by > scholars who allow some biographical and historical interpretations of the > poems.Charles Segal, 'Choral Lyric in the Fifth Century', in Easterling, pp. > 231–232 One of his last odes (Pythian 8) indicates that he lived near a shrine to the oracle Alcmaeon and that he stored some of his wealth there. In the same ode he says that he had recently received a prophecy from Alcmaeon during a journey to Delphi ("...he met me and proved the skills of prophecy that all his race inherit")Pindar (1972) p. 142 but he does not reveal what the long- dead prophet said to him nor in what form he appeared.There are several other accounts of supernatural visitations relating to Pindar (see for example C.M. Bowra, Pindar, pages 49-51). According to a scholium, he and a pupil, Olympichus, once saw a mysterious flame on a mountain, attended by strange noises. Pindar then beheld Rhea, the Mother of the Gods, advancing in the form of a wooden image. Pausanias (9.25.3) reported that he set up a monument near his home, dedicated conjointly to Pan and the Mother of the Gods (). According to Eustathius (Proem. 27, p. 298. 9 Dr) and Vit. Ambr. (p. 2. 2 Dr.), Pan was once heard between Cithaeron and Helicon singing a paean composed to him by Pindar (fr. 85). The ode was written to commemorate a victory by an athlete from Aegina. > Pindar doesn't necessarily mean himself when he uses the first person > singular. Many of his 'I' statements are generic, indicating somebody > engaged in the role of a singer i.e. a 'bardic' I. Other 'I' statements > articulate values typical of the audience, and some are spoken on behalf of > the subjects celebrated in the poems.Currie, p. 20 The 'I' that received the > prophecy in Pythian 8 therefore might have been the athlete from Aegina, not > Pindar. In that case the prophecy must have been about his performance at > the Pythian Games, and the property stored at the shrine was just a votive > offering.Gerber, pp. 268–269 Nothing is recorded about Pindar's wife and son except their names, Megacleia and Daiphantus. About ten days before he died, the goddess Persephone appeared to him and complained that she was the only divinity to whom he had never composed a hymn. She said he would come to her soon and compose one then. Pindar lived to about eighty years of age. He died around 438 BC while attending a festival at Argos. His ashes were taken back home to Thebes by his musically gifted daughters, Eumetis and Protomache. ====Post mortem==== One of Pindar's female relatives claimed that he dictated some verses to her in honour of Persephone after he had been dead for several days. Some of Pindar's verses were inscribed in letters of gold on a temple wall in Lindos, Rhodes. At Delphi, where he had been elected a priest of Apollo, the priests exhibited an iron chair on which he used to sit during the festival of the Theoxenia. Every night, while closing the temple doors, they intoned: "Let Pindar the poet go unto the supper of the gods!" Pindar's house in Thebes became one of the city's landmarks. When Alexander the Great demolished Thebes in 335 BC, as punishment for its resistance to Macedonian expansionism, he ordered the house be left intact out of gratitude for verses praising his ancestor, Alexander I of Macedon.Plutarch, Life of Alexander 11.6; Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 1.9.10 ===Values and beliefs=== Pindar's values and beliefs have been inferred from his poetry. No other ancient Greek poet has left so many comments about the nature of his art. He justified and exalted choral poetry at a time when society was turning away from it. It "... had for two centuries reflected and shaped the sentiments, the outlook, and the convictions of the Greek aristocracies ... and Pindar spoke up for it with passionate assurance". His poetry is a meeting ground for gods, heroes and meneven the dead are spoken of as participants: "Deep in the earth their heart listens". His view of the gods is traditional but more self-consistent than Homer's and more reverent. He never depicts gods in a demeaning role. He seems indifferent to the intellectual reforms that were shaping the theology of the times. Thus an eclipse is not a mere physical effect, as contemplated by early thinkers such as Thales, Anaximander and Heraclitus, nor was it even a subject for bold wonder, as it was for an earlier poet, Archilochus;Archilochus fr. 122 West instead Pindar treated an eclipse as a portent of evil.Paean 9.13-20). The eclipse is mentioned in a fragment quoted by Stobaeus, addressed to the Thebans: Is it some sign of war you bring? / Or blight on crops, or snow-fall's strength / Beyond all telling, or murderous strife at home, / Or emptying of the sea on land, / Or frost binding the earth, or south-wind in summer / With a flood of furious rain, / Or will you drown the land and raise / A new breed of men from the beginning? Gods are the embodiment of power, uncompromisingly proud of their nature and violent in defense of their privileges. There is some rationalization of religious belief, but it is within a tradition at least as old as Hesiod, where abstractions are personified, such as "Truth the daughter of Zeus".Olympic Ode 10.3-4 Sometimes the wording suggests a belief in 'God' rather than 'a god' (e.g. "What is God? Everything"),fr. 129: but the implications are not given full expression and the poems are not examples of monotheism. Nor do they vocalize a belief in Fate as the background to the gods, unlike the plays of Aeschylus for example. Pindar subjects both fortune and fate to divine will (e.g. "child of Zeus ... Fortune").Olympic Ode 12.1-2) thumb|right|A short Heracles: Pindar once ignored the traditional image of Heracles, the supreme example of the heroic physique, and described him as short in order to compare him with a short patron. He selects and revises traditional myths so as not to diminish the dignity and majesty of the gods. Such revisionism was not unique. Xenophanes had castigated Homer and Hesiod for the misdeeds they ascribed to gods, such as theft, adultery and deception, and Pythagoras had envisioned those two poets being punished in Hades for blasphemy. A subtle example of Pindar's approach can be found in his treatment of the myth of Apollo's rape of the nymph Cyrene.Pythian Ode 9 As the god of the Delphic oracle, Apollo is all-knowing, yet in keeping with his anthropomorphic nature he seeks information about the nymph from a third party, in this case the centaur Chiron. Chiron however affirms the god's omniscience with an elegant compliment, as if Apollo had only pretended to be ignorant: "You, Sire, who know the appointed end of all, and all paths..."Chiron's compliment to Apollo: "You, Sire, who know / The appointed end of all, and all paths: / How many leaves in April the earth puts forth, / How many grains of sand / In the sea and rivers / Are troubled by the waves and the swirling winds, / And what shall be, and whence it shall come / You see with clear eyes." Apollo's abduction of the nymph is not presented as a shameful act. Pindar's gods are above such ethical issues and it is not for men to judge them by ordinary human standards. Indeed, the finest breeds of men resulted from divine passions: "For Pindar a mortal woman who is loved by a god is an outstanding lesson in divine favours handsomely bestowed". Being descendants of divine unions with privileged mortals, mythical heroes are an intermediate group between gods and men, and they are sympathetic to human ambitions. Thus, for example, Pindar not only invokes Zeus for help on behalf of the island of Aegina but also its national heroes Aeacus, Peleus and Telamon.Pythian Ode 8.99–100 Unlike the gods, however, heroes can be judged according to ordinary human standards and they are sometimes shown in the poems to demean themselves. Even in that case, they receive special consideration. Thus Pindar refers obliquely to the murder of Phocus by his brothers Peleus and Telamon ("I am shy of speaking of a huge risk, hazarded not in right"), telling the audience that he will not talk of it ("silence is a man's wisest counsel").Nemean Odes 5.14–18: I am shy of speaking of a huge risk / Hazarded not in right, / How they left the famous island, / And what fate drove strong men from the Vineland. / I shall halt. Truth does not always / Gain more if unflinching / She reveals her face; / And silence is often a man's wisest counsel. The Theban hero Heracles was a favourite subject but in one poem he is depicted as small in order to be compared with a small Theban patron who had won the pankration at the Isthmian Games:Isthmian Odes 4.57 a unique example of Pindar's readiness to shape traditional myths to fit the occasion, even if not always flattering to the mythical hero. A hero's status is not diminished by an occasional blemish but rests on a summary view of his heroic exploits. Some of his patrons claimed divine descent, such as Diagoras of Rhodes, but Pindar makes all men akin to gods if they realize their full potential: their innate gifts are divinely bestowed, and even then success still depends on the gods' active favour. In honouring such men, therefore, Pindar was honouring the gods too. His statements about life after death were not self-consistent but that was typical for the times. Traditional ambivalence, as expressed by Homer, had been complicated by a growth of religious sects, such as the Eleusinian mysteries and Pythagoreanism, representing various schemes of rewards and punishments in the next life. However, for the poet, glory and lasting fame were men's greatest assurance of a life well-lived. He presents no theory of history apart from the view that Fortune is variable even for the best men, an outlook suited to moderation in success, courage in adversity. Notions of 'good' and 'bad' in human nature were not analysed by him in any depth nor did he arrive at anything like the compassionate ethics of his near contemporary, Simonides of Ceos. His poems are indifferent to the ordinary mass of people. They are dismissed with phrases such as "the brute multitude" (Pythian Ode 2.87). Nor are the poems concerned with the fate of rich and powerful men once they lose their wealth and social status (compared for example with the bitter and disillusioned poems of Theognis of Megara). They are more interested in what successful men do with their good fortune: success brings obligations, and religious and artistic activities need patrons. Whereas the Muses inspired Homer with relevant information and with the language to express it, Pindar seems to receive only their inspiration: his role is to shape that inspiration with his own wisdom and skill. Like his patrons, whom he immortalizes in verse, he owes his success to hard work as well as to innate gifts; though he hires himself out, he has a vocation. The Muses are to him as an oracle is to a prophet, and lesser poets are to him as ravens are to an eagle; the art of such men is as hackneyed as garland-making; his is magical: To plait garlands is easy. Strike up! The Muse Welds together gold and white ivory And the lily-flower snatched from the sea's dew.Nemean Ode 7.77-79 ==Works== Pindar's strongly individual genius is apparent in all his extant compositions but, unlike Simonides and Stesichorus for example, he created no new lyrical genres.Jebb, Richard (1905) Bacchylides: the poems and fragments, Cambridge University Press, p. 41 He was however innovative in his use of the genres he inheritedfor example, in one of his victory odes (Olympian 3), he announces his invention of a new type of musical accompaniment, combining lyre, flute and human voice (though our knowledge of Greek music is too sketchy to allow us to understand the full nature of this innovation).Pindar (1972) p. 17 Although he probably spoke Boeotian Greek he composed in a literary language that tended to rely more on the Doric dialect than his rival Bacchylides, but less insistently than Alcman. There is an admixture of other dialects, especially Aeolic and epic forms, and an occasional use of some Boeotian words.Gerber, p. 255 He composed 'choral' songs yet it is by no means certain that they were all sung by choirsthe use of choirs is testified only by the generally unreliable scholiasts.Gregory Nagy, Greek Literature in the Hellenistic Period, Routledge (2001), page 66 Scholars at the Library of Alexandria collected his compositions in seventeen books organized according to genre:M.M. Willcock: Pindar: Victory Odes (1995). Cambridge University Press, p. 3. * 1 book of hymnoi"hymns" * 1 book of paianes"paeans" * 2 books of dithyramboi"dithyrambs" * 2 books of prosodia"processionals" * 3 books of parthenia"songs for maidens" * 2 books of hyporchemata"songs for light dances" * 1 book of enkomia"songs of praise" * 1 book of threnoi"laments" * 4 books of epinikia"victory odes" Of this vast and varied corpus, only the epinikiaodes written to commemorate athletic victoriessurvive in complete form; the rest survive only by quotations in other ancient authors or from papyrus scraps unearthed in Egypt. Even in fragmentary form however they reveal the same complexity of thought and language that are found in the victory odes.Bowie, p. 110 Dionysius of Halicarnassus singled out Pindar's work as an outstanding example of austere style () but he noted its absence in the maiden songs or parthenia. One surviving fragment of a maiden song does seem to be different in tone, due however to the fact that it is spoken in the character of a girl:Dionysius of Halicarnassus, de Comp. 22, de Dem. 39 I must think maidenly thoughts And utter them with my tongue. Enough of his dithyrambic poetry survives for comparison with that of Bacchylides, who used it for narrative. Pindar's dithyrambs are an exuberant display of religious feeling, capturing the wild spirit of Dionysus and pointing forward to the ecstatic songs of Euripides' Bacchae. In one of these, dedicated to the Athenians and written to be sung in Spring, he depicts the divine energy of the revitalized world. When the chamber of the scarlet-clothed Hours is opened And the nectareous flowers usher in the fragrant spring, Then are scattered, then, on the immortal ground The lovely petals of violets; roses are wound in our hair; Loudly echo the voices of songs to the flutes, And choirs step in procession to dark-ribboned Semele. ===Victory odes=== Almost all Pindar's victory odes are celebrations of triumphs gained by competitors in Panhellenic festivals such as the Olympian Games. The establishment of these athletic and musical festivals was among the greatest achievements of the Greek aristocracies. Even in the 5th century BC, when there was an increased tendency towards professionalism, they were predominantly aristocratic assemblies, reflecting the expense and leisure needed to attend such events either as a competitor or spectator. Attendance was an opportunity for display and self-promotion, and the prestige of victory, requiring commitment in time and/or wealth, went far beyond anything that accrues to athletic victories today, even in spite of the modern preoccupation with sport.Antony Andrewes, Greek Society, Pelican Books (1971), pp. 219–22 Pindar's odes capture something of the prestige and the aristocratic grandeur of the moment of victory, as in this stanza from one of his Isthmian Odes, here translated by Geoffrey S. Conway: :::::If ever a man strives :::With all his soul's endeavour, sparing himself :::Neither expense nor labour to attain :::True excellence, then must we give to those :::Who have achieved the goal, a proud tribute :::::Of lordly praise, and shun ::::All thoughts of envious jealousy. :::To a poet's mind the gift is slight, to speak :::A kind word for unnumbered toils, and build :::For all to share a monument of beauty. (Isthmian I, antistrophe 3)Pindar (1972) p. 235 His victory odes are grouped into four books named after the Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean GamesPanhellenic festivals held respectively at Olympia, Delphi, Corinth and Nemea. This reflects the fact that most of the odes were composed in honour of boys, youths, and men who had recently enjoyed victories in athletic (and sometimes musical) contests at those festivals. In a few odes however much older victories, and even victories in lesser games, are celebrated, often as a pretext for addressing other issues or achievements. For example, Pythian 3, composed in honour of Hieron of Syracuse, briefly mentions a victory he had once enjoyed at the Pythian Games, but it is actually intended to console him for his chronic illness (similarly, Pythian 2 is like a private letter in its intimacy).Pindar (1972), p. 88. 96 Nemean 9 and Nemean 10 celebrate victories in games at Sicyon and Argos, and Nemean 11 celebrates a victory in a municipal election on Tenedos (though it also mentions some obscure athletic victories). These three odes are the final odes in the Nemean book of odes, and there is a reason for their inclusion. In the original manuscripts, the four books of odes were arranged in the order of importance assigned to the festivals, with the Nemean festival, considered least important, coming last. Victory odes that lacked a Panhellenic subject were then bundled together at the end of the book of Nemean odes.Pindar (1972) Introduction p. xx ====Style==== Pindar's poetic style is very distinctive, even when the peculiarities of the genre are set aside. The odes typically feature a grand and arresting opening, often with an architectural metaphor or a resounding invocation to a place or goddess. He makes rich use of decorative language and florid compound adjectives.Charles Segal, 'Choral Lyric in the Fifth Century', in Easterling, p. 232 Sentences are compressed to the point of obscurity, unusual words and periphrases give the language an esoteric quality, and transitions in meaning often seem erratic, the images seem to burst outit is a style that sometimes baffles but also makes his poetry vivid and unforgettable.de Romilly, p. 38 His odes were animated by... Some of these qualities can be found, for example, in this stanza from Pythian 2, composed in honour of Hieron: Bowra, Pythia II 49–56 God achieves all his purpose and fulfills his every hope, God who can overtake the winged eagle, or upon the sea :outstrip the dolphin; and he bends the arrogant heart of many a man, But gives to others eternal glory that will never fade. Now for me Is it needful that I shun the fierce and biting tooth of slanderous words. For from old have I seen sharp-tongued Archilochus in want and struggling, Grown fat on the harsh words of hate. The best that fate can bring is wealth :joined with the happy gift of wisdom.Pindar (1972) pp. 92–3 The stanza begins with a celebration of divine power, and then abruptly shifts to a darker, more allusive train of thought, featuring condemnation of a renowned poet, Archilochus, Grown fat on the harsh words of hate. Archilochus was an iambic poet, working within a genre that licensed abusive and scurrilous versea regrettable tendency from the viewpoint of Pindar, whose own persona is intensely earnest, preaching to Hieron the need for moderation (wealth with wisdom) and submission to the divine will. The reference to the embittered poet appears to be Pindar's meditative response to some intrigues at Hieron's court, possibly by his rivals, condemned elsewhere as a pair of ravens (Olympian 2). The intensity of the stanza suggests that it is the culmination and climax of the poem. In fact, the stanza occupies the middle of Pythian 2 and the intensity is sustained throughout the poem from beginning to end. It is the sustained intensity of his poetry that Quintilian refers to above as a rolling flood of eloquence and Horace below refers to as the uncontrollable momentum of a river that has burst its banks. Longinus likens him to a vast fireDe Subl. 33.5 and Athenaeus refers to him as the great-voiced Pindar.Athenaeus 13.5.64c Pindar's treatment of myth is another unique aspect of his style, often involving variations on the traditional stories,Bowie, pp. 107–8 since his original audience was familiar with the myths and this allowed him to concentrate on unique and surprising effects. Reversing the chronological order was one such effect, as in Olympian VII dedicated to Diagoras of Rhodes, but this could also resemble a circular pattern, beginning with a culminating event, followed by scenes leading up to it, and ending with its restatement, as in his account of the Dioscuri in Nemean 10. Myths enabled him to develop the themes and lessons that pre-occupy himin particular mankind's exulted relation with the gods via heroic ancestors and, in contrast, the limitations and uncertainties of human existencebut sometimes the traditional stories were an embarrassment and were carefully edited, as for example: "Be still my tongue: here profits not / to tell the whole truth with clear face unveiled," (Nemean 5, epode 1); "Away, away this story! / Let no such tale fall from my lips! / For to insult the gods is a fool's wisdom," (Olympian 9, strophe 2); "Senseless, I hold it, for a man to say / the gods eat mortal flesh. / I spurn the thought," (Olympian 1, epode 2).Pindar (1972) pp. 192, 54, 4, respectively His mythical accounts are edited for dramatic and graphic effects, usually unfolding through a few grand gestures against a background of large, often symbolic elements such as sea, sky, darkness, fire or mountain. ====Structure==== Pindar's odes typically begin with an invocation to a god or the Muses, followed by praise of the victor and often of his family, ancestors and home-town. Then follows a narrated myth, usually occupying the central and longest section of the poem, which exemplify a moral, while aligning the poet and his audience with the world of gods and heroes.Bowie, p. 108 The ode usually ends in more eulogies, for example of trainers (if the victor is a boy), and of relatives who have won past events, as well as with prayers or expressions of hope for future success.Pindar (1972) The event where the victory was gained is never described in detail, but there is often some mention of the hard work needed to bring the victory about. A lot of modern criticism tries to find hidden structure or some unifying principle within the odes. 19th century criticism favoured 'gnomic unity' i.e. that each ode is bound together by the kind of moralizing or philosophic vision typical of archaic Gnomic poetry. Later critics sought unity in the way certain words or images are repeated and developed within a particular ode. For others, the odes are just celebrations of men and their communities, in which the elements such as myths, piety, and ethics are stock themes that the poet introduces without much real thought. Some conclude that the requirement for unity is too modern to have informed Pindar's ancient approach to a traditional craft. The great majority of the odes are triadic in structurei.e., stanzas are grouped together in three's as a lyrical unit. Each triad comprises two stanzas identical in length and meter (called 'strophe' and 'antistrophe') and a third stanza (called an 'epode'), differing in length and meter but rounding off the lyrical movement in some way. The shortest odes comprise a single triad, the largest (Pythian 4) comprises thirteen triads. Seven of the odes however are monostrophic (i.e., each stanza in the ode is identical in length and meter). The monostrophic odes seem to have been composed for victory marches or processions, whereas the triadic odes appear suited to choral dances. Pindar's metrical rhythms are nothing like the simple, repetitive rhythms familiar to readers of English versetypically the rhythm of any given line recurs infrequently (for example, only once every ten, fifteen or twenty lines). This adds to the aura of complexity that surrounds Pindar's work. In terms of meter, the odes fall roughly into two categoriesabout half are in dactylo-epitrites (a meter found for example in the works of Stesichorus, Simonides and Bacchylides) and the other half are in Aeolic metres based on iambs and choriambs. ====Chronological order==== Modern editors (e.g., Snell and Maehler in their Teubner edition), have assigned dates, securely or tentatively, to Pindar's victory odes, based on ancient sources and other grounds. The date of an athletic victory is not always the date of composition but often serves merely as a terminus post quem. Many dates are based on comments by ancient sources who had access to published lists of victors, such as the Olympic list compiled by Hippias of Elis, and lists of Pythian victors made by Aristotle and Callisthenes. There were however no such lists for the Isthmian and Nemean GamesCurrie, p. 25Pausanias (6.13.8) complained that the Corinthians and Argives never kept proper records. The resulting uncertainty is reflected in the chronology below, with question marks clustered around Nemean and Isthmian entries, and yet it still represents a fairly clear general timeline of Pindar's career as an epinician poet. The code M denotes monostrophic odes (odes in which all stanzas are metrically identical) and the rest are triadic (i.e. featuring strophes, antistrophes, epodes): Victory odes in estimated chronological order Date (BC) Ode Victor Event Focusing myth 498 Pythian 10 Hippocles of Thessaly Boy's long foot-race Perseus, Hyperboreans 490 Pythian 6 (M) Xenocrates of Acragas Chariot-race Antilochus, Nestor 490 Pythian 12 (M) Midas of Acragas Flute- Playing Perseus, Medusa 488 (?) Olympian 14 (M) Asopichus of Orchomenus Boys' foot-race None 486 Pythian 7 Megacles of Athens Chariot-race None 485 (?) Nemean 2 (M) Timodemus of Acharnae Pancration None 485 (?) Nemean 7 Sogenes of Aegina Boys' Pentathlon Neoptolemus 483 (?) Nemean 5 Pythias of Aegina Youth's Pancration Peleus, Hippolyta, Thetis 480 Isthmian 6 Phylacides of Aegina Pancration Heracles, Telamon 478 (?) Isthmian 5 Phylacides of Aegina Pancration Aeacids, Achilles 478 Isthmian 8 (M) Cleandrus of Aegina Pancration Zeus, Poseidon, Thetis 476 Olympian 1 Hieron of Syracuse Horse-race Pelops 476 Olympians 2 & 3 Theron of Acragas Chariot-race 2. Isles of the Blessed 3\. Heracles, Hyperboreans 476 Olympian 11 Agesidamus of Epizephyrian Locris Boys' Boxing Match Heracles, founding of Olympian Games 476 (?) Nemean 1 Chromius of Aetna Chariot-race Infant Heracles 475 (?) Pythian 2 Hieron of Syracuse Chariot-race Ixion 475 (?) Nemean 3 Aristocleidas of Aegina Pancration Aeacides, Achilles 474 (?) Olympian 10 Agesidamus of Epizephyrian Locris Boys' Boxing Match None 474 (?) Pythian 3 Hieron of Syracuse Horse-race Asclepius 474 Pythian 9 Telesicrates of Cyrene Foot-race in armour Apollo, Cyrene 474 Pythian 11 Thrasydaeus of Thebes Boys' short foot-race Orestes, Clytemnestra 474 (?) Nemean 9 (M) Chromius of Aetna Chariot-race Seven against Thebes 474/3 (?) Isthmian 3 & 4 Melissus of Thebes Chariot race & pancration 3.None 4.Heracles, Antaeus 473 (?) Nemean 4 (M) Timisarchus of Aegina Boys' Wrestling Match Aeacids, Peleus, Thetis 470 Pythian 1 Hieron of Aetna Chariot- race Typhon 470 (?) Isthmian 2 Xenocrates of Acragas Chariot-race None 468 Olympian 6 Agesias of Syracuse Chariot-race with mules Iamus 466 Olympian 9 Epharmus of Opous Wrestling-Match Deucalion, Pyrrha 466 Olympian 12 Ergoteles of Himera Long foot-race Fortune 465 (?) Nemean 6 Alcimidas of Aegina Boys' Wrestling Match Aeacides, Achilles, Memnon 464 Olympian 7 Diagoras of Rhodes Boxing-Match Helios and Rhodos, Tlepolemus 464 Olympian 13 Xenophon of Corinth Short foot-race & pentathlon Bellerophon, Pegasus 462/1 Pythian 4 & 5 Arcesilas of Cyrene Chariot-race 4.Argonauts 5.Battus 460 Olympian 8 Alcimidas of Aegina Boys' Wrestling-Match Aeacus, Troy 459 (?) Nemean 8 Deinis of Aegina Foot-race Ajax 458 (?) Isthmian 1 Herodotus of Thebes Chariot-race Castor, Iolaus 460 or 456 (?) Olympian 4 & 5 Psaumis of Camarina Chariot-race with mules 4.Erginus 5.None 454 (?) Isthmian 7 Strepsiades of Thebes Pancration None 446 Pythian 8 Aristomenes of Aegina Wrestling-Match Amphiaraus 446 (?) Nemean 11 Aristagoras of Tenedos Inauguration as Prytanis None 444 (?) Nemean 10 Theaius of Argos Wrestling-Match Castor, Pollux ===Manuscripts, shreds and quotes=== Pindar's verses have come down to us in a variety of ways. Some are only preserved as fragments via quotes by ancient sources and papyri unearthed by archeologists, as at Oxyrhynchusin fact the extant works of most of the other canonic lyric poets have survived only in this tattered form. Pindar's extant verses are unique in that the bulk of themthe victory odeshave been preserved in a manuscript tradition, i.e., generations of scribes copying from earlier copies, possibly originating in a single archetypal copy and sometimes graphically demonstrated by modern scholars in the form of a stemma codicum, resembling a 'family tree'. Pindar's victory odes are preserved in just two manuscripts, but incomplete collections are located in many others, and all date from the mediaeval period. Some scholars have traced a stemma through these manuscripts, for example Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, who inferred from them the existence of a common source or archetype dated no earlier than the 2nd century AD, while others, such as C.M. Bowra, have argued that there are too many discrepancies between manuscripts to identify a specific lineage, even while accepting the existence of an archetype. Otto Schroeder identified two families of manuscripts but, following on the work of Polish-born classicist, Alexander Turyn, Bowra rejected this also.Bowra, Praefatio iii–iv, vii Different scholars interpret the extant manuscripts differently. Bowra for example singled out seven manuscripts as his primary sources (see below), all featuring errors and/or gaps due to loss of folios and careless copying, and one arguably characterized by the dubious interpolations of Byzantine scholars. These he cross-referenced and then supplemented or verified by reference to other, still more doubtful manuscripts, and some papyrus fragmentsa combination of sources on which he based his own edition of the odes and fragments. His general method of selection he defined as follows: Selected manuscripts: a sample of preferred sources (Bowra's choice, 1947) Code Source Format Date (century) Odes contained A codex Ambrosianus C 222inf. Paper 35×25.5 cm 13th–14th Olympian 1–12, with some unique readings that Bowra considered reliable, and including scholia. B codex Vaticanus graeca 1312 Silk 24.3×18.4 cm 13th Olympian 1 to Isthmian 8 (entire corpus), but with some leaves and verses missing, and includes scholia; Zacharias Callierges based his 1515 Roman edition on it, possibly with access to the now missing material. C codex Parisinus graecus 2774 Silk 23×15 cm 14th Olympian 1 to Pythian 5, including some unique readings but also with many Byzantine interpolations/conjectures (Turyn rejected this codex accordingly), and written in a careless hand. D codex Laurentianus 32, 52 Silk 27×19 cm 14th Olympian 1 to Isthmian 8 (entire corpus), including a fragment (Frag. 1) and scholia, written in a careless hand. E codex Laurentianus 32, 37 Silk 24×17 cm 14th Olympian 1 to Pythian 12, largely in agreement with B, including scholia but with last page removed and replaced with paper in a later hand. G codex Gottingensis philologus 29 Silk 25×17 cm 13th Olympian 2 to Pythian 12, largely in agreement with B (thus useful for comparisons), including Olympian 1 added in the 16th century. V codex Parisinus graecus 2403 Silk 25×17 cm 14th Olympian 1 to Nemean 4, including some verses from Nemean 6; like G, useful for supporting and verifying B. == Influence and legacy == * The influential Alexandrian poet Callimachus was fascinated by Pindar's originality. His masterpiece Aetia included an elegy in honour of Queen Berenice, celebrating a chariot victory at the Nemean Games, composed in a style and presented in a manner that recall Pindar.A.W. Bulloch, 'Hellenistic Poetry', in Easterling, pp. 556–57 * The Hellenistic epic Argonautica, by Apollonius Rhodius, was influenced by some aspects of Pindar's style and his use of episodic vignettes in narrative. The epic concerns the adventures of Jason, also touched on by Pindar in Pythian 4, and both poems link the myth to a Greek audience in Africa.William H. Race, Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica, Loeb Classical Library (2008), page xiii * There seems to have been a vogue for Pindaric-style lyrics following the 'publication' of Horace's Odes 1–3. Horace had mastered other styles such as Sapphic and Alcaeic, which had discouraged his contemporaries from attempting anything in the same form, but he had not composed anything in triadic stanzas in the manner of Pindar.R. Tarrant, 'Ancient receptions of Horace', in The Cambridge Companion to Horace, Stephen Harrison (ed.), Cambridge university Press (2007), page 280 * Pindar was much read, quoted, and copied during the Byzantine Era. For example, Christophoros Mytilenaios of the 11th century parodied a chariot race in his sixth poem, employing explicit allusions to Pindar.F. Lauritzen, Readers of Pindar and students of Mitylinaios, Byzantion 2010 * During the 17th and 18th centuries, literary theorists in Europe distinguished between two types of lyric poetry, loosely associated with Horace and Pindar. Regular verses in four line stanzas were associated with Horace's Odes, which did in fact inspire and influence poets of the period. Irregular verses in longer stanzas were termed Pindarics, though the association with Pindar was largely fanciful. Abraham Cowley was considered the main exponent of English Pindarics. In fact, the two styles were not always easy to distinguish and many 'Pindaric' odes were quite Horatian in content, as in some poems by Thomas Gray.David Money, 'The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries', in The Cambridge Companion to Horace, Stephen Harrison (ed), Cambridge University Press (2007), pp. 327–28 * A 'Pindaric Ode' was composed for the revived 1896 Olympic Games in Athens by the Oxford scholar George Stuart Robinson, and similar compositions were commissioned from and composed by classicist Armand D'Angour for the Athens Olympics in 2004 and the London Olympics in 2012. ===Horace's tribute=== The Latin poet, Quintus Horatius Flaccus, was an admirer of Pindar's style. He described it in one of his Sapphic poems, addressed to a friend, Iullus Antonius: Pindarum quisquis studet aemulari, Iule, ceratis ope Daedalea nititur pennis vitreo daturus nomina ponto. monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres quem super notas aluere ripas, fervet immensusque ruit profundo Pindarus ore. (C.IV.II) Julus, whoever tries to rival Pindar, Flutters on wings of wax, a rude contriver Doomed like the son of Daedalus to christen Somewhere a shining sea. A river bursts its banks and rushes down a Mountain with uncontrollable momentum, Rain-saturated, churning, chanting thunder – There you have Pindar's style.The Odes of Horace James Michie (translator), Penguin Classics 1976 ===Bowra's tribute=== C. M. Bowra, the leading Pindaric scholar of his generation and the editor of the 1935 OUP edition of his poems, summarized Pindar's qualities in the following words: ==See also== * John Wolcot ==Notes== ==References== ==Sources== * Bowie, Ewen, 'Lyric and Elegiac Poetry' in The Oxford History of the Classical World, J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds), Oxford University Press (1986) * * * * Currie, Bruno (2005), Pindar and the Cult of Heroes, Oxford University Press * Easterling, P. & Knox, B. (eds) (1985), The Cambridge History of Classical Greek Literature "Greek Literature", Cambridge University Press * Gerber, Douglas E. (1997) A Companion to the Greek lyric poets, Brill * * Morice, Francis David (2009), Pindar, Bibliobazaar, LLC * Conway, Geoffrey Seymour (1972), The Odes of Pindar, Dent * Race, William H. (1997), Pindar: Olympian Odes, Pythian Odes, Loeb Classical Library * De Romilly, Jacqueline (1985), A Short History of Greek Literature, University of Chicage Press == Further reading == * Nisetich, Frank J., Pindar's Victory Songs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980: translations and extensive introduction, background and critical apparatus. * Revard, Stella P., Politics, Poetics, and the Pindaric Ode 1450–1700, Turnhout, Brepols Publishers, 2010, * Race, W. H. Pindar. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. * * Barrett, W. S., Greek Lyric, Tragedy, and Textual Criticism: Collected Papers, edited M. L. West (Oxford & New York, 2007): papers dealing with Pindar, Stesichorus, Bacchylides and Euripides * Kiichiro Itsumi, Pindaric Metre: 'The Other Half' (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). * Burnett, Anne Pippin, Pindar (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2008) (Ancients in action). * Wells, James Bradley. Pindar's Verbal Art: An Enthnographic Study of Epinician Style, Hellenic Studies Series 40. Washington, DC, Center for Hellenic Studies, 2010, ==External links== * Works by Pindar at Perseus Digital Library * * * * * Selected odes, marked up to show selected rhetorical and poetic devices * Olympian 1, read aloud in Greek, with text and English translation provided * Pythian 8, 'Approaching Pindar' by William Harris (text, translation, analysis) * Pindar by Gregory Crane, in the Perseus Encyclopedia * Pindar's Life by Basil L. Gildersleeve, in Pindar: The Olympian and Pythian Odes * Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Pindar, Olympian Odes, I, 1–64; read by William Mullen * Perseus Digital Library Lexicon to Pindar, William J. Slater, De Gruyter 1969: scholarly dictionary for research into Pindar * Pindar-A Hellenistic Bibliography compiled by Martine Cuypers * William J. Slater, Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1969 on the Perseus Project ;Historic editions * The Odes of Pindar translated into English with notes, D.W.Turner, A Moore, Bohm Classical Library (1852), digitalized by Google * * Pindartranslations and notes by Reverend C.A.Wheelwright, printed by A.J.Valpy, M.A., London (1830): digitalized by Google * Pindari carmina, adnotationem criticam addidit Tycho Mommsen, vol. 1, vol. 2, Berolini apud Weidmannos, 1864. * Scholia of Pindar: ** Pindari opera quae supersunt. Scholia integra, Augustus Boeckhius (ed.), 2 voll., Lipsiae apud Ioann. August. Gottlob Weigen, 1811: vol. 1, vol. 2. ** Scholia vetera in Pindari carmina, Anders Bjørn Drachmann (ed.), 3 voll., Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1903-27: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3. Category:510s BC births Category:430s BC deaths Category:5th-century BC Greek people Category:5th- century BC poets Category:Ancient Boeotian poets Category:Ancient Thebans Category:Doric Greek poets Category:Nine Lyric Poets Category:Proxenoi |
thumb|right|Charles Chipperfield Circus 2016, the 7th generation of the Chipperfield Circus family Chipperfield's Circus is a British family touring show, continuing a 300-year-old family business.Great dynasties of the world: The Chipperfields The Guardian Retrieved 18 February 2011 Chipperfield's Circus originates with James Chipperfield with his performing animals at the Thames Frost Fair of 1684. Through the 19th century, the circus toured all of England, with a menagerie of animals, teams of acrobats and clowns. After World War II, under the management of Jimmy Chipperfield, the circus became one of the largest in Europe, with a tent that could hold 6,000 people. The family in the same headship diversified into safari parks (in England founding those at Windsor and Knowsley and co-founding with the Marquess of Bath, Longleat Safari Park as well, with the Duke of Bedford, Woburn Safari Park) and supplying fairgrounds supplies. Since his death in 1990, the circus has toured only intermittently, sometimes featuring members of the extended Chipperfield family.Chipperfield's Circus: An Illustrated History Hardcover, by David Jamieson, Circus Friends Association of Great Britain, June 1997Chipperfield's Circus : An Illustrated History, By David Jamieson, Circus Friends Association of Great BritainThe Guardian, Great dynasties of the world: The Chipperfields, by Ian Sansom, 14 May 2010Heard Family History, Chipperfields – the Circus DynastyCharles Chipperfield Entertainments UK website ==History== The name Chipperfield dates back at least to James Chipperfield. He introduced performing animals to England at the Frost Fair on the Thames in 1684. His show performed for two months at the fair. Part of the fair was for showing animals.Beneath the Big Top: A Social History of the Circus in Britain, By Steve Ward, page 55 ==James William Chipperfield Sr.== thumb|upright|James William Chipperfield Sr. (1775–1866) James William Chipperfield Sr. (1775–1866) was a bootmaker and made fancy-dress costumes for theatrical use in Drury Lane, London. His business was slow in the summer when he joined travelling fairs and help put on small shows with his wife Mary Ann. The show grew to include dancing bears, monkeys, and trained pigs. In about 1803, James and Mary Ann had a son James William Chipperfield Jr. who would join the show.A celebration of those members of our extended family with creative, artistic and performing talents ==James William Chipperfield Jr.== thumb|upright|James William Chipperfield Jr. (1803–1866) James William Chipperfield (1799 or 1803?–1866) grew up in his father's touring show. He was an assistant to Hamlin the conjuror. James married Harriet Amy Coan (4 December 1799-~1866) in Bury St Edmunds and had four children William James (1822– ), James William (1824–1913), Tom and Mary Phoebe (1826– ). James and Harriet tour with their own show in a horse drawn canvas wagon. Harriet died of pneumonia in 1841 at a fair in Rayleigh, Essex. Later James remarried and continued to tour with an even larger show. He retired and died in 1866. James William married Elizabeth Jones, their children continued the Circus tour.heardfamilyhistory, Family of James William CHIPPERFIELD and Harriot Amy COANSlee, James William CHIPPERFIELD Junior + Elizabeth JONES ==James William Chipperfield III== thumb|right|Chipperfield's Circus poster form about 1850 James William Chipperfield (1824–1913) was born in a caravan on 22 April 1824, at St. Martin at Oak, Norfolk. James is the son of James William Chipperfield and Harriet Amy (née Coan). He began a clowning act with his father in the "Liliputian Circus". It is reported that he entered a den of animals at Wombwells when 14 years old. He started his own show when he acquired and trained a trick pony and worked as a juggler. He married Elizabeth Jones (4 July 1823 – 1856) in 1846. She died in 1856 at the age of 33. Elizabeth and James had three children: Sophia Sarah (13 December 1846 – 1927) married Henry Wesley in 1868 – James William Francis (4 October 1848 – January 1917) and Harriett Amy (1852–?). Later he married Sarah Ann Coan (Chapman) (1821–1890) a widow of John Coan. Sarah was caring for five of her late husband's children, two of which were Walter Coan and Elizabeth Coan. Sarah and James had 12 children, including: Harriet and James. James and Sarah had all 20 of their children working in the Circus as their grew up. Their daughter appeared as the youngest tight-rope dancer in the country. The Chipperfield's Circus introduced to Britain Zulus from Africa and the Aztecs from Mexico. He also entered in to the marionette is a puppet shows. He gradually worked his way to the front rank of showland with his menagerie, caged "Beast Show" and establishing his winter quarters in Norwich.An obituary for long-dead elephants, page 1, By Mike Shanahan, 19 October 2012 He exhibited Robert Tippney, the "living skeleton". He was on the road all his life and claimed to be England's oldest showman. James William Chipperfield died at his home, Schwanfelder Street, Beeston, Leeds, in 1913, aged 89 years.John Turner, Victorian ArenaMy Wild Life (Hardcover), by Jimmy Chipperfield, 1976The Circus Book, Edited by RUPERT CROFT-COOKE, With a note on the Tenting Show by W. S. MEADMORE, LONDON,SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO, LTD.Slee Family treeJames William CHIPPERFIELD ==James Francis Chipperfield== James Francis Chipperfield (1848–1917) was an animal trainer and menagerie proprietor in the Chipperfield Circus. Son of James William Chipperfield (1824–1913). James Francis was born 4 October 1848 in Tottenham Court Road, London. He was a member of the third generation of the show family. He performed in every village and town in the country and was a noted trainer of animals. "I can train anything from a rabbit to an elephant", he claimed. He and his wife, Mary Ann (Jones) had nine children, all who worked in the Circus. His son John was a musician in the Circus, his daughter Mary Anne was a juggler and dancer in the Circus, His son Henry left the Circus and started a cinema show. His son Jim (James) was a musician in the Circus, then departed to Ireland and joined the Royal Italian Circus. His daughter Sophia married James Chittock. His daughter, Sarah married Ambrose Tiller a showman in the circus. His daughter, Rachael married Mr. Cartwright. His daughter, Mary Ann married Mr. Bartlett. His daughter, Minnie worked in the circus. His son Richard took over his father's circus in England. Jim (James) Jr. after departing his father's circus married Louisa; they had three daughters: Louisa, Minnie and Lily.Travelling Showmen & Other Travellers, 1901 & 1911 James Francis died in 1917 aged 67; he was buried 8 June 1917 at Abode Fair Ground, Ludgershall, Wiltshire, England.ancestry, Chipperfield, James William BurialAn obituary for long-dead elephants, page 3, By Mike Shanahan, 19 October 2012 From the World's Fair: > WF13.1.17: "We regret to have to record the death of Mr James William > Chipperfield, who died on Thursday last, January 4, at the age of 68. The > deceased was a popular midlands traveler, but for some time has been located > at Ludgershall, Wilts., where he was interred. > > WF 27.1.17: "The funeral of the late Mr James W. Francis Chipperfield, who > died after a long and painful illness on January 9, 1917 at the age of 68 at > Ludgershall, Wilts., The deceased was an old and respected showman, being > laid to rest with signs of the greatest love and sorrow. > > The following relatives and friends were present at the last sad journey > (the widow not being able to attend through excessive grief): Mr John > Chipperfield (son); Mrs James Chittock (daughter); Mrs A. Tiller (daughter); > Mr Richard Chipperfield (son); Mr Henry Chipperfield (son); Mrs R. > Cartwright (daughter); Mr Thomas Clark and Mrs John Chipperfield. > > The service were conducted by the vicar (Mr Bird). ==Richard Chipperfield Sr.== thumb|right|J.M. Chipperfields Electrograph Bioscope was moved by a Burrell-built engine, named "Queen of the Midlands". Chipperfield's Electrograph Bioscope traveled all over the UK starting in 1899. thumb|right|Chipperfield's Electrograph Bioscope Richard Chipperfield Sr. was the son of James Frances and Mary Ann (Jones) Chipperfield, born in 1875, at Sileby, Leicestershire. He was the fourth generation of the Chipperfield showmen. He first performed in public at the age of five. The management of the circus was passed down to him in the early 1900s. In 1902 he added a Bioscope show to the attractions of the show at Birmingham, Manchester and London.The University of Sheffield Barnstaple Fair Six films were shown at each presentation. The films included that of Marie Corelli riding in the Shakespeare Birthday procession and the HMS Albion disaster on the River Thames in 1898.bdcmuseum.org.uk Richard Chipperfield's Electrograph fairground bioscope showSlide Show World, Pages from History, A Collection of Historic Images – The British Sideshow Pg-2Victorian Popular Culture Moving Pictures, Optical Entertainments and the Advent of Cinema Documents Previewcircushistory.org, CHIPPERFIELD Three circus in 1979, by Jack Niblett, 1979 Richard's hobby was painting, particularly of animals; examples adorn the walk-ups of his circus pavilion. He married Maud, daughter of George Seaton. The circus gradually grew and in 1933 combined with the Purchase family. Richard was the father of six children: Dick (Richard) and Jimmy (James) (who took over from their father in 1937), John ("Johnny"), Thomas Henry "Tom", Marjorie and Maud. Richard Chipperfield died in 1959.Slee family treeBBC, Chipperfield jr. 'critical' after mauling by tigerheardfamilyhistory.org, Richard Chipperfield Sr.ancestry.com, Chipperfield ==Dick Chipperfield== Richard (Dick) Chipperfield (1904–1988), began performing as a clown at the family's fairground variety show when he was just five. Dick's father was Richard Chipperfield (1875–1959), Dick's mother was Emily Maud Seaton. Dick married Myrtle Eileen Slee. Myrtle and Dick had 4 children, two sons and two daughters.sleebooth.co.uk, Richard "Dick" CHIPPERFIELD + Myrtle Eileen SLEEsleebooth.co.uk, Myrtle Eileen Slee Jimmy, Dick's younger brother, also took part in the show as a clown, a wire-walker and an acrobat. It was in the early 1930s that the Chipperfields started to become well established in the traditional circus business and by the end of World War II the show had become one of the largest touring circuses in Europe.Billboard, 2 March 1946Billboard 25 February 1950Billboard 4 October 1947Jack Hylton, By Pete Faint, page 227 After the end of World War II the circus owners traveled to Sri Lanka and bought nine elephants which then led on to further acquisitions and the growth of the circus.The Stage Features, Rose Chipperfield During the late 1940s, the RAF Wethersfield base was used as a winter camping ground for the Circus. Elephants were housed in the maintenance hangars and Nissen hut (Quonset), formerly used as offices, became homes for lions, tigers, snakes and monkeys. Jimmy Chipperfield fought as a fighter pilot in World War II. By 1953, Chipperfield's Circus ousted rivals Bertram Mills and Billy Smart and boasted a big-top tent which could accommodate 6,000 people. It had a collection of 200 horses, 16 elephants and 200 other animals. Dick died at the age of 83 in 1988. ==Jimmy Chipperfield== Jimmy Chipperfield, "James Seaton Methuen Chipperfield" (1912–1990), was born while Chipperfield's Circus was touring. His family owned and performed in the family Circus as clowns, acrobats and the animal trainers. Jimmy learned all the trades of the Circus. Jimmy married Rosie Purchase (1912–2006) in the early 1930s. Rosie's family had a traveling menagerie show of wild animals. After Rosie's father was killed by one of his lions, Jimmy took over the Purchase's show and merged it with the Chipperfield Circus. He took the circus on local and oversea tours. Jimmy began a bear wrestling show. The second world war closed down Jimmy's show. Jimmy signed up to be a fighter pilot for the RAF. After the war he put the show back together and made it bigger and made it shine. By April 1946, the Chipperfield circus had returned to touring the UK. In 1955, Jimmy broke away from the family circus and after a brief time farming and managing other shows, he and daughter Mary began providing animals for film work.Great dynasties of the world: The Chipperfields A circus entertainer with dreams beyond the big top In the 1960s, he started making a career in "drive-through" safari parks. In 1966, he opened the Longleat Safari Park. In 1967, Jimmy opened the Johannesburg Lion Park, the third lion park in the world. Chipperfield had Larenty circus family manage the park.Go Africa, The Lion Park, Johannesburg – The Lion Park In Pictures Jimmy opened the Windsor Safari Park in Windsor, Berkshire in 1969. In 1970, he helped to establish the Woburn Safari Park with John Russell, 13th Duke of Bedford and also a park in Stirling, Scotland, the Blair Drummond Safari Park at the Blair Drummond House. In 1971 he helped open the Knowsley Safari ParkLiverpool Echo, Knowsley Safari Park boss David Ross celebrates park's 40th anniversary with memories of Africa adventures, 27 June 2011 Jimmy Chipperfield and Annabel Lambton opened the Lambton Lion Park at Lambton Castle in July 1972, closed in 1980. Jimmy opened his West Midland Safari Park on 17 April 1973. The Windsor park closed in 1992 and lions there were moved to the West Midlands Safari Park. According to his autobiography, "My Wild Life", he pioneered the entire idea and among his first groups of animals was the lions featured in Born Free.New Scientist, 2 December 1982, page 554 Jimmy provided and trained pets and circus animals for Hollywood movies, like Walt Disney. Jimmy Chipperfield was a subject of the This Is Your Life in 1961, and a photograph of him with Eamonn Andrews is featured in the collage of photographs on the first edition dust jacket of his autobiography. In 1979 Jimmy open a show called Circus World that toured and set up in the Great Yarmouth Hippodrome. All four of the Chipperfield siblings, Dick, Jimmy, Marjorie and John who were responsible for the circus's greatest successes are deceased: Marjorie died 1975, John died in 1978 and Jimmy died in 1990. ==Marjorie Chipperfield== Marjorie Chipperfield performed as Equestrienne, contortionist and equilibrist. Marjorie Suzanne Phyllis, the younger daughter of Richard Chipperfield was born 12 December 1916. She was the fifth generation of the famous family, sister of Dick, Maude, Jimmy and John. In 1931 she did a bending and balancing act, climbing in and out of the narrow rungs of a ladder. In 1933, with Chipperfield's Lion Show, performed a rolling globe act. She performed with her brother Richard's circus, after he took over the circus from their father in 1937. With the family's circus and the Liberty horses she performed in Eastbourne for the 1938–39 season. For the 1939–40 season she appeared as Mlle Marita, with performing bulls, at the Belle Vue circus. She appeared as Miss Marjorie doing a balancing and rolling at Poole's (Tom Fossett's) circus in September 1941. She exhibiting shoe horses at Arthur Joel's 'All-British' circus in 1941 and 1942, with her brother Johnny and Rosie (wife of Jimmy) Chipperfield. She also performed on the rolling globe. In 1942 she moved the act to the Reco Brothers' circus and then the Harry Benet's stage circus. She married James (Jimmy) Stockley on 15 December 1945. She performed as Roxana, assisting Marsaline (Bertha Gridneff), on the high wire. Back with Chipperfield's circus she was put as the head of the girls' wardrobe, costumes, etc.[Billboard 23 July 1949 Page 47Billboard 7 March 1942, page 41 circoev.com, Chipperfield 02/12/2014 In 1948, she became joint proprietor of Chipperfield's Circus with brothers Richard, James and John Chipperfield. Her elephant ballet was presented at the Kelvin Hall circus, Glasgow in 1948 and 1949. She was the director of Chipperfield's circus in 1951, when their headquarters were at Down farm, Stockbridge, Hampshire, and later when the winter quarters moved to Heythrop, Oxfordshire. She looked after the family's wild animal reserve in South Africa until Jimmy Stockley's death in 1973. She died 11 December 1975, in Cape Town, South Africa. Her daughter Jane Stockley married Brian Boswell.John Turner 20th Century Circus People, John Turner Collection[The Billboard, 23 July 1949heardfamilyhistory, Marjorie ChipperfieldJimmy) Stockley ==James Stockley== James (Jimmy) Stockley was a transport, electrics expert and mechanic. He was born at Stoke-on-Trent in 1914. He worked in the motor trade there before the war. In the RAF during the WW2 he flew with Jimmy Chipperfield, as his navigator, and through Jimmy met Marjorie Chipperfield. James was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal (DFM) for his wartime service. The Award stated: "As pilot and observer respectively, this officer and airman have participated in very many sorties. They have proved themselves to be highly skilled, cool and resolute members of aircraft crew and their keenness for operations has won much praise. One night in March, 1945, they were responsible for the destruction of two enemy aircraft."Supplement to the London Gazette, 22 May 1945 2623, Distinguished Flying Medal. 1219665 Flight Sergeant James STOCKLEY, R.A.F.V.R., 85 Sqn. James married Marjorie Suzanne Phyllis Chipperfield, on 15 December 1945, at Blaby, Leicestershire. As part of Chipperfield's circus, he kept the post-war show on the road, running. His daughter Carol Elizabeth was christened, at Bristol, in 1950. He was the director of Chipperfield's by 1951, when its headquarters were at Down farm, Stockbridge, In the 1970s, when Chipperfield's circus returned from South Africa, Jim Stockley and his wife Marjorie remained there, running the Natal Lion Park and Game Reserve. James died on 31 May 1973, at the age of 58, following a blow to his chest during the inoculation of a gnu. He was the father of Jane, Carol, James (Jim) junior and Maryann.John Turner 20th Century Circus Peopleimdb, Jim Stockley ==Johnny Chipperfield== Johnny Chipperfield (1875–1978) was a rider, clown and animal trainer. John L., was the son of Richard Chipperfield (born 1875) and Maud née Seaton. Johnny Chipperfield was the younger brother of Dick, Maud, Jimmy and Marjorie. Johnny Chipperfield trained a Welsh pony to do tricks, as a boy, then trained a monkey to jockey on him. At age twelve bought his first ring horse and became a rider and clown with the family show. He spent the 1937 season, with the Chipperfield's animals, on Sweden's Circus Scott, where his riding was encouraged by Rudi Blumenfeld. Johnny married Doris Morche, a member of a German springboard troupe. During the second world war he served with the RAF. He was demobilized on the day the family circus was due to open, at Southampton for the 1946 season. Johnny Chipperfield is the father of John, Tommy, Doris, Charles (married Keren, in 1988) and Sophie. John worked with the animals and helped manage the Circus. Doris worked with horses. Charles took care of the mechanical machines at the Circus. Sophie performed in a number of acts. He presented the dogs, performed a comedy ride as 'Madame Spangaletti' and clowned with his brother Jimmy. Noted for his dog act, as 'Kelly', with Chipperfield's Circus, 1938–39. He appeared at the Tom Arnold's Mammoth Circus, Harringay, 1949–50 and 1950–51 seasons, and with Chipperfield's circus, in 1950, exhibiting 'Paul's Peerless Poodles'. In 1951, he exhibited a high school riding show, at the Southend-on-Sea Kursaal circus. In 1952 he was presented Golden Palaminos, at Chipperfield's circus. His son John jr. was born on 20 July 1953. He was a horse trainer for Chipperfield's circus, from the 1950s on wards, he performed with Doreen Duggan in 1953. He performed with Chipperfield's, in Plymouth in 1954. During the mid-1950s began working with the Chipperfield elephants. He performed with Chipperfield's circus, at the Bingley Hall, Birmingham in 1957–58, exhibiting horses, ponies, elephants and chimpanzees. He accompanied his brother Dick and sister Marjorie to South Africa for the Chipperfield tour of Southern Africa 1965–1967 and returned to the UK 1968. Starting in 1970, he traveled with Chipperfields Circus in the UK training and presenting Asian & African elephants, horses, lions, tigers and dogs. He on died 13 November 1978 from leukaemia. ==Tommy Chipperfield== Tommy Chipperfield was born and raised in the Chipperfield's Circus. He grew up on the road with a menagerie of animals, like chimps to giraffes before going to Marsh Court school in Stockbridge, Hampshire. Tommy performed in the Circus as a young boy. Tommy became a big cat trainer, as his father had been. He also undertook elephants and horses shows in the 1970s. Tommy worked for the Roberts brothers for two years. Tommy has worked in the UK and traveled with his show to Spain, South Africa and Australia. He married Marilyn, who he found in Australia. Marilyn has done riding, high wire, trapeze acts and more. The two worked in Ireland in Duffy's Circus for a number of years. In 2013, they moved the show back to England. Their son Thomas Chipperfield, like his grandpa and father, is a lion and tiger trainer.Circus Promoters, Tommy Chipperfield, Interview with a Tiger Trainer, 17 June 2016 ==Mary Chipperfield== Mary Chipperfield (1938 – 2014), Jimmy Chipperfield's daughter, specialised in chimpanzee acts in the 1970s. She was also known as an animal trainer, providing animals for the film Doctor Dolittle (1967) and BBC productions.Mary Chipperfield, Lions on the Lawn (1971) Mary tamed wild animals for roles in films and Chipperfield's Circus. Mary worked with her father in creating the Longleat Safari Park. In 1999, she was accused of cruel treatment of some animals in her circus. In April 1998, an infant chimpanzee named Trudy had been seized by police and taken to the 'Monkey World' sanctuary after being repeatedly kicked, beaten and made to sleep in a tiny box. Chipperfield was found guilty of twelve counts of cruelty to animals and fined £8,500. ==Sally Chipperfield== In 1979, Sally Chipperfield broke off of the Chipperfield Circus, and made her own small show. Sally Chipperfield is the daughter of Richard, Sr., married to Jim Clubb. Sally's show has lions shown by her husband. The show also has Russian Bears. Sally also has a show with dogs, monkeys and a liberty pony act. ==1980s to 2010== In 1980, two Chipperfield's lions found their way onto the grounds of Devizes School in Wiltshire. Chipperfield Circus, as run by the Dick Chipperfield family, ceased touring in the late 1980s.Chipperfield's Circus Slideshow In the 1989–1990 season, Chipperfield Circus toured Ireland, commencing the season in Cork. The show ran for a few months featuring The Flying Souzas, Shiganio, Peter Althoff and members of the Chipperfield family. In the early 1990s, Charles Chipperfield, a son of Jonny Chipperfield, ran Chipperfield Brothers, but this ceased in the 1990s. The show name rented to Tony Hopkins Promotions for his UK circus tour from 1992 to 1996. The show featured Dick Chipperfield Sr.'s grandson, Richard Chipperfield performing a lion act.Circus Historical Society, 16 February 1981 In the 1990s, Graham Chipperfield toured with Ringling-Barnum, showing off three of his elephants: Patty, Zerbini and Luke. In 2002, it was reported by the BBC that Mary Chipperfield was abusing her animals, leading to a fine for cruelty to animals.news.bbc.co.uk BBC, UK Exposing circus cruelty, by Jackie Storer, BBC News Online Political Staff , 2 September 2002The Mary Chipperfield Trial: the sentencing, 10 January 2006 In 2010, Chipperfield Circus returned without animals in the show, appearing at Cambridge and Rochester.For Paws, Chipperfield's Circus tours without animals ==Charles Chipperfield== Charles Chipperfield is the seventh generation of the original Chipperfield family of shows. In 2006, Charles Chipperfield put on a show in Malta,timesofmalta.com, A full circus, by Natalino Fenech, 13 December 2006 On 15 September 2010, Charles Chipperfield officially incorporated the Charles Chipperfield Circus and run the show with his wife Rebecca Chipperfield.companysearchesmadesimple.com, CHARLES CHIPPERFIELD CIRCUS LIMITEDRebecca Chipperfield, Facebook page In 2013, the Charles Chipperfield Circus did a show for East Anglia's Children's Hospice at Stonham Barns.East Anglian Daily Times, East Anglian Daily Times East Anglia's Children's Hospice youngsters visit Stonham Barns’ circus show, December 2013 In 2013, Frances Middleton performed with the Charles Chipperfield Circus show off aerialist, silks & hoop skills.starnow.com, Frances Middleton In 2014, Charles Chipperfield Circus performed at Gorton Park in Manchester.Banbury Guardian, Roll up, roll up... the circus is finally back in town, 2014 In 2015, the Charles Chipperfield Circus performed in Southport, 25 years after the last Chipperfield Circus performed there.Southport host Charles Chipperfield Circus, June of 2015South Port Visiter, Charles Chipperfield Circus arrives in Southport, By Andrew Brown, 11 June 2015 Also in 2015, Charles Chipperfield Circus performed in South Bucks at Odds Farm Park.Oak Farm, Charles Chipperfield Circus The 2016 show included flying Trapeze, Foot juggling from Ukraine, from Spain Keyla hula hoops tricks and the Wheel of Death.Charles Chipperfield Circus Web siteCharles Chipperfield Circus Youtube Charles Chipperfield CircusCharles Chipperfield in IrelandFlichr, Charles Chipperfield Circus photosPitchero, Come see Charles Chipperfield Circus at Wadebridge Town Football Club. It starts Friday 25th until Sunday 27 July. ==Thomas Chipperfield== Thomas Chipperfield, who in 2014 worked with the Peter Jolly's Circus show, most recently made an appearance in Italy as a guest presenter with Moira Orfei in 2016. In April 2018, Chipperfield lost an appeal against a decision by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs to refuse him a licence to use two lions and a tiger in a travelling circus; he said that he plans a new appeal. He has been called Britain's last lion tamer. ==Other Chipperfield companies== *Chipperfield Enterprises trains and supplies lion and tiger acts for circuses worldwide.Chipperfield Enterprises info *Clubb Chipperfield Ltd. ceased trading under their title in 1998.imdb Clubb Chipperfield Ltd. *The Chipperfield Organization Ltd is an international animal supply and transport business.BBC, Mary Chipperfield and a ring of circus names, 27 January 1999 ==Other members of the Chipperfield family== Sheila Chipperfield (born 17 June 1975, Coventry, England), is the daughter of Dick Chipperfield Sr.'s first cousin, Billy Chipperfield. Sheila was the bassist in the London-based rock band, Elastica from 1996 to 1998. Jim Stockley is the son of Jimmy & Marjorie Stockley and supplies trained animals to the film industry in South Africa.www.stockley.co.za Jimmy & Marjorie Stockley, contact page Jamie Stockley is the son of Jim Stockley (grandson of Jimmy & Marjorie Stockley) and, together with his wife Dana, runs a successful game reserve and wedding venue in South Africa.www.secretgarden.co.za Secret Garden in the hills of Bisley, Pietermaritzburg ==Books by members of the Chipperfield family== *My Friends the Animals, Dick Chipperfield Snr. London: Souvenir Press, 1963 *My Wild Life, Jimmy Chipperfield. London: Macmillan, 1975 ==Books featuring the Chipperfield family== *Paul Gallico Love, Let Me Not Hunger. London: Heinemann, 1963 (novel that briefly mentions Chipperfield's in the first chapter) *David Jamieson Chipperfield's Circus: an Illustrated History, Aardvark Publishing, 1997 *David Jamieson Mary Chipperfield Circus Book, Jarrold & Sons Ltd., 1979 *Freddie Mills Twenty Years: an autobiography. London: Nicholson & Watson, 1950 (first edition contains photographs taken at Chipperfield's Circus) *Pamela McGregor Morris Chipperfield's Circus. London: Faber & Faber, 1957 *Edward Seago High Endeavour; illustrated by the author. London: Collins, 1944 (the story of Jimmy Chipperfield's war service as a fighter pilot) *John Turner A Dictionary of British Circus Biography **Vols. 1–2: The Victorian Arena: the Performers. Formby: Lingdales, c1995-2000 **Vol. 4: Twentieth Century Circus People, 1901–1950. Formby: Lingdales *J. H. Williams Elephant Bill. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1950 *J. H. Williams Big Charlie. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959 (account of a circus elephant) ==See also== *African Lion Safari *Circus == References == ==External links== *Memories of Chipperfield's Circus in Great Wishford *Facebook Charles Chipperfield Circus Category:Circuses Category:Circus families |
Novara (, Novarese: ) is the capital city of the province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. With 101,916 inhabitants (on 1 January 2021), it is the second most populous city in Piedmont after Turin. It is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along the routes from Milan to Turin and from Genoa to Switzerland. Novara lies between the rivers Agogna and Terdoppio in northeastern Piedmont, from Milan and from Turin. ==History== thumb|left|Roman walls in Novara. Novara was founded around 89 BC by the Romans, when the local Gauls obtained Roman citizenship. Its name is formed from Nov, meaning "new", and Aria, the name the Cisalpine Gauls used for the surrounding region. Ancient Novaria, which dates to the time of the Ligures and the Celts, was a municipium and was situated on the road from Vercellae (Vercelli) to (Mediolanum) Milan. Its position on perpendicular roads (still intact today) dates to the time of the Romans. After the city was destroyed in 386 by Magnus Maximus for having supported his rival Valentinian II, it was rebuilt by Theodosius I. Subsequently, it was sacked by Radagaisus (in 405) and Attila (in 452). Under the Lombards, Novara became a duchy; under Charles the Fat, a countship. Novara came to enjoy the rights of a free imperial city. In 1110, it was conquered by Henry V and destroyed, but in 1167 it joined the Lombard League. At the end of the 12th century, it accepted the protection of Milan and became practically a dominion of the Visconti and later of the Sforza. In the Battle of Novara in 1513, Swiss mercenaries defending Novara for the Sforzas of Milan routed the French troops besieging the city. This defeat ended the French invasion of Italy in the War of the League of Cambrai. In 1706, Novara, which had long ago been promised by Filippo Maria Visconti to Amadeus VIII of Savoy, was occupied by Savoyard troops. With the Peace of Utrecht, the city, together with Milan, became part of the Habsburg Empire. After its occupation in 1734, Novara passed, in the following year, to the House of Savoy. thumb|left|The Ossuary of Bicocca, in memory of the Battle of Novara After Napoleon's campaign in Italy, Novara became the capital of the Department of the Agogna, but was then reassigned to the House of Savoy in 1814. In 1821, it was the site of a battle in which regular Sardinian troops defeated the Piedmontese constitutional liberals. In the even larger Battle of Novara in 1849, the Sardinian army was defeated by the Austrian army of Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz. This defeat led to the abdication of Charles Albert of Sardinia and to the partial occupation of the city by the Austrians. The defeat of the Sardinians can be seen as the beginning of the Italian unification movement. A decree in 1859 created the province of Novara, which then included the present-day provinces of Vercelli, Biella, and Verbano- Cusio-Ossola. The city of Novara had a population of 25,144 in 1861. Industrialisation during the 20th century brought an increase in the city's population to 102,088 in 1981. The city's population has changed little in subsequent years. Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, former president of Italy and Italian senator for life, was born in Novara in 1918. ==Climate== ==Architecture== thumb|left|View of Novara Novara's sights can be divided into two groupings. The city's most important sights lie within its historic centre, the area once enclosed by the city walls. However, several important sights also lie outside the line of the former city walls. Novara has numerous churches and historic buildings; some of these have been restored over the years. The most significant architectural element is the majestic dome, 121 metres high, designed by the architect-engineer Alessandro Antonelli. Now known as the Basilica of San Gaudenzio, it was built in 1888. It has now become a symbol of the city and a distinctive sign of its panorama, observable from all the roads that lead to the city. The bell tower is also of particular interest; it was designed by Benedetto Alfieri, uncle of the more famous Vittorio Alfieri. ===Historic centre=== The old urban core makes up the "Historic centre", situated in the district of the same name. Novara once had an encircling wall, which was demolished to permit urban development. Of the old wall, there remains only the Barriera Albertina, a complex of two neo-classical buildings that constituted the gate of entry to the city, the required passageway for those who travelled from Turin to Milan. After their removal, the walls were replaced by the present-day baluardi, the broad, tree-lined boulevards that surround the Historic Centre. The centre of the religious life of the city is the Novara Cathedral, in the neo-classical style, also designed by Alessandro Antonelli. It rises exactly where the temple of Jupiter stood in the time of the Romans. Facing the Duomo is the oldest building in Novara today: the early Christian Battistero (Baptistry). Close to the Duomo is the courtyard of the Broletto (the historic meeting place of the city council), the centre of the political life of the imperial free city of Novara. Overlooking the courtyard of the Broletto are the Palazzo del Podestà ("Palace of the Podestà"), Palazzetto dei Paratici ("Little Palace of the Paratici Family"), site of the Civic Museum and of the Gallery of Modern Art, the Palace of the City Council, and a building of the 15th century. Not far from the Piazza della Repubblica (formerly Piazza Duomo) is the Piazza Cesare Battisti (known to Novaresi as the Piazza delle Erbe, "Herbs square"), which constitutes the exact centre of the city of Novara. In Piazza Giacomo Matteotti stands the Palazzo Natta- Isola, seat of the province and of the prefecture of Novara. The landmark feature of this palace is its clock tower. Extending from this square is the via Fratelli Rosselli, along which is the Palazzo Cabrino, the official seat of the administrative offices of the city. As it was a Roman city, the street network of Novara is characterized by a cardo and a Decumanus Maximus, which correspond respectively to the present-day Corso Cavour and Corso Italia. The two streets cross at the so-called "Angolo delle Ore" (Corner of the Hours). The city conservatory, Conservatorio Guido Cantelli, named after Novara's Guido Cantelli, is located in via Collegio Gallarini, 1 (facing largo Luigi Sante Colonna in the area between piazza Puccini and Novara's hospital). The conservatory, founded in 1996, was established in a building built in the 1700s, once known as the casone. In 1766, the building, after a donation from the Gallarini family, started to be used as a college. Between 1854 and 1905, several artistic features, such as coloured tiles and terracotta decorations on the facade were added. The largest square is Piazza Martiri della Libertà (formerly Piazza Castello) dominated by the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of Italy. Overlooking the Piazza Martiri is the Castello Visconteo-Sforzesco, built by the Milanese dukes Visconti and Sforza, and the Teatro Coccia. The Castello Visconteo-Sforzesco, once much larger than the complex that remains today, is surrounded by the Allea, one of the largest public gardens in Novara. Other important squares are: *Largo Cavour, dominated by the statue of Cavour, recently restored. *Piazza Garibaldi, the square facing the Novara Railway Station, also recently restored and featuring the statue of the hero of two worlds and a fountain with the statue of a mondina. *Piazza Gramsci, formerly Piazza del Rosario, location, after the restoration of 2005, of the landmark statue of Icarus. Novara san gaudenzio.jpg|The cupola of the Basilica of San Gaudenzio, symbol of Novara, is high. Novara Duomo2.jpg|Novara Cathedral Novara Broletto.jpg|The Broletto ===Outside the Baluardi=== thumb|Church of San Nazzaro della Costa Places of interest situated outside the belt of the baluardi include the Church of San Nazzaro della Costa, with its attached abbey, restored in the 15th century by Bernardino of Siena, and the Ossuary of Bicocca, in pyramidal form, which stands in the neighbourhood of Bicocca, in memory of the fallen soldiers of the historic battle of 23 March 1849, between the Piedmontese (Sardinia) and Austrians. Worthy of note are the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Saints Martino and Gaudenzio), built beginning in 1477 by the Augustinians, whose interior consists of a single nave with lateral chapels and paintings attributed to artists of the 15th century, among them Daniele de Bosis. ===Religious buildings=== *Chiesa di Ognissanti (12th century) *Santa Maria delle Grazie, also known as San Martino (15th century) *San Pietro al Rosario (1599-1618) *San Marco (17th century) *Oratory of San Giovanni Decollato (17th century) *Santa Maria della Salute (17th century) *Sant'Eufemia (17th century) *Chiesa del Carmine (18th to 19th centuries) *Nuova Chiesa di San Rocco (21st century) ==Festivals and events== *22 January: Novara celebrates annually the Feast of San Gaudenzio (Saint Gaudentius of Novara), the patron saint of Novara. Throughout the day, it is possible to visit the tomb of the saint and to obtain the typical roasted chestnuts, also known as marroni di Cuneo (" Cuneo chestnuts"). *23 March: Re-enactment of the 1849 Battle of Novara, with period uniforms and weapons. *On 25 April, Liberation Day, as in many other Italian cities, the Novaresi organise numerous initiatives to commemorate the Italian resistance movement, and in particular, the partisans who fought around Novara and in the "Partisan Republic of the Ossola". *Since 2001, Giovani Espressioni ("Young Expressions") has been held in Novara. This is a music festival for emerging young musicians, organised by Staff Millennium, a performance agency, of which Alessandro Marchetti is the artistic director. The "Espressioni Contest" is of special importance as a showcase for emerging bands that picks a winner every year. Among the noted artists who have participated are Negramaro, Caparezza, Finley, Vallanzaska, Extrema, and Blaze Bailey. *Since 2005, Novara hosts the "Novara Gospel Festival", which is composed of workshops, local tours, and obviously gospel concerts in the main theatre of the city. It is probably one of the most important festivals of this music in Italy, also because the main event is a concert of the most appreciated gospel singers, such as Kirk Franklin, Donnie Mc Clurkin, etc. ==Demographics== ISTAT 2007 Novara Italy Median age 44 years 42 years Under 18 years old 16.4% 18.1% Over 65 years old 21.6% 20.0% Foreign Population 7.7% 5.8% Births/1,000 people 9.15 b 9.45 b In 2007, there were 102,862 people residing in Novara, of whom 49% were male and 51% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.35% of the population compared to pensioners who number 21.6%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Novara residents is 44 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Novara grew by 1.64%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%. The birth rate in Novara is 9.15 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. In 2006, 92.37% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations: 2.94%, North Africa: 2.23%, and Latin America: 0.71%. Like most of Italy, Novara is predominantly Roman Catholic. ==Economy== thumb|Rice fields around the city Novara is an important commercial centre of the Padan plain and is the seat of the Centro Intermodale Merci (CIM: Goods Intermodal Centre). Economically, it is affected by the proximity of Milan, and in fact, many Milanese firms have offices in Novara. The main economic products and services are: *agriculture: rice and maize (American English: corn) *metallurgical production *chemicals and petrochemicals *pharmaceuticals *food products *intermodal commerce and logistics *banking and insurance services *rice products exchange The city of Novara is a member of the TOP-IX (Torino-Piemonte Exchange Point) internet exchange consortium, a consortium to create an Internet Exchange Point for northwestern Italy. Companies based in Novara include the publishing company De Agostini. ==Transport== The local public transport agency is the SUN. thumb|right|Novara seen from the S11 trunk road ===Railways=== The city is served by three railway stations: *Vignale FS, a small station operated by the Ferrovie dello Stato (regional trains) *Novara FS, the principal station of the Ferrovie dello Stato, Italy's national railway (regional, national and international trains). *Novara Nord, the station operated by the LeNord railroad. The new station in via Leonardo da Vinci opened in 2005 (regional and high-speed trains (only 2006) trains). ===Motorways and main roads=== Novara is linked to Turin and Milan by the A4 motorway (via the junctions Novara Ovest and Novara Est). The A26 motorway crosses most of Novara province, but there is not a junction that links it directly with Novara. To reach Novara from the A26, one must exit at Vercelli Est, but one can also reach Novara by way of the A4, which crosses the A26 at a junction. Novara is served by a system of dual-carriageway bypasses. The oldest such bypass is the Tangenziale Est, directly linked with the motorway junction Novara Est. In 2003, road works were completed on the Tangenziale Sud. The S11 trunk road from Milan and Magenta passes through Novara on its way to Vercelli and Turin. Trunk roads to the north and south also link Novara to the motorway network. ==Sports== Novara Calcio is an association football club based in Novara. There is a professional women's Serie A1 volleyball team: AGIL Volley - Igor Novara Volley. There was an important baseball team and a very important Hockey team. ==Government== The current mayor of Novara is Alessandro Canelli, elected in June 2016, representing a centre-right coalition. ===Administrative subdivisions=== Novara is divided into thirteen wards (circoscrizioni); several of these are formed of a number of quarters (quartieri), zones, and/or frazioni. According to changes in local electoral laws, from June 2011 elections, they were stripped of their elective bodies (council and president), thus remaining as a simple internal partition of the Comune. *Centro (Historic Centre) *Nord est (North East) **Sant’Andrea (quartiere) **San Rocco (quartiere) *Nord (North) **Sant’Antonio (quartiere) **Vignale (frazione) **Veveri (frazione) *Sant’Agabio *Porta Mortara *Sacro Cuore *San Martino *Santa Rita *Ovest (West) **San Paolo (quartiere) **Zona Agogna (zone) *Sud (South) **Cittadella (quartiere) **Rizzotaglia (quartiere) **Villagio Dalmazia (quartiere) **Torrion Quartara (frazione) *Sud est (South East) **Bicocca (quartiere) **Olengo (frazione) *Lumellogno **Lumellogno (frazione) **Casalgiate (frazione) **Pagliate (frazione) **Gionzana (frazione) *Pernate ==Notable people== *Alessandro Antonelli, architect *Gianni Bettini (1860–1938), inventor *Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia (1915–1944), aviator *Gaspare Campari, inventor *Felice Casorati (1883–1963), painter *Marchesa Colombi, writer *Enzo Emanuele (born 1977), medical researcher *Gaudenzio Ferrari, painter *Domenico Fioravanti (born 1977), swimmer *Vittorio Gregotti (1927–2020), architect *Isabella Leonarda (1620–1704), composer *Matias Masucci, actor, director *Mario Miltone, professional footballer *Roberto Passarin (1934–1982), Italian professional football player *Silvio Piola, football player *Riccardo Rattazzi (born 1964), physicist *Giuseppe Ravizza, inventor *Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1918–2012), former Italian President of the republic *Sergio Tacchini, tennis player *Tommaso Tommasina (1855-1935), painter ==Twin towns – sister cities== Novara is twinned with: * Chalon-sur- Saône, France, since 1970 * Koblenz, Germany, since 1991 ==See also== *Battle of Novara (1513) *Battle of Novara (1849) *Battle of Bicocca *Novara Calcio football club *Province of Novara ==References== ==Bibliography== ==External links== *Comune di Novara, city government website *Turismo Novara (tourist office) Category:Castles in Italy Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont |
Typhoon Durian, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Reming, was a deadly tropical cyclone that wreaked havoc in the Philippines and later crossed the Malay Peninsula in late November 2006, causing massive loss of life when mudflows from the Mayon Volcano buried many villages. Durian first made landfall in the Philippines, packing strong winds and heavy rains that caused mudflows near Mayon Volcano. After causing massive damage in the Philippines, it exited into the South China Sea and weakened slightly, before managing to reorganise and restrengthen into a typhoon shortly before its second landfall, this time in Vietnam near Ho Chi Minh City, causing further damage of more than US$450 million. In all, Durian killed almost 2,000 people,Analysis: Indonesia: Earthquake - May 2006, Disaster data: A balanced perspective - Mar 2007, Analysis: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Durian - Dec 2006, Disaster data: A balanced perspective - Mar 2007Situation Reports: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Durian - Dec 2006, Viet Nam: Typhoons Revised Appeal No. MDRVN001 Operation Update No. 3, Situation Reports: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Xangsane - Sep 2006, Viet Nam: Typhoons Revised Appeal No. MDRVN001 Operation and left hundreds more missing. Damages in the Philippines from the typhoon amounted to 5.086 billion PHP (US$130 million). ==Meteorological history== Typhoon Durian formed as a tropical depression on November 24, 2006 near Chuuk State. Situated south of a ridge, the system tracked west-northwest through a region of low wind shear and good upper-level divergence. Late on November 26, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Durian by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Steady strengthening took place over the following two days as the system approached the Philippines. After attaining typhoon status on November 29, Durian underwent a period of rapid intensification, culminating with it attaining peak 10 minute maximum sustained winds of and a central barometric pressure of 915 mbar (hPa; 27.02 inHg). Durian brushed the southern coast of the Catanduanes at this intensity on November 30, where a record gust of was observed. right|thumb|Typhoon Durian at its secondary peak intensity on December 3\. Slight weakening took place before the storm made landfall in the Bicol Region. Land interaction precipitated further degradation of storm, though it retained typhoon status upon emerging over the South China Sea on December 1, having passed just south of Metro Manila. Some re-intensification occurred, with Durian reaching a secondary peak on December 3\. Subsequently, increasingly hostile conditions caused the system to weaken to a severe tropical storm as it turned southwest. The storm had initial intensifies before struck southern Vietnam early on December 5 as a minimal typhoon before diminishing to a tropical depression. The system turned westward once again and crossed the Malay Peninsula. The JMA ceased tracking the storm on December 6 when it crossed west of 100° E and into the North Indian Ocean basin, although the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) continued tracking it through the Bay of Bengal. Failing to reorganize, Durian degenerated into a remnant low on December 6, before ultimately dissipating three days later off the coast of Andhra Pradesh, India, on December 9. ==Preparations== ===Philippines=== thumb|left|Typhoon Durian on November 30, making landfall over the Philippines. The Bicol region, where Durian first struck, is located at the southeastern portion of the Philippine island of Luzon, and is affected by an average of 8.4 tropical cyclones per year. Before Durian made its damaging landfall in the Philippines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) issued various tropical cyclone warnings and watches, including Public Storm Warning Signal #4 for Catanduanes, Albay, and both Camarines Sur and Norte provinces; this is the highest warning signal, in which winds of over 100 km/h (60 mph) were expected. PAGASA turned off its weather radar in Virac to prevent damage. The Philippines' National Disaster Coordinating Council issued severe weather bulletins and advisories, and overall, 25 provinces in the archipelago were placed on storm alert. Residents in warning areas were advised of the potential for storm surge, flash flooding, and landslides. The severe threat of the typhoon prompted over 1.3 million people to evacuate their homes, many of whom stayed in the 909 storm shelters. Officials advised residents in low-lying areas to seek higher grounds. School classes in Sorsogon and in Northern and Eastern Samar were suspended, and many buildings opened up as storm shelters. In Naga City, about 1,500 citizens left for emergency shelters. 1,000 were evacuated elsewhere in the region, including 120 in the capital city of Manila and more than 800 in Legazpi City. The threat of the typhoon caused ferry, bus, and airline services to be canceled, stranding thousands of people for several days. All shipping traffic was halted in the Mimaropa region. The Philippine Coast Guard grounded all vessels on open waters, stranding around 4,000 ferry passengers in Quezon province. PAGASA turned off its weather radar in Virac to prevent damage. ===Vietnam=== On November 30, while the typhoon was over the Philippines, the Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control and the National Committee for Search and Rescue sent telegraphs advising of the typhoon to search and rescue teams stationed along the entire coast of the country (Quảng Ninh province to Cà Mau). All provinces along the South China Sea were advised to assist an estimated 14,585 vessels in the path of the storm. All craft were later banned from leaving harbors. Requests were also made to neighboring countries to allow Vietnamese fishermen to take refuge in their ports. Strong wind warnings were disseminated to residents between Phú Yên and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces by December 2\. These areas, as well as the inland provinces of Đắk Lắk, Lâm Đồng, and Bình Phước redirected all focus on the typhoon and the potential for life-threatening flash flooding. Evacuation orders for southern provinces were issued by December 3, with Deputy Prime Minister Nguyễn Sinh Hùng stating, "the evacuation must be completed by Monday morning [December 4]." Threatening an area not frequented by typhoons, many residents did not heed warnings as weather conditions ahead of the storm were calm. Approximately 6,800 people in Ninh Thuận province complied with the evacuation orders; however, officials requested the assistance of the Vietnamese Army to relocate roughly 90,000 people. Following an unpredicted southerly shift in the storm's track towards the Mekong Delta, Hung later urged residents and officials to prepare for the storm, such that "all provinces should prepare so that we do not have another Linda." ==Impact== ===Yap=== Early in its duration, Durian produced light winds on Yap in the Caroline Islands, gusting to , as well as light rainfall totaling . Ahead of the storm, the National Weather Service on Guam issued a tropical storm warning for various islands in Yap State. ===Philippines=== right|thumb|Satellite-derived rainfall totals due to Durian for the period November 24 to December 1, 2006, for the Central Philippines. Rainfall totals exceeding 200 mm (~8 inches) are shown in red and extend from the western Philippine Sea across southern sections of Luzon, Catanduanes Island, and northern Samar. Typhoon Durian affected about 3.5 million people in the Philippines, of whom about 120,000 were left homeless. Durian damaged 588,037 houses, including 228,436 that were destroyed, many of which were made out of wood. Across the country, the storm wrecked 5,685 schools, estimated at US$63.5 million in damage. The Bicol Region accounted for 79% of the damaged schools, affecting around 357,400 children. Damage was estimated at ₱5.45 billion (PHP, US$110 million). As of December 27, 2006, the death toll stood at 734, with 762 missing. The International Disaster Database listed 1,399 deaths in the Philippines related to Durian, making it the second deadliest natural disaster in 2006 after an earthquake in Indonesia. While crossing the Philippines, Durian dropped of rainfall at Legazpi, Albay in 24 hours, including an hourly total of . The 24 hour total was the highest in 40 years for a station in the Bicol region. Heavy rainfall caused rivers and irrigation canals to exceed their banks. Many creeks and small streams were flooded in the Bicol region. Gusts were estimated as high as . While the typhoon moved through the country, it caused complete power outages in Albay, Sorsogon, Camarines Sur, and Camarines Norte, affecting tens of thousands of residents. Initially, disrupted communications prevented details about the damage in the worst struck areas. The worst of the storm effects were in Albay, Camarines Sur, Cataduanes, Mindoro, and Quezon. On Catanduanes Island, Durian destroyed about half of the houses in the capital city of Virac. The powerful winds of the typhoon blew away houses and uprooted trees, All of the trees in Bacagay were knocked down, affecting the livelihood of half of the residents. Throughout the country, about of rice fields were destroyed, accounting for 65,481 metric tons of corn; 19,420 metric tons of rice were also damaged. However, the crops were already harvested, so the storm's agriculture effects were minor. The storm also wrecked 1,200 fishing boats, severely affecting the local fishing industry, and killed many livestock. ====Mayon Volcano==== The eye of Durian passed near Mayon Volcano as it struck the Bicol region. In the mountainous region, a process known as orographic lift produced heavier rainfall than near the coast, with totals possibly as high as 600 mm (24 in). On November 30, the rainfall became very heavy and prolonged, saturating the soil. Lahars - a type of landslide originating from a volcanic ash - formed quickly along the southern and eastern rims of Mayon Volcano, which had produced a fresh layer of ash in August 2006. The lahars destroyed dykes and dams meant to contain the debris flow, which were not designed to prevent major landslides. Warnings were issued for potential lahars, but the rapid development of the debris flows as well as power outages meant populations did not receive adequate warning. Initially, the lahars were contained by a layer of grasslands, although the unstable nature of the volcanic soil caused the grounds to collapse. Within 21 minutes, the lahars descended Mayon Volcano, quickly covering and wrecking six communities. After the initial series of lahars, further ash flow descended to the ocean to the north of Mayon Volcano. Areas around the volcano were inundated with 1.5 m (5 ft) of floodwaters. Widespread flooding was also reported in Legazpi City. North of Legazpi, the ash flow covered or damaged portions of the Pan-Philippine Highway. In the small barangay - small town - of Maipon, nearby streams coalesced into a valley filled with muddy waters. The landslide arrived quickly and washed away or destroyed houses in the path. Several people died while attempting to cross to higher grounds. Similar conditions affected nearby Daraga, where 149 people died. Around that city, the landslide reached deep and wide, enough to cover 3 story buildings, while floods enlarged the nearby Yawa River by 600%. About 13,000 families had to leave their homes due to the landslides. Many roads and bridges were wrecked around the volcano, which halted transportation and impacted relief work. In Albay province alone, there were 604 deaths and 1,465 people who sustained injuries. Damage in the province totaled $71 million (USD). The storm also damaged 702 of the 704 schools in the province. ===Vietnam=== Durian brought maximum 10-mins sustained winds up to 110 km/h and gusted to 150 km/h to the southern Vietnamese coastline. Strong winds capsized several boats offshore Vietnam, killing two with one missing. In Bình Thuận Province alone, 820 boats sank, and throughout the country 896 fishing boats sank. Heavy rainfall from the typhoon destroyed 22 schools and 1,120 houses in Bình Thuận Province. Strong winds from Durian blew off the roofs of about 500 houses in Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province. Throughout the nation, the passage of the typhoon destroyed 34,000 homes, with an additional 166,000 damaged. Typhoon Durian killed 85 in the country and injured 1,379 others. Total damages were 7,234 billion VND (US$450 million).2006 VIETNAM Report ==Aftermath== ===Philippines=== thumb|left|Typhoon Durian Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) image. It shows the well-defined eye of the storm and the clouds surrounding it. On December 3, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared a state of national calamity, due to the successive impacts of typhoons Xangsane, Cimaron, and Durian. Arroyo ordered the immediate release of 1 billion Philippine pesos ($20.7 million, 2006 USD) for relief in areas affected by typhoons Durian, Xangsane, and Cimaron. This relief fund was increased to 3.6 billion pesos ($74.8 million, 2006 USD) on December 6, including an additional 150 million pesos ($3.1 million) for power grid repair.Manila Bulletin Online The government used over ₱500 million (PHP) from their Countryside Development Fund. Soon after Durian exited the country, workers began restoring power lines and clearing debris and trees from roads, which was required before relief agencies reached the hardest hit areas. As of December 1, 3,316 families had fled their homes to storm shelters. Immediately after the storm's landfall, reports of deaths or injuries had not yet reached the media centres. As officials made contact with the hardest hit areas, the death toll quickly rose to 190 by December 1, and to 720 by two weeks later.Situation Reports: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Durian - Dec 2006, Philippines: NDCC media update - Typhoon "Reming" (Durian) 13 Dec 2006 On December 17, the Philippine government issued a $46 million appeal to the United Nations for financial assistance coping with Durian. This was after the country already depleted its yearly emergency funding for disasters. In response, various United Nations' departments provided about $2.6 million in emergency funding, and by late December 2006, 14 countries had provided donations to the Philippines. By the end of January, only 7.1% of the appeal was raised. By the end of April 2007, four Asian countries - China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore - donated ₱54 million (US$2.2 million) worth of emergency supplies, such as clothing, medicine, and food. Various companies and local organizations donated to the relief effort, such as medicine, food, water, transport supplies, clothes, and money. Individuals and corporations donated ₱68 million (US$1.4 million) in cash and supplies. The international response came shortly after the calamity status was declared. On December 3, Canada released $1 million (US$860,000) for local relief through its embassy in Manila and through the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.Situation Reports: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Durian - Dec 2006, Philippines: Typhoon OCHA Situation Report No. 4 UNICEF donated 4,000 packages containing food, mattresses, and blankets, and UNOCHA donated $1– 2 million (USD) for relief supplies. Spain donated $250,000 (USD) and sent medical teams, medicines, food, and supplies to affected areas.Situation Reports: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Durian - Dec 2006, Philippines: NDCC media update - Typhoon "Reming" (Durian) 06 Dec 2006, 6pm The United States donated $250,000 plus supplies through the USAID program, and the Filipino community on Saipan contributed cash, food, and supplies. Australia released $1 million (US$792,000) through its AusAID program. Indonesia sent two C-130 Hercules aircraft to Legazpi City, carrying a total of 25 tons of food, medicine, and clothing valued at 1.17 billion Indonesian rupiah (US$129,000). Japan pledged tents, blankets, generators, and water management equipment through the Japan International Cooperation Agency. Malaysia donated 20 tons of food and medicines, and Singapore sent two batches of supplies valued at $50,000 (USD) through Singapore Airlines. The Republic of Korea pledged $100,000 (USD) cash, while the People's Republic of China pledged $200,000 (USD). Israel donated $7,500 (USD), mostly in medicines and medical supplies. The Red Cross, which responded to the repeated storms of 2006, launched an appeal that raised $9.67 million for the Philippines. In March 2009, the agency completed the missions responding to the 2006 storms and transferred the remaining funds to help repair from Typhoon Fengshen in 2008. The International Organization for Migration developed the Humanitarian Response Monitoring System in response to problems in the management of the aftermath of Durian, and also provided 12,750 metric tons of building supplies, medicine, and water in the storm's immediate aftermath. OXFAM built 242 latrines and 99 bath houses to ensure proper hygiene. The Tzu Chi Foundation set up a temporary medical camp in Tabaco to provide free health care to storm victims. The International Labour Organization built a livelihood center in February 2008 to help provide jobs to storm victims. The World Bank, in conjunction with the Philippines' National Power Corporation, funded a $21.6 million project to repair the damaged power lines in the typhoons' aftermath. The agencies also upgraded 118 electrical towers by 2008 to stabilize power supply during typhoons. As a result, there were minimal power outages during the passage of Tropical Storm Higos (Pablo) in 2008. Beginning in January 2007, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization distributed about 150 packs of vegetable seeds and farm tools to displaced residents in three Bicol provinces, as part of the sustainable recovery program planned by the Philippine government for storm victims. By a year after the typhoon, farmers had regrown their rice and vegetables, utilizing a rebuilt irrigation system. The World Food Programme supplied fishermen with materials to rebuild damaged boats, allowing them to resume catching fish by May 2007. The agency also provided monthly food rations to displaced residents in Albay, totaling 294 tons of rice to about 6,000 families; however, the food distribution programs ended in December 2007, causing food shortages in the first few months of 2008 among those still displaced. UNICEF distributed 1,750 water purification tablets, along with jerrycans and water containers, to ensure access to clean water. After the successive impacts of Xangsane and Durian caused widespread power outages, the Bicol region lost about $250 million in economic output. The unemployment rate in the Bicol region rose to about 30%, and many who retained their jobs earned less than before the storm. In the aftermath of Durian, all relief activities were coordinated through the Philippines' departments of Health and Social Welfare and Development. A fleet of over 200 vehicles transported relief supplies - food, construction materials, clothing, and medicine - to the Bicol region on December 12\. The Philippine Air Force airlifted supplies and medical teams to Bicol and offshore Catanduanes, with the National Disaster Coordinating Council supplying 17,350 sacks of rice to those areas. The Departments of Social Welfare and Development and the Department of Health sent teams to help victims cope with stress and consoled the families of the deceased, aided by psychiatrists. The Department of Health also distributed tents and sleeping bags, provided vaccines to people in evacuation camps, and ensured proper burial of storm casualties. There was a minor outbreak of diarrhea in the evacuation camps that affected 142 people in Legazpi, and other evacuees were also ailed by the cold, coughing, and fever. Local governments in Albay worked to ensure areas retained clean water by using disinfectants and temporary latrines. The Philippine government provided ₱119 million (US$2.4 million) toward rebuilding the damaged schools in Albay, only 23% of the required cost to repair all of the schools. The government assessed that about 35% of those who lost their houses had the resources to rebuild without assistance; this meant that 144,692 houses had to be rebuilt. Many of the storm victims left homeless resided in tent camps, schools, and temporary shelters, until more permanent buildings were built. The Red Cross housed about 60,000 people across ten provinces in temporary shelters. The Philippine government planned to quickly build more permanent homes, although there were difficulties in securing land and materials for the new housing. By March 2007, government and international agencies only provided 6.9% of the necessary homes, forcing people to stay in shelters longer than expected. By a year after the storm, over 10,000 families still stayed in transit camps in Albay and Camarines Sur. Various organizations helped the homeless secure housing. The government of Italy funded a ₱26 million (US$525,000) project to rebuild 180 houses in Albay. The Italian government also helped build new livelihood centers to provide jobs, provided new boats, and donated about 80,000 coconut seeds to replant trees. In the eight months after Durian struck, the Philippine National Red Cross, in conjunction with the International Red Cross, delivered building supplies to about 12,000 families to repair their homes or build new ones. The organizations encouraged residents to rebuild houses away from vulnerable areas. The International Organization for Migration, in conjunction with the United States Agency for International Development, built 907 homes and new community centers. The Philippine government released ₱76 million ($1.5 million) in funds to build 1,089 houses. UNICEF provided emergency funding to rebuild 50 daycare centers that were damaged by the typhoon. Habitat for Humanity helped repair about 1,200 homes, build about 2,000 new houses, and rebuilt four schools in Sorsogon. Around Mayon Volcano, officials enacted search and rescue missions for victims affected by landslides. Workers quickly excavated lahar-filled valleys, bridges, and river beds to rebuild dykes. Farmers quickly regrew damaged crops, while schools and homes were cleaned and rebuilt. Stronger concrete dykes were built around populated communities. The government developed relocation plans for three landslide-prone areas in Albay. In 2011, the Regional Development Council approved a budget to construct additional dams along the Mayon Volcano to prevent the deadly floods and landslides that occurred during Durian. Dams were scheduled to be constructed around the volcano after a 1981 study, but these were delayed due to budget constraints. ===Vietnam=== In Vietnam, which had recently been affected by Typhoon Xangsane, the national government released 150 billion Vietnamese đồng ($9 million, 2006 USD) in food and supplies to families in affected areas.Situation Reports: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Durian - Dec 2006, Viet Nam: Typhoon Durian OCHA Situation Report No. 2 The United States donated $100,000 (USD), and its Oxfam organisation donated $200,000 (USD) to the most affected provinces. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement launched an emergency appeal for $2.47 million (USD) to support the efforts of the Vietnam Red Cross, which distributed over 2,000 packets of supplies and over 2 tonnes of rice, medicine, and clothes.Press Releases: Southeast Asia: Typhoon Durian - Dec 2006, Vietnam: Emergency funds sought following Durian ===Retirement=== The 39th session of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific/World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee met in Manila, Philippines from December 4-9, soon after the onslaught of the floods from Durian. The committee's regional director stated in their report, "I wish to extend WMO’s sincere condolences and sympathy to your Government and to the Philippine people who were adversely affected by the past typhoons." During the session, the committee retired the name Durian, replacing it with Mangkhut in 2008; which was later retired after its usage in 2018. PAGASA also retired the local name "Reming" in 2006 and replaced it with "Ruby", which was also later retired following its usage in 2014. ==See also== *Typhoons in the Philippines * Other typhoons that impacted the Philippines in 2006: ** Typhoon Chanchu ** Typhoon Xangsane ** Typhoon Cimaron ** Typhoon Chebi ** Typhoon Utor * Typhoon Yunya (1991) - Another strong typhoon that created lahars, resulting from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, leading to hundreds of indirect deaths * Tropical Storm Thelma (1991) - Another deadly storm that led to torrential rainfall and flooding, which killed thousands in the Philippines * Tropical Storm Linda (1997) - Also managed to cross over from the Northwest Pacific Ocean into the North Indian Ocean * Tropical Depression Winnie (2004) - A weak storm that killed more than 1,500 people in the Philippines * Typhoon Haiyan (2013) - Another extremely strong tropical cyclone that also devastated the Central Philippines, remains the deadliest storm in Philippine history * Tropical depressions Wilma and BOB 05 (2013) - Also traversed the Northwest Pacific Ocean and the North Indian Ocean * Typhoon Melor (2015) - Had an identical track though slightly weaker, caused severe damage that led to its name being retired * Typhoon Nock-ten (2016) - Had a similar track and intensity, also had its name retired due to substantial damage * Typhoon Goni (2020) - The strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record, made landfall in the Philippines with 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph), leading to its name retirement. ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== *JMA General Information of Typhoon Durian (0621) from Digital Typhoon *JMA Best Track Data of Typhoon Durian (0621) *JTWC Best Track Data of Super Typhoon 24W (Durian) *24W.DURIAN from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory * Category:2006 Pacific typhoon season R R Category:Typhoons in Vietnam Typhoon Durian Category:Typhoons Category:Retired Philippine typhoon names Category:November 2006 events in Asia Category:December 2006 events in Asia Durian |
Minor planets discovered: 2031 see William Kwong Yu Yeung (born 1960; also known simply as Bill Yeung; ) is a Hong Kong-born, Canadian amateur astronomer with telescopes based in the United States. He is a prolific discoverer of asteroids and also discovered the comet 172P/Yeung. He also discovered the object J002E3, which was first thought to be an asteroid, but is now known to be part of a Saturn V Rocket that propelled Apollo 12 into space. He worked first from "Rock Finder Observatory" (IAU code 652) in Calgary, Alberta, and now works from Arizona's Desert Beaver Observatory and Desert Eagle Observatory . == Awards and honors == The outer main-belt asteroid 40776 Yeungkwongyu, discovered by astronomer Roy Tucker at Goodricke-Pigott Observatory () in 1999, was named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 June 2017 (). == List of discovered minor planets == Yeung is one of the most prolific discoverers of minor planets, credited by the Minor Planet Center with more than 2,000 numbered minor planets. The list below gives most of his discoveries in groups of 50 bodies, sorted by ascending number. 19848 Yeungchuchiu 2 October 2000 20760 Chanmatchun 27 February 2000 20887 Ngwaikin 18 November 2000 22136 Jamesharrison 1 November 2000 22183 Canonlau 23 December 2000 23257 Denny 29 December 2000 23258 Tsuihark 29 December 2000 25750 Miwnay 28 January 2000 25811 Richardteo 26 February 2000 25893 Sugihara 19 November 2000 25930 Spielberg 21 February 2001 26713 Iusukyin 13 April 2001 26732 Damianpeach 22 April 2001 26733 Nanavisitor 22 April 2001 26734 Terryfarrell 23 April 2001 26738 Lishizhen 28 April 2001 26743 Laichinglung 30 April 2001 27596 Maldives 16 February 2001 28963 Tamyiu 29 March 2001 28966 Yuyingshih 26 April 2001 28980 Chowyunfat 15 June 2001 32605 Lucy 23 August 2001 32613 Tseyuenman 27 August 2001 32618 Leungkamcheung 31 August 2001 32622 Yuewaichun 11 September 2001 34420 Peterpau 23 September 2000 34636 Lauwingkai 1 November 2000 26 August 2001 34778 Huhunglick 10 September 2001 34779 Chungchiyung 10 September 2001 17 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 34838 Lazowski 21 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 15 October 2001 18 October 2001 37117 Narcissus 1 November 2000 1 November 2000 8 November 2000 17 November 2000 18 October 2001 25 October 2001 38821 Linchinghsia 9 September 2000 38960 Yeungchihung 2 October 2000 38962 Chuwinghung 5 October 2000 38980 Gaoyaojie 23 October 2000 1 November 2000 26 November 2000 16 February 2001 39300 Auyeungsungfan 30 April 2001 39332 Lauwaiming 11 January 2002 12 January 2002 21 January 2002 12 February 2002 20 September 2000 1 October 2000 24 October 2000 25 October 2000 29 October 2000 41740 Yuenkwokyung 1 November 2000 1 November 2000 41742 Wongkakui 1 November 2000 18 November 2000 23 December 2000 41981 Yaobeina 28 December 2000 29 December 2000 29 March 2001 11 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 17 October 2001 21 October 2001 42295 Teresateng 23 October 2001 14 March 2002 23 December 2000 43597 Changshaopo 31 August 2001 24 October 2001 14 January 2002 18 March 2002 18 March 2002 19 March 2002 19 March 2002 14 April 2002 16 April 2002 16 April 2002 18 April 2002 4 May 2002 4 May 2002 26 November 2000 26 November 2000 23 December 2000 21 February 2001 2 March 2001 27 March 2001 17 April 2001 24 April 2001 25 April 2001 26 April 2001 18 September 2001 25 September 2001 11 October 2001 9 February 2002 16 April 2002 4 May 2002 6 May 2002 9 May 2002 31 January 2001 2 March 2001 2 March 2001 29 March 2001 31 March 2001 17 April 2001 26 April 2001 28 April 2001 28 April 2001 3 May 2002 4 May 2002 9 June 2002 50412 Ewen 26 February 2000 27 March 2001 29 March 2001 31 March 2001 31 March 2001 30 April 2001 30 April 2001 1 May 2001 16 June 2001 17 September 2001 25 September 2001 3 September 2002 26 February 2000 26 April 2001 23 May 2001 24 June 2001 19 July 2001 26 July 2001 22 August 2001 10 September 2001 11 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 18 September 2001 20 September 2001 55381 Lautakwah 25 September 2001 55382 Kootinlok 25 September 2001 55383 Cheungkwokwing 25 September 2001 55384 Muiyimfong 25 September 2001 14 October 2001 15 October 2001 25 October 2001 21 August 2001 23 August 2001 23 August 2001 31 August 2001 24 August 2001 11 September 2001 10 September 2001 11 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 18 September 2001 20 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 26 September 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 15 October 2001 15 October 2001 15 October 2001 18 October 2001 18 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 8 September 2000 20 September 2000 1 October 2000 27 October 2000 1 November 2000 1 November 2000 1 November 2000 26 November 2000 2 March 2001 17 April 2001 17 April 2001 17 April 2001 16 June 2001 21 August 2001 23 August 2001 23 August 2001 25 August 2001 26 August 2001 24 August 2001 25 August 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 11 September 2001 11 September 2001 10 September 2001 11 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 18 September 2001 20 September 2001 18 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 11 October 2001 11 October 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 15 October 2001 14 October 2001 15 October 2001 21 October 2001 21 October 2001 17 October 2001 64288 Lamchiuying 18 October 2001 64289 Shihwingching 22 October 2001 64290 Yaushingtung 22 October 2001 64291 Anglee 23 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 64295 Tangtisheng 24 October 2001 64296 Hokoon 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 25 October 2001 14 December 2001 11 January 2002 11 January 2002 14 January 2002 14 January 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 14 March 2002 18 March 2002 20 March 2002 3 May 2002 30 October 2000 1 November 2000 29 December 2000 30 December 2000 3 January 2001 31 January 2001 16 February 2001 22 August 2001 10 September 2001 11 September 2001 25 September 2001 15 October 2001 17 October 2001 17 October 2001 11 January 2002 11 January 2002 11 January 2002 21 January 2002 8 February 2002 9 February 2002 12 February 2002 13 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 March 2002 14 March 2002 18 March 2002 19 March 2002 18 March 2002 12 April 2002 15 April 2002 15 April 2002 16 April 2002 3 May 2002 3 May 2002 3 May 2002 7 February 2003 71461 Chowmeeyee 28 January 2000 24 January 2000 17 November 2000 20 November 2000 23 November 2000 26 November 2000 26 November 2000 26 November 2000 72060 Hohhot 23 December 2000 29 December 2000 16 February 2001 21 February 2001 26 April 2001 28 April 2001 13 June 2001 11 January 2002 12 January 2002 8 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 19 February 2002 5 March 2002 12 March 2002 14 March 2002 14 March 2002 16 March 2002 19 March 2002 19 March 2002 20 March 2002 15 April 2002 15 April 2002 18 April 2002 3 May 2002 3 May 2002 3 May 2002 3 May 2002 3 May 2002 3 May 2002 4 May 2002 5 May 2002 6 May 2002 73199 Orlece 8 May 2002 8 May 2002 10 May 2002 27 December 2000 31 January 2001 16 February 2001 77138 Puiching 2 March 2001 2 March 2001 77318 Danieltsui 27 March 2001 31 March 2001 31 March 2001 18 April 2001 24 April 2001 27 April 2001 26 April 2001 28 April 2001 28 April 2001 30 April 2001 14 April 2002 3 May 2002 4 May 2002 4 May 2002 5 May 2002 5 May 2002 8 May 2002 9 May 2002 10 May 2002 2 August 2002 13 August 2002 26 September 2003 27 September 2003 28 September 2003 27 September 2003 26 February 2000 17 April 2001 17 April 2001 18 April 2001 22 April 2001 23 April 2001 22 April 2001 25 April 2001 26 April 2001 28 April 2001 30 April 2001 23 August 2001 23 August 2001 25 August 2001 25 August 2001 28 August 2001 30 August 2001 31 August 2001 24 August 2001 24 August 2001 25 August 2001 26 August 2001 26 August 2001 26 August 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 11 September 2001 83362 Sandukruit 17 September 2001 83363 Yamwingwah 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 83598 Aiweiwei 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 83600 Yuchunshun 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 15 October 2001 15 October 2001 15 October 2001 15 October 2001 17 October 2001 18 October 2001 25 October 2001 9 February 2002 4 February 2000 21 October 2000 23 August 2001 23 August 2001 23 August 2001 31 August 2001 25 August 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 12 September 2001 88705 Potato 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 18 September 2001 18 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 88874 Wongshingsheuk 25 September 2001 88875 Posky 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 88878 Bowenyueli 25 September 2001 88879 Sungjaoyiu 25 September 2001 11 October 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 18 October 2001 18 October 2001 17 October 2001 17 October 2001 89131 Phildevries 23 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 25 October 2001 25 October 2001 11 January 2002 19 January 2002 12 February 2002 9 December 2002 7 February 2003 22 February 2003 10 February 2004 9 September 2000 7 October 2000 27 October 2000 19 November 2000 26 November 2000 19 November 2000 29 December 2000 29 December 2000 29 December 2000 94228 Leesuikwan 31 January 2001 23 August 2001 18 September 2001 18 September 2001 18 September 2001 14 October 2001 17 October 2001 17 October 2001 18 October 2001 21 October 2001 21 October 2001 23 October 2001 23 October 2001 24 October 2001 14 December 2001 11 January 2002 11 January 2002 12 January 2002 12 January 2002 14 January 2002 14 January 2002 14 January 2002 14 January 2002 6 February 2002 6 February 2002 8 February 2002 11 February 2002 6 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 95247 Schalansky 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 12 February 2002 13 February 2002 14 February 2002 14 February 2002 14 March 2002 14 March 2002 19 March 2002 20 March 2002 14 April 2002 14 April 2002 14 April 2002 14 April 2002 14 April 2002 16 April 2002 6 March 2003 6 April 2003 24 October 2000 24 October 2000 24 October 2000 1 November 2000 1 November 2000 29 December 2000 30 December 2000 21 February 2001 21 February 2001 30 April 2001 30 April 2001 10 June 2001 17 September 2001 15 October 2001 14 January 2002 19 January 2002 8 February 2002 12 February 2002 14 March 2002 19 March 2002 20 March 2002 14 April 2002 14 April 2002 15 April 2002 16 April 2002 3 May 2002 5 May 2002 5 May 2002 6 May 2002 5 May 2002 6 May 2002 9 May 2002 10 May 2002 10 May 2002 103220 Kwongchuikuen 28 December 1999 27 February 2000 4 October 2000 7 October 2000 1 November 2000 23 December 2000 27 December 2000 3 January 2001 21 January 2001 21 January 2001 29 January 2001 2 March 2001 27 March 2001 31 March 2001 15 April 2001 17 April 2001 23 April 2001 23 April 2001 23 April 2001 23 April 2001 25 April 2001 26 April 2001 26 April 2001 26 April 2001 26 April 2001 23 May 2001 11 June 2001 11 June 2001 16 June 2001 16 June 2001 18 June 2001 19 July 2001 26 July 2001 26 July 2001 21 August 2001 22 August 2001 22 August 2001 22 August 2001 23 August 2001 23 August 2001 22 August 2001 23 August 2001 25 August 2001 31 August 2001 31 August 2001 23 August 2001 24 August 2001 24 August 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 10 September 2001 11 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 17 September 2001 18 September 2001 18 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 110073 Leeonki 20 September 2001 110074 Lamchunhei 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 110077 Pujiquanshan 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 20 September 2001 18 September 2001 110288 Libai 23 September 2001 110289 Dufu 23 September 2001 23 September 2001 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 110293 Oia 25 September 2001 110294 Victoriaharbour 25 September 2001 110295 Elcalafate 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 110297 Yellowriver 25 September 2001 110298 Deceptionisland 25 September 2001 25 September 2001 110300 Abusimbel 25 September 2001 11 October 2001 11 October 2001 14 October 2001 15 October 2001 15 October 2001 15 October 2001 14 October 2001 14 October 2001 15 October 2001 16 October 2001 21 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 25 October 2001 25 October 2001 23 October 2001 14 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2001 27 September 2003 11 February 2004 11 April 2007 7 October 2007 7 February 2003 1 February 2006 22 April 2004 16 January 2005 1 October 2003 8 April 2008 27 September 2003 13 February 2004 31 January 2006 21 October 2006 18 March 2002 26 September 2003 6 October 2007 18 February 2004 15 September 2004 23 October 2001 23 January 2006 26 December 2006 9 October 2007 7 October 2007 9 September 2001 17 September 2001 25 September 2001 15 April 2002 18 December 2003 3 February 2006 9 May 2002 22 February 2003 15 March 2004 6 October 2007 3 November 2007 11 January 2008 17 September 2001 7 December 2002 17 July 2004 22 September 2004 28 September 2003 17 December 2006 6 October 2007 9 October 2007 12 October 2007 3 November 2007 28 September 2003 2 November 2007 9 December 2006 1 January 2008 7 April 2003 28 September 2003 26 November 2006 24 October 2001 24 October 2001 11 September 2002 28 September 2003 22 November 2006 24 November 2006 26 September 2003 16 January 2005 6 November 2007 25 September 2001 20 March 2002 28 September 2003 20 November 2006 12 October 2007 16 October 2007 25 September 2001 25 February 2004 22 September 2004 25 February 2004 12 April 2004 8 October 2007 10 February 2002 24 April 2003 26 September 2003 11 January 2008 23 April 2004 17 December 2006 13 February 2004 8 February 2002 30 September 2003 12 April 2004 25 October 2001 28 September 2003 14 February 2002 25 February 2004 26 September 2003 7 December 2002 28 May 2008 16 December 2003 22 September 2004 26 September 2003 20 April 2004 20 September 2001 19 September 2003 28 January 2006 23 November 2006 12 December 2006 27 September 2003 19 October 2007 3 November 2007 22 September 2004 10 January 2008 4 March 2006 13 April 2004 18 October 2001 18 March 2002 23 March 2003 21 September 2001 8 April 2008 26 October 2014 Co-discovery made with: J. Riffle Co-discovery made with: J. Riffle Co-discovery made with: J. Riffle == See also == * == References == == External links == * Homepage (Desert Eagle Observatory) Category:1960 births Category:20th-century Canadian astronomers Category:21st-century Canadian astronomers Category:Canadian expatriates in the United States Category:Hong Kong scientists * Category:Discoverers of asteroids Category:Discoverers of comets Category:Hong Kong emigrants to Canada Category:Living people Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada |
Dung middens, also known as dung hills,The New Encyclopaedia of Mammals D MacDonald 2002 Oxford are piles of dung that mammals periodically return to and build up. They are used as a form of territorial marker. A range of animals are known to use them including steenbok,Cohen, Michael. 1976. The Steenbok: A neglected species. Custos (April 1976): 23–26. hyrax, and rhinoceros. Other animals are attracted to middens for a variety of purposes, including finding food and locating mates. Some species, such as the dung beetle genus Dicranocara of the Richtersveld in South western Africa spend their whole lifecycle in close association with dung middens. Dung middens are also used in the field of Paleobotany, which relies on the fact that each ecosystem is characterized by certain plants, which in turn act as a proxy for climate. Dung middens are useful as they often contain pollen which means fossilized dung middens can be used in Paleobotany to learn about past climates. == Examples of dung midden production in wild == === Hippopotamus === The common hippopotamus has been known to use dung middens as a social tool. The middens are created and maintained by bulls to mark territorial boundaries. To mark their scent upon a midden, the bull will approach the midden in reverse and simultaneously defecate and urinate on the mound, using its tail to disperse, or paddle, the excrement. This action is called dung showering and thought to assert dominance. The middens, usually several feet across, are constantly maintained during the bulls' travels in the night and day. === Rhinoceros === Dung-midden production is also observed in the White and Black rhinoceroses. The middens are shown to provide cues as to the age, sex, and reproductive health of the producer. Some of the middens can be 65 feet across. Dung beetles are frequently found in these middens and lay their eggs within the mounds. Their presence and activity in the middens also aid in pest and parasite control. Unlike the hippopotamus, rhino dung middens are shared between individuals that are not necessarily related. White rhino middens are distinguished by a black color and a primarily grass composition whereas black rhino middens tend to be brown and contain more twigs and branches, a product of the distinct diets. === Black Garden Ants === Midden formation in insects was first observed in Black Garden Ants, Lasius niger. The middens created by the ants are called "kitchen middens" and are composed of food scraps, ant corpses, and other detritus. A reason for the behavior has yet to be determined though it is thought to serve as a feeding ground for larvae. === Lemurs === The Dry Bush Weasel Lemur and Southern Gentle Lemur are known to construct middens. It is thought that these act primarily as communal latrines and communication tools, signaling dominance and other social cues, for families spread over large tracts of land. === Hyraxes === Hyrax, or Procavia, are small herbivorous mammals from across the African continent and normally inhabit in rock shelters, not typically wandering more than 500 meters from their shelter for fear of predation. These organisms use fixed dung middens for urinating and defecation, often under overhanging rocks in protected areas. Layers of dung are quickly hardened and sealed by Hyraceum, creating mainly horizontal middens. === Antelopes === Middens created by antelopes, as well as other herbivores, play an important role by providing nutrients to certain areas of land. It has been described that duiker and steenbok antelopes defecate in exposed sites, generally on sandy soil, thus enriching the nutrient-deficient areas, as well as depositing plant seed there.Lunt, N. (2011). "The role of small antelope in ecosystem functioning in the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe". PhD thesis, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. ====Mountain Gazelles==== Many gazelle species use middens (see also Animal latrine) for activities related to territory maintenance, advertisement and olfactory communication. Due to the investment required to maintain a midden, it is likely that middens would not be randomly placed throughout the environment, but rather would be distributed on different landmarks. Placing middens on conspicuous sites could attract the attention of hunters and provide the hunters with information about the location and activity of their prey. A group of researchers examined midden selection and use by mountain gazelles (Gazella gazelle) in central Saudi Arabia and hypothesized that if middens are used for territorial or communication purposes, then they would tend to be placed at the largest trees in the immediate area. Additionally, if mountain gazelle midden selection and use was predictable, then this would corroborate poachers' claims that gazelles are easy to hunt because of their predictable behavior. Ultimately it was found that midden size and the freshness of newly deposited feces could inform poachers about the gazelles' rates of midden use and potentially which middens are used more often. It was also found that middens are important communication centers for the mountain gazelles, and they are used by both sexes and by gazelles of various ages. == Ecological Implications == The widespread presence of dung midden use throughout the animal kingdom is coupled with a distinct variation in how dung middens are used from species to species. Dung midden use has been implicated in the context of both intraspecific markers of territory, sexual availability, and a part of anti- parasite behavior, but also as an essential part of the ecosystem, with interspecies interactions between the creators and users of dung midden piles. In some cases, it has been found that midden piles are the focal points of grazing lawns, not the other way around, as demonstrated by high frequency of grazing when old middens are present. === Intraspecific markers of territory === Territory or home-range maintenance is found in many species of animals as a way to divide resources, including food and mates. Often markers are employed to define such territories, and dung middens are one form of the markers employed. An example of dung midden use for territorial marking is found in the mountain gazelle, in which latrines/dung middens are found in the home-range cores and serve as a concentrated area to repel intruders while facilitating communication amongst the members of the female group. This method of dung midden use is distinct from other species such as the Thornson's gazelle and the Günther's dik-dik, both of which use dung middens as peripheral territory markers instead. === Sexual availability === Olfactory communication through dung middens can also indicate sexual availability to conspecifics. In white rhino dung, a mixture of volatile organic compounds present signal the defecator's sex and age class, and depending on whether they are a male or female, also indicate the male territorial status or female oestrous state. Furthermore, dung middens act as a communication center for white rhino groups since the species practices communal defecation, allowing for these signals to easily reach potential mates. === Anti-parasite behavior === Dung with high parasite loads are a significant source of fecal-oral transmitted parasites, which impose a high cost on individual fitness in wild ungulates. Quantifying studies of parasite loads in dung midden piles of free ranging dik-dik found that nematode concentrations were elevated in the vicinity of middens in comparison to single fecal-pellet groups or dung-free areas. Further feeding experiments found that the dik-diks tend to avoid the areas around dung middens when feeding, implying selective defecation and selective foraging where fecal avoidance could play a part in anti-parasite behavior in this species. === Mammalian-termite interactions === Termites are usually viewed as both herbivores and decomposers when present within an ecological community. In some cases, they are the link between mammalian consumers and the microbial decomposers that perform the final breaking down of organic matter within the local cycle of nutrients. A case of this relationship between termites and mammalian dung middens is observed in South Africa, between the endemic blesbok and harvester termites. The blesbok have been observed to deliberately place dung middens when they are in the vicinity of the harvester termite mounds. It has been suggested that this could be due to the fact that termite mounds are built on ground where the surrounding is cleared. This allows the blesboks greater ability to detect predators if foraging in the area, and termite presence in the vicinity could be an indicator of richer resources available from recycling of nutrients. Since decomposers such as termites increase the quality of the surrounding vegetation for foraging, this suggests that there is a positive evolutionary feedback within this interaction, with both participants in this interaction providing resources for the other. == Use in Paleobiology == === Climate Information === Pollen that becomes fossilized in dung midden can provide information about the climate and environment during the time period when it was fossilized. This provides researchers with a better understanding of what historical environmental changes may have occurred leading up to the biodiversity and present day environment of various places. Fossilized hyrax (small herbivorous mammals resembling rodents but more closely associated with elephants and manatees) dung has been found in a rock shelter on the Brandberg Mountain in Namibia, has been found to possess fossilized pollen. Radiocarbon dating places it between 30,000 years ago to modern times, making it the first evidence of pollen from the Late Pleistocene in south-western Africa. The pollen is preserved by layers of dung that are piled upon each other and sealed by urine. The dung found from this time is that of the family Asteraceae, a family not known to be found in Namibia or deserts. This suggests that climate in this area may have been tropical during this time, but it is also hypothesized that the spores were spread either aromatically or aquatically from another location. In an earlier Brandberg Mountain sample from 17,000 years ago, Stoebe pollen was found in dung. There is also the presence of fern-spores indicating a moist climate during that time. This moisture would most likely be from melting and evaporating glaciers and not heavy rain. Sources of midden as old as 6,000 years ago can also be used to view the climate through the presence of certain pollen and the attributed rainfall necessary for those plants to be present and flowering. However, the changing presence of some plants can also be due to erratic conditions such as grazing and human interference by Nomadic people. Although, this is not thought to explain all of the aridity and variation of the area at certain times. The presence of certain flowering plants during the mid-Holocene that require more moisture leads to a conclusion of increased summer rainfall. This also accounts for the seasonal variability as many of plants found in the dung do not rely upon winter rain. ==== Example of dung midden use in paleobiology: Namib Desert ==== Much is unknown about the origins of the unique biodiversity in the Namib desert. It has an arid climate and granitic substrate, which does not favor the preservation of organic material that would typically help provide insight into the history of the biodiversity.Scott, L., and J.C. Vogel. "Evidence for environmental conditions during the last 20000 years in Southern Africa from 13C in fossil hyrax dung." Global and Planetary Change 26.1-3 (2000): 207-15. Web. http://www.paleodiversitas.org/PDF/112.pdf Common artifacts typically used to study environmental conditions such as lake or swamp deposits, caves, river systems, or dune-fields do not exist. Thus it has been difficult to understand the history of the Namib desert. Through the use of dung middens found in various parts of the desert, researchers are able to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions. Specifically, fossilized hyrax dung in shallow cave shelters contains fossilized pollen and dust which contains information on the vegetation that was consumed by the hyrax. Pollen data can provide information on the vegetation during different time periods, and using this data the changes in moisture levels in desert areas such as the desert northwest of Namibia can be determined. While the pollen and dust in the dung provides information on the types of vegetation that previously existed, it is also important to use radiocarbon dating for information on the era that the dung is from. In a town in South Africa, researchers found conflicting data about the time period the dung midden they were studying was from. The initial researchers failed to consider the impact of local radiocarbon concentrations that were higher than usual due to the testing of nuclear arms. Through pollen analysis, radiocarbon dating, and considering the history of radiocarbon levels in the atmosphere, dung middens are able to provide useful information about the historical environment of dry and arid places such as the Namib desert. ==References== Category:Ethology Category:Animal communication |
Manus O'Cahan's Regiment of Foot was an Irish regiment which served during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in the mid-1640s. == History == Manus O'Cahan's Regiment of Foot was a body of soldiers, many of whom fought in Europe in the early years of the Thirty Years War. Historians such as C. V. Wedgwood refer to them as a 'Gallowglass' (i.e. mercenary) regiment. They were actually soldiers who sailed from Ireland to Scotland to fight for the Royalist cause there. Manus O'Cahan () never set foot in England; all of his fighting took place in Ulster and Scotland. Their European combat experiences made them some of the most experienced soldiers serving in the Civil War. Some of the men involved appear in a letter contained in the Ormond papers in the National Library of Ireland entitled "List of men gone unto the Isles. Sent by the Lord of Antrim to my Lord Ormonde, 15 Nov. 1644". The text reads: == Background == Macdonald territories in Scotland originally formed a relatively homogeneous unit with those held by their Irish cousins the MacDonnells in County Antrim. With the loss of the Lordship of the Isles in 1493, these links were severed, leading to nearly two centuries of conflict for their possession, primarily between the MacDonalds, the McLeans and the Campbells. The Hebridean isles of Islay and Colonsay had been held by the MacDonald leader Colkitto, whose mother was an O'Cahan but in 1614, the Scottish Crown transferred ownership to the Campbells in return for pacifying them. Religion was another cause of tension; the Protestant Reformation created a Calvinist Church of Scotland and by 1640, Catholicism was largely restricted to Gaelic-speaking areas held by the MacDonalds in the remote Highlands and Islands. Conflict between the Episcopalian Charles I and the Scots ended with the 1638-1639 Bishops' Wars and installed a largely autonomous Covenanter regime. In Ireland, the post-1609 Plantation of Ulster dispossessed traditional Irish landholders like the MacDonnells in favour of Protestant settlers, many of whom were Scots. Political instability and a desire to reverse these losses resulted in the 1641 Irish Rebellion; the Covenanters originally remained neutral in the 1642-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms but sent troops to Ulster to support their co-religionists and the bitterness of this conflict radicalised views in both countries. The Royalists hesitated to use Irish troops outside Ireland but by 1644, the war in England was turning against them; Randal MacDonnell, Marquess of Antrim, raised an Irish Brigade, containing three regiments of foot, one of which was O'Cahan's. Colkitto's son Alastair McColla was appointed to command the Brigade but his objective of regaining family lands in South-West Scotland would ultimately clash with those of the Royalist leader, James Graham. James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose fought for the Covenanters in the Bishops Wars; unlike England, Covenanters and Scottish Royalists both agreed monarchy itself was divinely ordered but differed on who held primacy in religious affairs. This meant many Scots like Montrose fought on both sides at various times; both the Second and Third English Civil Wars were fought by the Covenanter governments to restore first Charles I, then his son back on the English throne. In June 1644, O'Cahan's Regiment was shipped to Scotland with the other parts of the Brigade. == MacColla and O'Cahan == In 1641, as McColla raised his army in Ulster, on behalf of Randal MacDonnell (Earl of Antrim), a strong Royalist sympathiser, the Irish Rebellion of 1641 erupted. Catholics turned on Protestant settlers who were pouring into the country by the thousand under a much despised plantation programme. McColla, and a cousin by marriage, Manus O'Cahan, were thrown together in a joint Catholic-Protestant Scots-Irish peace keeping force. Finding themselves despised by the Protestants in the force, the Scot and the Irishman rebelled and went on a guerrilla warfare rampage throughout Northern Ireland. In the course of the conflict they developed a new battle technique known as the 'Irish Charge', which involved discarding heavy weapons such as pikes and muskets to rush the enemy to kill them at close quarter with dirks, daggers and swords or even with unarmed combat tactics. It proved to be highly effective, especially against musketeers who needed time to reload powder and shot between volleys. They perfected the art of running directly at cavalry to cut the horses in the bellies and fetlocks as they ran underneath them. This forced the agonised horses to throw their riders. McColla made himself unpopular in Ireland by changing sides, to serve the Protestants, and then changing sides again to serve Antrim and the Irish Catholic Confederation of which Antrim was a leader. As the Scottish Covenant forces declared military support for the English Parliament in late 1643, Antrim hit on a plan to send Catholic troops to Scotland. The aim was for them to cause as much destruction as possible, to force the Scots to withdraw from Ireland, to deal with the increasing crisis back home. Antrim negotiated the plans through the Confederacy's Supreme Council, and with the full blessing of James Butler, Earl of Ormonde, a personal advisor to King Charles. In one Ulster battle, McColla was badly wounded. O'Cahan personally dragged his giant [] friend to safety through heavy fire on a makeshift litter and got him medical attention. King Charles initially recalled his Parliament to raise an army to quell the Irish rebellion. When his Parliament refused to co-operate with him, his efforts to accuse them of treason against the crown led to the English portion of the Civil War. As war erupted in England, Scottish Royalists, as planned by the Confederation, brought the conflict to the fore in Scotland too. On Antrim's orders, McColla and O'Cahan, with Thomas Lachnan and James MacDonnell, raised an army of 1,500 men and sailed for Scotland, intending to avenge the wrongs done to them by the Campbell clan, who were ardent Covenanters. The voyage, through waters patrolled by Parliament frigates, proved eventful. The Scots-Irish Brigade did not have all the vessels they had planned. Three passenger-carrying merchant ships provided by the Kilkenny merchant Patrick Archer were in the small fleet that did sail from Waterford; The Harp, The Christopher, the Angell Gabrielle (Flemish merchantmen) and they were protected by the Jacob of Ross (Irish Merchantman). Many men, and most weapons, had to be left behind. The small fleet captured a group of Covenant ministers sailing for Ulster and took them prisoner. One captive, John Weir, kept a diary of the events from which most histories of the events are drawn. The Scots-Irish landed in Mull on 5 July 1644. They started causing trouble and securing the coast in hope of more men coming over from Ireland. On 7 July O'Cahan led the division that took Kinlochaline Castle, coming under intense cannon fire, but emerging victorious to rejoin the main body of MacColla's men in their own captured territory, Loch Sunart. A group of Irish stayed behind to hold the fortress at Kinlochaline. Earthwork battery ramparts and trenches were dug to help secure the territories The ships were soon lost in acts of piracy against Covenant and Parliamentary vessels that patrolled the waters looking for invaders. Realising that their position was growing increasingly dangerous as, only 1,500 strong, they were hopelessly outnumbered, O'Cahan and McColla started to move inland, recruiting among local clansmen as they went. Many refused, and some proved to be hostile. However, help came from an unexpected source, James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. == O'Cahan and Montrose == Montrose had planned on taking an army from England to serve his cause in Scotland, and made his way to an audience with Prince Rupert of The Rhine. Unfortunately, Montrose arrived just days after the English Royalist defeat at Marston Moor on 2 July 1644. Rupert promptly commandeered most of Montrose's men to replace his own fallen numbers. Montrose decided to go to Scotland incognito, with two allies, Sir William Rollo, and Sir James Sibbart. On the journey through his own country, Scotland, where he was now an outlaw, he learned of McColla's arrival, and raced to meet him. McColla and O'Cahan united with Montrose on the Mull of Kintyre on 29 August 1644. The alliance proved to be formidable. They achieved major victories and won many smaller skirmishes through the heart of Scotland in what became known as their 'Year of Glory' (1644–1645). O'Cahan led a division on MacColla's behalf throughout the Montrose campaigns. The first victory came at Tippermuir, on 1 September 1644. The next, at Aberdeen, on 13 September 1644, was more controversial in that the Royalists, including O'Cahan's men, were involved in the massacre of hundreds of unarmed civilians throughout the city. Montrose wanted to expand his forces and march south, to England to help the King, who was by this time faring badly as Cromwell's New Model Army grew in strength. The bulk of the Scottish Covenant army was now fighting for Parliament in England. However, the successes of Montrose and McColla made the Covenanters withdraw men from England to fight for their home soil. McColla, and the Scottish Highlanders who served with him alongside O'Cahan's Irishry had little interest in England, as they had their feud with the Campbells to address. The Highland warriors who came to their aid frequently left the battlefields to carry home their spoils of war, so they often vanished for months on end, though most did return. The Scottish soldiers who served Montrose constantly drew him back from his planned advances on the English border to have another charge against the forces of the Earl of Argyll, leader of the Campbell Clan. McColla was more loyal to Montrose, but he often had to separate from him to help recruit more men as the army's numbers waned. While McColla was away, O'Cahan usually stayed with Montrose, with whom he became a powerful ally. O'Cahan briefly traveled to Ulster to try to recruit more fighters, but was unsuccessful. When McColla was away on a recruitment drive on 21 October 1644, Montrose and O'Cahan and their men found themselves pinned down at Fyvie Castle by Argyll's forces. O'Cahan led a daring night raid into the Campbell lines to break the siege. The Campbells fled and O'Cahan grabbed the powder supplies abandoned by the deserters. He jokingly told Montrose "We must at them again, for the rogues have forgot to leave the bullets with the powder." It is one of the few direct quotations that history record from him. McColla returned soon after the battle at Fyvie with a battle plan that Montrose regarded as impossible. McColla had raised a formidable body of Scottish Highlanders, all of whom felt a desire to completely crush the Campbell Clan. They were predominantly Macdonald allies like the Clan Ranald. McColla proposed a raid through the heartland of Campbell-owned estates, in effect the complete destruction of Argyllshire. The assault was to culminate in a near suicidal march on Argyll's personal estate at Inverlochy, which was thought impossible to capture. The march on Inverlochy was made, despite Montrose's reservations, though he accompanied the force. Argyllshire was indeed razed. The hundreds of square miles covered were more remarkable for the season–during the winter blizzards of early 1645, when the sea off the coast froze. The culminating attack, and massacre of Campbells at Inverlochy on 2 February 1645 was made after a two- day march over the foothills of Ben Nevis. Argyll abandoned his men and sailed away on his personal galley to save himself. Inverlochy was MacColla and O'Cahan's greatest moment. It is recorded that O'Cahan personally drew first blood. Few Campbell captives were allowed to live. The year of glory was now past its peak. Montrose became increasingly overconfident and began to make tactical blunders. He wrote letters claiming that the victories were all his own doing, omitting the work of his Scots-Irish allies. == Decline and fall == Montrose now had support from Royalist cavalry divisions supplied by the Gordon's Clan, and he barely spoke to the men who had served him all along. On 9 May 1645 came the debacle at Auldearn. Many early historians regard Auldearn as Montrose's supreme achievement and a carefully planned battle. In fact, it was a fiasco, where only luck and the bravery of the Scots–Irish forces saved the day. Montrose had led his men after Covenanters who were seeking reinforcements in Inverness. Failing to catch up with them in time, Montrose camped at Auldearn, as he didn't expect the enemy to have time to launch an immediate counter-attack. In fact, the Covenanters marched all night to be able to attack the Royalists at first light at Auldearn. Covenant musketeers cleaning their guns by firing them created enough noise to warn MacColla's men. Montrose had spread his men over a wide area rather than grouping them. While McColla and O'Cahan held off the attack, Montrose desperately raced around trying to raise the rest of the camp. The traditional story of Auldearn is that Montrose hid his main army in a hollow and set up McColla and O'Cahan as a false front and a decoy target before executing a brilliant pincer movement to trap the enemy. In fact, Montrose was caught completely off guard. MacColla's defence was much more desperate and heroic than has been claimed. Modern accounts have re-evaluated the battle, to Montrose's detriment. The Scots-Irish brigades fought ruthlessly. When a few of Clan Gordon' who had helped them started to panic, McColla personally killed them to prevent their panic causing the desertion of the rest of their clan. One of MacColla's men fought on despite taking a pike through his mouth from one cheek to the other. Montrose arrived with reinforcements only when he had awakened and rounded up his scattered forces, saving the day. Montrose had not hidden his army in a hollow ready to affect a spectacular ambush. Only two major Royalist victories came in the Year of Glory. The Royalists won a resounding victory on 2 July 1645 at Alford. They followed this up with a greater victory on 15 August 1645 at Kilsyth, in effect rendering the Covenant forces of the Earl of Argyll useless. == Philiphaugh and O'Cahan's death == Montrose was now ready to head south through Lowland Scotland and into England, but many of his allies deserted him, as they had little interest in campaigning beyond Scotland. McColla is often accused of joining the deserters, but it is more likely that he left Montrose's side to go recruiting as he had done before. This time, he would be too late. O'Cahan stayed with Montrose as he started to prepare for the advance to the Scottish-English border. Unfortunately, the increasing collapse of the Royalist forces in England meant that more Scots could now be sent back to resist Montrose and his allies. David Leslie, a leading soldier and Covenanter, attacked O'Cahan's men as they were waking up at an encampment in Philiphaugh on 13 September 1645. It was one year to the day after the Aberdeen massacre. O'Cahan's forces and those of the other Irish divisions who had stayed with Montrose found themselves under surprise attack and hopelessly outnumbered. Within hours they were reduced to less than five hundred, but they fought on valiantly. Montrose, who had camped separately from the Irish, tried to fight his way to their aid, but he was forced back and eventually fled. Many were offended by this desertion, but he may have been advised to do so by his officers. David Leslie offered O'Cahan terms of surrender. If his men laid down their arms and agreed to leave Scotland forever, they would be allowed to go free. O'Cahan agreed to this, but Leslie captured the now unarmed force, and O'Cahan witnessed the execution of virtually his entire army. The women and children who had followed his forces were also brutally executed, many by drowning in the rivers around Philipaugh. Colonels O'Cahan, and Thomas Laghtnan were taken to Edinburgh Castle and hanged from its South Wall without a trial. == Aftermath == McColla and Montrose fought on, independently of one another. They never met again. In his late seventies Colkitto retook the Isle of Islay, only but was captured on 1 July 1647. He was executed soon afterwards. McColla returned to Ireland where the rebellion continued. McColla fought and died on 13 November 1647 at the Battle of Knocknanuss. Montrose fought on in Scotland until the King was captured and ordered a general Royalist cease-fire. The victorious Covenanters now forced Montrose into exile. He moved through Europe, and later led an attack on the Covenanters on behalf of King Charles II, using an inexperienced army of Danish and Scandinavian mercenaries. He was defeated at Carbisdale, in Scotland on 27 April 1650. Captured a few days later, Montrose was tried and executed in Edinburgh on 30 April 1650. == Manus O'Cahan in fiction == *Marianne Lamont, Nine Moons Wasted 1976 Pan Books pseudonym of Anne Rundle. A romantic story about the Irish camp follower women who followed O'Cahan and Montrose around the battlefields. *Sir Walter Scott, A Legend of Montrose 1819 – Novel loosely based on the assassination of Lord Kilpont soon after the battle of Tippermuir O'Cahan's men were initially suspects in the murder, which was committed by James Stewart of Ardvorlich. Scott's story changes the identity of the killer, though he names him in the introduction. *Nigel Tranter, The Young Montrose; Montrose: The Captain General 1973 Coronet/Hodder & Stoughton. Novelised version of Montrose's life and times, with O'Cahan as a minor background character. *Maurice Walsh, And No Quarter, 1937; the Royalist campaign of 1644-1645 told from the perspective of two members of the regiment. ==Further reading== * John Buchan – MONTROSE 1918 Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. * Kevin Byrne – COLKITTO! A CELEBRATION OF CLAN DONALD OF COLONSAY (1370–1647) 1977 House of Lochar * * * Stuart Reid – SCOTS ARMIES OF THE 17th CENTURY Vol. 1/. THE ARMY OF THE COVENANT 1639–51 1988 Partizan Press * * * * * * * * ==References== ==External links== * Scot Wars – Alaister Colkito MacDonald * Scot Wars – Alasdair Mhic Colla (Song) * Scot Wars – The Marquis of Montrose * Scot Wars – Manus O'Cahan's Regiment * Scots Wars – James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose, 1612–1650 * ALASDAIR MacCOLLA, GAELIC WARRIOR, Part Fourteen Category:English Civil War Category:Irish regiments O'Cahan Category:Scottish regiments Category:1640s in Scotland |
Freedom from Want, also known as The Thanksgiving Picture or I'll Be Home for Christmas, is the third of the Four Freedoms series of four oil paintings by American artist Norman Rockwell. The works were inspired by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union Address, known as Four Freedoms. The painting was created in November 1942 and published in the March 6, 1943, issue of The Saturday Evening Post. All of the people in the picture were friends and family of Rockwell in Arlington, Vermont, who were photographed individually and painted into the scene. The work depicts a group of people gathered around a dinner table for a holiday meal. Having been partially created on Thanksgiving Day to depict the celebration, it has become an iconic representation for Americans of the Thanksgiving holiday and family holiday gatherings in general. The Post published Freedom from Want with a corresponding essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series. Despite many who endured sociopolitical hardships abroad, Bulosan's essay spoke on behalf of those enduring the socioeconomic hardships domestically, and it thrust him into prominence. The painting has had a wide array of adaptations, parodies, and other uses, such as for the cover for the 1946 book Norman Rockwell, Illustrator. Although the image was popular at the time in the United States and remains so, it caused resentment in Europe where the masses were enduring wartime hardship. Artistically, the work is highly regarded as an example of mastery of the challenges of white-on-white painting and as one of Rockwell's most famous works. ==Background== Freedom from Want is the third in a series of four oil paintings entitled Four Freedoms by Norman Rockwell. They were inspired by Franklin D. Roosevelt's State of the Union Address, known as Four Freedoms, delivered to the 77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941. In the early 1940s, Roosevelt's Four Freedoms themes were still vague and abstract to many, but the government used them to help boost patriotism. The Four Freedoms' theme was eventually incorporated into the Atlantic Charter, and it became part of the charter of the United Nations. The series of paintings ran in The Saturday Evening Post accompanied by essays from noted writers on four consecutive weeks: Freedom of Speech (February 20), Freedom of Worship (February 27), Freedom from Want (March 6), and Freedom from Fear (March 13). Eventually, the series was widely distributed in poster form and became instrumental in the U.S. Government War Bond Drive. ==Description== The illustration is an oil painting on canvas, measuring . The Norman Rockwell Museum describes it as a story illustration for The Saturday Evening Post, complementary to the theme, but the image is also an autonomous visual expression. The painting shows an aproned matriarch presenting a roasted turkey to a family of several generations, in Rockwell's idealistic presentation of family values. The patriarch looks on with fondness and approval from the head of the table, which is the central element of the painting. Its creased tablecloth shows that this is a special occasion for "sharing what we have with those we love", according to Lennie Bennett. The table has a bowl of fruit, celery, pickles, and what appears to be cranberry sauce. There is a covered silver serving dish that would traditionally hold potatoes, according to Richard Halpern, but Bennett describes this as a covered casserole dish. The servings are less prominent than the presentation of white linen, white plates and water-filled glasses. The people in the painting are not yet eating, and the painting contrasts the empty plates and vacant space in their midst with images of overabundance. ==Production== In mid-June Rockwell sketched in charcoal the Four Freedoms and sought commission from the Office of War Information (OWI). He was rebuffed by an official who said, "The last war, you illustrators did the posters. This war, we're going to use fine arts men, real artists." However, Saturday Evening Post editor, Ben Hibbs, recognized the potential of the set and encouraged Rockwell to produce them right away. By early fall, the authors for the Four Freedoms had submitted their essays. Rockwell was concerned that Freedom from Want did not match Bulosan's text. In mid-November, Hibbs wrote Rockwell pleading that he not scrap his third work to start over. Hibbs alleviated Rockwell's thematic concern; he explained that the illustrations only needed to address the same topic rather than be in unison. Hibbs pressured Rockwell into completing his work by warning him that the magazine was on the verge of being compelled by the government to place restrictions on four-color printing, so Rockwell had better get the work published before relegation to halftone printing. In 1942, Rockwell decided to use neighbors as models for the series. In Freedom from Want, he used his living room for the setting and relied on neighbors for advice, critical commentary, and their service as his models. For Freedom from Want, Rockwell photographed his cook as she presented the turkey on Thanksgiving Day 1942. He said that he painted the turkey on that day and that, unlike Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Worship, this painting was not difficult to execute. Rockwell's wife Mary is in this painting, and the family cook, Mrs. Thaddeus Wheaton, is serving the turkey, which the Rockwell family ate that day. The nine adults and two children depicted were photographed in Rockwell's studio and painted into the scene later. The models are (clockwise from Wheaton) Lester Brush, Florence Lindsey, Rockwell's mother Nancy, Jim Martin, Mr. Wheaton, Mary Rockwell, Charles Lindsey, and the Hoisington children. Jim Martin appears in all four paintings in the series. Shirley Hoisington, the girl at the end of the table, was six at the time. After the Four Freedoms series ran in The Saturday Evening Post, the magazine made sets of reproductions available to the public and received 25,000 orders. Additionally the OWI, which six months earlier had declined to employ Rockwell to promote the Four Freedoms, requested 2.5 million sets of posters featuring the Four Freedoms for its war-bond drive in early 1943. Rockwell bequeathed this painting to a custodianship that became the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and it is now part of the museum's permanent collection. Rockwell lived in Stockbridge from 1953 until his death in 1978. ==Reactions== thumb|left|upright|Norman Rockwell early in his career|alt=A black-and-white portrait photo of a young Norman Rockwell with his arms crossed in a light suit coat with a dark tie and white shirt Freedom from Want is considered one of Rockwell's finest works. Of the four paintings in the Four Freedoms, it is the one most often seen in art books with critical review and commentary. Although all were intended to promote patriotism in a time of war, Freedom from Want became a symbol of "family togetherness, peace, and plenty", according to Linda Rosenkrantz, who compares it to "a 'Hallmark' Christmas". Embodying nostalgia for an enduring American theme of holiday celebration, the painting is not exclusively associated with Thanksgiving, and is sometimes known as I'll Be Home for Christmas. The abundance and unity it shows were the idyllic hope of a post-war world, and the image has been reproduced in various formats. According to author Amy Dempsey, during the Cold War, Rockwell's images affirmed traditional American values, depicting Americans as prosperous and free. Rockwell's work came to be categorized within art movements and styles such as Regionalism and American scene painting. Rockwell's work sometimes displays an idealized vision of America's rural and agricultural past. Rockwell summed up his own idealism: "I paint life as I would like it to be." Despite Rockwell's general optimism, he had misgivings about having depicted such a large turkey when much of Europe was "starving, overrun [and] displaced" as World War II raged. Rockwell noted that this painting was not popular in Europe: "The Europeans sort of resented it because it wasn't freedom from want, it was overabundance, the table was so loaded down with food." Outside the United States, this overabundance was the common perception. However, Richard Halpern says the painting not only displays overabundance of food, but also of "family, conviviality, and security", and opines that "overabundance rather than mere sufficiency is the true answer to want." He parallels the emotional nourishment provided by the image to that of the food nourishment that it depicts, remarking that the picture is noticeably inviting. However, by depicting the table with nothing but empty plates and white dishes on white linen, Rockwell may have been invoking the Puritan origins of the Thanksgiving holiday. To art critic Robert Hughes, the painting represents the theme of family continuity, virtue, homeliness, and abundance without extravagance in a Puritan tone, as confirmed by the modest beverage choice of water. Historian Lizabeth Cohen says that by depicting this freedom as a celebration in the private family home rather than a worker with a job or a government protecting the hungry and homeless, Rockwell suggests that ensuring this freedom was not as much a government responsibility as something born from participation in the mass consumer economy. One of the notable and artistically challenging elements of the image is Rockwell's use of white-on-white: white plates sitting on a white tablecloth. Art critic Deborah Solomon describes this as "one of the most ambitious plays of white-against-white since Whistler's Symphony in White, No. 1". Solomon further describes the work as "a new level of descriptive realism. Yet, the painting doesn't feel congested or fussy; it is open and airy in the center. Extensive passages of white paint nicely frame the individual faces." Jim Martin, positioned in the lower right, gives a coy and perhaps mischievous glance back at the viewer. He is a microcosm of the entire scene in which no one appears to be giving thanks in a traditional manner of a Thanksgiving dinner. Solomon finds it a departure from previous depictions of Thanksgiving in that the participants do not lower their heads or raise their hands in the traditional poses of prayer. She sees it as an example of treating American traditions in both sanctified and casual ways. Theologian David Brown sees gratitude as implicit in the painting, while Kenneth Bendiner writes that Rockwell was mindful of the Last Supper and that the painting's perspective echoes its rendition by Tintoretto. ==Essay== Freedom from Want was published with an essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series. Bulosan's essay spoke on behalf of those enduring domestic socioeconomic hardships rather than sociopolitical hardships abroad, and it thrust him into prominence. As he neared his thirtieth birthday, the Philippine immigrant and labor organizer Bulosan was experiencing a life that was not consistent with the theme Rockwell depicted in his version of Freedom From Want. Unknown as a writer, he was subsisting as a migrant laborer working intermittent jobs. Post editors tracked down the impoverished immigrant to request an essay contribution. Bulosan rose to prominence during World War II when the Commonwealth of the Philippines, a United States territory, was occupied by Japan. To many Americans, Bulosan's essay marked his introduction, and his name was thereafter well recognized. The essay was lost by The Post, and Bulosan, who had no carbon copy, had to track down the only draft of the essay at a bar in Tacoma. Freedom From Want had previously been less entwined in the standard liberalism philosophies of the western world than the other three freedoms (speech, fear, and religion); this freedom added economic liberty as a societal aspiration. In his essay, Bulosan treats negative liberties as positive liberties by suggesting that Americans be "given equal opportunity to serve themselves and each other according to their needs and abilities", an echo of Karl Marx's "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs". In the final paragraph of the essay, the phrase "The America we hope to see is not merely a physical but also a spiritual and intellectual world" describes an egalitarian America. In a voice likened to Steinbeck's in works such as The Grapes of Wrath, Bulosan's essay spoke up for those who struggled to survive in the capitalist democracy and was regarded as "haunting and sharp" against the backdrop of Rockwell's feast of plenty. It proposed that while citizens had obligations to the state, the state had an obligation to provide a basic level of subsistence. Unlike Roosevelt, Bulosan presented the case that the New Deal had not already granted freedom from want as it did not guarantee Americans the essentials of life. ==References in popular culture== ===Visual arts=== *The painting was used as the 1946 book cover for Norman Rockwell, Illustrator, written during the prime of Rockwell's career when he was regarded as America's most popular illustrator. This image's iconic status has led to parody and satire. *MAD magazine #39 (May 1958) presented a magazine satire called "The Saturday Evening Pest", which featured a parody of Freedom from Want on the cover. In the parody, the family's circumstances are far from ideal. *New York painter Frank Moore re-created Rockwell's all-white Americans with an ethnically diverse family, as Freedom to Share (1994), in which the turkey platter brims over with health care supplies. *Among the better known reproductions is Mickey and Minnie Mouse entertaining their cartoon family with a festive turkey. Several political cartoons have invoked this image. *The painting was reenacted in the May 16, 2012, season 3 "Tableau Vivant" episode of the comedy television series Modern Family. *Another imitation of the work is the cover art to Tony Bennett's 2008 Christmas album, A Swingin' Christmas (Featuring The Count Basie Big Band). The parody includes all 13 members of Count Basie's band. *A promotional poster for the 2018 film, Deadpool 2 replaced the paintings characters with characters from the film. ===Film=== *A snapshot at the end of the 2002 Walt Disney Feature Animation film Lilo & Stitch shows the film's characters, including some clearly alien life forms, seated at a Thanksgiving table that echoes the painting. *In the 2009 film The Blind Side, when the Tuohy family gathers at the Thanksgiving table, the scene is transformed into a replica of the famous painting. == Explanatory footnotes== ==References== ==External links== * Freedom From Want at Norman Rockwell Museum Category:1943 paintings Category:Four Freedoms Category:Paintings by Norman Rockwell Category:Thanksgiving (United States) Category:Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Category:World War II and the media Category:Food and drink paintings Category:Birds in art Category:Paintings about death |
Elisabeth Judson Shue (born October 6, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films The Karate Kid (1984), Adventures in Babysitting (1987), Cocktail (1988), Back to the Future Part II (1989), Back to the Future Part III (1990), Soapdish (1991), The Saint (1997), Hollow Man (2000), Piranha 3D (2010), Battle of the Sexes (2017), Death Wish (2018), Greyhound (2020), and Cobra Kai (2021). She was nominated for an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her role in the film Leaving Las Vegas (1995). On television, she has starred as Julie Finlay in the CBS procedural forensics crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation from 2012 to 2015, Madelyn Stillwell in the Amazon Prime Video series The Boys and The Boys Presents: Diabolical, and reprised her The Karate Kid role in the third season of Cobra Kai. She currently stars as Anne in the Netflix dramedy series On the Verge. ==Early life and education== Shue was born on October 6, 1963, in Wilmington, Delaware, the daughter of Anne Brewster (née Wells), and James William Shue,Obituary for James Shue retrieved 2/20/2015 a one-time congressional candidate, lawyer, and real estate developer, who was president of the International Food and Beverage Corporation. Her mother was a vice president in the private banking division of the Chemical Bank Corporation. She grew up in South Orange, New Jersey. Her parents divorced when she was nine.Bandler, Michael J. "The Will to Win; New Jersey Monthly, December 20, 2007. Accessed December 23, 2013.[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl- search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p;_theme=cstb&p;_action=search&p;_maxdocs=200&p;_topdoc=1&p;_text_direct-0=0EB36D77B3CAD8B2&p;_field_direct-0=document_id&p;_perpage=10&p;_sort=YMD_date:D Actress in 'Babysitting' takes charge of her life, Author: Bob Strauss, Date: July 12, 1987 Publication: Chicago Sun-Times Shue's mother is a descendant of Pilgrim leader William Brewster, while her father's family emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in the early 19th century. Shue was raised with her three brothers (William, Andrew and John) and was very close to them. Her younger brother, Andrew, is also an actor, best known for his role as Billy Campbell in the Fox series Melrose Place. Shue graduated from Columbia High School, in 1981 in Maplewood, New Jersey, where she and Andrew were inducted into the school's Hall of Fame in 1994. She has two half-siblings from her father's remarriage, Jenna and Harvey Shue. After graduating from high school, Shue attended Wellesley College. She then transferred to Harvard University in 1985, from which she withdrew to pursue her acting career (she was inspired by a friend to work in television commercials as a way to pay for college) one semester short of earning her degree. Over a decade later, in 2000, she returned to Harvard and completed her B.A. in political science. ==Career== ===1980s and early 1990s=== During her studies at Columbia High School and after her parents' divorce, Shue began acting in television commercials, becoming a common sight in advertisements for Burger King, also featuring future stars Sarah Michelle Gellar and Lea Thompson (whom Elisabeth would later co-star with in both television and film), DeBeers diamonds, Chewels bubble gum, and Best Foods/Hellmann's mayonnaise. She had small parts, credited as Lisa Shue, in (1982) and Somewhere, Tomorrow (1983) which provided an early starring role for Sarah Jessica Parker. Shue made her feature film debut in 1984, when she co-starred opposite Ralph Macchio in The Karate Kid as Ali Mills, a high school cheerleader and the love interest of Macchio's main character. She was a series regular as the teenage daughter of a military family in the short-lived television series Call to Glory between 1984 and 1985, which she followed in 1986 starring alongside Terence Stamp in the British horror film Link. In 1987 Shue appeared in the television movie Double Switch (part of the Disney Sunday Movie series), co-starring with George Newbern, who would go on to support her in her first star vehicle, the hugely popular Adventures in Babysitting, in the same year. In 1988, Shue starred in Cocktail as the love interest of Tom Cruise's lead character. The following year she starred in the short film Body Wars, which was used at Epcot in an ATLAS Simulator attraction in the Wonders Of Life Pavilion until 2007. Other roles followed, including appearing as Jennifer Parker in Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990), where she replaced Claudia Wells who declined to reprise the role from Back to the Future because of a family illness. It was around this time her older brother, William, died in an accident on a family holiday. Although her career was on the rise with her playing lead roles, Shue elected to take on the smaller supporting role of Jennifer in these sequels to allow her to deal with her family loss. The sequels were filmed back to back, and she featured prominently in Part II, appearing in bookend pieces in the third part of the trilogy. She auditioned for the Ione Skye role in Say Anything... (1989), being a runner-up along with Jennifer Connelly. In May 1990, Shue made her Broadway debut in Some American Abroad at the Lincoln Center. The following year she returned to cinema where she appeared in the comedies The Marrying Man with Kim Basinger and Alec Baldwin, and Soapdish with Sally Field, Robert Downey Jr., Kevin Kline, and Whoopi Goldberg. Between 1992 and 1994 she appeared in a variety of supporting roles in both film and television. These included the comedy Twenty Bucks (reuniting with Christopher Lloyd from Back to the Future), noir thriller The Underneath, a guest appearance in Dream On, and the romantic comedy Heart and Souls (reuniting with Robert Downey Jr.). She also returned to Broadway in 1993, performing in Tina Howe's production of Birth and After Birth. ===1995-present=== Although often cast as a girl-next-door type, in a career- defining role she starred as a prostitute in the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas with Nicolas Cage. The role earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. She was also nominated for a BAFTA, Golden Globe and SAG Award for Best Actress, and won Best Actress at the Independent Spirit Awards, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the National Society of Film Critics Awards. Her career flourished after her Oscar nomination, landing her diverse roles. She starred in The Trigger Effect in 1996. Woody Allen's Deconstructing Harry (1996) showcased her comedic abilities amongst heavyweight co-stars Billy Crystal, Demi Moore, Robin Williams and Stanley Tucci. Shue also displayed some action movie skills in the 1997 spy remake The Saint opposite Val Kilmer. The thriller Palmetto (1998) afforded her the chance to play a film noir-ish femme fatale opposite Woody Harrelson; she co- starred in Cousin Bette (1998) with Jessica Lange, and Paul Verhoeven's Hollow Man (2000) with Kevin Bacon proved another summer blockbuster. In 1999, Shue starred as the titular Molly as an autistic young woman placed into the care of her unwilling bachelor brother, played by Aaron Eckhart. She played a mother that reveals her dark past to her teenaged daughter in the 2001 ABC movie Oprah Winfrey Presents: Amy and Isabelle. She has since stated she was "extremely proud of that film, which no one ever saw, so it's a good lesson that you do work for yourself and not necessarily for the end result". Shue starred in Leo (2002) with Joseph Fiennes and Dennis Hopper, Mysterious Skin (2004) opposite Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Hide and Seek (2005) opposite Robert De Niro and Dakota Fanning, and Dreamer (2005) again opposite Dakota Fanning and Kurt Russell. In 2007, Shue and her two brothers, Andrew Shue and John Shue, produced Gracie. Her husband Davis Guggenheim also produced and directed. She played the mother of the main character who was loosely based on her own experiences as the only girl on a boys' soccer team. Andrew also appeared as the soccer coach, and her previous co-star from The Trigger Effect Dermot Mulroney played the father of the main character. Andrew Shue initially conceived of it as a story about their late brother William, the oldest Shue sibling, who was the captain of the high school soccer team; he died in a freak accident while the family was on a vacation in 1988. The older brother character of Johnny was based on Will. She also starred in the little seen First Born (2007) with British actor Steven Mackintosh. In 2008, Shue starred in Hamlet 2 as a fictionalized version of herself. In the film, she has quit acting to become a nurse and is the favorite actress of Dana Marschz (Steve Coogan). In 2009, Shue appeared on the seventh season of HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm as an actress competing with Cheryl Hines's character for the part of George's ex-wife for the Seinfeld reunion. In 2009 she starred alongside Thomas Haden Church in Don McKay. In 2010, Shue starred in Piranha 3D as Sheriff Julie Forester. In addition she played the former groupie mother of Abigail Breslin in Janie Jones and a psychologist in Waking Madison alongside Sarah Roemer and Imogen Poots. In 2012, Shue appeared in three wide-release theatrical films: the thriller House at the End of the Street with Jennifer Lawrence; Curtis Hanson's Chasing Mavericks opposite Gerard Butler; and David Frankel's Hope Springs as Karen the bartender in a cameo scene with Meryl Streep. The year 2012 also marked Shue's return to television in a series regular role when she joined the cast of Season 12's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Julie Finlay opposite Ted Danson, and replacing Marg Helgenberger. Finlay is the newest CSI, who just finished anger-management classes. She continued in the role until the end of Season 15 where her character's fate was left hanging in the balance, later revealed in the two- part 2015 TV movie wrap-up finale of the entire series to have died (Shue did not appear). During her time on the series, being a massive tennis fan as well as regular tennis player, she jokingly suggested to the producers they have an episode centered around a murder at a tennis tournament. In Season 13 her wish was granted, and her friends and former pros-turned commentators, 18-time Grand Slam champion Chris Evert, three-time Grand Slam winner Lindsay Davenport and two-time mixed doubles Slam champ Justin Gimelstob appeared in an episode as themselves. She also re-united with Back to the Future alumna Lea Thompson, who guest starred in an episode of Season 14. In 2014 she appeared as a cougar in Behaving Badly along with Selena Gomez, Nat Wolff and Heather Graham. In 2015 she guest-starred in an episode of the Patrick Stewart series Blunt Talk. In 2017, she provided a strong supporting role in Battle of the Sexes, opposite Steve Carell and Emma Stone. She had originally signed on as a tennis adviser for the film which recounts the 1973 showdown between female player Billie Jean King and former men's champ Bobby Riggs. In 2018 she co-starred in Eli Roth's remake of Death Wish opposite Bruce Willis as his ill-fated wife. In the movie, Shue was also re-united with Vincent D'Onofrio, who appeared in Adventures in Babysitting with her. In 2019, Shue took a leading role in the American superhero drama television series, The Boys, with Karl Urban and Jack Quaid, and will be playing the lead role in the TNT television pilot Constance, playing a corrupt former beauty queen. In the latter she will also be one of the executive producers along with Robert Downey Jr. (whom she previously co-starred with in Soapdish and Heart and Souls) and his wife Susan Downey among others. Constance is not going forward to series so remains to be seen if the pilot will air as a television movie. Shue starred in Greyhound opposite Tom Hanks, released in 2020. In the same year, Shue reprised her Karate Kid role as Ali Mills for a guest appearance in the sequel series, Cobra Kai, alongside her original co-stars Ralph Macchio and William Zabka. ==Personal life== Shue married film director Davis Guggenheim in 1994. The couple have three children: Miles William, Stella Street, and Agnes Charles. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1983 Somewhere, Tomorrow Margie 1984 Ali Mills 1986 Link Jane Chase 1987 Adventures in Babysitting Chris Parker 1988 Cocktail Jordan Mooney 1989 Back to the Future Part II Jennifer Parker 1990 Back to the Future Part III 1991 Adele Horner 1991 Soapdish Lori Craven / "Angelique" 1993 Heart and Souls Anne 1993 Twenty Bucks Emily Adams 1994 Radio Inside Natalie 1995 Susan Crenshaw 1995 Leaving Las Vegas Sera Nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress 1996 Annie Kay 1997 Dr. Emma Russell 1997 Deconstructing Harry Fay 1998 Palmetto Mrs. Donnelly / Rhea Malroux 1998 City of Angels Pregnant woman Uncredited Cameo 1998 Cousin Bette Jenny Cadine 1999 Molly Molly McKay 2000 Hollow Man Linda McKay 2002 Leo Mary Bloom 2002 Tuck Everlasting Narrator (voice) 2004 Mysterious Skin Ellen McCormick 2005 Hide and Seek Elizabeth Young 2005 Dreamer Lilly Crane 2007 First Born Laura 2007 Gracie Lindsay Bowen 2008 Hamlet 2 Herself 2009 Don McKay Sonny 2010 Piranha 3D Julie Forester 2010 Janie Jones Mary Ann Jones 2011 Waking Madison Dr. Elizabeth Barnes 2012 Hope Springs Karen, The Bartender 2012 House at the End of the Street Sarah Cassidy 2012 Chasing Mavericks Kristy Moriarity 2014 Behaving Badly Pamela Bender 2017 Battle of the Sexes Priscilla Wheelan 2018 Death Wish Lucy Kersey 2020 Greyhound Eva Frechette ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1982 Lynn Osborne Television film 1984–1985 Call to Glory Jackie Sarnac Main role 1987 Wonderful World of Color Kathy Shelton Episode: "Double Switch" 1992 The General Motors Playwrights Theater Alice Adams Episode: "Hale the Hero" 1993 Dream On Maura Barish Episode: "Oral Sex, Lies and Videotape" 1994 Blind Justice Caroline Television film 2001 Amy & Isabelle Isabelle Goodrow Television film 2009 Curb Your Enthusiasm Virginia Episodes: "Officer Krupke", "Seinfeld" 2012 American Dad! Detective Lacey Sole (voice) Episode: "Less Money, Mo' Problems" 2012–2015 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Julie Finlay Main role 2015 Blunt Talk Suzanne Mayview Episode: "The Queen of Hearts" 2019–2020 The Boys Madelyn Stillwell Main role (season 1), guest (season 2) 2019 Constance Constance Young Television film 2021 Cobra Kai Ali Mills Guest (season 3) 2021 On the Verge Anne Main role (season 1) 2022 Super Pumped Bonnie Kalanick Main role 2022 The Boys Presents: Diabolical Madelyn Stillwell (voice) Episode: "One Plus One Equals Two" ===Theme parks=== Year Title Role Notes 1989 Body Wars Dr. Cynthia Lair Disney attraction ==Awards and nominations== Year Association Category Nominated work Result 1984 Young Artist Awards Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama The Karate Kid 1986 Saturn Awards Best Actress Link 1995 Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Actress Leaving Las Vegas 1995 Independent Spirit Awards Best Female Lead Leaving Las Vegas 1995 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Actress Leaving Las Vegas 1995 National Society of Film Critics Best Actress Leaving Las Vegas 1995 Academy Awards Best Actress Leaving Las Vegas 1995 BAFTA Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Leaving Las Vegas 1995 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Leaving Las Vegas 1995 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Leaving Las Vegas ==References== ==External links== * * * * * Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American actresses Category:21st-century American actresses Category:Actresses from New Jersey Category:Actresses from Wilmington, Delaware Category:American film actresses Category:American television actresses Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of German descent Category:Columbia High School (New Jersey) alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead winners Category:People from South Orange, New Jersey |
This list contains songs which have lyrics that refer to abortion in some manner. == 0–9 == * "$19.99 A.D." by Qwel (featuring Robust) (2001) A song in which rapper Qwel expresses his anti-abortion views.Adams, Sam. (February 12, 2010). "Q&A;: Qwel Talks Career, Religion, and Igloos." Chicago Reader. Retrieved May 23, 2011. Considering the album the song is featured on in 2007, he stated, "Some of it, I look back on it and I think, I was 19 and complaining about things I didn't know nothing about. I don't think a 19-year- old man should do an abortion song. But I'm older now, I could not have known that then."Bergman, Chris. (September/October 2007). "Qwel and the Rise of Galapagos 4." Pause Magazine. Retrieved May 23, 2011. * "6794700" by Birmingham 6 (1994) A song which criticizes the Catholic Church's position on abortion, featuring the line "Don't hide your shame behind the convent wall/Keep your child or don't give birth at all.""6794700" lyrics. (n.d.). B6.tc.dk. Retrieved September 20, 2011 on the Internet Archive. == A == *A Piece of Paper" by Gladstone lyrics: "A legal abortion so the family won't know/A piece of paper says the problem won't grow/A piece of paper makes it alright" * "Abortion" by Cars Can Be Blue (2005) An irreverent duet in which a couple discuss their plans to get an abortion and then mutually declare "killing this baby was the best choice we ever made!"Estey, Chris. (November 11, 2005). "Cars Can Be Blue — All the Stuff We Do." Three Imaginary Girls. Retrieved July 22, 2011. * "Abortion" by Doug E. Fresh & the Get Fresh Crew (1986) Rap song that describes abortion as a "distortion" and states the "world's morals are out of proportion."Koloze, Jeff. (2003). "Abortion and Rap Music: A Literary Study of the Lyrics of Representative Rap Songs." Retrieved June 1, 2010. * "Abortion" by Kid Rock (2000) A song about a man so grieved by his girlfriend's abortion that he contemplates suicide.Graff, Gary. (September 13, 2000). "Pro-life Group, Kid Rock Talk 'Abortion'." ABC News. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "Abortion" by Primate (Marcelo Aliaga) from Chile (1994) The song is focus in the angry vision of baby. * "Abortion Clinic" by Bo Burnham (allegedly 2004-5) A song said to be written when he was 14, highlighting the similarity of pronunciations between the phrases "Feed us" and "Fetus". * "Abortion Is a Crime" by Alpha Blondy (1994) A song in which Alpha Blondy expresses his opposition to abortion.Savage, Joel. (September 13, 2004). "Alpha Blondy and the Solar System." Blogcritics. Retrieved October 28, 2007. * "Abortion Is Murder" by P.O.D. (1994) A song with an anti-abortion message that was included as a hidden track on the band's debut album Snuff the Punk. Reflecting on the song years after its release, lead vocalist Sonny Sandoval said, "We don't do that stuff anymore, 'cause that's not where we're at. You know, we're not about stepping on people's toes." * "Act of Love" by Neil Young (featuring Pearl Jam) (1995) A song about abortion that Young was inspired to record with Pearl Jam after playing it live with the band at a Voters for Choice benefit concert.Weisbard, Eric. (September 1995). "Not Fade Away." Spin. Retrieved May 29, 2010Strauss, Neil. (July 2, 1995). "The Predictably Unpredictable Neil Young." The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2010. Young commented on the song thusly: "See, personally, I'm pro-choice. But the song isn't! This isn't an easy subject to confront head-on. People who say that human beings shouldn't have the right to dismiss a human life - they have a point. You can't dismiss that point. But then there's the reality. There's idealism and reality, the two have got to come together yet there are always major problems when they do."Kent, Nick. (December 1995). "I Build Something Up, I Tear It Right Down." Mojo. Retrieved May 29, 2010. * "Adiós, mamá" by Trigo Limpio (1976) A Spanish-language song written from the perspective of a fetus that comes to terms with the news the woman carrying it intends to have an abortion. Arteche, Alejandro. (February 1, 2008). "Trigo limpio vuelve al candelero gracias al aborto." Soitu.es. Retrieved May 8, 2011. * "All My Life" by Paul Stookey (1990) A song about a woman receiving different advice on how to respond to an unplanned pregnancy."All My Life" lyrics. (n.d.). Noelpaulstookey.com. Retrieved June 18, 2010. * "All Things Go" by Nicki Minaj (2014) A song in which Minaj makes reference to the abortion she had as a teenager.Lovece, Frank. (December 31, 2014). "Nicki Minaj talks about her abortion during teenage years." Newsday. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "Altering the Future" by Death (1990) A song that weighs the potential for abortion and capital punishment to change the course of future events."Altering the Future" lyrics. Emptywords.org. Retrieved August 13, 2011. * "Amendment" by Ani DiFranco (2012) A song calling requesting an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to safeguard gender equality and include abortion access.Farnell, Shauna. (August 13, 2010). "Ani DiFranco kicks open yet another political door." Summit Daily News. Retrieved November 21, 2010. * "At Conception" by Cursive (2006) A song about a priest who becomes involved with a teenage girl whose boyfriend is away at war, then urges her to have an abortion when she gets pregnant, although he regularly protests at the clinic.Raber, Rebecca. (2006). "So, Cursive's Tim Kasher...What's This Song About?" CMJ New Music Monthly. Retrieved August 28, 2010. * "Aurélie" by Colonel Reyel (2011) A French-language rap song about a 16-year-old who decides to continue a pregnancy despite her parents and friends advising her to have an abortion. "Aurélie" lyrics on Colonel Reyel's official YouTube channel. Retrieved July 16, 2011. When asked if he opposes abortion in an interview, Colonel Reyel stated he does not, and explained the intent of the song: "What I'm trying to evoke in the story is that it remains above all a personal choice. It's for the girl to decide whether she is able to give life or not, quite simply. And in the case of Aurélie, she feels ready, we must therefore support her rather than bully her." "Colonel Reyel en interview." (May 5, 2011). Pure Charts. Retrieved July 16, 2011. * "Autobiography" by Nicki Minaj (2008) The final verse of this song is about the abortion Minaj had during her teens and the regret she experienced afterward.Boyd, Mike. (August 10, 2009). "Bringing You Up To Speed: Nicki Minaj." Hip Hop At Lunch. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive."Nicki Minaj Is Hip-Hop's Killer Diva: Inside Rolling Stone's New Issue." (December 30, 2014). Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 8, 2015. == B == * "Baby Killer" by Rackets & Drapes (1998) A Christian rock song that expresses the band's anti-abortion stance.Rockstroh, Joe. (1998). Candyland review. The Phantom Tollbooth. Retrieved August 4, 2012. In an interview, singer Kandy Kane stated the song was "dedicated to Bill Clinton," after he "lift[ed] the law that prevented federal funding for abortion clinics."Olson, Chad. (June 2003). "Rackets And Drapes - Candyland." HM. Retrieved April 9, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Baby (Should I Have the Baby?)" by Cindy Lee Berryhill (1989) A song about weighing various reproductive options, including ending it through abortion.D'Agostino, John. (April 8, 1991). "Berryhill's Brand of Folk Stirs Up the Irish." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 22, 2010. * "The Baby Stays" by Sage Francis (2010) A song which alternates between the perspective of a man upset by not having a say in his partner's decision to have an abortion, the woman herself, and their baby."LI(F)E song descriptions & Zane Lowe interview! " (April 29, 2010). SageFrancis.net. Retrieved August 3, 2012. * "Baby's Gone" by Heavens to Betsy (1992) A song written from the perspective of a teenage girl speaking to her parents after her death from an attempted self-abortion. * "A Baby's Prayer" by Kathy Troccoli (1997) A song in which a child in heaven asks God to forgive his or her mother for having an abortion.Shepson, Bill. (February 2001). "A Song for Wounded Hearts." Charisma. Retrieved August 3, 2012. * "Back Alley Surgery" by Malvina Reynolds (1978) A song Reynolds wrote to protest a 1977 U.S. Supreme Court decision allowing restrictions on Medicaid funding of abortion, suggesting it will cause poor women to turn to unsafe means.Callender, Nan. (January 26, 1978). "Rally defends abortion rights." Synapse. Retrieved August 19, 2011. * "Bad Religion" by Godsmack (2000) According to Godsmack vocalist Sully Erna, a practicing Wiccan, the song has an anti-abortion message. Erna says, "You don't even know me, yet you're deciding to kill me? Look, I'm here. I'm alive inside you. I can't be ignored." * "Bear", by The Antlers (2009) This song is a track on the concept album Hospice, which details the story of a relationship between a hospice worker and a female patient suffering from terminal cancer, their ensuing romance, and their slow downward spiral. When taken out of context, the lyrics appear to be about a couple getting an abortion, however they are actually in reference to the female patient's cancer. * "The Beat of Black Wings" by Joni Mitchell (1988) A song about a shellshocked Vietnam War veteran who finds out his girlfriend had an abortion without telling him.Flanagan, Bill. (May 1988). "Secret Places." Musician. Retrieved May 30, 2010."The Beat of Black Wings" lyrics. (n.d.) Jonimitchell.com. Retrieved May 30, 2010. * "Becky and the Baby" by Jimmy Ibbotson (2005) A song about an abortion clinic bombing that kills a reporter covering a protest outside.Lydick, Robin. (May 15, 2009). "No longer Gritty, Ibby returns to Denver." Highlands Ranch Herald. Retrieved April 9, 2015. * "Bellyache" by Echobelly (1993) A song Sonya Madan wrote about the distress her friend went through after having an abortion.Mistiaen, Veronique. (November 27, 1994). "Daring to be Different." Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 22, 2010. * "Beautiful Life" by Trip Lee (featuring V. Rose) (2012) A song in which Lee urges people to opt against abortion and tells those who have already had one that they can find healing in Jesus.Morden, Justin. (April 27, 2012). "Trip Lee – The Good Life [Album Review (Released April 10, 2012)]." Jam the Hype. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "The Big 'A' = The Big 'M'" by Gary S. Paxton (1978)Cummings, Tony. (September 2, 2011). "Gary S Paxton: From 'Monster Mash' to "He's Alive', an incredible journey." Cross Rhythms. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "The Biggest Hurt" by Barbara Fairchild (1982) A song about a woman experiencing profound regret after an abortion.Hermanutz, Mary Ann. (August 11, 1982). "Pro-Life Luncheon." Cold Spring Record. Retrieved July 22, 2011 * "Birthday I.O.U." by All (1993) A song Bill Stevenson wrote about what he felt going through an abortion with his girlfriend.Crain, Zac. (October 31, 1996). "Don't call it a comeback." Dallas Observer. Retrieved July 20, 2011. * "Bitchcraft" by Strelnikoff (1998) A song mocking religious conservatives who are against abortion. It is written in the voice of a character designed to misrepresent the group. The character vows to correct what he views as morally transgressive behavior. The song was written as a criticism of lobbyists representing the Catholic Church who wanted to change abortion law in the band's native Slovenia. * "Black Chick, White Guy" by Kid Rock (1998) A partly autobiographical song which tells the story of a relationship between an interracial couple, which begins in high school, when the girl gets pregnant and has an abortion."Black Chick, White Guy" lyrics . (n.d.). KidRock.com. Retrieved August 4, 2012.Eddy, Chuck. (July 4, 2000). "Motor Suburb Madhouse". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "Blood on the Leaves" by Kanye West (2013) The third verse of this song is about a man who gets an extramarital lover pregnant and then must inform his wife after his pastor tells him that abortion is not permissible.Holman, Tayla. (June 14, 2013). "Kanye West Raps About Abortion, Spousal Support In New Song." The Inquisitr. Retrieved July 19, 2013. * "Bloom" by Brian Anthony Lynch (2021) A song about every life being a gift to the world and praying for all lives and those who regret having had abortions. It was released on the contemporary Catholic album "Flicker in the Dusk" as track number 6 in February 2021. * "Blue Eyes Like Janey's" by David Huff (2003) A song about a young couple who experience grief after an abortion and later become anti-abortion activists."Blue Eyes Like Janey's" lyrics . (n.d.). GiantWorld.com. Retrieved August 29, 2013. * "Bodies" by The Sex Pistols (1977) A song inspired by an obsessed fan and mental asylum patient named Pauline, who once showed John Lydon a fetus, telling him she had gotten pregnant by male nurses at the asylum."Never Mind the Bollocks: Track by Track." (n.d.). Sexpistolsofficial.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012. In 2009, in response to a conservative website interpreting the song as anti-abortion, Lydon stated, "The lyrics state both cases. I agree with both sides at the same time – not for religious reasons, but for humane ones.""Stories of Johnny." (September 24, 2009). Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved May 29, 2010. * "Brick" by Ben Folds Five (1997) A song singer Ben Folds wrote about taking his girlfriend to have an abortion during their high-school years.Killingsworth, Jason. (April 1, 2005). "Ben Folds Outgrows the Industry of Cool." Paste. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "Broken Inside" by We As Human (2007)Rink, Jon. (August 18, 2013). Burning Satellites EP review. Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "Broken People" by KJ-52 (2009) In the second verse of this Christian rap song, a pregnant girl contemplates having an abortion, but ultimately decides against it.Five-Two Television lyrics. (2009). KJ52.com. Retrieved September 28, 2010. * "Burden In Your Hands" by Underoath (1999) A song in which Underoath explain their position on abortion.Boucher, Geoff. (Oct 10, 2006). "Pirating Songs of Praise." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010. * "Butyric Acid" by Consolidated (1994) A song that takes issue with some of the more violent acts committed by members of the anti-abortion movement when protesting abortion clinics."An Opinionated Pick: The New Revolutions Per Minute." (Spring 1996). On The Issues Magazine. Retrieved November 22, 2010. == C == * "The Call" by Matt Kennon (2009) The second verse concerns a teenage girl about to get an abortion when her boyfriend calls to say he'll marry her and raise the child.Hollabaugh, Lorie. (May 11, 2010). "Matt Kennon Answers 'The Call'." The Boot (AOL Music). Retrieved June 10, 2010. * "Can I Live?" by Nick Cannon (featuring Anthony Hamilton) (2005) A song Cannon wrote about how his mother decided not to go through with an abortion while pregnant with him at 17.John-Hall, Annette. (August 8, 2005). "Abortion theme boosts rap video." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 28, 2007. * "Candy Apple" by xDISCIPLEx A.D. (1997) A song in which the band confront the sugarcoating of abortion by the government. * "Carry the Blame" by River City People (1989) A song about a woman experiencing feelings of guilt after an abortion.EMI Records. (1990). "River City People - Single and Dates." Press release. Retrieved from argiers.com on April 3, 2011. * "Celebrate" by Mack Maine (2013) A song in which Mack Maine references his mother's decision not to go through with an abortion while pregnant with him.Markman, Rob. (March 21, 2013). "Mack Maine Opens Up About Abortion On 'Celebrate' Single." MTV.com. Retrieved April 8, 2013. * "Certi momenti" by Pierangelo Bertoli (1980) An Italian-language song in which Bertoli criticizes a law allowing doctors to opt out of performing abortions on conscience grounds. Occhipinti, Meno. (December 2006). "A Muso Duro ." Operaincerta.it. Retrieved August 12, 2011. * "Children Can Live (Without It)" by DC Talk (1990) A song with an anti-abortion message, about which Michael Tait said, "We were told by people that a lot of times 'issue-oriented' albums are not great sellers, or you'll get a lot of flak for them. To best honest with you, we're human, and we didn't want to get laid out again. But if telling the truth hurts, then it's just gonna have to hurt because that's what we're about. You know, racism is sin, abortion – to us – is sin.""DC TALK – Def, Not Dumb ." (n.d.). CCM Magazine. Retrieved August 19, 2011. * "Choices" by Jeffrey Gaines (1992) A song in which Gaines expresses his view that the abortion decision should be left up to women.Sculley, Alan. (October 16, 1992). "Jeffrey Gaines." Daily Press. Retrieved February 10, 2011. * "Choirgirl" by Cold Chisel (1979) A song about a man who tries to console his distressed girlfriend prior to an abortion.Winterford, Brett. (October 5, 2007). "Ian Moss." The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 28, 2007."Choirgirl" lyrics. (n.d.). Coldchisel.com. Retrieved August 19, 2011. * "Chotee" by Bif Naked (1998) A song about the abortion Bif Naked had at age 18 while married to her then- drummer.Saunders, Dudley. (December 1999). "A Blast Called Bif." Interview. Retrieved November 4, 2007.Bliss, Karen. (June 2005). "The Naked Truth." Access. Retrieved October 10, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * "Chow Down" by 7 Year Bitch (1992)Ali, Lorraine. (July 17, 1994). "Survival of the Rawest." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 16, 2011. * "Clinic" by Crash Vegas (1995) A song about a woman going through an abortion.Schulps, Dave and Antrobus, David. (n.d.) "Crash Vegas." TrouserPress.com. Retrieved April 3, 2011. * "The Clinic" by Hezekiah (featuring Ishe) (2010) The second verse of this song is about what Hezekiah describes as the "pressure of abortion."Masterice, Dmack. (October 6, 2010). "Hezekiah: Breaking Down 'Conscious Porn'." aboveGround Magazine. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "Coathangers" by Graham Parker & The Rumour (2012)Gerstenzang, Peter. (November 21, 2012). "Graham Parker Is Still Pissed." The Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012. *"Con Especial" by Guttermouth. "I don't want a baby and my answer won't be maybe..." * "Con una estrella" by Ricardo Arjona (1998) A Spanish-language song which implores an unmarried pregnant woman not to have an abortion."Singer Brings Intimacy to Stage: Guatemalan Ricardo Arjona Transcends Genres." (June 13, 1999). Miami Herald. Retrieved September 20, 2011. In a radio interview, Arjona stated, "So it has an explanation in the CD: 'This is just a story, not a point of view,' right? Because I believe that such determinations belong to the people who have to make them, and I do not want to get in the position of having to influence people to see what to do with their lives or the life of someone who has a lot to do with them. That's the reason for the clarification and that's why I did not dare record this issue for so long, in order not to make it a kind of anti-abortion anthem, which was not really what I wanted to capture in this song." 1998 interview with Ricardo Arjona on El Show de Fernanda . Retrieved September 20, 2011. * "Convenient Homicide" by Seventh Seal (2004) A song about the band's opposition to abortion, in which they declare, "There is no right to choose/Abortion is murder.""Convenient Homicide" lyrics. (n.d.). SeventhSealBand.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Cool" by John Michael Montgomery (2004) A song about a young man who considers asking his girlfriend to have an abortion until his dad talks him out of it."Spin Control." (May 9, 2004). Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "Le cordon" by Bigflo & Oli (2015) A French-language rap song written as a dialogue between an aborted fetus and the woman who carried it. Savage, Thomas. (May 5, 2015). "Bigflo et Oli rappent pour l’avortement avec « Le Cordon »." TelQuel. Retrieved August 14, 2015. * "Coulda Been" by K. Sparks (2009)"K. Sparks — Inside A Day in the Life." (February 23, 2010). HipHopLEAD. Retrieved July 20, 2011. * "Curse of Blood" by A.W.E. Band (2009) An anti-abortion song that shifts perspective with each verse: the first verse is about the unborn, the second about a woman regretting an abortion, and the third verse about a nation asking God's forgiveness."Curse of Blood" lyrics. (n.d.). Aweband.com. Retrieved May 27, 2010.Bria, Rebecca. (March 7, 2010). "He believes God intervened ." The Dallas Post. Retrieved May 27, 2010. == D == * "The Dancer" by James Lee Stanley (1988) A song that metaphorically addresses facing an unplanned pregnancy, with "the dancer" referred to in the lyrics representing the choice to continue it, or "the sure way" (abortion).Boehm, Mike. (August 17, 1989). "Symphony's Overture to a Pro-Choicer." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 30, 2010. * "Dangerous Place" by Julie Miller (1990) A song Miller was inspired to write after reading an anti-abortion tract reshaped her views.Vink, Jan Willem. (August 1, 1991). "Julie Miller: A heart released and an album worth listening to." Cross Rhythms. Retrieved January 17, 2011. * "Dear Abbie (One Night of Passion)" by Little Sister (1990) A song about a teenage girl writing to an advice columnist to ask what she should do about her unplanned pregnancy."Dear Abbie (One Night of Passion)" lyrics. (n.d.). Rock.co.za/littlesister. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "December" by Frida Hyvönen (2008) A song about a woman who goes to an abortion clinic with her boyfriend.Kaulks, Jocelyn. (February 14, 2009). "Frida Hyvönen Interview." Clash. Retrieved May 30, 2010. * "Dégénérations" by Mes Aïeux (2004) A French-language folk song with lyrics that mourn the passing of the era when Quebecers had large families and condemn modern women for having abortions."'Nous wave' music sweeps Quebec ." (November 10, 2007). The Gazette. Retrieved October 10, 2010. * "Déjame vivir" by Los Yonic's (1985) Written by Yucatecan composer Vicente Uvalle Castillo, it is a Spanish- language song sung from the point of view of the fetus where it asks its mother to reconsider her choice of inducing an abortion. * "Dejame vivir" by Jenni Rivera (2007) A Spanish-language song Rivera wrote as a "plea for life to her mother" after learning that, while pregnant with her, her mother unsuccessfully tried to induce an abortion because she was immigrating from Mexico to the United States and thought it was an inopportune time to have child.Tarradell, Mario. (April 3, 2007). "Standing strong: Jenni Rivera is one tough act to follow." The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "Diary of an Unborn Child" by Mark Fox An anti-abortion song sung from the point of view of a fetus that chronicles its development from its conception until the moment it is aborted.Russell, James. (March 25, 2003). "Lil Markie, 'Diary Of An Unborn Child'." Blogcritics. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "Didn't Wanna Be Daddy" by Jeffrey Gaines (1992) A song Gaines wrote about the conflicting thoughts he had after finding out a woman he was with had an abortion. * "Die of Shame" by Tilt (1999) A song about a young woman who dies giving herself an abortion because her state has a parental consent law and she is too ashamed to talk to her parents.Anderson, Philip. (September 1999). "KAOS2000 Magazine interview with Cinder Block of Tilt." KAOS2000 Magazine. Retrieved May 30, 2010. * "DNA" by Starlito and Don Trip (2013) A song about Starlito wrote about having a woman with whom he was involved decide to get an abortion without telling him. The rapper explained that he consulted the woman before choosing to release the song: "I don't even know if people take that as a real thing that happened when they listen to that song, but if she said she wasn't cool with it, I wasn't gonna put that song out. […] I don't want to step on somebody's toes just for my art, not somebody that I care for."Garvey, Meaghan. (October 23, 2013). "Interview: Starlito and Don Trip." The Fader. Retrieved December 8, 2013. * "Don't Pray on Me" by Bad Religion (1993) The third verse includes the lyrics "A bitter debate and a feminine fate/Lie in tandem like two precious babes/While the former gets warmer, it's the latter/That matters except on the nation's airwaves./And custodians of public opinion stayed back/After vainly discussing her rights/Lay hands off her body/It's not your fucking life!""Don't Pray on Me" lyrics. (n.d.). Thebrpage.net. Retrieved December 8, 2013. * "Don't Worry" by I Wayne (2004)Sanneh, Kelefa. (September 8, 2005). "Reggae's New Old Sound." The New York Times. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "Dr. Hatchet" by Seventh Angel (1990) A Christian thrash song that accuses doctors who perform abortions of committing murder.Hoff, Brian. (September 1, 1990). "Seventh Angel - The Torment." Cross Rhythms. Retrieved March 18, 2011. * "Dr. Tiller" by Kendl Winter (2010) A song Winter wrote about the 2009 murder of abortion provider Dr. George Tiller.Petertil, Tucker. (October 6, 2010). "Music Without Borders: Kendl Winter ." Olympia Sound & Light. Retrieved April 3, 2011. * "Due in June" / "June" by ¡Mayday! (2012) A pair of songs written from the perspective of a fetus. In the first song ("Due in June"), the fetus asks to be aborted, then changes its mind and asks to be born in the second song ("June")."Mayday! - Take Me To Your Leader." (April 5, 2012). HipHop DX. Retrieved August 6, 2012. "June" was conceived after "Due in June" had already been recorded because the group felt they "needed another track to balance that out, a way to talk about not having an abortion." == E == * "Elle attend son petit" by Pierre Perret (1981) A French-language song in which Perret expresses approval of the 1975 legalization of abortion in France. "Elle attend son petit" lyrics. (n.d.). Pierre-Perret.fr. Retrieved April 9, 2015. * "Everyday" by The Saw Doctors (1996) A song about a young woman from Ireland traveling to England for an abortion.Udell, Phil. (April 5, 2006). "What the Doctors Saw." Hot Press. Retrieved September 20, 2011. * "Execution" by Grammatrain (1995) A Christian rock song about the band's opposition to abortion."Riding the Grammatrain." (1997). Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved October 28, 2007. == F == * "La fabbricante d'angeli" by Le Orme (1974) Occhipinti, Aldo. (May 3, 2003). "Un tributo a Le Orme." Pagine 70. Retrieved August 4, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "Fallopian Rhapsody" by Lunachicks (1995) A song in which the band give reasons they think it is necessary for abortion to be legal.Glenn, Jenni. (June 19, 1995). "Lunachicks: Jerk of All Trades." CMJ New Music Report. Retrieved November 22, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * Fat Lip by Sum 41 (2001) "Doctor said my mom should've had an abortion (echoed)" * "F.D.K. (Fearless Doctor Killers)" by Mudhoney (1995) A song written as a condemnation of anti-abortion activists who use violence against doctors.Darzin, Daina. (June 1995). "The First Great Seattle Band of the '80s Has the Last Laugh in the '90s." Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 21, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "Final Request" by Value Pac (1996) A song about abortion written from the perspective of the fetus. * "First Do No Harm" by Michael J. Tinker (2012) A song written from the perspective of a fetus seeking a justification from the woman carrying it for her decision to have an abortion."First Do No Harm ." (n.d.) MichaelJTinker.com. Retrieved August 29, 2013. * "First Trimester" by Illogic (2004) A song Illogic wrote based on his experience of having a girlfriend get an abortion without telling him.Interview with Illogic. (May 2004). Tastes Like Chicken. Retrieved January 17, 2011. * "Foeticide" by Carcass (band) (1988) A song with very graphic lyrics describing abortion as brutal murder (hence the title). "Foeticides done daily. Frying them inside the womb. Electrocuting embryos in their sterile tomb." * "Formidable" by Sylvain Sylvain (1981) A song written from the perspective of a man trying to convince his girlfriend not to terminate an unplanned pregnancy.Ensminger, David. (August 13, 2015). "More Than a Few Words With the Incomparable Sylvain Sylvain". Houston Press. Retrieved August 14, 2015. * "FORMER FETUS 4 - a rock opera" * "The Freshmen" by The Verve Pipe (1997) A song about a girl who commits suicide as a result of the regret she feels for having an abortion.Carlini, Anne. (n.d.). "Brian Vander Ark: What's Lurking Underneath." Exclusive Magazine. Retrieved October 28, 2007. * "From Womb to Waste" by Dying Fetus (2012)Falzon, Denise. (July 2012). "Dying Fetus." Exclaim!. Retrieved February 25, 2013. * "Fugu" by Marianne Dissard (2011) A song Dissard described as being "about abortion and also about my relationship with my ex-husband.""'L'Abandon (ENG)." (n.d.). MarianneDissard.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "The Future" by Leonard Cohen (1992) The final verse features the lyrics "Destroy another fetus now/We don't like children anyhow/I've seen the future, baby: it is murder.""The Future" lyrics. (n.d.). Leonardcohen.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive. == G == * "Games of Chance and Circumstance" by AD (1985) A song that condemns the legalization of abortion in the United States.Allender, Mark W.B. (n.d.) Art of the State review. Allmusic. Retrieved March 18, 2011. * "Get Your Gunn" by Marilyn Manson (1994) A song written in reaction to the 1993 murder of abortion provider Dr. David Gunn.Manson, Marilyn. (May 28, 1999). "Columbine: Whose Fault Is It?." Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 10, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * "The Gift of Life" by Desmond Child (1991) A song Child wrote about going through an abortion with his high-school girlfriend and the regret he now feels over it.Bailey, Julie. (September 28, 1991). "Desmond Child's songs reflect the times." Lewiston Morning Tribune. Retrieved March 18, 2011. * "Giving You Back" by Robyn (1999) A song from Robyn's second album My Truth that deals with an abortion she had in 1998. Hammar, Filip. (April 15, 1999). "Robyn: Jag gjorde abort." Aftonbladet. Retrieved March 18, 2011. * "God Are You There" by Eternity Focus (2008) A song about teenage girl who has an abortion and is left "tormented day and night by both her choice and her pain.""Stories Behind The Songs." (n.d.) EternityFocus.com. Retrieved August 14, 2015. * "God Has Lodged a Tenant in My Uterus" by Tammy Faye Starlite (2000) A satirical country song in which the singer assumes the role of a character whose oft-pregnant mother sung this song to her as a child to instill an anti- abortion viewpoint.Feemster, Ron. (July 26, 2000). "Nasty girl ." Salon.com. Retrieved May 30, 2010. * "Going Through Hell" by Rittz (2014) The second verse of this song deals with an abortion the rapper talked his girlfriend into getting and later came to regret.Balfour, Jay. (September 10, 2014), "Rittz - Next To Nothing." HipHopDX. Retrieved August 14, 2015.Slavik, Nathan. (September 9, 2014). "'Google Me Bitch': A Lyrical Album Review of Rittz’ 'Next to Nothing'". DJ Booth. Retrieved August 14, 2015. * "Good, Bad, Ugly" by Lecrae (2014) The first part of this song is about how Lecrae took a former girlfriend to get an abortion.Sarachik, Justin. (September 9, 2014). "Lecrae's 'Anomaly' Weaves Through Personal, Emotional, and Physical Struggles as God's Love for His 'Outsiders' Remains (REVIEW)." BREATHEcast. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "Good-Bye April" by Kelita (2010) A song Kelita wrote about her regret over opting to have an abortion during a "very difficult time in [her] life.""Stories Behind the Songs - Heart of a Woman ." (n.d.). Kelita.com. Retrieved December 8, 2013. * "Goose Walking Over My Grave" by Jay Munly (2004) A dark folk song that begins with the narrator reluctantly punching his sister, who is pregnant by him, in the stomach at her request.Polansky, Chris. (n.d.). Munly & The Lee Lewis Harlots review. Eleven Elephants. Retrieved April 9, 2015 on the Internet Archive. == H == * "Halo" by Machine Head (2006) A song that takes a pro abortion, and anti Christian stance. * "Hands on the Bible" by Local H (2002) A song described as being about "guilt over abortion and karma."Friedman, David. (April 4, 2003). "Hard rock duo Local H still keepin' it real." The News-Times. Retrieved September 20, 2011. * "Happy Birthday" by Flipsyde (2005) A song in which a man apologizes to the child he might have had if not for an abortion.Karol, Adam. (2006). "Finding Peace Through Music." Popular Underground. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Hard to Make a Stand" by Sheryl Crow (1996) A song which mentions a woman who is fatally shot on her way to get an abortion.Pareles, Jon. (October 6, 1996). "From Sheryl Crow, Hopes and Fears for a New Tomorrow." The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010. * "Have Me" by Jerry Blackwell (2008) A song written from the perspective of a fetus asking not to be aborted on the basis of its potential.Tripp, Blair. (April 16, 2008). Reality Check review. Campus Echo. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "Hellbound" by The Breeders (1990) A song about a fetus born alive after an abortion.Wilonsky, Robert. (April 18, 1996). "Mind games." Dallas Observer. Retrieved May 28, 2010. * "Hello Birmingham" by Ani DiFranco (1999) A song written in response to the 1998 bombing of an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama.Goldberg, Michelle. (November 17, 1999). "Sharps & Flats ". Salon.com. Retrieved February 10, 2007. * "Hide My Sin" by Lorene Mann (1971) A song about a woman who travels to New York state, which legalized abortion three years prior to the 1973 case Roe v. Wade, for an abortion."Song About Abortion Recorded In Nashville." (January 26, 1972). Times Daily. Retrieved November 22, 2010. * "History" by Bush (1996) Gavin Rossdale has stated that the song is written about abortion from a woman's point of view. * "Homicide" by Focal Point (1996) A song in which the band condemn abortion providers, including the lyrics "A beating heart treated like a worthless piece of trash/I hate what you're doing and I will not let it last." * "How Was I to Know" by Sal Solo (1987) An anti-abortion song sung from the perspective of a fetus to the pregnant woman who does not want it.McClintock, J. Scott. (n.d.) Heart & Soul review. AllMusic. Retrieved August 29, 2013. The song met with negative response upon its release as a single in the United Kingdom in 1987, with radio stations (including Capital Radio and BBC Radio 1) deeming it unsuitable for airplay, and record stores apparently declining to stock it.Giedroyc, Coky. (October 9, 1987). "Sing-a-long-a-Sal faces ban." Catholic Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2013. Solo has credited the song with "more or less" ending his career as a commercial recording artist. * "Howard" by Rickie Lee Jones (1997) A song about a woman haunted by the spirits of the abortions she had. When asked about her views in relation to the song, Jones stated, "I am not sure about the nature of a foetus, if it matters, truly. One wants to hope it matters, because one wants there to be a god, a morality, a good and evil, and if foetuses mattered, it would give some sense that there is in fact more than meets the eye, that the invisible world is filled with spirit, that a being exists even in a couple cells. It may. Or maybe not."McGaughey, Terry. (2001). Rickie Lee Jones interview. Ugly Earth. Retrieved October 30, 2010. * "Human Garbage Can" by Officer Negative (1999)Cummings, Tony. (August 1, 1999). "Officer Negative - Live At The Roxy." Cross Rhythms. August 4, 2012. * "Hypocrisy" by Nuclear Assault (1991) A song in which the band express their support of abortion.Johnson, Richard. (1991). "Nuclear Assault." Curious Goods #5. Article reprinted in Disposable Underground, Volume 17, Number 40. == I == * "I Blew Up the Clinic Real Good" by Steve Taylor (1987) A satirical song about an ice cream vendor who bombs an abortion clinic because he believes it is depriving him of potential customers. * "I Can't Afford It (I'm Gonna Have to Abort It)" by Wendy Ho (2010) A satirical song in which the narrator declares her intent to have an abortion because she feels she cannot support a child."I Can't Afford It (I'm Gonna Have to Abort It)" lyrics. (n.d.). Wendyho.bandcamp.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "I Can't Cry" by The Silencers (1987) A song about the anguished thoughts of a woman who has chosen to have an abortion."I Can't Cry" lyrics. (n.d.). TheSilencers.info. Retrieved August 5, 2012O'Neill, Jimme. (August 1996). "Biography of the Silencers." TheSilencers.free.fr. Retrieved August 5, 2012. * "" by No Te Va Gustar (2006) A Spanish-language song, written by a Uruguayan rock band, about the illegality of abortion in Latin America, and what the group views as the hypocrisy of society on the subject. Varela, Mariel. (October 30, 2010). "NTVG sin vueltas." El País. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Irigoyen, Pedro. (November 2, 2012). "Emiliano Brancciari: 'Lo que nos pasó es inexplicable'." Clarín. Retrieved July 19, 2013. * "I Luv Abortion" by Xiu Xiu (2012) A song that Jamie Stewart wrote based on the experience of a teenage fan with whom he corresponds by e-mail, who found herself pregnant and decided to have an abortion because she felt she was not ready for parenthood.Currin, Grayson. (March 14, 2012). "The travails of Xiu Xiu leader and reluctant Durham resident Jamie Stewart". Independent Weekly. Retrieved August 5, 2012. * "If I Were a Killer" by Galactic Cowboys (1993) A song that presents abortion as rationalized murder, featuring lines such as "If I were a killer, I'd hide behind a doctor's door.""If I Were a Killer" lyrics. (n.d.). Galacticcowboys.com. Retrieved October 10, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * "If These Walls Could Talk" by U.S. Girls (2011)Tardo, Julian. (February 2, 2012). "U. S. Girls - Interview ." Bowlegs. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "I'll Be Good To You, Baby (A Message to the Silent Victim)" by Andraé Crouch (1981) A song written from the perspective of God talking to an aborted fetus.Gersztyn, Bob. (March/April 2004). "Andràe's Music Will Never Lose Its Power." The Wittenburg Door. Retrieved August 19, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "I'll Live Yesterdays" by Lee Hazlewood (1971) A song about a man who would rather dwell in memories than carry on with a failing relationship after an abortion.Rabin, Nathan. (November 3, 2009). "Week 22: Lee Hazlewood, space cowboy/peculiar guy." The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 28, 2011. * "In America" by Creed (1997) A song that contains the line "Only in America we kill the unborn to make ends meet."Scapelliti, Christopher. (November 1999). "Heaven Can Wait." Guitar World. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "In te" by Nek (1993) An Italian-language song written by Antonello de Sanctis about a past relationship in which his partner had an abortion without telling him. Pozzi, Gloria. (February 24, 1993). "Nek intorno all aborto e si va a scuola di parolacce." Corriere della Sera. Retrieved August 27, 2010. * "In the Fields" by Sara Hickman (1990) A song about a woman remembering an old relationship, from how it began, to how it ended after an abortion.Boehm, Mike. (March 12, 1991). "The Many Faces of Sara Hickman." The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 13, 2010. * "In the Line of Fire" by Dogwood (1997) A song about abortion written from the fetus's point of view."In the Line of Fire" lyrics. (n.d.). Dogwood.ws. Retrieved July 16, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "In the Morning" by Anika Moa (2005) A song Moa wrote about the abortion she had when she was 20."Anika's Story ." (April 19, 2005). The Dominion Post. Retrieved March 18, 2011. * "Into the Slaughter Basement" by Here Comes the Kraken (2009)Bondy, Halley. (May 31, 2011). "Here Comes The Kraken: 'Let's Go To The Dark Side'." MTV Iggy. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Invetro" by Organized Konfusion (1997) A song in which duo Prince Po and Pharoahe Monch take on the role of twin fetuses inside the uterus of a crack-addicted woman, one preferring to be aborted rather than face a bleak future, and the other hoping to experience the world despite any possible adversities.McGee, Cas. (1997). "Heads Ain't Ready: Organized Konfusion's Search For Equilibrium." The Bomb Hip-Hop Magazine. Retrieved May 8, 2011. * "Isobel" by Dido (1999) A song about a teenage girl leaving Ireland to have an abortion that Dido co- wrote with her brother Rollo Armstrong. When asked about her song "Thank You" being sampled on the Eminem track "Stan", Dido responded, "I certainly write songs about things that haven't happened to me, and they're just not quite as shocking. Like, 'Isobel' is about abortion. I'm not saying whether I think it's right or not."Willman, Chris. (December 1, 2000). "Shady Lady." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 28, 2010. * "It's Not the Time" by Kendall Payne (1999) A song about a teenage girl struggling over whether or not to have an abortion."Sibling Rivalry ." (c. 2000). CCM Magazine. Retrieved August 19, 2011. * "I Want to Live" by The Right Brothers (2006) A song sung from the perspective of a fetus urging the young woman carrying it to choose adoption over abortion."I Want to Live" lyrics. (n.d.). Therightbrothers.com. Retrieved November 22, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * "I Would Die For That" by Kellie Coffey (2007) The first verse of this song, which Coffey wrote about her experience with infertility, references a friend's abortion as a point of contrast.Sanders, Jonathan. (n.d.) "Kellie Coffey ." Stereo Subversion. Retrieved July 16, 2011.Kent, Sari N. (August 27, 2007). Walk On review . TheCelebrityCafe.com. Retrieved July 16, 2011. == J == * "Jesus save... (I, lucifer pt. VI)" by Babylon Mystery Orchestra (2010) *"Jesus Loves You" by Jewel (2001) The final verse includes the lyrics "They say abortion sends you to a fiery hell/ That is if the fanatics don't beat Satan to the kill."Wiederhorn, Jon. (February 1, 2002)."Jewel, R.E.M. Offer Passion Over Politics At AIDS Benefit." MTV News. Retrieved August 28, 2010. * "Judge's Chair" by Peggy Seeger (1996) A song about unsafe abortion that Seeger wrote for NARAL. It was not well received by the organization according to her: "They didn't like [it] at all. It's not what they wanted. On the other hand, it stops people in their tracks. And it stops me in my tracks when I sing it. What they wanted was an anthem that everybody could join in and sing on."Dreilinger, Danielle. (November 26, 2007). "A Songwriter Who Never Protests Too Much." Berklee. Retrieved December 2, 2012 on the Internet Archive. == K == * "Killers of the Unborn" by Barren Cross (1988) A song about abortion written from the perspective of a fully sentient fetus."Interview with 'Barren Cross'." (July 8, 2008). The Metal Resource. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "Kitchenware & Candybars" by Stone Temple Pilots (1994) A song that Scott Weiland wrote about going through an abortion with a former girlfriend.Scott Weiland comment from VH1 Storytellers performance in 2000: "[It's about] a painful and heartbreaking experience, when a former partner and I went through an abortion. It was a difficult choice for both of us. But thank God we were able to have that choice." * "KKKill the Fetus" by Esham (1993) A song that encourages pregnant women who are addicted to drugs to have abortions. == L == * "L'Annonciation" by Mylène Farmer (1985) A song about an abortion after a rape. L'histoire de la chanson : le premier (et seul) bide musical de Mylène... Mylenefarmeriscalled.net Retrieved October 10, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * "La Femme Fétal" by Digable Planets (1993) A song in which rapper Butterfly gives reasons why he thinks access to abortion should be protected."La Femme Fétal" lyrics. (n.d.). DigablePlanets.org. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive. Fellow group member Ladybug offered the following thoughts on the song in a 2005 interview: "We didn't make a conscious decision [to address issues]. We are conscious of our environments and of our lives and we take true situations in our lives and put it into songs. So that is an issue that every young person has to deal with at some point in time when you start having intercourse and sexual relations and stuff."Friedman, David. (July 1, 2005). "Digable Planets align for tour." The News-Times. Retrieved March 18, 2011. * "Legal Kill" by King's X (1990)Kane, Rich. (March 6, 2003). "Metal? Christian? Gay? ." OC Weekly. Retrieved April 15, 2015. * "Let Me Live" by Pat Boone (1984) Described by Boone as "the anthem of the unborn child,"Hollenbeck, Gail. (March 8, 2003). "Boone sees God's hand in career." St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved October 30, 2010. this song features a children's choir, who take on the role of fetuses in a dream of Boone's, describing fetal development up to three months. * "Let's Get Out of Here" by Blessid Union of Souls (2008) A song written from the perspective of a fetus trying to convince the woman carrying it to leave an abortion clinic waiting room.Argyrakis, Andy. (n.d.). "Believers Come Alive, Speak out." Gospel Music Channel. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Life Inside You" by Matthew West (2008) A song about a teenage girl who considers abortion after becoming pregnant by her substance-using boyfriend, but opts against it, giving birth to a son and marrying the father after he overcomes his addiction.West, Matthew. (January 4, 2008). "New Music Friday - 'Life Inside You'." MatthewWest.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "Lime Tree" by Bright Eyes (2007) The first verse of this song is about an abortion: "I keep floating down the river but the ocean never comes / Since the operation I heard you're breathing just for one / Now everything is imaginary, especially what you love / You left another message said it's done / It's done."McMahan, Tim. (April 5, 2007). "Bright Eyes: It Is Certain." Lazy-i. Retrieved June 18, 2010. * "Little One" by Madison Greene (1998) A song which violinist Erin Beck wrote about her regret over having an abortion. It is featured as a hidden track on the band's 1998 album White Stone Gathering.Delaney, Robert. (March 1, 2002). "Singer's lament over her abortion draws young, old as listeners." The Anchor. Retrieved March 13, 2013. * "Little Ones" by Phil Keaggy (1980) A song in which the singer pleads for people to stand up for the rights of the unborn."Little Ones" lyrics. (n.d.). Philkeaggy.com. Retrieved October 10, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * "Lone Star" by The Front Bottoms (2013) A song about a young couple dealing with the feelings they experience following an abortion.Aberback, Brian. (May 28, 2013). "Bergen County's the Front Bottoms kick off new album with tour". The Record. Retrieved July 19, 2013. * "Lost Ones" by J. Cole (2011) A song written as a dialogue between a couple facing a pregnancy, with Cole alternating between the voice of the man, who suggests an abortion, and the woman, who rejects this idea.Famuyide, Kazeem. (September 29, 2011). "Review: J. Cole - Cole World: The Sideline Story." The Source. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Lost Woman Song" by Ani DiFranco (1990) A song in which DiFranco recounts the abortion she had after becoming pregnant in 1988.Keast, James. (Dec 2002). "The L’il Folksinger That Could." Exclaim!. Retrieved August 19, 2011. * "Lucy" by Skillet (2009) A song about a young couple struggling with sadness and regret after an abortion. They see a counsellor who suggests that to overcome these feelings they should treat the abortion like a death in the family, and so they hold a funeral, buy a headstone, and choose the name Lucy to put on it."'Lucy' - The Story Behind The Song." (March 7, 2011). Skillet.com. Retrieved May 6, 2011. == M == * "Malediction" by Atomic Opera (2000) A song that condemns abortion as evil and asks God to bring judgment on the United States for legalizing it."Malediction" lyrics. (n.d.). Atomicopera.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Malenkoye chudo" (Маленькое чудо, "Small Miracle") by Singing Together (2002) A Russian-language song that encourages young women considering abortion to opt against it. "Поющие вместе: 'Они хотят такого, как Путин'." (November 12, 2002). Pravda. Retrieved July 20, 2011. * "Mama Mama" by Judy Collins (1982) A song about a mother of five and her ambivalence over her decision to abort an unintended pregnancy."Mama Mama" lyrics . (n.d.). Judycollins.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012.Ruhlmann, William. (n.d.) Times of Our Lives review. Allmusic. Retrieved August 3, 2012. * "Mandy Goes to Med School" by The Dresden Dolls (2006) A tongue-in-cheek song in which Amanda Palmer imagines herself and bandmate Brian Viglione as back alley abortionists."The Dresden Dolls Bio." (n.d.). Dresdendolls.com. Retrieved April 9, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Manhattan, Kansas" by Susan Werner (2011) A song about a college student who opts for abortion when her boyfriend declines to offer her support and has to be escorted by police past protesters at the clinic.Penn, Roberta. (February 15, 2011). "Susan Werner promises to get intimate at Thalian Hall." Star-News. Retrieved July 16, 2011. * "Maria" by Roberta D'Angelo (1976) An Italian-language song about a woman who undergoes a risky illegal abortion and "returns to live a little longer but even more alone." Pistorio, Maurizio. (February/March 2011). "Una meteora dei favolosi anni '70." Lapilli. Retrieved August 12, 2011. * "Mary and Child" by Born Against (1991) A song in which the band express their pro-abortion views.Smith, Chris. (September 1, 2003). "Born Against - The Rebel Sound of Shit and Failure/Patriotic Battle Hymns." Stylus Magazine. Retrieved August 20, 2011. * "Miracle" by Whitney Houston (1990) A song L.A. Reid and Babyface wrote about a woman who had an abortion and later felt she made a mistake.1991 interview with Whitney Houston on Video Soul When asked if the song was intended to convey an anti-abortion message, Houston stated, "I didn't sing it with that in mind. I think about the air we breathe, the earth we live on. I think about our children. I think about a lot of things, things God put here for us to have, things that we need and take for granted. I think all of these things are miracles and I think we should try to take better care of them."Waldron, Clarence. (June 24, 1991). "Whitney Houston Performs with Soul and Sass on World Tour." Jet. Retrieved May 7, 2011. * "Moral Majority" by Dead Kennedys (1981) A song that criticizes the now-defunct conservative organization Moral Majority, featuring the accusation, "You don't want abortions, you want battered children.""Moral Majority" lyrics. (n.d.). Deadkennedys.com. Retrieved June 1, 2010. * "Mortal Seed" by Ephraim Lewis (1992) A song Lewis wrote about the experience of his girlfriend going through an abortion.Nathan, David. (July 4, 1992). "Ephraim Lewis' Music More Than Skin- Deep." Billboard. Retrieved October 30, 2010. * "Murder Is Your Name" by Venia (2008)Lippy, Josh. (April 28, 2008). "Venia: Grace, Forgiveness, Hardcore!." HXCChristian.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Murder Me" by Harvey Stripes (2013)Judith, Amalia. (March 31, 2012). "Harvey Earns his Stripes ." HipHopCanada.com. Retrieved August 29, 2013. * "Murder She Wrote" by Chaka Demus & Pliers (1994) A song about a woman who has developed a negative reputation in her neighborhood for allegedly having multiple abortions.Cooke, Mel. (November 25, 2007). "Story of the Song - 'Murder She Wrote' combines old songs." Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Musa di nessuno" by Afterhours (2008) An Italian-language song about a man who feels helpless when his partner decides to have an abortion. Guarino, Paolo. (May 25, 2009). "Un incontro d'autore, un incontro con gli Afterhours ." Dillinger.it. Retrieved August 12, 2011. In an interview, Afterhours frontman Manual Angnelli stated the song was "a piece on lack of communication between men and women," and that it was written for the purpose of "telling a story, the emotions and feelings so raw, without taking sides." D'Ottavio, Pietro. (December 13, 2008). "Gli Afterhours verso Sanremo 'All'Ariston la nostra impronta'". la Repubblica. Retrieved August 12, 2011. * "My Special Child" by Sinéad O'Connor (1991) A song O'Connor wrote about her decision to end a planned pregnancy in 1990 after the breakdown of a relationship.Guccione, Bob Jr. (November 1991). "Special Child." Spin. Retrieved October 10, 2010. * "My Story" by Jean Grae (2008) An autobiographical song about the abortion Grae had at age 16. Grae has stated her intent with the song was to give listeners a vivid picture of her experience: "The whole idea of it was, no, I wanted to do a song that was this real about it. Taking you into the room. The anaesthetic. You're going through the whole process, especially experiencing it as a teenager. And not having anyone to share that with."Harvilla, Rob. (July 9, 2008). "The Trials of Jean Grae ." The Village Voice. Retrieved May 27, 2009. * "Morticians Flame" by Acid Bath (1994) == N == * "Nemoy krik" (Немой крик, "Silent Scream") by Otto Dix (2009) A Russian-language song about abortion that the group were inspired to write by an anti-abortion documentary of the same name. "Otto Dix ." (n.d.). Industrial Madness. Retrieved February 25, 2013. Stupnikov, Denis. (February 10, 2011). "Otto Dix: «Готика – это созидательная музыка»." KM.ru. Retrieved February 25, 2013. * "Nerea" by Sauti Sol (2015) A Swahili-language song written from the perspective of a man encouraging his lover Nerea to opt against abortion.Ngunjiri, Mbugua. (May 5, 2015). "Sauti Sol's 'Nerea': Reasons why the song has attracted both criticism and praise." The Nairobian. Retrieved August 14, 2015."Sauti Sol's Nerea sparks abortion debate." (April 29, 2015). X News. Retrieved August 14, 2015. * "Never Been Born (Mercy)" by Stan Fortuna (1998) A Catholic rap song written from the perspective of an aborted fetus in heaven asking their parents to find Jesus."Never Been Born (Mercy)" lyrics. (n.d.) FrancescoProductions.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Nine-Month Blues" by Peggy Seeger (1975) A song about how failed contraception leads to unintended pregnancy Seeger was commissioned to write by the National Abortion Committee. * "No Apology" by Anti-Flag (1999) A song in which the band speculate that banning abortion would not prevent it from happening and would lead to women dying from unsafe abortions."No Apology" lyrics. (n.d.). Anti-Flag.com. Retrieved May 8, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "No lo perdona Dios" ("That's Not Forgiven by God") by Aventura (1999) Camacho, Alma Rose. (June 2, 2010). "Aventura no se desintegra." ESTO. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Not a Solution" by Chokehold (1995) A song that criticizes the anti-abortion movement, including those of the band's contemporaries in the vegan straight edge scene that adhered to the hardline philosophy, which includes opposition to abortion."Chokehold." (February 13, 2008). Outspoken. Retrieved January 17, 2011. * "Nude as the News" by Cat Power (1996) An autobiographical song about an abortion Chan Marshall had at the age of 20.Frere-Jones, Sasha. (December 10, 2007). "Wonder Woman." The New Yorker. Retrieved April 9, 2015. == O == * "Oasis" by Amanda Palmer (2008) An upbeat pop song about a teenage girl who has an abortion after being date raped at a party, but quickly dismisses the significance of her experience when she receives a signed picture from her favorite band, Oasis. Palmer explained that the song was intended to be "funny and dark" rather than offensive, stating, "When you cannot joke about the darkness of life, that's when the darkness takes over."Palmer, Amanda. (February 16, 2009). "On Abortion, Rape, and Humor." The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2010. * "Odious" by Vigilantes of Love (1991) A song written from the perspective of a man who bombs an abortion clinic. Frontman Bill Mallonee explained the song thusly: "I am not the character nor do I advocate the bombing of abortion clinics. Violence only begets violence. However, one must understand what righteous anger might look like when all options are closed off.""Odious" lyrics. (n.d.). Parting-shot.com. Retrieved August 20, 2011. * "Operation Rescue" by Bad Religion (1990) A pro-abortion song written as a rebuttal to Randall Terry and the conservative anti-abortion organization Operation Rescue.Interview with Jay Bentley. (Spring/Summer 1997). Life in a Bungalo. Retrieved February 25, 2013.Vineyard, Jennifer. (July 3, 1998). "Deep Thoughts with Bad Religion." BAM. Retrieved February 25, 2013. == P == * "Papa Don't Preach" by Madonna (1986) Covered by Kelly Osbourne A song about a girl who decides to carry her pregnancy to term despite the fear of disappointing her father.Dullea, Georgia. (September 18, 1986). "Madonna's New Beat Is A Hit, But Song's Message Rankles." The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2010. * "Pennsylvania Is…" by Everclear (1993) A song that criticizes legal restrictions on abortion brought into place in Pennsylvania under governor Robert P. Casey.1997 interview with Everclear on Rockline. Retrieved from whitelightning.org on July 16, 2011. * "Piccola storia ignobile" by Francesco Guccini (1976) An Italian-language song about a woman undergoing an illegal abortion that Guccini based on common elements from personal stories related to him by several women. Poggini, Massimo. (January 14, 1979). "Noi & Le Donne." Ciao 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Fusca, Maria. (February 4, 2009). "Aborto: alle radici di una svolta epocale." NanniMagazine. Retrieved August 3, 2012. * "Piece of my Soul" by Jim Christopher (1997) A song about a man who discovers that a one-night stand he had resulted in a pregnancy, which was aborted before he ever found out about it, and how he agrees that she made the right call. * "Plastic Rose" by Dave Alvin (1991) A song about a young couple waiting in a coffee shop before an appointment for an abortion.Boehm, Mike. (November 11, 1993). "Alvin Escapes Factory for 'Museum'." The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 12, 2010. * "Play With the Boys" by Exude (1985) A song about a high school sports star whose girlfriend, a cheerleader, gets pregnant and has an abortion without telling him.Lewis, Randy. (January 10, 1986). "Exude Gets Serious in 'Boys' Album." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 16, 2011. * "Please, Survive!" by Lightmare (1997) A song about a woman considering having an abortion that ends with a prayer that she will not go through with it."Please Survive" lyrics. (n.d.). Lightmare.de. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "Porch" by Pearl Jam (1991) As with many of Pearl Jam's early songs, the lyrics are open for interpretation. When performing this song on live tv though, in MTV unplugged (1991), frontman Vedder had the words "Pro Choice" written on his arm, and later that year at Saturday Night Live, he wore a T-shirt with a wire hanger and added the lyrics "A woman has every right to choose...// Choose for herself". * "Potter's Field" by Anthrax (1993) A song about a criminal blaming his mother for choosing not to have an abortion due to her religious convictions.Brown, Joe. (August 13, 1993). "Anthrax: What Makes Ian Run." The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2010."Anthrax remains true to hard-rocking image." (July 2, 1993). Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved December 12, 2010. * "Poussière d'ange" by Ariane Moffatt (2002) A French-language song Moffatt wrote about her friend's experience with going through an abortion. Tittley, Nicolas. (January 22, 2004). "Au fil de l'eau." Voir. Retrieved September 21, 2011. * "Prawo do życia, czyli kochanej mamusi" (Right of life, or to the beloved mommy) by Prowokacja (1984). Polish anti-abortion punk rock song. Lyrics states that abortion is a murder and lack of respect for human being. It also contain phrase: Felon mothers, impious mothers. * "Przez sen" by Natalia Przybysz Song about a woman contemplating abortion. * "Pro LC" by Jenni Potts (2008) A song about abortion described by Potts as featuring three distinct voices: "the doctor," "the voice of desire," and "an overwhelming feeling of shock and guilt." Potts further explained that, although the title stands for both "pro- life" and "pro-choice," she dislikes such labels: "I've always hated those terms because it takes a very serious thing and turns it into an 'opinion.' I totally understand both sides. This song goes beneath all of that."Phillips, Marc. (2008). "Jenni Potts Is Doing Just Fine, Thank You." TONEAudio. Retrieved August 29, 2013. * "The Promise" by The Front (1984) * "Protestors" by Christafari (featuring Papa San, Mr. Lynx. Monty G, and the GospelReggae.com All-Stars) (2009) An ensemble reggae track in which the vocalists collectively declare their intent to stand against abortion."Protestors" lyrics. (n.d.). Christafari.com. Retrieved April 9, 2015. Christafari founder Mark Mohr explained that he tried to write a song dealing with abortion for several years, but eventually decided "I'm not going to sing this song, I'm going to have gospel reggae artists worldwide sing this song," each of whom contributed to the lyrics so that "it wasn't just my story, it's their story."Rimmer, Mark. (January 3, 2010). "Christafari: Mark Mohr talks about their new album and Bob Marley's conversion." Cross Rhythms. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "Pro- (Your) Life" by Arab Strap (1999) A song in which the narrator tells his partner abortion is the best option for them given their current circumstances.Morrow, Scott. (June 7, 2000). "This Note's for You." LA Weekly. Retrieved July 22, 2011. * "Pulling Weeds" by Faster Pussycat (1989) A song that came out around the time of U.S. Supreme Court's Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ruling. * "Pure Imagination" by Second Nature (2013) A song which uses the metaphor of prison to examine the issue of abortion.Reyes, Natalie. (May 13, 2013). "UC Berkeley student rapper Second Nature releases album ‘Saving Private Rhymes’." The Daily Californian. Retrieved July 19, 2013. * "Push Dawta Push" by Jah Bull (1979) A song in which Jah Bull condemns women for having abortions and encourages them to give birth to increase the population. TE & Rapéri, Carlos. (April/May 2005). "Jah Bull: Dread From Then…." Natty Dread. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive. == Q == * "Quartering Alive" by Creation of Death (1991) A song by a Christian heavy metal band which describe the process of an abortion, labeling it as murder.Metal Archives (February 27, 2015). "Creation of Death - Purify Your Soul album with lyrics." Retrieved August 5, 2015. == R == * "Rapid City, South Dakota" by Kinky Friedman (1974) A song Friedman has described as "the only pro-choice country song",Blumenthal, Ralph. (November 29, 2003). "Guess Who Wants to Be Governor." The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2007. which tells the story of a young man who skips town after getting his girlfriend pregnant, leaving a farewell letter and feeling reassured by the knowledge that she plans to see a "doctor in Chicago."Rabin, Nathan. (March 9, 2010). "Week 29: Kinky Friedman, The Smartass." The A.V. Club. Retrieved February 10, 2011. * "Rainy Day" by Pigeon John (featuring RedCloud) (2005) Features a verse in which Pigeon John thanks his mother for not going through with the abortion she considered while pregnant with him. Commenting on the song, the rapper said, "I wanted to share how a human's simple choice does bring life or death. There is no in between. It just looks grey."Kordich, Jason. (March 6, 2006). "Twenty Questions with the Awesome Pigeon John." JIVE Magazine. Retrieved August 19, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "Real Killer" by Tech N9ne (2001) A song in which Tech N9ne recalls his real-life involvement in several abortions by creating a narrative in which he arranges them like hits.Harkness, Geoff. (November 29, 2001). "The Inferno." Lawrence Journal- World. Retrieved April 3, 2011. * "Rebecca Rodifer" by The Gaunga Dyns (1967) A song about a teenage girl who dies as a result of an illegal abortion.Dahl, Bill. (August 19, 2013). "Clouds Don't Shine: Psychedelic Teen Garage Insanity by the Gaunga Dyns." PonderosaStomp.com. Retrieved August 29, 2013.Hurtt, Mike. (n.d.) "Gaunga Dyns." PonderosaStomp.com. Retrieved August 29, 2013. * "Red Ragtop" by Tim McGraw (2002) A song about a young couple who drift apart after an abortion.Nash, Alanna. (February 1, 2004). "Country Lyrics' New Reality. USA Weekend. Retrieved October 28, 2007. * "The Resistance" by Drake (2010) A song in which Drake mentions an abortion had by a woman he was involved with briefly.Caramanica, Jon. (June 9, 2010). "The New Face of Hip-Hop." The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2010. * "Retrospect for Life" by Common (featuring Lauryn Hill) (1997) A song about how Common and his girlfriend found themselves facing an unplanned pregnancy and opted against abortion.Music journalist Raquel Cepeda's comments in the liner notes of One Day It'll All Make Sense: "Rashid found out that he was going to become a daddy in about 8 months. Stunned and confused, Rashid had life altering decisions to make with his girlfriend, Kim Jones. The situation led to the composition of his favourite cut on One Day... that offers a male slant on abortion. 'Retrospect for Life', produced by James Poyser&No; I.D. featuring Lauryn Hill (who was due on the same day as Rashid's girlfriend), is the song that is the driving force behind the project. Rashid listens to 'Retrospect for Life' today at the mastering session geeked, as if it were for the first time. He tells me as we listen to L-Boogie wail the chorus, 'when I listen to the song now, I think about how precious her (Omoye's) life is' ."Johnson, Billy Jr. (March 31, 2000). "Three-Dimensional ." Yahoo! Music. Retrieved May 27, 2010. * "The Right to Choose" by Oi Polloi (1999) A song that condemns violence against abortion providers. * "Righteous Seed" by Extra Life (2012) A song which frontman Charlie Looker described as "about choosing abortion."Cohan, Brad. (May 4, 2012). "Q&A;: Extra Life's Charlie Looker On Dream Seeds, Being A Music Schoolteacher And Thinking Antony Is Awesome". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 3, 2012. * "Ripped to Shreds" by Dead Pharisees (1998) A song featuring a graphic depiction of abortion from the perspective of the fetus.Interview with Dead Pharisees from the North Pole." (1998). Retrieved August 4, 2012. * “River” by Eminem (2017) In this song featuring Ed Sheeran, Eminem expresses pain and regret after getting a woman he was hooking up with pregnant. * "Rock A Bye Bye" by Extreme (1989) A song which draws a parallel between abortion and the nursery rhyme "Rock-a- bye Baby".Garza, Janiss. (June 4, 1989). "The Sparks in Extreme Shape the Music." The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 28, 2010. * "Roses" by Steve Green (1998) A song in which Green likens abortion to plucking roses before they have bloomed.The Faithful review. (June 1, 1998). Cross Rhythms. Retrieved August 14, 2011. * "Rosie Jane" by Malvina Reynolds (1975) A song Reynolds wrote in support of the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision.Liner notes of the 2000 compilation album Ear to the Ground. It features a lyrical dialogue between a woman facing an unplanned pregnancy and a condescending doctor.Alarik, Scott. (November 10, 2000). "Rejuvenating the songs of Malvina Reynolds." Boston Globe. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. According to Reynolds' daughter, Reynolds wrote the song about her friend, singer-songwriter Rosalie Sorrels, but chose not to reveal this during her own lifetime out of concern it would upset Sorrels. * "Rosslyn Road" by Mike & Billy Nicholls (2008) A song Billy Nicholls wrote based on having once seen a young man hand money to a young woman outside an abortion clinic in London."Rosslyn Road." (n.d.) BillyNicholls.com. Retrieved April 9, 2015. * "RU 486" by The Pain Teens (1993) A song that expresses the band's opinion that the abortifacient drug mifepristone is "a wonderful invention."Cain, Jane. (1994). "Pain Teens ." The Roc. Retrieved June 1, 2010. * "Run Away" by Bubba Sparxxx (featuring Frankie J) (2006) A song in which a young couple from a small town run away together, and halfway through their trip, the girl reveals that she did not go through with an intended abortion and is still pregnant.Breihan, Tom. (March 5, 2006). "Bubba Sparxxx." Pitchfork. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "Runaway Love" by Ludacris (featuring Mary J. Blige) (2006) A song which refers to an 11-year-old girl who gets pregnant by an older boyfriend and cannot afford an abortion.The Ludacris Foundation. (n.d.). "Runaway Love" video . Retrieved October 28, 2007. == S == * "Safe" by Eligh and Jo Wilkinson (featuring Pigeon John and Slug of Atmosphere) (2009) The first verse of this song is about a woman who picks up the phone to make an appointment for an abortion but hangs it up after looking at her sleeping child."Safe" lyrics. (n.d.) Jowilkinson.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "Sally's Pigeons" by Cyndi Lauper (1993) A song sung from the perspective of a woman whose best friend died from an unsafe abortion, written by Lauper and Mary Chapin Carpenter.Pareles, Jon. (May 28, 1993). "Cyndi Lauper in Grown-Up Mode." The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2010. * "Samantha (What You Gonna Do?)" by Cellarful of Noise (1988) A song about a pregnant schoolgirl struggling over whether or not to keep her appointment for an abortion.King, Peter B. (March 31, 1988). "Once again, Donnie Iris flirts with bright lights of rock 'n' roll stardom." The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved May 28, 2010. * "Sara" by Fleetwood Mac (1979) A song Stevie Nicks wrote about the abortion she had after becoming pregnant by her then-boyfriend Don Henley.Tannenbaum, Rob. (September 26, 2014). "Stevie Nicks Admits Past Pregnancy With Don Henley and More About Her Wild History." Billboard. Retrieved April 8, 2015. Henley claimed this was the meaning behind the song in a 2000 interview.Stevenston, Jane. (May 21, 2000). "Inside Don Henley ." Jam!. Retrieved April 8, 2015. In 2014, Nicks confirmed Henley's account, stating, "Had I married Don and had that baby, and had she been a girl, I would have named her Sara." * "Scream of the Butterfly" by Acid Bath (1994) *"Sea of Blood" by Radiohalo (1992) * "The Secret" by Vin Garbutt (1989) A song about women who secretly bear regret over having had an abortion.Smith, R. (July 11, 2008). "Brave, outspoken, and hilarious." The Herald. Retrieved April 3, 2011. * "See No Evil" by Holy Soldier (1990) A song from the band's debut album, Holy Soldier, which features the dialog of an aborted fetus."See No Evil" lyrics. (n.d.) Holysoldier.com. Retrieved May 27, 2010. * "See You Fall" by How to Dress Well (2014) A song which was inspired by two past girlfriends of the musician, one of whom had an abortion during their time together, the other a miscarriage.Dombal, Ryan. (June 17, 2014)."Soul to Keep." Pitchfork. Retrieved April 8, 2015. * "The Senator" by Si Kahn and John McCutcheon (1986) A song about an anti-abortion U.S. senator who mysteriously finds himself pregnant and has a doctor decline his request for an abortion because "the law's the law.""The Senator" lyrics . (n.d.). FolkMusic.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011. * "Sentaku no asa" (選択の朝, "Morning Choice") by Aya (2002) A Japanese-language song about a teenage girl facing having an abortion. Artist profile. (n.d.) Sonymusic.co.jp. Retrieved August 14, 2015. * "Se quiere, se mata" by Shakira (1996) A Spanish-language song about a teenage girl from a well-to-do family who gets pregnant and dies after having an abortion.Padgett, Tim. (August 3, 1998). "Tough As Males." Time. Retrieved September 21, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "Shasta (Carrie's Song)" by Vienna Teng (2004) A song about a woman driving home from a clinic after deciding not to go through with an abortion.Chew, Dee Dee. (September 23, 2004). "Unearthing the Warmth Within." The Daily Aztec. Retrieved August 19, 2011. * "She" by Reid Jamieson from 'Me Daza' written for Ireland's referendum to repeal the 8th amendment. It chooses only the woman's side in that regardless of which choice is made, she will pay. * "She Wore a Red Carnation" by Candye Kane (1994) A song Kane wrote based on a story she read about a woman who went to Mexico for an illegal abortion.Kane, Candye. "My rant on Abortion in South Dakota." (March 13, 2006). candyekane.blogspot.com. Retrieved September 2, 2011. * "Shit, Man!" by Skylar Grey (featuring Angel Haze) (2013) A song in which the narrator, facing an unplanned pregnancy, expresses her desire not to have an abortion to her partner.Scheinman, Ted. (July 7, 2013). Don't Look Down review. Slant Magazine. Retrieved July 19, 2013. * "Si Je T'avais Écouté" by Les Nubians (1998) A French-language song about a teenage girl who has an abortion.Mayo, James. (October 21, 1999). "Le Stew Culturale." Westword. Retrieved September 2, 2011. * "Sibling Rivalry" by Sackcloth Fashion (1999) An anti-abortion song in which two male rappers take on the role of twin fetuses while a female vocalist assumes the role of the pregnant girl who ultimately has an abortion.Jolly, Tom. (December 12, 1999). Something for Everyone to Hate review. The Phantom Tollbooth. Retrieved August 4, 2012. * "Sie hat geschrien" by Selig (1994) A German-language song about a young woman who gets an abortion.Weinert, Ellie. (March 25, 1995). "Selig Breaks Through in Germany: Sony Act Challenges Techno Scene." Billboard. Retrieved May 24, 2011. * "Silent Cry" by Robert Pierre (2011) A song in which Pierre encourages people to take a stand against abortion.Freed, Tim. (January 22, 2012). "UCF student Robert Pierre performs pro-life inspired songs at Student for Life Annual Conference." Central Florida Future. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Silent Scream" by The Crucified (1986) An anti-abortion song that asks "Does only God and my heart hear the baby's silent scream?""Silent Scream" lyrics . (n.d.). Thecrucified.net. Retrieved June 16, 2010. * "Silent Scream" by Tony Melendez (1991)Tarjanyi, Judy. Ways of the Wise review. (June 16, 1991). The Blade. Retrieved August 14, 2015. * "Silent Scream" by Slayer (1988) A song that highlights abortion in violent terms, including the lyrics, "Silent scream/Bury the unwanted child/Beaten and torn/Sacrifice the unborn.""Silent Scream" lyrics . (n.d.). Slayer.net. Retrieved January 16, 2011. * "Silent Scream" by Stutterfly (2002) A song written from the perspective of a fetus asking the woman carrying it not to have an abortion and afterward saddened with her going through with it."Silent Scream" lyrics. (n.d.). Stutterfly.com. Retrieved March 18, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "Sixteen Thousand Faces" by Pat Boone (1985) A song Boone wrote to protest the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to uphold a ruling that prevented the mass burial of 16,000 fetuses found at the home of a former medical lab owner in 1982.Jalon, Alan. (May 14, 1985). "Fetuses Left Unburied Prompt Song by Pat Boone." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 10, 2010. * "Slide" by The Goo Goo Dolls (1998) A song about a young couple debating whether to have an abortion or get married.Johnny Rzeznik comment from VH1 Storytellers performance in 2002: "...the song is actually about these two teenage kids, and the girlfriend gets pregnant and... they're trying to decide whether she should get an abortion, or they should get married or what should go on...". * "Sometimes Miracles Hide" by Bruce Carroll (1991) A song about a couple who are given an unfavorable prenatal diagnosis but decide against abortion due to their faith in God."Sometimes Miracles Hide" lyrics. (n.d.). Brucecarroll.com. Retrieved September 21, 2011 on the Internet Archive. * "Song Groove (A/K/A Abortion Papers)" by Michael Jackson (1987) A song about a Christian girl who decides to have an abortion although it is against her beliefs. The song was recorded during the sessions for Jackson's album Bad, but was not released until 2012 on the compilation Bad 25.Vogel, Joseph. (September 11, 2012). "Abortion, Fame, and 'Bad': Listening to Michael Jackson's Unreleased Demos." The Atlantic. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "Song X" by Neil Young (featuring Pearl Jam) (1995) A song dealing with the 1993 murder of abortion provider Dr. David Gunn. * "Speculum" by Adema (2001) A song about an unidentified band member whose girlfriend got pregnant and had an abortion without telling him.Adema interview. (2001). Rocknworld.com. Retrieved November 22, 2010 on the Internet Archive. * "Spin" by Taking Back Sunday (2006) Features the lyrics "The abortion that you had/It left you clinically dead and made it all that much easier to lie/Said, 'It's nothing that I'm proud of'/Well, It's nothing that I'm proud of.""Spin" lyrics. (n.d.) Tackingbacksunday.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "Stomach Ghost" by The Darling DeMaes (2008) A song which band member Erik Virtanen described as being about "abortion and two people breaking up and singing it in a really happy way."Lemieux, Joelle. (November 4, 2008). "Can I borrow a feeling?." The Link. Retrieved July 19, 2013. * "Story of Her Life" by Mukala (1998) A song about an abortion decision which Dan Muckala described as being written from "the standpoint of the person that was aborted" and exploring "what might have been the story of her life."Rimmer, Mike. (February 1, 1999). "Mukala: Stranger than fiction." Cross Rhythms. Retrieved December 8, 2013. * "The Stranger" by Kat Eggleston (1994) A song which gives an account of the experience of going through an abortion.Van Matre, Lynn. (March 31, 1994). "Celebration Time." Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 19, 2011. * "Sunshine and Dandelions" by Cosmo Jarvis (2009) A song Jarvis wrote to contrast what he described as the "potential beauty" of a relationship that leads to a pregnancy with the "sometimes emotionally detached" decision to have an abortion."EXCLUSIVE New Cosmo Jarvis Track." (February 19, 2010). Guilt Free Pleasures. Retrieved May 8, 2011. * "Superman" by Marry Me Jane (1997) A song about the thoughts a woman has after an abortion, wondering if her child would have been "Superman," "an idiot," etc."Superman" lyrics. (n.d.). Amandakravat.com. Retrieved August 19, 2011 on the Internet Archive.Saladin, Luke. (October 15, 1997). "Holy Matrimony ." The Kentucky Kernel. Retrieved May 27, 2010. * "The Survivor" by Phil Keaggy (1995) A song written from the perspective of a baby born alive after an abortion."The Survivor" lyrics . (n.d.). Philkeaggy.com. Retrieved March 18, 2011. == T == * "Tears Fall" by BarlowGirl (2009) A song that expresses that abortion is a tragic loss of life.Davis, Kevin. (September 27, 2010). "#150 - 'Tears Fall' by BarlowGirl." NewReleaseTuesday.com. Retrieved October 30, 2010. * "That Hospital" by Loudon Wainwright III (1995) The third verse of this song recounts Wainwright's experience of going to a hospital with his then-wife Kate McGarrigle in 1976 for an abortion, and, after she opted against it, returning there for the birth of a "little girl." When Wainwright's daughter Martha was asked if this referred to her, she responded, "Yeah. He doesn't make up a lot."Windolf, Jim. (May 22, 2007). "Songs in the Key of Lacerating." Vanity Fair. Retrieved August 20, 2011. * "That's Love" by Ricochet (2004) The first verse of this song is about a young woman opting not to go through with an abortion.Tanner, Jenna. (September 26, 2009). "New Music Weekend – Ricochet." Country Music Tattle Tale. Retrieved March 18, 2011. * "These Three Things" by Type O Negative (2007) A song that condemns abortion and suggests that those who have one will go to hell. Josh Silver, the band's keyboardist, stated that, while he disagreed with the message of some of the lyrics frontman Peter Steele wrote for the album Dead Again, he supported Steele's expression of his views: "Honestly, I'd rather deal with a guy whose views I don't agree with than a guy who has no views. Probably 90 percent of music today is mediocre, view-less shit. Type O has always had opinions; sometimes they're horrific, sometimes they're depressed, but we'll always have opinions."Manack, Dave. (May 1, 2007). Interview with Josh Silver. Dread Central. Retrieved August 28, 2010. * "Third Planet" by Modest Mouse (2000) A couple goes through a number of difficult life events, including an abortion. "A third had just been made, and we were swimming in the water / Didn't know then, was it a son was it a daughter [...] Reminding you we used to be three and not just two." "Third Planet" lyrics. (n.d.). Genius.com. Retrieved March 9, 2016 on the Internet Archive. * "This Time" by John Elefante (2013) A song about a teenage girl who decides not to go through with an abortion after God speaks to her in the waiting room of the clinic.Herd, Aimee. (May 2, 2013). "Christian Artist, Producer, John Elefante, Formerly with KANSAS, Shares on ACLJ about His New Powerful Pro-Life Song." Breaking Christian News. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Elefante has explained that the song was inspired by his adopted daughter's story: "This is one [of] the easiest songs I have ever written. I was able to put myself in the place and time where my daughter was so close to being aborted. It was so divinely vivid to me because this story was meant to be told."Carson, Joseph. (April 29, 2013). "John Elefante Returns with New Album ." BREATHEcast. Retrieved July 19, 2013. *"Tip Toe" by Ani Difranco (1995) A beat poem in which the pregnant woman speaks to her unborn child whilst standing on a pier in Jersey at sunset, before her appointment at the abortion clinic. * "Tomorrow" by Mat Kearney (2004) A song about a woman facing a pregnancy after her partner has walked out on her, which urges her not to have an abortion."Tomorrow" lyrics. (n.d.). Inpop.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "A Tool to Scream" by Zao (2001) A song with lyrics that condemn abortion. In an interview with a Dutch music website, guitarist Scott Mellinger stated, "We are seen as a pro-life band, but essentially we are as a band for nothing," and that though he personally views abortion as "tantamount to the murder of a child" he thinks it is "no business of the government to say it is not allowed." van der Heijden, Maurice. (February 1, 2004). "Zao: Een 'Pro-Lifechoice'-Band." Kinda Muzik. Retrieved February 10, 2011. * "To Zion" by Lauryn Hill (1998) A song about how Hill chose to give birth to son Zion although advised to have an abortion on account of her music career.Williams, Vincent. (September 9, 1998). "Miss-terpiece." Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Traffic" by Stereophonics (1997) The lyric "to kill an unborn scare" in the second verse of this song refers to abortion.Giam, Deborah. (May 1, 2010). "Live with inSing: Stereophonics." inSing.com. Retrieved September 21, 2011. == U == * "Unbeschreiblich weiblich" by Nina Hagen (1978) Wagner, Norbert. "'Gott liebt Homosexualität .'" (October 8, 2010). Leo. Retrieved July 20, 2011. * "Unborn Child" by The Rep (2009) A song written from the perspective of a fetus about to be aborted."The Rep: Hair Raising Gospel Rap." (July 16, 2010). Revelation Rock. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Unborn Child" by Seals and Crofts (1974) A song with lyrics written by Dash Crofts' sister-in-law that asks women considering abortion to rethink their decision.Bishop, Pete. (March 27, 1974). "Seals, Crofts Good-Time Show." The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved May 29, 2010. Commenting on the song, Crofts said, "It is our effort to make people aware of when life begins, which we feel is at conception. We feel that each soul has the right to grow without the development being prevented."Andriolo, Regina. (January 11, 1974). "Duo to play Rec Hall: Seals, Crofts in concert ." The Daily Collegian. Retrieved October 10, 2010. * "Unborn Me" by G. Finale (featuring J'Maine Jones) (2013) A song G. Finale wrote based on his experience of having a girlfriend decide to have an abortion. The song begins with the man's perspective in the first verse, shifts to the woman's perspective in the second verse, and concludes with the fetal perspective in the last verse.Amos, Candace. (July 23, 2013). "CultureBlaze Spotlight: Rapper G. Finale." CultureBlaze. Retrieved April 8, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "The Unseen" by Geto Boys (1992) An explicit rap song about how abortion needs to be stopped.Hochman, Steve. (December 13, 1992). "Geto Boys Wave Anti-Abortion Flag With 'The Unseen'." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 6, 2010. * "Up All Night" by Charlotte Martin (2003) A song about a teenage girl grappling with whether to have an abortion.In Parentheses press release. (2003). Retrieved December 2, 2012. == V == * "Voicemail For Jill" by Amanda Palmer (2019) A song describing how the decision to have an abortion is just as important and life changing as the decision to have a child is, suggesting the idea of celebrating an abortion like one would celebrate a wanted pregnancy.Martin, Clare. (February 20, 2019). "Amanda Palmer Addresses Abortion on New Single, "Voicemail for Jill"." Paste Magazine. Retrieved December 11, 2019. == W == * "Warm Sentiments" by Arrested Development (1994) A song in which the narrator confronts his girlfriend for having an abortion without telling him.Pareles, Jon. (June 12, 1994). "Can Good Guys Challenge Gangster Rap?." The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2010. In an interview, group member Speech explained the song's intent, stating, "The song is basically about relationships, about communication, as opposed to me trying to dictate what she does with that child. It's not pro-choice or pro- life."Kot, Greg. (June 10, 1994). "Putting Hip-hop On The Rebound." Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 12, 2011. * "Water & Bridges" by Kenny Rogers (2006) A song about a young man who takes his girlfriend to get an abortion and later questions whether this was the right decision.Shelburne, Craig. (March 21, 2006). "Kenny Rogers Continues to Live the Dream." CMT. Retrieved October 10, 2010. * "What Do You Say" by Robert Galea (2008) A song featuring a dialogue between a woman in distress and the fetus she is carrying which Galea wrote for an anti-abortion campaign in his native Malta."Media." (n.d.) ThatsWorship.com. Retrieved August 4, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "What If I" by Lyrycyst (featuring Rachael Lampa) (2006) A song about how grateful Lyrycyst is that his mother, at the age of 15, chose to give birth to him rather than have an abortion.Martin, Susanne. (July 20, 2008). "Lyrycyst: The Missouri-based rapper pulling the mask off the face of America." Cross Rhythms. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "What It's Like" by Everlast (1998) A song in which one of three characters is a pregnant teenager considering having an abortion.Sinclair, Tom. (February 19, 1999). "Everlast And Love." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 16, 2008. * "What's Going On" by Remy Ma (featuring Keyshia Cole) (2006) A song about a rapper who struggles with the decision to have an abortion after initially trying to deny her pregnancy.Shipley, Al. (March 20, 2006). "Remy Ma - There's Something About Remy." Stylus Magazine. Retrieved July 21, 2010. * "When Under Ether" by PJ Harvey (2007) Harvey sings from the perspective of someone as they undergo the procedure. * "White Crosses" by Against Me! (2010) A song written to object to an anti-abortion display of 4,000 white crosses called the "Cemetery of the Innocent" that was set up on the lawn of a church across the street from where Laura Jane Grace lived at the time she wrote much of the album White Crosses, which she described as an "eyesore."Martinez, Cecilia. (June 3, 2010). "Interview with Against Me!: Crosses To Bear." The Aquarian Weekly. Retrieved June 17, 2010. * "Who's the Victim" by The Lead (1989) A hardcore punk song written from the perspective of a woman who finds out she is pregnant and is advised to have an abortion. The second half expresses regret over going through with this choice."Burn This Record." NotSilent.net. Retrieved April 9, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Why Oh Why" by Holly Near (1996) A song written from the perspective of a mother of six who dies from a back- alley abortion she seeks because she cannot support another child."Why Oh Why" lyrics . (n.d.) HollyNear.com. Retrieved May 24, 2011. * "Will the Fetus be Aborted" by Jello Biafra and Mojo Nixon (1994) Sung to the tune of the Christian country folk hymn "Will the Circle Be Unbroken", the song humorously presents several reasons why one might seek an abortion, such as addiction, incest or rape, the health of the mother, or being unable to support the baby, before contrasting in the last verse with Tanya, a revolutionary who has "fifteen commie babies/Phyllis Schlafly, ain't that great?". * "Willie Mae" by Steve Arrington (1985) A song about a child who is born to a couple after they opt not to go through with an abortion, and eventually dies because her parents cannot afford to feed her."Arrington Remembers Stevie Wonder's 'Key'." (April 28, 1985). Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 20, 2011. * "Wisdom Is Watching" by Carrie Newcomer (1995) A song which Newcomer wrote in response to the 1993 murder of abortion provider David Gunn.Stetson, Nancy. (March 16, 1995). "Heart Lands." Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 13, 2013.Tarradell, Mario. (May 4, 1995). "Newcomer: An old soul Folk singer-songwriter shares joys, sorrows through lyrics." The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved March 13, 2013. * "Woman Child" by Harry Chapin (1972) A song about a teenage girl who gets pregnant by an adult man and has an abortion with money he provides her.Adams, Wanda. (February 13, 1973). "Harry Chapin - sick." The Tech. Retrieved December 2, 2012. * "Womb" by Wumpscut (1997) A song written in the voice of a fetus, which responds to the woman carrying it that, even though she is considering abortion, it intends to be with her "for the rest of [her] miserable days.""Womb" lyrics. (n.d.). Betondisco.de. Retrieved August 20, 2011 on the Internet Archive. == Y == * "You Can't Be Too Strong" by Graham Parker (1979) A song that gives an account of abortion from a man's perspective.Schadelbauer, Rick. (Dec 2002). "Graham Parker: The Lone Wolf." Amplifier. Retrieved October 10, 2010 on the Internet Archive. Parker commented on the song on his official website in 1999: "...my impressions of such a powerful experience are not one-dimensional, and this is apparent in the song to all but the most narrow persons who might decide to misconstrue its meaning and my standing on the subject for their own, political/moral prejudice.""GP Answers Your Questions: Part 13." (September 13, 1999). GrahamParker.net. Retrieved May 27, 2010. * "You My Child" by Stuart Davis (1995)"Self Untitled." (n.d.). StuartDavis.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "You vs Them" by Jhené Aiko (2011)Platon, Adelle. (December 25, 2012), "The pint-sized singer gets you lifted with her spacey soundtracks ." Vibe. Retrieved February 25, 2013. * "Your Escape" by Tragedy Ann (2000) An anti-abortion song that asks "Is your convenience something that's justified to you?/ If you could ask her what she would want/ Would she want to be away from you?""Your Escape" lyrics. (n.d.). TragedyAnn.com. Retrieved August 14, 2015 on the Internet Archive. * "Your Pretty Baby" by The 77s (1984) A song about a woman getting an abortion that suggests she will come to regret it in the final verse."Your Pretty Baby" lyrics. (n.d.). 77s.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012 on the Internet Archive. * "(You're) Having My Baby" by Paul Anka (featuring Odia Coates) (1974) A song in which a father-to-be celebrates his partner's pregnancy, including the lyrics, "Didn't have to keep it/ Wouldn't put you through it/ You could have swept it from your life/ But you wouldn't do it."Zosky Proulx, Brenda. (August 13, 1982). "Paul Anka has a dark side — but he won't talk about it." The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved June 1, 2010."Show Business: Anka's Aweigh." (December 8, 1975). Time. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ==References== Abortion Category:Protest songs |
Oliver George Wallace (August 6, 1887 – September 15, 1963) was an English composer and conductor.Home Front Heroes: A Biographical Dictionary of Americans During Wartime, Volume 3, ed. Benjamin F. Shearer (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), p. 836 He was especially known for his film music compositions, which were written for many animation, documentary, and feature films from Walt Disney Studios.Thomas S. Hischak, The Encyclopedia of Film Composers (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), pp. 691–693, ==Biography== Wallace was born on August 6, 1887, in London. After completing his musical training, he went to the United States in 1904, becoming a US citizen ten years later. He initially worked primarily on the West Coast in Seattle as a conductor of theater orchestras and as an organist accompanying silent films. At the same time, he also made a name as a songwriter, writing tunes such as the popular "Hindustan". With the advent of the talking film era, he worked increasingly for Hollywood film studios in the 1930s. In 1936 he joined Disney Studios and quickly became one of the most important composers in the studio for animated short films. Wallace provided the music for 139 of these shorts. One of his best-known pieces is the song "Der Fuehrer's Face" from the 1942 Donald Duck propaganda cartoon, though he was uncredited. This parody of a Horst Wessel song was, mainly through the version by Spike Jones and His City Slickers, one of the biggest hits during the Second World War. Other shorts Wallace scored include Ben and Me (1953), about Benjamin Franklin and a mouse, and the Oscar-winning Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom (1953), the first cartoon to use the new CinemaScope process. Walt Disney also had Wallace score full- length films for the studios for over 27 years. He started writing the score for Dumbo (1941), for which he, together with Frank Churchill, won his first and only Oscar in 1942. He went on to score Victory Through Air Power (1943), The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949), Cinderella (1950) along with Paul J. Smith, Alice in Wonderland (1951), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp (1955), and White Wilderness (1958). Wallace also appeared in live action reference footage for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs for two of the seven dwarfs Dopey and Sneezy dancing while stacked on top of each other and did the whistling for Ichabod Crane as he’s riding home on his horse. He received four other Oscar nominations for the music to Victory Through Air Power with Edward H. Plumb and Paul J. Smith (losing to Alfred Newman for The Song of Bernadette), Cinderella with Paul J. Smith (losing to Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens for Annie Get Your Gun), Alice in Wonderland (losing to Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin for An American in Paris), and White Wilderness (losing to Dimitri Tiomkin for The Old Man and the Sea). A common characteristic of all these productions was the cooperation of several composers in the creation of the music. Wallace understood this and integrated leitmotiv-like elements from the individual songs into the film scores. When the Disney studios began to increasingly produce full-length feature films, Wallace also wrote scores for these. In Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959), Wallace wrote not only the score but also set the Lawrence Edward Watkin-penned popular songs "Pretty Irish Girl" and "The Wishing Song". In Toby Tyler, or Ten Weeks with a Circus (1959), he appeared as an actor, playing the conductor of the circus band. Starting with Seal Island (1948), Wallace also specialized in musical accompaniments for Disney documentaries, including nearly all the films for the "People and Places" series and some of the True-Life Adventures. The music of White Wilderness (1958) was even nominated for an Oscar in 1959, a rare feat for a documentary film. Overall, Wallace contributed music to almost over 150 Walt Disney productions. He worked for Disney studios for 27 years. He remained active in the studio in Los Angeles until shortly before his death at a Burbank, California hospital on September 15, 1963, at the age of 76. In 2008, he was posthumously honored with a Disney Legends award."Barbara Walters And Frank Gifford Among 11 Honorees To Receive Prestigious Disney Legends Awards", US Fed News Service, Including US State News, The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. (2008), HighBeam Research. June 4, 2015 ==Filmography== Most of the films were scored in collaboration with other composers. ===Film scores=== * 1934 – Girl in the Case – Music * 1941 – Dumbo – Score and some songs * 1942 - Saludos Amigos - Score * 1943 – Victory Through Air Power – Score * 1944 - The Three Caballeros - Score * 1946 – Make Mine Music – Score * 1947 – Fun and Fancy Free – Score * 1948 – Seal Island – Score * 1949 – The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad – Score * 1950 – Cinderella – Score * 1951 – Alice in Wonderland – Score * 1953 – Peter Pan – Score and some songs * 1954 – Siam – Score * 1955 – Men Against the Arctic – Score * 1955 – Lady and the Tramp – Score * 1957 – Old Yeller – Score and song * 1958 – White Wilderness – Score * 1958 – Tonka – Score * 1959 – Darby O'Gill and the Little People – Score and song * 1960 – Jungle Cat – Score * 1960 – Ten Who Dared – Score * 1961 – Nikki, Wild Dog of the North – Score * 1962 – Big Red – Score * 1962 – The Legend of Lobo – Score * 1963 – Savage Sam – Score * 1963 – The Incredible Journey – Score ===Animated Shorts=== * 1937 - Mickey's Amateurs - Score * 1937 - Modern Inventions - Score * 1937 - Clock Cleaners - Score * 1938 - Donald's Ostrich - Score * 1938 - Self Control - Score * 1938 - Boat Builders - Score * 1938 - Donald's Better Self - Score * 1938 - Donald's Nephews - Score * 1938 - Mickey's Trailer - Score * 1938 - Good Scouts - Score * 1939 - Donald's Lucky Day - Score * 1939 - Society Dog Show - Score * 1939 - Mickey's Surprise Party - Score * 1939 - Donald's Cousin Gus - Score * 1939 - Sea Scouts - Score * 1939 - Donald's Penguin - Score * 1939 - The Autograph Hound - Score * 1940 - The Riveter - Score * 1940 - Tugboat Mickey - Score * 1940 - Donald's Vacation - Score * 1940 - Window Cleaners - Score * 1940 - Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip - Score * 1940 - Pantry Pirate - Score * 1941 - Timber - Score * 1941 - The Little Whirlwind - Score * 1941 - Early to Bed - Score * 1942 - Donald's Decision - Score * 1942 - The New Spirit - Score * 1942 - Symphony Hour - Score * 1942 - Donald's Snow Fight - Score * 1942 - Donald's Garden - Score * 1942 - Donald's Gold Mine - Score * 1942 - T-Bone for Two - Score * 1942 - The Vanishing Private - Score * 1942 - Pluto at the Zoo - Score * 1942 - Bellboy Donald - Score * 1943 – Der Fuehrer's Face – Score and title song * 1943 - Education for Death - Score * 1943 - Donald's Tire Trouble - Score * 1943 - Pluto and the Armadillo - Score * 1943 - Private Pluto - Score * 1943 - Victory Vehicles - Score * 1943 - Chicken Little - Score * 1944 - Donald Duck and the Gorilla - Score * 1944 - Contrary Condor - Score * 1944 - Commando Duck - Score * 1944 - How to Play Football - Score * 1944 - Springtime for Pluto - Score * 1944 - The Plastics Inventor - Score * 1944 - First Aiders - Score * 1944 - The Clock Watcher - Score * 1945 - Dog Watch - Score * 1945 - African Diary - Score * 1945 - Canine Casanova - Score * 1945 - Duck Pimples - Score * 1945 - The Legend of Coyote Rock - Score * 1945 - No Sail - Score * 1945 - Cured Duck - Score * 1945 - Canine Patrol - Score * 1945 - Old Sequoia - Score * 1946 - A Knight For a Day - Score * 1946 - Pluto's Kid Brother - Score * 1946 - In Dutch - Score * 1946 - Squatter's Rights - Score * 1946 - Donald's Double Trouble - Score * 1946 - The Purloined Pup - Score * 1946 - Wet Paint - Score * 1946 - Dumb Bell of the Yukon - Score * 1946 - Lighthouse Keeping - Score * 1946 - Bath Day - Score * 1946 - Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive - Score * 1946 - Double Dribble - Score * 1947 - Pluto's Housewarming - Score * 1947 - Rescue Dog - Score * 1947 - Straight Shooters - Score * 1947 - Sleepy Time Donald - Score * 1947 - Figaro and Frankie - Score * 1947 - Clown of the Jungle - Score * 1947 - Donald's Dilemma - Score * 1947 - Crazy with the Heat - Score * 1947 - Bootle Beetle - Score * 1947 - Wide Open Spaces - Score * 1947 - Mickey's Delayed Date - Score * 1947 - Foul Hunting - Score * 1947 - Chip an' Dale - Score * 1947 - Mail Dog - Score * 1947 - Pluto's Blue Note- Score * 1948 - They're Off - Score * 1948 - The Big Wash - Score * 1948 - Drip Dippy Donald - Score * 1948 - Mickey Down Under - Score * 1948 - Daddy Duck - Score * 1948 - Bone Bandit - Score * 1948 - Donald's Dream Voice - Score * 1948 - Pluto's Purchase - Score * 1948 - The Trial of Donald Duck - Score * 1948 - Cat Nap Pluto - Score * 1948 - Inferior Decorator - Score * 1948 - Pluto's Fledgling - Score * 1948 - Soup's On - Score * 1948 - Three for Breakfast - Score * 1948 - Mickey and the Seal - Score * 1948 - Tea for Two Hundred - Score * 1949 - Pueblo Pluto - Score * 1949 - Donald's Happy Birthday - Score * 1949 - Pluto's Surprise Package - Score * 1949 - Sea Salts - Score * 1949 - Pluto's Sweater - Score * 1949 - Winter Storage - Score * 1949 - Bubble Bee - Score * 1949 - Honey Harvester - Score * 1949 - Tennis Racquet - Score * 1949 - All in a Nutshell - Score * 1949 - Goofy Gymnastics - Score * 1949 - The Greener Yard - Score * 1949 - Sheep Dog - Score * 1949 - Slide Donald Slide - Score * 1950 - Pluto's Heart Throb - Score * 1950 - Lion Around - Score * 1950 - Pluto and the Gopher - Score * 1950 - Crazy Over Daisy - Score * 1950 - Wonder Dog - Score * 1950 - Primitive Pluto - Score * 1950 - Morris the Midget Moose - Score * 1951 - Corn Chips - Score * 1951 - Bee on Guard - Score * 1952 - Teachers Are People - Score * 1952 - Let's Stick Together - Score * 1952 - Pluto's Party - Score * 1952 - Two Weeks Vacation - Score * 1953 - Rugged Bear - Score * 1953 – Ben and Me – Score * 1953 - Working for Peanuts - Score * 1953 - Canvas Back Duck - Score * 1954 - Spare the Rod - Score * 1954 - The Lone Chipmunks - Score * 1954 - Pigs Is Pigs - Score * 1954 - Casey Bats Again - Score * 1954 - Dragon Around - Score * 1954 - Grin and Bear it - Score * 1954 - Social Lion - Score * 1954 - The Flying Squirrel - Score * 1954 - Grand Canyonscope - Score * 1955 - No Hunting - Score * 1955 - Bearly Asleep - Score * 1955 - Beezy Bear - Score * 1955 - Up A Tree - Score * 1956 - Chips Ahoy - Score * 1956 - Hooked Bear - Score * 1959 - How to Have an Accident at Work - Score ===Actor=== * 1937 - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs - (live action model for animators to use as a guide) (Dopey and Sneezy stacked on top of each other during the Silly Song sequence) * 1949 – The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad – Winkie, Ichabod Crane's whistling (voice) * 1960 – Toby Tyler, or Ten Weeks with a Circus (1960) – Bandleader (voice) ==References== ==External links== * Category:1887 births Category:1963 deaths Category:20th- century American composers Category:20th-century American male musicians Category:20th-century English composers Category:American film score composers Category:American male film score composers Category:American television composers Category:Animated film score composers Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:English film score composers Category:English male film score composers Category:English television composers Category:Musicians from London Category:Theatre organists Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people |
The Laurentian Society is a society of Trinity College Dublin, named after Saint Laurence O'Toole (Lorcán Ua Tuathail in Irish),"Odd Situation at Trinity", The Windsor Star, Canada, 23 March 1964, p. 8. and concerned with relevant issues from a Catholic perspective.Website of Trinity College Central Societies CommitteeOdd Situation at Trinity, The Windsor Star, Canada, 23 March 1964, p. 8. and Much Ignored 'Ban' is Lifted, The Windsor Star, Canada, 6 July 1970, p. 8.. Reference to the Society has been made also in other foreign sources, such as the British newspaper The Tablet (Finola Kennedy, "When Dublin was the capital of Christendom", The Tablet, United Kingdom, 17 March 2012, p. 19). It was the Catholic society of Trinity College, and it existed with no interruptions between the academic years 1952–53 and 2001–02.See: Dublin University, The Dublin University Calendar 1953-4, Dublin, Hodges, Figgis & Co. Ltd., pp. 57* & 58*, and the following calendars up to the year 2001–2002. The Society appears in each one of them. During those years, the society held talks on various issues and was engaged in charitable activities. The society played an important role in opposing the ban on Catholics entering Trinity College,The Irish Times, 4 April 1967, p. 1. and was also influential on other groups of the college, such as the G.A.A. club of Trinity.The Irish Times, 3 February 1965, p. 6. In September 2011, the Society was revived, being granted provisional recognition by the Trinity College Central Societies Committee.Website of Trinity College Central Societies Committee The Society was granted full recognition on 19 March 2013 at the Annual General Meeting of the same Societies Committee. Since then it has steadily grown in size and has an active membership. ==History== The Laurentian was a society of Trinity College Dublin, created during the academic year 1952-3.Dublin University, The Dublin University Calendar 1953-4, Dublin, Hodges, Figgis & Co. Ltd., pp. 57* & 58*. Trinity News articles differ in the exact year in which it was founded, since one number says that it was created in 1952, whereas other says that it was created in 1953.Cf. Trinity News, Vol. XIV, No. 13, 13 April 1967 and Trinity News, Trinity Archive, 1 Nov. 2005, p. 20 The society celebrated its tenth anniversary in 1963. This society was named after Saint Laurence O'Toole (Lorcán Ua Tuathail in Irish), a bishop of Dublin and an abbot of Glendalough. He was born in Ireland in 1128, and died in Normandy, 14 November 1180; he was canonised in 1225 by Pope Honorius III. "The Laurentian Society was founded in 1953 as a social society for the 200 odd Roman Catholics attending Trinity".Trinity News, Trinity Archive, 1 Nov. 2005, p. 20 The reason for this small number of Catholics attending Trinity had a long history. During the time of the Penal Laws (17th and 18th centuries) Catholics were prevented from being educated in Ireland. Once these laws were abolished, "Catholics and Dissenters were excluded from Trinity College by the extension of religious tests in 1637. Even after their removal in 1773–74, students could not hold scholarships or fellowships without taking oaths which were anathema to the Catholic faith. Although Fawcett's Act of 1873 removed the requirement to take these oaths, the Catholic hierarchy denounced this measure as 'an act of secularisation', and continued to warn Catholic students against entering Trinity College".Senia Paseta, "Trinity College Dublin, and the Education of Irish Catholics", 1873–1908, in Studia Hibernica [Saint Patrick's College] No. 30 (1998/1999), p. 10. The Catholic Church required Catholics to have a special dispensation before being allowed to attend Trinity College, as this University was seen as a danger for their faith, a decision made by Archbishop John Charles McQuaid that generated much controversy. Even in 1969, "Irish Catholic students wishing to attend University in Dublin [were] directed to the National University, or UCD University College Dublin, as it is better known". ==Objectives== thumb|Freshers' Week at Front Square of Trinity College Originally the object of the Society was "to provide social facilities for undergraduates ( for ordinary membership) and also graduates and members of the staff ( for associate membership) who are members of the Roman Catholic Church."The Dublin University Calendar 1953-4, Dublin, Hodges, Figgis & Co. Ltd., pp. 57* & 58*. It is also said that its "ultimate aim" was to get a chaplain for college,Trinity News, Vol XIV, No. 13, 13 April 1967 but this society continued existing for a few decades after a Catholic chaplain was appointed in Trinity. Subsequently the object of the society was modified. Thus, in 1977–78, the society would be described as one "concerned with contemporary social and religious issues from a christian perspective".The Dublin University Calendar 1977–78. As of 2017, the objectives of the society (as per its constitution) included:https://trinitysocieties.ie/wp- content/uploads/2017/06/Laurentian-2017.pdf # to contribute to the cultural and social enrichment of the college, # to provide a forum for the exposition and discussion of historical and contemporary issues pertaining to Catholic culture from a Catholic perspective, # to educate interested members of the campus community on aspects of Catholicism. ==Society and controversy about "the Ban"== Members of the Laurentian Society did not agree with the Ban imposed on Catholic students attending Trinity College, in operation since 1875."Much Ignored 'Ban' is Lifted", Windsor Star, Canada, 6 July 1970, p. 8. Besides the requirement of Catholics to obtain a dispensation for entering Trinity, the Ban meant that the Laurentian Society would "[have] no recognized chaplain and [had] generally found that it [could not] obtain the necessary ecclesiastical permission to sponsor meetings with priests as speakers within the college."The Irish Times, 14 April 1964, p. 4. This controversy was a national concern in Ireland, being even reported twice on the front page of the main Irish newspaper, "The Irish Times." This controversy subsisted even after Trinity College had its first Catholic Chancellor.John Horgan, "Boland to head Trinity College", The Catholic Herald, United Kingdom, 13 Dec. 1963. The Laurentian Society is named in this article. There were also some other smaller controversies between the President of the Laurentian Society, Donal O'Sullivan and Archbishop John Charles McQuaid, such as one arising in The Irish Times.Cooney, John, "John Charles McQuaid: Ruler of Catholic Ireland", Syracuse University Press, New York, 2000, p. 389 & 390. On 2 March 1967, the secretary of the board of college made clear that Trinity College had long since been open to Catholics, and that offers had been made to the Catholic hierarchy to set up a school of theology within the College, to appoint a Chaplain and to have a chapel within College.Among other statements, the secretary of the board of college said: "In view of the great publicity which the question of Catholics in Trinity College is now receiving and the desire being expressed by many people to know what the facts are, the college wishes to make known the following: The college and university are, and have been since 1873, forbidden by the law of the land from discriminating on grounds of religious belief against anyone seeking or holding any office in the college. The only exceptions are the professors and other teachers in the Church of Ireland Divinity School why by law must be members of the Church of Ireland or a Church in communion therewith." This statement also gave several statistic about the number of Catholics in College. This statement also asserted: "Names of Catholic students are made available to the Laurentian Society, a college society for Catholics." The Irish Times, 3 Mar 1967, p. 1 & 4. On 3 April 1967, the Laurentian Society made a statement pointing out "that the controversy about the ban on Catholics attending Trinity College resulting from Hierarchial [sic] legislation had led to the assumption that the problem consisted of a conflict between the university and the Hierarchy. 'This is not the case. The problem is essentially a Catholic one."The Irish Times, 4 April 1967, p. 1. Furthermore, the Society, which back then represented 880 Catholic students, stated that "Dublin University, both as constituted and functioning, does not in any way hinder the promotion of Christian activity—rather it encourages and subsidises the religiously orientated societies."The Irish Times, 4 April 1967, p. 1. It further stated: "We publicly renew our request to the appropriate ecclesiastical authorities to accept the invitation of our college, staff and students to appoint a resident chaplain and to establish a school of theology. We urge our fellow students, their parents and our pastors to consider the responsibility that is theirs to solve, the problems created by legislation."The Irish Times, 4 April 1967, p. 1. The Society continued pressing for the abolition of the "Maynooth Statutes, (the ban on Catholics attending Trinity College) and to actively support the campaign for the appointment of a Catholic chaplin [sic] to cater for Catholics attending T.C.D."The Irish Times, 26 April 1969, p. 9. In their lobbying against the Ban, the Society made submissions to different authoritiesCf. Johnston, Roy H. W., Century of endeavour: a biographical and autobiographical view of the 20th century in Ireland, Academica Press, LLC, Bethesda, 2003, pp. 211 & 212. The efforts of the Laurentian Society met persistent opposition. For instance, in April 1969, answering a request made by the Dublin University Laurentian Society, the Archbishop of Dublin refused "for the fourth time in three years," to consider appointing a Catholic chaplain to Trinity College.The Irish Times, 25 April 1969, p. 13. The Archbishop did so even though at that time there were "over 1,200 Catholic [sic] in Trinity, by far the largest denomination in the college."The Irish Times, 25 April 1969, p. 13. Nevertheless, the Laurentian Society was persistent in its request. Indeed, The Irish Times records: > "Before the June meeting at Maynooth of the Irish bishops, the Laurentian > Society hope to send a letter to all Irish and British bishops, quoting the > Vatican II document which states that all non-Catholic universities and > institutions should have a Catholic chaplain, suitably qualified to deal > with the problems of students. Since this document was passed by the bishops > at the Council, it is presumed that it had the consent of the Irish > hierarchy. Thus we seem to have the puzzling situation whereby the Irish > bishops, while agreeing with the decree, are also opposing it. Perhaps the > June meeting will decide to release Trinity from its exclusive position as > the only university in the world that is 'out of bounds' to Catholics."The > Irish Times, May 29, 1970, p. 10. Finally, the pressure made by the Laurentian Society gave fruits. The bishops sitting in Maynooth decided that the ban would be promptly lifted."Much Ignored 'Ban' is Lifted", Windsor Star, Canada, 6 July 1970, p. 8. On 28 October 1970, Archbishop McQuaid nominated Brendan Heffernan as the first Dean of Residence for Catholic students, which was the first in the history of CollegeThe Irish Times, 28 October 1970, p. 11. (Dean of Residence is the name given to various chaplains at Trinity College).The Irish Times, 7 November 1973, p. 15. ==Some activities of the society== ===Ordinary activities=== The existence of this society is praised in the first number of issues of Trinity News, by saying that "[i]ts rooms in 5 Trinity College are a fine example of what can be done by a group of enthusiastic students and supporters. The rooms themselves have been furnished by contributions and are indeed modern and most comfortable."Trinity News. A Dublin University Weekly, First Issue, 28 October 1953, p. 4. The Laurentian Society was the object of many news items in Trinity News, such as its account of some meetings of the Laurentian and some of its charitable works. The society was involved in many activities, for instance, holding talks on different issues.Trinity News. 14 February 1957 For instance, on Friday 15 February 1963, the Society celebrated its tenth anniversary with a public meeting at the GMB where some speakers referred to several socio-political and religious issues.Trinity News, 21 Feb. 1963 It was also one of the societies involved in organising the Human Need Week, formerly Famine Relief Week, in 1970;Trinity News, 22 Jan. 1970 and it organised a concert for the patients of the St. John of God Hospital, a mental home in Stillorgan.Trinity News. Vol. 15, No. 6, 30 Nov. 1967 Finola Kennedy asserts that Frank Duff, the founder of the Legion of Mary, was a guest of the Society.Finola Kennedy, "Frank Duff. A Life Story", Continuum, Burns & Oats, p. 191. Some of the Societies ordinary events were even covered by one of the most important Irish newspapers, The Irish Times. Examples of these meetings were one in which Mr. J. Lynch, Minister for Education, and Mr. Declan Costello, T.D. (member of Parliament) spoke about European integration; one in which the Chief Justice Mr. Cearbhall O'Dalaigh spoke about Ireland's role as a small nation;The Irish Times, 24 January 1964, p. 7. and one in which the project of a University for Limerick was discussed, attended by Mr. G. O'Malley, chairman of Limerick Students University Project Committee, who had a controversy with Mr. Michael Adams, representative of the Union of Students in Ireland;The Irish Times, 5 December 1966, p. 8. ===Notable campaigns and activities=== The relevance of the Laurentian Society was not only University- based, but it had also relevance in the Irish society as a whole. Probably the best example was its influence in the issue of "the Ban," but there were also other wide ranging matters. The Laurentian Society was also an important protagonist in the university reaction to the White Paper on the Irish Language of 1965, since "the public image to the rest of Trinity of the Irish- speaking student is synonymous with that of the Laurentian Society (the Catholic society) and the Gaelic football and hurling societies. Membership of these overlap, and it is said that the college Gaelic teams are chosen in the Laurentian rooms and consist of Irish-speaking members of Cumann Gaelach."The Irish Times, 3 February 1965, p. 6. Reaction, therefore, to the Government White Paper on the Irish Language was centred on these three societies.The Irish Times, 3 February 1965, p. 6. Finally, in 1970 the Laurentian Society, together with other two societies, organised "Trinity Famine Relief Week."The Irish Times, 20 December 1969, p. 9. It was only when these three organisations started organising this week that it changed its name to "Human Needs Week."The Irish Times, 23 January 1970, p. 8. ==Relations with other societies== In the 1970s, the Saint Vincent de Paul Society (VDP Society) had no rooms in College, so it used the rooms that the Laurentian had in House 4. The Laurentian society was not very active at the time, so efforts were made to be more active and relevant so as to justify the holding of the rooms.Lisa Keenan & Aidan O'Hare, "Universities, Societies & Clubs. Culture, Extracurricular Activities & Career Progression: Trinity College Dublin, Four Case Studies", Trinity Long Room Hub., p. 23. The Laurentian Society, together with those of the Irish society, and "An Cumann Gaelach", provided much of the spectators at Gaelic games on campus.Johanna Archbold & John O'Hagan, Student Societies & Clubs: Current Structures and Historical Context. With Special Emphasis on Arts/Cultural Societies, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Long Room Hub, p. 37. Indeed, "[t]he Cumann Gaelach and the Laurentian Society provided the focal point for the Gaelic Athletic Association club in Trinity College] activities."History of Gaelic Games in Trinity College The Laurentian Society has also co-operated with many other societies in the realisation of different events. For example, on 2 November 2011, together with the University Philosophical Society's Master Class Series, it invited the American speaker Ryan Bomberger, who gave a talk about how abortion affects the African American community in the United States.University of Dublin, Trinity College, Central Societies Committee, "Trinity Societies 2011–2012", p. 39. ==Revival of the society== Between the years 2002-3 and 2010–11 the Society ceased to exist, so it no longer appeared in the Dublin University Calendar. During the academic year 2010–11 a group of students tried to revive the Society, but the Central Societies Committee rejected this proposal. A second attempt was made at the early beginning of academic year 2011–12, and on 12 September 2011 the Society was granted provisional recognition as a cultural society, in time for Freshers' Week 2011.Website of Trinity College Central Societies Committee Since then, the Laurentian Society has been described as a vital society and one of the "visible pinpoints of light among younger age groups" of Irish Catholics.Finola Kennedy, "When Dublin was the capital of Christendom", The Tablet, United Kingdom, 17 March 2012, p. 19. On 19 March 2013, the Central Societies Committee granted the Society full recognition at the Annual General Meeting. ==See also== * List of Trinity College Dublin student organisations ==References== ==External links== * Central Societies Committee, Description of the Laurentian Society Category:Trinity College Dublin |
The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, commonly known as the Royal Photographic Society (RPS), is one of the world's oldest photographic societies. It was founded in London, England, in 1853 as the Photographic Society of London with the objective of promoting the art and science of photography, and in 1853 received royal patronage from Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.The Society received a letter from Buckingham Palace dated 30 May 1853 which confirmed the monarch's and her consort's patronage. It was reproduced in the Photographic Journal, dated 21 June 1853, p. 69. A change to the society's name to reflect the patronage was, however, not considered expedient at the time. In 1874, it was renamed the Photographic Society of Great Britain, and only from 1894 did it become known as the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, a title which it continues to use today. On 25 June 2019, the Duchess of Cambridge, now Catherine, Princess of Wales, became the Society's Patron, taking over from Queen Elizabeth II who had been patron since 1952. A registered charity since 1962, in July 2004, the society was granted a royal charter recognising its eminence in the field of photography as a learned society. For most of its history the Society was based at various premises in London; since 2019 its headquarters and gallery are in Bristol, England. Membership remains international and open to anyone with an interest in photography. In addition to ordinary membership, the Society offers three levels of distinction – Licentiate, Associate and Fellow – which set recognised standards of achievement throughout the world, and can be applied for by both members and non-members, in all aspects of photography and vocational qualifications in the areas of creative industries and imaging science. The Society runs a programme of events throughout the United Kingdom and abroad, through local groups and special interest groups. The Society acts as a national voice for photographers and for photography more generally, and it represents these interests on a range of governmental and national bodies dealing with matters such as copyright and photographers' rights. == History == thumb|Charles Thurston Thompson: Exhibition of the Photographic Society, London, 1858 Photographers were slow in coming together and forming clubs and societies. The first was an informal grouping the Edinburgh Calotype Club around 1843. The first British photographic society, the Leeds Photographic Society was formed in 1852 but between 1878 and 1881 it ceased to exist independently. The RPS has existed continuously since January 1853. In other countries the Société héliographique was established in Paris in 1851 and the Société française de photographie was founded in Paris in 1854. === Founding and early history === The catalyst behind the formation of The Photographic Society was Roger Fenton. The Great Exhibition of 1851 had raised public awareness of photography and in December 1852 an exhibition of nearly 800 photographs at The Society of Arts had brought together amateur and professional photographers. The inaugural meeting of The Photographic Society was held on 20 January 1853. Fenton became the Society's first secretary, a position he held for three years and Henry White was an early treasurer between 1866 and 1872. === Modernisation and the 1970s === As Jane Fletcher has argued the changing nature of photography and photographic education in the early 1970s forced The Society to modernise and to become more relevant to British photography. An internal review led to constitutional changes, the introduction of a new distinction called the Licentiate in 1972 and six new specialist groups were established.Fletcher, Jane, '"Un Embarras de Richesses": Making the Most of the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 1970–1980', Photography & Culture, vol. 3., no. 2. (July 2010), pp. 133–152. === Bath project === The rising cost of maintaining The Society's premises in South Audley Street, London, eventually led the society's executive committee to look for alternative premises. The Council approved at a meeting on 1 April 1977 a move to Bath and the establishment of a National Centre of Photography to house the Society's headquarters and collection. An appeal for £300,000 was launched in the summer of 1978 for the funds needed to convert The Octagon and adjacent buildings in Milsom Street, Bath.Fletcher, Jane, '"Un Embarras de Richesses": Making the Most of the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 1970–1980', Photography & Culture, vol. 3., no. 2 (July 2010), pp. 148–149. The inaugural exhibition opened in May 1980 with the building officially opened by Princess Margaret in April 1981. === Premises === Although the Society's inaugural meeting took places at the Society of Arts in London, it was some time before the Society had its own permanent home. It held functions as a number of London addresses, some concurrently for different types of meetings. Premises used were: Royal Society of Arts, John Adam Street; 20 Bedford Street, 4 Trafalgar Square, 21 Regent Street, 28 George Street (Hanover Square), 1 Coventry Street; Kings College, Strand; 9 Conduit Street, 5A Pall Mall East – used for certain meetings until 1899; 50 Great Russell Street; and 12 Hanover Square. The Society's premises were: * 1899–1909 – 66 Russell Square, London. * 1909–1940 – 35 Russell Square, London.The Photographic Journal, May 1940, p. 135 * 1940–1968 – Princes Gate, South Kensington, London. * 1968–1970 – 1 Maddox Street, Mayfair, London (temporary premises). * 1970–1979 – 14 South Audley Street, Mayfair, London * 1980–2003 – The Octagon, Milsom Street, Bath. * 2004 – January 2019 – Fenton House, 122 Wells Road, Bath; officially opened 16 February 2005. * 7 February 2019 – Paintworks, Bath Road, Bristol. == Collection and archive == === Collection === The Society had collected photographs and items of historical importance on an ad hoc basis, particularly from the 1890s. With the appointment of John Dudley Johnston as Honorary Curator, a post he held from 1924 to 1955, a more proactive approach was taken to collecting.Roberts, Pam, The Royal Photographic Society Collection. A companion volume to vol. 134, no. 10, of The Photographic Journal, p. 4. Before Johnston's appointment the collection had concentrated on technical advances of photography, and he began add pictorial photography to the holdings. On Johnston's death in 1955 the role of Honorary Curator was taken over by his wife Florence and a succession of paid and unpaid staff, with Professor Margaret Harker as Honorary Curator over a long period. The collection was moved to the National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television at Bradford (later the National Media Museum) in 2002;Royal Photographic Society, Photogenic. From the Collection of the Royal Photographic Society, London: Scriptum Editions, 2001. the move was supported by the Head of the museum, Amanda Nevill, who had been the society's secretary in the 1990s. By 1953 the number of items in the society's collection had reached 'upwards' of 3000 items.Wratten, I. D (January 1953)., "The Presidential Address", The Photographic Journal, p. 5. At the time of the collection's transfer to Bradford it consisted of some 270,000 photographic objects, over 6000 items of photographic equipment, 13,000 books, 13,000 bound periodicals, and 5000 other photography-related documents. The collection was transferred from the National Media Museum to the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2017, where it forms a central part of the museum's Photography Centre. The RPS is forming a new RPS Collection of photographs and material relevant to its own history, that of its former members and which will support its educational activities.A new RPS Collection. Accessed 7 March 2021. The Tyng Collection, part of the RPS Collection and now at the V&A; Museum, is a collection of outstanding pictorial photography started in 1927 by an American philanthropist and society member, Stephen H. Tyng. He established a foundation to promote and recognise photographic work of outstanding pictorial merit. The first colour print to be accepted into the Tyng Collection, in 1960, was "Madrasi Fishermen" taken by Dr S. D. Jouhar during his six-month trip to India in 1959.Photographic Society of America Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, April 1963, p. 12. === Archives === The society's early records, Council, Committee and Meeting Minute books, are held with the society's collection at the V&A.; There is no published or online record of former or current members of the society. Occasional lists of members were published by the society up the 1890s when lists were issued more regularly; from the 1930s membership lists were issued periodically and are now not issued. New members have usually been recorded in the Photographic Journal. Dr Michael Pritchard undertook a project to make an online searchable database of members from 1853 to 1901, published by De Montfort University's photographic history research centre. The Society has a card index of members from the late 1920s to 1980s, which it will search on request, and may also be able to assist with membership enquiries between 1900 and the 1930s. == Publications == From the Society's formation it has published a journal and other publications have been issued over the years. === The Photographic Journal === The Society's journal was originally called The Journal of the Photographic Society of London and for most of its existence has simply been called The Photographic Journal, it is now called RPS Journal. It has been published continuously since 1853 making it the UK's oldest photographic periodical. The journal, particularly in its early years was read and distributed beyond the Society's membership. Past editors have included Arthur Henfrey, Hugh Welch Diamond, William de Wiveleslie Abney, H. H. Blacklock, and more recently Jack Schofield and David Land. The current editor is Kathleen Morgan. === The Imaging Science Journal === The Society publishes a peer-reviewed journal devoted to imaging science and technology, The Imaging Science Journal (ISG), previously known as the Journal of Photographic Science. The ISJ is now published on behalf of The Society by Maney Publishing in print and digital versions. === The Year's Photography === The Year's Photography was published annually by the Society from 1922 until at least 1961. The flyleaf of the 1957 edition states: "This edition contains a selection from all the exhibitions held in 1956 under the Society's auspices which contained pictures suitable for reproduction There are also review of artistic photography and of the nature exhibition." The publication gives a broad overview of the state of British amateur and professional photography during the year. === Other publications === Over the years the Society has published a number of one-off publications often in partnership with commercial publishers. These include John Wall's Directory of British Photographic Collections in conjunction with Heinemann (1977), Roger Reynolds (ed.), Portfolio One (2007) and Roger Reynolds (ed.), Portfolio Two (2010). The Society publishes an annual International Print Exhibition catalogue and increasingly publishes digital catalogues of its exhibitions. ==Membership== There are no restrictions on membership, which is international and includes amateur and professional photographers, photographic scientists and those involved in exhibiting, curating and writing about photography, as well as those with a general interest in the medium. Many of the great names in photographic history as well as many well-known photographers today have been members. ==Special interest groups== The Society established special interest groups to cater for specific interests within the membership. These have included: * Pictorial Group (now renamed Visual Art Group) (1919) * Science and Technical Group (now renamed Imaging Science Group) (1920) * Kinematograph Group (1923)The Photographic Journal, May 1925, p. 272. * Colour Group (1927)Provisionally formed 27 February 1927. The Photographic Journal, May 1928, p. 222. * Historical Group (1972) * Digital Imaging Group (1996) * Documentary Group (date) * Contemporary Group (date) * Landscape Group (date) * Analogue Group (date) * Women in Photography Group (date) As of 2016 there are fourteen groups == Distinctions and qualifications == Until 1895 membership was limited simply to 'members' with some minor variations for those living overseas, In that year the Society introduced a new membership category of Fellow and it now offers (from lowest to highest distinction): *LRPS: Licentiateship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1972Extraordinary General Meeting, held `3 September 1971. The EGM approved the introduction of the Licentiate and the first were award in 1972. *ARPS: Associateship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1924 *FRPS: Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society introduced in 1895 These require the submission of evidence – photographs or written – which is assessed by competent panels before they are awarded by the Society's Council. The society also awards honorary fellowship, HonFRPS, to the persons who distinguished themselves in the field of photography. Usually, those awarded are famous and extremely known photographers in the field of art photography. Every year, no more than eight persons are awarded HonFRPS, including society incoming president and recipients of society's Progress and Centenary Medals. In addition, the Society's Imaging Scientist Qualifications provide a structure leading to professional qualifications for engineers, scientists, and technologists whose professional activities are concerned with quantitative or mechanic aspects of imaging systems or their applications. These are broken down into four levels; *QIS; Qualified Imaging Scientist and Licentiate (QIS LRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 1) *GIS; Graduate Imaging Scientist and Associate (GIS ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 2) *AIS; Accredited Imaging Scientist and Associate (AIS ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 3) *ASIS; Accredited Senior Imaging Scientist and Fellow (ASIS FRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society (Level 4) The RPS introduced in 2013 a qualification for those working in the Creative Industries and using photography. These also carry the Society's Distinction and, like the Imaging Science Qualification, the two are used together. *QCIQ; Qualified in Creative Industries and Licentiate (QCIQ LRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society *GCIQ; Graduate in Creative Industries and Associate (GCIQ ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society *ACIQ; Accredited in Creative Industries and Associate (ACIQ ARPS) of the Royal Photographic Society *ASCIQ; Accredited Senior in Creative Industries and Fellowship (ASCIQ FRPS) of the Royal Photographic Society == Exhibitions == The Society has held an annual exhibition since 1854 and in 2021 it will be in its 163rd edition.See peib.dmu.ac.uk and erps.dmu.ac.uk for a list and searchable database of exhibitions and exhibitors from 1854–1915. The Society now holds an annual International Photography Exhibition, which tours the United Kingdom, and other exhibitions. At its new headquarters it shows four major photography exhibitions annually.Exhibitions http://rps.org/exhibitions-and-competitions Accessed 12 May 2019. ==Workshops== The Society runs more than 300 workshops and lectures throughout the UK that are open to members and non-members. Many are held at the RPS headquarters in Bath and range from an Introduction to Digital Photography to Plant and Garden Photography. == Awards and medals == Each year the Society presents a series of awards to photographers and other individuals in photography. The recipient receives a medal. The highest award of the RPS is the Progress Medal, which was instituted in 1878. The Society's other annual awards are the: Centenary Medal, Award for Cinematic Production, Award for Outstanding Service to Photography, the Combined Royal Colleges Medal, the Education Award, the Fenton Award (and Honorary Life Membership), the Hood Medal, the J Dudley Johnston Medal, the Lumière Award, RPS Member's Award (and Honorary Life Membership), the Selwyn Award, the Vic Odden Award, and The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year. ===Progress Medal=== The Progress Medal is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. It also carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society. Recipients have been: *1878 – Captain William de Wiveleslie Abney *1881 – W. Willis *1882 – Leon Warnerke *1883 – Walter B. Woodbury *1884 – Josef Maria Eder *1885 – Josef Maria Eder *1890 – Captain William de Wiveleslie Abney *1891 – Colonel James Waterhouse *1895 – Peter Henry Emerson *1896 – Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer *1897 – Gabriel Lippmann *1898 – Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield *1899 – No award *1900 – Louis Ducos du Hauron *1901 – Richard Leach Maddox *1902 – Joseph Wilson Swan *1903 – Frederic Eugene Ives *1904 – Not awarded *1905 – Dr. Paul Rudolph *1906 – Pierre Jules César Janssen *1907 – E Sanger Shepherd *1908 – John Sterry *1909 – A Lumiere and sons *1910 – Alfred Watkins *1911 – Not awarded *1912 – Henry Chapman Jones *1913 – Charles Edward Kenneth Mees *1914 – William Bates Ferguson *1915 – André Callier *1916–1920 – Not awarded *1921 – Frank Forster Renwick *1922 – Not awarded *1923 – Nahum Ellan Luboshez *1924 – Alfred Stieglitz *1925–26 – Not awarded *1927 – George Eastman *1928 – Samuel E Sheppard *1929 – Olaf F Bloch *1932 – Hinricus Lüppo-Cramer *1935 – Harold Dennis Taylor *1936 – Arthur Samuel Newman *1944 – Francis James Mortimer CBE *1946 – John G Capstaff *1947 – Not awarded *1948 – Loyd Ancile Jones *1949 – John Eggert *1950 – Louis Phillippe Clerc *1951 – J Dudley Johnston *1952 – Charles Edward Kenneth Mees *1953 – Marcel Abribat *1954 – Julian Webb *1955 – J. D. Kendall *1956 – Not awarded *1957 – Edwin H. Land *1959 – Cecil Waller *1960 – Edward J. Steichen *1961 – André Rott *1962 – Frances M. Hamer *1963 – Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes *1964 – Harold Eugene Edgerton *1965 – Walter Clark *1966 – L. Fritz Gruber *1967 – E. R. Davies *1968 – Konstantine Vladimirovich Chibosov *1969 – Laurence E. Hallett *1970 – W. F. Berg *1971 – Edward William Herbert Selwyn *1972 – Hellmut Frieser *1973 – T. Howard James *1974 – Man Ray *1975 – Beaumont Newhall *1976 – W. T. Hanson Jr *1977 – Stephen Dalton *1978 – Photographic Technology Division, NASA *1979 – Bill Brandt *1980 – Oxford Scientific Films *1981 – Norman Parkinson *1982 – Sue Davies *1983 – R. W. G. Hunt *1984 – Tom Hopkinson *1985 – Lord Snowdon *1986 – Yuri Denisyuk *1987 – Roy Jeffreys *1988 – David Hockney *1989 – Eric Hosking *1990 – Tadaaki Tani *1991 – John Szarkowski *1992 – G Farnell *1993 – Lennart Nilsson *1994 – John Wesley Mitchell *1995 – Thomas Knoll and John Knoll *1996 – Paul B Gilman *1998 – Emmett N. Leith *1999 – Leo J Thomas *2000 – A Zaleski *2001 – C T Elliott *2002 – Brad B. Amos and John G. White *2003 – Tim Berners-Lee *2004 – Eric R. Fossum *2005 – Carver Mead, Richard F. Lyon, Richard B. Merrill *2006 – Ferenc Krausz *2007 – Larry J. Hornbeck PhD *2008 – David Attenborough *2009 – Bryce E. Bayer *2010 – Nobukazu Teranishi *2011 – Rodney Shaw *2012 – Steven J. Sasson *2013 – Paul B. Corkum *2014 – Tim Webber *2015 – George E. Smith *2016 – Palmer Luckey *2017 – Michael Francis Tompsett *2018 – Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson *2019 – Alan Bovik *2020 – Chuck Hull *2021 – Katie Bouman *2022 – Leonardo Chiariglione and Graham Hudson ===Centenary Medal=== According to the Society's website this award is "in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography". Recipients have been: *1993 – Sebastião Salgado *1994 – Cornell Capa *1995 – Robert Delpire *1996–1997 – Freddie Young *1998 – Josef Koudelka *1999 – William Klein *2000 – Ray Metzker *2001 – Paul Caponigro *2002 – Elliott Erwitt *2003 – Special anniversary medals awarded (150th anniversary) *2004 – Arnold Newman *2005 – David Bailey *2006 – Susan Meiselas *2007 – Don McCullin *2008 – Martin Parr *2009 – Annie Leibovitz *2010 – Albert Watson *2011 – Terry O'Neill *2012 – Joel Meyerowitz *2013 – Brian Griffin *2014 – Steve McCurry *2015 – Wolfgang Tillmans *2016 – Thomas Struth *2017 – Hiroshi Sugimoto *2018 – Nan Goldin *2019 – Sophie Calle *2020 – Sally Mann *2021 – Bruce Davidson *2022 – Destiny Deacon ===Cinematic Production Award=== This award is given to an individual for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in the production, direction or development of film for the cinema, television, online or new media. Recipients have been: ===Award for Outstanding Service to Photography=== According to the Society's website this award "carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society. It recognizes major sustained, outstanding and influential contributions to the advancement of Photography and/or Imaging in their widest meanings." The recipients are: ===Combined Royal Colleges Medal=== Established in 1958 by the RPS in collaboration with the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, this medal is awarded for "an outstanding contribution to the advancement and/or application of medical photography or the wider field of medical imaging". ===Education Award=== According to the Society's website this award "is given for outstanding achievement or sustained contribution in photographic education". The recipients are: *2011 – Paul Delmar, who taught Press Photography and Photojournalism at Norton College, Sheffield, for 30 years ===Fenton Medal / Fenton Award (and Honorary Life Membership)=== This award, established in 1980 and named after Roger Fenton, one of the RPS's founders, is made for an outstanding contribution to the work of The Royal Photographic Society. Usually, up to four Fenton Medals are awarded each year and since 1998 this award carries Honorary Membership of the RPS. ===Hood Medal=== This medal is awarded "for a body of photographic work produced to promote or raise awareness of an aspect of public benefit or service". It was instituted in 1933 when Harold Hood offered to present an annual medal for photography with a particular emphasis on work for public service. The recipients have been: *1933 – G. Aubourne Clarke *1935 – Edwin H. Land *1936 – J. Crowther Cos *1948 – J. W. Cottingham *1939 – J. A. Fairfax-Fozzard *1941 – H. Bedford Lemere *1942 – Basil Hill *1945 – Margaret F. Harker *1946 – J. Crowther Cos *1947 – S. H. Thorpe *1948 – Margaret F. Harker *1949 – W. Mortensen *1950 – L. M. Condax *1951 – Institute of Ophthalmology (Department of Medical Illustration) *1956 – A. Faulkner Taylor *1957 – Clive Cadwallader *1958 – Maurice Broomfield *1959 – E. Victor Willmott *1960 – Walter Nurnberg *1961 – Alan S. Marshall *1962 – Adolf Morath *1964 – Gordon Clemetson *1966 – T. C. Dodds *1968 – W. H. Baddeley *1970 – K. G. Moreman *1971 – Stephen Dalton *1972 – Pat Whitehouse *1973 – John Chittock *1974 – R. M. Callender *1975 – Heather Angel *1976 – Ronald Smith *1977 – Jacques Cousteau *1978 – Lord Snowdon *1979 – Richard Attenborough *1980 – Harold Evans *1981 – Freddie Reed *1982 – Brian Tremain *1983 – John Webster *1984 – Brian Coe *1985 – Leslie Ryder *1986 – Zoe Dominic *1987 – Mark Haworth-Booth *1988 – Clifford Bestall *1989 – Colin Ford *1990 – Mike Ware *1992 – Llanfranco Colombo *1993 – Karl Steinorth *2003 – Joop Berendsen, Tom Gatsonides, Ted Janssen *2004 – Mark Holborn *2005 – Mike Birbeck *2006 – Ron Smith *2007 – Mark Sealy *2008 – Gina Glover *2009 – François Hébel *2010 – Tiffany Fairey, Anna Blackman *2011 – Edmund Clark *2012 – Marcus Bleasdale *2013 – Derek Kendall *2014 – James Balog *2015 – Jean-Jacques Naudet *2016 – Nick Hedges *2017 – Siân Davey *2019 – Laia Abril *2020 – Poulomi Basu *2021 – Dexter McLean *2022 – Hoda Afshar ===J Dudley Johnston Award / Medal=== thumb|J. Dudley Johnston (photo by Franz Ziegler, 1929) According to the Society's website this is an "award for major achievement in the field of photographic criticism or the history of photography. To be awarded for sustained excellence over a period of time, or for a single outstanding publication". The recipients are: ===Lumière Award=== The Lumière Award is given for major achievement in British cinematography, video or animation. ===RPS Member's Award (and Honorary Life Membership)=== An award, established in 2005, given to an ordinary member who, in the opinion of Council, has shown extraordinary support for The Society over a sustained period. ===Selwyn Award=== This award is intended for those under-35 years who have conducted successful science- based research connected with imaging. Sponsored by the Imaging Science Group of the RSP, it was introduced in 1994 in memory of eminent photographic scientist E. W. H. Selwyn, who was the recipient of the Progress Medal in 1971 and the Williamson Research Award in 1936. *1994 – J. R. Palmer *1995 – A. Clarke *1996–1997 – Andrew Fitz *1998 – Adrian Ford *1999 – Juliet Rason *2000 – Sophie Triantaphillidou *2001 – Serguei Endrikhovski *2002 – Robin Jenkin *2003 – Ján Morovic *2004 – Efthimia Bilissi *2005 – Elizabeth Allen *2006 – James Sharpe *2007 – Christien J. Merrifield *2008 – Vien Cheung *2009 – Iris Sprow *2010 – Agnieszka Bialek *2011 – Toby P. Breckon *2012 – Anna Fricker *2013 – Yi-Ren Ng *2014 – Wen Luo *2015 – Not awarded *2016 – Gaurav Gupta *2017 – Lounis Chermak *2018 – Emma Talbot *2019 – Tobias Houlton *2020 – Dr Maria Castaneyra-Ruiz *2021 – Dr Carolyn Erolin *2022 – Edward Fry ===Vic Odden Award=== According to the Society's website this is an "award offered for a notable achievement in the art of photography by a British photographer aged 35 or under, endowed in memory of Vic Odden". Recipients of the Vic Odden Award: *1999 – Paul Lowe *2000 – Harriet Logan *2001 – Paul M. Smith *2002 – Donovan Wylie *2003 – Hannah Starkey *2004 – Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin *2005 – Tom Craig *2006 – Stephen Gill *2007 – Simon Roberts *2008 – Alixandra Fazzina *2009 – James Mollison *2010 – Olivia Arthur *2011 – Venetia Dearden *2012 – Laura Pannack *2013 – Kate Peters *2014 – Jon Tonks *2015 – Matilda Temperley *2016 – Chloe Dewe Mathews *2017 – Jack Davison *2018 – Juno Calypso *2019 – Alix Marie *2020 – Daniel Castro Garcia *2021 – Sylvia Rossi *2022 – Carly Clarke ===The Bill Wisden Fellowship of the Year=== The Fellowship of the Year, inaugurated in 2012, was named after Bill Wisden for his 50-plus years service to the RSP's Distinctions. It is awarded for the most outstanding Fellowship of the year as decided by the Fellowship Board of The Society from more than 200 applications. Recipients have been: ==Previous awards== ===Colin Ford Award=== The RPS established the annual Colin Ford Award in 2003 for contributions to curatorship. It was named after the first director of the UK's National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (now the National Science and Media Museum), in Bradford, Colin Ford CBE. It has not been offered since 2015. Recipients were: *2003 – Paul Goodman, Brian Liddy, Dr Amanda Nevill HonFRPS, Russell Roberts *2004 – Professor Raymond P Clark ASIS HonFRPS, John R Page HonFRPS *2005 – Philippa Wright *2006 – Jane Fletcher *2007 – Gregory Hobson *2008 – Toni Booth *2009 – Pete James *2010 – John Falconer *2011 – Dr Dusan Stulik & Art Kaplan *2012 – Stephen Perloff *2013 – Dr Claude W Sui *2014 – Dr Sophie Gordon *2015 – Els Barents ===Davies Medal=== The Davies Medal was instituted in 1998 and was awarded until 2015 "for a significant contribution in the digital field of imaging science". Sponsored by Kodak European Research and Development, the medal was in memory of Dr E. R. Davies, who was a former Research Director of their Harrow Laboratories. Recipients were: *1998 – Kai Krause *1999 – Dr Michael Kriss *2000 – Stephen Watt-Smith *2001 – Professor David Whittaker *2002 – Dr Ghassan Alusi *2003 – Professor M. Ronnier Luo *2004 – Dr Peter Burns *2005 – Dr David Saunders *2006 – Professor Lindsay MacDonald *2007 – Professor Mark D. Fairchild *2008 – Professor Stephen Westland *2009 – Professor *2010 – Dr Mark Lythgoe *2011 – Dr Phil Green *2012 – Dr Sophie Triantaphillidou, ASIS, FRPS *2013 – Dr John D. Meyer *2014 – Peter Lawrence *2015 – Alessandro Rizzi * No longer awarded ===Saxby Medal / Saxby Award=== An award, no longer awarded, which was given for achievement in the field of three-dimensional imaging, endowed by Graham Saxby Hon FRPS "in appreciation of the benefits of 50 years membership of The Society". *1998 – Professor S. A. Benton *1999 – David Burder *2000 – Professor Tung H. Jeong *2001 – Hans Bjelkhagen *2002 – Professor Nicholas Phillips *2003 – Jeff Blyth *2004 – Jonathan Ross *2005 – Robert Munday *2006 – Steve McGrew *2007 – Dayton Taylor *2008 – Not awarded *2009 – Professor Martin Richardson *2010 – Dr Trevor J. Maternaghan *2011 – David Huson *2012 – Dr Brian May CBE *2013 – Dr Carl Jones *2015 – Masuji Suto ==Arms== ==See also== * List of European art awards * British Institute of Professional Photography == References == == Further reading == There is no published history of the Society but the following provide historical background and partial histories. mainly of the early history of the Society. * Jane Fletcher, "'Un Embarras de Richesses': Making the Most of the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 1970–1980", Photography & Culture, vol. 3, no. 2 (July 2010), pp. 133–152. * John Hannavy (editor), Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, London: Routledge, 2008. * Tom Hopkinson, Treasures of the Royal Photographic Society, 1839–1919, London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1980. * J. Dudley Johnston, The Story of the RPS [1853–1869], London: The Royal Photographic Society, 1946. * Marian Kamlish, ‘Claudet, Fenton and the Photographic Society’, History of Photography, 26 (4), Winter 2002, pp. 296–306. * Michael Pritchard, '"The interchange of thought and experience among Photographers". 1853 and the founding of the Photographic Society", RPS Journal, 156 (1), February 2013, pp. 38–41. * Grace Seiberling with Carolyn Bloore, Amateurs, Photography, and the mid-Victorian Imagination, London: Chicago University Press, 1986. * Roger Taylor, All the Mighty World. The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860. London: Yale University Press, 2004. * Roger Taylor, Impressed by Light. British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860, London: Yale University Press, 2007. * Roger Taylor, "Claudet, Fenton and the Photographic Society", History of Photography, 27 (4), Winter 2003, pp. 386–388 * Pamela Roberts, Photogenic: from the collection of the Royal Photographic Society, London: Scriptum Editions, 2000. ==External links== * * Members of the Royal Photographic Society, 1853–1901 * V&A; Museum collection contains many images from the Royal Photographic Society's collections * Library of Congress Selected for 1993–95 International Partnership Award – about 1994 joint exhibition with United States Library of Congress * Category:Photography organizations established in the 19th century Category:Learned societies of the United Kingdom Category:Arts organizations established in 1853 Category:1853 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:British photography organisations Category:Educational charities based in the United Kingdom Category:Organisations based in Bristol Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom with royal patronage Category:Photography museums and galleries in England |
Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 – 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and barrister who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from October 1809 until his assassination in May 1812. Perceval is the only British prime minister to have been assassinated, and the only solicitor-general or attorney-general to have become prime minister. The younger son of an Anglo- Irish earl, Perceval was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, practised as a barrister on the Midland circuit, and in 1796 became a King's Counsel. He entered politics at age 33 as a member of Parliament (MP) for Northampton. A follower of William Pitt the Younger, Perceval always described himself as a "friend of Mr. Pitt", rather than a Tory. Perceval was opposed to Catholic emancipation and reform of Parliament; he supported the war against Napoleon and the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. He was opposed to hunting, gambling and adultery; he did not drink as much as most MPs at the time, gave generously to charity, and enjoyed spending time with his thirteen children. After a late entry into politics, his rise to power was rapid: he was appointed as Solicitor General and then Attorney General for England and Wales in the Addington ministry, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons in the second Portland ministry, and then became prime minister in 1809. At the head of a weak government, Perceval faced a number of crises during his term in office, including an inquiry into the Walcheren expedition, the madness of King George III, economic depression, and Luddite riots. He overcame those crises, successfully pursued the Peninsular War in the face of opposition defeatism, and won the support of the Prince Regent. His position was looking stronger by early 1812, when, in the lobby of the House of Commons, he was assassinated by a merchant with a grievance against his government. Perceval had four older brothers who survived to adulthood. Through expiry of their male-line, male heirs, the earldom of Egmont passed to one of his great-grandsons in the early twentieth century and became extinct in 2011. ==Childhood and education== Perceval was born in Audley Square, Mayfair, London the seventh son of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont; he was the second son of the Earl's second marriage. His mother, Catherine Compton, Baroness Arden, was a granddaughter of the 4th Earl of Northampton. Spencer was a Compton family name; Catherine Compton's great uncle Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, had been prime minister. His father, a political advisor to Frederick, Prince of Wales and King George III, served briefly in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. Perceval's early childhood was spent at Charlton House, which his father had taken to be near Woolwich Dockyard. Perceval's father died when he was eight. Perceval went to Harrow School, where he was a disciplined and hard-working pupil. It was at Harrow that he developed an interest in evangelical Anglicanism and formed what was to be a lifelong friendship with Dudley Ryder. After five years at Harrow, he followed his older brother Charles to Trinity College, Cambridge. There he won the declamation prize in English and graduated in 1782. ==Legal career and marriage== As the second son of a second marriage, and with an allowance of only £200 a year (), Perceval faced the prospect of having to make his own way in life. (Under primogeniture, the first son inherited land and title.) He chose the law as a profession, studied at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1786. Perceval's mother had died in 1783. Perceval and his brother Charles, now Lord Arden, rented a house in Charlton, where they fell in love with two sisters who were living in the Percevals' old childhood home. The sisters' father, Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, approved of the match between his eldest daughter Margaretta and Lord Arden, who was wealthy and already a Member of Parliament and a Lord of the Admiralty. Perceval, who was at that time an impecunious barrister on the Midland Circuit, was told to wait until the younger daughter, Jane, came of age in three years' time. When Jane reached 21, in 1790, Perceval's career was still not prospering, and Sir Thomas still opposed the marriage. The couple eloped and married by special licence in East Grinstead. They set up home together in lodgings over a carpet shop in Bedford Row, later moving to Lindsey House, Lincoln's Inn Fields. They had thirteen children together. Perceval's family connections obtained a number of positions for him: Deputy Recorder of Northampton, and commissioner of bankrupts in 1790; surveyor of the Maltings and clerk of the irons in the mint– a sinecure worth £119 a year – in 1791; and counsel to the Board of Admiralty in 1794. He acted as junior counsel for the Crown in the prosecutions of Thomas Paine in absentia for seditious libel (1792), and John Horne Tooke for high treason (1794). Perceval joined the London and Westminster Light Horse Volunteers in 1794 when the country was under threat of invasion by France and served with them until 1803. Perceval wrote anonymous pamphlets in favour of the impeachment of Warren Hastings, and in defence of public order against sedition. These pamphlets brought him to the attention of William Pitt the Younger, and in 1795 he was offered the appointment of Chief Secretary for Ireland. He declined the offer. He could earn more as a barrister and needed the money to support his growing family. In 1796 he became a King's Counsel and had an income of about £1,000 a year (). Perceval was 33 when he became a KC, making him one of the youngest ever. ==Early political career: 1796–1801== In 1796, Perceval's uncle, the 8th Earl of Northampton, died. Perceval's cousin Charles Compton, who was MP for Northampton, succeeded to the earldom and took his place in the House of Lords. Perceval was invited to stand for election in his place. In the May by-election he was elected unopposed, but weeks later had to defend his seat in a fiercely contested general election. Northampton had an electorate of about one thousand – every male householder not in receipt of poor relief had a vote – and the town had a strong radical tradition. Perceval stood for the Castle Ashby interest, Edward Bouverie for the Whigs, and William Walcot for the corporation. After a disputed count, Perceval and Bouverie were returned. Perceval represented Northampton until his death 16 years later, and is the only MP for Northampton to have held the office of prime minister. 1796 was his first and last contested election; in the general elections of 1802, 1806 and 1807, Perceval and Bouverie were returned unopposed. When Perceval took his seat in the House of Commons in September 1796, his political views were already formed. "He was for the constitution and Pitt; he was against Fox and France", wrote his biographer Denis Gray. During the 1796–1797 session, he made several speeches, always reading from notes. His public speaking skills had been sharpened at the Crown and Rolls debating society when he was a law student. After taking his seat in the House of Commons, Perceval continued with his legal practice, as MPs did not receive a salary, and the House only sat for a part of the year. During the Parliamentary recess of the summer of 1797, he was senior counsel for the Crown in the prosecution of John Binns for sedition. Binns, who was defended by Samuel Romilly, was found not guilty. The fees from his legal practice allowed Perceval to take out a lease on a country house, Belsize House in Hampstead. It was during the next session of Parliament, in January 1798, that Perceval established his reputation as a debater – and his prospects as a future minister – with a speech in support of the Assessed Taxes Bill (a bill to increase the taxes on houses, windows, male servants, horses and carriages, in order to finance the war against France). He used the occasion to mount an attack on Charles Fox and his demands for reform. Pitt described the speech as one of the best he had ever heard, and later that year Perceval was appointed to the post of Solicitor to the Ordnance. ==Solicitor and attorney general: 1801–1806== Pitt resigned in 1801 when the King and Cabinet opposed his bill for Catholic emancipation. As Perceval shared the King's views on Catholic emancipation, he did not feel obliged to follow Pitt into opposition. His career continued to prosper during Henry Addington's administration. He was appointed solicitor general in 1801 and attorney general the following year. Perceval did not agree with Addington's general policies (especially on foreign policy), and confined himself to speeches on legal issues. He was retained in the position of attorney general when Addington resigned, and Pitt formed his second ministry in 1804. As attorney general, Perceval was involved with the prosecution of radicals Edward Despard and William Cobbett, but was also responsible for more liberal decisions on trade unions, and for improving the conditions of convicts transported to New South Wales. When Pitt died, in January 1806, Perceval was an emblem bearer at his funeral. Although he had little money to spare (by now he had eleven children), he contributed £1,000 towards a fund to pay off Pitt's debts. He resigned as attorney general, refusing to serve in Lord Grenville's ministry of "all the talents", as it included Fox. Instead he became the leader of the Pittite opposition in the House of Commons. During his period in opposition, Perceval used his legal skills to defend Princess Caroline, the estranged wife of the Prince of Wales, during the "delicate investigation". The Princess had been accused of giving birth to an illegitimate child, and the Prince of Wales ordered an inquiry, hoping to obtain evidence for a divorce. The government inquiry found that the main accusation was untrue (the child in question had been adopted by the Princess), but it was critical of the behaviour of the Princess. The opposition sprang to her defence and Perceval became her advisor, drafting a 156-page letter to King George III in her support. Known as , it was described by Perceval's biographer as "the last and greatest production of his legal career". When the King refused to let Caroline return to court, Perceval threatened publication of The Book, but Grenville's ministry fell – again over a difference of opinion with the King on the Catholic question – before The Book could be distributed. As a member of the new government, Perceval drafted a cabinet minute acquitting Caroline on all charges and recommending her return to court. He had a bonfire of The Book at Lindsey House, and large sums of government money were spent on buying back stray copies. A few remained at large and The Book was published soon after his death. ==Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1807–1809== thumb|Engraving of the British House of Commons, 1808 On the resignation of Grenville, the Duke of Portland put together a ministry of Pittites and asked Perceval to become Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons. Perceval would have preferred to remain attorney general or become Home Secretary, and pleaded ignorance of financial affairs. He agreed to take the position when the salary (smaller than that of the Home Office) was augmented by the Duchy of Lancaster. Lord Hawkesbury (later Liverpool) recommended Perceval to the King by explaining that he came from an old English family and shared the King's views on the Catholic question. Perceval's youngest child, Ernest Augustus, was born soon after Perceval became chancellor (Princess Caroline was godmother). Jane Perceval became ill after the birth and the family moved out of the damp and draughty Belsize House, spending a few months in Lord Teignmouth's house in Clapham before finding a suitable country house in Ealing. Elm Grove was a 16th- century house that had been the home of the Bishop of Durham; Perceval paid £7,500 for it in 1808 (borrowing from his brother Lord Arden and the trustees of Jane's dowry), and the Perceval family's long association with Ealing began. Meanwhile, in town, Perceval had moved from Lindsey House into 10 Downing Street, when the Duke of Portland moved back to Burlington House shortly after becoming prime minister. One of Perceval's first tasks in Cabinet was to expand the Orders in Council that had been brought in by the previous administration and were designed to restrict the trade of neutral countries with France, in retaliation to Napoleon's embargo on British trade. He was also responsible for ensuring that Wilberforce's bill on the abolition of the slave trade, which had still not passed its final stages in the House of Lords when Grenville's ministry fell, would not "fall between the two ministries" and be rejected in a snap division. Perceval was one of the founding members of the African Institute, which was set up in April 1807 to safeguard the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Perceval had to raise money to finance the war against Napoleon. This he managed to do in his budgets of 1808 and 1809 without increasing taxes, by raising loans at reasonable rates and making economies. As leader of the House of Commons, he had to deal with a strong opposition, which challenged the government over the conduct of the war, Catholic emancipation, corruption, and Parliamentary reform. Perceval successfully defended the commander-in-chief of the army, the Duke of York, against charges of corruption when the Duke's ex-mistress Mary Anne Clarke claimed to have sold army commissions with his knowledge. Although Parliament voted to acquit the Duke of the main charge, his conduct was criticised, and he accepted Perceval's advice to resign. (He was re-instated in 1811). Portland's ministry contained three future prime-ministers – Perceval, Lord Hawkesbury and George Canning – as well as another two of the 19th-century's great statesmen: Lord Eldon and Lord Castlereagh. But Portland was not a strong leader and his health was failing. The country was plunged into political crisis in the summer of 1809 as Canning schemed against Castlereagh, and the Duke of Portland resigned following a stroke. Negotiations began to find a new prime minister: Canning wanted to be either prime minister or nothing, Perceval was prepared to serve under a third person, but not Canning. The remnants of the cabinet decided to invite Lord Grey and Lord Grenville to form "an extended and combined administration" in which Perceval was hoping for the home secretaryship. But Grenville and Grey refused to enter into negotiations, and the King accepted the Cabinet's recommendation of Perceval for his new prime minister. Perceval kissed the King's hands on 4 October and set about forming his Cabinet, a task made more difficult by the fact that Castlereagh and Canning had ruled themselves out of consideration by fighting a duel (which Perceval had tried to prevent). Having received five refusals for the office, he had to serve as his own Chancellor of the Exchequer – characteristically declining to accept the salary. ==Prime Minister: 1809–1812== The new ministry was not expected to last. It was especially weak in the Commons, where Perceval had only one cabinet member– Home Secretary Richard Ryder – and had to rely on the support of backbenchers in debate. In the first week of the new Parliamentary session in January 1810 the government lost four divisions, one on a motion for an inquiry into the Walcheren Expedition (in which, the previous summer, a military force intending to seize Antwerp had instead withdrawn after losing many men to an epidemic on the island of Walcheren off the Dutch coast) and three on the composition of the finance committee. The government survived the inquiry into the Walcheren Expedition at the cost of the resignation of the expedition's leader Lord Chatham. The radical MP Sir Francis Burdett was committed to the Tower of London for having published a letter in William Cobbett's Political Register denouncing the government's exclusion of the press from the inquiry. It took three days, owing to various blunders, to execute the warrant for Burdett's arrest. The mob took to the streets in support of Burdett, troops were called out, and there were fatal casualties. As Chancellor, Perceval continued to find the funds to finance Wellington's campaign in the Iberian Peninsula, whilst contracting a lower debt than his predecessors or successors. King George III had celebrated his Golden Jubilee in 1809; by the following autumn he was showing signs of a return of the illness that had led to the threat of a Regency in 1788. The prospect of a Regency was not attractive to Perceval, as the Prince of Wales was known to favour Whigs and disliked Perceval for the part he had played in the "delicate investigation". Twice Parliament was adjourned in November 1810, as doctors gave optimistic reports about the King's chances of a return to health. In December select committees of the Lords and Commons heard evidence from the doctors, and Perceval finally wrote to the Prince of Wales on 19 December saying that he planned the next day to introduce a regency bill. As with Pitt's bill in 1788, there would be restrictions: the regent's powers to create peers and award offices and pensions would be restricted for 12 months, the Queen would be responsible for the care of the King, and the King's private property would be looked after by trustees. The Prince of Wales, supported by the Opposition, objected to the restrictions, but Perceval steered the bill through Parliament. Everyone had expected the Regent to change his ministers but, surprisingly, he chose to retain his old enemy Perceval. The official reason given by the Regent was that he did not wish to do anything to aggravate his father's illness. The King assented to the Regency Bill on 5 February, the Regent took the royal oath the following day and Parliament formally opened for the 1811 session. The session was largely taken up with problems in Ireland, economic depression and the bullion controversy in England (a bill was passed to make bank notes legal tender), and military operations in the peninsula. The restrictions on the Regency expired in February 1812, the King was still showing no signs of recovery, and the Prince Regent decided, after an unsuccessful attempt to persuade Grey and Grenville to join the government, to retain Perceval and his ministers. Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, after intrigues with the Prince Regent, resigned as foreign secretary and was replaced by Castlereagh. The opposition meanwhile was mounting an attack on the Orders in Council, which had caused a crisis in relations with America and were widely blamed for depression and unemployment in England. Rioting had broken out in the Midlands and North, and been harshly repressed. Henry Brougham's motion for a select committee was defeated in the Commons, but, under continuing pressure from manufacturers, the government agreed to set up a Committee of the Whole House to consider the Orders in Council and their impact on trade and manufacture. The committee began its examination of witnesses in early May 1812. ==Assassination== thumb|alt=19th-century stipple engraving|Artist's impression of Perceval's assassination, 11 May 1812 At 5:15 pm, on the evening of 11 May 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry into the Orders in Council. As he entered the lobby of the House of Commons, a man stepped forward, drew a pistol and shot him in the chest. Perceval fell to the floor, after uttering something that was variously heard as "murder" and "oh my God". They were his last words. By the time he had been carried into an adjoining room and propped up on a table with his feet on two chairs, he was senseless, although there was still a faint pulse. When a surgeon arrived a few minutes later, the pulse had stopped, and Perceval was declared dead. At first it was feared that the shot might signal the start of an uprising, but it soon became apparent that the assassin – who had made no attempt to escape – was a man with an obsessive grievance against the Government and had acted alone. The assassin, John Bellingham, was a merchant who believed he had been unjustly imprisoned in Russia and was entitled to compensation from the government, but all his petitions had been rejected. Perceval's body was laid on a sofa in the speaker's drawing room and removed to Number 10 in the early hours of 12 May. That same morning an inquest was held at the Cat and Bagpipes public house on the corner of Downing Street and a verdict of wilful murder was returned. Perceval left a widow and twelve children aged between three and twenty, and there were soon rumours that he had not left them well provided for. He had just £106 5s 1d in the bank when he died. A few days after his death, Parliament voted to settle £50,000 on Perceval's children, with additional annuities for his widow and eldest son. Jane Perceval married Lieutenant- Colonel Sir Henry Carr, brother of the Reverend Robert James Carr, then Vicar of Brighton, in 1815 and was widowed again six years later. She died aged 74 in 1844. Perceval was buried on 16 May 1812 in the Egmont vault at St Luke's Church, Charlton, London. At his widow's request, it was a private funeral. Lord Eldon, Lord Liverpool, Lord Harrowby and Richard Ryder were the pall- bearers. The previous day, Bellingham had been tried, and, refusing to enter a plea of insanity, was found guilty and sentenced to death. He was executed by hanging on 18 May. ==Legacy== Perceval was a small, slight, and very pale man, who usually dressed in black. Lord Eldon called him "Little P". He never sat for a full-sized portrait; likenesses are either miniatures or are based on a death mask by Joseph Nollekens. Perceval was the last British prime minister to wear a powdered wig tied in a queue, and knee-breeches according to the old-fashioned style of the 18th century. He is sometimes referred to as one of Britain's forgotten prime ministers, remembered only for the manner of his death. Although not considered an inspirational leader, he is generally seen as a devout, industrious, principled man who at the head of a weak government steered the country through difficult times. A contemporary MP Henry Grattan, used a naval analogy to describe Perceval: "He is not a ship-of-the-line, but he carries many guns, is tight-built and is out in all weathers". Perceval's modern biographer, Denis Gray, described him as "a herald of the Victorians". thumb|Memorial to Perceval in Westminster Abbey Perceval was mourned by many; Lord Chief Justice Sir James Mansfield wept during his summing up to the jury at Bellingham's trial. However, in some quarters he was unpopular and in Nottingham the crowds that gathered following his assassination were in a more cheerful mood. Public monuments to Perceval were erected in Northampton, Lincoln's Inn and in Westminster Abbey.Stanley, A.P., Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London; John Murray; 1882), p. 222. The memorial in Westminster Abbey, by the sculptor Richard Westmacott, has an effigy of the dead Perceval with mourning figures representing Truth, Temperance and Power in front of a relief depicting the aftermath of the assassination in the House of Commons. Four biographies have been published: a book on his life and administration by Charles Verulam Williams, which appeared soon after his death; his grandson Spencer Walpole's biography in 1894; Philip Treherne's short biography in 1909; Denis Gray's 500-page political biography in 1963. In addition, there are three books about his assassination, one by Mollie Gillen, one by David Hanrahan, and the latest by Andro Linklater entitled Why Spencer Perceval Had to Die. Perceval's assassination inspired poems such as Universal sympathy on the martyr'd statesman (1812): One of Perceval's most noted critics, especially on the question of Catholic emancipation, was the cleric Sydney Smith. In Peter Plymley's Letters Smith writes: > If I lived at Hampstead upon stewed meats and claret; if I walked to church > every Sunday before eleven young gentlemen of my own begetting, with their > faces washed, and their hair pleasingly combed; if the Almighty had blessed > me with every earthly comfort-how awfully would I pause before I sent forth > the flame and the sword over the cabins of the poor, brave, generous, open- > hearted peasants of Ireland! American historian Henry Adams suggested that it was this picture of Perceval that stayed in the minds of Liberals for a whole generation. In July 2014, a memorial plaque was unveiled in St Stephen's Hall of the Houses of Parliament, close to where he was killed. The plaque had been proposed by Michael Ellis, Conservative MP for Northampton North (parts of which Perceval once represented). In streets in Northampton and Northamptonshire his name is memorialised as it is by the main streets set back behind two sides of Northampton Square, London: Spencer and Percival Streets. ==Family== Spencer and Jane Perceval had thirteen children, of whom twelve survived to adulthood. Four of the daughters never married, and lived together all their lives. During their mother's life, they lived with her in Elm Grove, Ealing; after her death, the sisters moved to nearby Pitzhanger Manor House, while their brother Spencer took over Elm Grove. Cousin marriage was common: the remaining two daughters and two of the sons took this path. # Jane (1791–1824) married her cousin Edward Perceval, son of Lord Arden, in 1821 and lived in Felpham, Sussex. She died three years after marrying, apparently in childbirth. # Frances (1792–1877) lived with three unmarried sisters. # Maria (1794–1877) lived with her three unmarried sisters. # Spencer (1795–1859) was, like his father, educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. After Perceval's assassination, Spencer junior was voted an annuity of £1000 (), free legal training at Lincoln's Inn and a tellership of the Exchequer, all of which left him financially secure. He became a Member of Parliament at the age of 22 and in 1821 married Anna, a daughter of the chief of the clan Macleod, with whom he had eleven children. He joined the Catholic Apostolic Church and was created an apostle in 1833. He served as a metropolitan lunacy commissioner. # Charles (born and died 1796) # Frederick James (1797–1861) was the only one of Perceval's sons not to go to Harrow. Due to his fragile health he was sent to school at Rottingdean. He married for the first time in 1827, spent some time in Ghent, Belgium, was a director of the Clerical, Medical and General Life Assurance Society and a justice of the peace for Middlesex and for Kent, but generally led a quiet and retired life. Widowed in 1843, he married for the second time the following year. A grandson, Frederick Joseph Trevelyan Perceval, who was a Canadian rancher, became the 10th de jure Earl of Egmont (he did not claim the title) and was the father of the 11th earl. # Rev. Henry (1799–1885) was educated at Harrow, where he was the only Perceval to become head of school. He went to Brasenose College, Oxford. In 1826 he married his cousin Catherine Drummond. For 46 years Henry was the rector of Elmley Lovett in Worcestershire. # Dudley Montague (1800–1856) was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford. Like his brother Spencer, he was given free legal training at Lincoln's Inn but was not called to the bar. He spent two years as an administrator at the Cape of Good Hope, where he married a daughter of Gen. Sir Richard Bourke, future Governor of New South Wales, in 1827. Back in England he obtained a treasury post and defended his father's reputation after it was attacked in Napier's history of the Peninsular War. In 1853 he stood unsuccessfully against William Gladstone in the election for an MP to represent Oxford University. # Isabella (1801–1886) married her cousin Spencer Horatio Walpole in 1835 and was the only one of Perceval's daughters to have children. Her husband was a lawyer who became an MP in 1846 and served as Home Secretary. They lived in the Hall on Ealing Green, next-door to Isabella's four unmarried sisters. # John Thomas (1803–1876) was educated at Harrow. After a three-year career as an officer in the Grenadier Guards and a term at Oxford University, he spent three years in asylums and became a campaigner for reform of the Lunacy Laws. In 1832, just after his release from an asylum, he married a cheesemonger's daughter. # Louisa (1804–1891) lived with her three unmarried sisters. # Frederica (1805–1900) lived with her three unmarried sisters. In her will she left money to build All Saints Church, Ealing, in memory of her father (he was born on All Saints Day). It is also known as the Spencer Perceval Memorial Church. # Ernest Augustus (1807–1896) was educated at Harrow. He spent nine years in the 15th Hussars, seven of them as a captain. In 1830, he married his cousin Beatrice Trevelyan, daughter of Sir John Trevelyan, 5th Baronet. The couple settled in Somerset and raised a large family, including antiquary Spencer George Perceval. Ernest served as private secretary to the Home Office on three occasions. ==Arms== ==Cabinet of Spencer Perceval== == See also == * Earl of Egmont ==Notes== ==References== * * * * * * * * * ==Further reading== * * Fulford, Roger. "Spencer Perceval" History Today (Feb 1952) 2#2 pp 95–100. * Gray, Denis. Spencer Perceval (Manchester University Press, 1963), full scholarly biography * * * * Pentland, Gordon. "'Now the great Man in the Parliament House is dead, we shall have a big Loaf!' Responses to the Assassination of Spencer Perceval." Journal of British Studies 51.2 (2012): 340–363 online. * ==External links== * * Spencer Perceval, the assassinated prime minister that history forgot in The Guardian * Spencer Perceval on the Downing Street website * Articles about Spencer Perceval on the website of All Saints Church, Ealing * Spencer Perceval's assassination at the National Archives * Spencer Perceval's assassination in the Parliamentary Archives * A short article about Spencer Perceval and Ealing in the Ealing Civic Society newsletter * * Images relating to Spencer Perceval in the Parliamentary Archives *Papers relating to Spencer Perceval (1762–1812) in the Parliamentary Archives Category:1762 births Category:1812 deaths Category:19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom Category:People from Northamptonshire Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Category:Assassinated English politicians Category:Attorneys General for England and Wales Category:Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain Category:Deaths by firearm in London Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:People educated at Harrow School Category:People from Ealing Category:Politicians from London Category:Lawyers from London Category:Male murder victims Category:People murdered in Westminster Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Category:Solicitors General for England and Wales Category:Tory MPs (pre-1834) Category:Younger sons of earls Category:Younger sons of barons Category:Assassinated heads of government Category:19th-century heads of government Category:Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies Category:British MPs 1796–1800 Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Category:UK MPs 1801–1802 Category:UK MPs 1802–1806 Category:UK MPs 1806–1807 Category:UK MPs 1807–1812 Category:Tory prime ministers of the United Kingdom Category:Assassinated British MPs |
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