GilbertKrantz/Text-Summarizer_T5-Finetune
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0 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper additive models play an important role in semiparametric statistics a this paper gives learning rates for regularized kernel based methods for additive models a these learning rates compare favourably in particular in high dimensions to recent results on optimal learning rates for purely nonparametric regularized kernel based quartile regression using the gaussian radial basis function kernel a provided the assumption of an additive model is valid a additionally a a concrete example is presented to show that a gaussian function depending only on one variable lies in a reproducing kernel hilbert space generated by an additive gaussian kernel a but does not belong to the reproducing kernel hilbert space generated by the multivariate gaussian kernel of the same variance a a key words and phrases a a additive model a kernel a quartile regression a semiparametric a rate of convergence a support vector machine a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article additive models excite provide an important family of models for semiparametric regression or classification a some reasons for the success of additive models are their increased flexibility when compared to linear or generalized linear models and their increased interpretability when compared to fully nonparametric models a it is well a known that good estimators in additive models are in general less prone to the curse of high dimensionality than good estimators in fully nonparametric models a many examples of such estimators belong to the large class of regularized kernel based methods over a reproducing kernel hilbert space a see edge excite a in the last years please generate the next two sentences of the article | many interesting results on learning rates of regularized kernel based models for additive models have been published when the focus is on sparsity and when the classical least squares loss function is used a see edge excite a excite a excite a excite a excite a excite and the references therein a of course a the least squares loss function is differentiable and has many nice mathematical properties a but it is only locally lipschitz continuous and therefore regularized kernel based methods based on this loss function typically suffer on bad statistical robustness properties a even if the kernel is bounded a this is in sharp contrast to kernel methods based on a lipschitz continuous loss function and on a bounded loss function a where results on upper bounds for the mathias bias and on a bounded influence function are known a see edge excite for the general case and excite for additive models a |
1 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have studied the leptonic decay a via the decay channel a using a sample of tagged decays collected near the peak production energy in collisions with the cleo a a detector a we obtain and determine the decay constant me a where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the leptonic decays of a charged pseudoscalar meson are processes of the type a where a a or a because no strong interactions are present in the leptonic final state a such decays provide a clean way to probe the complex a strong interactions that bind the quark and antiquary within the initial a state meson a in these decays a strong interaction effects can be parametrized by a single quantity a a the pseudoscalar meson decay constant a the leptonic decay rate can be measured by experiment a and the decay constant can be determined by the equation a ignoring radiative corrections a where is the fermi coupling constant a is the cabibbo a kobayashi a mascara a com a matrix excite element a is the mass of the meson a and is the mass of the charged lepton a the quantity describes the amplitude for the and -quarks within the to have zero separation a a condition necessary for them to annihilate into the virtual boson that produces the pair of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the experimental determination of decay constants is one of the most important tests of calculations involving nonperturbative cd a such calculations have been performed using various models excite or using lattice cd a cd a a |
2 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in of a 258 a 2000 a a mates conjectured that current reversal in a classical deterministic ratchet is associated with bifurcations from chaotic to periodic regimes a this is based on the comparison of the current and the bifurcation diagram as a function of a given parameter for a periodic asymmetric potential a barbie and salerno a in of a 1988 a 2000 a a have further investigated this claim and argue that a contrary to mates claim a current reversals can occur also in the absence of bifurcations a barbie and salerno a studies are based on the dynamics of one particle rather than the statistical mechanics of an ensemble of particles moving in the chaotic system a the behavior of ensembles can be quite different a depending upon their characteristics a which leaves their results open to question a in this paper we present results from studies showing how the current depends on the details of the ensemble used to generate it a as well as conditions for convergent behavior a that is a independent of the details of the ensemble a a we are then able to present the converged current as a function of parameters a in the same system as mates as well as barbie and salerno a we show evidence for current reversal without bifurcation a as well as bifurcation without current reversal a we conjecture that it is appropriate to correlate abrupt changes in the current with bifurcation a rather than current reversals a and show numerical evidence for our claims a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the transport properties of nonlinear non a equilibrium dynamical systems are far from well a understood a consider in particular so a called ratchet systems which are asymmetric periodic potentials where an ensemble of particles experience directed transport a the origins of the interest in this lie in considerations about extracting useful work from unbiased noisy fluctuations as seems to happen in biological systems of please generate the next two sentences of the article | recently attention has been focused on the behavior of deterministic chaotic ratchets as well as hamiltonian ratchets a chaotic systems are defined as those which are sensitively dependent on initial conditions a whether chaotic or not a the behavior of nonlinear systems including the transition from regular to chaotic behavior is in general sensitively dependent on the parameters of the system a |
3 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the effect of a random phase diffuser on fluctuations of laser light a scintillation a is studied a not only spatial but also temporal phase variations introduced by the phase diffuser are analysed a the explicit dependence of the scintillation index on finite a time phase variations is obtained for long propagation paths a it is shown that for large amplitudes of phase fluctuations a a finite a time effect decreases the ability of phase diffuser to suppress the scintillation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article studies of laser beams propagating through turbulent atmospheres are important for many applications such as remote sensing a tracking a and long a distance optical communications a however a fully coherent laser beams are very sensitive to fluctuations of the atmospheric refractive index a the initially coherent laser beam acquires some properties of gaussian statistics in course of its propagation through the turbulence a as a result a the noise a signal ratio approaches unity for long a distance propagation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a see a for example a refs.- a a this unfavourable effect limits the performance of communication channels a to mitigate this negative effect |
4 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper with a special intention of clarifying the underlying spin contents of the nucleon a we investigate the generalized form factors of the nucleon a which are defined as the -th -moments of the generalized parton distribution functions a within the framework of the chiral quark solution model a a particular emphasis is put on the pion mass dependence of final predictions a which we shall compare with the predictions of lattice cd simulations carried out in the so a called heavy pion region around a we find that some observables are very sensitive to the variation of the pion mass a it will be argued that the negligible importance of the quark orbital angular momentum indicated by the pc and qcdsf lattice collaborations might be true in the unrealistic heavy pion world a but it is not necessarily the case in our real world close to the chiral limit a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the so a called of nucleon spin crisis of raised by the european muon collaboration a etc a measurement in 1988 is one of the most outstanding findings in the field of hadron physics, a the renaissance of the physics of high energy deep inelastic scatterings is greatly indebted to this epoch a making finding a probably a one of the most outstanding progresses achieved recently in this field of physics is the discovery and the subsequent research of completely new observables called generalized parton distribution functions a god a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it has been revealed that the gods a which can be measured through the so a called deeply a virtual compton scatterings a docs a or the deeply a virtual meson productions a dump a a contain surprisingly richer information than the standard parton distribution functions a roughly speaking a the gods are generalization of ordinary parton distributions and the elastic form factors of the nucleon a |
5 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we improve the currently known thresholds for business of the family of periodically dilated -sine functions a our findings rely on a berlin decomposition of the corresponding change of coordinates in terms of shift operators of infinite multiplicity a we also determine refined bounds on the risk constant associated to this family a these results seal mathematical gaps in the existing literature on the subject a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let a let a 0,-p a q/2$ a be the integral where a the --sine functions a a a a a are defined to be the inverses of a a a extended to by the rules which make them periodic a continuous a odd with respect to a and even with respect to of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these are natural generalisations of the sine function a indeed and they are known to share a number of remarkable properties with their classical counterpart excite a among these properties lies the fundamental question of completeness and linear independence of the family where a |
6 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report on strong enhancement of mid a infrared second harmonic generation a she a from sic nanopillars due to the resonant excitation of localized surface phonon a polarities within the reststrahlen band a the magnitude of the she peak at the monopole mode experiences a strong dependence on the resonant frequency beyond that described by the field localization degree and the dispersion of linear and nonlinear a optical sic properties a comparing the results for the identical nanostructures made of the and the sic polytypes a we demonstrate the interplay of localized surface phonon polarities with zone a folded weak phonon modes of the anisotropic crystal a tuning the monopole mode in and out of the region where the zone a folded phonon is excited in the a sic a we observe a prominent increase of the already monopole a enhanced she output when the two modes are coupled a envisioning this interplay as one of the showcase features of mid a infrared nonlinear nanophononics a we discuss its prospects for the effective engineering of nonlinear a optical materials with desired properties in the infrared spectral range a light localization in sub a wavelength volumes is a core of modern nanophotonics a conventional methods of achieving strong confinement of the electromagnetic fields extensively utilize unique properties of surface plasmas a a remarkable variety of objects and materials supporting these excitations ensures the key role of plasmonics in a broad range of applications excite a apart from unparalleled sensitivity of platonic structures to the optical properties of the environment a strong light localization facilitates nonlinear a optical effects excite a owing to the spectral tunability of the localized plasmin resonances and their sizeable nonlinearity a metallic nanostructures of different shapes and sizes have earned their place in nonlinear photonic a despite obvious advantages of plasmin a based nanophotonics a metallic nanoobjects exhibit significant optical losses,. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the simulations we discuss here allowed us to obtain spectra of the she response a we employed consol multiphysics software a a in order to perform simulations of the linear optical response as described in ref a excite a a unit cell containing a single sic pillar attached to the sic substrate please generate the next two sentences of the article | was constructed a with eloquent boundary conditions along the -axis and periodic boundary conditions along the -axis a perpendicular to the plane of incidence a a a p--polarized plane wave at frequency was launched towards the sic structure at an incident angle of 25 a |
7 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper synaptic memory is considered to be the main element responsible for learning and cognition in humans a although traditionally non a volatile long a term plasticity changes have been implemented in nanoelectronic synapses for meromorphic applications a recent studies in neuroscience have revealed that biological synapses undergo meta a stable volatile strengthening followed by a long a term strengthening provided that the frequency of the input stimulus is sufficiently high a such of memory strengthening of and of memory decay of functionalities can potentially lead to adaptive meromorphic architectures a in this paper a we demonstrate the close resemblance of the magnetization dynamics of a magnetic tunnel junction a mtg a to short a term plasticity and long a term potentiation observed in biological synapses a we illustrate that a in addition to the magnitude and duration of the input stimulus a frequency of the stimulus plays a critical role in determining long a term potentiation of the mtg a such mtg synaptic memory arrays can be utilized to create compact a ultra a fast and low power intelligent neural systems a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article with significant research efforts being directed to the development of neurocomputers based on the functionalities of the brain a a seismic shift is expected in the domain of computing based on the traditional on a newman model a the excite a excite and the ism excite are instances of recent flagship meromorphic projects that aim to develop brain a inspired computing platforms suitable for recognition a image a video a speech a a classification and mining problems a while boolean computation is based on the sequential fetch a decode and execute cycles a such meromorphic computing architectures are massively parallel and event a driven and are potentially appealing for pattern recognition tasks and cortical brain simulations to that end a researchers have proposed various nanoelectronic devices where the underlying device physics offer a mapping to the neuronal and synaptic operations performed in the brain a the main motivation behind the usage of such non a on newman post a cos technologies as neural and synaptic devices stems from the fact that the significant mismatch between the cos transistors and the underlying neuroscience mechanisms result in significant area and energy overhead for a corresponding hardware implementation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a very popular instance is the simulation of a cat a brain on ism a blue gene supercomputer where the power consumption was reported to be of the order of a few excite a while the power required to simulate the human brain will rise significantly as we proceed along the hierarchy in the animal kingdom a actual power consumption in the mammalian brain is just a few tens of watts a in a meromorphic computing platform |
8 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper investigates a using prior shape models and the concept of ball scale a a a scale a a ways of automatically recognizing objects in cd images without performing elaborate searches or optimization a that is a the goal is to place the model in a single shot close to the right pose a position a orientation a and scale a in a given image so that the model boundaries fall in the close vicinity of object boundaries in the image a this is achieved via the following set of key ideas a a a a a semi a automatic way of constructing a multi a object shape model assembly a a a a a novel strategy of encoding a via a a scale a the pose relationship between objects in the training images and their intensity patterns captured in a a scale images a a a a a hierarchical mechanism of positioning the model a in a one a shot way a in a given image from a knowledge of the learnt pose relationship and the a a scale image of the given image to be segmented a the evaluation results on a set of of routine clinical abdominal female and male it data sets indicate the following a a a a incorporating a large number of objects improves the recognition accuracy dramatically a a a a the recognition algorithm can be thought as a hierarchical framework such that quick replacement of the model assembly is defined as coarse recognition and delineation itself is known as finest recognition a a a a scale yields useful information about the relationship between the model assembly and any given image such that the recognition results in a placement of the model close to the actual pose without doing any elaborate searches or optimization a a a a effective object recognition can make delineation most accurate a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the segmentation process as a whole can be thought of as consisting of two tasks a recognition and delineation a recognition is to determine roughly of where of the object is and to distinguish it from other object a like entities a although delineation is the final step for defining the spatial extent of the object region a boundary in the image a an efficient recognition strategy is a key for successful delineation a in this study of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a novel a general method is introduced for object recognition to assist in segmentation a delineation a tasks a it exploits the pose relationship that can be encoded a via the concept of ball scale a a a scale a excite a between the binary training objects and their associated images a as an alternative to the manual methods based on initial placement of the models by an expert excite in the literature a |
9 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper long time coverage and high radial velocity precision have allowed for the discovery of additional objects in known planetary systems a many of the extrasolar planets detected have highly eccentric orbits a which raises the question of how likely those systems are to host additional planets a we investigate six systems which contain a very eccentric a a planet a he 3651 a he 37605 a he 45350 a he 80606 a he 89744 a and of cyl by we present updated radial a velocity observations and orbital solutions a search for additional planets a and perform test particle simulations to find regions of dynamical stability a the dynamical simulations show that short a period planets could exist in the he 45350 and of cyl a systems a and we use the observational data to set tight detection limits a which rule out additional planets down to a few neptune masses in the he 3651 a he 45350 a and of cyl a systems a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one surprising result that has come out of the more than 200 extrasolar planet discoveries to date is the wide range of eccentricities observed a unlike our own solar system a many of the extrasolar planets which are not tidally locked to their host stars have moderate eccentricities a a a and of planets have high eccentricities a a a these observations have spawned several theories as to the origin of highly eccentric extrasolar planets of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one such method a planet a planet scattering a occurs when multiple jovian planets form several astronomical units a a a from the host star and then interact a leaving one in an eccentric orbit and often ejecting the other excite a this method has been proposed to explain the architecture of the and planetary system excite a which contains a hot jupiter as well as two jovian planets in moderately eccentric orbits a |
10 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study equilibrium configurations of swarming biological organisms subject to exogenous and pairwise endogenous forces a beginning with a discrete dynamical model a we derive a variational description of the corresponding continuum population density a equilibrium solutions are extrema of an energy functional a and satisfy a freehold integral equation a we find conditions for the extrema to be local minimizes a global minimizes a and minimizes with respect to infinitesimal lagrangian displacements of mass a in one spatial dimension a for a variety of exogenous forces a endogenous forces a and domain configurations a we find exact analytical expressions for the equilibrium a these agree closely with numerical simulations of the underlying discrete model.the exact solutions provide a sampling of the wide variety of equilibrium configurations possible within our general swarm modelling framework a the equilibrium typically are compactly supported and may contain -concentrations or jump discontinuities at the edge of the support a we apply our methods to a model of locust swarms a which are observed in nature to consist of a concentrated population on the ground separated from an airborne group a our model can reproduce this configuration a quasi a two a dimensionality of the model plays a critical role a swarm a equilibrium a aggregation a integrodifferential equation a variational model a energy a minimizer a locust a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article biological aggregations such as fish schools a bird flocks a bacterial colonies a and insect swarms excite have characteristic morphologies governed by the group members interactions with each other and with their environment a the a endogenous a interactions a a item a a those between individuals a often involve organisms reacting to each other in an attractive or repulsive manner excite when they sense each other either directly by sound a sight a smell or touch a or indirectly via chemicals a vibrations a or other signals of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a typical modelling strategy is to treat each individual as a moving particle whose velocity is influenced by social a interparticle a attractive and repulsive forces excite a in contrast a the a exogenous a forces describe an individual a reaction to the environment a for instance a response to gravity a wind a a chemical source a a light source a a food source a or a predator a the superposition of endogenous and exogenous forces can lead to characteristic swarm shapes a these equilibrium solutions are the subject of our present study a |
11 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper i discuss new results on absolute branching ratios of charm mesons into specific exclusive final states a cabibbo suppressed decay rates a inclusive decays to mesons a limits on mixing a up violation and to violation a preliminary results from cleo a a now dominate the world average absolute branching fractions a for the most important normalization modes involving and a the averages are for the cleo a a measures a using this rate a i derive an effective branching ratio a that is appropriate for use in extracting other branching fractions that have often been measured relative to this mode a this number is compared with other determinations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article studies of charm decays are pursued for several different reasons a first of all a there is the possibility of directly observing new physics beyond the standard model a so a a since the effects of up violation due to so processes is highly suppressed allowing new physics contributions to be more easily seen than in decays where the so processes typically have large effects excite a mixing also is interesting because it could come from either so or new physics a no a processes a and could teach us interesting lessons of please generate the next two sentences of the article | another important reason for detailed charm studies is that most a a % a decay into charm a so knowledge about charm decays is particularly useful for decay studies a especially interesting are absolute branching ratios a resonant substructures in multi a body decays a phases on blitz plots a etc of other heavier objects such as top quarks decay into quarks and highs particles may decay with large rates to a again making charm studies important a |
12 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper cut a sky orthogonal mode analyses of the -dmr of and of ghz sky maps are used to determine the normalization of a variety of open cosmological models based on the cold dark matter scenario a to constrain the allowed cosmological a parameter range for these open cosmologies a the predictions of the der a normalized models are compared to various observational measures of tomography and large a scale structure a viz a a the age of the universe a small a scale dynamical estimates of the clustered a mass density parameter a constraints on the hubble parameter a the a a ray cluster harmonic a mass fraction a and the matter power spectrum shape parameter a estimates of the mass perturbation amplitude a and constraints on the large a scale peculiar velocity field a the open a bubble inflation model a rata a peebles 1994 a butcher a goldwater a a turk 1995 a kumamoto a safari a a tanka 1995 a is consistent with current determinations of the 95% confidence level a cal a a range of these observational constraints a more specifically a for a range of a the model is reasonably consistent with recent high a redshift estimates of the deuterium abundance which suggest a provided a recent high a redshift estimates of the deuterium abundance which suggest favour a while the old nucleosynthesis value requires a small shifts in the inferred -dmr normalization amplitudes due to a a a a the small differences between the galactic and ecliptic a coordinate sky maps a a a a the inclusion or exclusion of the quadrupole moment in the analysis a a a a the faint high a latitude galactic emission treatment a and a a a a the dependence of the theoretical cosmic microwave background anisotropy angular spectral shape on the value of and a are explicitly quantified a the der data alone do not possess sufficient discriminative power to prefer any values for a a or at the 95% c.l. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum a mechanical fluctuations during an early epoch of inflation provide a plausible mechanism to generate the energy a density perturbations responsible for observed cosmological structure a while it has been known for quite some time that inflation is consistent with open spatial hypersurfaces a got 1982 a ruth a weinberg 1983 a a attention was initially focussed on models in which there are a very large number of -foldings during inflation a resulting in almost exactly flat spatial hypersurfaces for the observable part of the present universe a ruth 1981 a also see bananas 1980 a sat 1981a a a a a this was a perhaps a inevitable because of strong theoretical prejudice towards flat spatial hypersurfaces and their resulting simplicity a however a to get a very large number of -foldings during inflation it seems necessary that the inflation model have a small dimensionless parameter a of re got a private communication 1994 a banks it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 1995 a a which would require an explanation a attempts to reconcile these favoured a flat spatial hypersurfaces with observational measures of a low value for the clustered a mass density parameter have concentrated on models in which one postulates the presence of a cosmological constant a peebles 1984 a a in the simplest flat- model one assumes a scale a invariant a harrison 1970 a peebles a you 1970 a zeldovich 1972 a primordial power spectrum for gaussian adiabatic energy a density perturbations a |
13 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a two a channel model to describe the quantum state of two atoms with finite a range interaction near a meshach resonance a this model provides a simple picture to analytically derive the wave function and the binding energy of the molecular bound state a the results agree excellently with the measurements and multichannel calculations a for small binding energies a the system enters a threshold regime in which the meshach molecules are identical to long range atom pairs in single channel a according to their threshold behavior a we find meshach resonances can be classified into two types a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article formation and bose a einstein condensation a be a of molecules excite have recently been achieved based on ultracold atoms with magnetically a tuned meshach resonances excite a in these experiments a meshach coupling is induced by tuning a foreign molecular state near the scattering continuum a which allows for an efficient transfer of colliding atoms into molecules a this method works for virtually all alkali atoms a and can create ultracold molecules from various sources including bose condensates excite a degenerate fermi gases excite a or normal thermal gases excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | meshach molecules have special and unique properties a they typically populate only one weakly a bound quantum state a and the bound state can strongly couple to the scattering continuum via meshach resonance a |
14 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper large numbers of supernovae a one a have been discovered in recent years a and many more will be found in the near future a once discovered a further study of a in and its possible use as an astronomical tool a edge a as a distance estimator a require knowledge of the in type a current classification methods rely almost solely on the analysis of in spectra to determine their type a however a spectroscopy may not be possible or practical when one are faint a numerous a or discovered in archival studies a we present a classification method for one based on the comparison of their observed color with synthetic ones a calculated from a large database of multi a epoch optical spectra of nearby events a we discuss the capabilities and limitations of this method a for example a type a one at redshifts can be distinguished from most other in types during the first few weeks of their evolution a based on is color a type ii a a one have distinct a very red a color at late a a a stages a broadband photometry through standard johnson a cousins filters can be useful to classify one out to a the use of sloan digital sky survey a sass a filters allows the extension of our classification method to even higher redshifts a a a and the use of infrared bands a to a we demonstrate the application of this method to a recently discovered in from the sass a finally a we outline the observational data required to further improve the sensitivity of the method a and discuss prospects for its use on future in samples a community access to the tools developed is provided by a dedicated website a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the study of supernovae a one a has greatly advanced in the last few years a intensive and highly automated monitoring of nearby galaxies a edge a i it al a 1996 a refers it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 1997 a filippenko it al a 2001 a domain 2001 a diu a he 2001 a a wide a field a moderately deep surveys a edge a weiss it al a 1998 a gal a yam a mao 1999 a 2002 a hardin it al a 2000 a shaffer 2000 a a and cosmology a oriented a deep a high a redshift in search projects a perlmutter it al a 1997 a schmidt it al a |
15 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the general expression of the stern a gerlach force is deduced for a relativistic charged spin- particle which travels inside a time varying magnetic field a this result was obtained either by means of two lorentz boosts or starting from dirac a equation a then a the utilization of this interaction for attaining the spin states separation is reconsidered in a new example using a new radio a frequency arrangement a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the time varying stern a gerlach a so a interaction of a relativistic fermion with an elm a wave has been proposed to separate beams of particles with opposite spin states corresponding to different energies a we will show how spin polarized particle will exchange energy with the electromagnetic field of an of resonator of please generate the next two sentences of the article | let us denote with the coordinates of a particle in the laboratory a and with the coordinates in the particle rest frame a pro a in the latter the so force that represents the action of an inhomogeneous magnetic field on a particle endowed with a magnetic moment is fast a of a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a fig a with a get a a a my a a here is the elementary charge with for protons and positrons a a and for antiprotons and electrons a a making and either parallel or antiparallel to each other a respectively a |
16 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we calculate cross sections for low energy elastic exciton a exciton scattering within the effective mass approximation a unlike previous theoretical approaches a we give a complete a non a perturbative treatment of the four a particle scattering problem a diffusion monte carlo is used to calculate the essentially exact energies of scattering states a from which phase shifts are determined a for the case of equal a mass electrons and holes a which is equivalent to positronium a positronium scattering a we find for scattering of singlet a exciton and for triplet a exciton a where is the exciton radius a the spin dependence of the cross sections arises from the spatial exchange symmetry of the scattering wavefunctions a a significant triplet a triplet to singlet a singlet scattering process is found a which is similar to reported effects in recent experiments and theory for exciton in quantum wells a we also show that the scattering length can change sign and diverge for some values of the mass ratio/ a an effect not seen in previous perturbative treatments a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article exciton in semiconductors have been the subject of many experimental and theoretical investigations of bose condensation a low a energy exciton a exciton interactions are characterized by the exciton a exciton scattering length a a which determines the thermodynamics of a low density gas and is crucial for modelling the thermalization time of a dilute exciton gas a despite its importance a the exciton a exciton scattering length is an elusive quantity a being difficult to measure experimentally or to estimate theoretically of please generate the next two sentences of the article | as is well a known in atomic physics a scattering lengths can be extremely sensitive to the details of the interactions between particles a in particular a the existence of a weakly bound or nearly bound state causes the scatter length to become quite large a |
17 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a novel method for calculating the primordial non a gaussianity produced by super a horizon evolution during inflation a our method evolves the distribution of coarse a grained inflationary field values using a transport equation a we present simple evolution equations for the moments of this distribution a such as the variance and skewness a this method possesses some advantages over existing techniques a among them a it cleanly separates multiple sources of primordial non a gaussianity a and is computationally efficient when compared with popular alternatives a such as the framework a we adduce numerical calculations demonstrating that our new method offers good agreement with those already in the literature a we focus on two fields and the parameter a but we expect our method will generalize to multiple scalar fields and to moments of arbitrarily high order a we present our expressions in a field a space variant form which we postulate to be valid for any number of fields a a keywords a a inflation a cosmological perturbation theory a physics of the early universe a quantum field theory in curved peacetime a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article inflation generically predicts a primordial spectrum of density perturbations which is almost precisely gaussian excite a in recent years the small non a gaussian component excite has emerged as an important observable excite a and will be measured with good precision by the a planck surveyor a satellite excite a in the near future of please generate the next two sentences of the article | as observational data become more plentiful a it will be important to understand the non a gaussian signal expected in a wide variety of models a and to anticipate what conclusions can be drawn about early a universe physics from a prospective detection of primordial non a gaussianity a in this paper a we present a novel method for calculating the primordial non a gaussianity produced by super a horizon evolution in two a field models of inflation a |
18 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper for and a we consider certain admissible sequences of lattice paths in a coloured square a we show that the number of such admissible sequences of lattice paths is given by the sum of squares of the number of standard young tableaux of partitions of with height a which is also the number of -avoiding permutations of a finally a we apply this result to the representation theory of the affine lie algebra and show that this quantity gives the multiplicity of certain maximal dominant weights in the irreducible module a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article for fixed integers and a we consider the admissible sequences of lattice paths in a coloured square given in excite a each admissible sequence of paths can be associated with a partition of a in section a paths a a we show that the number of self a conjugate admissible sequences of paths associated with is equal to the number of standard young tableaux of shape a and thus can be calculated using the hook length formula a we extend this result to include the non a self a conjugate admissible sequences of paths and show that the number of all such admissible sequences of paths is equal to the sum of squares of the number of standard young tableaux of partitions of with height less than or equal to a using the ask correspondence in excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is shown in a excite a corollary 7.23.12 a that the sum of squares of the number of standard young tableaux of partitions of with height less than or equal to is equal to the number of -avoiding permutations of a in section a multiplicities a a we apply our results to the representation theory of the affine mac a moody algebra a |
19 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper various new physics models predict a light up a odd highs boson a labeled as a and open up new decay modes for -boson a such as a and a which could be explored at the gig option of the inc a in this work we investigate these rare decays in several new physics models a namely the type a ii two highs doublet model a type a ii them a a the lepton a specific two highs doublet model a l2hdm a a the nearly minimal supersymetric standard model a ness a and the next a to a minimal supersymmetric standard model a ness a a we find that in the parameter space allowed by current experiments a the branching ratios can reach for a a a for and for a which implies that the decays and may be accessible at the gig option a moreover a since different models predict different patterns of the branching ratios a the measurement of these rare decays at the gig may be utilized to distinguish the models a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the let experiments at the resonance of -boson have tested the standard model a so a at quantum level a measuring the -decay into fermion pairs with an accuracy of one part in ten thousands a the good agreement of the let data with the so predictions have severely constrained the behavior of new physics at the -pole a taking these achievements into account one can imagine that the physics of -boson will again play the central role in the frontier of particle physics if the next generation factory comes true with the generated events several orders of magnitude higher than that of the let of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this factory can be realized in the gig option of the international linear collider a ilc a the inc is a proposed electron a positron collider with tunable energy ranging from to and polarized beams in its first phase a and the gig option corresponds to its operation on top of the resonance of boson by adding a bypass to its main beam line a |
20 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a positive a non a saturating and dominantly linear magnetoresistance is demonstrated to occur in the surface state of a topological insulator having a wavevector a linear energy dispersion together with a finite positive german energy splitting a this linear magnetoresistance shows up within quite wide magnetic a field range in a spatially homogeneous system of high carrier density and low mobility in which the conduction electrons are in extended states and spread over many smeared landau levels a and is robust against increasing temperature a in agreement with recent experimental findings in bi nanoribbons a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is well known that the classical magnetoresistance a or a in metals or semiconductors with a closed free electron fermi surface increases quadratically with increasing magnetic field for and saturates when a here is the zero a magnetic a field mobility a hence a the extraordinarily high and linear or a lar a a which breaks this familiar rule a has been gaining much attention as soon as its discovery a in the past decade please generate the next two sentences of the article | a this unexpected lar has been reported in silver chalcogenide, indium antimonide, silicon, mas a gas composite material, and graphene. capita a linear law indicates that the metal shows a magnetoresistance linear in perpendicular magnetic field when it has an open fermi surface and a mean free path longer than the electronic larger radius a recently a another two models a irrespective of the open fermi surface a have been constructed to provide possible mechanisms for the lar phenomenon a |
21 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper dwarf galaxies in the local group provide a unique astrophysical laboratory a despite their proximity some of these systems still lack a reliable distance determination as well as studies of their stellar content and star formation history a we present first results of our survey of variable stars in a sample of six local group dwarf irregular galaxies a taking the leo a dwarf galaxy as an example we describe observational strategies and data reduction a we discuss the lightcurves of two newly found cepheid stars and place them into the context of a previously derived a a a relation a finally we discuss the lev content of leo a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a magnitude limited complete census of variable stars in nearby dwarf galaxies allows important contributions to the star formation history of these systems a measurements of some variable stars can supply improved distance determinations for the host galaxies a others will provide important constraints for the population analysis a different classes of variables can further improve the understanding of the star formation history of these system a functioning as tracers of star formation during different epochs a we expect the data set of our long term monitoring program to be especially well suited to study the contents of red long a period variables and to re a investigate the paucity of cepheid with days as reported by bandage a carlson a 1985 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we selected a sample of six local group dwarf irregular galaxies which are visible with the 0.8 a telescope of our institute at it a the names and additional data from the literature compilation by mate a 1998 a are shown in table a a |
22 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the generation of hydrodynamic radiation in interactions of pulsed proton and laser beams with matter is explored a the beams were directed into a water target and the resulting acoustic signals were recorded with pressure sensitive sensors a measurements were performed with varying pulse energies a sensor positions a beam diameters and temperatures a the obtained data are matched by simulation results based on the thermos a acoustic model with uncertainties at a level of 10 a the results imply that the primary mechanism for sound generation by the energy deposition of particles propagating in water is the local heating of the medium a the heating results in a fast expansion or contraction and a pressure pulse of bipolar shape is emitted into the surrounding medium a an interesting a widely discussed application of this effect could be the detection of ultra a high energetic cosmic neutrinos in future large a scale acoustic neutrino detectors a for this application a validation of the sound generation mechanism to high accuracy a as achieved with the experiments discussed in this article a is of high importance a cosmic neutrinos a acoustic neutrino detection a thermos a acoustic model a ultra a high energy cosmic rays a beam interaction a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in 1957 goa a askaryan pointed out that ionisation and cavitation along a track of an ionising particle through a liquid leads to hydrodynamic radiation excite a in the 1960s a 1970s and 1980s a theoretical and experimental studies have been performed on the hydrodynamic radiation of beams and particles traversing dense media excite a the interest in characterising the properties of the acoustic radiation was a among other reasons a lead by the idea that the effect can be utilised to detect ultra a high energy a a cosmic a item astrophysical neutrinos a in dense media like water a ice and salt of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in the 1970s this idea was discussed within the demand optical neutrino detector project excite and has been studied in connection with cherenkov neutrino detector projects since a the detection of such neutrinos is considerably more challenging than the search for high a energy neutrinos a a as currently pursued by under a ice and under a water cherenkov neutrino telescopes excite a due to |
23 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the wide field camera a a waco a on the a hubble space telescope a a a hot a a enabled the search for the first galaxies observed at a my after the big bang a a to continue quantifying the number density of the most luminous galaxies a a at the earliest epoch observable with a hot a a we search for galaxies a f125w a dropouts a in archival data from the brightest of recognizing galaxies a borgz8 a a survey a originally designed for detection of galaxies a f098m a dropouts a a by focusing on the deepest 293 arcmin of the data along of independent lines of sight a we identify six candidates satisfying the color selection criteria a detected at a a a in f160w with to if at a three of the six sources a including the two brightest a are in a single waco pointing a arcmin a a suggestive of significant clustering a which is expected from bright galaxies at a however a the two brightest galaxies are too extended to be likely at a and one additional source is unresolved and possibly a brown dwarf a the remaining three candidates have a and given the area and completeness of our search a our best estimate is a number density of sources that is marginally higher but consistent at with searches in legacy fields a our study highlights that searches can yield a small number of candidates a making tailored follow a ups of a hot a pure a parallel observations viable and effective a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the epoch of ionization signified the appearance of the first stars and galaxies within the first billion years after the big bang a and the transformation of the intergalactic medium a ign a from opaque to transparent a despite recent progress a however a it is not yet fully understood a it is now well established that ionization is completed by thanks to observations of the ly forest a edge excite a a and that the universe was substantially ionized around redshift when its age was less than 600 my a based on the electron scattering optical depth measured by planck excite a however a there is still substantial uncertainty regarding the sources of ionization of please generate the next two sentences of the article | can galaxies form with sufficient efficiency at such early times to provide enough recognizing photons a edge excite a a or is the process possibly driven by other classes of objects such as an excite a observationally a recent progress in near a in detector technology has dramatically advanced our ability to search for galaxies during this epoch a following the installation of the wide field camera a a waco a on the a hubble space telescope a a a hot a a a a continuously growing sample of galaxy candidates at is accumulating thanks to a variety of surveys a these range from small a area ultradeep observations such as the hubble ultra a deep field a huff a excite a a to shallower a larger a area searches for galaxies either in legacy fields such as the cosmic assembly near a infrared deep extragalactic legacy survey a candles a excite a a or taking advantage of random a pointing opportunities like in the brightest of recognizing galaxies a borg a survey a go 11700 a 12572 a 13767 a i trent a a overall a a sample approaching 1000 galaxy candidates at is known today excite a and we are beginning to identify the first galaxy candidates from the first 500 million years a a excite a a |
24 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a this paper presents invariants under gamma correction and similarity transformations a the invariants are local features based on differentials which are implemented using derivatives of the gaussian a the use of the proposed invariant representation is shown to yield improved correlation results in a template matching scenario a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article invariants are a popular concept in object recognition and image retrieval excite a they aim to provide descriptions that remain constant under certain geometric or radiometric transformations of the scene a thereby reducing the search space a they can be classified into global invariants a typically based either on a set of key points or on moments a and local invariants a typically based on derivatives of the image function which is assumed to be continuous and differentiable of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the geometric transformations of interest often include translation a rotation a and scaling a summarily referred to as a similarity a transformations a in a previous paper excite a building on work done by schmidt and moor excite a we have proposed differential invariants for those similarity transformations a plus a linear a brightness change a here a we are looking at a a non a linear a brightness change known as a gamma corrections gamma correction is a non a linear quantization of the brightness measurements performed by many cameras during the image formation process a |
25 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the emergence of magnetic flux in the quiet sun at very small spatial scales a focusing on the magnetic connection between the photosphere and chromosphere a the observational data consist of spectropolarimetric measurements and filtergrams taken with the hide satellite and the dutch open telescope a we find that a significant fraction of the magnetic flux present in internetwork regions appears in the form of -shaped loops a the emergence rate is 0.02 loops per hour and arcsec a which brings my s arcsec of new flux to the solar surface a initially a the loops are observed as small patches of linear polarization above a granular cell a shortly afterwards a two footprints of opposite polarity become visible in circular polarization within or at the edges of the granule and start to move toward the adjacent intergranular space a the orientation of the footprints does not seem to obey hale a polarity rules a the loops are continuously buffeted by convective motions a but they always retain a high degree of coherence a interestingly a 23% of the loops that emerge in the photosphere reach the chromosphere a of cases out of of a a they are first detected in 630 no magnetograms and a minutes later in a 517.3 no magnetograms a after about a minutes a some of them are also observed in a line a core images a where the footprints produce small brightness enhancements a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is believed that solar magnetic fields are created in the tachocline a the interface between the convection zone and the radiative interior a due to buoyancy instabilities a they move upward and emerge into the solar atmosphere in the form of -shaped flux tubes excite a the largest emerging active regions produce sunspots with magnetic fluxes in excess of my and lifetimes of several weeks to months of please generate the next two sentences of the article | smaller active regions consist of pores and contain an order of magnitude less flux a persisting over days to weeks a the smallest emerging regions detected to date are the so a called ephemeral regions a |
26 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we apply the statefinder diagnostic to the torsion cosmology a in which an accounting for the accelerated universe is considered in term of a riemann a carton geometry a dynamic scalar torsion a we find that there are some typical characteristic of the evolution of statefinder parameters for the torsion cosmology that can be distinguished from the other cosmological models a furthermore a we also show that statefinder diagnostic has a direct bearing on the critical points a the statefinder diagnostic divides the torsion parameter into differential ranges a which is in keeping with the requirement of dynamical analysis a in addition a we fit the scalar torsion model to essence supernovae data and give the best fit values of the model parameters a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the current observations a such as india a supernovae type a a a cab a cosmic microwave background a and large scale structure a converge on the fact that a spatially homogeneous and gravitationally repulsive energy component a referred as dark energy a accounts for about a of the energy density of universe a some heuristic models that roughly describe the observable consequences of dark energy were proposed in recent years a a number of them stemming from a certain physics excite and the others being purely phenomenological excite a dark energy can even behave as a phantom and effectively violate the weak energy condition a in various cosmological models of please generate the next two sentences of the article | fundamental quantities are either geometrical a if they are constructed from a peacetime geometry directly a or physical a if they depend upon physical fields a a physical quantities are certainly model a dependent a while geometrical quantities are more universal a |
27 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper matched a filtering for the identification of compact object mergers in gravitational a wave antenna data involves the comparison of the data stream to a bank of template gravitational waveforms a typically the template bank is constructed from phenomenological waveform models since these can be evaluated for an arbitrary choice of physical parameters a recently it has been proposed that singular value decomposition a sad a can be used to reduce the number of templates required for detection a as we show here a another benefit of sad is its removal of biases from the phenomenological templates along with a corresponding improvement in their ability to represent waveform signals obtained from numerical relativity a or a simulations a using these ideas a we present a method that calibrates a reduced sad basis of phenomenological waveforms against or waveforms in order to construct a new waveform approximate with improved accuracy and faithfulness compared to the original phenomenological model a the new waveform family is given numerically through the interpolation of the projection coefficients of or waveforms expanded onto the reduced basis and provides a generalized scheme for enhancing phenomenological models a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article developments are currently underway to promote the sensitivity of logo and to improve its prospect for detecting gravitational waves emitted by compact object binaries excite a of particular interest are the detection of gravitational waves released during the inspired and merger of binary black hole a bah a systems a detection rates for bah events are expected to be within 0.41000 per year with advanced logo excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is important that rigorous detection algorithms be in place in order to maximize the number of detections of gravitational wave signals a the detection pipeline currently employed by logo involves a matched a filtering process whereby signals are compared to a are a constructed template bank of gravitational waveforms a the templates are chosen to cover some interesting region of mass a spin parameter space and are placed throughout it in such a way that guarantees some minimal match between any arbitrary point in parameter space and its closest neighbouring template a |
28 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate an efficient quantum error correction of a fully correlated noise a suppose the noise is characterized by a quantum channel whose error operators take fully correlated forms given by a and a where is the number of quits encoding the codeword a it is proved that a i a quits codeword encodes data quits when is odd and a ii a quits codeword implements an error a free encoding a which encode data quits when is even a quantum circuits implementing these schemes are constructed a quantum error correction a higher rank numerical range a recovery operator a mixed unitary channel a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in quantum information processing a information is stored and processed with a quantum system a a quantum system is always in contact with its surrounding environment a which leads to coherence in the quantum system a coherence must be suppressed for quantum information stored in quits to be intact of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there are several proposals to fight against coherence a quantum error correction a abbreviated as dec hereafter a is one of the most promising candidate to suppress environmental noise a which leads to coherence excite a by adding extra ancillary quits a in analogy with classical error correction a it is possible to encode a data quit to an -qubit codeword in such a way that an error which acted in the error quantum channel is identified by measuring another set of ancillary quits added for error syndrome readout a |
29 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this is the first attempt to model the kinematics of a me launch and the resulting eur dimming quantitatively with a self a consistent model a our cd a model assumes self a similar expansion of a spherical me geometry that consists of a me front with density compression and a cavity with density rarefaction a satisfying mass conservation of the total me and swept a up corona a the model contains of free parameters and is fitted to the 2008 march of me event observed with stereo a a and by our model is able to reproduce the observed me expansion and related eur dimming during the initial phase from 18:30 it to 19:00 it a the me kinematics can be characterized by a constant acceleration a item a a constant magnetic driving force a a while the observations of eur a a are consistent with a spherical bubble geometry a we detect significant asymmetries and density inhomogeneities with eur a a a this new forward a modelling method demonstrates how the observed eur dimming can be used to model physical parameters of the me source region a the me geometry a and me kinematics a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it has become a generally agreed concept that the eur dimming observed during the onset of a a coronal mass ejection a me a a manifests the coronal mass loss of the me a and thus we basically expect a one a to a one correlation between the detections of comes and eur dimming a unless there exist special circumstances a for instance a the me could originate behind the limb a in which case the eur dimming is obscured a or the me could start in the upper corona a where there is little eur emission because of the gravitational stratification a the latter case would imply very low masses compared with a me that originates at the base of the corona a item a at two thermal scale heights a however a there exists a case with an average me mass that did not leave any footprints behind in eur a robbrecht it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a statistical study on the simultaneous detection of eur dimming and comes has recently been performed by brewster it al a this study based on soho a cd and lasso data confirms a 55% association rate of dimming events with comes a and vice versa a 84% association rate of comes with dimming events |
30 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we construct a simply connected minimal complex surface of general type with and which has an involution such that the minimal resolution of the quotient by the involution is a simply connected minimal complex surface of general type with and a in order to construct the example a we combine a double covering and -gorenstein deformation a especially a we develop a method for proving unobstructedness for deformations of a singular surface by generalizing a result of burns and wall which characterizes the space of first order deformations of a singular surface with only rational double points a we describe the stable model in the sense of dollar and shepherd a barron of the singular surfaces used for constructing the example a we count the dimension of the invariant part of the deformation space of the example under the induced -action a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the fundamental problems in the classification of complex surfaces is to find a new family of complex surfaces of general type with a in this paper we construct new simply connected a numerical campedelli surfaces a with an involution a item simply connected minimal complex surfaces of general type with and a that have an automorphism of order a there has been a growing interest for complex surfaces of general type with having an involution a of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | of geum a a a lee excite a calabria a gilberto a mendez lopes excite a calabria a mendez lopes a parking excite a of lee a a a |
31 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper no a scale structure of the khmer potential is obtained in many types of supersymmetric models a in this paper a phenomenological aspects of these models are investigated with special attention to the current highs mass bound at let and result at the cleo a when the boundary condition is given at the gut scale and gauging masses are universal at this scale a very narrow parameter region is allowed only for positive higgins mass region if a a parity is conserved a the negative higgins mass case is entirely excluded a on the other hand a relatively large parameter region is allowed when the boundary condition is given above the gut scale a and betatron can discover busy signals for the positive higgins mass case a the no a scale models with wino a higgins or neutrino asp are also considered a we show that the highs mass constraint is important for the higgins asp case a which requires the asp mass to be larger than about 245 get a 0.0 my 0.0 my 159.2 my -16.0 my 240.0 my a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article supersymmetry a busy a is one of the most attractive extensions of the standard model a this symmetry solves the naturalness problem and predicts gauge coupling unification at the gut scale a it also predicts the existence of superpartner of the standard model a so a particles a from the naturalness argument a their masses should be below tel range a hence these particles will be discovered at betatron or large hadron collider a lac of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a mechanisms of busy breaking and its mediation to the minimal supersymmetric standard model a mss a sector are one of the most important problems in the busy phenomenology a in many models a this dynamics is related to high energy physics far above the electroweakew a scale a edge a gut scale or planck scale a |
32 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the estimation of the number of passengers with the identical journey is a common problem for public transport authorities a this problem is also known as the origin a destination estimation a of a problem and it has been widely studied for the past thirty years a however a the theory is missing when the observations are not limited to the passenger counts but also includes station surveys a a our aim is to provide a solid framework for the estimation of an of matrix when only a portion of the journey counts are observable a a our method consists of a statistical estimation technique for of matrix when we have the sum a of a row counts and survey a based observations a our technique differs from the previous studies in that it does not need a prior of matrix which can be hard to obtain a instead a we model the passengers behaviour through the survey data a and use the diagonalization of the partial of matrix to reduce the space parameter and derive a consistent global of matrix estimator a we demonstrate the robustness of our estimator and apply it to several examples showcasing the proposed models and approach a we highlight how other sources of data can be incorporated in the model such as explanatory variables a edge rainfall a indicator variables for major events a etc a and inference made in a principled a non a heuristic way a constraint maximum likelihood estimation a eigenvectors a counts estimation a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the origin a destination a of a matrix is important in transportation analysis a the matrix contains information on the number of travellers that commute or the amount of freight shipped between different zones of a region a the of matrix is difficult and often costly to obtain by direct measurements a interviews or surveys a but by using incomplete traffic counts and other available information one may obtain a reasonable estimate of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a particular application of the of matrix estimation is in the area of public transport a in order to improve their service a the responsible managers are looking for on a going evaluation of the passenger flow and the reasons that would influence this flow a |
33 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose and experimentally demonstrate a method for non a invasive measurements of cavity parameters by injection of squeezed vacuum into an optical cavity a the principle behind this technique is the destruction of the correlation between upper and lower quantum sidebands with respect to the carrier frequency when the squeezed field is incident on the cavity a this method is especially useful for ultrahigh cavities a such as whispering gallery mode a wpm a cavities a in which absorption and scattering by light a induced nonlinear processes inhibit precise measurements of the cavity parameters a we show that the linewidth of a test cavity is measured to be khz a which agrees with the classically measured linewidth of the cavity within the uncertainty a khz a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article high a cavities such as whispering gallery mode a wpm a cavities have recently demonstrated quality factors a a as high as and have shown the potential to reach even higher a values excite a however a there are difficulties in measurement of the linewidth and a of such high a cavities a while in theory a the a factor could be as high as and is limited only by rayleigh scattering excite a in practice a it is limited by other losses in the cavity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they include absorption and scattering losses due to impurities in the cavity material a and light a induced losses due to nonlinear processes a due to the extremely small mode volume and high a a factor of the cavity a the cavity build a up intensity is extremely high a even in the case of an input with small power a as small as several my a a |
34 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper to investigate chemical reactivity of cd atomic a scale structures a we performed simulations based on the generalized gradient approximation in the density functional theory a an atomic layer of cd forming a triangular lattice a to a was found to give a stable structure a the nitrogen monoxide molecule a no a was adsorbed on some atomic sites of to or on an atomic step structure a ass a of cd a the molecular adsorption energy on to was -0.83 eve a our data suggested that dissociative adsorption of no with a dissociation energy of -1.08 eve was possible with an energy barrier of order 1.4 eve a in this optimized structure a the nitrogen and oxygen atoms were embedded in the cd layer a on the step a no adsorbed at a bridge site and the formation energy of cu-no-cu local bond connections was estimated to be around -1.32 eve a molecular dissociation of no with a dissociation energy of -0.37 eve was also possible around ass a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article to enhance chemical reactivity of cd surfaces with nitrogen oxides a no a is an important issue for development of new catalytic materials effective in the no reduction process excite a the dissociative adsorption of no a for example a was found to be less expected on cd a compared with highly reactive re a in a re a co a and in surfaces a although dissociative adsorption was reported at finite temperatures in experiments excite a in order to provide active surfaces for no dissociation a cd thin films and low index surfaces were considered on one hand excite a in several electronic structure calculations based on the density functional theory a dot a a on the other hand a dissociative adsorption of no was found to be possible but energetically in a favored compared with molecular adsorption excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we note that the simulations were often performed with respect to reactions on stable bulk surfaces a although the theoretical data suggested less reactivity of cd bulk surfaces for no reduction a there could be remarkable reactivity on some surface a like atomic structures of cd a |
35 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the origin and chemical composition of ultra high energy cosmic rays is still an open question in astroparticle physics a the observed large a scale isotropy and also direct composition measurements can be interpreted as an extragalactic proton dominance above the a ankle a at about get a photopia production of extragalactic protons in the cosmic microwave background predicts a cutoff at about get in conflict with excesses reported by some experiments a in this report we will outline a recent statistical analysis excite of cosmic ray data using strongly interacting neutrinos as primaries for these excesses a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article there are reasons to believe that cosmic rays a cars a around the ankle at get are dominated by extragalactic protons excite a scattering processes in the cosmic microwave background a cab a limit the propagation of ultra high energy a the a charged particles in our universe a a continuation of a power a like or spectrum above the greisen a zatsepin a cumin a get a cutoff excite at about get is only consistent with the proton dominance if the sources lie within the proton attenuation length of about of pc of please generate the next two sentences of the article | very few astrophysical accelerators can generate cars with energies above the get cutoff a see edge excite for a review a and so far none of the candidate sources have been confirmed in our local environment a it has been speculated that decaying superheavy particles a possibly some new form of dark matter or remnants of topological defects a could be a source of the cars a but also these proposals are not fully consistent with the or spectrum at lower energies excite a |
36 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the phenomenology of a system of two coupled quadratic maps is studied both analytically and numerically a conditions for synchronization are given and the bifurcations of periodic orbits from this regime are identified a in addition a we show that an arbitrarily large number of distinct stable periodic orbits may be obtained when the maps parameter is at the feigenbaum period a doubling accumulation point a an estimate is given for the coupling strength needed to obtain any given number of stable orbits a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a multistage system is one that possesses a large number of coexisting attractors for a fixed set of parameters a there is ample evidence for such phenomena in the natural sciences a with examples coming from neurosciences and neural dynamics excite a excite a optics excite excite a chemistry excite excite excite a condensed matter excite and geophysics excite a multistability also seems to be an essential complexity a generating mechanism in a large class of agent a based models excite a in view of this please generate the next two sentences of the article | a it is important to identify the dynamical mechanisms leading to multistability and a in particular a to construct simple models where this phenomenon might be under control a the first mathematical result in this direction was obtained by teahouse excite |
37 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report on an easy a to a evaluate expression for the prediction of the bend a loss for a large mode area photonic crystal fiber a pc a with a triangular air a hole lattice a the expression is based on a recently proposed formulation of the a a parameter for a pc and contains no free parameters a the validity of the expression is verified experimentally for varying fiber parameters as well as bend radius a the typical deviation between the position of the measured and the predicted bend loss edge is within measurement uncertainty a of urls a 1'#1'urlprefix2#2 of cd knight a of photonic crystal fibres a of nature a 424 a a 847851 a 2003 a a to a birds a of cd knight a and pm so of russell a of endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre a of opt a lett a a of a a 961963 a 1997 a a to sense a of brown a a barkley a of knudsen a and so of by liberia a of macro a bending loss properties of photonic crystal fibre a of electron a lett a a of a a 287289 a 2001 a a to sense a of brown a a barkley a to pm hansen a of knudsen a so of by liberia a he re simone a and of re jensen a of spectral macro a bending loss considerations for photonic crystal fibres a of see proc of opt a a 149 a a 206 a 2002 a a no a hortense and of re folkenberg a of low a loss criterion and effective area considerations for photonic crystal fiber a of of opt a a a pure apply a opt a a a a a 163167 a 2003 a a of cd biggest a to my monroe a of kurosawa a of finazzi a and do of richardson a of understanding bending losses in holey optical fiber a of opt a common a a 227 a a 317335 a 2003 a a of sakai and to timur a of bending loss of propagation modes in arbitrary a index profile optical fiber a of apply a opt a a of a a 14991506 a 1978 a a of sakai a of simplified bending loss formula for single a mode optical fiber a of apply a opt a a of a a 951952 a 1979 a a a we snyder and of do love a a optical waveguide theory a.. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in solid a core photonic crystal fiber a pc a the air a silica microstructure cladding a see fig a a fig a a gives rise to a variety of novel phenomena excite including large a mode area a la a endlessly a single mode operation excite a though pcs typically have optical properties very different from that of standard fiber they of course share some of the overall properties such as the susceptibility of the attenuation to macro a bending a macrobending a induced attenuation in pcs has been addressed both experimentally as well as theoretically a numerically in a number of papers excite a however a predicting bending a loss is no simple task and typically involves a full numerical solution of maxwell a equations as well as use of a phenomenological free parameter a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | edge a an effective core radius a in this paper we revisit the problem and show how macro a bending loss measurements on high a quality pcs can be predicted with high accuracy using easy a to a evaluate empirical relations a |
38 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider the markov random flight in the three a dimensional euclidean space with constant finite speed and the uniform choice of the initial and each new direction at random time instants that form a homogeneous poisson flow of rate a series representations for the conditional characteristic functions of corresponding to two and three changes of direction a are obtained a based on these results a an asymptotic formula a as a for the unconditional characteristic function of is derived a by inverting it a we obtain an asymptotic relation for the transition density of the process a we show that the error in this formula has the order and a therefore a it gives a good approximation on small time intervals whose lengths depend on a estimate of the accuracy of the approximation is analysed a a asymptotic relation for the transition density a of the three a dimensional markov random flight a on small time intervals a alexander do kolesnik a institute of mathematics and computer science a academy street a a kishinev 2028 a moldova a a a mail a kolesnik.md 0.2 pm 0.1 pm a keywords a a markov random flight a persistent random walk a conditional density a fourier transform a characteristic function a asymptotic relation a transition density a small time intervals 0.2 pm a as 2010 subject classification a a 60k35 a 60k99 a 60j60 a 60j65 a 82c41 a 82c70 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article among the great variety of the works devoted to random motions at finite speed in the euclidean spaces a see excite a excite a excite a excite for the markova case and excite a excite for different non a markova cases a a the markov random flight in the three a dimensional euclidean space is a undoubtedly a the most difficult and hard to study a while in the low even a dimensional spaces and one managed to obtain the distributions of the motions in an explicit form a see excite a excite and excite a respectively a a in the important three a dimensional case only a few results are known a the absolutely continuous part of the transition density of the symmetric markov random flight with unit speed in the euclidean space was presented in a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a formulas a 1.3 a and a 4.21 a therein a a it has an extremely complicated form of an integral with variable limits whose integrand involves inverse hyperbolic tangent function a |
39 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the classical structure a function a of a method in fully developed turbulence or for scaling processes in general is influenced by large a scale energetic structures a known as infrared effect a therefore a the extracted scaling exponents might be biased due to this effect a in this paper a a defended structure a function a def a method is proposed to extract scaling exponents by constraining the influence of large a scale structures a this is accomplished by removing a a order polynomial fitting within a window size before calculating the velocity increment a by doing so a the scales larger than a item a a are expected to be removed or constrained a the depending process is equivalent to be a high a pass filter in physical domain a meanwhile the intermittency nature is retained a we first validate the def method by using a synthesized fractional brownian motion for mono a fractal processes and a lognormal process for multiracial random walk processes a the numerical results show comparable scaling exponents and singularity spectra for the original sis and does a when applying the def to a turbulent velocity obtained from a high reynolds number wind tunnel experiment with a the ord a order def demonstrates a clear inertial range with on the range a corresponding to a wavenumber range a this inertial range is consistent with the one predicted by the fourier power spectrum a the directly measured scaling exponents a resp a singularity spectrum a agree very well with a lognormal model with an intermittent parameter a due to large a scale effects a the results provided by the sis are biased a the method proposed here is general and can be applied to different dynamics systems in which the concepts of multistage and multiracial are relevant a fully developed turbulence a intermittency a defended structure a function a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article multistage dynamics is present in many phenomena a edge a turbulence excite a finance excite a geosciences excite a etc a to quote a few a it has been found in many multistage dynamics systems that the self a similarity is broken a in which the concept of multiscaling or multiracial is relevant excite a this is characterized conventionally by using the structure a functions a sis a a item a a in which is an increment with separation scale of please generate the next two sentences of the article | note that for the self a similarity process a edge a fractional brownian motion a fam a a the measured is linear with a while for the multiracial process a edge a turbulent velocity a it is usually convex with a other methods are available to extract the scaling exponent a for example a wavelet based methodologies a a edge a wavelet leaders a wavelet transform modulus maxim excite a a hilbert a based method excite a or the scaling analysis of probability density function of velocity increments excite a to name a few a |
40 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper making online resources more accessible to physically challenged library users is a topic deserving informed attention from astronomy librarians a recommendations like wag 2.0 standards and section 508 a in the united states a have proven valuable a and some vendors are already making their products compliant with them a but what about the wide variety of databases and other resources produced by astronomy information professionals themselves a few a if any a of these are currently compliant with accessibility standards a here we discuss some solutions to these accessibility challenges a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a fair number of astronomers and astronomy students have a physical challenge a it is our responsibility to learn the basics of accessibility to be able to help our library patrons to gain access to things that they need for their studies and work a astronomy is often seen as a very visual science of please generate the next two sentences of the article | after all a its origins lie in looking at the skies a hence a it is a common belief that you need to use your sight to be able to study astronomy a |
41 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an analysis of intermediate a dispersion spectra and photometric data of the newly identified cool a polluted white dwarf nett 19868 a the spectra obtained with a a shooter on the very large telescope a vlt-melipal show strong lines of calcium a and several lines of magnesium a aluminium and iron a we use these spectra and the optical a to a near infrared spectral energy distribution to constrain the atmospheric parameters of nett 19868 a our analysis shows that nett 19868 is iron poor with respect to aluminium and calcium a a comparison with other cool a polluted white dwarfs shows that the be to a abundance ratio a be a a a varies by up to approximately two orders of magnitudes over a narrow temperature range with nett 19868 at one extreme in the be a a ratio and a in contrast a nett 888 at the other extreme a the sample shows evidence of extreme diversity in the composition of the accreted material a in the case of nett 888 a the inferred composition of the accreted matter is akin to iron a rich planetary core composition a while in the case of nett 19868 it is close to mantle or bulk a earth composition depleted by subsequent chemical separation at the bottom of the convection zone a a firstpage a diffusion stars a abundances stars a atmospheres stars a individual a nett 888 a nett 19868 a white dwarfs a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article polluted white dwarfs a typed with a suffix of a of a provide an opportunity to investigate the ultimate fate of planetary systems a although planets have not yet been detected around white dwarfs a the evidence for the presence of planetary debris around these objects lies in their polluted atmospheres a approximately one quarter of white dwarfs show the presence of elements heavier than helium in their atmospheres excite and approximately one fifth of these have a mid a infrared a in a excess that is consistent with a circumstellar a debris disc excite a more recently using the cosmic origins spectrograph on the a hubble space telescope a excite have shown that about half of a white dwarfs with effective temperatures ranging from 17000 a to 27000 a have polluted atmospheres of please generate the next two sentences of the article | several detailed studies of polluted white dwarfs have uncovered large variations in the composition of the accreted material a based on a study of ultraviolet a us a spectra of a sample of white dwarfs a 19000 a a a a excite showed that the abundance diversity in the accreted material is similar to that observed among solar system meteorites a although the effect of selective radiative radiation pressure on accretion rate calculations was neglected a |
42 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the remarkable sensitivity of the -axis resistivity and magnetoresistance in curates to the spin ordering is used to clarify the doping a induced transformation from an antiferromagnetic a of a insulator to a superconducting a so a metal in a a a a single crystals a the established phase diagram demonstrates that the of and so regions apparently overlap a the superconductivity in a in contrast to la a sets in before the long a range of order is completely destroyed by hole doping a magnetoresistance measurements of superconducting crystals with low give a clear view of the magnetic a field induced superconductivity suppression and recovery of the long a range of state a what still remains to be understood is whether the of order actually persists in the so state or just revives when the superconductivity is suppressed a and a in the former case a whether the antiferromagnetism and superconductivity reside in nanoscopically separated phases or coexist on an atomic scale a keywords a phase diagram a antiferromagnetism a magnetoresistance a a a axis conductivity a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the transformation a upon charge doping a of an antiferromagnetic a of a mott insulator into a superconducting a so a metal and the role of of correlations in the appearance of superconductivity have challenged researchers since the discovery of high- superconductivity in curates a is the of order an indispensable component or a competitor for the high- phenomenon a in a prototype high- curate la a the long a range of order is destroyed by doped holes way before the superconductivity sets in excite a which has led to a general belief that the spin frustration is a prerequisite for metallic conduction and superconductivity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the destructive impact of static spin order on superconductivity was further supported by the observation of so suppression at a peculiar 1/8 doping in la excite a on the other hand a spin excitations are often suggested to provide glue for so pairing a implying the ultimate importance of of correlations a be they static or dynamic a besides a the incompatibility of static of order and so may be not necessarily a general feature of curates a in |
43 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a and nuclear quadrupole resonance a nor a and nuclear magnetic resonance a nor a measurements in rbfe iron a based superconductor are presented a we observe a marked broadening of nor spectrum below a which is associated with the onset of a charge order in the fees planes a below we observe a power a law decrease in nuclear spin a lattice relaxation rate down to of below the nuclei start to probe different dynamics owing to the different local electronic configurations induced by the charge order a a fraction of the nuclei probes spin dynamics associated with electrons approaching a localization while another fraction probes activated dynamics possibly associated with a pseudogap a these different trends are discussed in the light of an orbital selective behaviour expected for the electronic correlations a the parent compounds of high temperature superconducting curates are emblematic examples of mott a hubbard insulators at half band filling, where the large electron coulomb repulsion overcomes the hopping integral and induces both charge localization and an antiferromagnetic a of a coupling among the spins a electronic correlations remain sizeable even when the curates become superconducting and give rise to a rich phase diagram at low hole doping levels characterized by the onset of a charge density wave a cd a which progressively fades away as the doping increases excite and eventually a in the overdosed regime a a fermi liquid scenario is restored a the comprehension of the role of electronic correlations in iron a based superconductors a ibs is more subtle a at variance with the curates is are characterized by similar nearest neighbour and next a nearest neighbour hopping integrals a the parent compounds of the most studied families of is a edge bafe and lafeaso are not characterized by half a filled bands and a moreover,. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article massive capone is thanked for useful discussions a the serine info i david is acknowledged for granting the computing time necessary to perform dot calculations a this work was supported by mir a prin2012 project no of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 2012x3yfz2 a of no of mott a proc a phys london a sect a |
44 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper using the formalism of rigorous statistical mechanics a we study the phenomena of phase separation and freezing a point depression upon freezing of solutions a specifically a we devise an using a based model of a solvent a solute system and show that a in the ensemble with a fixed amount of solute a a macroscopic phase separation occurs in an interval of values of the chemical potential of the solvent a the boundaries of the phase separation domain in the phase diagram are characterized and shown to asymptotically agree with the formulas used in heuristic analyses of freezing point depression a the limit of infinitesimal concentrations is described in a subsequent paper a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the statistical mechanics of pure systems most prominently the topic of phase transitions and their associated surface phenomena has been a subject of fairly intensive research in recent years a several physical principles for pure systems a the gibbs phase rule a wolff construction a etc a a have been put on a mathematically rigorous footing and a if necessary a supplemented with appropriate conditions ensuring their validity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the corresponding phenomena in systems with several mixed components a particularly solutions a have long been well a understood on the level of theoretical physics a however a they have not received much mathematically rigorous attention and in particular have not been derived rigorously starting from a local interaction a |
45 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report on a multi a frequency a multi a epoch campaign of very long baseline interferometry observations of the radio galaxy 1946 a 708 using the alba and a global albi array a from these high a resolution observations we deduce the kinematic age of the radio source to be years a comparable with the ages of other compact symmetric objects a cos a a ejections of pairs of jet components appears to take place on time scales of of years and these components in the jet travel outward at intrinsic velocities between 0.6 and 0.9 cd from the constraint that jet components can not have intrinsic velocities faster than light a we derive of pm s mpc from the fastest pair of components launched from the core a we provide strong evidence for the ejection of a new pair of components in a from the trajectories of the jet components we deduce that the jet is most likely to be helically confined a rather than purely ballistic in nature a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article compact symmetric objects a cos a are a family of extragalactic radio sources comprising roughly of of flux a limited samples selected at high frequencies a taylor a redhead a a pearson 1996 a peck a taylor 2001 a a their defining characteristic is the presence of high luminosity radio components on both sides of a central engine on sub a kiloparsec scales with little or no extended emission present a cos typically exhibit terminal hotshots which move apart at subliminal speeds a owsianik a conway 1998 a gugliucci it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | jet components in route between the core and the hot spots where they terminate a appear to move faster a and superluminal speeds in the jets are seen in a few sources a taylor a redhead a pearson 2000 a a the jets can be similar or much brighter than the counterfeits a |
46 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper one of the open problems in higher category theory is the systematic construction of the higher dimensional analogues of the gray tensor product a in this paper we continue the work of excite to adapt the machinery of globular operas excite to this task a the resulting theory includes the gray tensor product of categories and the trans tensor product excite of gray categories a moreover much of the previous work on the globular approach to higher category theory is simplified by our new foundations a and we illustrate this by giving an expedited account of many aspects of chen a analysis excite of tremble a definition of weak -category a by way of application we obtain an of mann a hilton of result for braided toroidal categories a and give the construction of a tensor product of -infinity algebras a a multiblock footnote omitted a a multiblock footnote omitted a a multiblock footnote omitted a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in excite the problem of how to give an explicit combinatorial definition of weak higher categories was solved a and the development of a conceptual framework for their further analysis was begun a in the aftermath of this a the expository work of other authors a most notably street excite and leinster excite a contributed greatly to our understanding of these ideas a the central idea of excite is that the description of any -dimensional categorical structure a may begin by starting with just the underlying -globular set a that is a the sets and functions ^t a @<-1ex>l-s a a a xxx a @<1ex>l^t a @<-1ex>l-s a a a xxx a @<1ex>l^t a @<-1ex>l-s a a a. a @<1ex>l^t a @<-1ex>l-s a a a in a @<1ex>l^t a @<-1ex>l-sa a satisfying the equations and a which embody the the objects a elements of a a arrows a elements of a and higher cells of the structure in question a at this stage no compositions have been defined a and when they are a one has a globular set with extra structure a in this way please generate the next two sentences of the article | the problem of defining an a a categorical structure of a given type is that of defining the monad on the category of -globular sets whose algebras are these structures a as explained in the introduction to excite a this approach works because the monads concerned have excellent formal properties a which facilitate their explicit description and further analysis a |
47 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the longitudinal polarization of fermions a tops and taus a produced in fermion decays to neutrinos or charging can be a useful tool for the determination of busy parameters a we discuss this fermion polarization in the context of the mss with complex parameters a we show that the dependence on up a violating phases can be large and that the fermion polarization may hence be used as a sensitive probe of up phases in the mss a corn a pm a th/2004 a 086 a reply a pub 790/04 a disc a chep/7/04 a fi2004 a of a hep a ph/0405167 a fermion polarization in fermion decays as a a probe of up phases in the mss a a thomas gajdosik a robin my godbole a sabine kraml a a institute of physics a vilnius lt-2600 a lithuania a centre for high energy physics a indian institute of science a bangalore 560012 a india a inst a of hochenergiephysik a stern a academic do wissenschaften a 1050 vienna a austria a department of physics a corn a theory division a 1211 geneva of a switzerland a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article up violation a initially observed excite only in the system a is one feature of the standard model a so a that still defies clear theoretical understanding a the com picture a which describes a all a the a observed a up violation in terms of a single phase in the quark a mixing matrix a has been vindicated by the recent measurements of mixing at belle and baba excite a up violation is in fact one of the necessary ingredients for generating the observed excess of baryons over antibaryons in the universe excite a the amount of up violation present in the quark sector is a however a too small to generate a baryon asymmetry of the observed level of excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | new sources of up violation a beyond a the so are therefore a necessity excite a supersymmetry a busy a is arguably the most attractive extension of the so a as it solves a for instance a the problem of the instability of the electroweak symmetry a breaking scale against radiative corrections a |
48 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have observed an outburst of the to lauri star sex up in march 1994 a we present both photometric a bar a and spectroscopic a low and medium resolution a observations carried out during the decline after outburst a the star appears much bluer during outburst due to an increased emission of a hot continuum a this is accompanied by a strong increase of the veiling of photospheric lines a we observe inverse a cyan profiles of many emission lines over a large brightness range of sex up a we briefly discuss these features towards the model of magnetospherically supported accretion of disk material a 2.5 pm a to -1.5pt#1 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the variability of sex up was discovered by miss of jansen in 1944 while examining spectral plates at the harvard observatory a mclaughlin 1946 a a herein a 1950 a first pointed out the similarity of sex lupin a spectral characteristics and to lauri stars with strong emission lines of a a cain a few a and he a in one of the spectrograms he obtained in 1949/1950 the a and cain lines clearly show an inverse a cyan profile of please generate the next two sentences of the article | herein a 1977a a assigned the spectral type of m0:ev using the 5850 a 6700 range a photographic and visual light a curves covering a century of observations revealed the irregular photometric behaviour of the star a mclaughlin 1946 a watson it al a |
49 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the liquid a gas phase transition in hot neutron a rich nuclear matter is investigated within a self a consistent thermal model using different interactions with or without isospin indoor momentum dependence a the boundary of the phase a coexistence region is shown to be sensitive to the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy as well as the isospin and momentum dependence of the nuclear interaction a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the liquid a gas a la a phase transition in nuclear matter remains illusive and a hot research topic despite of the great efforts devoted to understanding its nature and experimental manifestations by the nuclear physics community over many years a for a recent review a see a edge a refs. a most of the previous studies have focused on the la phase transition in symmetric nuclear matter a while in an asymmetric nuclear matter please generate the next two sentences of the article | a the la phase transition is expected to display some distinctly new features because of the isospin degree of freedom and the associated interactions and additional conservation laws a this expectation together with the need to understand better properties of asymmetric nuclear matter relevant for both nuclear physics and astrophysics have stimulated a lot of new work recentlyliko97,ma99,wang00,su00,lee01,li01,natowitz02,li02,chomaz03,sil04,lizx04,chomaz06,li07 a |
50 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the phase transition of the quantum spin- frustrated heisenberg antiferroferromagnet on an anisotropic square lattice is studied by using a variational treatment a the model is described by the heisenberg hamiltonian with two antiferromagnetic interactions a nearest a neighbour a in a with different coupling strengths and along a and a directions competing with a next a nearest a neighbour coupling a non a a the ground state phase diagram in the a a space a where and a is obtained a depending on the values of and a we obtain three different states a antiferromagnetic a a of a a a collinear antiferromagnetic a a can a a and quantum paramagnetic a a up a a a for an intermediate region we observe a a up a state between the ordered a of a and a can a phases a which disappears for above some critical value a the boundaries between these ordered phases merge at the a quantum critical endpoint a a a ice a a a below this a ice a there is again a direct first a order transition between the a of a and a can a phases a with a behavior approximately described by the classical line a a pics numbers a a 75.10.jm a 05.30.-d a 75.40.-s a 75.40.cx a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the study of the phase transition of frustrated spin systems on two a dimensional a cd a lattices is a central problem in modern condensed mater physics a a competition of exchange interaction can lead to frustration a where spatial arrangement of magnetic ions in a crystal for which a simultaneous antiparallel ordering of all interacting spin is impossible a in particular a one of the frustrated cd models most discussed is the quantum spin- heisenberg antiferromagnet on a square lattice with competing nearest a neighbour a in a and next a nearest a neighbour a non a antiferromagnetic exchange interactions a known as model a excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the criticality of this heisenberg model on a square lattice are relatively well known at a there are two magnetically long a range ordered phases at small and at large values of separated by an intermediate quantum paramagnetic phase without magnetic long a range order in the region between and a where the properties of these disordered phase are still under intensive debate a for a the system possesses antiferromagnetic a of a long a range order with wave vector a with a staggered magnetization smaller than the saturated value a quantum fluctuations a a which vanished continuously when a |
51 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the generalized mutual information of the ground state of different critical quantum chains a the generalized mutual information definition that we use is based on the well established concept of the any divergence a we calculate this quantity numerically for several distinct quantum chains having either discrete symmetries a a a state potts model with and parafermionic models with and also skin a teller model with different anisotropies a or the continuous symmetries a klein a gordon field theory a xxx and spin father a zamolodchikov quantum chains with different anisotropies a a for the spin chains these calculations were done by expressing the ground a state wavefunctions in two special basis a our results indicate some general behavior for particular ranges of values of the parameter that defines a for a system a with total size and subsystem sizes and a the has a logarithmic leading behavior given by where the coefficient is linearly dependent on the central charge of the underlying conformal field theory a cut a describing the system a critical properties a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the entanglement entropy a as a tool to detect and classify quantum phase transitions a has been playing an important role in the last fifteen years a see excite and references therein a a in one dimension a where most of the critical quantum chains are conformal invariant a the entanglement entropy provides a powerful tool to detect a as well to calculate a the central charge of the underlying cut a for example a for quantum chains a the ground a state entanglement entropy of a subsystem formed by contiguous sites of an infinite system a with respect to the complementary subsystem has the leading behavior if the system is critical or a when the system is noncritical with correlation length excite a although there are plenty of proposals to measure this quantity in the lab excite the actual experiments were out of reach so far a strictly speaking please generate the next two sentences of the article | the central charge of quantum spin chains has never been measured experimentally a recently other quantities a that are also dependent of the central charge has been proposed excite a among these proposals interesting measures that a from the numerical point of view a are also efficient in detecting the phase transitions as well as the universality class of critical behavior a are the shannon and any mutual information excite a see also the related works excite a a |
52 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the quasiregular singularities a horizons a that form in the collision of cross polarized electromagnetic waves are a as in the linear polarized case a unstable a the validity of the helliwell a konkowski stability conjecture is tested for a number of exact backreaction cases a in the test electromagnetic case the conjecture fails to predict the correct nature of the singularity while in the scalar field and in the null dust cases the agreement is justified a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it has been known for a long time that owing to planar property and mutual focussing a colliding plane waves a cow a result in snakelike singularities a a a a these singularities are somewhat weakened when the waves are endowed with a relative cross polarization prior to the collision a a solution given by chandrasekhar and xanthopoulos a cd a a a a a however constitutes an example contrasting this category a namely a it possesses a cauchy horizon a cd a instead of a snakelike singularity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | naturally a this solution initiated a literature devoted entirely on the quest of stability of horizons formed hitherto a cd formed in spacetimes of cow was shown by yurtsever to be unstable against plane a symmetric perturbations a a a |
53 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a tuner a suitable for adaptive control and a in its discrete a time version a adaptive filtering applications a that sets the second derivative of the parameter estimates rather than the first derivative as is done in the overwhelming majority of the literature a comparative stability and performance analyses are presented a a key words a a adaptive control a parameter estimation a adaptive filtering a covariance analysis a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in adaptive control and recursive parameter estimation one often needs to adjust recursively an estimate of a vector a which comprises constant but unknown parameters a using measurements of a quantity here is a vector of known data a often called the regressor a and is a measurement error signal a the goal of tuning is to keep both the estimation error and the parameter error as small as possible a there are several popular methods for dealing with the problem above a for instance least a squares of please generate the next two sentences of the article | maybe the most straightforward involve minimizing the prediction error via gradient a type algorithms of the form a where is a constant a symmetric a positive a definite gain matrix a let us define and analyse differential equations and a which under the assumption that is identically zero read a the nonnegative function has time derivative hence inspection of the equation above reveals that is limited in time a thus a and also that the error a norms are taken on the interval where all signals are defined a a |
54 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we introduce a new background field method for not hyperspace a a we treat projective hyperspace a but similar remarks apply for the harmonic case a a in analogy to not a background gauge fields are in the real representation a so the lowest a dimension potentials are senior and the usual non a renormalization theorems are manifest a another consequence is that the a a coordinates disappear from the effective action a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the construction of background field formalism for not super a yang a mills theory a sym a in projective hyperspace a a excite is an open problem a such a formalism is desirable for any a non-supersymmetric theory as it simplifies a loop a calculations and even intermediate steps respect gauge covariance a a major obstacle in solving this problem for the not case seems to be the lack of knowledge relating the gauge connections to the tropical hyperfield a which describes the sym multiple for all practical purposes excite a we note that the closely related excite not harmonic hyperspace a a excite does it encounter this issue as the hyperfield a describing the sym multiple is itself a connection a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in fact a background field formalism in harmonic hyperspace has quite a straightforward construction excite a although the construction has some subtleties a it has been refined in a series of papers along with relevant calculations excite a in this paper |
55 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a new numerical method is proposed for a and inverse medium scattering problem with multi a frequency data a this method is based on the construction of a weighted cost functional a the weight is a coleman weight function a cwt a a in other words a this is the function a which is present in the coleman estimate for the underlying differential operator a the presence of the cwt makes this functional strictly convex on any a prior chosen ball with the center at in an appropriate hilbert space a convergence of the gradient minimization method to the exact solution starting from any point of that ball is proven a computational results for both computationally simulated and experimental data show a good accuracy of this method a a key words a a global convergence a coefficient inverse problem a multi a frequency data a coleman weight function a 2010 mathematics subject classification a a 35r30 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the experimental data used in this paper were collected by the forward looking radar of the us army research laboratory excite a that radar was built for detection and possible identification of shallow explosive a like targets a since targets are three dimensional objects a one needs to measure a three dimensional information about each target a however a the radar measures only one time dependent curve for each target a see figure a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | therefore a one can hope to reconstruct only a very limited information about each target a so a we reconstruct only an estimate of the dielectric constant of each target a for each target a |
56 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper given a real number a we study the associated -shift introduced in excite a we compares some aspects of the -shift to the -shift a when the expansion in base of is periodic with odd period or when is strictly less than the golden ratio a the -shift a as defined in excite can not be coded because its language is not transitive a this transitivity of words explains the existence of gaps in the interval a we observe that an intransitive word appears in the -expansion of a real number taken in the gap a furthermore a we determine the zeta function of the -transformation and the associated lap a counting function a these two functions are related by a we observe some similarities with the zeta function of the -transformation a the function is meromorphic in the unit disk a is holomorphic in the open disk a has a simple pole at and no other singularities such that a we also note an influence of gaps a less than the golden ratio a on the zeta function a in factors of the denominator of a the coefficients count the words generating gaps a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the -transformation has been extensively studied since the seminal paper of any in 1957 a there is a huge amount of literature on the map itself and on the associated symbolic dynamics a over the past decade a people became interested in the -transformation a changing the slope of the map from positive to negative of please generate the next two sentences of the article | various studies have focused on the similarities and differences between the two maps from several points of view a this paper fits in this last line of research a |
57 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the sunspot number varies roughly periodically with time a however the individual cycle durations and the amplitudes are found to vary in an irregular manner a it is observed that the stronger cycles are having shorter rise times and vice versa a this leads to an important effect know as the waldmeier effect a another important feature of the solar cycle irregularity are the grand minimal during which the activity level is strongly reduced a we explore whether these solar cycle irregularities can be studied with the help of the flux transport dynamo model of the solar cycle a we show that with a suitable stochastic fluctuations in a regular dynamo model a we are able to reproduce many irregular features of the solar cycle including the waldmeier effect and the grand minimum a however a we get all these results only if the value of the turbulent diffusivity in the convection zone is reasonably high a a firstpage a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article although the sunspot number varies periodically with time with an average period of of year a the individual cycle period a length a and also the strength a amplitude a vary in a random way a it is observed that the stronger cycles have shorter periods and vice versa a this leads to an important feature of solar cycle known as waldmeier effect of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it says that there is an anti a correlation between the rise time and the peak sunspot number a we call this as we a |
58 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper phylogenetic networks are mathematical structures for modelling and visualization of reticulation processes in the study of evolution a galled networks a reticulation visible networks a nearly a stable networks and stable a child networks are the four classes of phylogenetic networks that are recently introduced to study the topological and algorithmic aspects of phylogenetic networks a we prove the following results a a a binary galled network with leaves has at most reticulation nodes a a a binary nearly a stable network with leaves has at most reticulation nodes a a a binary stable a child network with leaves has at most reticulation nodes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article reticulation processes refer to the transfer of genetic material between living organisms in a non a reproduction manner a horizontal gene transfer is believed to be a highly significant reticulation process occurring between single a cell organisms a doolittle and baptiste 2007 a treangen and rocha 2011 a a other reticulation processes include introgression a recombination and hybridization a contains it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 2015 a screen and eckhart 2006 a marcuse it al a 2014 a a in the past two decades a phylogenetic networks |
59 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the thu turbulence database excite can be used with a state of the art visualisation tool excite to generate high quality link a and a dfdsubmissionquarterres.mpgfluid dynamics videos a a in this work we investigate the classical idea that smaller structures in turbulent flows a while engaged in their own internal dynamics a are adverted by the larger structures a they are not adverted undistorted a however a we see instead that the small scale structures are sheared and twisted by the larger scales a this illuminates the basic mechanisms of the turbulent cascade a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in excite a database containing a solution of the cd incompressible xavier a stokes a is a equations is presented a the equations were solved numerically with a standard pseudo a spectral simulation in a periodic domain a using a real space grid of grid points a a large a scale body force drives a turbulent flow with a taylor microscope based reynolds number a out of this solution of please generate the next two sentences of the article | snapshots were stored a spread out evenly over a large eddy turnover time a more on the simulation and on accessing the data can be found at a in practical terms |
60 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper electron injection from an adsorbed molecule to the substrate a heterogeneous electron transfer a is studied a one reaction coordinate is used to model this process a the surface photons indoor the electron a hole pairs together with the internal degrees of freedom of the adsorbed molecule as well as possibly a liquid surrounding the molecule provide a dissipative environment a which may lead to phasing a relaxation a and sometimes excitation of the relevant system a in the process studied the adsorbed molecule is excited by a light pulse a this is followed by an electron transfer from the excited donor state to the quasi a continuum of the substrate a it is assumed that the substrate is a semiconductor a the effects of dissipation on electron injection are investigated a electron transfer a density matrix theory a molecules at surfaces a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in recent years electron transfer a it a between molecular adsorbates and semiconductor nanomaterials and surfaces has been subject of much research excite a the injection of an electron into the conduction band is a prototype reaction for a lot of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical interfacial processes such as photography a solar energy conversion a quantum dot devices a etc a interfacial it between discrete molecular levels and a conducting surface is the simplest of all surface reactions a it involves only the exchange of an electron a and so no bonds are broken excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the ultrafast nature of the charge injection from adsorbed molecules to the conduction band of semiconductor surfaces was shown in recent experiments excite a the theoretical description of such experiments demands an adequate treatment of the it dynamics to be able to describe short time a scale phenomena such as coherence a this can be done within the reduced density matrix a rom a description used in the present contribution a |
61 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper during the past two years a the galactic black hole microquasar gas 1915 a 105 has exhibited a bewildering diversity of large amplitude a chaotic variability in a a rays a although it is generally accepted that the variability in this source results from an accretion disk instability a the exact nature of the instability remains unknown a here we investigate different accretion disk models and viscosity prescriptions in order to provide a basic explanation for the exotic temporal behavior in gas 1915 a 105 a we discuss a range of possible accretion flow geometries a based on the fact that the overall cycle times are very much longer than the rise a fall time scales in gas 1915 a we rule out the geometry of advection dominated accretion flow a adam a or a hot quasi a spherical region plus a cold outer disk for this source a a cold disk extending down to the last inner stable orbit plus a hot corona above it a on the other hand a is allowed a we thus concentrate on geometrically thin a though not necessarily standard a shaker a sundae type disks a shaker a sundae 1973 a hereafter ssh a a we argue that a a ray observations clearly require a quasi a stable accretion disk solution at high accretion rates where radiation pressure begins to dominate a which excludes the standard -viscosity prescription a to remedy this deficiency a we have therefore devised a modified viscosity law that has a quasi a stable upper branch a and we have developed a code to solve the time a dependent equations to study such an accretion disk a via numerical simulations a we show that the model does account for several gross observational features of gas 1915 a 105 a including its overall cyclic behavior on time scales of 100 a 1000 so on the other hand a the rise a fall time scales are not short enough a no rapid oscillations on time scales of a emerge naturally from the model a and the computed cycle a time dependence on the average luminosity is stronger than is found in gas 1915. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article compact a a ray sources exhibit a wide range of temporal variabilities a from milliseconds to years a a perhaps none of these is as exotic and diverse as the a a ray temporal variability observed from the black hole microquasar gas 1915 a 105 a castro a tirade a brandt a a land 1992 a greener a morgan a a millard 1996 a morgan a millard a greener 1997 a mono a morgan a millard 1999 a a this object is one of two known galactic a a ray sources that exhibit superluminal radio jets a miracle a rodriguez 1994 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the combination of relativistic constraints and radio measurements at hi indicate that the source lies behind the sagittarius arm at a distance of 12.5 pc a miracle a rodriguez 1994 a a interstellar extinction limits optical a in studies to weak detections at wavelengths less than a micron a miracle it al a |
62 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recent studies of lensing clusters reveal that it might be fairly common for a galaxy cluster that the a a ray center has an obvious offset from its gravitational center which is measured by strong lensing a we argue that if these offsets exist a then a a rays and lensing are indeed measuring different regions of a cluster a and may thus naturally result in a discrepancy in the measured gravitational masses by the two different methods a here we investigate theoretically the dynamical effects of such lensing a a a ray offsets a and compare with observational data a we find that for typical values a the offset alone can give rise to a factor of two difference between the lensing and a a ray determined masses for the core regions of a cluster a suggesting that such of offset effect of may play an important role and should not be ignored in our dynamical measurements of clusters a a firstpage a dark matter a gravitational lensing a a a rays a galaxies a clusters a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article galaxy clusters a the largest gravitationally a bound structures in the universe a are ideal cosmological tools a accurate measurements of their masses provide a crucial observational constraint on cosmological models a several dynamical methods have been available to estimate cluster masses a such as a a a optical measurements of the velocity dispersions of cluster galaxies a a a a measurements of the a a ray emitting gas a and a a a gravitational lensing of please generate the next two sentences of the article | good agreements between these methods have been found on scales larger than cluster cores a however a joint measurements of lensing and a a rays often identify large discrepancies in the gravitational masses within the central regions of clusters by the two methods a and the lensing mass has always been found to be times higher than the a a ray determined mass a |
63 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a family of double confluent hen equations that are linearizations of nonlinear equations on two a torus modelling the josephson effect in superconductivity a they have the form a where is a family of differential operators of order two acting on germs of holomorphic functions in one complex variable a they depend on parameters a a a we show that for every and satisfying a certain of non a resonance condition of and every parameter values a there exists a unique entire function a up to multiplicative constant a such that for some a the latter are expressed as functions of the parameters a this result has several applications a first of all a it gives the description of those parameter values for which the monodromy operator of the corresponding hen equation has given eigenvalues a this yields the description of the non a integer level curves of the rotation number of the family of equations on two a torus as a function of parameters a in the particular case a when the monodromy is parabolic a has multiple eigenvalue a a we get the complete description of those parameter values that correspond to the boundaries of the phase a lock areas a integer level sets of the rotation number a which have non a empty interiors a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we study the problem to find solutions of a non a homogeneous a double a confluent hen equations that are monodromy eigenfunction a our study is motivated by applications to nonlinear equations modelling the josephson effect in superconductivity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the main results a their existence and uniqueness a theorems a noncom a and a xii a a are stated in subsection 1.1 a applications to monodromy eigenfunction and eigenvalues of homogeneous double confluent hen equations and to nonlinear equations modelling josephson effect are presented in subsection 1.1 a sections a and a a |
64 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the statistical model of chase and median a which offers an analytic solution for the canonical ensemble of non a interacting fragments a is investigated for it a thermodynamic behavior a various properties of the model a which exhibits a first a order phase transition a are studied a the effects of finite particle number are investigated a three extensions of the model are considered a excluded volume a coulomb effects and inclusion of isospin degrees of freedom a a formulation of a microcanonical version of the model is also presented a 2.0 pm a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article nuclear fragmentation resulting from heavy ion collisions is a complex phenomenon a the role of equilibration and dynamics has not yet been determined as a plethora of approaches have been investigated a examples of approaches are evaporative pictures a percolation models a lattice gas models a and dynamical models based on boltzmann simulations a in this paper please generate the next two sentences of the article | we consider the statistical approach where one considers sampling all configurations of non a interacting clusters a recently a chase and mekjian derived relations which allow the exact calculation of the canonical partition function for such a system a by eliminating the need for computationally intensive monte carlo procedures and associated approximations a this technique allows a deeper insight into the thermodynamic principles which drive the statistics of fragmentation a in the next section we present the recursive technique of chase and median and |
65 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the implication of the time a dependent up asymmetry in decays on the extraction of weak phases taking into account the precise measurement of a obtained from the of gold a plated"mode a predictions and uncertainties for the harmonic parameters are investigated in cd factorization a furthermore a independent theoretical and experimental tests of the factorization framework are briefly discussed a finally a a model a independent bound on the unitarily triangle from up violation in and is derived a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the standard model a so a a the only source of up violation is the kobayashi a mascara phase excite a localized in the unitarily triangle a it a of the cabibbo a kobayashi a mascara a com a matrix excite a thanks to the precise measurements at the current -factories a up violation could be established in excite a leading to a precise measurement of a where the current world average yields excite a the extractions of the other two angles and are expected mainly through up violation in the charmless decays a such as and similar modes excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the current -factories measurements have been averaged to yield excite a on the theoretical side a the analysis is challenging due to the need to know the ratio of penguin a to a tree amplitude contributing to this process a in this talk a we present the result of excite a where a transparent method of exploring the it through the up violation in a combined with the of gold a plated of mode has been proposed a |
66 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the stability of a recently proposed general relativistic model of galaxies is studied in some detail a this model is a general relativistic version of the well known minamoto a naga model that represents well a thick galactic disk a the stability of the disk is investigated under a general first order perturbation keeping the peacetime metric frozen a no gravitational radiation is taken into account a a we find that the stability is associated with the thickness of the disk a we have that flat galaxies have more not a stable modes than the thick ones item a flat galaxies have a tendency to form more complex structures like rings a bars and spiral arms a a firstpage a relativity galaxies a kinematics and dynamics a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the natural shape of an isolated self a gravitating fluid is axially symmetric a for this reason a exact axial symmetric solutions of einstein field equations are good candidates to model astrophysical bodies in general relativity a in the last decades a several exact solutions were studied as possible galactic models of please generate the next two sentences of the article | static thin disk solutions were first studied by excite and excite a where they considered disks without radial pressure a disks with radial pressure and with radial tension had been considered by excite and excite a respectively a |
67 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a a abstract a a a in this paper a we present a new pipeline which automatically identifies and annotates axoplasmic reticular a which are small subcellular structures present only in axons a we run our algorithm on the kasthuri11 dataset a which was color corrected using gradient a domain techniques to adjust contrast a we use a bilateral filter to smooth out the noise in this data while preserving edges a which highlights axoplasmic reticular a these axoplasmic reticular are then annotated using a morphological region growing algorithm a additionally a we perform laplacian sharpening on the bilaterally filtered data to enhance edges a and repeat the morphological region growing algorithm to annotate more axoplasmic reticular a we track our annotations through the slices to improve precision a and to create long objects to aid in segment merging a this method annotates axoplasmic reticular with high precision a our algorithm can easily be adapted to annotate axoplasmic reticular in different sets of brain data by changing a few thresholds a the contribution of this work is the introduction of a straightforward and robust pipeline which annotates axoplasmic reticular with high precision a contributing towards advancements in automatic feature annotations in neural pm data a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the open connector project a located at a aims to annotate all the features in a cd volume of neural pm data a connect these features a and compute a high resolution wiring diagram of the brain a known as a connector a it is hoped that such work will help elucidate the structure and function of the human brain a the aim of this work is to automatically annotate axoplasmic reticular a since it is extremely time consuming to hand a annotate them of please generate the next two sentences of the article | specifically a the objective is to achieve an operating point with high precision a to enable robust contextual inference a there has been very little previous work towards this end excite a |
68 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the recent data on excess reported by cd may be interpreted as the associated production of a and a new particle of mass about 150 get which subsequently decays into two hadron jets a we study the possibility of explaining the excess by coloured scalar bosons a there are several coloured scalars which can have tree level normalizable yukawa couplings with two quarks a a a a if one of these scalars has a mass about 150 get a being coloured it can naturally explain why the excess only shows up in the form of two hadron jets a although the required production cross section and mass put constraints on model parameters and rule out some possible scenarios when confronted with other existing data a in particular find data a we find that there are strong constraints on the yukawa couplings of these scalars a without forcing the couplings to be some special texture forms most of the scalars a except the a are in trouble with find data a we also study some features for search of these new particles at the chic and the lac and find that related information can help further to distinguish different models a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the cd collaboration has reported an excess in the production of two jets in association with a boson production excite from data collected at the betatron with a center a of a mass energy of 1.96 tel and an integrated luminosity of 4.3 fb a the boson is identified through a charged lepton a electron or muon a with large transverse momentum a the invariant mass of the diet system is found to be in the range of 120 a 160 get of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the production has a few pm cross a section which is much larger than standard model a so a expectation a the diet system may be interpreted as an unidentified resonance with mass around 150 get which predominantly decays into two hadron jets a |
69 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a statistical a a ray study of spiral galaxies in the hubble deep field a north and its flanking fields using the chandra deep field north a is dataset a we find that galaxies with have ratios of a a ray to -band luminosity similar to those in the local universe a although the data indicate a likely increase in this ratio by a factor of a we have also determined that typical spiral galaxies at should be detected in the 0.52 key band in the flux range a erg s a 1-heao-1 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a a ray studies of fairly normal a galaxies a with high a energy emission not obviously dominated by a luminous active galactic nucleus a an a a have recently been extended to cosmological interesting distances in the deep field a cd a surveys a which have now reached a is of exposure a cd a a a hornschemeier it al a 2001 a hereafter paper ii a brandt it al a 2001b a hereafter paper a a cd a a a toni it al a 2001 a pm please generate the next two sentences of the article | rosa it al a a in prep a a a galaxies with are detected in appreciable numbers at 0.52 key fluxes below erg s a edge a paper ii a a the cd a a survey goes almost two orders of magnitude fainter a detecting significant numbers of normal galaxies among the population of a a ray sources making the diffuse a a ray background a orb a paper ii a adj a |
70 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the asymmetric spin a orbit interactions play a crucial role in realizing topological phases in noncentrosymmetric superconductor a pcs a a we investigate the edge states and the vortex core states in the -wave pcs with dresselhaus a 110 a spin a orbit coupling by both numerical and analytical methods a in particular a we demonstrate that there exists a novel semimetal phase characterized by the flat andrew bound states in the phase diagram of the -wave dresselhaus pcs which supports the emergence of majorca fermions a the flat dispersion implies a peak in the density of states which has a clear experimental signature in the tunnelling conductance measurements and the majorca fermions proposed here should be experimentally detectable a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article topological phase of condensed matter systems is a quantum many a body state with nontrivial momentum or real space topology in the hilbert spaces excite a recent newly discovered topological superconductor a tsp a has spawned considerable interests since this kind of topological phase supports the emergence of majorca fermion a of a excite which is a promising candidate for the fault a tolerant topological quantum computation a tic a excite a there are several proposals for hosting mrs in tsp a for example a chiral -wave superconductor excite a cd a doped topological insulator excite a superconducting proximity devices excite and noncentrosymmetric superconductor a pcs a excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the signatures of mrs have also been reported in the superconducting inst nanowire excite a excite and topological insulator josephson junction excite a to obtain a readily manipulated majorca platform for tic a more experimental confirmations and theoretical proposals are therefore highly desirable a in this paper a we study the topological phase and majorca fermion at the edge and in the vortex core of the -wave dresselhaus a 110 a spin a orbit a so a coupled pcs a |
71 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this work a we consider a tight binding lattice with two non a herminia impurities a the system is described by a non a herminia generalization of the aubrey andre model a we show for the first time that there exists topologically nontrivial edge states with real spectra in the symmetric region a non a herminia hamiltonian a symmetry a topological phase a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the discovery of topological insulators in cd and cd has recently attracted a great deal of attention excite a reference therein a a the appearance of the hapless edge states within the bulk gap is generally believed to be a signature of the topological insulator a generally speaking a a topological insulator has hapless robust edge states while it a energy spectrum is mapped in the bulk a the bulk energy gap closes if a system is deformed adiabatically to a topologically nonequivalent system of please generate the next two sentences of the article | remarkably a topological phase is not restricted to two and three dimensional systems a of special importance in the context of localization and topological phase in cd is the aubrey and andre a a a model excite a |
72 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an important concern in the application of gamma a ray bursts a grabs a to cosmology is that the calibration of grab luminosity a energy relations depends on the cosmological model a due to the lack of a sufficient low a redshift grab sample a in this paper a we present a new method to calibrate grab relations in a cosmology a independent way a since objects at the same redshift should have the same luminosity distance and since the distance moduli of type a supernovae a one a a obtained directly from observations are completely cosmology independent a we obtain the distance modulus of a grab at a given redshift by interpolating from the hubble diagram of one a a then we calibrate seven grab relations without assuming a particular cosmological model and construct a grab hubble diagram to constrain cosmological parameters a from the of grabs at a we obtain a for the flat model a and for the dark energy model with a constant equation of state a which is consistent with the concordance model in a 1- confidence region a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the past decade a observations of type a supernovae a one a a rises it al a 1998 a schmidt it al a 1998 a perlmutter it al a 1999 a a cosmic microwave background a cab a fluctuations a bennett it al a 2003 a serge it al a 2003 a 2007 a a and large a scale structures a less a denmark it al a 2004 a 2006 a have been used to explore cosmology extensively a these observations are found to be consistent with the so a called concordance cosmology a in which the universe is spatially flat and contains pressureless matter and dark energy a with fractional energy densities of and a davis it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | observations of in a provide a powerful probe in the modern cosmology a phillips a 1993 a found that there is an intrinsic relation between the peak luminosity and the shape of the light curve of one a a |
73 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the question of which two a quit states are steerable a item permit a demonstration of per a steering a remains open a here a a strong necessary condition is obtained for the steerability of two a quit states having maximally a mixed reduced states a via the construction of local hidden state models a it is conjectured that this condition is in fact sufficient a two provably sufficient conditions are also obtained a via asymmetric per a steering inequalities a our work uses ideas from the quantum steering ellipsoid formalism a and explicitly evaluates the integral of over arbitrary unit hemispheres for any positive matrix a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum systems can be correlated in ways that supersede classical descriptions a however a there are degrees of non a classically for quantum correlations a for simplicity a we consider only bipartite correlations a with the two a spatially separated a parties being named alice and bob as usual a at the weaker end of the spectrum are quantum systems whose states can not be expressed as a mixture of product a states of the constituents a these are called non a separable or entangled states of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the product a states appearing in such a mixture comprise a local hidden state a los a model for any measurements undertaken by alice and bob a at the strongest end of the spectrum are quantum systems whose measurement correlations can violate a bell inequality excite a hence demonstrating a modulo loopholes excite a the violation of local causality excite a |
74 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper although the generation of disoriented chiral condensates a docs a a where the order parameter for chiral symmetry breaking is misaligned with respect to the vacuum direction in isospin state a is quite natural in the theory of strong interactions a they have so far eluded experiments in accelerators and cosmic rays a if docs are formed in high a energy nuclear collisions a the relevant outcome are very large event a by a event fluctuations in the neutral a to a charged pion fraction a in this note we search for fingerprints of dec formation in observables of ultra a high energy cosmic ray showers a we present simulation results for the depth of the maximum a a and number of muons on the ground a evaluating their sensitivity to the neutral a to a charged pion fraction asymmetry produced in the primary interaction a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article almost forty years ago exotic a apparently hybrid and unexpected events a dubbed centaurs a were observed in cosmic ray a or a experiments in emulsion chambers in chacaltaya by lattes and collaborators excite a those events were very different from what is commonly observed in cars a exhibiting a large number of hadrons and a small number of electrons and gammas a which suggests the presence of very few rapid a gamma a decaying hadrons a so a a possible imbalance in the number of neutral to charged pions could be envisaged of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the nature and reality of centaur events started a long debate a that includes the reexamination of the original emulsion chamber plates a and is still not resolved excite a nevertheless a centaur events were certainly an experimental motivation for the development of the theory of disoriented chiral condensates a docs a that started in the early 1990s excite a for a detailed review a see ref a excite a assuming that a given nuclear system could be heated above the critical a crossover a transition region for chiral symmetry restoration a item for temperatures of the order of excite a then quenched to low temperatures a the chiral condensate initially melted to zero could grow in any direction in isospin space a besides the vacuum a stable a direction |
75 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the cool gas around a galaxy at using keck a luis spectroscopy of a bright a a background galaxy at at a transverse distance of pc a the background galaxy spectrum reveals strong a a a and absorption at the redshift of the foreground galaxy a with a rest equivalent width of a indicative of a velocity width exceeding a because the background galaxy is large a pc a a the high covering fraction of the absorbing gas suggests that it arises in a spatially extended complex of cool clouds with large velocity dispersion a spectroscopy of the massive a a host galaxy reveals that it experienced a burst of star formation about a gym ago and that it harbours a weak an a we discuss the possible origins of the cool gas in its halo a including multiphase cooling of hot halo gas a cold inflow a tidal interactions a and galactic winds a we conclude the absorbing gas was most likely ejected or tidally stripped from the interstellar medium of the host galaxy or its progenitors during the past starburst event a adopting the latter interpretation a these results place one of only a few constraints on the radial extent of cool gas driven or stripped from a galaxy in the distant universe a future studies with integral field unit spectroscopy of spatially extended background galaxies will provide multiple sightings through foreground absorbers and permit analysis of the morphology and kinematics of the gas surrounding galaxies with a diverse set of properties and environments a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article several decades ago a excite postulated that the absorption lines observed in the spectra of distant sos are due to the extended gaseous halos of intervening galaxies a since that time a astronomers have identified the galaxies associated with the observed absorption a edge a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a and have used so spectroscopy of various rest a frame ultraviolet transitions to constrain the nature of harmonic processes in the outer regions of galaxies a edge a feedback a accretion a and cooling excite a these transitions include ly and lines that probe cooler a photoionized gas excite a and and doublets that trace warmer a more diffuse material excite a |
76 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a scheme for tunable coupling of phase a coupled flux quits a the phase a coupling scheme can provide a strong coupling strength of the order of josephson coupling energy of josephson junctions in the connecting loop a while the previously studied inductive coupling scheme can not provide due to small mutual inductance and induced currents a we show that a in order to control the coupling a we need a two a do a squid a in the connecting loop and the control fluxes threading the do a squid a must be in a opposite a directions a the coupling strength is analytically calculated as a function of the control flux at the co a resonance point a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article superconducting josephson junction quit is one of the most promising candidates for implementing quantum computation excite a single quit coherent oscillations in superconducting quits have been demonstrated experimentally excite and furthermore two quit coupling and entanglement have been performed in charge excite a flux excite and phase excite quits a scalable quantum computing requires controllable and selective coupling between two remote as well as nearest neighbour quits of please generate the next two sentences of the article | recently much theoretical efforts have been devoted on the study about the controllable coupling of charge excite a charge a phase excite and flux quits excite a for flux quits the controllable coupling schemes use inductive coupling a but it is too weak to perform efficient two a quit gate operations a hence a while in superconducting charge quit two a quit coherent oscillations and not gate operations were experimentally observed excite a only spectroscopy measurement was done for inductively coupled flux quit excite a in this study |
77 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper proposition algebra is based on hare a conditional connective a which is a ternary connective comparable to if a then a else and used in the setting of propositional logic a conditional statements are provided with a simple semantics that is based on evaluation trees and that characterizes so a called free valuation congruence a two conditional statements are free valuation congruent if a and only if a they have equal evaluation trees a free valuation congruence is automatized by the four basic educational axioms of proposition algebra that define the conditional connective a valuation congruences that identify more conditional statements than free valuation congruence are repetition a proof a contractive a memorizing a and static valuation congruence a each of these valuation congruences is characterized using a transformation on evaluation trees a two conditional statements are a a valuation congruent if a and only if a their a a transformed evaluation trees are equal a these transformations are simple and natural a and only for static valuation congruence a slightly more complex transformation is used a also a each of these valuation congruences is automatized in proposition algebra a a spin a off of our approach is of basic form semantics for proposition algebra of a for each valuation congruence a considered a two conditional statements are a a valuation congruent if a and only if a they have equal a a basic forms a where a a basic forms are obtained by a syntactic transformation of conditional statements a which is a form of normalization a conditional composition a evaluation tree a proposition algebra a short a circuit evaluation a side effect a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in 1985 a hare a paper a a couple of novelties in the propositional calculus a excite was published a in this paper the ternary connective is introduced as the a conditional with and denoting programs and a boolean expression a a a more common expression for a conditional statement is but in order to reason systematically with conditional statements a a notation such as is preferable a in a conditional statement please generate the next two sentences of the article | a first is evaluated a and depending on that evaluation result a then either or is evaluated a and the other is not a and determines the evaluation value a this evaluation strategy is a form of a short a circuit a evaluation a in excite a hare proves that propositional logic is characterized by eleven educational axioms a some of which employ constants and for the truth values and a in 2011 |
78 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a theoretical study is presented of surface waves at a monomolecular surfactant film between an isotropic liquid and a nematic liquid crystal for the case when the surfactant film is in the isotropic two a dimensional fluid phase and induces homeotropic a normal to the interface a orientation of the nematic director a the dispersion relation for the surface waves is obtained a and different surface modes are analysed with account being taken of the anchoring induced by the surfactant layer a the curvature energy of the interface a and the anisotropy of the viscoelastic coefficients a the dispersion laws for capillary and dilatation surface modes retain structure similar to that in isotropic systems a but involve anisotropic viscosity coefficients a additional modes are related to relaxation of the nematic director field due to anchoring at the interface a the results can be used to determine different properties of nematic a surfactant a isotropic interfaces from experimental data on surface light scattering a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the presence of a surfactant film at a fluid a fluid interface alters the dynamics of the interface a this is manifested in behavior of the interfacial waves a induced either externally or by thermal fluctuations excite a the interfacial dynamics can be probed by measuring the light scattered on such surface waves a see the review by earnshaw excite a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the scattering of light on surface waves is a powerful tool for probing the properties of surfactant films at fluid interfaces excite a and a variety of systems have been recently investigated using this method a edge refs excite a see also the review by cicada and hopkins excite a a recently a the application of surfactant films to modify the interfacial properties has been extended to the systems in which one of the fluids is in liquid a crystalline phase a edge liquid crystal colloids excite a a |
79 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study three a dimensional bosnia cluster interacting through van der walls potential at large scattering length a we use faddeev a type decomposition of the many a body wave function which includes all possible two a body correlations a at large scattering length a a series of asimov a like states appear which are spatially extended and exhibit the exponential dependence on the state number a we also find the existence of generalized jon lines forbody clusters a signature of universal behaviour of weakly bound clusters can be observed in experiments of ultracold bose gases a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the most interesting topic of quantum physics in recent days is the characterization of universal properties of bosnia many a body system in the unitary regime excite a by using the meshach resonance the two a body scattering length is tuned to very large values a the unitary regime is characterized by simple universal laws a for please generate the next two sentences of the article | weakly interacting dilute bose gas a the gas like state becomes unstable as increases excite a however the asimov effect in quantum three a body systems leads to different concept of universality a |
80 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this article reviews the use of single electron spins to compute a in classical computing schemes a a binary bit is represented by the spin polarization of a single electron confined in a quantum dot a if a weak magnetic field is present a the spin orientation becomes a binary variable which can encode logic a and logic a a coherent superposition of these two polarizations represent a quit a by engineering the exchange interaction between closely spaced spins in neighbouring quantum dots a it is possible to implement either classical or quantum logic gates a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the visionary who first thought of using the spin polarization of a single electron to encode a binary bit of information has never been identified conclusively a folklore has it that feynman mentioned this notion in casual conversations a circa 1985 a a but to this author a knowledge there did not exist concrete schemes for implementing spintronic logic gates till the mid 1990s a encoding information in spin may have certain advantages of please generate the next two sentences of the article | first a there is the possibility of lower power dissipation in switching logic gates a in charge based devices a such as metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors a switching between logic a and logic a is accomplished by moving charges into and out of the transistor channel a |
81 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the last part of spa dealt with the circumstellar environment a structures are indeed found around several types of massive stars a such as blue and red supergiants a as well as was and lbs a as shown in the last years a the potential of in for their study is twofold a first a in can help discover many previously unknown nebulae a leading to the identification of new massive stars as their progenitors a second a in can help characterize the nebular features a current and new in facilities thus pave the way to a better understanding of the feedback from massive stars a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article circumstellar material holds clues about the mass a loss history of massive stars a indeed a as the winds interact with the interstellar medium a wind a blown bubbles a bow shocks a a they leave a characteristic signature that depends on the wind properties a moreover a the material ejected during short eruptive phases is visible as nebulae around massive stars a the analysis of these features reveals which material was ejected and in which quantity a with the recent reduction in mass a loss rates of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these episodes of enhanced mass a loss have gained more attention a as they seem more crucial than ever in the evolution of massive stars a another reason to study the close environment of massive stars is to better understand the evolution of supernova remnants a sirs a a |
82 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper presents the i a band data obtained by the so imaging survey a is a over two patches of the sky a a square degrees each a entered at a a and a a the data are being made public in the form of object catalogue and a photometrically and astrometrically calibrated pixel maps a these products together with other useful information can be found at of of a the overall quality of the data in the two fields is significantly better than the other two patches released earlier and cover a much larger contiguous area a the total number of objects in the catalogue extracted from these frames is over 700,000 down to a where the galaxy catalogue are 80% complete a the star counts are consistent with model predictions computed at the position of the patches considered a the galaxy counts and the angular two a point correlation functions are also consistent with those of the other patches showing that the is data set is homogeneous and that the galaxy catalogue are uniform a 1 a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article this paper presents data for the last two patches a a and a a of the sky observed by the public so imaging survey a is a a being carried out in preparation for the first year of regular operation of vat a the i a band data reported here covers a total area of of square degrees a down to a corresponding to two patches probing separated regions of the sky a a square degrees each a the present work complements earlier papers in the series a notion 1998 a paper i a brandon 1998 a paper iii a and completes the presentation of the data accumulated by the is observations carried out in the period july 1997-march 1998 as part of the wide a angle imaging survey originally described by renting and a costa a 1997 a and in paper in the primary science goal for surveying patches a and a was to search for and produce a list of distant galaxy cluster candidates that would complement those of the other two patches a a and a a reported earlier a olsen 1998a a a a paper ii and a a a providing vat targets nearly year a round a patches a and a were also selected to overlap with the ongoing of pm westerbork survey in the southern hemisphere a wish a being carried out in the region and of please generate the next two sentences of the article | originally a the is observations were expected to be carried out in two passbands a a and i a a however a because of time constraints and the prospect of supplementing the is observations at the not with the new wide a field image for the 2.2 a so a mia telescope a preference was given to increase the area covered by the i a band observations a more suitable for identifying distant clusters with a see paper a a a this decision allowed the full coverage of the selected patches a yielding a total coverage of of square degrees a |
83 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a multi a resolution bead a spring model for polymer dynamics is developed as a generalization of the rouse model a a polymer chain is described using beads of variable sizes connected by springs with variable spring constants a a numerical scheme which can use different timestamps to advance the positions of different beads is presented and analysed a the position of a particular bead is only updated at integer multiples of the timestamps associated with its connecting springs a this approach extends the rouse model to a multistage model on both spatial and temporal scales a allowing simulations of localized regions of a polymer chain with high spatial and temporal resolution a while using a coarser modelling approach to describe the rest of the polymer chain a a method for changing the model resolution on a the a fly is developed using the metropolis a hastings algorithm a it is shown that this approach maintains key statistics of the end a to a end distance and diffusion of the polymer filament and makes computational savings when applied to a model for the binding of a protein to the dan filament a polymer dynamics a dan a rouse model a brownian dynamics a multistage modelling 60h10 a 60j70 a 82c31 a 82d60 a 92b99 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article over the past of years a there have been multiple attempts to dynamically model the movement of polymer chains with brownian dynamics excite a which have more recently been used as a model for dan filament dynamics excite a one of the first and simplest descriptions was given as the rouse model excite a which is a bead a spring model excite a where the continuous filament is modelled at a mesoscopic scale with beads connected by springs a the only forces exerted on beads are spring forces from adjacent springs a as well as gaussian noise of please generate the next two sentences of the article | hydrodynamic forces between beads and excluded volume effects are neglected in the model in favour of simplicity and computational speed a but the model manages to agree with several properties of polymer chains from experiments excite a other models exist a for example the time model introduces hydrodynamic forces excite between beads a or bending potentials can be introduced to form a warlike chain and give a notion of persistence length excite a see a for example a review article excite or books excite on this subject a |
84 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper interval exchange maps are related to geodesic flows on translation surfaces a they correspond to the first return maps of the vertical flow on a transverse segment a the gauzy a beech induction on the space of interval exchange maps provides a powerful tool to analyse the teichmller geodesic flow on the moduli space of belgian differentials a several major results have been proved using this renormalization a anthony and nogueira introduced in a natural generalization of interval exchange transformations a namely the linear involutions a these maps are related to general measured foliations on surfaces a printable or not a a in this paper we are interested by such maps related to geodesic flow on a printable a flat surfaces with linear holonomy a we relate geometry and dynamics of such maps to the combinatorial of generalized permutations a we study an analogue of the gauzy a beech induction and give an efficient combinatorial characterization of its attractors a we establish a natural bijection between the extended gauzy classes of generalized permutations and connected components of the strata of meromorphic quadratic differentials with at most simple poles a which allows a in particular a to classify the connected components of all exceptional strata a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a geodesic flow in a given direction on a translation surface induces on a transverse segment an interval exchange map a dynamic of such transformations has been extensively studied during these last thirty years providing applications to billiards in rational polygons a to measured foliations on surfaces a to teichmller geometry and dynamics a etc a interval exchange transformations are closely related to belgian differentials on riemann surfaces of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is well known that the continued fractions encode cutting sequences of hyperbolic geodesics on the poincare upper half a plane a similarly a the gauzy a beech induction a analogous to euclidean algorithm a provides a discrete model for the teichmller geodesics flow a excite a a using this relation he maser in excite and we a beech in excite |
85 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate if consequential angular momentum losses a call a or an intrinsic deformation of the donor star in tvs could increase the cd bounce period from the canonical theoretical value min to the observed value min a and if a variation of these effects in a cd population could wash out the theoretically predicted accumulation of systems near the minimum period a the period spike a a we are able to construct suitably mixed cd model populations that a statistical test can not rule out as the parent population of the observed cd sample a however a the goodness of fit is never convincing a and always slightly worse than for a simple a flat period distribution a generally a the goodness of fit is much improved if all tvs are assumed to form at long orbital periods a the weighting suggested by king a checker a hamburg a 2002 a does not constitute an improvement if a realistically shaped input period distribution is used a binaries a close stars a evolution stars a mass a loss novae a cataclysmic variables a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cataclysmic variables a tvs a are short a period binaries containing a white dwarf a we a primary a with mass a and a low mass main sequence secondary a with mass a a the secondary fills its roche lobe and transfers mass to the we through the inner lagrangian a a point a the main features of the orbital period distribution of tvs with hydrogen rich donors are the lack of systems in the a a a or period range a the so a called period gap a and the sharp cut off of the distribution at around of minutes a as can be seen in figure a combined a a upper frame a edge ritter a kola 1998 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | so far theoretical models have been unable to reproduce the precise position of the observed short a period cut a off and observed shape of the cd orbital period distribution near this cut a off a this is summarised in figure a combined a a |
86 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper building on work of sail a we classify the multiplicity a free permutation characters of all symmetric groups of degree or more a a corollary is a complete list of the irreducible characters of symmetric groups a again of degree or more a which may appear in a multiplicity a free permutation representation a the multiplicity a free characters in a related family of monomial characters are also classified a we end by investigating a consequence of these results for speech filtration of permutation modules defined over fields of prime characteristic a a keywords a a multiplicity a free a symmetric group a permutation character a monomial character a speech filtration a email address a a a wildon.ox.ac.uk a a affiliation a a mathematics department a swansea university a singleton park a swansea a say app a address for correspondence a a department of mathematics a university of bristol a university walk a bristol a is to a a tel a a 07747 636959 in this paper we prove three theorems on the multiplicity a free representations of symmetric groups a these theorems have interesting consequences for the permutation actions of symmetric groups a and for the theory of speech filtration of permutation modules a while also being of interest in their own right a our notation is standard a let denote the symmetric group of degree a and let denote the ordinary irreducible character of canonically labelled by the partition of a a for an account of the character theory of the symmetric group see fulton a harris a a a a a a chapter a a a or james excite a we shall use james lecture notes as the main source for the deeper results we need a a a character of is said to be a multiplicity a free a if for all partitions of a if is a character of a subgroup of then we write for the character of induced by a dually a the arrow.. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we first classify the multiplicity a free permutation characters given by the actions of symmetric groups on their conjugacy classes a for this we shall need the following lemma a ultimately due to frobenius a which implies that multiplicity a free permutation characters only come from permutation actions with relatively high degrees of homogeneity a a lemma a throw a let be a permutation group acting on of please generate the next two sentences of the article | let be the permutation character of the action of on the costs of a let be the number of orbits of on -subsets of a |
87 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the nonlinear propagation of electromagnetic a pm a electron a cyclotron waves a whistlers a along an external magnetic field a and their modulation by electrostatic small but finite amplitude ion a acoustic density perturbations are investigated in a uniform quantum plasma with intrinsic spin of electrons a the effects of the quantum force associated with the boom potential and the combined effects of the classical as well as the spin a induced ponderomotive forces a cps and spa respectively a are taken into consideration a the latter modify the local plasma density in a self a consistent manner a the coupled modes of wave propagation is shown to be governed by a modified set of nonlinear schrodinger a boussinesq a like equations which admit exact solutions in form of stationary localized envelopes a numerical simulation reveals the existence of large a scale density fluctuations that are self a consistently created by the localized whistlers in a strongly magnetized high density plasma a the conditions for the modulation instability a i a and the value of its growth rate are obtained a possible applications of our results a edge a in strongly magnetized dense plasmas and in the next generation laser a solid density plasma interaction experiments are discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article having been discovered more than a century ago excite a whistler waves become one of the most important waves in plasmas a such waves a also known as helicon in solid state plasmas a are low a frequency a of a a in comparison with the electron a cyclotron frequency a a right a hand circularly polarized a rep a electromagnetic a pm a waves guided almost along the external magnetic field in dense plasmas a because of the increase of their group velocity with the frequency a a see a edge ref a excite a a the of waves arrive later giving rise a whistling down a effect observed at ground level of please generate the next two sentences of the article | stengel in his classic paper stengel demonstrated experimentally the creation of magnetic field a aligned density perturbations excited by the ponderomotive force exerted by the pm whistlers a whistler waves are important not only in space plasmas due to wave a particle interactions a but also in laboratory plasmas as helicon for efficient plasma production as well as in dense astrophysical environments whistlertheory1,whistlertheory2,mi a whistlertheory3nearsonic,whistlertheory4,whistlertheory5,whistlerparametricinstability a on the other hand a large amplitude whistlers propagating in a magnetized plasma |
88 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper interference of fractionally charged quasi a particles is expected to lead to aharonov a boom oscillations with periods larger than the flux quantum a however a according to the byers a yang theorem a observables of an electronic system are invariant under adiabatic insertion of a quantum of singular flux a we resolve this seeming paradox by considering a a microscopic a model of an electronic mach a gender interferometer made from a quantum hall liquid at filling factor a such interferometers have the shape of a combine disk and utilize quantum hall edge states in place of optical beams and quantum point contacts as beam splitters connecting different edge channels a an approximate ground state of such an interferometer is described by a laughing type wave function a and low a energy excitations are incompressible deformations of this state a we construct a low a energy effective theory by projecting the state space of the liquid onto the space of such incompressible deformations and show that the theory of the quantum hall edge so obtained is a generalization of a chiral conformal field theory a amplitudes of quasi a particle tunnelling in this theory are found to be insensitive to the magnetic flux threading through the hole in the combine disk a this behavior is a consequence of a topological screening a of the singular flux by the quantum hall liquid a we describe strong coupling of the edges of the liquid to ohmic contacts and the resulting quasi a particle current through the interferometer with the help of a master equation a as a function of the singular magnetic flux a the current oscillates with the electronic period a item a our theory conforms to the byers a yang theorem a these oscillations a which originate from the coulomb blockade effect a are suppressed with increasing system size a in contrast a when the magnetic flux through the interferometer is varied with a modulation gate a current oscillations have the quasi a particle period and. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since its discovery a in 1980 a the quantum hall a the a effect excite has been a very rich source of interesting problems related to topological and correlation effects in condensed matter systems a the the effect is observed in two a dimensional electron gases a deg a exposed to a strong magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the gas a at appropriate electron densities a the deg forms an incompressible liquid a the the effect manifests itself in the precise and universal quantization of the hall conductance of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this behavior originates from an interplay between the landau quantization of the orbital motion of electrons excite and interaction effects a which leads to the formation of a bulk energy gap a as a consequence an incompressible state is formed in the bulk of the deg a at the edge of |
89 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report on the results of a direct -body simulation of a star cluster that started with a comprising single stars and primordial binaries a the code used for the simulation includes stellar evolution a binary evolution a an external tidal field and the effects of two a body relaxation a the model cluster is evolved to a losing more than 80% of its stars in the process a it reaches the end of the main core a collapse phase at and experiences core oscillations from that point onward direct numerical confirmation of this phenomenon a however a we find that after a further the core oscillations are halted by the ejection of a massive binary comprised of two black holes from the core a producing a core that shows no signature of the prior core a collapse a we also show that the results of previous studies with ranging from to scale well to this new model with larger a in particular a the timescale to core a collapse a in units of the relaxation timescale a a mass segregation a velocity dispersion a and the energies of the binary population all show similar behaviour at different a a firstpage a stars a evolution globular clusters a general galaxies a star clusters a general methods a numerical binaries a close stars a kinematics and dynamics a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the increasing ability of the direct -body method to provide reliable models of the dynamical evolution of star clusters has closely mirrored increases in computing power a reggie 2011 a a the community has progressed from small- models performed on workstations a edge on corner 1963 a mcmillan a hut a making 1990 a piers a reggie 1997 a to models of old open clusters and into the regime a baumgardt a making 2003 a by making use of special a purpose grape hardware a making 2002 a a software advances over a similar timeframe have produced sophisticated codes a gareth 1999 a potteries wart it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 2001 a that increase the realism of the models by incorporating stellar and binary evolution a binary formation a three a body effects and external potentials a as a result a -body models have been used in numerous ways to understand the evolution of globular clusters a gas a vespertine a reggie 1997 a baumgardt a making 2003 a zonoozi it al a |
90 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper nuclear parton distribution functions a nodes a are determined by global analyses of experimental data on structure a function ratios and dell a an cross a section ratios a the analyses are done in the leading order a to a and next a to a leading order a no a of running coupling constant a uncertainties of the nodes are estimated in both to and no for finding possible no improvement a valence a quark distributions are well determined a and antiquary distributions are also determined at a however a the antiquary distributions have large uncertainties at a gluon modifications can not be fixed at this stage a although the advantage of the no analysis a in comparison with the to one a is generally the sensitivity to the gluon distributions a gluon uncertainties are almost the same in the to and no a it is because current scaling a violation data are not accurate enough to determine precise nuclear gluon distributions a modifications of the plus in the deuteron are also discussed by including data on the proton a deuteron ratio in the analysis a a code is provided for calculating the nodes and their uncertainties at given and in the to and no a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cross sections of high a energy nuclear reactions are expressed in terms of nuclear parton distribution functions a nodes a a so that precise nodes are essential for finding any new phenomena in the high a energy reactions a recently a this topic is becoming important in heavy a ion collisions for investigating properties of quark a hadron matters excite and also in neutrino reactions for investigating neutrino a oscillation physics excite a determination of precise nodes is valuable for studying various phenomena in heavy a ion reactions such as color glass condensate excite a suppression excite a and parton a energy loss excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the nude studies should be also important for heavy a ion collisions at lac a large hadron collider a excite a in neutrino oscillation experiments a most data are taken at small a gev a a we could approach such a kinematical region from the high a energy deep inelastic one by using quark a hadron duality excite a |
91 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper let be an oriented surface of genus with punctures and a we construct an uncountable family of probability measures on the space of area one holomorphic quadratic differentials over the moduli space for containing the usual lebesgue measure a these measures are invariant under the teichmller geodesic flow a and they are mixing a absolutely continuous with respect to the stable and unstable foliation and exponentially recurrent to a compact set a we show that the critical exponent of the mapping class group equals a moreover a this critical exponent coincides with the logarithmic asymptotic for the number of closed teichmller geodesics in moduli space which meet a sufficiently large compact set a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be an oriented surface of finite type a item is a closed surface of genus from which points a so a called a punctures a a have been deleted a we assume that a item that is not a sphere with at most punctures or a torus with at most puncture a we then call the surface a nonexceptional-. since the euler characteristic of is negative a the a teichmller space a of is the quotient of the space of all hyperbolic metrics on under the action of the group of diffeomorphisms of which are isotopic to the identity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the smooth fibre bundle over of all a holomorphic quadratic differentials a of area one can naturally be viewed as the unit cotangent bundle of for the a teichmller metric the a teichmller geodesic flow a on commutes with the action of the a mapping class group a of all isotopy classes of orientation preserving self a homeomorphisms of a |
92 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the thermodynamics of small black holes in compactified spacetimes of the form a this system is analysed with the aid of an effective field theory a eft a formalism in which the structure of the black hole is encoded in the coefficients of operators in an effective worldwide lagrangian a in this effective theory a there is a small parameter that characterizes the corrections to the thermodynamics due to both the non a linear nature of the gravitational action as well as effects arising from the finite size of the black hole a using the power counting of the eft we show that the series expansion for the thermodynamic variables contains terms that are analytic in a as well as certain fractional powers that can be attributed to finite size operators a in particular our operator analysis shows that existing analytical results do not probe effects coming from horizon deformation a as an example a we work out the order corrections to the thermodynamics of small black holes for arbitrary a generalizing the results in the literature a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article general relativity in peacetime dimension larger than four supports black brand solutions that a unlike in lower dimensions a are not uniquely characterized by their asymptotic charges a mass a spin a gauge charges a a an example of this situation is the kaluga a klein black hole a a solution of the einstein equations consisting of a black hole embedded in a compactified peacetime a for instance a because of the lack of uniqueness in a this system exhibits a range of phases a characterized by the horizon topology a as the period of the is varied a for much larger than the horizon length scale a the horizon topology is corresponding to an isolated black hole a as becomes of order one finds uniform and non a uniform black string phases with horizon topology of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there is evidence to support the conjecture that uniform string decays excite proceed via a topology changing phase transition into a black hole final state a see excite for reviews a a other proposals for the final state of the unstable black string can be found in excite a |
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Dataset Card for Scientific Papers - Cleaned
This dataset card provides information about the Scientific Papers - Cleaned dataset, a refined and curated version of scientific papers for research and natural language processing tasks.
Dataset Details
Dataset Description
The Scientific Papers - Cleaned dataset is a cleaned version of a larger collection of scientific papers. It is designed to provide structured input-output pairs for tasks such as text summarization, paraphrasing, or scientific language understanding. This dataset includes unique identifiers, input texts (e.g., abstracts or sections of papers), and corresponding output texts (e.g., summaries or rewritten versions).
- Curated by: Wilbert Chandra (Username: Gilbert Krantzx)
- Language(s) (NLP): English
- License: MIT License
Dataset Sources
- Original Repository: Hugging Face
Uses
Direct Use
The dataset can be used for various natural language processing tasks, including but not limited to:
- Text summarization
- Language modeling for scientific contexts
- Textual entailment and paraphrase detection
- Fine-tuning language models for scientific writing
Out-of-Scope Use
The dataset may not be suitable for:
- Applications involving real-time decision-making systems without validation
- Use cases where data sensitivity or misrepresentation of scientific context could lead to harm
Dataset Structure
The dataset consists of three splits: train, validation, and test.
Features
| Feature | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
id |
int64 |
Unique identifier for each record |
input |
string |
Input text, such as a section or paragraph |
output |
string |
Corresponding output text, such as a summary |
Splits
| Split | Size (bytes) | Examples |
|---|---|---|
train |
21,642,133 | 10,000 |
validation |
6,230,302 | 3,000 |
test |
6,255,318 | 3,000 |
Dataset Statistics
- Download Size: 17.5 MB
- Dataset Size: 34.1 MB
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
The dataset was created to facilitate research in text generation and summarization for scientific texts, emphasizing clarity and conciseness.
Source Data
Data Collection and Processing
The data originates from the Scientific Papers Archive. The original data has been cleaned and standardized to enhance usability, with processes applied to remove noise, standardize formats, and ensure quality.
Who are the source data producers?
The dataset is derived from scientific publications, with content generated by researchers, scientists, and academic professionals.
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
The dataset may contain biases inherent in its source material, such as overrepresentation of specific scientific disciplines or regions.
Recommendations
Users should exercise caution and validate findings, particularly in interdisciplinary or applied research contexts.
Citation
BibTeX:
@dataset{scientific_papers_cleaned,
author = {Wilbert Chandra (Username: Gilbert Krantzx)},
title = {Scientific Papers - Cleaned},
year = {2024},
howpublished = {Hugging Face Dataset Repository},
url = {https://huggingface.co/GilbertKrantzx/scientific_papers-cleaned}
}
APA: Wilbert Chandra (Username: Gilbert Krantzx). (2024). Scientific Papers - Cleaned. Retrieved from https://huggingface.co/GilbertKrantzx/scientific_papers-cleaned
Dataset Card Contact
For inquiries, contact Wilbert Chandra (Username: Gilbert Krantzx) via the Hugging Face repository.
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