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Experts have predicted how gamers’ hands might evolve to fit controllers of the future, and it’s quite bizarre!
The casino review site SlotsWise has teamed up with scientific experts to create a 3D model of what our descendents’ hands will look like if we keep up the gaming habit.
They predict that both our index and middle fingers will extend enormously. This is supposedly to be able to press more buttons on the back and top of our controllers. At the same time, these experts say that our little and ring fingers will shrink to allow us to better grip the controller. Our thumbs will apparently stretch extremely far and look to be far more muscular, presumably to provide more precise control over joystick movements.
The UK based Cornelius Creative Ltd is an agency that develops and markets gaming products, like controllers. Managing Director, Simon Cornelius, told SlotsWise: “controllers, as they stand, are ergonomically designed, however, the increased immersive experience of some games require more buttons to play.
“An increase of buttons on the controllers means our fingers, specifically thumb, index and middle are doing more work and must stretch further.”
As a result, Cornelius expects that these changes will allow gamers to perform more actions much more quickly than we are currently able to. The research found that professional first-person shooter players have a reaction speed of around 100-250ms. With the ‘Gamer Hands’, it’s expected that those numbers could decrease even further, making esports an even more competitive scene.
While it would take thousands of years for our hands to evolve like this, who knows if we’ll even be using the humble controller pad in a few years. With VR finally starting to take off, and Microsoft developing extremely accessible forms of entertainment input, maybe we won’t need to conform to our own technology.
This isn’t the first time that experts have tried to predict what gamers will look like in the future. Remember last year when this image of gamers in 2040 circulated on social media? Yeah, we’d rather forget too.
If this is how our hands will evolve if we keep using controllers, I’d love to know what the hands of PC gamers will look like. 108 fingers, one for each key? Who knows.
Do you think you’d be better at games with a pair of ‘Gaming Hands’? Let us know across our social channels.
[Featured Image Credit: Slotwise] | <urn:uuid:06d5bc5a-ae4f-4a27-ba7e-2931e4d52f68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fraghero.com/experts-predict-what-gamers-hands-will-look-like-in-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.935604 | 528 | 1.976563 | 2 |
This unit state that you are working for a consultancy firm which is giving advice to small business for starting their business operation. A new business website has to be developed for which investigation has to be done of different type of ventures including impact on the economy
- Demonstrate skill & traits of successful entrepreneurs that differentiate them from others
- Way in which aspects of entrepreneurial personality reflect their motivation and mind-set
- Determine ways in which background & experience of entrepreneur can foster or hinder entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is known as skill and willingness of individual to develop a business venture and manage all organisational activities properly. In this process, an entrepreneur create innovative ideas and thoughts to implement them accurately in their business activities and approaches. Their main objective is to take any kind of risk in order to make desirable profit and income (Blackburn and et. al., 2013). Entrepreneurship and these ventures play a most important role in economic development and growth. In this procedure entrepreneur provide their own contribution to build appropriate goodwill in global marketplace. This report represent Characteristics, traits and skills of successful entrepreneurs.
P5 Characteristics, traits and skills of successful entrepreneurs
Manager and entrepreneur are two different components of an organisation. A successful entrepreneur have specific skill and characteristic which help them to achieve target objectives and goals in appropriate manner. Manager is an individual who have an responsibility to monitor, control and administer organisational activities while as entrepreneur is known as an individual who create ideas to taking risk in order to set up a new venture. Characteristic, skills and traits of successful entrepreneurs are different to each other as -
Bill gates – He is an successful entrepreneur who known as an business magnate and investor. Bill gates is the founder of Microsoft Corporation. This organisation is world's largest PC software company which was established in the year of 1975. Bill gates takes higher position in the list of world's wealthiest people by their own skills and working approaches.
Giorgio Armani- He is an successful Italian fashion designer who formed his own company Armani in 1975. This company is known as an world's luxurious shoes, watches, fashion wears, accessories retail and manufacturing firm. Giorgio Armani is an successful entrepreneur and designer of Italian origin (Bridge and O'Neill, 2012).
Characteristics, traits and skills of Bill gates -
- Hard work and confidence: This is a most important skills which is having by Bill gates in their working approaches. An individual should have to work hard regarding their business to achieve their future goals and objectives easily. For this they require to make creative thoughts and ideas to implement them properly in their organisation. An entrepreneur requires to analyse each marketing aspect consistently to getting proper information regarding customer's demand and further trends. These things help to make desirable modifications and changes in organisational services.
- Planning: For a entrepreneur, it is require to make planning for their future objectives and targets. These thinks helps to analyse and examine furthers issues and hurdles that are going to arise in future. So for this they can easily make impactful strategy and plan to reduce its negative impact and control them properly. In this procedure an entrepreneur can easily create preplans about organisation's budget and management of financial resources.
- Punctuality: Bill gates is a successful entrepreneur because they are very punctual in their working approaches. These skills enhance ability of an individual to face several challenges easily and appropriately. For an entrepreneur it is require to manage their work and future task in appropriate manner to getting opportunities and future advantages easily (Burns, 2010).
- Focused: A person should have to be focused toward their future goals and objectives that they wants to achieve. For this they require to make appropriate plan and strategy to follow their objectives properly. Through this they can provide guidelines and direction to their workforce toward future goals and target as well.
- Quick learner : For an entrepreneur, it is require to adopt and learn several elements quickly. Bill gates is quick learner and through this they easily accept new challenges or advancement of technology and implement them in their business process. This procedure helps to enhance skills and knowledge of an individual for further aspects. Through this they can easily having competitive advantages, market position and goodwill.
Characteristics, traits and skills of Giorgio Armani -
- Communication skills: For an entrepreneur, it is required to having impactful communication skill that help them to understand their customers requirement, need and issues to resolve them properly. Through this they can easily build strong and appropriate relationship with target audience to getting long term benefits easily. Main objective of this skill to understand service users desires and provide them higher satisfaction through quality products (Dennis Jr, 2011).
- Money management: This is a most important skill that an entrepreneur requires to have. Through this they can easily manage financial resources and funds according to their future objectives that are requires to achieve properly. For this a person should have to be very focused toward their business approaches.
- Risk taking: This is a quality of entrepreneur in which they take any kind of risk in order to make desirable profit and income. For this, they implement their creative ideas and thoughts in their new venture to getting higher growth easily. Through this they can get challenges and several opportunities from target market (Dunn and Liang, 2011).
- Flexibility: For an entrepreneur, it is require to implement flexibility in their working approaches. This skill posses them to make changes and modification in their services as well as products on the bases of customer's and market demand. Through this, they can easily provide higher satisfaction to consumers. Giorgio Armani has quality and skill to adopt advance technology in their business procedure and represent attractive products in front of target market and audience as well.
- Problem solving skills: For an entrepreneur, it is require to analyse each and every aspect properly to resolve issues and conflicts from their new venture. Through this, they can easily build positive environment at their work place. These skills of and entrepreneur helps to build positiver and impactful relation with their employees to understand their requirement, problems and resolve them in proper manner.
P6 Aspects of the entrepreneurial personality reflect entrepreneurial motivation and mind-set
Entrepreneurs have specific skills and characteristics which make them different to others. Through this, they motivate others to achieve future targets and goals. Their personality includes different aspects as attitude, characteristic, working ability, quick thinker mind, risk taking ability and creativity (Fassin and et. al., 2011). These personality reflect entrepreneurial motivation and mind-set toward their new start up. Bill gates and Giorgio Armani are two successful entrepreneur who create build their own venture successfully in market. Their working approaches and characteristic motivate others to implement effectiveness in their business strategy. In this process they focusing on many issues and problems that can affect their business policy and procedure. Entrepreneurs always manage their funds, business approaches, financial and others resources to build effectiveness in their business. These developing plans and strategy make them different to others. Bill gates and Giorgio Armani actively deals with several issues and problems but they make impactful strategy to reduce its negative impact easily. These skills and characteristic make them different and successful to others. To getting higher business advantages they work with optimistic and positive mindset to achieve future target and goals. There are some other personalities aspects of these entrepreneur are given below as -
- Openness: For a entrepreneur, it is require to be open minded, optimistic and transparent. For them it is important to face new challenges and adopt innovation to create a new era easily (George and Bock, 2011). Through this they can easily motive others to work effectively in optimistically. These type of thinking and working approach make them different to others. For them it s require to adopt innovative idea and creative thoughts to make desirable modification in their new venture.
- Conscientiousness: An entrepreneur should have to consistent and focused toward their future objectives and business activities. For them it is require to be punctual to complete their task and work to getting further opportunities easily. In this procedure they require to analyse and examine each activity that affect their future objectives and goals. After this they require to make impactful strategy to getting desirable outcomes.
- Extraversion: An entrepreneur should have to extrovert who manage effective communication with other. Through they can easily understand requirement, need, desires of their consumers. These activities also help to resolve issues and problems of employees and consumers. A impactful communication always helps to build positive relationship with others or in business these activities provide long term benefits. An extrovert entrepreneur can easily adopt different ideas from others (Gorgievski and et. al., 2011).
- Agreeableness: For an entrepreneur, it is required to be cooperative and trustworthy with other. Through this they can easily handle challenging situation by understanding each and every element in proper manner. These aspects helps to build positive relations with others to getting long term benefits and others opportunities. Agreeableness helps to cooperate with other situations in effective and proper way.
- Neuroticism: This is basically determine emotions and feelings of an individual. This is a personality trait of an entrepreneur that help to make them respond in different situation. In stressful situations they perform like worse and then in ordinary situations they feel frustrated and threatening. For an individual or entrepreneur, it is require to control themselves while deal with these situations.
This document has been edited with the free version of the instant HTML converter. Try it here and use it every time for your projects.
suggested sample:- Importance of information management | <urn:uuid:de183463-4e0c-47b7-9e70-115694a65a93> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.globalassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/entrepreneurship/m5080494-skills-of-successful-entrepreneurs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.958095 | 1,953 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Resolutions… It’s that time of year! The first few days of a new year are always so full of hope. The closing of an old year makes it fitting to leave behind bad habits and lazy ways. The new days ahead have so much potential!
Do you make new year’s resolutions? I do, even knowing I will fail in keeping all of them. There were years that I opted out of making them because of failure. But as is said, “Nothing ventured, nothing gained.” Making an attempt means I’m trying, and trying is better than not trying.
What about preschoolers? Have you talked with your preschooler about making resolutions? Preschoolers are capable of self-examination and thinking about goals. Have you opened up to your child about goals you’ve set for yourself? Do you have goals for your child? Those goals can be blended with their own goals and become new year’s resolutions.
When my oldest son was about five years old in 1996, we were driving in the car. There was a talk show on the radio and the topic was new year’s resolutions. The host was pointing out that they are important to make and that having them leads to greater happiness. He also stressed the importance of writing them down. I wasn’t aware that my son was listening. (Silly me! Children are always listening!) I had been so engaged with the discussion in regard to making my own resolutions that I didn’t consider the topic could apply to young children. Weren’t resolutions for older kids and adults?
When we got home my son went to his room to play. He soon came out holding a little piece of paper with his emergent printing on it that said, “I will stop biting my fingernails.” Wow! He made a resolution, self-motivated, with intent. Did he keep it? No. He continued to bite his fingernails into adulthood. But the concept and practice of self-examination, with a desire to improve himself began at a young age and set a path for the life-long journey of self-improvement.
Happy New Year and venture out with some resolutions! | <urn:uuid:439596ee-80ac-4675-ba3a-f38698c62710> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kidworkschildrenscenter.com/new-year-new-resolutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.987336 | 461 | 2.125 | 2 |
The Museum keeps a variety of livestock as part of its mission to interpret the farming landscape of the Chilterns. You will find these animals around different parts of the Museum’s site throughout the year:
The Museum has its own long established flock of Pedigree Oxford Down sheep. This now rare breed of sheep was once very important in the Chilterns area and formed the backbone of many local farms. The Museum breeds these sheep to help conserve them as their number has declined to a little more than a thousand breeding ewes over the whole country. The flock is run in a traditional manner.
We have a small flock of beautiful Silver Grey Dorking chickens. This rare breed has ancestry dating back to at least the end of the Iron Age. The birds can usually be seen happily scratching around outside in one of our fields.
Clementine, a red cow, is half Shorthorn (a typical breed in Victorian times), a quarter Guernsey and a quarter Limousin she arrived a the Museum in 2013. A second calf came to the Museum in the summer of 2017 to keep Clementine company the farm team are still deciding upon her name.
You may be lucky enough to catch a glimpse of the Museum’s two farm cats as they go about their duties.
New to the museum in 2015 are our two rare breed Old English goats called Crystal and Beverly. They love eating the hedgerows and browsing the trees around the site. | <urn:uuid:6db3c443-7fa8-4e94-be3d-f25a242bdee6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coam.org.uk/museum-buckinghamshire/historic-working-farm/farm-animals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.955966 | 320 | 2.703125 | 3 |
by Maryann O. Keating, Ph.D.
“Tragedy of the Commons” refers to the ruin of resources, such as land, water, or the environment in general, available for use by any resident. Lacking legal ownership, commonly held resources become extinct, over-used, congested or polluted.
Such resources are considered public goods in which free-riders take personal advantage. When the stock of these resources degrades, society as whole experiences a decline in total well-being.
Garrett Hardin’s essay, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” became popular around 1968. Hardin, for example, suggested that any group grazing sheep on a common pastures has an incentive to increase the size of its personal flock. The first group to seize this opportunity could form a monopoly, accumulate wealth, and over time exhaust the grazing potential for other users (Frischmann, Marciano, and Ramello, “Tragedy of the Commons after 50 Years,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall, 2019, 211-228).
Hardin recognized two solutions for this problem: government regulation or privatization. Government could limit the tragedy by directly regulating resource use. Or, it could establish a system of property rights extending private ownership to resources presently held in common. Note that both solutions rely on collective action through government to introduce constraints. Hardin argued that infringements on personal liberty is the price for avoiding universal ruin.
Around the time Hardin’s essay was published, the late Elinor Ostrom along with her husband, Vincent Ostrom, were working at Indiana University. They studied how commonly held resources in the real world do not always lead to tragic ruin. In 2009, Elinor was awarded a Nobel Prize in Economics. She challenged conventional wisdom by explaining and providing examples of how commonly held property was being successfully managed without central (federal) authority or privatization. Ostrom ruled out one of Hardin’s basic assumptions: people could not communicate and find ways to cooperate in making decisions about commonly shared resources (Frishmann, 218).
Consider local examples supporting the Ostrom hypothesis. Indiana state parks retain a unique local character and protect against depletion and congestion with adjustable user fees to deal with changing conditions. The Indiana Toll Road is under private contract, but the state retains ownership and longterm decision-making.
Consider, as well, Friends of the Pumpkinvine Nature Trail dedicated to converting an abandoned railroad corridor into a linear park and greenery. This not-for-profit group of individuals purchased the land and retain a voluntary advisory committee to assist with monitoring activities and trail maintenance. The Pumpkinvine is presently managed collaboratively by four separate park departments: Goshen, Middlebury, Elkhart County and Shipshewana.
But what about housing condominiums and other private associations lacking any government enforcement? Elinor Ostrom, following three decades of study and observation, concluded that individuals engaging in face-to-face communication can approach socially optimal usage levels in commons aside from any association with government.
Her optimism was based on the assumption that certain individuals, unlike “rational egoists,” are willing to forgo personal gain and contribute to the common good. She identified such individuals as “conditional cooperators” (Frishmann, 218-219). A “rational egoist” chooses not to trust and therefore tends not to participate in cooperative activities. A “conditional cooperator” values reciprocity, fairness and being trustworthy and therefore starts with a predisposition to cooperate.
Ostrom realized that, even if a significant proportion of “conditional cooperators” agree to the bylaws of a homeowner’s association, this does not guarantee the intended behavior. As time rolls by, residents may, for example, construct whatever type of fencing they desire and waterski day and night on an interior lake. Therefore, Ostrom offered a model agreement designed to result in favorable outcomes (“Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2000, 137-158).
The first design principle of Ostrom’s model is acknowledging that associations achieve a more sustainable outcome of common resources when they devise and enforce their own clear basic rules rather than those externally imposed. Second, agreed to rules, crafted to local conditions, must be designed to restrict the amount, timing and ways in which the common resource is used and to allocate benefits proportional to user fees. Third, most of the individuals affected should be able to participate in making and modifying rules. Fourth, to survive long term, the association must be able to select its own monitors for assessing resource sustainability and user behavior. The fifth and final design principle is the need to introduce graduated sanctions that depend on the seriousness and context of violators. A real threat to the continuance of any association occurs, if some participants repeatedly break rules (Ostrom, 151).
We come to realize all too well the truth of these principles through personal experience. However, this in no way diminishes the contribution of a Hoosier economist offering hope and a blueprint for circumventing the “Tragedy of the Commons”.
Maryann O. Keating, Ph.D., a resident of South Bend and an adjunct scholar of the Indiana Policy Review Foundation, is co-author of “Microeconomics for Public Managers,” Wiley/Blackwell. | <urn:uuid:8f123db8-c468-401c-9eb9-1eb53b5e4fe2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inpolicy.org/2020/01/keating-cooperation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.931385 | 1,131 | 3.40625 | 3 |
1 Kings 15
New International Version
Abijah King of Judah(A)
3 He committed all the sins his father had done before him; his heart was not fully devoted(C) to the Lord his God, as the heart of David his forefather had been. 4 Nevertheless, for David’s sake the Lord his God gave him a lamp(D) in Jerusalem by raising up a son to succeed him and by making Jerusalem strong. 5 For David had done what was right in the eyes of the Lord and had not failed to keep(E) any of the Lord’s commands all the days of his life—except in the case of Uriah(F) the Hittite.
6 There was war(G) between Abijah[c] and Jeroboam throughout Abijah’s lifetime. 7 As for the other events of Abijah’s reign, and all he did, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Judah? There was war between Abijah and Jeroboam. 8 And Abijah rested with his ancestors and was buried in the City of David. And Asa his son succeeded him as king.
9 In the twentieth year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Asa became king of Judah, 10 and he reigned in Jerusalem forty-one years. His grandmother’s name was Maakah(J) daughter of Abishalom.
11 Asa did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, as his father David(K) had done. 12 He expelled the male shrine prostitutes(L) from the land and got rid of all the idols(M) his ancestors had made. 13 He even deposed his grandmother Maakah(N) from her position as queen mother,(O) because she had made a repulsive image for the worship of Asherah. Asa cut it down(P) and burned it in the Kidron Valley. 14 Although he did not remove(Q) the high places, Asa’s heart was fully committed(R) to the Lord all his life. 15 He brought into the temple of the Lord the silver and gold and the articles that he and his father had dedicated.(S)
16 There was war(T) between Asa and Baasha king of Israel throughout their reigns. 17 Baasha king of Israel went up against Judah and fortified Ramah(U) to prevent anyone from leaving or entering the territory of Asa king of Judah.
18 Asa then took all the silver and gold that was left in the treasuries of the Lord’s temple(V) and of his own palace. He entrusted it to his officials and sent(W) them to Ben-Hadad(X) son of Tabrimmon, the son of Hezion, the king of Aram, who was ruling in Damascus. 19 “Let there be a treaty(Y) between me and you,” he said, “as there was between my father and your father. See, I am sending you a gift of silver and gold. Now break your treaty with Baasha king of Israel so he will withdraw from me.”
20 Ben-Hadad agreed with King Asa and sent the commanders of his forces against the towns of Israel. He conquered(Z) Ijon, Dan, Abel Beth Maakah and all Kinnereth in addition to Naphtali. 21 When Baasha heard this, he stopped building Ramah(AA) and withdrew to Tirzah.(AB) 22 Then King Asa issued an order to all Judah—no one was exempt—and they carried away from Ramah(AC) the stones and timber Baasha had been using there. With them King Asa(AD) built up Geba(AE) in Benjamin, and also Mizpah.(AF)
23 As for all the other events of Asa’s reign, all his achievements, all he did and the cities he built, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Judah? In his old age, however, his feet became diseased. 24 Then Asa rested with his ancestors and was buried with them in the city of his father David. And Jehoshaphat(AG) his son succeeded him as king.
Nadab King of Israel
25 Nadab son of Jeroboam became king of Israel in the second year of Asa king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two years. 26 He did evil(AH) in the eyes of the Lord, following the ways of his father(AI) and committing the same sin his father had caused Israel to commit.
27 Baasha son of Ahijah from the tribe of Issachar plotted against him, and he struck him down(AJ) at Gibbethon,(AK) a Philistine town, while Nadab and all Israel were besieging it. 28 Baasha killed Nadab in the third year of Asa king of Judah and succeeded him as king.
29 As soon as he began to reign, he killed Jeroboam’s whole family.(AL) He did not leave Jeroboam anyone that breathed, but destroyed them all, according to the word of the Lord given through his servant Ahijah the Shilonite. 30 This happened because of the sins(AM) Jeroboam had committed and had caused(AN) Israel to commit, and because he aroused the anger of the Lord, the God of Israel.
31 As for the other events of Nadab’s reign, and all he did, are they not written in the book of the annals(AO) of the kings of Israel? 32 There was war(AP) between Asa and Baasha king of Israel throughout their reigns.
Baasha King of Israel
33 In the third year of Asa king of Judah, Baasha son of Ahijah became king of all Israel in Tirzah,(AQ) and he reigned twenty-four years. 34 He did evil(AR) in the eyes of the Lord, following the ways of Jeroboam and committing the same sin Jeroboam had caused Israel to commit. | <urn:uuid:90f0f0a3-8675-4e24-a89f-9c0567af25d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+15&version=NIV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.987322 | 1,293 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Origin of marsh gas
Words nearby marsh gas
How to use marsh gas in a sentence
Security officials told Agence France-Presse that the gas station manager said he had recognized the two men.
Unconfirmed reports in the French media claimed that the brothers were spotted at a gas station in northern France on Thursday.
Total oil production figures include crude oil, natural gas liquids, and other liquid energy products.
On top of oil, the United States produces significantly more natural gas than Saudi Arabia.
Her slight miscalculation of how to fix the situation leads to her driving around the gas pump.Slow Motion Tiger Jump, a Tornado at the Rose Bowl and More Viral Videos|The Daily Beast Video|January 4, 2015|DAILY BEAST
Sometimes in the case of large plants, cones have been known to occur on the tips of the branches of the Marsh Horsetail.How to Know the Ferns|S. Leonard Bastin
Herbert Marsh, professor of divinity in the university of Cambridge, England, died.The Every Day Book of History and Chronology|Joel Munsell
For comparison, the gas may be passed through a test-tube containing an equal amount of distilled water.
It is allowed to cool, and hydrogen sulphid gas is passed through it for about five minutes.
The hills disappear some miles above this city, and henceforward to the sea all is flat and tame as a marsh.Glances at Europe|Horace Greeley | <urn:uuid:625ee280-8a23-4243-9810-930d63971254> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/marsh-gas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.932752 | 308 | 2.59375 | 3 |
(Based on web.whatsapp.com)
What is it?
This package is used to provide a python interface for interacting with WhatsAPP Web to send and receive Whatsapp messages. It is based on the official Whatsapp Web Browser Application and uses Selenium browser automation to communicate with Whatsapp Web.
How to contribute?
You will need to install Gecko Driver separately, if using firefox, which is the default.
- Clone the repository
pip install -r requirements.txtto install the required packages
pipenv install && pipenv install --dev
- Install from pip
pip install webwhatsapi
Docker and remote Selenium Installation
It may be favorable to run Selenium and the webwhatsapi client as Docker containers. This almost completely avoids any installation problems and any messy local installation or dependency hell. The result is a more stable runtime environment for the client, which could run on a headless server. Using Docker may also help in developing the library itself.
1. Create network
docker network create selenium
2. Run Selenium grid/standalone container
This is based on the official Selenium image (https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/docker-selenium). The following Docker command runs a Selenium standalone Firefox browser in debug (VNC) mode. You can use VNC on port 5900 to view the browser. It uses the network "selenium" and the container is named "firefox" for later reference.
docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -p 5900:5900 --name firefox --network selenium -v /dev/shm:/dev/shm selenium/standalone-firefox-debug:3.14.0-curium
3. Build python/webwhatsapi docker base image
The following command uses the dockerfile to build a new image based on Python 2.7 with all required packages from requirements.txt.
docker build -t webwhatsapi .
4. Run client container
Now to the client container. The following command installs a local webwhatsapi inside the base container and runs a client. It maps the local directory to the app directory inside the container for easy development. Also sets the network to "selenium" and an environment variable for the remote selenium url. Please note that the remote Selenium hostname must be identical to the name of the Selenium container.
docker run --network selenium -it -e SELENIUM='http://firefox:4444/wd/hub' -v $(pwd):/app webwhatsapi /bin/bash -c "pip install ./;pip list;python sample/remote.py"
For Windows (cmd):
docker run --network selenium -it -e SELENIUM='http://firefox:4444/wd/hub' -v "%cd%:/app" webwhatsapi /bin/bash -c "pip install ./;pip list;python sample/remote.py"
For Windows (PowerShell):
docker run --network selenium -it -e SELENIUM='http://firefox:4444/wd/hub' -v "$(pwd):/app".ToLower() webwhatsapi /bin/bash -c "pip install ./;pip list;python sample/remote.py"
It is also certainly possible to fully build the docker image in advance and define an entrypoint/cmd inside the dockerfile to run a full client.
See sample directory for more complex usage examples.
1. Import library
from webwhatsapi import WhatsAPIDriver
2. Instantiate driver and set username
driver = WhatsAPIDriver(username="mkhase")
Possible arguments for constructor:
- client : Type of browser. The default is Firefox, but Chrome and Remote is supported too. See sample directory for remote examples.
- username : Can be any value.
- proxy: The proxy server to configure selenium to. Format is ":"
- command_executor: Passed directly as an argument to Remote Selenium. Ignore if not using it. See sample directory for remote examples.
- loadstyles: Default is False. If True, it will load the styling in the browser.
- profile: Pass the full path to the profile to load it. Profile folder will be end in ".default". For persistent login, open a normal firefox tab, log in to whatsapp, then pass the profile as an argument.
3. Use a function to save the QR code in a file, for remote clients, so that you can access them easily. Scan the QR code either from the file, or directly from the client to log in.
4. In case the QR code expires, you can use the reload_qr function to reload it
5. Viewing unread messages
6. Viewing all contacts
7. To send a message, get a Contact object, and call the send_message function with the message.
8. Sending a message to an ID, whether a contact or not.
Phone needs to manually scan the QR Code from Whatsapp Web. Phone has to be on and connected to the internet.
- Read recent messages
- Get unread messages
- Send text messages
- Get List of Contacts
- Get List of Groups
- Get information about Groups
- Get various events. For example: Leaving, Joining, Missed Call etc.
- Download media messages
- Get List of common groups
- Asyncio driver version
There are issues with asynchronous calls in Chrome. Primary support of this api is for firefox. If something doesn't work in chrome, please try firefox.
Known issues with chrome:
- Group Metadata
Contributing is simple as cloning, making changes and submitting a pull request. If you would like to contribute, here are a few starters:
- Bug Hunts
- More sorts of examples
- Additional features/ More integrations (This api has the minimum amount, but I don't mind having more data accessible to users)
- Create an env/vagrant box to make it easy for others to contribute. (At the moment, all I have is a requirements.txt
- Phantom JS support
This code is in no way affiliated with, authorized, maintained, sponsored or endorsed by WhatsApp or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries. This is an independent and unofficial software. Use at your own risk.
Thanks goes to these wonderful people (emoji key):
This project follows the all-contributors specification. Contributions of any kind welcome! | <urn:uuid:678a2d4f-ba17-4983-a29f-73fcdd440d89> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://github.com/mukulhase/WebWhatsapp-Wrapper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.753675 | 1,505 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Are customers getting what they expect when they reach your Landing Page, or are they receiving mixed or incomplete messages that disrupt the effective expression of Value Proposition and hurt Conversion?
After our recent clinic on Site Flow Disruption we received many requests for more information on the relationship of Continuity and Congruence and the clear communication of Value Proposition.
This brief reviews two recent case studies where improving Continuity and Congruence significantly improved Conversion for our Partners.
Editor’s Note: We recently released the audio recording of our clinic on this topic. You can listen to a recording of this clinic here:
Case Study 1
We performed a one-week A/B split test for a partner with the goal of increasing overall conversion of their offer page.
The PPC ads and keywords were identical for both offers.
The only difference was the Landing Page after the click.
Let’s look first at the Control version of the Landing Page.
What would you do to improve the Continuity of this conversion process?
Many online efforts fail because, although a business has an effective Value Proposition for their product, they do not communicate it effectively.
Thinking holistically about Value Proposition involves two key elements: Continuity and Congruence.
Continuity refers to ensuring that each step in the conversion process either states or supports the Value Proposition.
So how did we improve Continuity?
- We changed the banner, headline, and body to ensure Continuity with the PPC ad.
- Now each step of the path expresses a clear and consistent Value Proposition.
- We also moved the seal and the left column, and added the “Megan’s Law” legislative background.
What you need to understand: The Treatment page produced a 63% higher conversion rate than the Control page.
Site Flow Disruption caused by discontinuity increases Friction and Anxiety and hurts Conversion.
Including Megan’s Law on the Treatment page increased Continuity because of its presence along every step of the conversion process, from ad to order completion.
It also increased Ad-to-Page Relevance, yielding search placement benefits in paid search networks.
You can increase Ad-to-Page Relevance for your own Web site by:
- Identifying keywords for your ad.
- Determining why people are using a key phrase.
- Writing ad copy that goes beyond key words to the intention of the searcher.
The searcher—the prospective customer—must encounter a consistent, continuous Value Proposition. If you break it—if you disrupt it—you lose the prospect.
Now let’s look at the effect of Congruence on the expression of Value Proposition.
Case Study 2
We conducted a 24 day test for a non-profit organization seeking charitable donations with the goal of increasing both conversion and donation revenue.
What would you do to improve this page?
Is the “You Can Give Hope!” headline definitive enough?
The graphic showing 94% of donations go to research is impressive, but would a picture be better?
The copy is focused on the scientists’ receiving funding and the qualifications of their leader, not who is being helped. What’s missing?
Congruence refers to ensuring that every element of your page either states or supports the Value Proposition.
Value Proposition is communicated not just by the statement in your logo, but by the design and the copy, the way you position your images as well as the content of the images, the colors, and the logo’s design—and even the price.
Think of a web page as a person. If a person is not congruent, contradicts himself, and does not seem to be consistent, that person is typically not someone who earns your trust.
So how did we improve Congruence?
Every element—the new headline, new copy, new image, and the founder’s testimonial—is now congruent with an intense, emotional tone that touches people and invites them to donate.
We emphasized the present tense in what the charity is doing with the donation. This is important because people want to see that there is a “present tense” impact.
We believe the founder’s story is especially credible, so we emphasized that.
A one-time donation is set as the default, which reduces Anxiety.
The page is no longer focused on the institutional; it makes the donation more personal to the donor.
What you need to understand: The Treatment increased conversion by 54% over the Control. Also total donations increased by 33.1%.
Incongruence disrupts site flow, increases Friction and Anxiety, and hurts Conversion.
The highest performing landing pages are those that match exactly what motivated a customer to come to you in the first place.
Summary of the concepts of Continuity and Congruence
Businesses may generate few sales through their websites, even when they have effective Value Propositions for both their products and business because they fail to effectively communicate them.
Thinking holistically about Value Proposition involves two key elements: Continuity and Congruence:
- Continuity: Ensuring each step in the conversion process either states or supports the Value Proposition and is consistent with every other step in the conversion process.Does every page or part of the sequence contribute or communicate the same Value proposition right down to the confirmation page, all the way through the process?
- Congruence: Ensuring every element of your page either states or supports the Value Proposition and is consistent and harmonious with every other element on the page.
Once you have a powerful and compelling Value Proposition for your business and your offer and you are able to express it clearly using Continuity and Congruence, you will have cleared one of the greatest hurdles in Web site optimization.
Related Marketing Expierments Reports:
- Landing Page Optimization: How Businesses Achieve Breakthrough Conversion by Synchronizing Value Proposition and Page Design
- Optimizing Site Design
- Landing Page Confusion: How Does Having More Than One Objective to a Page Affect its Performance?
- Site Design Tested: Reducing Customer Anxiety
As part of our research, we have prepared a review of the best Internet resources on this topic.
These sites were rated for usefulness and clarity, but alas, the rating is purely subjective.
* = Decent | ** = Good | *** = Excellent | **** = Indispensable
- Landing Page Optimization Webinar (Omniture/MarketingExperiments) ****
- Online Value Proposition ***
- How Do You Develop a Unique Value Proposition? ***
- Free Google (beta) Website Optimizer Tool ***
- Banner Advertiser-Web Site Context, Congruity and Color Effects on Attention and Attitudes, Robert S. Moore, Claire Allison Stammerjohan, Robin A. Coulter, Journal of Advertising, Volume 34, Number 2, Summer 2005, Pages 71-84 ***
Editor(s) — Frank Green
Writer(s) — Peg Davis
Contributor(s) — Jimmy Ellis
HTML Designer — Cliff Rainer
Email Designer — Holly Hicks | <urn:uuid:62568a4b-81b2-40a9-97c2-0c812c28a2ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://marketingexperiments.com/value-proposition/landing-page-continuity-congruence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.893358 | 1,647 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Dwarf Garland Spirea
Spiraea x arguta 'Compacta'
Dwarf Garland Spirea in bloom
(Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder)
Height: 4 feet
Spread: 3 feet
Hardiness Zone: 3b
A compact ball-shaped shrub featuring gracefully arching branches smothered in striking snow-white flowers in spring, keeps tidy the rest of the year, low maintenance; beautiful in a small garden or shrub border; full sun and well-drained soil
Dwarf Garland Spirea is bathed in stunning clusters of white flowers along the branches in mid spring. It has bluish-green deciduous foliage. The small grassy leaves turn coppery-bronze in fall.
Dwarf Garland Spirea is a multi-stemmed deciduous shrub with a more or less rounded form. Its relatively fine texture sets it apart from other landscape plants with less refined foliage.
This shrub will require occasional maintenance and upkeep, and should only be pruned after flowering to avoid removing any of the current season's flowers. It is a good choice for attracting butterflies to your yard, but is not particularly attractive to deer who tend to leave it alone in favor of tastier treats. It has no significant negative characteristics.
Dwarf Garland Spirea is recommended for the following landscape applications;
- Mass Planting
- General Garden Use
Planting & Growing
Dwarf Garland Spirea will grow to be about 4 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 3 feet. It tends to fill out right to the ground and therefore doesn't necessarily require facer plants in front. It grows at a fast rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for approximately 20 years.
This shrub should only be grown in full sunlight. It prefers to grow in average to moist conditions, and shouldn't be allowed to dry out. It is not particular as to soil type, but has a definite preference for acidic soils, and is subject to chlorosis (yellowing) of the foliage in alkaline soils. It is highly tolerant of urban pollution and will even thrive in inner city environments. This particular variety is an interspecific hybrid. | <urn:uuid:81440ca6-287b-41fe-be05-97f9b2fbf637> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://search.millcreeknursery.ca/11050005/Plant/1412/Dwarf_Garland_Spirea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.925523 | 481 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning we get a small commission if you make a purchase through our links, at no cost to you. For more information, please visit our Disclaimer Page.
Modems are how you get an internet signal from your service provider, and routers are the primary means by which you can distribute that signal to all the devices in your home. Although many internet service providers will provide a modem for their customers, there are end users who would like to shop around for the specific make or model of router that they like.
There are several brands out there, and each one makes several models from which you can choose. With so many options, it can be difficult to know which kind of router is right for you. There are specific designs that come with multiple antennas sticking up, further adding to the confusion some newcomers might have when they’re trying to figure out what product to buy.
We will discuss these types of routers in our article today. We can take you through the main reasons why some models have more than one antenna, why this might be important, and how routers with several antennas might work differently from their counterparts that feature only one.
Additionally, we can discuss the opposite type of router that doesn’t have any antenna visible at all, how it works, and why there is such a contrasting market for internet access equipment like this.
Router antennas work by building a bridge between the transceiver components inside the casing of the router and the Wi-Fi signal going out to your devices. Their importance is in how they extend the signal’s effective range.
The modem sends the single signal from your internet service provider to your router.
Typically, your router is somewhere close to your modem. The router “catches” the signal that your ISP gives you, and it then uses its own transceiver to send that single one out to different devices in your home.
However, most routers need a way to broaden the coverage of that signal strength, and an antenna is what provides this method. If you had a router with no antenna whatsoever, its signal strength would probably only get out to within a few inches of the device itself. In other words, you would need to keep any device you wanted to use for accessing the internet very close to the router in order to get coverage. As you might imagine, this is not feasible.
Thanks to your router’s antenna, you should receive good signal strength for a home Wi-Fi network anywhere in your house or office. Of course, part of this will depend on the placement of the router itself. Even with an antenna, you will still want to put the router somewhere that can make sure the signal gets to every room in the home.
Many of them can even reach between floors, but larger, more expansive houses may need more than one router, even if they have antennas to spare. You should also keep an eye on the signal strength of your modem, as this is what your ISP is sending out.
That signal strength can affect how much potential the router has when it comes to making sure all of your devices stay online.
Although your home environment might not seem particularly complex, it is fairly complicated for your router. This is a device that has to operate alongside many other routers or modems sending out signals. Further, this is particularly true in apartments where there might be modems and routers all around you. We must add all the various surfaces in your home to this equation, too.
The router’s job is to send out the internet signal to your device, but there are many things that can obstruct this signal when it is on its way to a smartphone or laptop. This is true even if your device is nearby. To combat this issue, some routers use more than one antenna. In doing so, the same reflections we’re talking about must happen at least twice.
With only a single antenna, the signal can take a less direct route that makes it weaker. Parts of the same signal could break up en route to the devices you have, and that would cause the whole thing to create a sort of dead zone where you don’t have the Wi-Fi access that you should.
By making sure the reflections need to happen more than once, the multiple antennas on some routers reduce the probability of this dead zone occurring while you’re using your devices. Therefore, several antennas on one router could increase the reliability of the signal.
While the above facts are true for pretty much all routers, the more modern designs use what technicians call beam forming. With beam forming, the router works with the devices that want to get the signal from it.
The electronics interact with each other by establishing a frequency with one another. In most cases, this frequency should be the least destructive type that they can create together. Thanks to the multiple antennas connected to the router, it can produce at least two signals that are out of phase for constructive interference.
All of this covers the more useful aspects of why some routers have more than one antenna with which to work. However, we would be remiss if we didn’t point out that, in some cases, antennas can be decorative. Most manufacturers will only put antennas that they think will be useful on their routers.
There are some models that may seem like they have an excessive number of them, though. In these cases, some of them probably do the job we described above. However, others might not even have an actual connection to the router itself. For the most part, you should only see these on some gaming routers as a way to make their aesthetics more appealing to the target audience.
Yes and no. Whether a router can still work without an antenna depends on the use case that you have for it. Most people want to use a router as a way to have a wireless access point that exists between it and the modem.
By doing it way, their computers and other devices get to have an internet connection via the home Wi-Fi network.
If you do not need to use a router in this way, it could still work without an antenna. Even so, this may only be true for routers that have removable antennas by design.
If you do want to remove the antenna, it is possible that the router will still output a low signal that you can catch when your device is very close to it. Otherwise, you would have to connect your computer to the modem directly via an ethernet cable.
Routers that are not meant to use Wi-Fi are available on the market, but you need to make sure that you set up your home or office for something like this. For a residential area, you would want access points in the form of ethernet connections in as many rooms as possible.
Typically, the cables for these points will terminate into a box somewhere else on the property. In short, you can get by with a non-Wi-Fi router if your devices have easy access to wired connections like ethernet throughout much of the home.
In these cases, there would be little need for a router that has an antenna, especially since you don’t want to extend the Wi-Fi range, and you may wish to have it inactive entirely.
Unless we’re talking about routers that are not meant to be capable of Wi-Fi, just like we mentioned above, most routers for consumers do have antennas.
However, not all antennas are visible on every router. If you see a router that has Wi-Fi capabilities without any antennas, it is only because they are inside the casing.
Any router that grants access to a wireless network needs to be able to extend that coverage and send those signals. It will do all of this through internal antennas.
One of the reasons it is okay to have an antenna on the inside of the router is that the plastic case doesn’t impede it much. Plastic does very little to block the signals antennas use, so there is not much of an issue in putting them inside the case rather than outside.
An external antenna may have slightly better aerial gain than its internal counterpart. Aerial gain is a measurement of the directional control of the signal, the efficiency with which the antenna transmits that signal, and possible signal loss.
Although this measurement might be slightly higher for external antennas, you should notice about the same transmission power and performance between both kinds of antennas. This is particularly true if the makes and models you get are of decent quality and from reputable brands.
Router antennas are central to the devices being able to provide you with a good Wi-Fi network at home. They help the signal get out to your devices, but that signal can still find obstructions to deal with. More than one router antenna could provide a solution to this problem.
You might find some routers with internal ones, and there are others that may not need to use them, but this is only if you have no interest in the traditional wireless home network. Lastly, you may find some extra antennas to be visually appealing on specific routers. | <urn:uuid:588006ed-82ad-4d69-a9da-4e358ebc7c71> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://whatsabyte.com/why-do-routers-have-multiple-antennas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.964995 | 1,854 | 2.65625 | 3 |
BBC: LONDON, England, By Sean Coughlan, BBC News Royal Correspondent – The Queen has paid tribute to her husband in her first annual Christmas message since his death.
“Christmas can be hard for those who have lost loved ones. This year especially I understand why,” she said in a personal message.
She described Prince Philip as her “beloved”, and said she felt his presence over the festive period.
The Queen’s comments about loss come against the background of another year of the pandemic.
Speaking beside a photograph of them together, the Queen paid tribute to the late Duke of Edinburgh, her “irrepressible” husband of 73 years.
“That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him,” she said.
“But life of course consists of final partings as well as first meetings.
“And as much as I and my family miss him, I know he would want us to enjoy Christmas,” said the Queen, remembering his “capacity to squeeze fun out of any situation”.
The framed photograph in view during the broadcast was taken during their diamond wedding anniversary in 2007 – and the Queen was wearing the same sapphire brooch that appears in the photograph.
She also wore the same brooch, in the form of a chrysanthemum, on her honeymoon in 1947.
This week Buckingham Palace announced plans for a service of thanksgiving for the life of Prince Philip, to be held at Westminster Abbey in the spring.
After another year of uncertainty with the pandemic, the Queen spoke of the reassuring comfort of family traditions, such as “watching a favourite film where we already know the ending”.
Royal aides declined to say what such a favourite film might be – although her grandson Prince William recently pointed to Elf as one of his seasonal favourites.
‘Passing the baton’
The speech highlighted the importance of “passing the baton” to the next generation, in a year when the 95-year-old monarch has had her own health problems.
The Christmas broadcast, recorded in Windsor Castle, was the Queen’s most extensive appearance since having to withdraw from a series of events during the autumn.
The Queen praised the work of Prince Charles and Prince William at the COP26 climate change summit and their commitment to the “stewardship of the environment”.
She looked ahead to the Platinum Jubilee next year, marking 70 years of her reign, which she hoped would bring a “sense of togetherness” and a chance to take stock of the “enormous changes” over those decades.
The broadcast included a community choir, called Singology, that helped to bring people together during the pandemic.
There were glimpses of the royal family at events during the year, but there were no mentions of Prince Andrew, Prince Harry or Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.
As a precaution against rising levels of the Omicron variant, the Queen is staying in Windsor Castle, rather than spending Christmas as usual on her Sandringham estate.
Members of her family will be with her on Christmas day, including the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall, but she is not expected to make any public appearances.
At Sandringham, she would usually have attended a Christmas morning local church service – and in her message the Queen spoke of the “bedrock of my faith”.
For a year of such personal and public upheavals, she quoted the Christmas carol, O Little Town of Bethlehem, with the lines: “The hopes and fears of all the years are met in thee tonight.”
The Queen was not among members of the Royal Family who attended a morning church service at St George’s Chapel in Windsor.
Charles and Camilla went to the Christmas Matins service ahead of spending the day with the Queen.
The couple were joined at the chapel in the grounds of Windsor Castle by the Earl and Countess of Wessex and the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester.
It is understood the Queen’s absence from the service is a personal choice and follows a precautionary approach seen over the last six months amid rising coronavirus cases.
Meanwhile, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge tweeted that this Christmas would be different to what so many people had planned.
Prince William and Kate wrote: “From those who are alone or having to isolate away from loved ones, to the incredible people supporting our NHS and caring for those most in need – we are thinking of you.” | <urn:uuid:62865909-f8f2-4ab7-ba65-7f2cb2620165> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bermudareal.com/queens-christmas-message-pays-tribute-to-beloved-philip/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.975849 | 982 | 1.546875 | 2 |
I have talked with friends about the contests and games staged for children these days and the verdict seems to be that children are routinely shielded from loss and encouraged to believe that everyone wins. Loss is cloaked with badges, ribbons, and medals for showing “spirit” and simply participating. It was a much harsher climate for people who “also ran” when I was a child. You either won or you didn’t. I don’t want to dismiss the value of recognizing the importance of all of the participants because I do think their contributions are important. When I competed, I never dismissed my teammates who never placed. In fact, I was almost awe struck by people who were committed to the team and to coming to practice but who never had any hope of winning or even coming close to it. Thus, I identified with Bill Clinton’s fascination with his daughter Chelsea’s commitment to dance in much the same way. In a review of Taylor Branch’s biography of Clinton, Robert Franklin, esq. writes this about the former President:
Any father can be proud of his daughter, but Branch’s account suggests something more: that Bill looks up to Chelsea and finds the self he never managed to become. She was a source of hope when he was bitter, of perspective when he was self-pitying. Clinton liked doing what he was good at but marvels over Chelsea’s devotion to ballet, how her feet bled after practice, how she worked hard at it because she loved it regardless of how good she was at it. “I’ve always admired that,” Clinton says. “I’ve wondered whether I could ever stick with something for its own sake.”
I am sympathetic to Clinton’s reflections because I have often looked at devoted people who continue to participate without hope of glory and thought the same thing: Could I continue to do this for its own sake?
When it came to sports, the answer was a resounding “no, I could not continue doing this for its own sake.” There was no other model by which to play sports as far as I was concerned. I knew that if you did not win, you did not matter and I could not accept the consolation prizes.
When I saw Spike Lee’s film He Got Game, I thought he captured an authentic experience of athletic competition that resonates with what I take to be a realization that many competitors face: the truth. The moment in the film occurs when Jesus Shuttlesworth confronts his father Jake about naming him after Christ and learns that his name was actually inspired by black people in North Philly calling Earl Monroe Jesus because he was “the truth.” I have only seen this movie once when it first came out back in 1998 and I never forgot that line. I remember it because I knew what it meant to encounter “the truth” as an athlete. The only equivalent that I can think of for non-athletes is of hearing Bobby Brown being asked about he and his wife being talented singers. In responding to the question about then wife Whitney Houston, Brown said, “naw, I can sing, but my wife, she can sang.” Sangin’ is for real jack. There are people who are so good that it just takes your breath away. And you know with every fiber of your being that no matter how hard you workout and remain committed, those people are competing on a level that you cannot attain. For me, it was an experience that made me rethink my goals for that arena. For a long time, I could pass for being among the really good ones but eventually, I knew the time was quickly coming to pass when I would have to move on. Unlike Chelsea Clinton, I decided that I would need to find a place where my hard work and dedication might contribute more to the history of what was taking place.
I left athletics with a profound understanding about the dynamics of functioning in a competitive environment. It was clear that there was always a tension between wanting the team to be better and fearing being displaced by “the truth.” People were always moving about under a heavy mantel of insecurity. Relief from this insecurity was generally temporary–it held until the next contest or the next season when the battle for supremacy would recur. When I entered other spaces where people wanted to talk about them in terms of competitiveness, I had a very solid vantage point from which to judge. In most cases, what people called competitive I could tolerate because they seemed to be imposing terms onto a space where they were superfluous. Competitiveness in the athletic arena is required. In those other spaces, I could opt out of whatever the competition was for and invent my own system of meaning that had value.
I prefer to cooperate rather than to compete. I enjoy getting along with people for the sake of a common goal rather than trying to fight with them in a terrain where everything valuable is scarce. I learned to monitor my own feeling that succeeding required a construction of scarcity. For example, when I consider conversations now among peers about college admissions, I pay attention to heightened concerns about enrolling in particular schools. While I think it’s fine to rank your top choices, I grow concerned when I hear people talk about their world ending when they are not accepted into what I call brand name schools. There are plenty of colleges and they accept students by the thousands. I am not convinced that being denied admission into your favorite brand is the end of the world. A well-known school can certainly provide the structure and the demand for excellence that should prompt one to excel but if you are interested in excellence, you can make that your goal in whatever program you enter. Too, the brand name should not take away your desire to create a system of meaning for yourself.
I also learned from my time as a competitive athlete that I preferred to surround myself with my betters rather than to exclude them because I felt threatened by them in some way. I think that my intellectual and spiritual growth depends on being surrounded by people who offer a model for being intellectually and spiritually strong. I am far from being the smartest person that I know; or the most patient, or compassionate, or thoughtful. I have a great admiration for the people in my life. They all bring something to the table. They offer skills and habits of being that I want to emulate and that help to ensure my humility. In athletics, a better athlete may replace you, but in life outside of athletics, someone with better skills can enhance you. I’m not so sure that this message is being conveyed in our efforts to ensure young people’s self-esteem. My feeling is that the way we’re encouraging self-esteem in young people teaches them to believe that they shouldn’t recognize their betters. It’s as if we’re encouraging them to think that in most cases, they are just as good at everything as everyone else–but that’s simply not true. Take my son and my next door neighbor’s daughter, who was born on the same day, as an example. Now, I think my son is a sharp little dude, but if I’m honest, my kid is not going to win an elocution contest today. His L’s sound like W’s so he says things like, “Why are you waughing at me.” While I think he sounds just as cute as could be, he wouldn’t be the first choice if CBS came looking for people to do voiceover work on 60 Minutes. My neighbor’s little girl, though, might have a shot at the gig. Her speech is perfectly free of tongue frustrations. She is the superior elocutionist at this point. Fortunately for all of us, we understand that there can be more than one child who can clearly articulate themselves. I’m happy to have someone in my son’s peer group who is close by so that we can take measure of his progress. She’s also one of three children in her household and she goes to daycare. I like it when my son plays with her because then he can develop his social skills by spending time with someone who is clearly so good at it. Instead of feeling threatened by our neighbor’s daughter and her facility, we are grateful to have her in our lives.
I think that it is a very good idea to have people around you who are better than you at any number of things. As one of my dear friends likes to point out, they will make you a better version of yourself. | <urn:uuid:b23a2d1b-fe01-43bc-b738-ee8bca541138> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inreverie.org/2012/04/23/models-monday-being-among-your-betters/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.986952 | 1,783 | 1.765625 | 2 |
When water drips from the indoor unit of the air conditioner, the water which is mixed with mold spores can cause problems to your health. This can also result in the growth of fungus and bacteria, giving rise to an unpleasant odor, which of course cannot be tolerated. So, I would like to share some methods through which you can tackle this problem.
When your home’s indoor unit begins to leak, it can be a genuinely upsetting and disheartening experience. Not only does it disrupt your day-to-day living, but it also makes your property look unloved and untidy.
Not only is this annoying, but it can damage your flooring and take away from what you’re trying to enjoy — a cool environment in which to stretch out and relax at home.
If your air conditioning machine is dripping from the indoor unit, you may need to take several steps before calling a pro. It could be as simple as cleaning its air filters to fix the issue; other times, you may need to replace a faulty drip pan or drain pipe. In severe cases, your AC may have a cracked coil that can only be fixed by professionals.
NOTE: It’s always a good idea to get your AC unit serviced by professionals every season. You can have it cleaned and tuned accordingly so that it works just like new for the next hot season. Once you’ve got your unit serviced, be sure to keep an eye out for any troubles and contact an expert if you notice anything out of place.
Water Dripping From Split AC Indoor Unit – Troubleshoot And Diagnosis
Your air conditioner keeps you cool on hot days, but it does so much more than that. It helps maintain a balance in the air around you, protecting your furniture and electronics from damage caused by fluctuations in humidity.
An HVAC system is made up of several components: a blower, which draws air into the unit; an evaporator coil, which cools the air; and ducts, which transport the cool air throughout your home.
Condensation occurs when warm indoor air passes over cold evaporator coils — the heat transfers to the metal and causes water vapor to turn back into liquid water.
The moisture drips into a pan that collects all of this condensation and sends it outside through a drain line.
Excessive moisture can build up in your air conditioner, causing it to overheat and leak water inside your home.
This is a serious problem because mold can form when there is excess moisture around the cooling coils — this means that you not only need to replace the air conditioning unit, you also have to clean up any mold and sanitize the area.
When your AC’s leaking water, turn it off at once. You might have an A/C leak, which can damage the entire unit or cause mold growth inside your home. If you see such signs as dripping water from your air-conditioner’s plastic parts, call in the experts for a diagnosis and quick resolution.
1. Condensate Drain Line Is Clogged
AC condensate drain lines often create problems by forming clogs, which can lead to leaks. As water collects inside the AC drainage pipe, it mixes with dirt and debris from the air ducts. This mixture eventually accumulates and obstructs the path for draining out of the unit and into a pan underneath, which causes water to start collecting in your unit — which is exactly the thing you want to avoid.
When the dirt and debris collected by your AC unit is not cleaned out of its condensate line, it can cause a blockage.
You can take steps to protect your home from water damage due to clogged condensate water lines. One way to do this is to buy a split AC unit with auto cut off functions, which will shut off the equipment if it detects any drain clogs. Not all air conditioners have this at-the-ready feature, however, so if yours doesn’t an alternative option is to install a drain hose diverter (aka siphon breaker), which prevents clogging in the first place.
If your drain line is clogged, there are a few potential solutions.
Turn off your air conditioner and find the drain pan. Check the pan for standing water and empty it if necessary. Thoroughly clean the pan to prevent mold growth.
To fix many types of drainage issues, including clogged air conditioner drains, you need to locate the drain line and check its level of blockage. Next, use a long wire brush to scrub the line thoroughly to remove any gunk.
If it is severely clogged, however, a special pump or vacuum may be required. To make sure it is clean, pour a small amount of water into the line and make sure that it flows out of the other end without any hiccups or interruptions.
Regular AC maintenance is a vital component of every building’s health. Whether you’re running a hotel or a high-end office, regular AC maintenance can save your HVAC system from failure and its associated costs.
While most people only think of their air conditioner when they need it, the truth is that there are hundreds of moving parts in these systems, and they all need to be properly maintained to ensure their long-term service.
As a part of your maintenance routine, pour bleach down the drain line every six months to clean the condensate drain line. However, do not increase the frequency as too much of cleaning can result in corrosion of stainless steel components.
2. Disconnected Drain Line
If the drain line of your air conditioner isn’t attached properly, it can result in leaks. This part of the unit is essential to its operation and should be attached properly. If not, water can leak out of this seam after an improper installation or repair or due to friction over time.
A common problem with window AC units (and any water-based air conditioning unit) is a leaking drain. If the drain is disconnected or faulty, you can expect some very serious problems — most commonly a flooded floor that requires expensive repairs.
In addition to flooding, you should be aware of unusual drips coming from your ceiling and leaks through walls. These are signs that your drain connections aren’t secure and more serious leaks might occur.
Air conditioner repair and maintenance is always a good idea, especially during the hot summer months. Make sure to contact your HVAC professional and ask for a checkup at least twice per season, especially if you have any issues with drainage. Your air conditioning unit is much more likely to work efficiently when drained regularly.
3. Check Drain Pan
A clogged drain pan is one of the most common air conditioner problems around. Condensation will drip from your air conditioner’s evaporator coils and collect into a drain pan, but if this screen gets blocked with debris or rust, water won’t be able to flow into the drain line. Your A/C system will back up causing excess moisture in your home — which can cause mold and mildew growth.
The drain pan is an important component of the AC system: it acts as a small reservoir for condensation that forms on the evaporator coils during the air conditioning process. As this liquid forms, it travels through micro-piping to the drain pan — and if the pan isn’t able to hold all of the condensed water from evaporating coils, it will overflow and leak into other parts of your unit.
When a refrigerant unit is around 15-20+ years old, it will start showing signs of aging. When this happens with the drain pan, it can begin to rust and corrode. This rusted drain pan may be a sign that your AC is leaking water — one of the reasons your air conditioning is not cool enough.
If you notice your air conditioner’s drain pan is cracked, don’t panic. With a little elbow grease and the right materials, you can easily fix it.
Start by thoroughly cleaning the drain pan. Once it’s clean, use a flashlight to identify the cracks. Next, apply a generous amount of water-resistant sealant to the cracks. Finally, pour down some water to test the repair.
If your AC’s drain pan is rusted, it’s best to replace it. Only a properly sized drain pan will allow your AC to function properly.
4. Condensation Build-up
Excess condensation buildup can cause major damage to your air conditioning system, and it’s a problem that needs immediate attention. Water leaking from the evaporator coil in your home’s AC unit can cause mold growth and deteriorate your indoor air quality. And when water drips onto the AC ducts, it could do even more damage.
Not only does excess condensation cause a great amount of damage to a unit, but it can also affect the quality of air in your home.
Condensation can occur for a variety of reasons. Some common causes are humid air, lack of ventilation, and temperature changes:
- If your air conditioner is leaking water, it could be due to clogged ducts, a dirty air filter, or a blocked drain pump. When airflow is restricted due to blockage, the air inside the ducts can become colder and condensation can form on the ductwork.
- Stifling humidity in the summer can create the ideal conditions for condensation to form. If your home isn’t ventilated properly or has a leaky roof, the humidity levels can become even more unbearable. To avoid excessive moisture in your home, aim to keep the humidity between 30-50%.
- If you don’t have proper insulation on your air ducts, warm air can reach the cold surface of the ducts and cause condensation. This problem can also occur if your ductwork passes through an attic that is not well insulated.
Here Is The solution to fix Excess Condensation Problem:
- If your goal is to keep your home cool this summer without spending a fortune on energy bills, there are some things you can do to help. Making sure your air conditioner ductwork is properly insulated is a great place to start. By doing this, you prevent warm air from reaching the cold ducts, therefore needing to use less energy overall. If you’re not sure how to insulate your ductwork, or if it’s already been done but needs repairs, here are some tips.
First, check for any damages and repair them as soon as possible – this will keep outside air from seeping in. Make sure the insulation is fitted snugly around the ducts so there are no gaps. And that’s it! By taking these steps, you’ll be saving money and staying cool all summer long.
- If your roof is leaking, it’s important to take action right away to prevent further damage. Contact a reputable roofing contractor to have the issue fixed. Ignoring a leaky roof can lead to increased condensation, which can damage your home and create health hazards.
- If you have ductwork in your attic, it is important to make sure that the area is well insulated. This will help to keep your home cool and reduce your energy costs.
- The best way to avoid water leaking issues is to keep your AC unit clean. Regular maintenance will remove dirt and debris from your system, keeping it in good working condition.
5. Defective Float Switch/Condensate Pump
One of the most important devices in any air conditioner is a condensate pump, which is designed to siphon away excess water that builds up inside the central unit. Condensation inside the air conditioner happens naturally when the coils dry out — this vapor needs somewhere to go.
Condensate pumps send excess condensation from central air systems through this drain line where it is collected safely outside of your home.
When the temperature outside is relatively low, the heat produced by HVAC systems condense on surfaces inside the duct. Water can then drip from your registers onto your floors and soak your carpets. A water pump keeps excess water out of your house, through a drainpipe to remove it away from your home.
If the condensate pump is out of order and/or the float switch is malfunctioning, water will not be pumped outside the air conditioner. The excess moisture in the air conditioner will accumulate and start spilling from your AC unit.
It’s not surprising that a simple appliance can malfunction — especially when exposed to hard water and other long-term condensation. Make sure you contact a technician to look at your issue as soon as possible so they can make the proper repairs or replacements.
6. Clogged Air Filter
As mentioned previously, one of the consequences of having dirty air filters is that it can cause the evaporator coils to freeze, which in turn results in your AC leaking water. The purpose of the filters is to ensure proper air circulation by trapping air pollutants and letting clean air into your home.
However, over time, the combination of these particles and dust can lead to the filters becoming clogged. This blockage then has a negative impact on indoor air quality and can also damage your AC unit. In addition, it causes weak airflow from the AC unit.
When the coils inside an air conditioning unit become clogged due to improper maintenance or neglect, it can lead to some serious issues. When an AC is not operating properly, it will be unable to effectively remove moisture from the air, leading to mold and mildew build-up in the home.
Further, a clogged AC can also cause water damage throughout your property due to inefficient refrigeration which leads to ice buildup within the machine.
Here are some of steps you can take to resolve this issue.
To avoid any water damage, be sure to collect the dripping water immediately. Once that is taken care of, you can begin cleaning your filters. Make sure the filters are completely dry before placing them back in your unit.
Cleaning your air filter more often during the hotter months is advised, as your air conditioning system will be used for extended periods. You should aim to clean your filter every two weeks and replace it every three to four months.
7. Frozen Evaporator Coils
When your home’s evaporator coils freeze, the condenser stops working — causing it to shut off. This can cause moisture buildup and a drain pan overflow — resulting in water leaks. The water from these leaks is damaging and costly to repair.
If your air conditioner is not performing properly, you will need to find the source of the problem and rectify it.
If your AC unit is leaking water, it could be because of an airflow blockage. To fix this, you’ll need to check the air filters, return vents, ducts, and fin coils for any buildup of dirt or debris. Cleaning these elements can help restore airflow and fix the freezing issue.
If you have low refrigeration in your unit, it may have a leak. This can quickly add up to an expensive problem if the unit overheats and blows fuses or worse. Even if you are comfortable with home repairs, fixing AC units usually requires training and specialised equipment; it’s best left to the professionals.
8. Faulty Installation
When installing an AC, you should always double-check all components. This means that your unit’s drain pipes should be in proportion with your AC system.
Unproportional sizes can cause the unit to leak water onto the floor — or even cause the whole system to malfunction. You’ll know that there is a problem if you observe any of these issues: visible water around your air conditioner, a noisy AC, and poor air conditioning performance.
The right solution is to allocate more time during installation so that all elements fit together properly and work as intended.
A skillful installation of a central air conditioner is essential for the ideal cooling of your home. If a unit is not placed correctly, water from the cooling coils can drip into your walls and cause mold or corrosion damage.
You’ll want to make sure your central air conditioner is on a flat surface for optimal results. If it’s on an uneven surface, you can use an AC pad to help level it out.
To prevent water from dripping inside your window air conditioner, be sure to tilt the front of the unit upwards. This will allow any water to drain outwards and away from the AC.
With proper maintenance, most AC leaking water issues can be averted. When technicians perform a tune-up, they’ll check that all of the major components are functioning properly. Tune-ups can also help keep your unit running properly over time — which helps you stay cool throughout the year!
Now that you know the causes of AC leakages, here are some vital tips on how to prevent them from happening. Additionally, with regular maintenance and a thorough inspection of the entire unit by your technician, most leaks can be prevented altogether. When it comes to annual check-ups, your technician will examine all major components to ensure that everything is working properly. The result? A well-maintained AC for a whole summer season of comfortable cooling. | <urn:uuid:0c098c06-229c-42e5-a1d4-1aede484794b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kcscfm.com/water-dripping-from-split-ac-indoor-unit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.936253 | 3,590 | 1.851563 | 2 |
The LLC Operating Agreement – Write it, with the Right Terms in it- Part II
Management is always a key issue; if there is only one member or it’s a husband and wife team, then having the members manage is not a problem. But what if there are multiple members either now or expected in the future; perhaps then you want a manager to manage. One of the members can act as manager; alternatively, a non-owner, a non-member can act as the manager.
You need limits on the manager’s authority, perhaps dollar limitations. Certainly, the manager cannot take action which is not in the ordinary course of business, unless authorized by a proper vote or consent by the members. The agreement must set forth a mechanism for terminating the manager’s authority, even if the manager is a member and will remain a member after the manager is replaced.
Distribution of money also is a critical issue; distributions may be based simply on membership interests. But it can get a little more complicated. What if there are the two of you, and you want to maintain majority control as a member, but want to share distributions with your other member on an equal, 50/50 basis. This can be done; one means is to have voting membership interests as well as non-voting membership interests; in all other respects, the membership interests may be the same. You have the majority of voting membership interests; your other member holds a minority voting interest. Let’s say you hold 60 % of the voting interest; he or she holds 40 % of the voting interest. But he or she holds 60 % of the non-voting interest, while you hold 40% of the non-voting interest. Distributions would be based on total membership interest, and each of you holds 50% of the total membership interest, so the distributions are equal, although you hold the majority vote.
In some circumstances, one member needs to be bought out, either by the other members or by the company. You need to spell these circumstances out clearly. The circumstances may include death or disability, and often include bankruptcy or insolvency and creditor attachment. If the members also are employees of the company, you may want to provide that in the event the member’s employment terminates for any reason, then the departing member’s interest will be bought out by the company or the other members.
You need to set out the means of determining the purchase price of the departing member’s interest and the manner of payment. You can set an agreed-upon price in the operating agreement, which price may be adjusted by agreement periodically. Alternatively, you can set out a formula for determining the price or name an acceptable appraiser who will value the interest at the right time and then set the price.
Restrictions on Member’s Transfer of their Interest
Common is the provision restricting a member’s ability to transfer their interest to a third-party; often the company and the other members have a right of first refusal – a right to buy the interest at the price offered by the third-party. Only if the company and the other members decide not to exercise the right of first refusal will the selling member have the right to sell the interest to the third-party. The third-party can step in as a new member, only if he or she agrees to the terms of the operating agreement.
A comprehensive operating agreement can run more than 20 pages; it takes some time to read and fully digest. But it is invaluable if a dispute arises; it is invaluable if there is a difference in the members’ recollections as to how some matter is to be addressed. It does what every good agreement should do – it sets the parties’ expectations, or perhaps more accurately, it confirms their expectations – their expectations and understandings about how their company is to be run. And with their expectations made clear, they can focus on business, and that is a good thing.
This is not intended to be legal advice for any specific situation and the reader should consult their attorney regarding their situation. | <urn:uuid:dff8676e-227f-4bf8-bcbe-9031a57a3770> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.moorheadlaw.com/llc-operating-agreement-write-right-terms-part-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.967297 | 856 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Foundations of Representative Democracy by Lance De Haven-Smith Download PDF EPUB FB2
Foundations of Representative Democracy analyzes a unique collection of works. This book relates how great philosophers of political theory such as Plato, Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson contributed to what we now know as «representative democracy».
Professor deHaven-Smith enhancesthe reader's comprehension and ability. Foundations of Representative Democracy analyzes a unique collection of works. This book relates how great philosophers of political theory such as Plato, Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson contributed to what we now know as «representative democracy».Cited by: 1.
ISBN: OCLC Number: Notes: Cover title. "A publication of the Collins Center and the Florida Institute of Government"--Cover. Foundations of representative democracy. New York: Peter Lang, © (OCoLC) Online version: DeHaven-Smith, Lance. Foundations of representative democracy. New York: Peter Lang, © (OCoLC) Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: Lance DeHaven-Smith.
Foundations of Representative Democracy analyzes a unique collection of works. This book relates how great philosophers of political theory such as Plato, Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson contributed to what we now know as "representative democracy".
What Are the Six Characteristics of a Democracy. By Rosanne Tomyn ; Updated J Democracy, derived from the Greek term "demos" or "people," is a system of government that gives power to the people. Democracy can be exercised in by citize.
Online Library of Liberty. Direct Democracy and Representative Government; Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, by James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock,1 is one of the classic works that founded the subdiscipline of public choice in economics and political science. Learn foundations of american democracy with free interactive flashcards.
Choose from different sets of foundations of american democracy flashcards on Quizlet. Learn foundations of democracy with free interactive flashcards.
Choose from different sets of foundations of democracy flashcards on Quizlet. Share My Lesson's Foundations of Democracy Collection. This collection gives teachers access to foundational principles of democracies including rule of law, limited government and checks and balances.
It can be used to build background knowledge to analyze the health of our democracy over time and in today's environment.3/5. The Social Democracy Readers have their origins in the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung’s activities in political education in Germany.
This fi rst volume addresses the Foundations of Social Democracy. Further volumes on The Economy and Social Democracy and The Welfare State and Social Democracy have already been published in German. democracy existed. During some of these periods, people were governed by monarchs, or single rulers who held great power.
At other times, however, the ideas and practices of democracy have developed, spread, and grown strong. Ancient Democracies One of the earliest foundations for democracy can be found in the Jewish religion. : Citizenship and Immigration (Foundations of Democracy) (): Lansford, Tom: Books.
Representative democracy, also known as indirect democracy or representative government, is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.
Nearly all modern Western-style democracies are types of representative democracies; for example, the United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία dēmokratía, "rule by [the] people") is a form of government in which the people exercise the authority of government.
Who people are and how authority is shared among them are core issues for democratic development and cornerstones of these issues are freedom of assembly and speech, inclusiveness and equality, membership, consent.
(Suggested grades 3–5) Each concept of the elementary level series is featured in a separate text. Elementary classroom sets include 15 student books of each.
Home > Foundations of Democracy Series > Foundations of Democracy Primary > Foundations of Democracy Primary Books. Each concept in the primary level is featured in an over-sized storybook and a student activity book. The over-sized storybooks are intended for prereaders. The activity books are based on the storybooks set and may be used with.
A democracy is a political system, or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization or a country, in which all members have an equal share of power. Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government: the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an.
In this book we lay out a broader vision of what this research reveals about what our democracy could look like in the 21st century. Our objective is to synthesize the study findings into a seamless argument about the potential for a technology-enabled “directly representative democracy.”.
It is usually held that representative government is not strictly democratic, since it does not allow the people themselves to directly make decisions. But here, taking as her guide Thomas Paine’s subversive view that “Athens, by representation, would have surpassed her own democracy,” Nadia Urbinati challenges this accepted wisdom, arguing that political representation deserves to be 5/5(1).
(source: Nielsen Book Data) Foundations of Democracy in the European Union offers a new approach to understanding how European democracy has developed, by examining key episodes in the history of the process up to the present time.
The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law BARRY R. WEINGAST Stanford University T t This paper develops a game-theoretic approach to the problem ofpolitical officials' respect forpolitical and economic rights of citizens.
It models the policing of rights as a coordination problem among. Historical and ideological foundations. Given their respective governmental ideologies and structures (a representative democracy versus a Communist state), it is unsurprising that there are vast differences in the way government publications are handled in China and the US.
Though China as a country is much older than the US, the range of its. The Petition of Right () extended the rights of "commoners" to have a voice in the government.
The English Bill of Rights () guaranteed free elections and rights for citizens accused of crime. Although King George III still had some real power inBritain was already well along on the path of democracy by that time.
The foundations of American government lie squarely in the 17th. Democracy at Work is a crystal clear articulation of the economic theories and proposals Wolff has been championing for decades.
If you do happen to listen Wolff, be it on youtube, democracynow, his blog, or his radio program, there isn't much 'new' material Over the past several years Richard Wolff has gone from being a well published academic 4/5.
Building on these foundations can usher in the urgently needed revolution of democracy. Representative democracy is in retreat worldwide, 1,5,6 as many democracies transform into oligarchies, plutocracies, or even kleptocracies.
A key reason is lack of respect of democracy's basic tenet—equality of rights—as the rich, the powerful, and the. The Future of Representative Democracy poses important questions about representation, representative democracy and its future.
Inspired by the last major investigation of the subject by Hanna Pitkin over four decades ago, this ambitious volume fills a major gap in the literature by examining the future of representative forms of democracy in terms.
"The democratic foundations of the Union: representative democracy, complementarity and the legal challenge of Article 11 TEU" published on 30 Sep by Edward Elgar : Joana Mendes. While democracy ensures freedom for its citizens, it is a complex system.
The American democratic process has its origins from the Greeks, who created a framework which became the foundation for our. Foundations of Democracy in the European Union From the Genesis of Parliamentary Democracy to the European Parliament Foundations for Democracy in the European Union.
John Pinder. the development of national or federal democracy and concludes with a positive assessment of the prospects of liberal democracy. This is an important book for. Colonial Ambition book. Read 6 reviews from the world's largest community for readers.
Colonial Ambition tells the story of the politicians and would-be /5(6).The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law. in Wealth of Nations Book V, Smith discusses the three tasks that government ought to do.
representative government which. The goals of this book are threefold: first, to demonstrate that the form of democratic theory that appropriately characterizes the American governmental system—both normatively and descriptively—is adversary democracy; second, to establish the inescapable linkage between that form of democracy and the philosophical foundations of the First Author: Martin H. | <urn:uuid:7b5159c4-189d-427e-8d8c-a6372acab379> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pituficokaq.clubhipicbanyoles.com/foundations-of-representative-democracy-book-19180jm.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.937963 | 1,866 | 3.203125 | 3 |
While the words of an adulteress woman are sweet as honey and smooth as oil (5:3), the aftermath of a relationship with her will not be pleasant. “Gall” was supposed to be a helpful substance in the ancient world, but was hard to appreciate because of its bitter taste. Gall wouldn’t kill you, but it might make you wish it did!
A “double-edged sword” was designed with a point on the tip to poke people. But both sides of the blade were also sharpened for cutting and slashing. It was about as formidable a weapon as was known in Solomon’s time. A double-edged sword could cause much pain and regularly caused death in battle.
Messing with this immoral woman (3:3) will not end well for a guy. Whatever moments of pleasure he might have, “in the end” it will be bitter and painful. Better listen up, boys! | <urn:uuid:950dfe48-862a-4f7c-b129-9fce17f7589c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://helpingupmission.org/2013/12/proverb-for-the-day-54-after-messing-around-with-her/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.986888 | 197 | 1.648438 | 2 |
The European Parliament and Council have agreed on a regulation establishing a European Maritime Single Window, to the approval of industry groups.
The creation of an EU-wide Single Window dataset, has been lauded by the European Sea Ports Organisation (ESPO), European Community Shipowners’ Associations (ECSA) and the World Shipping Council. The regulation will replace the Reporting Formalities Directive and builds on the existing National Single Windows and Port Community Systems reporting mechanisms.
The Single Window regulation will provide: a standardised interface system to provide information to ship operators in the same format across the EU; and a maximum dataset to include only the information necessary for the operation and management of ports and port terminals, with any relevant data with which authorities have been provided to be made available.
John Butler, World Shipping Council CEO and President, mentioned: “The agreement not only harmonizes the data that must be reported but also the way that it is to be transmitted. The E.U. machine to machine interface module as required by the Regulation will simplify the process of reporting data as long as it is implemented identically in each national single window without deviation. The adoption of the legal text is the first important step. The next is to deliver the benefits through loyal implementation.” | <urn:uuid:ee5bc7c0-5fcc-4785-a0e8-1ed9a6678bc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.sudohodstvo.org/european-maritime-single-window-established-eu-parliament/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.925264 | 255 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Integrated systems consisting of heat pumps and storage are an important technological option to accelerate the use of renewable energy for heating and cooling. By combining heat pumps and storage, several issues may be tackled, such as:
- Balancing & controlling electricity grid loads;
- Capturing a larg(er) share of renewable (local/regional) input (i.e. solar thermal, solar PV);
- Optimizing economics, CO2-emissions, fuel use throughout time;
- Providing optimal supply security to buildings.
Commercial development of this type of solution is progressing very slowly. This Combined Annex will accelerate market development of combined heat pump / storage packages (working title “Comfort and Climate Box”, or CCB). This will be the first Annex to integrate the work from the HPT and ECES Technology Collaboration Programs (TCP), building upon the earlier work in the fields of Heat Pumps and Storage systems.
- Main goal: to develop improved CCBs in existing buildings to speed op market development. We will strongly focus on systems that will be close to commercial realization (i.e. technology readiness level upwards from 7/9) and have a high quality, adopted to their local market. The work will be oriented around the nine quality criteria (see figure) to define the concept of improved quality.
- The underlying drive is to accelerate the market development for CCBs to enable rapid growth of the application of these promising heating systems in differing climate zones.
By exchanging the lessons learned from the separate developments in each participating country, we will enable the participants to help each other to speed up their local market development. | <urn:uuid:b103373f-e885-4c5b-892b-1d5de8a55c6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://iea-es.org/task-34/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.914652 | 342 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Lead-Acid Battery Charging:
Battery low on power? You might not need a replacement just yet. These recommended charging procedures can help you keep your battery operating at full power.
Before charging your battery, refer to your owner’s manual and your battery charger manual for instructions. Review the safety instructions that came with your charger and battery. Remember that batteries contain sulfuric acid that can cause severe burns, and hydrogen-oxygen gases that can be explosive.
Observe the following guidelines when charging:
Make sure the battery terminals are clean and free from corrosion.
Do not attempt to charge a dried-out battery. If needed, add distilled (or drinking) water to just above the battery plates. Do not overfill.
Refer to any written instructions provided by the battery and charger manufacturers.
Identify the positive and negative terminals of the battery and attach the correct charger leads.
If charging a battery connected to a vehicle, be sure that the vehicle’s electrical system has protection against overvoltage or be sure that the charger will not have high-charging voltages that may damage the vehicle’s electrical system. | <urn:uuid:5eaf749d-9b20-4548-bc4b-e267938772b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://silverbattery.in/faq/battery-charging/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.92692 | 235 | 2.953125 | 3 |
BorgWarner, a global leader in technology solutions for combustion, hybrid and electric vehicles, has entered into two high-volume contracts. The company plans to supply its advanced high-voltage coolant heater to one of the leading European automakers and to one of Asia’s major vehicle manufacturers, with start of production expected to be in 2020.
“We are excited to offer our compact, lightweight heater innovation for a major European and one of Asia’s biggest vehicle manufacturers, helping them to reduce the battery consumption of their electric vehicles while increasing passenger comfort,” said Joe Fadool, president and general manager, BorgWarner Emissions & Thermal Systems.
“Our engineers have a vast amount of experience in cabin and battery heating technologies and a deep understanding of the technical requirements of electric and hybrid vehicle manufacturers,” he added.
BorgWarner’s High-voltage Coolant Heater (HVCH) belongs to the company’s Battery and Cabin Heater family. The advanced cabin and battery heater design uses the latest thick film element (TFE) technology and solves two problems in a single device for designers of the fast-growing global fleet of pure electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
It helps keep passengers warm in the absence of engine heat and also conditions traction battery packs, allowing them to work at peak efficiency. The technology was developed to meet demand for high performance systems that quickly generate heat. The heat management systems of current and future generations of vehicles are increasingly decoupled from the internal combustion engine, permanently in the case of EVs and for longer parts of the drive cycle in HEVs.
As the HVCH’s heating elements are immersed in coolant, power losses are minimised. The technology improves battery energy performance by offering consistent temperature distribution inside the battery pack and its cells. With a high thermal power density and fast response times due to its low thermal mass, the HVCH also extends pure electric driving range as it uses less power from the battery. The technology moreover allows for direct temperature sensing.
The HVCH is available in two versions – single plate and dual plate – both integrated into robust aluminium housings that provide excellent electromagnetic shielding. Single plate devices are responsible for either the thermal management of the battery pack or cabin heating. Dual plate versions manage both tasks at the same time while providing up to 80 percent more heat transfer surface.
The HVCH is suitable for applications with supply voltages between 180 and 800 volts and offers a power range of 3 to 10 kW. The devices are protected from overheating, as the system switches off automatically in a case of failure. | <urn:uuid:947fc00a-bd3a-4b4f-bd12-f610616f7e9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/european-and-asian-oems-choose-borgwarner%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDs-heater-product-line-for-new-evs-40762 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.940318 | 547 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Wahoo Fish | The Razor Toothed Delicacy
Wahoo fish, the majestic oceanic marauders with the temperament of a ruthless killer with its slashing attack and beautiful iridescent blue and silver torpedo shaped body has probably sent more rigs to Davey Jones locker than any other pelagic species. Targeting wahoo is serious business, requiring some very specific rigging. Many times wahoo fishing is a time consuming expensive proposition. We take on the challenge for obvious reasons. The sporting nature of the catch and how damn good wahoo tastes.The Hawaiian name for wahoo fish is Ono, which means delicious and delicious they are. If you want to feast on this tasty fish, prepare to account for their blood thirsty instincts.
As a scombrid fish, wahoo are closely akin mackerel, tuna and bonito. As a group, these fish are members of the good eats family. These fish are open ocean predators, with the wahoo clearly being the most vicious in the bunch. With stream lined bodies and retractable fins, wahoo are able to reach considerable speed in the pursuit of food. Recreational and longline catches suggest this species is distributed throughout the worldwide tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, including the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas year-round. Catches occur in higher latitudes during the summer as water in northern sections of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans warm.
Wahoo, tuna and mackerel all have a rather similar tail section. These are fish built to move fast and over long stretches. If you are going to constantly be on the move, you need to eat. As a super aggressive predator, the wahoo fish is primarily piscivorous. That means it mainly feeds on a variety of schooling fishes. Stuff like frigate mackerel, scad, butterfish, porcupine fish, and round herring are favorites of wahoo. Stomach contents also reveal an affinity for pelagic squids and other invertebrates. This is a fish with a ravenous appetite. Bigger wahoo are known to feed on small tuna, bonita and hardtails. When you find concentrations of bait in blue water, you can bet the wahoo are in the vicinity.
Even though you will have resident fish in any given fishery, a great number of fish move as ocean temperatures change and shoals of baitfish migrate. A wahoo's metabolism is such that they have to constantly eat and if you have to eat, you have to stay near the food. Wahoo migratory patterns which are strongly associated with the movement of bait schools. This is why a fish that is not known as a schooling fish will aggregate in schools as large as 100 or more around structure like banks, pinnacles, reef edges, buoys and flotsam. The wahoo are there because baitfish will always seek the protection of structure.
Wahoo grow fast, reaching sexual maturity early, within the first year. By that time males are reaching about 2.8 feet in length and females 3.3 feet. You can see the feed bag is on early. A highly fecund species, wahoo are multiple batch spawners throughout the spawning season. Fish will release a half-million to multiple tens of millions eggs per year to compensate for a high mortality rate for eggs. This fast-growing species has a short life span of approximately 5 or 6 years. It is there high reproductive growth rate that allows them to flourish without the threat of being overfished. In a short time, wahoo can reach up to 8 feet and 150 pounds, though they are commonly between 3.5 and 5.5 feet long. The IGFA All-Tackle world record wahoo was 184 lbs. Commercial fishing reports suggest fish well over 200 lbs are regularly caught. A 150-200 lb wahoo is a serious fish to wrangle.
There is nothing like a wahoo bite. You have never heard a reel scream like when a big hoo slams your high speed trolling bait going away. The bites come fast and furious. As fast as the bites come, they disappear. Wahoo fish are savvy in their finickiness. The fish seem to figure out pretty quickly what is happening and stop biting. The more versatility you can throw at them the better the results. If you are high speed trolling and hook up, cast a jig way out and crank like hell. Many times you will pick up a bite from another fish on the scene. This is fast action fishing. The techniques, the pace, the bite, the blistering runs all make the sporting quality of wahoo fishing primo.
The trickiest part of How to Catch Wahoo is narrowing down the technique you want to use. You can troll, jig, use fishing planers or bait fish, you can even kite fish for wahoo. When trying to locate areas where you may find wahoo, it is a good rule to remember that the vast majority of the time, wahoo will be found and caught in blue water. Look for temperature breaks. You can usually visualize this as a change in water color. This will be area where two or more ocean currents are converging in a rip line. Many times you will see an area of turbulence in the water, as if am isloated stream is flowing in the middle of the ocean. Calm water next to choppy water. If these color or temperature breaks can be correlated to a weedline, a seamount, an edge or some other type of structure, this is absolute dynamite. Definitely spend some time fishing this area.
High speed trolling for wahoo is probably the most common fishing techniques. If you want to learn more about high speed trolling for wahoo, watch our collections of wahoo fishing videos. Trolling is great for covering lots of ground. If there is a large expanse of reef edge, trolling along the edge is ideal. You will want to meander close to the edge and then back out into deep water sweeping your lures over the edge and then out into the deep in an elongated snake like pattern. You will want to run at speeds between 8-20 knots with 14-16 knots seemingly being a sweet spot. Skirted lures, Japanese feathers, a combination thereof and Ilanders rigged with wire leaders and weighted do very well. If you want to get an upclose demonstration on rigging wahoo lures, check out our instructional video. Lipped plugs are another excellent choice to trolling. You will be running at much slower speeds, but the lip gets the lures down to where the wahoo suspend and the lures action really triggers strikes. Rapala, Yozuri and Halco all make superb lipped or bibbed lures.
In limited studies, wahoo have demonstrated a propensity for spending time at depths of 250-300 feet. So, if you are not getting bites near the surface, get your presentations down in the water column. Jigs are a great way to get a presentation down deep quickly. When you encounter surface debris, weedlines or flotsam, it is good to make a few passes trolling baits, but if you get no bites, send some jigs down and see if you can trigger strikes. Oil platforms make for excellent structure to jig around. Another productive tactic to use when trolling is to cast a jig way out after you hook a fish with one of your trolled baits and crank it in fast. This will garner bites from other wahoo in the area. As a rule, you should have an assortment of Shimano butterfly jigs, Raider jigs and Salas jigs. Light colors work well on bright days and darker colors on more overcast days.
Bait fishing is another effective way to catch wahoo. Blue runners, scad or goggle eyes, frigate mackerel, threadfin, ballyhoo, croaker, sardines and pinfish are some of the better options for wahoo baits. A good method is to slow troll live baits with cigar sinkers or a downrigger, bumping your boat in and out of gear around flotsam and structure. There are a lot of ways to rig live baits. The thing you need to consider is the way wahoo fish attack. With a bait presentation, wahoo will come in from the side with a slashing side attack that leaves the prey sliced on half. For this reason, a stinger rig can prove helpful. Light wire rigs where you have a live bait hook and a stinger make great bait rigs. Place your live bait hook just in front of the dorsal fin. The stinger will be a smaller treble hook, a trailer, positioned closer to the rear of the bait, behind the dorsal, will do the trick.
It may appear as though there is a wahoo season in any fishery where the fish is regularly caught, but is that really the case. There is an argument that can be made that the wahoo fish are always there, just in different concentrations. Several top wahoo fishermen I have spoken with say that can catch wahoo all year, if they so desired. The mitigating factors are weather and the abundance of other migratory pelagic species like tuna. In many cases, there will be resident fish and transient fish. Some wahoo fish will migrate with the changing water temperature and the related movement of baitfish. Warmer water finds the fish moving northwards and cooling waters finds them moving to the south. Even though studies have shown wahoo spend more than 90 % of their time in water between 65 and 80 °F, larger number of fish and big wahoo are caught during the January-February period in the Gulf of Mexico, when water temperatures are lower. In the Gulf though, you have a lot of factors at play. You have nutrients dumping out of the Mississippi River and phenomenal structure, both natural and manmade. So, if you target wahoo in earnest throughout the year, you will probably catch them.
Without a doubt, wahoo has to be at the top of the list for tasty fish. After all, the Hawaiian name for wahoo means delicious. In most culture that utilize wahoo in their cuisine, wahoo meat is highly regarded as a delicacy. The fishes texture is firm, flaky and delicate with a mild sweet flavor. The flesh is a beautiful white color and remains white when cooked.
You should eat it quickly after taking a fish, as it does not store well. Cooking preparations range from grilled, broiled, blackened, sautéed, poached or batter fried tempura style. Wahoo does have a low fat content, so keep that in mind when cooking this fish, so the flesh does not dry out. Raw in various sushi presentations is supreme. When you think about sushi and the raw fish used for it, wahoo is not usually at the top of the list. It should be. This may be the best way to experience the wonderful texture and taste.
In The Spread | <urn:uuid:97701c8c-da2f-4bd7-a8b9-aed5db105c5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inthespread.com/blog/wahoo-fish-the-razor-toothed-delicacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.945639 | 2,287 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Are REITs CIS?
REITs are subject to the Prospectus Directive and the UK Listing Rules when listed. US SEC See response to Question 1 – real estate funds are not regulated as CIS. Please provide information on the regulation of real estate funds relating to: … Other real estate funds are eligible up to 5% of the fund’s value.
Is a REIT a partnership?
For starters, REITs are corporations with regular management structures and shareholders, whereas MLPs are partnerships with so-called unitholders (i.e., limited partners). Investing in a REIT gives you an ownership share in a corporation, whereas MLP investors possess units in a partnership.
Is a REIT an income trust?
As the Toronto Stock Exchangepoints out, REITs — which are classified as type of income trust — don’t pay corporate tax and can pass on cash flows directly to unitholders. In Canada and the U.S., REITs are required to pay out the bulk of their taxable income to unitholders.
Is a REIT a collective investment scheme?
A REIT established as a unit trust is regulated as a collective investment scheme under the Securities and Futures Act (Cap. … Furthermore, there are additional regulations under the Code on Collective Investment Schemes, which governs the administration, supervision and control of REITs.
Are REITs FCA regulated?
These must either be purchased and held by a UK based Stockbroker/Investment Manager that is FCA regulated or purchased and held through an Investment Trust savings scheme operated by a UK based and FCA regulated company.
Can a REIT be an LP?
Perhaps the major characteristic distinguishing LPs from REITs is their status as private equity; most offerings are restricted, and shares (units) are generally not publicly traded. … Moreover, many LPs require investors to be accredited (i.e., they must meet certain minimum income and net worth requirements).
Do REITs have to be registered with the SEC?
Many REITs (whether equity or mortgage) are registered with the SEC and are publicly traded on a stock exchange. These are known as publicly traded REITs. In addition, there are REITs that are registered with the SEC, but are not publicly traded.
Can REITs invest in mortgages?
Unlike equity REITs, which are generally landlords with brick-and-mortar properties, mortgage REITs own leveraged portfolios of mortgages, mortgage-backed securities and other mortgage-related investments. … They borrow money at cheap, short-term rates, and invest the proceeds in higher-yielding longer-term securities.
Why REITs are a bad investment?
Drawbacks to Investing in a REIT. The biggest pitfall with REITs is they don’t offer much capital appreciation. That’s because REITs must pay 90% of their taxable income back to investors which significantly reduces their ability to invest back into properties to raise their value or to purchase new holdings.
Are REITs a good investment in 2021?
REITs stand alone as the last place for investors to get a decent yield and demographics favor more yield seeking behavior. … If one is selective about which REITs they buy, a much higher dividend yield can be achieved and indeed higher yielding REITs have significantly outperformed in 2021.
How often do REITs pay dividends?
Most of the approximately 225 publicly traded REITs pay dividends quarterly, but there are about a dozen that pay monthly dividends.
What are the disadvantages of REITs?
Disadvantages of REITs
- Weak Growth. Publicly traded REITs must pay out 90% of their profits immediately to investors in the form of dividends. …
- No Control Over Returns or Performance. Direct real estate investors have a great deal of control over their returns. …
- Yield Taxed as Regular Income. …
- Potential for High Risk and Fees.
Why are REITs tax-exempt?
Legally, a REIT must pay out at least 90% of its taxable income as dividends. Since those dividends are actually the taxable portion of the income generated by the REIT-owned properties, the company is able to pass its tax burden to shareholders rather than pay Federal taxes itself. | <urn:uuid:1c59e1e9-8209-402b-9774-3b33ec20ce74> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://overlyreal.com/sale/best-answer-is-a-reit-a-cis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.952331 | 916 | 1.625 | 2 |
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which they may have been the first to set before the eyes of men, as the torch may be dimmed and made useless by the greater light it has itself served to kindle. Much of what Bacon has left us is interesting now only as having either been or seemed to be of importance at the time when it was first published; that is to say, only as an evidence of the state of knowledge in those days. Much is the same thing that we have elsewhere in another form, or is the rudimentary conception of what is more fully brought out elsewhere. To the student of the history of science, or of the progress of thought and discovery in the mind of Bacon, all these indications are curious and precious; he will scrutinize them all anxiously, and will even wish that they were more numerous. But it is the results of such scrutiny principally that the ordinary reader wants; at most a few specimens of the repetitions and variations and exploded errors will be enough for him. Is nobody to be thought entitled to know anything about Bacon and his philosophy-about which everybody has heard so much-who cannot or will not nake himself master of every line that Bacon has written? Here, as in all other cases, there is one kind of knowledge which the professed student of the particular subject in question requires, and quite another kind which suffices for the general reader-who may be considered as a mere looker on at the operation which the other is carrying on. It is right that such an observer should have understanding enough of the matter to comprehend what he sees done; it is not at all necessary that he should be able to do it. Even if the highest education were to be universally diffused, still some must have their attention more especially directed to one department of knowledge, some to another; and therefore ir. every department there must still be the few thoroughly instructed, and the many to whom the subject is known only in its outlines and general principles.
Such a knowledge of what is called the Baconian philosophy we hope to present our readers with the materials for acquiring in these volumes. Our plan, of producing for the most part Bacon's own words, will have at
least the advantage of trustworthiness and safety. Our duty will be to confine ourselves principally to exposition, and to deal but little either in controversy or in criticism. The only respect, therefore, in which we shall have to draw upon the confidence of the reader will be that we exhibit all the evidence which is material upon any disputed point.
But what is understood by the Baconian philosophy is only one of the things to which the extant writings of Bacon relate. About half of the entire body of them, even if we exclude his Letters, has nothing to do with his system or method of philosophy. If we confine ourselves to his English writings, the portion of them that relates to his method of philosophy will be found to be less than a third of the whole. The other two-thirds are occupied with matters Moral, Theological, Historical, Political, and Legal.
Bacon is a great name both in the history of philosophy and in our English literature. At the same time, with the exception of his Essays, what he has written is very little known to the general reader. He stands, therefore, exactly in the position which seems to make it expedient that an account of his works should be given, and so much of them as can be made generally interesting produced for popular perusal, in such a form as the present. It is the object of the series of analytical accounts of great writers, to which the present volumes belong, to introduce the most numerous class of readers to an actual acquaintance with those chief works, in our own literature and in that of other countries, with the names at least of the authors of which everybody is familiar. And this we believe to be likely to prove by far the most effectual way of promoting the more general study of the works in their original and complete form.
BACON'S MORAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND HISTORICAL WORKS.
SECTION 1.-THE ESSAYS.
THE father of Francis Bacon was Sir Nicholas Bacon, Keeper of the Great Seal from the accession of Queen Elizabeth in 1558 till his death in 1579; his mother was Anne, the second of the four learned daughters of Sir Anthony Cooke, of whom the eldest married Lord Burleigh, and the third Lord Russell, son of the second Earl of Bedford. She was the second wife of Sir Nicholas, who had had by a former wife three sons and three daughters. Francis was the younger of two sons by the second marriage, the other being named Anthony.
He was born in London, at his father's residence, called York House,* from having been properly the town mansion of the Archbishops of York. Mr. Montagu says that it is the same house which is now numbered 31, Strand, being the corner house on the west side of Villiers Street; but Villiers Street is only one of several streets that were built upon the grounds of York House, after the site was disposed of by the second Villiers Duke of Buckingham some years subsequent to the Restora
* This house was rented from the Archbishop of York not only by Sir Nicholas Bacon, when Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, but by his successors in the same office, or in that of Lord Chancellor, Sir John Puckering, Lord Ellesmere, and finally his illustrious son. It was afterwards acquired from Archbishop Mathew by the crown, and bestowed by James I. upon Villiers Duke of Buckingham.
tion. The common account of this York House,-which must not be confounded with the earlier York House, or York Place, so called from having been the archiepiscopal residence till it was purchased by Henry VIII. from Cardinal Wolsey in 1530, which stood on the site of Whitehall, and of which a portion still remains in the official residence of the Comptroller of the Exchequer,is, that it stood a little to the west of Inigo Jones's handsome erection still called the York Stairs Watergate, in the midst of a garden skirted by the river. We doubt if any part of it extended to the street. The expression of Bacon's first biographer, Dr. Rawley, in his account as translated by himself into Latin, which is in several minute particulars more precise and accurate than the original English, is, that he was born in York Palace, "infra plateam dictam le Strand," which would seem to mean, not in the Strand, but below or back from it.
His birth took place, according to Rawley, on the 22nd of January, 1560. But, as we are afterwards told that at his death, in April, 1626, he was only in his sixtysixth year, by January, 1560, must be meant, as was then the usual mode of computation, what we should now call January, 1561.*
He was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge, when he was only in his thirteenth year, along with his brother Anthony, who was his senior by two or three years. They were both matriculated as members of the university on the 10th of June, 1573. It is not very clear how long he remained at Cambridge. Mr. Montagu makes him to have left after a residence of only two years; but Rawley, in his English Life,' says,
* Dugdale, however, in his 'Baronage,' vol. ii., pp. 437-439, as the account is reprinted by Archbishop Tenison in the Baconiana,' p. 246, makes him to have been born in the 2nd of Elizabeth, which would be in January, 1560. But he afterwards contradicts himself by stating (p. 257) that, at his death in April, 1626, he was in the sixty-sixth year of his age.
+ Life, p. x. Six pages after, indeed, he says that he was sent to France" after three years' residence in the University."
"Whilst he was commorant in the university, about sixteen years of age (as his Lordship hath been pleased to impart unto myself), he first fell into the dislike of the philosophy of Aristotle; not for the worthlessness of the author, to whom he would ever ascribe all high attributes, but for the unfruitfulness of the way; being a philosophy, as his Lordship used to say, only strong for disputations and contentions, but barren of the production of works for the benefit of the life of man. In which mind he continued to his dying day." In the subsequent Latin translation the expression he uses is slightly dif ferent, and somewhat more precise:-" tantum non sexdecim annos ætatis nato," when he had all but completed his sixteenth year. The time referred to, then, may be taken to have been towards the close of the year 1576. This computation agrees very well with what follows in Rawley's account:-" After he had passed the circle of the liberal arts, his father thought fit to frame and mould him for the arts of state; and, for that end, sent him over into France with Sir Amyas Paulet, then employed ambassador lieger into France." According to Mr. Montagu (Life, Note O), Sir Amyas Paulet was sent as ambassador to France in September, 1576; although he immediately subjoins an extract of a letter from Sir Amyas, dated 22nd June, 1577, in which, writing to a friend in England, he says, "One year is already spent since my departure from you." In his Sylva Sylvarum (Experiment 997) Bacon himself speaks of having been at Paris when he was "about sixteen years old."
With the exception of a short visit to England with dispatches from the ambassador to the queen, which must have been made before December, 1578, when Sir Amyas was recalled, Bacon remained in France till after the death of his father, which took place in February, 1579. In his Sylva (Experiment 986) he mentions having been in Paris when he received the news. His later biographers make him to have spent some time after the recal of Sir Amyas Paulet in visiting the provincial parts of France; and there are some traces in his writings of his having at least once made an excursion to the | <urn:uuid:6f871df1-bf85-480f-86ac-b9a461eaa854> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.pt/books?id=r9UQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&focus=viewport&vq=%22to,+the+more+ought+law+to+weed+it+out.+For+as+for+the+first+wrong,+it+doth+but%22&dq=editions:HARVARD32044050813641&lr=&hl=pt-PT&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.987242 | 2,177 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Ohio lawmakers approved a bill that would ban abortions after a fetus' heart first beats
Gov. John Kasich has yet to sign the bill
Donald Trump’s election, and a presumption that he’ll appoint conservative Supreme Court justices, spurred Ohio Republicans to pass what would effectively be the nation’s strictest time-based abortion law, a legislator said.
Ohio lawmakers on Tuesday passed a “Heartbeat Bill” that would ban abortions in that state from the moment the heartbeat of a fetus can be detected – which usually occurs about six weeks into a pregnancy.
The state’s current law generally bans abortions after a fetus has begun its 20th week of gestation, unless a doctor determines that the fetus isn’t viable outside the womb. Exceptions are made if the pregnancy puts the woman’s health at serious risk.
What happens next for the bill, which would prohibit post-heartbeat abortions even in cases of rape or incest, depends on Republican Gov. John Kasich, who, after he receives the legislation, has 10 days to decide whether to veto it.
State legislators had considered the bill in previous years but it never passed the Senate. So what made the legislature’s Republican majority move now?
“One, a new President, new Supreme Court justice appointees change the dynamic, and that there was a consensus in our caucus to move forward,” Ohio Senate President Keith Faber, a Republican from Celina, told reporters after the final vote.
Asked if he thought the bill would survive a legal challenge, he said: “I think it has a better chance than it did before.”
If Kasich signs the bill, or if he does nothing within 10 days, the measure would become law early next year. A veto would stop the bill unless three-fifths of the state House and Senate vote for an override.
Should the bill become law, a court battle likely would ensue. The American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio already has said it would press a legal challenge.
‘Heartbeat Bill’ stays alive
On Tuesday, the Ohio Legislature sent the bill to Kasich’s desk after a day filled with legislative maneuvering.
Earlier in the day, state Sen. Kris Jordan, a Republican from Ostrander, called for an amendment that added provisions from the House-sponsored “Heartbeat Bill” to another measure, House Bill 493, that sought to streamline the process in which medical professionals report child abuse situations.
“We are a pro-life caucus…,” Jordan said in a statement. “The passage of this legislation in the Ohio Senate demonstrates our commitment to protecting the children of Ohio at every stage of life.”
The Senate voted twice: First, they approved 20-11 the decision to tack on the “Heartbeat Bill” language onto House Bill 493. After the amendment passed, the state senators passed the bill with a 21-10 vote that largely went along party lines.
Ohio state Sen. Charleta Tavares, a Columbus Democrat, had planned on voting for the child abuse bill as originally presented, but ultimately voted against it because she opposed the “Heartbeat Bill” amendment and change in language.
“I believe everyone has a right to their own body,” Tavares told CNN. “We allowed a good bill that protects the health and safety of our children to be bastardized into a government takeover of women’s wombs.”
After the bill went back the House, state representatives easily approved the revised bill 56-39 on Tuesday night. It now goes to Kasich for his signature.
How does this compare to other states’ laws?
Forty-three states currently restrict abortions, with some exceptions, by time or phase of fetal development.
Some of those states prohibit abortions after a doctor determines the fetus is viable. There’s no fixed time period in such laws, but the nonprofit American Pregnancy Association says that viability generally can begin as soon as 24 weeks.
Other states prohibit abortion after a certain time following conception – as soon as 20 weeks in some states.
Because heartbeats develop at around six weeks, Ohio’s bill appears to offer what would be the country’s shortest window for abortions.
At least two other states – Arkansas and North Dakota – passed fetal heartbeat abortion laws. But those measures were found to be unconstitutional in federal court.
Where does Kasich stand on abortion?
Emmalee Kalmbach, a former Ohio Right to Life staffer who is now Kasich’s press secretary, said the governor does not typically comment on pending legislation.
Earlier this year, Kasich told CNN that he was “pro-life with the exceptions of rape, incest and the life of the mother.”
Kasich signed the state’s current viability restriction in 2011.
And earlier this year Kasich signed a bill to ban the state from contracting for health services with any organization that performs or promotes abortions – a measure widely seen as a way to defund Planned Parenthood.
Mike Gonidakis, president of Ohio Right to Life, said his group is neutral on the bill because it doesn’t believe the measure would hold up in federal court.
“We believe in an incremental approach,” Gonidakis said. “When you overreach, sometimes the courts get the last say. There’s a reason why no state has a ‘Heartbeat Bill’ yet.”
Another bill in the works
This might not be the only abortion restriction law to reach Kasich’s desk this month.
Senate Bill 127 would prohibit abortions at the 20th week of gestation, except those necessary to prevent serious health problems for the woman. The Senate already has passed it, and the House may vote on it this week.
Gonidakis said he believes that bill has a greater chance of surviving court challenges, in part because other states have such a restriction.
Count on the courtroom
Tavares said she hopes Kasich would line-item veto the “Heartbeat Bill” language.
The Heartbeat Bill has been called “unconstitutional” by members of both parties in the past, Tavares said. Though it passed the state House over a year ago, it previously met opposition in the Senate. On the heels of Donald Trump’s election, momentum for the bill’s approval resurfaced.
The ACLU of Ohio tweeted, “Just a reminder, if the unconstitutional #HeartBeatBill passes and becomes law, we will challenge it in court.”
Ohio state Sen. Joe Schiavoni, a Democrat from Boardman, said the bill would lead to “expensive lawsuits” that would divert resources away from more pressing issues like the opioid crisis.
“To the taxpayers of Ohio, I am sorry that your money will have to be used to defend this bill in the court system.”
John Fortney, a spokesman for the Senate’s Republican caucus, said that “as far as the threat of abortion advocates suing, we don’t base our decisions on protecting the lives of babies on the threat of someone threatening to file a lawsuit.”
Trump and the Supreme Court
President-elect Trump has expressed interest in reversing the 1973 Roe v. Wade landmark decision that made abortion legal nationwide.
Trump will get to nominate at least one justice during his term to fill the seat vacated by Justice Antonin Scalia, who died in February. Scalia was known for dissenting opinions on abortion rights.
In an interview with “60 Minutes” last month, Trump said opposition to abortion would be a criteria for nominating justices.
“The judges will be pro-life,” he said.
But replacing Scalia with someone of the same mold alone may not change the status quo. In June, the Supreme Court ruled 5-3 against a Texas abortion access law that opponents argued would have shut down all but a handful of clinics, with perennial swing-vote Justice Anthony Kennedy joining the court’s four liberal justices.
CORRECTION: An earlier version of this story incorrectly described current Ohio abortion law. The current law prohibits most abortions of viable fetuses. Doctors are required to test for viability beginning at 20 weeks’ gestation.
CNN’s Tom Kludt, Cassie Spodak and Joan Biskupic contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:30f5d515-e0de-4842-b780-b389fe9eb3d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/ohio-abortion-bill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.947673 | 1,758 | 1.992188 | 2 |
The Rainbow Is a Prism: The Many Facets of LGBTQ+ Pop Music History
By Jes Skolnik
LGBTQ+ people have always been at pop’s vanguard, as performers and audiences; the history of pop music is queer history. Blues originators like Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith, both openly bisexual, helped form the foundation of what would become R&B and rock‘n’roll. In the 1920s and early ’30s, Prohibition’s end gave way to the “Pansy Craze”: cabaret drag performances that brought gay nightlife to the masses and carried their aesthetics into mainstream musical theater. In the mid-’30s, at the edge of the Great Depression, moral backlash—sometimes disguised as economic conservatism but usually explicit in its bigotry—shut down many of these clubs and formally criminalized gay sex at a scale that had never before been seen. The closet door, which hadn’t even existed as we know it now, slammed shut.
This didn’t stop LGBTQ+ musicians from shaping American pop culture. Jazz can’t be imagined without the contributions of giants like Billy Strayhorn (of Duke Ellington’s band), who was openly gay, and, later, Cecil Taylor, who found that three-letter word was too limiting. Even in the prescriptive world of ’60s pop, where teen rebellion was anticipated and pre-packaged, there were artists like Lesley Gore and Dusty Springfield. In fact, Springfield was one of the first pop icons to come out to the public (as bisexual, in 1970)—and, notably, she covered Gore’s “You Don’t Own Me,” as subversive a song as there ever was, on her debut album. The ’70s brought glam and disco, gender play, and explicitly queer nightlife back to the mainstream; we can’t forget that decade’s great gay pop icon, Elton John, and its great bisexual ones, David Bowie and Freddie Mercury. Despite its great appeal to many a very hetero man, many of punk’s early groundbreakers were LGBTQ+, from Pete Shelley of the Buzzcocks, who was never shy about his sexuality, to Darby Crash of the Germs, who was sadly closeted during his short life. Undergirded by punk’s jagged energy and the electric, over-the-top styles of glam and disco, new wave made space for unconventional queer personalities and for pop to address the AIDS crisis. And so it has evolved, with the late ’80s and early ’90s giving a particular showcase to lesbian and bisexual women in pop (Meshell Ndegeocello, Melissa Etheridge, k.d. lang, the Indigo Girls), all the way to today, a moment that young pop star Hayley Kiyoko teasingly refers to as “#20gayteen.”
This Pride month, Pitchfork editors and contributors have assembled a list of 50 songs from the past 50 years, post-Stonewall riots, that speak to the impact of LGBTQ+ culture and perspectives on the mainstream. Most of the songs here are by LGBTQ+ artists, with a few exceptions we included because they were too notable not to; most of our critics who wrote these entries are LGBTQ+, as well. But this is not in any way meant to be a definitive list; the field is just too wide to narrow to 50 songs.
Instead, we’re trying to tell as many stories within this community as we can. Some of the ones I would have loved to tell, personally, didn’t make it—like Gary Floyd of the Dicks, whom I’ve written about before for Pitchfork, or the endlessly talented Dee Palmer of Jethro Tull, who, like me, is trans and intersex. We’ve tried to get as big a range as possible, though, from classic chart-toppers to genre notables from hip-hop, punk, house, and so on—and we’ve also gotten some wonderful musicians to reflect on their personal soundtracks, too.
Pride month itself has a number of meanings and uses: a party, a chance to reflect on our history and think about the challenges we have in the present and going forward, a reason to connect with others and think about how all of us view community, a fierce legacy of radicalism and liberatory praxis. There are millions of different ways to be LGBTQ+, after all. I hope you find something meaningful in this list—a history you might not have known, a song you loved that you’d forgotten about, a new favorite—and that you’re able to tap into the powerful well of emotions that pop can engender in us and let that push you on. Let’s get free.
Jes Skolnik is a writer, editor, and musician who splits their time between Chicago and New York. Their first gay kiss was in junior high, with someone wearing a matching flannel, while listening to Peter Murphy's "Deep" on shared Sport Walkman headphones.
- Roberta Flack
“Ballad of the Sad Young Men”
For decades, gay bars offered their male patrons one of few safe havens. But “Ballad of the Sad Young Men” looks below that comforting surface to offer a view of the scene that’s both poignant and pained. The song wasn’t written with an exclusively gay audience in mind—though the straight woman who wrote its lyrics, the beat poet Fran Landesman, surely knew of that world, and her words have resonated deeply with many gay people. With music by Tommy Wolf, the song was popularized by Anita O’Day in 1962, and found its most knowing interpretation in the 1981 version by the openly gay jazz singer Mark Murphy.
Still, Roberta Flack offers the meatiest reading on her 1969 debut album, First Take. Proceeding through the arcs of its melody with granular attention, Flack finds weight in every word. And brilliant and brutal words they are: In Flack’s elegant reading, we linger over seven minutes with all the sad young men who pass their time “drinking up the night” and “missing all the stars,” as a “grimy moon” watches them grow old. Flack’s version culminates in a crescendo of Streisandian power, idealizing a gay bar ode that pierces the heart. –Jim Farber
- Pye / Reprise
- The Kinks
Initially among the most popular and influential British Invasion bands, the Kinks were refused work permits for four years by the American Federation of Musicians in 1965—which meant no U.S. tours and, after 1966’s “Sunny Afternoon,” no U.S. hits. Most groups would’ve pursued a comeback by writing about something universally accessible. True to contrarian form, leader Ray Davies gambled on what was then utterly forbidden love, and saved the Kinks’ careers.
Deftly leading listeners along a gradual path of discovery, Davies sings from the perspective of a rube who finds himself falling for a trans woman who affirms his masculinity and helps him accept himself. Smarter still is the arrangement, an earthy roots-rock sing-along that accentuates the naturalness of what had only recently been decriminalized in the UK, and would still be illegal for decades in much of the U.S. While pioneering films of the era like The Killing of Sister George reflected the difficulty of British LGBTQ+ life, “Lola” emphasizes its joys. That positivity marks it as the crucial awakening song of a new era: the first post-Stonewall smash. –Barry Walters
Listen: The Kinks, “Lola”
- Warner Bros.
- Wendy Carlos
“March From a Clockwork Orange”
With the release of her hugely successful album Switched-On Bach, Wendy Carlos demonstrated that Moog synthesizers could be as expressive as a piano. Then, while reading Anthony Burgess’ novel A Clockwork Orange, teenage protagonist Alex DeLarge’s passion for “a bit of the old Ludwig Van” inspired her to begin composing music based on Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, Fourth Movement. “March From a Clockwork Orange,” which appears in Stanley Kubrick’s infamous film adaptation, is a synthesized choral symphony in which a single voice is transformed by vocoder into an eerily rapturous electronic chorus of “Ode to Joy.” A groundbreaking moment in the history of synthesized sound, the song is a classical symphony cracked open to reveal technological machinery, a marvel as queer as the titular clockwork orange.
In the late ’70s, Carlos changed her professional name and image in reflection of who she was; the media handled this badly, causing her to shy away from identifiers, but she became an inspiring figure to many queer people. Now her legacy continues on her own terms; her pioneering work remains an inspiration to the many women working in electronic music to this day. –Lorena Cupcake
- Labi Siffre
“It Must Be Love”
“It Must Be Love” is pure sweetness, a lovely pop gem about that rush of emotion in a young relationship. It manages, with its plangent chords, to feel real instead of syrupy—after all, a new love feels amazing, but its power can also be so intense as to be frightening. The original was a hit in the UK, and its writer and performer, Labi Siffre—a jazz guitarist, singer-songwriter, and poet—was a rarity in the 1970s pop pantheon, an out gay man born to a Nigerian father and a Barbadian-Belgian mother who refused to tamp down his advocacy against apartheid at a time when that was a severely unpopular view to have.
Though Siffre is not actively recording these days, many of his ’70s and ’80s hits have been covered or sampled by a wide variety of artists, from Olivia Newton-John to Kenny Rogers to Kanye West. (The two-tone ska band Madness even covered “It Must Be Love,” scoring a hit both in the UK and the U.S.) Siffre continues to meditate on art, power, and politics in poetry and essays, still vitalized decades on. –Jes Skolnik
Listen: Labi Siffre, “It Must Be Love”
Initially billed as a “novelty act”—how else, cynically, would one market an “all-girl” band in the early ’70s?—Fanny proved to the doubters that they were (surprise!) a damn fine hard rock band with enough harmonies and hooks for pop chart appeal. (David Bowie was an enormous fan, as are Amy Ray from Indigo Girls, Bonnie Raitt, and Jill Sobule.) Led by the Filipina-American sisters June and Jean Millington, the group scored an early hit single with “Charity Ball,” from their second album of same name, a party-ready boogie-rocker with a swinging backbeat and a blistering guitar solo. It would still make for a perfect, swaggering drag king lip sync performance. Though three out of four members were lesbian or bi, Fanny wanted to be categorized as a lesbian or feminist band about as much as they wanted to be seen as novelties; what they wanted was to just play, to be given the same space and gravity as any of their “all-boy” counterparts. –Jes Skolnik
Listen: Fanny, “Charity Ball”
- Madeline Davis
Madeline Davis, a lifelong gay rights activist, wrote this lilting folk song with its undercurrent of steely strength after attending her first gay civil rights march. (Davis was also a key member of the early gay rights organization Mattachine Society.) “Stonewall Nation” is widely regarded as the first gay liberation record, and its uncompromising lyrics, which demand freedom rather than acceptance, celebrate the resiliency and potential power of radical gay activism. (Her line about her sisters not wanting “their lovin’ called a sin no more” is particularly poignant.) Davis came to the lesbian folk scene through choir participation and then jazz, and the fullness of her voice and delicacy of her fingerpicking here belie her background. This is a song meant not just to be performed by Davis herself but to be sung together at potlucks and at protests, voices raised in unison with love for the community, and all power to the people. –Jes Skolnik
- RCA Victor
- David Bowie
It really is impossible to exaggerate the importance of “Starman” to a generation of young, sexually-questioning British kids. When Bowie draped an arm around Mick Ronson in the summer of 1972, on the hugely popular music show “Top of the Pops,” a nation was outraged. But the indignation of parents would only help endear the otherworldly Bowie to their children. For the generation that would spawn the out-gay pop stars of the 1980s, Bowie’s outrageous campery and sexual androgyny was a revelation, and for many watching that Thursday evening, life would never be the same again.
Now, almost half a century after it happened, David Bowie’s admission in the British music press that “I’m gay, and always have been” seems like no big deal. And after Bowie himself retracted his statement, first becoming bisexual and then resolutely straight, it has been seen by supporters and critics alike as nothing more than an aberration. But for some—the style-makers, the trendsetters, the icons of the ’80s and ’90s—Bowie’s fauxmosexuality opened up a whole new world, and his performance of “Starman” was a pivotal moment in the lives of a whole generation of British musicians. –Darryl Bullock
Listen: David Bowie, “Starman”
- RCA Victor
- Lou Reed
“Walk on the Wild Side”
On his most indelible song, Lou Reed narrates New York’s 1970s queer scene with the cool eye of a documentarian. The former Velvet Underground frontman had worked with Andy Warhol in the late ’60s, and “Walk on the Wild Side” names several of the gay men and trans women who ran in the art icon’s inner circle. Actresses Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, and Jackie Curtis all appear in Reed’s archly delivered lyrics, having flocked to New York as the one place where they could embrace their femininity openly and be lauded for it.
Produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, “Walk on the Wild Side” plays like glam rock with its engine cut out, dropping the bombast for an easier, more casual feel. It’s as if Reed didn’t feel that his “wild side” was so wild after all—to straight people, maybe, but not to him. He’d already incubated in the city’s queer underbelly, and he had enough affection for it to memorialize the era. Reed’s runaway hit was among the first pop tracks to celebrate trans women by name in the Billboard Hot 100, but he never sang it like he was making history. He just called it the way he saw it.
While Bowie was touting his fauxmosexuality in the press, actor and musician Bruce Wayne Campbell was reinventing himself as Jobriath Boone, the space cowboy who was going to out-Ziggy our David and show the world what the “true fairy of rock” could do. Sadly, no one took him seriously, and although today Jobriath is recognized as an influence by Morrissey, XTC’s Andy Partridge, and many others, his importance—as the first out-gay rock singer to sign to a major label—is largely overlooked.
The swaggering pomposity of “I’maman,” a single from Jobriath’s eponymous debut album, is a fantastic example of his talents. It’s a slice of theatrically high-camp glam rock, in which he makes a pitch for acceptance while looking and sounding like an alien being, something that all LGBTQ+ people can relate to. Yet the press hated him, seeing him as little more than a Bowie clone, and before long, he was headed down the road to self-destruction. But watch his appearance on the late-night TV show “Midnight Special” (where he is introduced by a clearly confused Gladys Knight), and then compare it to Bowie’s later performances with Klaus Nomi. Who was leading whom?
Listen: Jobriath, “I’maman”
- Donna Summer
“I Feel Love”
The first time Nicky Siano played “I Feel Love” at the Gallery, New York’s most important disco club and queer-friendly space, the crowd “exploded.” Ever since, the song’s legacy has had less to do with its creators and everything to do with the people who were dancing that night—and every other joyous dancefloor filled with brown, black, and queer bodies after.
In 1977, Donna Summer and producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte were not the likeliest of LGBTQ+ allies, or even aware they’d kicked off a revolution. While the sleek disco Summer made with Moroder and Bellotte resonated with queer audiences—their self-possessed, proudly erotic songs just jived with the sexual revolution and the flowering of the gay public imagination—none of them were clubgoers. They weren’t there to see the bodies that writhed to “I Feel Love,” to its Moog-powered melody and cyborgian drumming. But queer crowds immediately knew it was special: It’s a song about loving your body and your desires, a powerful sentiment for people whose urges were once seen as deviant. Four decades later, that power over crowds is undiluted, as is the freedom and recognition in its every beat. –Kevin Lozano
Listen: Donna Summer, “I Feel Love” | <urn:uuid:53e8ef2b-c31d-4270-9323-9a27fb9dfec4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/50-songs-that-define-the-last-50-years-of-lgbtq-pride/?utm_medium=social&utm_brand=p4k&utm_social-type=owned&utm_source=twitter&mbid=social_twitter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.963183 | 4,022 | 2.546875 | 3 |
With food aid running out, Afghanistan is facing the collapse of basic services, said UN agencies on Tuesday, releasing a flash appeal for more than $600 million to support around 11 million across the crisis-wracked country to the end of the year.
The unfolding situation has caused significant disruption and threatens Afghanistan’s critical winter wheat season, which is about to begin, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warned, ahead of a major fundraising conference which is slated to take place in Geneva on 13 September.
“One in three Afghans are acutely food insecure, a situation that is dramatic by any stretch of the imagination,” said FAO Director of the Office of Emergencies and Resilience, Rein Paulsen, speaking from Islamabad.
Emphasizing the dire situation in the country, spokesperson for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Jens Laerke, warned that “basic services in Afghanistan are collapsing and food and other lifesaving aid is about to run out”.
A ‘very short window’
Mr. Paulsen noted that there will likely be a “25 per cent deficit on the national wheat crop this year”. Half of the average Afghan’s daily calorific intake comes from wheat, and most of the supply grown in the country is sourced to the upcoming rainfed winter season, the FAO expert said, adding that there was “an urgent imperative towards the end of September”.
“We need to make sure that that planting is starting. There's a very short window of time to be able to address that. The seeds can't wait. The farmers can't wait. We need to do everything we can to ensure that those vulnerable households are supported”.
Threats to rural livelihoods
In addition to food insecurity, Mr. Paulsen noted that 70 per cent of all Afghans live in rural areas, and agriculture provides livelihoods benefits to 80 per cent of the population.
Threats to rural livelihoods have been a growing concern for FAO for months, he said. Without urgent support, farmers and pastoralists could lose their livelihoods and be forced to leave rural areas, adding pressure to supplies in towns and cities as they become internally displaced.
As of August 2021, FAO has provided livelihood and cash assistance across 26 out of 34 provinces, to more than 1.5 million people.
In August alone, FAO managed to reach over 100,000 people, despite the upheavals resulting from the Taliban takeover.
Flash Appeal for Afghanistan
OCHA is seeking $606 million to assist nearly 11 million people during the four remaining months this year, which includes two million people not previously covered in the overall humanitarian response plan, the agency announced on Tuesday.
Around $193 million of the overall appeal total, is for “new and emerging needs and changes in operating costs” said Mr. Laerke.
Donations will deliver “critical food and livelihood assistance to nearly 11 million people, essential health services to 3.4 million” and “treatment for acute malnutrition for more than a million children and women,” said Mr. Laerke.
300 unaccompanied children evacuated
Since 14 August, hundreds of children have been separated from their families amidst chaotic conditions in and around the Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) warned on Tuesday.
The agency and its partners have registered approximately 300 unaccompanied and separated children evacuated from Afghanistan to other countries such as Germany and Qatar.
UNICEF said it expects this number to rise, and Executive Director Henrietta Fore, emphasized in a statement that these children “are among the most vulnerable” in the world.
“It is vital that they are quickly identified and kept safe during family tracing and reunification processes...preferably with extended family members or in a family-based setting”.
UNICEF is providing technical support to governments who have evacuated children and those who are hosting them. Teams are on the ground at the Doha air base in Qatar and the Ramstein air base in Germany, and the agency is calling on the Taliban to provide unimpeded humanitarian access to all parts of Afghanistan to gather an accurate picture of those displaced.
Remittances from overseas, vital: IOM
Remittances to struggling Afghan families are needed now more than ever, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) said on Tuesday, calling on the nearly six million workers living outside the country to continue providing this vital lifeline.
The financial system is on the brink of collapse, IOM warned, with remittances too in “a parlous state”.
Following the Taliban’s takeover of the country, the United States froze $7 billion of Afghan reserves, while the International Monetary Fund (IMF) shut off financing to the country, including hundreds of millions of dollars in Special Drawing Rights, which can be converted into currency during times of crisis, said the IOM.
Afghanistan’s Central Bank can only access a fraction of its usual financing. This has meant that Afghan banks’ coffers cannot be easily refilled, resulting in ATMs running out of cash and withdrawal limits being put in place.
In turn, prices for essential goods are soaring. There are fears of food shortages, higher inflation, and a slump in the currency all resulting in an intensification of the humanitarian emergency across the country.
In 2020, formal remittances into Afghanistan totalled upwards of $788 million – approximately 4 per cent of Afghanistan’s total GDP. According to the 2016-2017 Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS), remittances represent an income source for almost 1 in every 10 Afghan households.
The emergency response must now better coordinate with Afghans who are abroad, the IOM said. | <urn:uuid:8f1b6e32-01f2-4421-8b30-9207b5ba7a6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/un-warns-urgent-imperative-avoid-acute-afghan-food-insecurity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.949749 | 1,215 | 2.125 | 2 |
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Make A Coastal Beach Painted Fish Wall Art From Popsicle Sticks
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"Make a coastal beach painted fish wall art from popsicle sticks with your grandkids! My grandkids love the beach and seeing all the different sea creatures, shells, and fish. So I thought it would be so fun to make a rustic fish decoration. I had the grandkids use colors that matched our beach room. I loved this craft so much that this wood stick fish wall art ended up staying in our nautical room on our shelf amongst some sea-shells. "
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Evidence indicates low levels of hybridization in nature between the apple maggot (AM), Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and snowberry maggot (SB), Rhagoletis zephyria Snow, sibling species in the R. pomonella complex. We determined the effects of AM and SB pairings on mating frequencies and production of hybrid offspring in the laboratory. Mating frequency was lowest in SB female × AM male pairings, higher in AM female × SB male and AM female × AM male pairings, and highest in SB female × SB male pairings. A greater percentage of AM female × AM male pairs produced offspring (puparia) than did AM female × SB male and SB female × AM male pairs, and a greater percentage of AM female × SB male pairs produced puparia than did SB female × AM male pairs. Male or female F1 hybrids backcrossed with AM males and with other F1 hybrids were fertile. Results suggest most R. pomonella × R. zephyria hybrids found in nature are the result of R. zephyria males mating with R. pomonella females, with few from reciprocal matings. If true, this asymmetry could lower the incidence of hybridization in nature.
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Translations are not retained in our system. Your use of this feature and the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in the Terms and Conditions of Use of the BioOne website. | <urn:uuid:583920c3-5394-445f-bcfa-e73e6bd510f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bioone.org/journals/the-canadian-entomologist/volume-143/issue-1/n10-047/Mating-Frequencies-and-Production-of-Hybrids-by-Rhagoletis-pomonella-and/10.4039/n10-047.short | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.922354 | 388 | 2.328125 | 2 |
In order to support digital and mobile learning, students in K-12 classrooms need access to sufficient bandwidth, scalable and affordable broadband infrastructure, and robust Wi-Fi.
And for the most part, they have it.
Educators and school IT leaders have worked tirelessly toward this end, and according to the nonprofit EducationSuperHighway, 99 percent of school districts across the nation are now on scalable fiber connections with a “clear path” to supplying enough bandwidth for digital and mobile learning in every classroom.
The 2019 State of the States report is the latest in an annual look at school connectivity, taking stock of school districts’ progress toward meeting the digital and mobile learning needs of students and teachers.
- 4 ways to support ELLs in post-pandemic learning - August 12, 2022
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- 9 priorities for a future-focused education system - August 11, 2022 | <urn:uuid:4c1e6b98-804b-4f87-b35b-a76400a62dfb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eschoolnews.com/2019/11/12/3-amazing-findings-about-digital-and-mobile-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.943428 | 196 | 2.65625 | 3 |
As the data age will increase and knowledge calls for rising the quantity of non-public info saved on computer systems and units is ever rising. Added with the quantity of data supplied by way of social networking websites it is clear that having the ability to defend your info ought to have an excellent significance. Much more so for companies and organisations that cope with third social gathering info.In latest months there have been many companies focused and inclined to info leaks and hacks, greater than ever there was as the quantity of delicate info being exchanged will increase. It is time to make sure that there’s full compliance with info safety tips.How To Change into Compliant?Companies can use impartial assessments that can measure the hole between the prevailing safety administration techniques in place and present safety requirements by utilizing ISO 27001/2 hole evaluation and transition to assist obtain compliance with the Knowledge Safety Act ideas. The Knowledge Safety Act bestows safety obligations for the controllers of non-public knowledge.
ISO 27001 is the data safety customary that’s accepted as one of the best apply throughout the UK, and internationally referred to as the accepted customary for info safety administration. It covers each paper-based info and likewise digital, while masking a variety of safety concerns. As such having an ISO 27001/2 hole evaluation carried out will help shut the hole in turning into compliant.It’s also value noting that to grow to be totally compliant would require a rigorous implementation of an info safety administration system (ISMS). Together with different safety info controls.By finishing up the hole evaluation there can be main enhancements in safety after greatest practices are adopted and assist plan for all future actions that can assist improve compliance.The hole evaluation could be thought of an audit the place the identification of find out how to correctly implement ISO27001 while figuring out the necessities want to assist obtain this.There can be an total overview of the enterprise driver and danger evaluation carried out. This may assist create the required scope of the ISMS and assist determine the enterprise belongings and find out how to defend these additional.ISO27001 Hole Evaluation Advantages- Present progress and pitfalls in ISO 27001/2 management areas related to every enterprise.
– Future plan of actions to fulfill ISO 27001 compliance.- Alignment with industry-regarded safety greatest practices- A complete evaluation to align companies with greatest practices for potential ISO/ISMS certification- Enhanced shopper confidenceOnce the necessities of the hole evaluation 27001 have been undertaken will assist not solely present the necessary but additionally assist remind all purchasers and prospects that every one the work required to maintain the data secure is being carried out. Due to this fact offering a excessive stage of data safety throughout the whole enterprise with on-going enhancements and evaluations. | <urn:uuid:6db4a003-490c-4a3a-9caf-d9a3d52ab9f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.financialbusiness.us/business-security/how-to-enhance-your-data-safety-compliance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.920604 | 554 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Restylane is a dermal filler producer company that manufactures dermal fillers that contain Hyaluronic Acid, commonly known as HA, built in NASHA laboratories. It can be used for various purposes including lip filling, smoothing marionette lines and erasing wrinkles. The primary purpose of Restylane is to build quality products that help to rejuvenate skin and maximize beauty.
Restylane has many products that comes in different packaging, inside them is the most precious gel that contains HA. This gel is fermented in clinical laboratory, Streptococcus lab. This lab’s objective is to reduce the risk of transmission of disease from one specie to another.
They also curb the elicitation of allergic reactions in patients who already have pre existing allergies from food like beef, chicken, eggs and other protein rich food. Therefore, the patient may not have to take a skin or allergy test before using the filler since it is already built with most safe hands to eliminate any possibility of allergy problems.
Although, Restylane does have some side effects but there are only few cases in which side-effects were reported. This is why it is a very popular skin rejuvenating filler among doctors and skin specialists.
There are few very popular products of Restylane about which we have talked below:
Restylane Vital is comes into the Skinbooster category of Restylane products. This is a great filler for those skins which are photo damaged by sun heat. It is majorly used for treating problems like wrinkles, pebbles on skin, irregular pigmentation on skin and freckles. Restylane Vital also helps to Rejuvenate skin and restore the HA level in the skin.
Restylane Lyft is another new invention of Restylane. It is used for medium and deep dermal implantation. It’s objective is the augmentation of the lips in adults that are over 21. There is also a lidocaine version of the same product that is called “Restylane Lyft with Lidocaine”.
It is used for deeper dermis to superficial sub-cutis implantation. Restylane Lyft Lidocaine can also be used for filling cheeks because it contains lidocaine to lower the pain.
Please ensure that you do not come under any of these following categories, or you will not be able to get treated with Restylane:
- Restylane Lyft is not suitable for women who feed babies or are pregnant.
- People who have skin infection are not suitable for such treatments
- In case, if a patient has autoimmune disorder, then Restylane must not be used for him
- People having allergy with anesthetics such as Lidocaine must not use Restylane Lyft with Lidocaine
- Patient must not be under 21 for using this filler.
Restylane Silk is sub-mucosal implantation filler for lips, it can also be used for dermal implantation to reshape perioral rhytids. The patient must be over aged than 21. | <urn:uuid:30dbdef3-f421-440d-9cba-e7636df5df45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://progpoweruk.com/review-of-restylane-vital-and-restylane-lyft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.938738 | 651 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Morning Minutes: Jan. 25
Word of the Day
Nosegay NOHZ-gay (noun) A small bunch of flowers - www.merriam-webster.com
Website of the Day
The Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain
Head to this website today on the birthday of Virginia Woolf (she was born in 1882) to learn more about the writer. The society collects biographical information, has a bibliography, has resource materials and more.
Number to Know
5: Most Super Bowl titles won by a player - Charles Haley.
This Day in History
Jan. 25, 1937: “The Guiding Light” debuts on NBC radio from Chicago. In 1952 it moves to CBS television, where it remains until Sept. 18, 2009.
Today’s Featured Birthday
Musician Alicia Keys (30)
“Each has his past shut in him like the leaves of a book known to him by his heart, and his friends can only read the title.” - Virginia Woolf | <urn:uuid:857367f7-bb24-4c7d-993e-343cb298f5a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oakridger.com/story/news/2011/01/17/morning-minutes-jan-25/46242948007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.949857 | 221 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Funding for the future installation of over 8,000 on-street electric vehicle (EV) chargepoints has been awarded, but the AA has warned the government is on track to miss its deployment targets.
A new survey has found that while the majority of disabled drivers plan to switch to an electric vehicle (EV) in the next decade, a lack of accessible charging infrastructure is a barrier for many.
A new electric vehicle (EV) chargepoint targeted at those without driveways has been launched by Connected Kerb.
The Electric Vehicle Energy Taskforce has identified five key “enabling conditions” for the UK to increase the number of electric vehicles (EV) chargepoints by tenfold, requiring a £7 billion investment by 2035 mostly from the private sector.
A step change in ambition of the UK’s electric vehicle (EV) charging rollout is required to deliver the 2030 ban on new internal combustion engine (ICE) cars, industry experts have warned.
Over 700 fast electric vehicle (EV) chargers are to be installed on streets in Newham, Brent and Redbridge as part of a £5 million investment from Uber.
A portfolio of 82 residential on-street electric vehicle (EV) charging sockets spread across west and north Northamptonshire has gone live.
On-street electric vehicle (EV) chargepoints are being rolled out across Wandsworth by Liberty Charge, with 35 sites set to see installations.
The UK is expected to be Europe’s second largest high power charging (HPC) market, with 28,000 installed by 2030. | <urn:uuid:6667508d-94c2-45fe-b577-a11ec1ce75ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.current-news.co.uk/tag/on-street-charging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.951981 | 326 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Historical building, old residence of the Farnese family, Lords of Parma and Piacenza duchy.
Its origins date back to the beginning of the 16th century, when Pierluigi Farnese’s son, Ottavio, and his wife Margherita ordered the royal palace to be built, pulling down Visconti castle. Works started in 1558 on a project by Francesco Paciotti, which continued from 1564 under the direction of the famous Jacopo Barozzi, called Vignola, official architect of the Farnese. The huge complex was never finished, and what we see today is only the half of the originary project. It is an imposing three-storey unfinished building with a wide basement. On ground and first floor two elegant loggias face the inner ward, with niches and exedras.
The precious wrought iron gate dates back to the 17th century and is decorated with Farnese lilies and a ducal coronet. An octagonal stuccoed ducal chapel was made by Bernardino Panizzari from Piacenza, known as Caramosino,and is characterized by an elegant internal covering and a small presbitery with two balconies facing it. The winding staicase connecting the basement to the roof is very remarkable.
The palace hosts the Civic Museums, the Art gallery, the Carriage Museum and the Risorgimento Museum. | <urn:uuid:7ab0d0e1-674f-4c24-8377-929e3a7f1221> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://visitpiacenza.it/en/art-and-culture/palazzo-farnese-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.949126 | 307 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Shen Men (Chinese), The Heavenly Gate, is traditionally used to treat anxiety, stress, and pain anywhere in the body. This point has been recognized for its application in many pain and dysfunctional conditions.
The Shen Men is often considered to be a primary auricular acupuncture or pressure point for the treatment of pain conditions. It is considered to alleviate anxiety, apprehension, fear, and to help regulate the sympathetic nervous system. A tender Shen Men is usually regarded by the auricular acupuncturist as an indication of the presence of pain. It is regularly employed in addiction and substance abuse treatments. It is also recognized for its role in the treatment of inflammation.
To stimulated the point, an auricular (ear) acupuncturist can put a needle into the point. Acupressure can also be applied by placing ear seeds or magnetic beads which do not puncture the skin. Vicaria seeds are typically used and come already attached to a very small piece of surgical tape. It is applied over the point and left in place for a few days.
The location of the Shen Men point is on the helix, or upper portion of the ear, just inside the triangular area. Another way that this point can be stimulated is with your fingers simply by rubbing the point.
There are many meridian points located on the ears, each with specific associations to parts of the body. Although just one point will have an effect, often when 4 or 5 points are combined into an auricular prescription, as with the NADA Protocol, you will get more profound results. | <urn:uuid:ca4a6c89-d366-4e7c-8320-2539b156d8f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.crystalsheal.co.za/shen-men-the-heavenly-gate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.964321 | 320 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Y RNA is a reason why monocytes and macrophages assist, rather than assault, the cancer cells that proliferate in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Not much is known about Y RNA, but one particular Y RNA, hy4, has been found in great abundance in the plasma of CLL patients. This discovery, from the German Cancer Research Center (GCR) in Heidelberg, points to a link between Y RNA and CLL’s immunosuppressive character. Breaking this link, say the GCR researchers, could lead to new therapeutic approaches against CLL.
The key to the discovery was exosome analysis. Exosomes, little bubbles, or vesicles, that cells transmit to their surroundings, are released in elevated numbers by leukemia cells. Accordingly, they attracted the notice of the GCR team, which was led by molecular geneticist Martina Seiffert, Ph.D. Ultimately, the GCR scientists found that the exosomes contained, among other things, Y RNA.
This finding appeared July 28 in the journal Science Immunology, in an article entitled “Tumor-Derived Exosomes Modulate PD-L1 Expression in Monocytes.” The article also explains how CLL-derived exosomal RNAs promote monocytes in CLL patients to adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype, including promoting expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).
“We carried out RNA sequencing and proteome analyses of CLL-derived exosomes and identified noncoding Y RNA hY4 as a highly abundant RNA species that is enriched in exosomes from plasma of CLL patients compared with healthy donor samples,” wrote the article’s authors. “Transfer of CLL-derived exosomes or hY4 alone to monocytes resulted in key CLL-associated phenotypes, including the release of cytokines, such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL4, and interleukin-6, and the expression of PD-L1.”
The CDR scientists also observed that monocyte responses to hy4 were abolished in Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-deficient monocytes. This finding, the scientists say, indicates that exosomal hY4 may be a driver of TLR7 signaling. “Pharmacologic inhibition of endosomal TLR signaling,” the article’s authors added, “resulted in a substantially reduced activation of monocytes in vitro and attenuated CLL development in vivo.”
Tumor cells influence their environment so as to avoid an immune response and facilitate favorable conditions for growth. It has been known for a long time that solid tumors, those which grow as solid tissue inside an organ, manipulate macrophages, the “big eater” cells of the immune system, for their own purposes.
“Recently, we have seen more and more evidence that something similar must be happening in leukemia,” noted Dr. Seiffert. So leukemia cells, acquired by the patient through CLL, could only survive in a cell culture if it also contains macrophages or monocytes, the precursors of the big eaters. They serve as a form of nourishment for cancer cells.
Dr. Seiffert's team decided to study the interplay between leukemia cells and monocytes and how it could favor cancer development. “We know that the so-called PD-L1 receptor occurs more frequently on the surface of these nourishing cells, and suppresses the immune response,” continued Dr. Seiffert. “What we have here is a so-called immune checkpoint, which prevents excessive immune responses.”
In this case, however, the immune response is suppressed so much that the cancer cells can multiply unopposed. In addition, the monocytes send out semiochemicals, which belong to the inflammation response of the immune system and support the growth and multiplication of the cancer cells.
The decisive question has been how the leukemia cells can manipulate the monocytes in their environment. The scientists initially presumed that exosomes might play a role. Exosomes help cells communicate with each other and influence each other's behavior.
To evaluate the effect of the Y RNA, the scientists treated monocytes and macrophages of humans and mice with suspect exosomes, as well as purified Y RNA from those exosomes, in a culture dish. In both cases the cells changed similarly to how they would in CLL patients. “They carry more PD-L1 receptors to their surface and emit semiochemicals which accelerate the immune response and create favorable growth conditions for leukemia cells,” explained Franziska Haderk, Ph.D., first author of the new study.
The GCR scientists also discovered that the Y RNA message of the so-called TLR7/8 is found in the monocytes. These serve to register foreign RNA, such as from pathogens, and to activate the immune response. At the same time, the activation of the TLRs also strengthens the immune inhibitor PD-L1.
“This creates an environment that supports the survival of the cancer cells and recruits cells of the immune system, but at the same time stops an effective response of the immune cells via the PD-L1,” details Dr. Haderk.
With this result, the GCR researchers have identified multiple new therapy approaches. In addition to a suppression of the PD-L1 receptor, it is conceivable to inhibit the recognition of the Y RNA message.
“This could perhaps succeed by adding TLR inhibitors such as chloroquine, a medication that is used for malaria and rheumatic inflammation,” speculated Dr. Seiffert. In experiments with mice given CLL cells, the agent was able to markedly suppress the reproduction of cancer cells. “That makes chloroquine an interesting candidate for a combination therapy along with other agents,” Dr. Seiffert asserted. | <urn:uuid:ee378eb1-81c7-4e03-98ac-6743d68122a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/immunotherapy-approaches-against-chronic-form-of-leukemia-emerge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.952138 | 1,260 | 2.140625 | 2 |
A distinctive feature of human language is that it allows us to talk about anything, including facts about the world (‘The king of the Netherlands is a pilot.’) and even things outside the immediate here-and-now, such as hypothetical scenarios that are possible (‘Maybe the Dutch king flies an airplane right now.’) or impossible (‘If the United States had a king, he would fly a bigger plane than the Dutch one.’). These different types of utterances vary in the information they provide. Facts allow us to alter a person’s belief state about the actual world (if you didn’t know that the Netherlands is a monarchy for example, you have now learnt that we have a king), other utterances (such as the hypotheticals above) are not aimed to update the current belief state of the listener, instead they express various levels of information compatible or incompatible with the current world. Interestingly, people are able to differentiate these different types of information at a rapid pace, while making judgments about the speaker’s reliability and intentions, fast enough for them to prepare a response and have fluent conversations. How do we process this information so quickly? And how do we learn that utterances can have various discourse contributions and intentions in the first place? These are the big questions I touch upon in my research, looking at the neural correlates, development and processing of different linguistic structures.
[pyscholinguistics, acquisition, discourse updating, modality, counterfactuality] My dissertation research investigates how children and adults represent factual and non-factual (i.e. modal and counterfactual) information and how these are integrated into the discourse representation.
[acquisition, counterfactuality, corpus, experimental] I am currently investigating the development of the child’s interpretation of counterfactual utterances – contrasting counterfactual wishes and conditionals. With Ailís Cournane (NYU). If you happen to know a 3-to-6-year-old in the NYC area (and their parents) willing to participate they can sign-up here! The corpus component of this work is published in the Amsterdam Colloquium 2019 proceedings.
[neurolinguistics, acquisition, discourse comprehension] With Suhail Matar (NYU) and the Kidlang team led by Liina Pylkkänen (NYU) we investigate the neural bases of naturalistic expository discourse processing in children and adults. Our aim is to identify the neural correlates and temporal dynamics of establishing coherence, both dynamically within utterances, but also within the global text, to see how this neural architecture develops with age. Our work was presented as a sandbox poster at SNL 2020.
[acquisition, modality, negation, eyetracking] With Vishal Arvindam (UCSC) and Ailís Cournane (NYU), I am currently collecting data for an eye-tracking experiment to investigate 2-years-old’s understanding of the modal utterance maybe and negation. If you happen to know a 2-year-old in the NYC area (and their parents) willing to participate they can sign-up here. This work is presented as a poster at LSA 2020 (modals) and CUNY 2020 (negation).
[neurolinguistics, modality, belief updating] I investigated the neural correlates of modal versus factual processing with magnetoencephalography (MEG). I found increased activation for factual conditions over modal conditions and relate this activity to discourse belief updating. This work is now available at eNeuro. In collaboration with Ryan Law (Max Planck Institute) Ailís Cournane (NYU) and Liina Pylkkänen (NYU).
Other Collaborations: I think collaborations are important, especially when working on the interfaces. Currently I’m involved in the following collaborative projects:
[acquisition, modality, corpus] With Annemarie van Dooren (UMD) we investigated the distributional cues available in Dutch children’s input to learn different flavors of modality. A report of our study can be found in the BUCLD 2019 proceedings. This study falls within the research project ‘Acquiring the language of possibility’ led by Ailís Cournane (NYU) and Valentine Hacquard (UMD).
[prosody, sentence final particles] With Roger Lo (UBC) and Angelika Kíss (University of Torronto) we are investigating the prosodic properties and perception of different types of rhetorical questions in Cantonese and the contribution of the final discourse particles aa1 and aa3. A proceedings article of this work can be found in the IPCHS 2019 proceedings.
[experimental syntax, sentence final particles] In collaborative work with Paloma Jeretič (NYU), we investigate the combinatory constraints of elements appearing in the left periphery, and the role intersubjectivity could play in this. Our work was presented as a poster at the LSA conference 2019. Currently we are working to extend this project to Cantonese and look at the combinatory restrictions of Cantonese sentence final particles. | <urn:uuid:303aabce-c58f-4aa8-bd91-d9d802e1a553> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://maximetulling.com/index.php/research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.907738 | 1,095 | 3.0625 | 3 |
You are watching: Can a hawk kill a cat
Illustration: The Spruce / Melissa LingSupervise Pets: Stay external with her pet at all times. A hunting raptor is less likely to strike a small animal once a much larger one (its owner) is nearby. To be effective, you have to be just as visible from the air together your pets is once out in the yard, not under a canopy, umbrella, or roof. The is most reliable to stay reasonably close to your pet, particularly in a huge yard, open park, or another vast area.Keep pet Contained: administer a caged operation or various other enclosure through a roof because that pets the are exterior unsupervised. This gives the pet freedom to be outdoors however protects that from aerial attacks. Runs without roofs are not effective at deterring bird attacks. Roofs also administer shade and added security to keep pets much more comfortable and also safe from other threats.Provide Cover: If a extended run is not obtainable but a pet must be left outdoors, place the pet in an area whereby trees and shrubs provide natural cover come conceal the pets from the air. This also provides the shade and far better comfort because that outdoor pets. The denser sheathe will likewise make the more complicated for a searching raptor to plan and execute one effective attack without maneuvering space.Train Pets: Teach pets no to molest birds of any size. A dog the chases birds, because that example, is much much less likely to it is in wary the an approaching raptor. Also if a dog or cat is just being playful or curious when investigating surrounding birds, the bird might see that as a threat and could attack.Avoid soil Feeding Birds: stop feeding doves, quail, and other birds the eat ~ above the floor or short feeders. These types of birds room most most likely to lure larger hawks, and also a searching hawk have the right to just as most likely target a pet together a wild feeding bird. Similarly, remove ground bird baths if hawks might threaten pets.Feed pet Indoors: A pet the is gulping a meal will certainly not be mindful of a hunting predator and could be more vulnerable to an attack. Untended pet food will likewise attract other pets such as mice, rats, racoons, and also squirrels that will certainly themselves tempt hunting raptors. As soon as a raptor defines an area as a fertile hunting ground, the will continue to go back to that food source, potentially endangering pets.
The finest thing a pet owner deserve to do to safeguard your companions against bird strikes is come be conscious of bird in the area. If raptors are well-known to swarm or roost nearby, prevent walking or working out pets in the area. In extreme cases of extremely aggressive birds, pet owners can contact local wildlife monitoring officials for an evaluation of whether or not the bird have the right to be deterred or relocated if necessary.
Note: all birds of food are safeguarded under the Migratory Bird treaty Act, and it is illegal come injure, capture, or kill any type of raptor, or to disturb its nest or offspring. Protecting one"s pet is no an acceptable defense claim for harming a bird, and pet owners may be subject to fines or various other penalties if they harm wild birds.
various other Benefits to Protecting pet
In enhancement to protecting pet from hawks, owls, and other raptors, taking procedures to keep a pet safe will aid them avoid various other hazards. Bird of prey room not the just hunters that will target pets, and protected pet are lot safer from coyotes, foxes, bears, and other predators. A safeguarded pet is additionally less likely to it is in harmed through malicious humans or to encounter other community dangers, such together busy streets or untended rodent poison.
Though rare, bird strikes on pets perform happen, and also hawks might eat pets if they have the opportunity. Pet owners that know how to protect their pets have the right to enjoy your companionship without are afraid of strikes from above.
See more: Does Mountain Dew Make You Sterile, Does Mountain Dew Really Lower Sperm Count
The Spruce Pets offers only high-quality sources, consisting of peer-reviewed studies, to assistance the facts within ours articles. Review our editorial process to learn much more about just how we fact-check and keep our contents accurate, reliable, and also trustworthy. | <urn:uuid:cbb9f687-b4ed-417f-bc08-becfa239bcdd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ubraintv-jp.com/can-a-hawk-kill-a-cat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.940555 | 914 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Springtime brings turtles out in full force, crossing roads to find mates or a quick meal, so recognizing World Turtle Day on May 23 makes sense. Also known as Testudines, turtles and tortoises are ecologically important — in the ocean they eat seagrasses that thrive on coral reefs and clean up dead fish; on land they dine on invasive plants and provide burrow homes for other animals, such as owls and bobcats. Celebrate these slow-moving dinosaur descendants by learning more about them below.
The Largest Turtles Weigh More Than Some Cows
Turtles come in all sizes — with more than 356 species, there’s bound to be variation. But leatherback sea turtles, a roaming breed, are the kings of the Testudines order. Feeding mostly on jellyfish, these turtles reach lengths above 6.5 feet and a staggering 2,000 pounds. (For reference, the average Holstein cow — the black-and-white ones on the Ben & Jerry’s containers — are less than 5 feet tall at the shoulder and weigh about 1,500 pounds.)
Their massive size doesn’t keep them in one place, though; leatherbacks are incredibly migratory, traveling more than 10,000 miles each year and clocking in swimming speeds of 22 miles per hour. Even though their bulk (and hard, leathery shells) makes them predators more often than prey, leatherback sea turtles are recognized as an endangered species due to threats from fishnets, ocean pollution, human consumption, and destruction of shorelines where they nest and lay their eggs.
Turtles Don’t Have Teeth
Just like birds, turtles have beaks, which they use to tear into food or defend themselves against predators. And even though they don’t have any teeth, turtles grind down their dinners easily thanks to mouth ridges that vary based on diet. Carnivorous turtles have more pronounced beaks and ridges, while turtles on a plant-based diet have flatter faces that excel at mashing fruits and greens.
In fact, turtles are the only toothless reptiles. While some young turtles have a single “egg-tooth” that helps them break through shells while hatching, it’s really a hardened scale that falls off soon after.
Most Turtles Live (Happily) Alone
While turtles can be found living near one another in plentiful habitats, they’re not known for thriving in communities. Most turtle species are happy living independent lives as solitary creatures, only interacting with other turtles to mate, travel to nesting grounds, or fight for resources. African helmeted turtles may be the exception, though — these carnivorous reptiles work together in groups to take down larger prey, like birds, at the edges of lakes and ponds.
The Oldest Living Turtle Was Born Before Electricity Was Invented
Turtles hardly seem to be in a rush, and maybe that’s because days pass slowly over the course of their long lifespans. While age varies by species, turtles can live for decades. Sea turtles sometimes reach 100 years, while the North American Blanding’s turtle can live to age 70. Countless turtles have been documented for their old age in captivity, and one in particular holds the record for oldest living land animal. Named Jonathan, the 189-year-old (his precise species is up for debate) was born around 1832 and has lived on the island of St. Helena since 1882. While able to roam freely on the estate of the island’s governor with a few tortoise friends, 1,100-pound Jonathan is blind and has lost his sense of smell, although he can still hear and enjoys munching his fruit and vegetables.
Turtle Shells Are Similar To Human Hair
A turtle’s most distinctive feature is its shell, which protects the slow-moving reptiles from predators and weather. Turtles are born and die with the same shell; contrary to what cartoons might have us believe, they can’t physically leave their shell in pursuit of a larger one. Shells are made from keratin, the same protein found in human hair and nails, and are connected to the turtle’s spine by about 60 bones. Because turtles can’t separate from a broken shell, punctures or injuries can be a problem, although some species, like the Eastern box turtle, can regrow entire shells if injured.
Turtles Are Often Confused With Tortoises
Tortoise or turtle — or terrapin? In everyday North American usage, “turtle” is often used as an umbrella term that encompasses all three. But shelled reptiles are also grouped more specifically into these three groups based on their water needs. Turtles spend most of their time in water, with most species usually leaving the ocean only to lay eggs along shorelines. Tortoises are land-based creatures that occasionally get in the water. Terrapins do a little of both, finding their ideal habitat along waterways or swamps, but still laying eggs on land. Over time, tortoises, turtles, and terrapins adapted to their habitats based on this relationship with water; turtles have legs more developed for swimming, tortoises have larger shells protecting them from predators, and terrapins have features that help them do both.
Turtles Are Neglectful Parents
Turtles are unlikely to win any “Parent of the Year” awards. They don’t raise their young — they don’t even stick around to see them hatch. Female turtles can lay hundreds to thousands of eggs in their lifetimes; Eastern box turtles have clutches of four or five eggs at a time, while sea turtles lay around 100 eggs at once. After the eggs are hidden in sand or dirt, the mama turtle moves on, leaving the eggs unguarded and the juvenile turtles to fend for themselves.
You can help unaccompanied hatchlings by looking for turtles when mowing your yard, reducing pesticide use on weeds they might eat, and planting bushes or grasses that tiny turtles can seek out for refuge.
Turtles Have Been to Space
Turtles are found on every continent, and for a short time, two were even in space. In September 1968, the Soviet Union launched its Zond 5 spacecraft on a mission to orbit the moon. The shuttle wasn’t the first to make the journey during the space race of the ‘60s, but it did have a notable achievement: It was the first spacecraft to circle the moon with living beings on board. Along with mealworms, plants, and bacteria, two Russian steppe tortoises survived the journey, returning to Earth unharmed (though they did weigh slightly less). | <urn:uuid:5db0bf15-77a8-4c7e-9452-ea1d00f4d327> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.triviagenius.com/turtle-facts/YJBs_z0_swAHjUiB | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.956177 | 1,393 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Developers of 1,000 homes at Ridgewood Farm, Uckfield, want to use Victoria Pleasure Ground and Boothland Wood for pedestrian access to the site.
Uckfield Town Council has agreed in principle to work with Welbeck Strategic Land (WSL) to provide pedestrian and cycle paths.
Boothland Wood already has a public footpath running through it plus other unofficial tracks.
WSL has suggested making a two metre wide hoggin-style path through the woods. It proposes to edge the path with timber planks/pegs as often seen on National Trust or Forestry Commission walks.
It would also provide a two metre wide macadam path north from Boothland Wood to the public right of way cut through to Shepherds Way.
The developer also suggests other footpath works in the area of the pleasure ground.
Some members of the council’s environment and leisure committee were concerned about the Boothland Wood path.
Others pointed out there was already a public footpath through the area of ancient woodland and having 1,000 homes next door would lead people to walk their dogs there and children to play. | <urn:uuid:531f716b-dab8-4168-ae2f-1b05cf56faa3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://proarbmagazine.com/boothland-wood-access-1000-new-uckfield-homes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.965954 | 234 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Reading time: 10 min.
Image: The FMO building (by FMO)
Finance plays a huge role in the growth and development of smallholder agricultural sectors, and it is estimated that smallholder farmers around the globe represent a demand of $450 billion in agricultural finance. Regrettably, only a small fraction of around $10 billion of this demand is currently satisfied. This represents both a tremendous challenge to the development and professionalization of these farmers, as well as an opportunity for structural and positive change—if we are able to successfully unlock supply of and access to this remaining $440 billion.
A keynote talk on leveraging finance in agriculture
Therefore, we were thrilled to be invited by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) to address a group of agricultural professionals from Colombia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, India, Nigeria, South Africa, Vietnam and Kazakhstan to give a keynote talk on how finance can play a part in addressing the challenges that come with tackling complex sustainability challenges in agriculture. Hosted by the FMO, Netherlands Development Finance Company, the talk given by Hilde van Duijn (Senior Consultant) and Niko Wojtynia (Analyst) sparked a lively discussion between the foreign visitors, FMO staff, representatives of the Dutch government as well as organizations like IDH (the Sustainable Trade Initiative), and the presenters.
Factoring finance & Service Delivery Models
The presentation focused on the global challenges of agriculture and the importance of farmer organizations and cooperatives when working with smallholder farmers who are not conventionally considered ‘bankable’. Hilde incorporated examples of her experience in organic cotton, where payment of price differentials (or ‘premiums’) often do not reach the farmer, and showed how ‘factoring finance’ can offer an inclusive solution throughout the supply chain and at farm level. Niko demonstrated how securing access to finance has been found to be a key driver of successful Service Delivery Models (supply chain structures that provide services to farmers to increase their performance and profitability, see the image below); the result of 30 real-world case studies performed by NewForesight for partner IDH, comparing such services across the globe.
Continuing the conversation
Hilde and Niko left the meeting both inspired and humbled: inspired by the visitors’ enthusiasm to drive change in their respective sectors, and humbled by their direct experience with many of the issues broached in the talk. We look forward to continuing this conversation with all frontrunner organizations that see the opportunities for positive impact contained in tacking this challenge.
Image: Finance within Service Delivery Models (from FMO presentation) | <urn:uuid:7e39452a-50ed-473c-b9c5-2b39247a9b19> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newforesight.com/newforesight-visits-fmo-for-keynote-talk-on-using-finance-for-tackling-complex-sustainability-challenges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.941117 | 551 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Applied Surface Science, Vol.428, 226-232, 2018
Effects of dopant separation on electronic states and magnetism in monolayer MoS2
The effects of vanadium (V) dopant on the electronic and magnetic properties of monolayer MoS2 are investigated by first-principles calculation. The substitutionally doped V produces antiferromagnetic (AFM) or ferromagnetic (FM) states depending on the separation between V dopants. When the separation between V dopants is smaller than 6.38 angstrom and the maximum dopant concentration is 25%, the superexchange interaction between V atoms is stronger than the double exchange interaction between the localized V 3d orbitals and Mo 4d orbitals, resulting in the AFM state in monolayer MoS2. However, the double exchange interaction between the V and Mo atoms becomes stronger than the superexchange interaction between V atoms if the separation between V dopants is larger than 9.57 angstrom when the maximum dopant concentration is 11.11%. Consequently, the FM state is observed from the monolayer MoS2 and 100% spin polarization takes place if the separation between V atoms is further increased to 12.76 angstrom at a dopant concentration of 6.25%. The results suggest potential applications of monolayer MoS2 as diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) in spintronics. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:9c332303-a734-4943-9aa5-77024d6c6835> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cheric.org/research/tech/periodicals/view.php?seq=1590731 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.896318 | 306 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Do you ever feel like you don’t have enough money at the end of the month? Do you struggle to save money for emergencies?
You may think that you are not making enough money. However, you may be able to save most of your money issues by simply setting up a budget. Here’s a look at how you can make a budget that sticks.
Importance of Budgeting
Budgeting is important because it allows you to be efficient with the money that you make each month. Also, having a budget can help prevent you from missing bills and getting hit with late payment fees. Finally, budgeting can help you save for investing and for emergency situations.
Steps to building a budget that sticks:
If you want to create a budget that works for you, then follow these 10 proven budgeting steps. They can help you cover just about every aspect of your financial life.
1. Gather Your Financial Paperwork
The first thing that you need to do is get all of your financial paperwork together. This will allow you to have all the information that you need to create your budget. Here’s a look at the financial information that you need.
- Your work stubs
- Other sources of income (side hustles, dividends, royalties ect.).
- All of your bills
- Your recurring payments on credit cards and debit cards
- Your savings and checking account statements
- Your loan repayments
- All other debts
2. Calculate Your Income
Once you have all of your paperwork, you will want to get started with the income side of your budget. This is all of the money that you have coming in. Your income will include the money that you get from your job. Also, consider any side income that you make each month. Finally, take a look at any dividend or interest income that you are getting from your savings account.
Once you have gathered all of your sources of income, see how much you are getting each month. You will want to see a monthly income because your bills usually have to be repaid on a monthly basis. After you have calculated your monthly income, you can now get started on your monthly expenses.
Side note, when it comes to income, it’s always a good idea to have multiple sources. Here are 49 side hustle ideas you can try to increase your income.
3. Create a List of Monthly Expenses
Your monthly expenses are all the bills and financial obligations that you have to pay each month. At this time, you will want to list all the bills that you will have to pay. Here’s a checklist to help you get started:
- Electric/utility bill
- Water bill
- Garbage bill
- Cable/streaming services bill
- Phone/internet bill
- Loan repayments
- Car payments
- Car fuel
- Insurance payments
- Health and beauty expenses
- Medical/prescription expenses
Once you have a list of all of your monthly expenses, you can then get ready for the next step which is to your fixed and variable expenses.
4. Determine Fixed and Variable Expenses
One of the most important parts of budgeting is being prepared for the variable monthly expenses that you’ll have to pay. Chances are that your income is going to be a fixed amount. Therefore, you need to make sure that you have enough “breathing space” to handle the viable expenses that come in.
Here’s a look at some of the monthly expenses that can vary in amount:
- Electric/utility bill
- Car fuel
- Medical bills
- Water bill
- Car fuel costs
If possible, go back and see what the range in expenses is for these bills. For instance, if your electric bill ranges from $250 to $350 per month, then you will want to budget the upper range of your electric bill each month. This will prevent you from being caught short each month.
5. Determine your needs and wants
Many people end up short for the month because they overspend on their wants. This type of overspending could prevent you from paying your needs. Therefore, you need to have a good idea of what you want and your needs are.
Your needs are the things that you will need in order to maintain a basic standard of living. That includes your rent or mortgage, electric and utility bills along with your groceries.
Your wants will include your streaming services, non-essential groceries such as junk food, alcohol and gourmet coffee.
By knowing your wants and your needs, you will be able to better cut down on your wants to meet your needs if your income drops.
6. Have an emergency plan
You never know when the unexpected is going to happen, therefore, you will want to make sure that you have emergency cash on hand. It is recommended that you have about six months of living expenses available. As the year 2020 demonstrated, an emergency can pop up at any time that can affect your income or your expenses. Here’s a look at some common emergencies that may cause a disruption in your budget:
- Job loss
- Medical emergency
- Emergency home repair (Plumbing leak, electric outage, backup sink, etc).
- Vehicle repair
- Natural disaster
- Lawsuit/Legal issues
7. Save and invest
One of the most important reasons to budget is to find the extra income that you need to “pay yourself” and invest in your future. The fact is that your Social Security income may not be enough to fund your retirement. Therefore, you will want to start saving and investing as soon as possible.
It is recommended that you save at least 10% of your income each month and invest it. If possible, try to save more than that. Financial expats recommend that you “pay yourself first.” This will ensure that you have the funds to invest for your future.
Where should you invest? If you are just starting out, financial experts recommend that you put your money in a low-cost index fund. The Vanguard 500 index Fund (VFIAX) has an annual expense ratio of only .04%. That means that for every $1,000 you invest, you only pay Vanguard $4 per year.
8. Put your plan into action
Now that you know the basics of creating a budget, it is time to put your plan into action. Here are the steps that you should take to create your budget.
- List your sources of income
- List your expenses
- Take out 10% for savings and investing
- Take out 5% for your emergency fund
- Pay your essential bills “needs” first
- Pay your discretionary bills “wants” last
If you still find yourself short after creating your budget, then start cutting the “wants” from your monthly budget.
9. Make adjustments accordingly
There are going to be certain situations that will cause some dramatic changes in your budget. Some of these situations may be good such as a job promotion, raise or a new career. Some of these adjustments may be painful such as a job loss or a medical emergency. However, you need to be prepared for both instances.
When you have a major change in your income or your expenses, be sure to revisit your budget and make the changes as needed. If you are fortunate enough to experience a rise in your income, shore up your savings and emergency funding first. Don’t start upgrading your car, home or wardrobe right away.
This is known as lifestyle creep and can adversely affect your budget no matter how much income you have.
10. Set long term goals
Budgeting will put you in a great position to meet your long-term goals. These long-term goals can include anything from home purchase to retirement. If you have such long-term goals in mind, be sure to start saving now. The earlier you start planning for retirement, the easier it is. The earlier you start saving for a home, the better prepared you will be.
Ideally, you will want to start planning and saving for retirement at least 30 years ahead of time. If you are planning to buy a house, start saving about five years before you start home shopping.
Budgeting apps you can use
Fortunately, there are a number of free budgeting apps available at the iOS App Store as well as Android App Store. While there are literally hundreds of budgeting apps available, these three are considering the best free budgeting apps available:
1). Mint by Intuit – Mint is one of the oldest and most popular budgeting apps. This is considered the best overall app due to its ease of use and vast amount of features. Mint allows you to link debit and credit cards so your transactions can be tracked against your budget.
2). Pocket Guard – Have trouble sticking to a budget? Then you will want to download the popular Pocket Guard app. This budgeting app is designed to keep you on track. You can link Pocket Guard to your bank account and track your earnings as well as your spending.
3). Personal Capital – If you are already investing, Personal Capital is the ideal budgeting app that also offers investment services. Personal Capital will not only help you keep a budget, it will analyze your investments and help you keep on top of your portfolio.
Getting started with your budget today
Budgeting is the single smartest way to ensure that you can have financial peace in your life. Be sure to follow the 10 budgeting steps above and download a free budget app. Before you know it, your budget will look better than ever. | <urn:uuid:b0083997-60a8-42fa-83b5-2b24fa7afb7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.prosmartrepreneur.com/how-to-make-a-budget/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.953819 | 2,013 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Headlines have been heralding the nation having the lowest unemployment rate in almost 50 years, but the jobless rate for black people is almost 90 percent higher than the national rate and higher than every other racial demographic in the nation.
The nation’s unemployment rate dropped to 3.6 percent in April, the lowest level since December 1969. But for black folks, the jobless rate was 6.7 percent, 86 percent higher.
The reasons are complex and well-known: higher incarceration rates for black Americans, with prospective job applicants with records less desired by employers, as well as ongoing de facto segregation when it comes to blacks often being regulated to neighborhoods with poorer educational opportunities and housing and transportation options.
As Camille M. Busette, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, explained to 24/7 Wall St., in addition to impacting education and lifestyle, such segregation also has consequences regarding employment.
“People are not walking around, working together, going to school together, taking the same metro together, et cetera. So there isn’t a lot of familiarity,” Busette said. “People tend to hire people like themselves, so when you get residential segregation, you tend to also get employment segregation.”
Now, much of this is known by black Americans who are living this every day. Perhaps the bigger question, especially as black Americans, like all Americans, look to head to the voting booths next year, is what legislative policy changes can be made to address the issues that continue to negatively impact black communities. | <urn:uuid:340b95b3-ff3f-4a1a-8f8d-b59247ec943a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theroot.com/black-unemployment-rate-for-april-90-percent-higher-tha-1834567625 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.962099 | 319 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Portugal and Peru joined the list of countries to ban flights from Brazil as fears of spreading the P.1 coronavirus variant found in the Amazon region continue to mount. Previously this week, the U.S. had already adopted the same measure.
As we have reported in our Daily Briefing, the new SARS-CoV-2 variant has already made it to São Paulo. In its most recent epidemiological report from January 27, the World Health Organization warned that the P.1 variant is now found in eight countries — six more than last week.
According to the report, preliminary studies point to ongoing local transmission of this variant in the Amazonian city of Manaus, “raising concerns for potential increases in transmissibility or propensity for re-infection.” However, WHO reckons that further studies are needed to assess if the new variety promotes changes in transmissibility, severity or antibody neutralizing activity.Support this coverage → | <urn:uuid:e0771fb2-b5e8-4cc2-8c16-e3b52636d666> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brazilian.report/liveblog/coronavirus/2021/01/27/portugal-peru-bar-flights-from-brazil-amid-new-variant-fears/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.948353 | 196 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Promoting a better quality of life
Several brain disorders present with similar symptoms; therefore, obtaining an accurate diagnosis can take a while, and sometimes a definitive diagnosis is even not possible. By the time a patient is concerned about a symptom and goes or is taken to a doctor’s office, dementia may have been in development, possibly presenting as a minor symptom, for up to 7-8 years. Medication for dementia may slow disease progression and longer maintain the patient’s quality of life. A waiting time of 20 months for the diagnosis is essentially a waste of time because many actions are not undertaken until dementia is diagnosed.
Results of European R&D co-operation
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) participated in three EU-funded projects during 2009-2018: PredictAD, VPH-DARE@IT and PredictND, of which in two of them it was coordinator. These projects focused on developing decision support tools for dementias using artificial intelligence and machine learning. In the final project the accent was on validating the developed methods in four European hospitals involved in the project.
The PredictND project ended in early 2018, and an application tool to facilitate decision making for the early diagnosis of dementia is now available as part of the product portfolio of VTT’s spin-off company, Combinostics Oy.
Cost savings with artificial intelligence and machine learning
In order to apply artificial intelligence and machine learning tools in a meaningful way, we need large databases that combine patient data. Currently, hospital databases often only allow the use of the hospital’s own medical records, instead of sharing patient data across hospital networks. The optimum use of artificial intelligence in medical research and diagnostics also requires further development of data protection regulations.
It is important to note that artificial intelligence does not make an actual diagnosis; rather, it produces risk assessments and thus supports decision-making by doctors, that is, it is a tool for humans. Significant cost savings will be possible in the near future when routine tasks are transferred to services based on artificial intelligence. For example, when a patient visits the first-aid department, the reception bureau asks certain routine questions and determines whether a nurse or physician is needed. An artificial intelligence-based system may help in here: it bases its suggestion for a decision on the patient’s description of a symptom, which it compares to information found in the database.
Measurements on the home front
As a continuation of the PredictND project, research concentrates on developing methods to identify increased risks of developing dementia using measurements done at home during daily living that can be combined with the more traditional measurements done in the hospital setting.
The application is e.g. a browser-based memory game that can detect possible cognitive deterioration based on game results from a regular player. The free application would bring cost savings: expensive cognitive tests and magnetic resonance imaging could be targeted for high-risk individuals based on game results – thus providing the right tests for the right people.
Finnish expertise on a single platform
Finland has strong know-how and expertise in high-level computing and algorithmic capabilities. The establishment of e.g. the Neurocenter Finland, and biobanks that enable the linking and sharing of researcher knowledge are incredibly valuable; together, we can contribute substantially to research and development. It is foreseen that these initiatives will bring our research expertise and resources as neuroscientists together. And then, great things can happen on the international stage for neuroscience. | <urn:uuid:6b273468-7777-43b7-a4ec-bfec2c3c6d92> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://neurocenterfinland.fi/en/nakokulma/technology-as-a-diagnostic-tool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.934787 | 713 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Coogan Accounts, also known as Blocked Trust Accounts and Trust Accounts, are required by the states of California, New York, Louisiana and New Mexico. The laws require an employer in the entertainment industry to withhold 15 percent of the minor child’s gross wages and deposit the money into the Coogan Account within 15 days of employment. In most instances, parents must supply proof of the Coogan Account number to the employer before they receive a work permit for their child.
Coogan Accounts are named in honor of Jackie Coogan, who, as a child, acted with Charlie Chaplin in some of Hollywood’s earliest movies. One of the first truly huge child stars, Coogan earned over $4 million, which in today’s dollars would total between $48 and $65 million. However, his mother and step-father’s taste for diamonds, luxuries and expensive cars left him with only the equivalent of $2,000 when he turned 21.
Coogan eventually sued his mother and former manager for his earnings and got back what was left of the squandered money—$126,000.
The notorious injustice led to the passage of the Coogan Law in 1939 to protect future young actors. However, the original incarnation of the Coogan Law was flawed and left open various loopholes. Industry groups were finally successful in 2000 in closing many of the loopholes that made the original Coogan Law ineffective. Changes in California law affirmed that 100 percent of earnings by minors in the entertainment industry are the property of the minor, not their parents.
This change in California law requires that 15 percent of all minors’ earnings must be set aside in a blocked trust account commonly known as a Coogan Account until the child is 18. The balance of the child’s earnings—after the 15 percent is secured in the Coogan Account—does not belong to the parents or family.
Parents in California are required to open a Coogan Account with a California bank. A Coogan Account is a special blocked trust fund account found at a bank, credit union or brokerage firm.
Parents in New York are required to open an UTMA or UGMA compliant trust account. This account is similar to the “Coogan,” but differs regarding rules of withdrawal. The account may be opened with any bank in any state, if it meets UTMA or UGMA requirements.
Louisiana and New Mexico
Parents in Louisiana are required to open a Blocked Trust Account with any bank in any state. Parents in New Mexico are required to open a blocked trust account only if their child earns more than $1,000 per each employment contract.
See the Labor Department website in each state for more detailed information.
For more casting tips and access to a diverse casting network with opportunities in a number of industries, visit castingmadesimple.com. | <urn:uuid:9e85dd89-a036-49f5-8118-311fb97c5616> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thinkglamor.com/lifestyle/young-actors-models/four-states-protect-childs-earnings-with-coogan-accounts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.958072 | 591 | 2.328125 | 2 |
This Reading Room is a collaboration between MedPage Today® and:
Cervical cancer is a socially and scientifically distinguishable disease. Its pathogenesis, sexual transmission of high-risk HPV to a metaplastic portion of the uterine cervix, makes cervical cancer preventable by safe and effective HPV vaccines commercially available since 2006. Despite this, cervical cancer remains the deadliest gynecologic cancer in the world.
Regrettably, global incidence and mortality rates disproportionately affect populations where women are marginalized, where HIV infection is endemic, and where access to preventive vaccination and screening for preinvasive disease are limited.
In the United States, cervical cancer incidence has gradually declined over the last 25 years, but mortality rates remain both constant and disparately higher among communities of color because of the adverse roles that racism and poverty play in outcome. Until these conditions improve and widespread prevention is possible, treatment innovations are warranted.
The last standard-of-care treatment changes occurred in 1999 for locally advanced disease and in 2014 for metastatic and recurrent disease. The viral and immunologic nature of HPV-induced cervical cancer creates opportunities for both radiation and immunotherapy to improve outcomes.
With the advent of T cell–directed therapy, immune checkpoint inhibition, and techniques to increase the therapeutic window of radiation treatment, an overdue wave of innovation is currently emerging in cervical cancer treatment.
The purpose of this review is to describe the contemporary developmental therapeutic landscape for cervical cancer that applies to most tumors and to discuss notable rare histologic subtypes that will not be adequately addressed with these treatment innovations.
Read the full article
Expanding Our Impact in Cervical Cancer Treatment: Novel Immunotherapies, Radiation Innovations, and Consideration of Rare Histologies
ASCO Educational Book
Source Reference: Randall LM, et al "Expanding our impact in cervical cancer treatment: Novel immunotherapies, radiation innovations, and consideration of rare histologies" ASCO Educ Book 2021; 41: 252-263. | <urn:uuid:a5fd2fae-5561-4f68-bfdc-3b14d2bf8282> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medpagetoday.com/reading-room/asco/gynecological-cancers/97812 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.907785 | 404 | 2.375 | 2 |
There is a need to build the core social, economic and political competencies of women to empower them to exercise their agency.
24 Dec 2019 2:37 AM
Studies reveal that gender gap reducing efforts made to save neurology workforce.
22 Dec 2019 3:30 PM
While Iceland remains world's most gender-neutral country, India moved down from 108th position last year on WEF's Gender Gap Report.
17 Dec 2019 8:28 AM
Effort being made to save neurology workforce by reducing gender gap.
16 Dec 2019 2:00 PM
Gender gap needs to be dealt with at two levels, one at the organisation level and the other at the functional level.
29 Aug 2019 1:27 PM
Meet Mati Diop – The first black female director in to be competing in the prestigious Cannes competition category ever.
18 May 2019 6:42 PM
The number of women working in India has been gradually falling over the last 30 years.
16 May 2019 2:54 PM
American women footballers' class action is for all women in USA according to the lawyer representing the national women’s soccer team.
08 May 2019 8:57 PM
Ahead of 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, Latin American women football players demand for basics amenities to be able to compete internationally.
06 May 2019 8:32 PM
Despite recent progress, the gender gap appears likely to persist for generations, particularly in computer science, physics, and maths.
06 Jun 2018 1:21 AM
Google says it analysed 52 major job categories last year and found "no gender pay gap".
12 Apr 2017 7:43 AM
Scientific institutions are often islands of comfort away from the real world and they insulate themselves from social responsibility.
06 Mar 2017 2:00 AM
Hindus still have the lowest level of educational attainment of any major religious group in this study, which is topped by Jews.
15 Dec 2016 9:46 AM | <urn:uuid:8d51ec55-83f0-4299-a25c-c570870f5175> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://asianage.com/content/tags/gender-gap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.941356 | 405 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Moving can be stressful, but it can be a breeze when working with professionals who have experience and the right equipment. Moving costs are the first thing people are curious about, and these tips will help you learn how to save money when hiring movers.
Hiring movers is one of the best ways to ensure a successful move, whether in-state or across the country. Although it may seem counterintuitive, you can save money when hiring movers instead of trying to DIY. When it is time to move, explore professional moving companies that will help with packing and moving.
Prepare Before Moving Day Arrives
Thorough preparation is the best way to ensure a smooth, successful long-distance move. When the moving truck arrives and your move begins, you will save significant time and money with proper packing.
If you choose to pack your boxes yourselves, ensure that they are ready to load on the truck when the movers arrive. This allows you to let the professionals do the heavy lifting while you focus on other aspects like getting children or pets ready for the trip.
Work with Licensed and Insured Movers
When you start shopping around for a moving company, one of the most important aspects to consider is their licensing and insurance status. If you work with an unlicensed or uninsured moving company, you expose yourself to significant liability in the event of property damage.
Licensing and insurance also show a significant level of professionalism from a moving company and indicate that you can trust them with your property.
Organize Your Boxes
Organizing your boxes by size, weight, and contents will help movers work more efficiently, saving you time and money.
You can keep boxes on top of each other to create easier access for the movers. However, don’t stack more than three medium or large boxes on top of each other, as stacks taller than three boxes are difficult to transport on a dolly. Small packages, on the other hand, can contain up to four boxes per stack.
Secure Boxes with Moving Tape
If you don’t secure boxes by the time the movers arrive, you could be wasting time and money. Instead of loading the boxes as soon as they arrive, they will have to secure each box and may charge extra for moving materials. This simple tip makes containers more secure once they are on the truck and will help keep your belongings safe and sound.
Disassemble Beds and Large Furniture
This simple task can help reduce time and can help anyone save money when hiring movers. Disassembling large furniture yourself saves movers time and allows them to focus on loading their trucks as efficiently as possible. If you prefer to allow the moving company to disassemble your furniture, you can explore their various packing services.
It is important to remember to pack pillows and other bulky items separately as they can fill space in boxes that contain heavier items.
Prepare Appliances Before Moving Day
Bulky items like washers, dryers, or refrigerators present some of the biggest challenges. Having them ready to go and closed securely when the move day arrives will help save money when hiring movers. Disconnect hoses and drain lines to protect your appliances from damage during the move.
Hire professional movers for a worry-free long-distance move to ensure your property arrives undamaged and on time. Moving is an exciting time that doesn’t need to be stressful, and professional movers work with you to take the worry out of moving.
Contact Sterling Interstate to explore how you can save money when hiring movers. | <urn:uuid:3738e31a-c42e-42cc-8ec4-f0a2fb5d95ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sterlinginterstate.com/how-to-save-money-when-hiring-movers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.937384 | 732 | 1.507813 | 2 |
You would believe that a window was only a window – something to respect the view out of, something to open to give some air access, and something additional to clean all the time! Well, it’s about time that you reconsider since with a little bit of advice and assistance from Aluminium Windows Southampton https://aluminiumwindows-southampton.uk in Hampshire, you can find out just how safe aluminium windows are and how these windows transform your house and provide elegance. Make a decision which can create a major impact on your home, whether you are keeping up the character of your home or totally change the point of view.
Windows are supposed to bring out your home’s style, based on the design and plan you settle for the window you choose should have similar elements. The windows and door should match with your home designs such as, little paned windows may look odd in an extensive coated range of a cutting edge compositionally planned house. And the other thing is that, covered bungalow doesn’t suit wide glazing.
It is crucial to address the energy efficiency, top of every production list should be reduction of footprints of any harmful emissions and energy conservation. The things which are consider into accounts are, taking care of windows, the maintenance cost and life span of window. Will they retain their appearance after a decade?
While window design has developed over the years, there are many common types from which these current windows are based from. They are as follow –
So, whenever you are trying to buy some new windows, first you need to consider the type and kind of windows. Do you need an unrestricted view? Or are diverse ventilation choices more vital to you? Why Not Ask For Some Advice? If you are confused or not sure. At Aluminium Windows Southampton in Hampshire, our skilled and professional staff are available to help you any time. Call us on 0800 772 0298 or check our website https://aluminiumwindows-southampton.uk for different style of doors and windows.
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Nov 12, 2018 0 | <urn:uuid:de47c960-cfd5-4728-9b09-d36f7b3b205c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://the-editor.net/what-are-the-best-aluminium-windows-for-you-let-aluminium-windows-southampton-help-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.943193 | 487 | 1.515625 | 2 |
A simple route has been developed to synthesize mesoporous CuO-CeO2 mixed oxides. X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy have been used to characterize the obtained mesoporous CuO-CeO2 mixed oxides. The results revealed that the as-prepared CuO-CeO2 mixed oxides possessed a high BET surface area and pores in the range of 1-10 nm after calcination at 600 °C for 4 h. In order to understand the formation mechanism of the mesoporous structure, the precursor before calcination was characterized by FTIR and TG-DSC. The results showed that the formation of the mesoporous structure with the high BET surface area was ascribed to the decomposition of ammonia nitrate. Further experimental investigations revealed that the amount of ammonia nitrate in the precursor greatly influenced the BET surface area and the pore size of the final product. Furthermore, the method could be extended to the synthesis of other mixed oxides with the mesoporousstructures, such as ZrO2-CeO2 and ZrO2-Y2O3. The as-prepared mesoporous CuO-CeO2 sample with the high surface area exhibited highly reducible features as compared to the sample with a low surface area. The mesoporous CuO-CeO2 powder showed excellent catalytic activity for the complete oxidation of benzene. | <urn:uuid:57a6b2d5-d9b3-46f6-8ff9-c6e94b30db3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/publication_academic/preparation-and-formation-mechanism-of-mesoporous-cuo-ceo2-mixed-oxides-with-excellent-catalytic-performance-for-removal-of-vocs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.904415 | 314 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Access to the internet in the northern part of Crimea was blocked at the demand of Russian security forces. As reported by SkyLine, the internet connection was shut down because of an emergency state imposed during an operation to intercept criminals. The state of emergency was imposed at the demand of State officials in order to conduct an operation to intercept the criminals who attacked employees of the Border Guard Service.
“In the night between Sunday and Monday, access to the internet was limited in the whole northern part of Crimea among all providers, wired internet and wireless mobile connection as well. Please understand the current situation and be patient. Access to the internet will be resumed at the earliest opportunity!” the provider said in a statement to clients.
Earlier, the mobile phone provider Krymtelecom reported problems with internet connectivity in the northern part of Crimea because of an implementation of technological operations. Mobile phone provider K-telecom (Win Mobile) gave the same explanation. Earlier, wanted notices of armed individuals, who committed serious crimes in Armyansk, were placed in settlements of the Dzhankoi region of Crimea. | <urn:uuid:c6edb021-a076-4546-9456-831826a16e72> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://uawire.org/news/crimean-provider-internet-was-shut-down-at-the-demand-of-security-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.958307 | 221 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Imagine a destination where treasure lies scattered in the open and available within easy reach—a different selection every day. Where you never know what you’ll find, but you always know you will find something good. And everything you find, despite its inherent value, is free.
No need to imagine any longer. The destination exists: It is the Texas beach, and its treasures are seashells.
I spent my childhood beachcombing the broad hems of sand along the Texas Gulf Coast, and these unstructured outings produced pails filled with unrecognizable shards as often as beautiful shells.
In those presunscreen days, my newfound collection often cost me a painful sunburn. But the payoff for my time and discomfort came when I found whole sand dollars, complete lightning whelks and enough other seaside finds to consider the acquisition a bargain.
Besides, I always enjoyed a day on the beach.
Seashells are the exoskeletons, or outer protective coverings, of creatures in the taxonomic phylum Mollusca, commonly called mollusks or molluscs. These animals live inside a thick layer that secretes calcium carbonate to create their shells. Although not all mollusks create shells, and some nonmollusk organisms do produce shell-like coverings, most seashells house a mollusk at some point.
Mollusks come in diverse shapes, but most share a common design: bilateral symmetry, or a left and right side that mirror each other, and a body that typically contains a head, a visceral mass and a large “foot” or muscle the animal uses to move around. Many of our most recognizable seashells—whelks, limpets, cowries and shark eyes—come from gastropods, the largest class in the Mollusca phylum.
On any given Texas beach, you will likely encounter about a dozen variations of shell shapes including turbinate (a sort of pointed swirl), conic (those shells you hold to your ear to hear the sea), ovate and cylindrical.
Another class of Mollusca is the bivalve. The classic bivalve shape—two identical halves hinged together—is the seashell shape many people imagine when the topic is mentioned. Bivalves include oysters, scallops and clams.
More than 100,000 and maybe as many as 200,000 molluscan species inhabit the world, with 2,455 or so found in the Gulf of Mexico and probably more than 1,000 within Texas, according to the Encyclopedia of Texas Seashells (Texas A&M University Press, 2010).
The book considers Texas land to stretch from the dry beach all the way out to the continental shelf and down the slope. With that definition in mind, Texas includes deep-water species, as well as tropical species similar to those found at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary 100 miles offshore, explains John W. “Wes” Tunnell Jr., endowed chair for biodiversity and conservation science at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi’s Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies.
At least in theory, any of these shells could end up on a Texas beach, he adds.
“When an organism dies offshore, currents or, more commonly, storms, wash the shells onto the beach,” Tunnell says. That means that right after winter or tropical storms is the best time to find shells on the shore. Sometimes the animal dies on the beach, especially when a storm washes up one that doesn’t typically live there.
Empty shells can last for millennia, depending on their thickness. Tunnell says the prettiest shells typically found on the Texas coast include cowries, Mitchell’s wentletrap, lettered olives and cone shells. Another favorite is junonia, a spotted, spindle-shaped prize measuring 3 inches long or more.
Many bivalve shells look plain, but Tunnell points out that some have beautiful colors. Scallops range from bright yellow to red and orange. The small, thin shells of tellins range from bright pink to rose. While the animal is alive, these colors reflect the animal’s genetics and diet. Once a shell lies empty on the beach, sunlight and heat can fade or change its colors over time.
Lightning whelks, the Texas state shell, represent notable finds for beachcombers. These whelks grow as long as 16 inches, with colors ranging from off-white to tan or gray, with narrow, brown streaks of “lightning” from top to bottom. Inside lightning whelks, you’ll see a white surface with a counterclockwise spiral.
Live lightning whelks hang out on the bottom of shallow bays in sand or mud near shoalgrass or turtlegrass meadows. There they feast on oysters, clams and scallops. In March and April, beachcombers might find the empty egg capsules of this animal—pale, semitransparent strands of disk-like capsules up to 33 inches long, each containing as many as 200 eggs. Eggs hatch and grow inside the capsule, eventually emerging as miniature whelks, complete with shells.
Throughout history, humans have used shells to make tools, arrowheads, beads, bracelets, boxes, rattles, drums and trumpets. Shells even served as currency. Native Americans in Texas ate lightning whelks and used their shells for ceremonial implements, tools, cups and bowls. Galveston Island State Park Ranger Lisa Reznicek reports that Native Americans on Galveston considered these unusual left-opening shells to hold magical powers.
Regardless of how you might use the shells, Texas law allows only hand collection of live lightning whelks and other saltwater mollusks and prevents overharvesting by imposing limits on the number of live creatures a collector can keep. If you decide to gather live whelks or other mollusks, you’ll need to purchase a fishing license with a saltwater fishing stamp.
Everyone is free to collect empty shells on Texas beaches. Authorities suggest you take shells only as personal souvenirs, not for commercial purposes, and leave any shell with a living animal inside or connected to it on the beach. Remember that hermit crabs often make homes of unoccupied lightning whelks and other shells, so make sure any shell you pick up to take home is truly empty.
“The state of the art, so to speak, is not to collect live things, just the empty shells themselves,” Tunnell says. “That is generally believed to be fine. You won’t be hurting the environment.”
Collecting your own shells is probably better for the sea creatures than buying shells, he adds. Shells sold in shops generally originate in the Pacific or Indian oceans, where overcollection of certain shells can damage the environment by endangering the population of sea creatures. “A market for certain rare shells can cause a problem if suppliers collect too many,” Tunnell says. “In some places it is illegal, and in some places it should be illegal.”
Another disadvantage of buying shells is that information providing the shell’s origin is sometimes inaccurate. Unscrupulous dealers paint or otherwise alter shells to enhance their appearance. When you order online, what you see will not always be what you get.
Those new to beachcombing can learn the ropes on scheduled beach walks held at Galveston Island State Park every Saturday from late March to late November. Knowledgeable guides explain what is commonly found on the beach and why. The park’s nature center and office also offer shell identification charts and guidebooks.
Mustang Island State Park near Port Aransas offers regular beach walks—two-hour affairs that include hunting for shells, identifying birds and exploring around the jetties. Park interpreter Eric Ehrlich says low tide the week after an Arctic front makes for the best beachcombing. Shells common on this beach include whelks, coquinas, cockles and shark eyes. Ehrlich’s favorite shell is the more uncommon murex.
At Padre Island National Seashore, visitors may keep up to a 5-gallon bucket filled with found treasures such as unoccupied seashells for personal use. Commercial shell gathering is forbidden. “We’re pretty serious about that,” says ranger Patrick Gammon, who adds that currents from all over the world converge here, making for particularly rich treasure hunting.
Beachcombers are likely to find whelks, sundials, crab shells and sand dollars. The last technically aren’t shells, but skeletons of an echinoderm, or sea urchin, that lives on the sea bottom. While alive, the urchins are covered with tiny hairs, but once the animal dies, the hairs fall off to reveal an attractive pattern. The seashore here also serves up a wealth of sea beans, which are seeds and not shells but are still considered worthy of collecting.
Rangers lead scheduled beach walks starting at Malaquite Visitor Center and give deck talks using a “touch table” that contains just about anything found on the beach. Gammon reports that shark eyes and giant purple acorn barnacles are common here. His favorite find is a calico crab shell. “They’re beautiful but very fragile,” he says.
Whatever beach you comb, take a close look at the wrack line, that line of debris on the beach after high tide. That’s a good place to find one of Reznicek’s favorite shells, the shark eye or moon snail. She loves to tell youngsters how the creature that creates this shell uses chemical secretions from its projecting tongue, called a radula, to drill a perfectly circular hole in another shell. It squirts an enzyme through the hole that enables it to slurp out the animal living inside. If you find a shell with a perfectly circular hole in it, most likely a moon snail is to blame.
“Every day there is something new on the beach,” Reznicek says. “It is so dynamic and changes so often—sometimes even in an hour. Collecting shells feels almost meditative.”
A meditation replete with treasure.
Regular contributor Melissa Gaskill specializes in science, nature and travel. | <urn:uuid:e1185313-610b-4d7e-bc2b-a10c4f8a29c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://texascooppower.com/treasure-from-the-gulf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.919451 | 2,190 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Jan 2, 2019
New Delhi, Jan 2 (IANS) The 28th edition of the much-attended New Delhi World Book Fair (NDWBF) will open at the Pragati Maidan here on Saturday. Marking Mahatma Gandhi’s 150th birth anniversary, it is themed ‘Gandhi: The Writers’ Writer’ and will host over 600 exhibitors.
Organised by National Book Trust, in association with ITPO, the 2020 edition of the Fair runs from January 4 to 12.
NBT Chairman Govind Prasad Sharma said that this edition would highlight the various facets of Mahatma Gandhi’s life and his influence on writers of all ages. “The theme is an attempt to give booklovers a glimpse of how Mahatma Gandhi, a great strategic communicator, inspired and influenced generations of writers and how the writers understood and emulated Gandhiji in words. In the specially designed pavilion (inspired by Sabarmati Ashram), with hand-spun materials as wall cladding; there will be an exclusive exhibition of 500 books of 100 publishers on and by Gandhi in different Indian languages, as well as 30 panel discussions, book launches and performances related to the theme,” NBT said.
This year, over 600 exhibitors in different languages including Bangla, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Maithili, Malayalam, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu will exhibit their books in over 1300 stalls at the Fair.
Along with business sessions, several literary and cultural activities including seminars, book release functions, and panel discussions, will be part of the Fair. It will also see participation from about 20 foreign countries including China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Iran, Nepal, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sri Lanka, the UAE, the UK, and the US.
Vistors can be part of literary events, discussions, conversations with authors, book launches, children’s activities, film screenings and cultural programmes.
The NBT, in collaboration with the All India Confederation of Blind, has published a set of 250 books in Braille for visually impaired readers. A special exhibit of these books will also be put up.
As per the organisers, the Fair will feature a children’s pavilion to promote books and reading among children and young adults.
Open to the public from 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. and with free entry for school children in uniform, senior citizens and differently-abled, the fair will be inaugurated by HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal ‘Nishank’ on Saturday. IANS | <urn:uuid:4bdcc037-4112-40ef-8af4-87eda13b6507> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.indianewsstream.com/look-at-more-stories/new-delhi-world-book-fair-from-jan-4-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.947116 | 563 | 1.554688 | 2 |
In today’s world, the internet has paved the way for the advancement of humanity into a new era. From Polokwane to Accra to Nairobi and across the continent of Africa, easy and meaningful access to the internet is a driver for economic growth; just as roads and railways provided the arteries for commerce in the Industrial Revolution.
Today’s internet infrastructure is the circulatory system on which much of modern life depends. The covid-19 pandemic has presented us with new ways of doing things where most activities are done online. Activities such as e-learning, e-commerce are at the heart of the internet. We have moved from brick-and-mortar to click and order.
People with disabilities (PWDs) are a group of people with special needs and are faced daily with myriad challenges that surpass different aspects of their lives. Situating the conversation in Ghana and Africa by extension. Evidence from the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) suggests PWDs account for 3.7 percent of the population. According to Statista, the prevalence of disability in low -and – middle-income countries (LMIC) is higher than in high-income countries, and the data shows close to 400 million people live with a form of disability in Africa.
Moreover, in Ghana, internet penetration has significantly improved from 30.8 percent in 2018 to 50 percent in 2021. However, the population of PWDs in Ghana is high as anecdotal evidence suggests, these people are still underrepresented in technology jobs, active participation in the civic engagement of the internet, and internet literacy.
People with disability are often faced with barriers to education and training, stereotyping— other people presume they have a lower quality of life. All these factors limit their job opportunities leading to poverty, social exclusion, and restricted access to basic social amenities. PWD’s limitations to the internet are mostly shaped by the high cost of broadband internet and adoption of ICT tools due to low-income levels among PWDs and lack of digital skills to scale up, reskill and upskill.
In 2016, the United Nations identified accessibility of the internet as a basic human right. It clearly explains every individual needs information for daily decision making and the internet is one pivotal tool that promotes self-development and active participation in a democratic society. Yet misconceptions, stereotypes, and discrimination continue to be a barrier that limits PWDs from realizing their potential. With increasing technological innovations and digitization drive rolled out by the government:
- What does the digitization drive mean for people with disabilities?
- How do people with disabilities access the internet and leverage that for sustainable jobs?
- What is the state of our technological internet services, is it inclusive for easy accessibility by PWDs?
The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 seeks to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. In line with this, it is necessary to design educative and training programs for PWDs which are in tune or in alignment with the ever-changing aspirations, commitments, wishes, longings, exigencies, and demands of education curricula and frameworks that will enable them to acquaint themselves with modern trends of technology.
Effective digital skills which consider fully equipping the individual holistically are crucial in equipping PWDs to improve on their standard of living and bring out innovation and ingenuity. In the past, training in Information Communication Technology (ICT), internet literacy, and capacity building by governments have often been without the needed spark as its sustainability has suffered hiccups due to administrative changes over successive periods.
The Institute of ICT Professionals Ghana since its inception in 2017 has provided platforms for training and mentoring, which seek to fully embrace disability inclusion at every level and be part of the solution. More corporate bodies, institutions should concertedly make efforts to ensure PWDs are digitally included.
Furthermore, it is morally imperative to be more inclusive digitally, as the internet is for everyone and should not be the preserve of the privileged and selected few. Thus, software developers and content writers must design digital experiences tailored to meet the needs of people with physical disabilities, speech difficulties, hearing impairments, cognitive impairments, and blindness. Government departments and agencies must develop, design, and curate websites with a wider range of experiences that comply with international web accessibility best standards, ensuring these websites are easily accessible by PWDs.
As the pandemic continues to drag, it has revealed a consequential digital divide and online safety for PWDs. Digital platforms have become commonplace, and as such, best policies and practices must be incorporated. The policies should be inclusive and accommodative of the digital needs of PWDs in Ghana. Adjusting to a post-covid-19 world presents an opportunity for governments to reassess policies to increase the inclusion of persons with disabilities. In framing and formulation of such policies, legislations, and regulations, consulting with people with disabilities is critical, as their needs are heard.
To conclude, Ghana cannot be left behind in the comity of nations, especially as the digital economy is set to replace the traditional economy. Leveraging on the internet is a driver for economic growth and development, bridging the already inequality in our society. Internet inclusion matters. Digital representation for all is key for national development.
The Author is a Member, Institute for ICT Professionals Ghana)
For comments, contact [email protected] | 0247103939 | <urn:uuid:bdd4ab5a-06c7-480f-96c5-b4dbf6d5e64d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thebftonline.com/2022/01/31/digital-representation-matters-fostering-internet-inclusion-among-pwds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.947735 | 1,127 | 3.375 | 3 |
Global Intel Hub -- Boca Raton, FL - 8/31/2019 -- The weather has been weaponized as well has every other aspect of American life, by the Military Industrial Complex, an advanced form of Artificial Intelligence (that works and thinks beyond the petty political disputes humans can imagine.) This has been well documented right here on Zero Hedge here, here, and here. As explained in Splitting Pennies, the world is not as it seems. In addition, the powers to be have created technology so vast, it would not be believed were it to be revealed to the public all at once.
Hurricane Dorian was headed straight for Trump's Mar-a-Lago and made a mysterious turn away at the last moment, headed straight for no where land South Carolina. Hmm.. Those of you who have been following us for years know we believe in a phrase actually coined by psychologist Carl Jung "There are no accidents."
Let's take a step back and look at the reality of weather control, the military's use of weather as a weapon, and the correlation to weather and commodity markets.
A small group of leading climate scientists, financially supported by billionaires including Bill Gates, are lobbying governments and international bodies to back experiments into manipulating the climate on a global scale to avoid catastrophic climate change. The scientists, who advocate geoengineering methods such as spraying millions of tonnes of reflective particles of sulphur dioxide 30 miles above earth, argue that a "plan B" for climate change will be needed if the UN and politicians cannot agree to making the necessary cuts in greenhouse gases, and say the US government and others should pay for a major programme of international research. Solar geoengineering techniques are highly controversial: while some climate scientists believe they may prove a quick and relatively cheap way to slow global warming, others fear that when conducted in the upper atmosphere, they could irrevocably alter rainfall patterns and interfere with the earth's climate.
So Billionaires led by Bill Gates are lobbying the US Government to spray aerosols in the air to reverse the effect of global warming - but Chemtrails don't exist and if you talk about them or point to them in the sky people will say you are a tin foil hat wearing lunatic. Right? Right.
But what are the applications of this, where and when has this technology been used?
Basically, there are thousands of projects both researching and operating weather modification and/or geoengineering programs for various purposes. For example, the one highlighted earlier being funded by Bill Gates, is for the purpose of reversing 'global warming' - their idea is to create a reflective 'shield' around the planet that is sort of large UV protective sunglasses for harmful radiation that is irradiating and heating up the planet. Sounds nice, but what are the side effects, and to what cost to the human body? How does it affect plants, wildlife, storms, super cycles, and other planetary ecosystems?
Then there's the outright hurricane manipulation programs, just last week Trump asked if he could 'Nuke' hurricanes.
Actually, this was a likely setup to make Trump look like a clown, because the military has been looking into Nuking Hurricanes for more than 70 years:
Yet the appeal of nuking hurricanes has never really gone away. The issue is such a MacGuffin that NOAA has dedicated a webpage to debunking it: “During each hurricane season, there always appear suggestions that one should simply use nuclear weapons to try and destroy the storms,” the weather service writes. “Apart from the fact that this might not even alter the storm, this approach neglects the problem that the released radioactive fallout would fairly quickly move with the tradewinds to affect land areas and cause devastating environmental problems. Needless to say, this is not a good idea.”
One fair argument against this simple idea that storms are controlled and maintained by the Military Industrial Complex is: To what economic end? Let's think about this for a moment. Crop failures; $17.3 Billion in 2013 alone.
Rebuilding contracts; $125 Billion damage done to Houston in Hurricane Harvey.
You see where this is going. Controlling the weather not only offers obvious military advantages, there are domestic ones as well. There used to be a saying in Vietnam "We have to bomb the village to save it" - is that the case with the frothy Real Estate market? What comes after the rain? New development.
In piddly little South Carolina where the storm is heading again, Florence caused $1.2 Billion in 'damage' -
COLUMBIA – Hurricane Florence caused more than $1.2 billion in damages in South Carolina, Gov. Henry McMaster estimated Thursday in a letter asking members of the state's congressional delegation for help in securing federal aid. Defying the odds, Florence brought enough rainfall to produce the second 1,000-year flood event in South Carolina in three years, according to the National Weather Service. Such events are classified according to probability of occurrence in a given year. The previous 1,000-year event came during the extratropical system floods of 2015. Florence brought more than 20 inches of rain in parts of South Carolina and more than 30 inches of rain in North Carolina over four days.
The reality is that the rebuilding efforts are seeing Columbia, SC and surrounding areas like Lexington in the biggest building booms in their entire life. Downtown, suburbs, and everything in between is being rebuilt and built up. New roads, buildings, areas, complexes, apartments, strip centers - all going up in the last 2 years.
Those from East Coast South Florida know one simple fact: Hurricanes are a boost for the real estate markets. Since Andrew SF building codes include use of concrete block, no more stick houses in FL. Condos have shutters, some of them automated. You can't get around flood damage but that's why you buy on the higher floors!
The weather has become a boost for the economy. We've reached the point in American Capitalism that we need to bomb our own dilapidated towns in order to rebuild them. It's good for jobs, it's good for the stock market, it's good for America!
update 9/4/2019 - must watch video microwave pulse Dorian away from FL | <urn:uuid:8efe6973-9fc2-41e8-b22e-f818caa65fe0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://globalintelhub.com/artificial-hurricanes-manufactured-deep-state-enterprise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.957807 | 1,282 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Item 10: General William Holmes diary, 23 August 1914-22 February 1915 - Page 69
THREE CARDINAL RULES.
1. Destruction of Mosquitos. - Mosquitos must be destroyed in their mature state, eggs, pupae, and larve. Their favorite breeding places are:-
(a) Shallow waters in which grow weeds, as shallow ditches & pools.
(b) Edges of lakes.
(c) Edges of running streams.
(d) Rain water puddles.
(d) Pools, puddles, and pits.
(a) drainage and reclamation of swamps.
(b) Filling in of pools and pits, and treatment with blue oil.
(c) Small pools and puddles can be scooped out or swept out and filled with gravel.
(d) Under no conditions allow stagnant water to remain about the camp.
2, - Avoidance of being bitten, -
(1) Mosquito proof house if possible.
(2) Site for dwelling.
(a) At least half a mile distant from, and on windward side of Native compound, swamp, or other breeding place.
(b) On elevated ground if possible.
(c) Surroundings should be cleared of undergrowth, weeds, grass, &c., for at least 200 square yards, and all holes and depressions in space filled with fine gravel.
(d) U shaped drains should be cut to carry away water in wet season, and if possible cement for some distance.
3. - Mosquito Net.-
(b) Large size.
(c) Nets should never be allowed to hang down beside the bed, or on the ground, as the favorite resting plade for the mosquito is under the bed.
(d) Search net daily for holes. If a defect is found, twist it up and tie with thread, or patch with new net.
(e) Prepare net not later than 4 p.m. Get in quickly underneath with towel, destroy any mosquitos which may be there, and get out quickly.
(f) Put on clothing before coming out of net in the morning, if not, wear socks, and tuck pyjamas or trousers into them.
4. - Quinine:-
Five grains must be taken daily, and ten grains on Sundays.
To avoid Dysentry attend to
1. - Water Supply.
2. - Inspection. | <urn:uuid:74b02219-a19e-4bd2-8fa8-a53dd50986f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://transcripts.sl.nsw.gov.au/page/item-10-general-william-holmes-diary-23-august-1914-22-february-1915-page-69 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.884707 | 560 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Design & Technology
Mr R. O’Doherty – Subject Lead Technology
Compelling Learning in Technology
Design & Technology at Falinge Park provides pupils with a unique opportunity to apply knowledge and skills to realise three-dimensional outcomes. Pupils enjoy learning through making things and all aspects of the D&T curriculum involve practical elements; crucially these construction tasks are underpinned by a theoretical framework and an emphasis on design both by hand and the use of Computer Aided Design. All human activity has an impact and pupils will develop their understanding of the social, moral, cultural and environmental issues we face so they become responsible citizens who make a positive contribution to society.
- To establish a well ordered, safe space which is conducive to learning, is stimulating yet relaxed, where all pupils feel supported, secure and happy to take calculated risks
- To make explicit the links between D&T and other curriculum areas, especially Mathematics and Science
- To develop a set of transferable skills that pupils enjoy using in school and beyond
- To develop pupils’ problem solving skills and their ability to work independently and in teams, unafraid of making and learning from mistakes
- To enable students to combine their designing and making skills with knowledge and understanding, in order to design, make, analyse and evaluate prototypes models and products
KS3 Design & Technology
Design and Technology allows pupils to explore their creativity using a range of materials and techniques. Students have the opportunity to design and make products that respond to a wide variety of problems within a range of contexts. In Year 7, 8 and 9 pupils experience a rotational timetable of the different Design and Technology subjects including CAD/CAM, Electronics, Resistant Materials and Textiles. Design Engineer Construct (DEC) is introduced in Year 9 as part of our rotation carousel which has a focus on careers particularly in the design and construction fields which helps students consider their option choices moving forward into KS4. Each rotation lasts approximately 9 weeks allowing for pupils to develop their skills in these different areas and an opportunity to experience each technology discipline leading to students being able to make the best informed choice for their KS4 options.
KS4 GCSE 9-1 Design & Technology
Students will pursue a course leading to the award of a GCSE 9-1 qualification at the end of Year 11 which consists of a coursework project worth 50% of the final grade and a final examination worth 50% of the overall grade.
Design and Technology will give students the opportunity to participate confidently and successfully in an increasingly technological world. The students will be building upon and extending their existing skills and knowledge and applying them to real life situations. They will gain awareness and learn from wider influences on Design and Technology including historical, social, cultural, environmental and economic factors. In addition, students will get the opportunity to work creatively when designing and making and apply technical and practical expertise. Within the course the students will learn a broad range of design processes, materials, techniques and equipment including CAD and CAM. They will also have the opportunity to study specialist technical principles in greater depth. The course leads to a whole host of job and higher education avenues including Product Design, Engineering, Graphic Design, Architecture, Interior design, Carpentry, Manufacturing, Civil Engineering, Automotive Industry, Product Marketing and many others.
KS4 Level 2 Design Engineer Construct (DEC)
In our DEC level 2 qualification, we offer students to experience the Built Environment and Infrastructure through our ‘Design Engineer Construct!’ Learning Programme. Studying DEC offers a unique opportunity to grow and apply knowledge, develop competencies, behaviours and skills and access recognised qualifications leading to successful careers in architecture, engineering and construction.
Students of DEC advance their skills throughout the learning programme, including the use of modelling and analysis tools using industry standard software for building and infrastructure design. Aligning with Sustainable Development Goals, the themes of social, environmental and economic sustainability run throughout the programme. Learners discover how to minimise their own, and their community’s impact on the planet through role play and project-based learning.
The course comprises of an engaging project based on a live local construction development in which students will have the opportunity to meet and discuss various aspects with a range of professionals, guest speakers and industry professionals such as Architects, Project Managers and Surveyors. Not only will this provide a unique opportunity to discover and develop careers in this field, but will consist of 50% of the final grade with the other 50% on an examination based on what they have learnt throughout their project.
D&T education encourages pupils to be creative and exercise their imagination. It encourages them to be inspired and use their insight as they develop ideas. Pupils reflect on their own and others ideas, and wonder about the purpose of human technological achievement.
D&T education encourages pupils to appreciate and reflect upon the aesthetic nature of materials and design involving a range of different cultures and people from all over the world while considering any environmental impact the manufacturing of products may have in today’s society.
Expert Assessment Summary
Key Stage 3 – for each carousel subject, students are assessed on three strands of Design & Technology where appropriate – Design, Manufacture a Product and an end of rotation theory test
Key Stage 4 GCSE D&T – 50% of final grade is coursework which is subject to continual assessment throughout project. During Year 10, students are given expert assessments on all key skills required for a high quality coursework including key skills in design, research, CAD and manufacturing. There are six examination theory units, all of which students will undertake an expert assessment exam.
Key Stage 4 Design Engineer Construct (DEC) – The qualification for this two-year course comprises of 4 large units (split into smaller components) with a final deadline for each unit in March, November, January and February respectively spread over year 10 and 11. Students are assessed at the end of each of these unit alongside regular knowledge checks on what they have learnt throughout their projects as this will form the basis of their final examination which will take place in February of Year 11. | <urn:uuid:b7bf943c-05f3-435f-9435-1dd73b3c49fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.falingepark.com/design-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.948469 | 1,256 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Paul Krugman has questions:
How Did Economists Get it So Wrong?: Between 1985 and 2007 a false peace settled over the field of macroeconomics. There hadn’t been any real convergence of views between the saltwater and freshwater factions. But these were the years of the Great Moderation — an extended period during which inflation was subdued and recessions were relatively mild. Saltwater economists believed that the Federal Reserve had everything under control. Fresh water economists didn’t think the Fed’s actions were actually beneficial, but they were willing to let matters lie.
But the crisis ended the phony peace. Suddenly the narrow, technocratic policies both sides were willing to accept were no longer sufficient — and the need for a broader policy response brought the old conflicts out into the open, fiercer than ever. Why weren’t those narrow, technocratic policies sufficient? The answer, in a word, is zero.
During a normal recession, the Fed responds by buying Treasury bills — short-term government debt — from banks. This drives interest rates on government debt down; investors seeking a higher rate of return move into other assets, driving other interest rates down as well; and normally these lower interest rates eventually lead to an economic bounceback. The Fed dealt with the recession that began in 1990 by driving short-term interest rates from 9 percent down to 3 percent. It dealt with the recession that began in 2001 by driving rates from 6.5 percent to 1 percent. And it tried to deal with the current recession by driving rates down from 5.25 percent to zero. But zero, it turned out, isn’t low enough to end this recession. And the Fed can’t push rates below zero, since at near-zero rates investors simply hoard cash rather than lending it out. So by late 2008, with interest rates basically at what macroeconomists call the “zero lower bound” even as the recession continued to deepen, conventional monetary policy had lost all traction....
This is the second time America has been up against the zero lower bound, the previous occasion being the Great Depression. And it was precisely the observation that there’s a lower bound to interest rates that led Keynes to advocate higher government spending: when monetary policy is ineffective and the private sector can’t be persuaded to spend more, the public sector must take its place in supporting the economy. Fiscal stimulus is the Keynesian answer to the kind of depression-type economic situation we’re currently in.
Such Keynesian thinking underlies the Obama administration’s economic policies — and the freshwater economists are furious. For 25 or so years they tolerated the Fed’s efforts to manage the economy, but a full-blown Keynesian resurgence was something entirely different. Back in 1980, Lucas, of the University of Chicago, wrote that Keynesian economics was so ludicrous that “at research seminars, people don’t take Keynesian theorizing seriously anymore; the audience starts to whisper and giggle to one another.” Admitting that Keynes was largely right, after all, would be too humiliating a comedown. And so Chicago’s Cochrane, outraged at the idea that government spending could mitigate the latest recession, declared: “It’s not part of what anybody has taught graduate students since the 1960s. They [Keynesian ideas] are fairy tales that have been proved false. It is very comforting in times of stress to go back to the fairy tales we heard as children, but it doesn’t make them less false.” (It’s a mark of how deep the division between saltwater and freshwater runs that Cochrane doesn’t believe that “anybody” teaches ideas that are, in fact, taught in places like Princeton, M.I.T. and Harvard.)
Meanwhile, saltwater economists... were shocked to realize that freshwater economists hadn’t been listening.... Freshwater economists [like Lucas, Prescott, Fama, Cochrane, Mulligan, Zingales, Boldrin, etc.] who inveighed against the stimulus didn’t sound like scholars who had weighed Keynesian arguments and found them wanting. Rather, they sounded like people who... were resurrecting pre-1930 fallacies in the belief that they were saying something new and profound. And it wasn’t just Keynes whose ideas seemed to have been forgotten. As Brad DeLong of the University of California, Berkeley, has pointed out in his laments about the Chicago school’s “intellectual collapse,” the school’s current stance amounts to a wholesale rejection of Milton Friedman’s ideas as well. Friedman believed that Fed policy rather than changes in government spending should be used to stabilize the economy, but he never asserted that an increase in government spending cannot, under any circumstances, increase employment. In fact, rereading Friedman’s 1970 summary of his ideas, “A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis,” what’s striking is how Keynesian it seems.
And Friedman certainly never bought into the idea that mass unemployment represents a voluntary reduction in work effort or the idea that recessions are actually good for the economy. Yet the current generation of freshwater economists has been making both arguments.... Chicago’s Casey Mulligan.... Cochrane declares that high unemployment is actually good: “We should have a recession. People who spend their lives pounding nails in Nevada need something else to do.” Personally, I think this is crazy. Why should it take mass unemployment across the whole nation to get carpenters to move out of Nevada? Can anyone seriously claim that we’ve lost 6.7 million jobs because fewer Americans want to work? But it was inevitable that freshwater economists would find themselves trapped in this cul-de-sac: if you start from the assumption that people are perfectly rational and markets are perfectly efficient, you have to conclude that unemployment is voluntary and recessions are desirable.
Yet if the crisis has pushed freshwater economists into absurdity, it has also created a lot of soul-searching among saltwater economists. Their framework, unlike that of the Chicago School, both allows for the possibility of involuntary unemployment and considers it a bad thing. But the New Keynesian models that have come to dominate teaching and research assume that people are perfectly rational and financial markets are perfectly efficient. To get anything like the current slump into their models, New Keynesians are forced to introduce some kind of fudge factor that for reasons unspecified temporarily depresses private spending. (I’ve done exactly that in some of my own work.) And if the analysis of where we are now rests on this fudge factor, how much confidence can we have in the models’ predictions about where we are going?
The state of macro, in short, is not good. So where does the profession go from here?...
I remember October of 1987. We--that is me, Andrei Shleifer, Larry Summers, and Robert Waldmann--had what we regarded as a very nice paper about the instability of irrational agents' beliefs as itself a powerful barrier to arbitrage. We then watched the stock market crash by 25% in one day. And we thought that we had won the argument: that the efficient market hypothesis couldn't come back from a 25% market collapse on a day when absolutely nothing fundamental happened.
But then we were told that something fundamental had happened: there had been a sudden shock to the required expected rate of return on equities and the market had reacted efficiently to that shock. However, when I tried to process this, I could not understand it other than as an assertion that the market had gone down for no reason and would eventually recover--but that this was not a problem because it was consistent with the efficient market hypothesis... | <urn:uuid:33024404-93ea-4b76-a6de-6b70550fb3d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bradford-delong.com/2009/09/where-does-macroeconomics-go-from-here.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.969738 | 1,603 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The domestication of livestock for food occurred very recently in time. In most regions of the world it coincided with grain and vegetable farming, which commenced, in most cases, anywhere from 10,000 to 4,000 years ago depending on the region of the world one studies. Yet as recently as the Twentieth Century there were still small isolated pockets of people here and there who were still Hunter Gatherers. But the Peace Corp., missionaries, and others driven to do good deeds worked rapidly to eliminate those few remaining pockets of healthy people by teaching them "modern" grain farming methods to improve their food supplies. For the unfortunate late comers to modern civilization the changes in their foods have been abrupt to the extreme.
Here in the United States we have also experienced significant changes in our foods in a matter of a very few decades. For the most part the residents of the first permanent settlements (circa 1600) in what is now the United States had to live off the land. Sure they had brought with them their livestock and seeds for gardens, but hunting, fishing, and the gathering and cultivation of wild indigenous vegetables and fruits were vital and significant food sources. In 1800 about 95% of the U.S. population was still considered rural and farming (at a very minimum gardening) was nearly everyone's business. By 1920 though the rural population of the country had dropped to about 50% and in the 1970s it had dropped to 25%, which is about where it is today.
In the 1960s, even though urban numbers had risen significantly, it was not uncommon for city dwellers to still have vegetable gardens and fruit trees. But now a garden in any town, much less a city, is a rarity. Shockingly farmers too are a rarity with only one percent of our nation's population making a living off the land. But most shocking of all is the fact that most of the folks who make their living by ranching and farming do not raise their own food. They go to town and purchase most if not all of their foodstuffs!
Fast and Furious
The first major change in our country's foods commenced in the 1800s with the creation of the first modern and commercial cereal foods by the Seventh-day Adventists who were strict vegetarians. The Adventists formed the Western Health Reform Institute in the 1860s. The Institute was later renamed the Battle Creek Sanitarium after its location in Battle Creek, Michigan. The Adventists manufactured, promoted, and sold cereals. Common cereals are: wheat, rice, rye, oats, barley, corn (maize), and sorghum.
In 1894, W.K. Kellogg was trying to improve the vegetarian diet of hospital patients. He was searching for a digestible bread substitute using the process of boiling wheat. Kellogg accidentally left a pot of boiled wheat to stand and the wheat became tempered (soften). When Kellogg rolled the tempered or softened wheat and let it dry, each grain of wheat emerged as a large thin flake. The flakes turned out to be a tasty cereal. In the years that followed cereal production and the varieties of cereals soared. Even Wall Street got into the act and there was a cereal stock market mania in the early 1920s! By the time 1950 rolled around "breakfast" cereal was a mainstay of the American diet.
The changes in our foods really came fast and furious after W.W.II; so fast that by the late 1950s people were already speculating on how long it would be before everyone would simply suck down a paste squeezed from a tube (like an astronaut) that would contain all the ingredients for a healthy body. That kind of thinking is more prevalent today as can be noted by all the attention consumers give to concocted foods, preserved foods, convenience foods, snacks, drinks, fast foods, and supplements. Obviously folks do not realize that the complexity of the nutrient makeup and mix required by all living animals goes well beyond the most sophisticated analysis to date. That means there is no such thing as a tube of gunk we can eat on the run that will provide exactly what our bodies require for optimal health. And there is no way to calculate what supplements one needs to make up for what he is or is not eating. Yet nearly everyone in America believes just the opposite.
Scientists have conclusively proven, and commonsense supports, that the foods all animals require for optimal health and vitality are the same foods they always ate before man started changing the natural way with modern agricultural concepts, mechanization, and chemical concoctions. As I have stated over and over again in previous essays and this one, the biggest change in man's food was when he invented grain farming. And it makes sense too. No other form of agriculture, except maybe dairying, is more unnatural.
To grow grain man must prepare the ground to eliminate competitive plants, carefully plant one variety of grass seed, and then protect the emerging grass plants from grazing critters. He allows the grasses to fully mature, flower, and produce the maximum number of cured seeds. Then after the grass dies, but before the seeds fall to the ground, he chops down the grass to collect its cured seeds, stores the seeds, and consumes them throughout the year. This never occurred in nature prior to man's intervention.
Yes, whenever and wherever grain farming first commenced it caused a drastic change in man's nutritional intake. But in most cases grain farming merely supplemented man's other natural foodstuffs so its impact was minimized. Then in more modern times technological advances greatly increased grain production and its uses and consequently grain consumption. With the advent of modern machinery, superior fertilization, improved grass species, extensive storage facilities, and highly efficient transportation systems man has been able to greatly increase grain production to levels never before imagined by farmers of just three generations ago.
Grain-Feeding America's Livestock
The first self-propelled grain combines (machines that harvest grain) were introduced during World War II and they enabled U.S. farmers to produce substantially more grain than the nation's population could consume. So the farmers started feeding it to their livestock to add value to their livestock production, not as an exception as in prior years, but as the rule. Feedlots were invented and that created a whole new form of livestock production. (The first commercial feedlot in Texas was started in 1950!) Consequently the supply of grain-fed cattle soared. By 1955 it had shot up to 7.4 billion pounds. It reached 22.8 billion pounds in 2004 while the non-fed beef supply fell from 5.7 billion pounds in 1955 to 3.6 billion pounds today. (Today's non-fed beef supply comes mainly from old cull cows and cull bulls that are made into ground beef mostly for the school lunch program and a whole host of processed meat products such as sausages, canned meats, etc.)
In the late 1950s the poultry industry started moving the chickens out of the pastures, where they had grazed while being fed grain, into huge buildings where they were fed only grain. Now instead of taking three months or more to raise a fryer, it takes seven weeks. During the 1960s the dairy industry evolved away from the small 25-cow, pasture-based dairies to huge operations with 1,000 or more cows housed in feedlot conditions being fed grain and alfalfa. Milk production per cow has soared as a result. By the 1970s the pork industry followed suit by moving sows indoors where they were fed grain and turned into living machines that mass produced more live pigs than ever before. The piglets are weaned at 30 days and are fed more grain so they grow exceptionally fast to produce more pork than ever before imagined from a sow.
If we step back 100 years we'd discover that nearly all of the beef sold in America was grass-fed. Folks let their chickens and pigs range freely and for the most part those critters had to fend for themselves like their wild counterparts. Consequently fried chicken and chicken and dumplings were considered luxurious cuisine in the good old days.
Fat Animals, Fat People
By looking at old photographs and movies we can see how people changed along with their foods. In the 1950s most movie actors, and even the people hired to play minor roles in the background, were thin. (They were also always nicely dressed.) Go back 100 years to old flicks and pictures, and you have to search hard and long to find obese people. But not today. Fat people are the norm.
We can really see glaring examples of this in the agricultural community. One-hundred-year-old pictures of farmers and ranchers nearly always showed skinny people. Today most of the farmers and ranchers are as fat, or fatter, than their show animals. Pick up an agricultural publication sometime. Many of the people in the pictures are grotesquely fat. Nearly all are overweight.
Lots of folks believe that the primary reason for these differences in "body styles" is that people did more physical labor back then. For a fact they were more physical, but by a long shot diet plays a larger role in obesity and chronic disease than does exercise. I'm proof positive. I've always worked physically. But before I learned about the differences between real food and concocted food I was always gaining weight a little each year. Every once and awhile I'd interrupt the upward climb with a Sunday Supplement crash diet. But I kept gaining and eventually reached 193 pounds. After I changed my diet to real foods and started eating MORE FOOD my weight dropped. Now I'm 150 pounds. That's not bad for being 5' 10.5" tall. I lost that weight not by working out but by eating different foods. Today I still keep active working on the ranch like I've being doing for decades plus I do a little Yoga. But my weight stays stable because of my diet rather than by pushing away from the table, cutting off the fat, and strenuous exercise. (Actually the Yoga I do is pretty rigorous.)
Why are the people who eat the evolutionary diet (Best and Worst Foods), often referred to as the Paleo diet, the Hunter Gatherer diet, or the Cavemen diet, fit and trim? Primarily it's because their cell membranes have the same essential fat ratios as the green leafy plant. Their vitamin levels and other nutrients for optimal health and body function are perfect. Peer reviewed, professionally published reports of controlled studies of laboratory animals show that incidences of chronic disease (including obesity) accelerates dramatically as the ratio of Omega-6 fatty acids to Omega-3 fatty acids in the membranes of their bodies’ cells moves higher than 4:1. This is quite disturbing when we note that nutritional scientists estimate that the ratio for the average American is somewhere between 20:1 and 30:1 while the optimal ratio is 1:1.
When the ratio of O6 to O3 fatty acids exceeds 4:1 in the membranes of a body's cells, over time the cells start "misfiring." The misfiring cells result in body failure. All body failures are called Chronic Diseases and 70% of all deaths in our country are caused by Chronic Disease. Most other deaths are from various causes and virtually no one in America dies of natural causes. (See Center for Disease Control for more statistics regarding death and disease.)
Grains skew the fatty acid ratios of cell membranes away from the ideal balance of 1:1. That is because grains are mostly Omega-6 sources. For instance wheat's ratio is around 9:1, rice is around 30:1, and corn is around 59:1. Grain-fed beef is about 15:1. Grain-fed skinless chicken breasts are 18:1. Grain-fed chicken eggs are 20:1. Compare those ratios with grass-fed meats and grass-fed eggs which hover around 1:1.
Yes, even in modern times foods have changed dramatically within just a few years. Of course our body's nutritional requirements can't possibly change that fast. In fact it may take literally hundreds of thousands of years for our bodies to evolve and adapt to even a minor change in the nutrient stream that's required for optimal body function. This makes the following customer's note take on real significant meaning. It illustrates perfectly how our foods have changed within our own lifetimes. Take a gander.
Just thought you'd be interested to know my first bite from a sirloin tasted familiar. You said the taste would be different from what I'm used to and it was. Thing is, it took me back about 45 years to my childhood in PA. My father would buy a quarter of beef from a local farmer who also did his own butchering. Guess what? That's what your beef tasted like! I had forgotten how good beef really tastes.
My wife and I are hooked. We'll be back when we're ready for more. Next up is pork. Any chicken available? Regards, J.S. Tyler, TX
Slanker's Grass-Fed Meats | <urn:uuid:b58ae7e7-e394-4d7d-b29a-c956aeccac0e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.texasgrassfedbeef.com/blog/big-nutritional-changes-recent-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.972569 | 2,690 | 2.84375 | 3 |
172 Stoke Newington Church St
Stoke Newington, London N16 0JL
In this exciting Glass Jewellery Class we will develop skills in fused glass by exploring a variety of decorative techniques to make our own totally individual pieces ready to be made into jewellery.
We will use a selection of inclusions in the glass including copper, mica, bubbles, dichroic glass (the beautiful jewel-like glass with reflective and refractive qualities) and experiment with reactive glass combinations to achieve special effects. We will explore the use of decals on the surface of the glass and fusing at a variety of temperatures, including tack fusing.
If you love working with colour you will enjoy making and designing your own pieces, it isn’t difficult and the combinations are limitless. Come and surprise yourself at your own creativity!
Towards the end of the day, we will plan and design jewellery findings on which to mount your pieces when fired. Jewellery findings will be provided. We look forward to your company!
There is a limit of 5 people per workshop enabling faster learning.
All glass, materials and jewellery findings included (10:00am – 4:30pm) and plenty of cups of tea or coffee too.
CLICK ON IMAGE TO GET A CLOSER LOOK AT THE KIND OF JEWELLERY YOU CAN EXPECT TO MAKE | <urn:uuid:c89df473-22ed-471b-841c-45a93fb001d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rainbowglassstudios.co.uk/event/glass-jewellery-class-17-sept-2022/?instance_id=1056 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.91327 | 286 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Grants to refurbish dilapidated houses are also being examined
Elderly people living in large homes would be incentivised to move to smaller ones through a mix of tax incentives and grants, under new plans being considered by the Government.
Ahead of the publication of the ‘Housing for All’ plan next month, Taoiseach Micheál Martin told the Irish Independent that measures being examined include incentives for “right-sizing”.
“There’s lots of housing out there where people may downsize, for example – if there was a good incentive to downsize,” Mr Martin said in an interview with the Irish Independent.
“So can we use more of the existing housing stock, for example [for people to downsize] – voluntarily obviously, and make it incentivised.”
It is among a number of measures being considered under plans to address the housing crisis. Grants for prospective homeowners to refurbish dilapidated houses are also being examined.
A vacant property tax “is being looked at” to incentivise people to develop the properties “and get them into use”, the Taoiseach said.
Mr Martin said the housing crisis will have to be dealt with in the same manner as Covid.
“Every single avenue has to be explored as to how we can provide more units and more housing,” he said.
The Fianna Fáil leader revealed his top civil servant Martin Fraser is chairing a new interdepartmental group set up within the last month “with everything on the table” to drive housing delivery.
The Irish Independent understands that ministers are discussing possible tax incentives for people who want to rightsize, as well as discussions around a specific grant.
A report on housing options for the ageing population published last year found that people wanted to “age in place” – and that if more age-appropriate housing was available within their existing community, they would be more inclined to rightsize.
Mr Martin explained why the Government is also looking at providing a type of grant to prospective homeowners to incentivise them to refurbish dilapidated houses. “Can we help their decision-making, in terms of whether they go for it or not?” Mr Martin said.
“There’s a repair and lease scheme in the public sector that local authorities benefit from. We’ve asked the Minister for Housing to give consideration to a scheme, whereby you’d incentivise people who would want to buy their first house, for example, to get involved in refurbishing it. It could be a grant.”
It’s understood this scheme would seek to incentivise prospective homeowners, specifically first-time buyers, to purchase a property that has been vacant for more than 12 months.
Details of the scheme are currently being worked on by Housing Minister Darragh O’Brien, Finance Minister Paschal Donohoe, and Public Expenditure Minister Michael McGrath.
After Tánaiste Leo Varadkar set a new target of building 40,000 homes every year at the Fine Gael Ard Fheis last weekend, Mr Martin said it would be possible to hit that figure over the decade, given the shortfall caused by the shutdown of the construction sector over the last 18 months will need to be made up.
“You can get to a stage where some year we will hit the 40,000,” he said.
But Mr Martin said the difficulty facing the Government was a skills shortage in the construction sector. “The real challenge for us is getting the people to build the houses, making sure we have the skill set, reskilling people and getting enough people to really drive delivery.
"Having analyzed this over the last year, now it seems to me that delivery will be our big challenge – and that means people allowing projects to get off the ground.”
He criticised local authorities for taking too long to approve new housing projects.
“There comes a stage when you have to get off the seat and just vote and get the project going. There’s been too many projects delayed given the urgency of the crisis,” he said.
The bill underpinning the Land Development Agency will be passed before the summer recess, he said.
“That gives an extra capacity to get going and getting housing provided, the affordable housing legislation provides for the capacity to build more affordable housing directly by the State in addition to social housing.” | <urn:uuid:e929968d-9add-4b17-8a4a-225a5f2f7100> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/taoiseach-micheal-martin-there-will-be-new-incentives-for-older-peopleto-downsize-and-free-up-homes-for-families-40574160.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.964158 | 934 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Deep Habits: Jumpstart Your Concentration with a Depth RitualSeptember 13th, 2014 · 42 comments
In Search of Depth
Aaron is a PhD student. This requires him to spend a significant fraction of his time thinking about hard things.
To accommodate the necessity of depth in his working life, Aaron developed a ritual he uses to quickly shift his brain into a state of concentration.
Here’s how it works:
- Aaron puts on headphones and plays non-distracting meditative music (this track is a favorite).
- He launches FocusWriter, a stripped-down text editor that hides all the features of your computer (not unlike George R. R. Martin’s use of Word Star).
- He loads up a template that contains seven questions about the deep task he’s about to begin. These questions force him to specify why the task is important and how he’s going to tackle it (see the above screenshot of the template taken from one of Aaron’s work sessions). The issues addressed in this template come from a classic Steve Pavlina post titled “7 Ways to Maximize Your Creative Output.”
Getting through these steps takes around five minutes. As soon as Aaron’s done typing in his final answer he turns immediately to the scheduled deep task.
The Results of Ritual
Here’s how Aaron describes the impact of this ritual:
“Every time I have done this (well, nearly every time) I [entered] a deep thinking phase quite effortlessly. I think the reason why it works is that the barrier to entry is quite small (filling out the template) and the returns (clarity on session objective, momentum) are tangible.”
Aaron (not his real name) sent me a note about these habits only recently, but the idea of a depth ritual is one that I’m encountering more frequently as I continue my research into the topic of deep work.
I don’t know exactly why such rituals work but it doesn’t surprise me that they do.
Achieving unbroken concentration is not like flossing — an action you can just choose to do — it’s instead a mindset: and a non-natural one at that! To slip into a state of depth, we need all the help we can get.
The Need for Ritual
Which brings me to my own habits. I don’t currently deploy a depth ritual, but I’m increasingly convinced that such a commitment would benefit me greatly.
Indeed, with this in mind, I experimentally deployed Aaron’s specific set of steps before I wrote the blog post you’re currently reading.
It’s now exactly 29 minutes since I turned on my computer, and I’m now about to hit publish on this piece which I wrote, formatted (including imaging processing), and edited from scratch all during this single session.
For me, these results are, for lack of a better word, deeply impressive. | <urn:uuid:17382d90-d140-4e02-8d1b-e011d4d398a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.calnewport.com/blog/2014/09/13/deep-habits-jumpstart-your-concentration-with-a-depth-ritual/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.935341 | 628 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Englewood, in Chicago’s South Side, is only a few miles south of downtown, but in many ways, an entire world away. The city’s glittering skyscrapers are not to be found here. Large parcels of vacant land interspersed with residential, commercial and industrial buildings are indicative of the effects of decades of disinvestment and population loss.
Since hitting its peak population in 1960, the Englewood and West Englewood neighborhoods have lost approximately two-thirds of their population. More than 40 percent of the population has incomes below the poverty line, and one out of every five individuals is unemployed.
“The recession of 2007-08 decimated many of the homeowners who were left here,” says Anton Seals, lead steward of Grow Greater Englewood, an organization that works with residents in Englewood to create and maintain green business enterprises and sustainable food economies.
Besides Grow Greater Englewood’s food-focused mission, the organization is developing the Englewood Line Trail — converting a two-mile stretch of an abandoned elevated railway line into a linear park. There would be walking and biking opportunities, urban farming plots, and places for kids to play.
“We’re … trying to … create spaces, a black space in particular where parents can bring their children to one, return and get closer to nature and learn about food. But [the trail would also include] places where they can have fun, where technology and energy are integrated into these spaces.” says Seals.
Originally part of the Norfolk Southern Railway line, the abandoned parcel has become grassy and overgrown with trees, with small segments of track remaining visible. Plans to develop the abandoned railway line as part of a neighborhood agricultural district were described as early as 2005 in a report facilitated by LISC Chicago.
More detailed plans kept coming out. But the trail is still almost completely undeveloped.
Norfolk Southern had reached an agreement with the City of Chicago in 2013 to cede the abandoned railway line to the city. In exchange, the city approved a zoning change to provide a vital go-ahead for a rail yard expansion project located further north in Englewood. (However, holdouts within the area slated for the 84-acre rail yard compelled Norfolk Southern to resort to eminent domain to obtain the remaining parcels.) In any event, the city did not actually obtain ownership of the abandoned railway until December 2018, according to Seals.
Despite the controversy involved, securing ownership of the parcel removed a major impediment for developing the Englewood Line Trail. Once developed, the Englewood Line Trail could provide a green refuge for Englewood residents along with providing a catalyst for economic development within Englewood and a source for green jobs. The largely flat trail could also be developed for biking, according to Seals, although he emphasizes that any plans for the proposed Englewood Line Trail must incorporate the community’s African American composition and community.
“[Plans for the trail] would all reflect kind of an African American motif as our vision. Our cultural imprint in this community has to be really strong. It doesn’t need to be talked about, you just feel. I think it’s more important for black people to have that kind of design and care in really meticulous ways in the decisions and choices that we’re making. We are not going to wait for some outside entity to come in and kind of think about this. We should be doing this kind of work,” Seals says.
Assuming soil remediation is feasible, Seals envisions incorporating the embankments that rise up from street level to the elevated line as land for expanded urban farming. (Growing Home is located adjacent to a section of the elevated parcel.)
“The specific plan is to make them edible spaces where people can go and pick fruit and create different pathways down (to the urban farms). What makes this different from the 606 is with the 606 there’s a wall [separating the trail from street level]. Here the embankments pretty much go down to what were people’s homes,” Seals says.
Given the hostility demonstrated by the Trump Administration toward Chicago – and the indifference of Republicans in general toward “green” projects, obtaining federal government funding for the Englewood Line Trail seems to be unlikely. In addition, a perception exists among some potential donors that directing funds toward lower-income black communities is throwing good money after bad, according to Seals.
“I’ve heard this argument of why are we doing this for these people? That’s what’s usually thrown in the face of African Americans. Like we want something for nothing. There’s this notion that everyone else is working hard and you’re not. So that’s what we’re working against,” says Seals.
Depending on whom you ask, the 606, in the Wicker Park, Bucktown, Humboldt Park and Logan Park neighborhoods on the city’s Northwest Side, has either been largely credited for enhancing development, or criticized for accelerating gentrification. While gentrification is less of a concern in Englewood, Seals says that one way to forestall neighbors being priced out is to ensure management of the Englewood trail is done by Englewood residents.
“[There would be] this stewardship alliance made up of the community, not only to care for it but also to have the contractual obligations to take care of it,” Seals says. “That way you would be able to have jobs … the tree trimming and design and landscape [for people within the community].”
This story is part of The Power of Parks, a series exploring how parks and recreation facilities and services can help cities achieve their goals in wellness, conservation and social equity. The Power of Parks is supported by a grant from the National Recreation and Park Association.
Audrey F. Henderson is a Chicagoland-based freelance writer and researcher specializing in sustainable development in the built environment, culture and arts related to social policy, socially responsible travel, and personal finance. Her work has been featured in Transitions Abroad webzine and Chicago Architect magazine, along with numerous consumer, professional and trade publications worldwide. | <urn:uuid:a51ca57a-692a-4898-bd27-afe8e854749e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/how-chicagos-south-side-is-creating-the-un-high-line | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.961441 | 1,316 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Spoilers through Season 5 of 'Game of Thrones' follow.
Winter is coming. Those haunting words have been with us since the first season of HBO's Game of Thrones (and for much longer if you've been reading the books since the beginning.)
Winter is coming, and yet in King's Landing the sun is still shining---though not very brightly in the Great Sept where Tywin Lannister's corpse is laid out in all its finery, eyelids painted open, staring creepily up to the heavens.
Winter is coming, and yet in Meereen one would never know. The slaver city conquered by Daenerys Targaryen is just as hot as ever, though now Unsullied are being murdered by a terrorist group known as the Sons of the Harpy, as a defiance to the radical queen's upstart rule.
The only place where winter seems to be a reality is in the North, at the Wall where Jon Snow and Sam Tarly and all the rest of the Night's Watch now share their hospitality with wildlings and the knights of Stannis Baratheon. And even here, winter can't touch the red woman, Melisandre, who proves it to Jon Snow by placing his hand on her cheek. The light of the one true god burns inside her, she tells him, hinting at her propensity toward flame.
Stannis Baratheon saved the day at the end of Season 4, swooping in to rescue the Night's Watch from the tide of wildlings. But Stannis has his eye on the prize, and the heroics at the Wall were just one step toward a much grander scheme. The last of the Baratheon brothers wants to persuade the wildlings to fight for him in exchange for their swords, which he'll in turn use to dispatch the despicable Roose Bolton, now the Warden of the North and Lord of Winterfell.
To these aims, he employs Jon Snow to convince King-Beyond-The-Wall Mance Rayder to bend the knee---or die. It seems a fair trade, hardly the first of its kind. The wildlings will get some safety and some land south of the Wall, away from the undead and the White Walkers, and Stannis will get his army. Actually, Mance's reluctance, indeed his refusal to agree to Staniss's terms, is absurd. Would Bolton be so fair and understanding to Mance? That seems unlikely. Would Mance prefer to attempt to settle the North with Rayder on the throne or with the blessing of a beneficent king? These are reasonable terms, but Mance refuses, and Jon Snow isn't much of a diplomat.
So it's off to be set on fire, burned at the stake for Mance. The question I'm left with is whether the show deviates from the fallout of this fiery death, or whether what we see is what we get. I won't spoil anything for non-book readers here, but the show has changed enough---including apparently removing Mance's child altogether---to keep me guessing at what happens next. Jon's bit of mercy here was a nice moment, reminding us that the bastard is as compassionate as he is defiant of authority. What a rebel you are, Jon Snow!
South By South-East
In King's Landing Cersei pays her respects to her dead father, while scolding and chastising Jaime at the same time. At least Tyrion was man enough to kill their father on purpose, she spits at Jaime. "You killed him by mistake."
Cersei even gets a flashback to when her and a friend visit a witch to learn Cersei's future. She's given some cryptic prophecy regarding her future as queen (for a time, until one younger comes) and Robert Baratheon's infidelity. Also, child Cersei was nearly as despicable as grown-up Cersei.
Speaking of which, the HBO adaptation has really humanized Cersei in so many ways compared to the cartoon villain she is in the books. To some degree, Martin begins to do that in A Feast for Crows, and I'm curious the direction the show goes with the character.
Likewise, Jaime is a pretty major part of the third book of A Song of Ice and Fire, but hasn't really been around much in either show or books since. I hope the show does more with Jaime, as he's one of my favorites from the books, a man truly torn between his better angels and well, just about everyone who isn't Tyrion in his family.
Which brings us to Tyrion, now a fugitive on the run across the Narrow Sea in Pentos. I really liked Tyrion's scene with Varys, for a few reasons.
First of all, the dialogue around having to use the bathroom in the tiny crate in which he was hidden was pretty golden, a nice---well, I would say "breath of fresh air" but it doesn't quite work here; let's say "comic relief" instead. It was actually the first thing that crossed my mind as he dragged himself out of the box. How does one relieve oneself in such cramped quarters, and where does the refuse go?
Second, Tyrion "drinking himself to death" also manages to be funny. When he projectile vomits and then pours another glass of wine, well, I suppose I've seen that sort of thing first hand and it still amazes me that anyone can drink like that. Also, when Varys gives him the choice of staying at Illyrio's mansion and drinking himself to death, or joining Varys to go find Dany and her dragons---the true leader the Seven Kingdoms need!---and Tyrion asks "Can I drink myself to death on the road to Meereen?" Man, every moment with Tyrion is great. I'm really excited to see him and Varys on the road, in part because...
...that doesn't happen in the books. Not even close. Varys doesn't leave King's Landing, he sends Tyrion off to Pentos where he meets with Illyrio, Varys's co-conspirator, and then Illyrio sends Tyrion off with another group of people and well, there's a huge, huge storyline that comes out of all of this that I think might not even be in the show at all. That's not a bad thing, mind you. Readers will know what I'm referring to, but I won't spoil it just in case HBO does include it in the show.
Interestingly, in the Season 5 preview we also get a glimpse of Tyrion's long-time companion, mercenary and friend Bronn---another addition to the show that makes me happy. I wonder what role he plays.
In Meereen, Dany faces (at least) two conflicts: Her dragons are out of control and one of them is missing; and the Sons of the Harpy are killing her people as the ancien regime rears its ugly, masked head. This was actually a pretty effective segment for Dany, a character whose storyline often irks me in both show and books. Yes, we once again have her naked in bed weirdly clutching the sheets over her chest (we've already seen her naked in the show, and it makes little sense to do this in real life so I'm not sure what the point of this exercise is to be quite honest. Oh well.) Still, it's good to see Dany remain defiant, remain tough and hard-headed and stubborn and stupid to some degree, because her stupidity is in equal proportion to her compassion and goodness which, yes, reminds me of the Starks quite a bit. All the clever people are so ruthless.
Speaking of clever people, we get a bit of Littlefinger and Sansa in the premiere as well, and a hilarious scene with the little Lord Robin trying to swing a sword after years being spoiled rotten. I like Littlefinger even though I know he's a villain, and I'm growing more and more fond of his and Sansa's interactions. Their conversations about trust are always lovely. I'm particularly excited to see where Sansa's story goes, since it never goes very far in the books. Indeed we get a lot more of Brienne looking for Sansa, which we got a tiny bit of in the season 5 premiere as well, as their paths very nearly cross.
In keeping with pretty much all the season premieres in Game of Thrones' previous seasons, the season premiere largely did just two things: Remind us of what came before and begin setting the stage for things to come. Rather than start with a bang, this show often starts slow and builds momentum. I actually really like this approach, as it allows us to sidle into the events of the show without setting the stakes too high for later episodes.
The burning of Mance Rayder is certainly a dramatic high point for the episode, but it Mance has never been a very important character as far as these things go.
As always, the show is shot beautifully, but the CGI and special effects have been ramped up once again. The dragons that confront Dany are bigger and more daunting. The statue of the harpy tumbling from the pyramid in Meereen is one of the most impressive special effects I've ever seen on TV. And the world remains a beautiful, terrifying, and emotionally resonant place, both in terms of its rich story and characters and its beautiful cinematography, costume design and special effects.
As I wrote earlier, I think this season is the most crucial to-date for HBO's fantasy drama. The premiere may not have been a terribly exciting episode, but it was solid, and it gives me a lot of hope for where this season, and the broader narrative, is headed. I love that changes are coming especially to the Tyrion chapters, and I'm really curious to see how things play out at the Wall, where some of the third book's biggest moments have yet to come.
What did you all think? | <urn:uuid:a9f3fa1d-3c5e-4727-9689-b102e88eb497> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2015/04/12/game-of-thrones-season-5-premiere-review-burning-man/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.977198 | 2,075 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Back to Basics: What You Need to Know About Ransomware
With ransomware threats increasingly finding their way into conversations about phishing and other security attacks, it’s important to understand what exactly the threat is and how cybercriminals are deploying ransomware to steal money from unsuspecting consumers.
Let’s take a fresh look at this threat, what you should know about it and how can you protect yourself.
What is ransomware?
Essentially, ransomware is a type of malicious software that cybercriminals use to extort money from their victims. Ransomware can be deployed in a number of different ways, but once a victim has been infected with ransomware, cybercriminals are able to block them from accessing their files or computer.
The adversaries then demand a ransom from the victim in exchange for a promise to unlock those files. If you don’t pay, you risk losing your data indefinitely, but unfortunately even if you do pay, there’s really no guarantee you’ll get access to your data back.
Cybercriminals are always honing their skills and tactics in the interest of maximizing profits. They’re often of the mindset that if they can be smarter about their attacks, they can reduce the volume, while still maintaining or increasing the amount of their success. This strategy allows them to be more profitable, and it might even give them the added benefit of flying under the radar and out of reach of law enforcement and researchers.
One deployment of ransomware that we often see cybercriminals leverage is through phishing emails. With this tactic, consumers may be tricked into opening infected documents and then unknowingly, they install ransomware on their machine. In a typical scenario, the ransomware will run on your machine and begin to encrypt user-generated content, like video files, photos, and Office documents, as well as some other application formats like CAD files, and so on. Once the encryption has kicked off, you’ll get a ransom note on your desktop, and a browser window will open with a ransom note including monetary demands.
The encryption mechanism itself can vary by campaign. But, the tried and true method relies on encrypting each file locally with a unique key. All those keys are then encrypted with a public key generated on the criminal’s server, and they keep a private decryption key that you don’t get access to until you pay the ransom. Ransoms are typically paid in some sort of cryptocurrency, commonly Bitcoin, and tend to cost anywhere from $300-$600.
Further, the Dark Web is encouraging these ransomware-fueled phishing attacks. Information like email addresses are sold on the Dark Web, which increases consumers’ chances of being attacked. A cybercriminal that wants to launch a ransomware campaign via a phishing attack can give it more legitimacy by buying personal details off the Dark Web. Consumers are much more likely to open emails and click links when they contain accurate personal information.
As we’ve discussed, cybercriminals are incredibly opportunistic and profit-driven. For them, it’s not just about breaching corporations – it’s about monetizing as much of the landscape as possible. That means that if infecting consumers with ransomware enables them to increase their profits, consumers will definitely be targets. The more consumers know about these threats, the better they’ll be prepared to fend them off.
For a consumer who’s been infected with ransomware, the worst case might be that even after paying the ransom, they still don’t get the key back, and remain unable to access all their files. That would mean their entire life’s worth of personal data is gone, from photos to videos to songs to income tax returns.
Another scenario involves credential theft, where a cybercriminal steals a consumer’s user account names and passwords. This is especially damaging if you use the same passwords everywhere, since they can then log in from one account to another.
For example, let’s say cybercriminals have access to your Gmail account, which is used as the recovery account for your banking account. They can then lock you out of your banking account by resetting your password through the Gmail account. On top of that, they now have access to steal all of your money.
Regardless of the type of computer consumers are using, the chances of being targeted with these threats remains the same. We’ve seen the same kinds of campaigns against Mac users as we’ve seen against Windows users. In fact, Mac users may fall for these attacks even harder, because of this misconception that Macs are invulnerable.
What should consumers do to protect against ransomware?
Always be on guard for ransomware attacks, and follow the doctrine of “trust, but verify.” If you get an email from an institution you do business with, call them up instead of clicking on any links. That way, you can verify whether the email is real without the potential risk of infecting ransomware.
Here are some other tips to keep in mind:
- Don’t enter passwords into login pages that show up after you click on a link in an email. Bookmark the official login pages of your favorite sites, or type the URLs into your browser from memory.
- Always create unique passwords for each personal account you need to login to and make sure to change them regularly
- Enable 2-factor authentication when it’s available
- Avoid opening attachments in emails from recipients you don’t know
- Don’t enable macros in document attachments received via email
- If in doubt, don’t give out your personal data
- Back up regularly and keep a recent backup copy off-site
- Secure your computer with advanced real-time security protection
To protect your friends and family against ransomware, try Sophos Home Premium for Windows and Mac. | <urn:uuid:a4ce6108-ba76-4d34-9be2-decb1942c318> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://home.sophos.com/en-us/security-news/2019/back-to-basics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.936369 | 1,218 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Computer Engineering BS
The ever-increasing use of the computer in today’s world offers expanding opportunities in this field of specialization. University of Bridgeport’s Computer Engineering BS degree program provides a bridge between the disciplines of electrical engineering and computer science.
Graduates can enter such fields as chip design, software engineering, robotics, computer networks, internet of things, network security and a variety of computer-controlled applications. This requires the development of the engineering approach through the understanding of engineering mathematics, digital and analog electronics and control, as well as computer languages, computing theory and computer architecture. Design and problem-solving form the heart of the discipline and a variety of computer-aided design (CAD) tools are utilized to facilitate learning and implementation.
The graduate from this program will obtain the basic education in the first three years. The final year is utilized to explore specific areas of interest. One can choose a software-oriented program including such areas as artificial intelligence, deep learning, computer vision, cyber security, cloud computing and web application design, or a hardware-oriented program pointing toward computer or integrated circuit design, robotics, internet of things and networking.
The engineering approach and knowledge of computer structure are the attributes that make it unique. The Computer Engineering program is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, https://www.abet.org. A total of 121 semester hours are required for graduation.
Program Educational Objectives
- Our graduates will develop effective and innovative solutions to challenging engineering problems. [Problem Solving]
- Our graduates will become leaders in emerging technologies, developing future state-of-the-art designs and products based on new fundamental theories. [Engineering System Design]
- Our graduates will lead teams of engineers and collaborate with other professionals in multidisciplinary environments. [Communication]
- Our graduates will maintain an awareness of the global and societal environment, and engineer solutions to problems as they arise. [Contemporary Issues]
- Our graduates will engage in life-long learning by pursuing advanced degrees and professional development leading to career advancement. [Work/Grad School] | <urn:uuid:1c5ae370-43dd-4051-a74d-f2c0ced15b3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bridgeport.edu/academics/programs/computer-engineering-bs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.906228 | 533 | 2.421875 | 2 |
We encourage, intervene and advocate for students experiencing personal, academic and other developmental difficulties. we mostly advise students in planning goals and organizing lives to achieve educational goals and desired outcomes. We believe that customer satisfaction is as important as their products and services, have helped this establishment garner a vast base of customers, which continues to grow by the day. We employ individuals that are dedicated towards their respective roles and put in a lot of effort to achieve the common vision and larger goals of the company. In the near future, this business aims to expand its line of products and services and cater to a larger client base.
Career counsellors assist persons who have inquiries about various occupations and educational options. If you’re looking for work, working with a career counsellor can help you make the most of the planning and decision-making process, resulting in a job path that’s tailored to your specific needs. Some high school counsellors assist students in making college and career decisions. Others work in higher education, advising university students who are having trouble choosing a major or selecting what they want to do after graduation. Some counsellors focus on working with adults who have already entered the workforce. These people may seek the advice of a career counsellor because they are thinking about changing occupations, wish to grow in their existing jobs, or need help finding new work after being laid off.
You might want to visit a career counsellor if you are facing issues like work frustration, stagnation, lack of motivation or you’re looking to change your career path entirely. For students who are unsure of their next steps in their education journey, visiting a career counsellor would be advisable. Counsellors not only provide guidance and support, they also conduct aptitude and personality testing to assist the client in make the best suited choices. | <urn:uuid:62d783ed-ffb9-458f-9610-aa25c00875d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theholisticliving.org.in/listing/educational-counselor-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.974453 | 372 | 1.875 | 2 |
SPRINGDALE — The covid-19 pandemic has motivated some in the fashion industry to emphasize locally produced apparel.
Fashion is a $2.5 trillion global industry, according to the 2019 Economic Impact of the Fashion Industry report by the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee. Consumers in the United States alone spent nearly $380 billion on apparel and footwear in 2017, according to the report, published in February 2019.
“The fashion industry is one of the most globalized industries when it comes to production that there is,” said Robin Atkinson, Arkansas Arts and Fashion Forum chief executive officer. The Springdale-based organization was established as a nonprofit in 2017 and launched as part of Northwest Arkansas Fashion Week, she said.
The scale of the industry is intimidatingly huge, Atkinson said, with aspects of development, manufacturing, distribution and marketing often occurring in multiple overseas locations.
It can take up to two years after conception of an idea for a design to hit shelves because of the time needed to work through the supply chain and have items produced overseas, Atkinson said.
“It’s not a ship that can be steered on a turn of a dime because it’s such a long supply chain, and there are so many parts,” she said. “The pandemic sort of made things complicated when it came to needing to shift quickly.”
Selling apparel became particularly challenging when a global need arose for personal protective equipment, slowing the overseas supply chain to the United States, Atkinson said.
“Not only were the disposable face masks hung up in production, all sewn production was delayed,” she said. “Everyone involved in sewn goods, either production, procurement or retail, had a realization in March and April that the system that we had then was not working for the situation of today.”
The Fashion Forum responded to the dilemma by considering how it could do small batch production of reusable face masks for the Northwest Arkansas’ medical community, Atkinson said.
Fashion Forum provided materials to volunteers who sewed at home. The group handled the collection, quality checks, and distribution of the masks.
The organization began teaching people to sew the masks and made them much faster than businesses that had to reconfigure large manufacturing plants, she said.
“We were able to start spitting out masks within five days, because we don’t have a giant machine to turn around. We just had to get a few people in the building,” Atkinson said.
So far, 12,000 face masks have been distributed, Atkinson said, and those making the masks are getting paid $16 an hour.
The organization is an occupant of the Creative Arkansas Community Hub and Exchange in Springdale, formerly the Arts Center of the Ozarks.
The resulting endeavor was funded through an $18,000 grant from the Tyson Family Foundation and a $24,000 grant from the Arkansas Community Foundation, she said.
The pandemic accelerated the forum’s plan for apparel production in the region by three to four years, she said, and some designers are considering relying on locally created, developed, produced and distributed goods.
“We had written it off. There was no reason to sew anything in the United States. There was no reason to think of doing anything less than 100 units,” Atkinson said of the low cost of producing large amounts of quality apparel overseas. “It’s forced a different kind of urgency for localized production, which then woke a lot of people up to the possibility.”
Brandy Lee, 39, of Fayetteville has been a professional designer for 12 years. She said she’s reevaluating how she does business as a result of the pandemic. Her Big Sister clothing brand primarily features women’s wear that has a flair of fun to it, she said, and ranges from $20 for a top to more than $400 for a special occasion garment.
Much of Lee’s pieces were one-of-a-kind creations prior to the pandemic, but she’s found herself shifting gears following her own small batch pandemic face mask making experience.
“I took an opportunity to fill a need locally of people who really needed something really quick to get on their face so they could be safe,” she said.
Lee said she primarily sells her creations through the Big Sister website and has recently begun using Instagram to help market and sell pieces.
The masks sold for $10, she said, but only met a temporary need for income, as the market quickly became saturated. Lee experienced long lags from overseas supply chains for procuring mask making materials, she said, experiencing a four-week wait for basic supplies such as elastic.
The designer has begun to move toward making small batches of clothing with five to 20 pieces in varying sizes, she said.
“I’m keeping it small so that I don’t have to ever rely on the big industry,” Lee said. “I’m going to rely more locally for production.”
She anticipates her first small batch line to be available in May or June, which will feature flowing summer looks with dressy and casual wear.
“This is my opportunity to sort of grab a little piece of the market that I think is available to me,” Lee said.
Atkinson said consumer mindsets have moved toward supporting local and small businesses such as Big Sister during the pandemic.
“There is so much goodwill toward local goods right now because of how damaged the economy is,” she said. “That price point of a locally made product, while higher, is understood to be of social benefit.”
Lee is likewise embracing the trend toward consumer support of brands supporting social justice endeavors that’s also become more prevalent, with plans to have a portion of her profits donated to local charities.
“That is something that I think is going to be huge moving forward in the fashion industry,” she said. “People are going to really hunker down about what they care about as far as shopping goes — specifically clothing.”
The making of apparel moved almost entirely overseas over the last several decades, resulting in industry-wide social justice concerns, Atkinson said.
“Driving apparel production abroad largely came from the ability for manufacturers to get their textiles from markets that are unregulated that drive the price way down,” she said.
The low cost of labor makes manufacturing abroad attractive, Atkinson said.
The monthly minimum wage for garment workers varies significantly, ranging from as low as $26 in Ethiopia to $1,764 in Belgium in 2019, according to Minimum Wage Level for Garment Workers in the World by the Department of Fashion and Apparel Studies at the University of Delaware.
Low wages often equate with poor working conditions, such as underage workers, long hours and unsafe environments, Atkinson said.
“You can get prices really low if you’re willing to stoop to the bottom,” Atkinson said.
The world average stood at $470 per month in 2019 with U.S. garment workers earning an average of $1,160 per month, according to the report.
American consumers are becoming increasingly aware of social injustices abroad and in the United States, which is often impacting how they purchase discretionary goods such as apparel, Lee said.
“A lot of people are seeing it’s not OK to just be a business,” she said. “You have to be doing something else good. You have to be doing good in the world.”
Arkansas as a whole has the potential and the infrastructure to rely less heavily on overseas goods, Atkinson said.
The state has skilled fashion designers, businesses in Little Rock that produce textiles and a retail market with high-end boutiques throughout Arkansas, she said.
The Fashion Forum hopes to be the connecting fiber for those elements to develop a made-in-Arkansas apparel industry, Atkinson said.
Springdale also has the potential to have a small apparel production hub with options for sourcing textiles and forum workshops to help designers take a concept from being a prototype to getting it produced locally, she said.
“I think in 2021, you’ll see us pop up a storefront and make our first argument that we can get the price point to craft beer levels,” Atkinson said.
“There are a lot of people at home spending money right now,” she said. “They’re willing to pay that premium because the money stays in the local community and because so many people are without jobs.”
Designer Brandy Lee displays an up-cycled leather coat featuring leather cutouts, rhinestone and leather flowers Tuesday, Dec. 29, 2020, outside of her studio in Fayetteville. The Arkansas Arts and Fashion Forum said the pandemic has caused the need for changing how the industry operates, to include creating more of a reliance on American-made products and processes that will prevent lags in the industry in the future. Lee is creating a collection of jackets that she will be releasing after the first of the year. Check out nwadg.com/photos for a photo gallery.
(NWA Democrat-Gazette/David Gottschalk)
Designer Brandy Lee displays one of her coats Tuesday, Dec. 29, 2020, at her studio in Fayetteville. The Arkansas Arts and Fashion Forum said the pandemic has caused the need for changing how the industry operates, to include creating more of a reliance on American-made products and processes that will prevent lags in the industry in the future. Lee is creating a collection of jackets that she will be releasing after the first of the year. Check out nwadg.com/photos for a photo gallery.
(NWA Democrat-Gazette/David Gottschalk)
Designer Brandy Lee lays out letters on a jacket Tuesday, Dec. 29, 2020, at her studio in Fayetteville. The Arkansas Arts and Fashion Forum said the pandemic has caused the need for changing how the industry operates, to include creating more of a reliance on American-made products and processes that will prevent lags in the industry in the future. Lee is creating a collection of jackets that she will be releasing after the first of the year. Check out nwadg.com/photos for a photo gallery.
(NWA Democrat-Gazette/David Gottschalk)
Calling all makers
Individuals or organizations interested in requesting face masks or contributing to the Arkansas Arts and Fashion Forum mask making efforts can do so by referencing the nonprofit’s website at http://www.arkansasfashion.org/masks/.
Source: Arkansas Arts and Fashion Forum
Mary Jordan can be reached by email at [email protected] or on Twitter @NWAMaryJ. | <urn:uuid:8b844e20-df2d-490a-91fd-d6261e42fe21> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://neoaztlan.com/pandemic-forces-change-in-arkansas-fashion-industry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.96651 | 2,281 | 2.03125 | 2 |
HIGHLIGHT | Creativity at the Core Module 24 - Teaching Visual Arts in Connection with History/Social Studies
Welcome to the CCSESA Statewide Arts Initiative Creativity at the Core, Module 25: Leveraging English Language Learner Assets through the Arts – Grades K-12 brought to you by the San Diego County Office of Education. This module focuses on using the Arts as a lens through which we view the importance of cultural and linguistic connections English Learners make to the Arts. By leveraging student assets and building into and from the content provides students meaningful access to 21st century skills, resulting in high levels of proficiency and mastery of grade-level standards in the arts and across other content areas.
Expanding Access to the Arts in Schools and Community: Strategic Planning Professional Learning Series
Oct-14-22 - Oct-27-22
CCSESA Statewide Arts Initiative Program Assistant Position Opening
About CCSESA The California County Superintendents Educational Services Association (CCSESA) is a nonprofit statewide association that serves California’s students by supporting the unique work of our members, the fifty-eight superintendents of schools. CCSESA advocates for better public policy before the...
CCSESA Names New Statewide Arts Initiative Director
California County Superintendents Educational Services Association Promoting, influencing, and advocating for high-quality education. CCSESA STATEWIDE ARTS INITIATIVE NAMES NEW STATE ARTS DIRECTOR Contact: Kindra BrittEmail: [email protected]: 530.559.2978 SACRAMENTO, CA. (May 19th, 2022) – The California County Superintendents Educational...
Parents’ Guide To Arts Education in Public Schools – VAPA Guide
The California Education Code requires it, but what should students be receiving in arts education at each grade level? California State PTA – in partnership with Create CA – is pleased to launch the newly revised Parents’ Guide to Arts Education in... | <urn:uuid:f5fab6e4-d5dd-4784-9611-a44c7b7c3549> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ccsesaarts.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.888117 | 420 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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At issue was whether among men in treatment for substance use problems the standard one session of HIV education could be improved on by five sessions including motivational exercises and skills training. In the short term there were greater reductions in sex under the influence but these did not last.
Across this large US study, injectors responded to sexual risk-reduction counselling as well as non-injectors; the evidence was there a year later in fewer infections. But why was what should have been the strongest intervention actually the weakest among this group, yet not among non-injectors?
SERIES OF ARTICLES 2001 PDF file 3944Kb
Overdosing on opiates
The most thorough review to date of the greatest risk posed by illegal drug use in Britain. An international team of authors analyses the causes and how to prevent opiate overdose deaths.
REVIEW 2000 PDF file 2709Kb
Overdosing on opiates part I: causes
The most thorough review to date of the greatest risk posed by illegal drug use in Britain. An international team of authors analyses the causes and finds they go way beyond just taking too much. Includes in the “The Swedish experience” on p. 6 of PDF early studies which established methadone’s lifesaving potential.
REVIEW 2001 PDF file 1041Kb
Overdosing on opiates part II: prevention
Based on a painstaking analysis of the causes of opiate overdose, an international team investigate ways to curb the increasing death rate. Key message: the deaths are preventable, and preventing them is within our reach. All it takes is some stretching.
STUDY 2010 HTM file
The National Drug Related Deaths Database (Scotland) report 2009
New database offering in-depth information on drug deaths in Scotland reveals that 60% of cases had been in contact with drug treatment services, nearly 40% in the past six months, suggesting that there had been chances to intervene which for these patients had been insufficient to avoid death.
STUDY 2010 HTM file
An evaluation of a heroin overdose prevention and education campaign
Faced with rapidly increasing heroin overdose deaths, the Australian state of Victoria mounted a media campaign targeted at drug users via treatment and needle exchange services. The results illuminate the limitations of such campaigns as much as their plus points.
As concern mounts about Britain's failure to reverse the recent growth in drug-related deaths, the first large-scale UK follow-up study has assessed the impact of training in overdose recognition and management featuring the opiate blocking drug naloxone.
Training for addiction treatment staff in managing overdose using naloxone, seeded in London by the National Addiction Centre, 'cascaded' to other staff and to patients at a disappointingly slow pace; on average each clinician trainee trained one drug user every 11 months.
STUDY 2011 HTM file
The NTA overdose and naloxone training programme for families and carers
Up to 18 lives were known (and more perhaps unrecorded) to have been saved after the National Treatment Agency in England piloted training for the carers of opiate users on how to administer the overdose-reversing drug naloxone. But how does catering for relapse in this way square with the optimism of the recovery movement?
Select search results pagePREVIOUS | NEXT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | <urn:uuid:71579cdf-15de-4555-a74d-437873736cc8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://findings.org.uk/PHP/topic_search.php?allCodes%5B%5D=!4.%20harmreductionx%20infectionriskbehaviourx%20phlthx%20accidents%20hepatitisBx%20hepatitisCx%20HIVxxxxxxxxxxxx%20paraphernalia%20foil%20needle%20naloxone%20!moderation%20vaccination%20virus%20damage%20mortality%20overdose&substance%5B%5D=5.9x&DocumentType=&sortBy=Primary_decimal&source=matrix_search&s=&sf=&page=8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.933128 | 943 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Blockchain has profoundly impacted the financial sector by making it possible to create peer-to-peer payment systems. Note that this technology provides much greater opportunities than the development of cryptocurrencies. Decentralized applications are an equally important component. Unlike digital money, they provide opportunities for efficiently solving a wide variety of tasks: from the trivial ordering of food with delivery to information processing. Below with Unicsoft – dapp development company you will find out what properties decentralized applications (dApps) have, and what are their advantages.
The blockchain stores data on all transactions with tokens carried out through a peer-to-peer payment system. Digital wallets, that is, customers, make transactions with records. They form keys, control balance, and perform a number of other functions. Digital coins are referred to as dApps. They run on the blockchain, using a distributed ledger as a tool for transferring and storing data.
By including in the system environment for executing code, we will have a decentralized computer. It will become as reliable as electronic money.
Why are smart contracts needed?
By means of smart contracts, for example, you can create an additional token for service purposes. In Ethereum alone, over 250,000 token contracts were generated using ERC-20 technology. Note that dApps are much bigger than the new coin. It operates on the blockchain and smart contracts, which are essentially software code. Through it, the conditions for performing any operations are set. dApp is a complete product with wide functionality and user-friendly interface.
There are already many such applications. These are online games, investment projects, P2P marketplaces, etc. There is even a B2B sector. ChainLink is one example of such developments. This product makes it possible to process and analyze significant amounts of information from different sources through smart contracts.
Platforms supporting smart contracts
Development of dApps is a complex process that requires experienced specialists, as well as a blockchain platform that supports smart contracts. This is the minimum required to create decentralized applications. Here are examples of blockchain platforms suitable for solving the problem under consideration:
- NEO. A platform that supports smart contracts. Initially, it was developed as a tool for digitalizing real assets by means of a protocol for their identification. The platform works with five programming languages, which makes it very convenient for creating dApps.
- TRON. Originally developed for the entertainment sector as a decentralized social network. Allows you to quickly and efficiently create dApps, issue new tokens.
- EOS. The platform is positioned as a decentralized operating system. It uses an Ether-compatible virtual machine. At the same time, the platform provides a higher level of security an performance. A key plus of EOS is zero transaction fees.
- Ethereum. This is the first development to include smart contracts functionality. Solididty was used to write it. Despite the fact that analogues of this platform offer more efficient environments, it remains the leader in the number of coins and dApps created. This platform has great functionality that allows you to implement projects of great complexity and scale.
The first project that managed to attract a large audience of users was DAO. Its goal was to form a decentralized community. Participants in the project were given the opportunity to make decisions about investments in various crypto projects. DAO managed to attract 18 thousand users.
Trending dApps of the past year
The dApps market is booming. New developments emerge. It is rather difficult to identify one leader among them. The following projects received the greatest recognition:
- IPSE. A peer-to-peer search engine that provides users with a secure search on a file-sharing network. The application is built on the basis of the EOS blockchain and IPFS protocol.
- OpenSea. Marketplace for making trade transactions with rare items from blockchain games with https://unicsoft.com/. Powered by the Wyvern Protocol.
- Karma. A social network whose idea is to share positive and original content. The application is based on EOS.
These and other dApps are good at unlocking the potential of the blockchain. We advise you to study them in more detail. Since it is with dApps that the emergence of innovative digital technologies and Web 3.0 is associated. It is clear that in the future this technology will play a key role in many sectors of the economy, including B2B. | <urn:uuid:6b0c5278-bd66-46dd-93fd-4a2c45dc4ecb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://iitsweb.com/what-is-decentralized-application/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.950523 | 900 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Personally I doubt that the US is capable of self-reform at this time. I think the corruption of the system runs that deeply and is embedded in the national consciousness as a reflexive set of slogans (the big lies) that substitute for empirical thought and effective policy formation. The examples of ‘thinkspeak’ are almost endless, but the irony is that the inmates of the asylum can no longer recognize them as such.
The major media is owned by a few corporations, and the Congress listens to its large contributors and ignores the public except at election time, when it inundates them with expensive media campaigns, political spin, and propaganda. And then it is back to business as usual
What will it take? It took the Japanese about twenty years of economic privation to finally get rid of the LDP political party that had ruled the country since the Second World War. It may take ten years of stagflation and economic hardship for the American people to wake up and put an end to the crony capitalism that has captured its two party political system. A good start would be to continue to eject incumbents from both parties, and to start electing viable third party candidates. But that will take more a more thoughtful venue than is currently the norm.
…What can be done to reduce the likelihood of a repeat performance – in Iceland and elsewhere? Here are eleven main lessons from the Iceland story, lessons that are likely to be relevant in other, less extreme cases as well.
Lesson 1. We need effective legal protection against predatory lending just as we have long had laws against quack doctors. The problem is asymmetric information. Doctors and bankers typically know more about complicated medical procedures and complex financial instruments than their patients and clients. The asymmetry creates a need for legal protection through judicious licensing and other means against financial (as well as medical) malpractice to protect the weak against the strong.
Lesson 2. We should not allow rating agencies to be paid by the banks they have been set up to assess. The present arrangement creates an obvious and fundamental conflict of interest and needs to be revised. Likewise, banks should not be allowed to hire employees of regulatory agencies, thereby signalling that by looking the other way, remaining regulators may also expect to receive lucrative job offers from banks. (I would add a prohibition of movement between regulators and the banks without a significant hiatus of at least four years. – Jesse)
Lesson 3. We need more effective regulation of banks and other financial institutions; presently, this is work in progress in Europe and the US (Volcker 2010). (Too slow, too driven by the banks themselves in the US – Jesse)
Lesson 4. We need to read the warning signals. We need to know how to count the cranes to appreciate the danger of a construction and real estate bubble (Aliber’s rule). We need to make sure that we do not allow gross foreign reserves held by the central bank to fall below the short-term foreign liabilities of the banking system (the Giudotti-Greenspan rule). We need to be on guard against the scourge of persistent overvaluation sustained by capital inflows because, sooner or later, an overvalued currency will fall. Also, income distribution matters. A rapid increase in inequality – as in Iceland 1993-2007 and in the US in the 1920s as well as more recently – should alert financial regulators to danger ahead. (The problem was not seeing the developing problems and bubbles in the US. The problem was that the regulators were compromised, the politicians were bought, the economists and media were craven, and most of the stewards of the public trust were willing to turn a blind eye – Jesse)
Lesson 5. We should not allow commercial banks to outgrow the government and central bank’s ability to stand behind them as lender – or borrower – of last resort.
Lesson 6. Central banks should not accept rapid credit growth subject to keeping inflation low – as did the Federal Reserve under Alan Greenspan and the Central Bank of Iceland. They must take a range of actions to restrain other manifestations of latent inflation, especially asset bubbles and large deficits in the current account of the balance of payments. Put differently, they must distinguish between “good” (well-based, sustainable) growth and “bad” (asset-bubble-plus-debt-financed) growth. (An honest measure of inflation might go a long way to reforming this. The current CPI measure in the US is a limp measure as compared to the CPI of even twenty years ago – Jesse)
Lesson 7. Commercial banks should not be authorised to operate branches abroad rather than subsidiaries if this entails the exposure of domestic deposit insurance schemes to foreign obligations. This is what happened in Iceland. Without warning, Iceland’s taxpayers suddenly found themselves held responsible for the moneys kept in the IceSave accounts of Landsbanki by 400,000 British and Dutch depositors. Had these accounts been hosted by subsidiaries of Landsbanki rather than by branches, they would have been covered by local deposit insurance in Britain and the Netherlands.
Lesson 8. We need strong firewalls separating politics from banking because politics and banking are not a good mix. The experience of Iceland’s dysfunctional state banks before the privatisation bears witness. This is why their belated privatisation was necessary. Corrupt privatisation does not condemn privatisation, it condemns corruption.
Lesson 9. When things go wrong, there is a need to hold those responsible accountable by law, or at least try to uncover the truth and thus foster reconciliation and rebuild trust. There is a case for viewing finance the same way as civil aviation: there needs to be a credible mechanism in place to secure full disclosure after every crash. If history is not correctly recorded without prevarication, it is likely to repeat itself. (Good luck with this one. All those in power reach immediately for the cover up and a dilution of guilt to ‘everyone’ so as to hold no one accountable – Jesse)
Lesson 10. When banks collapse and assets are wiped out, the government has a responsibility to protect jobs and incomes, sometimes by a massive monetary or fiscal stimulus. This may require policymakers to think outside the box and put conventional ideas about monetary restraint and fiscal prudence temporarily on ice. A financial crisis typically wipes out only a small fraction of national wealth. Physical capital (typically three or four times GDP) and human capital (typically five or six times physical capital) dwarf financial capital (typically less than GDP). So, the financial capital wiped out in a crisis typically constitutes only one fifteenth or one twenty-fifth of total national wealth, or less. The economic system can withstand the removal of the top layer unless the financial ruin seriously weakens the fundamentals. (I would provide guarantees from the bottom up, rather than financial backstopping from the top down. Keep the depositors whole within limits, and let the banks and their owners take the maximum pain. – Jesse)
Lesson 11. Let us not throw out the baby with the bathwater. Since the collapse of communism, a mixed market economy has been the only game in town. To many, the current financial crisis has dealt a severe blow to the prestige of free markets and liberalism, with banks – and even General Motors – having to be propped up temporarily by governments, even nationalised. Even so, it remains true that banking and politics are not a good mix. But private banks clearly need proper regulation because of their ability to inflict severe damage on innocent bystanders.
(The blow is not to free markets and liberalism, but to the efficient market theory, supply side economics, neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism, and of course the magic of deregulation and privatization as inherently good, as a substitute for the proper role of government. – Jesse) | <urn:uuid:111cda68-7a78-47a6-a01d-88c4cde75710> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.philstockworld.com/2010/02/16/eleven-principles-of-financial-reform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.958569 | 1,607 | 1.65625 | 2 |
For real estate agents to be better prepared to serve women homebuyers, they must recognize women’s power as a buying pool and understand the meaning of homeownership to women—the fastest-growing and most exciting market in the housing ecosystem.
Delaying marriage, higher educational attainment and presence in higher-paying jobs have made women a budding home-buying market:
According to the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR), single women comprised 17 percent of homebuyers in the past year, while single men made up 7 percent.
The U.S. Census Bureau reports that in 2016, 49.8 percent of single women were homeowners compared to 46.8 percent of single men, and single women have outpaced single men in homeownership since 1986.
Women’s success in homeownership is an inspiring feat—as they’ve had to balance the gender wage gap and higher mortgage rates—and, despite these developments that have assisted women homebuyers, their personal willingness and sacrifice to become homeowners is where the credit is due.
A Sanctuary To women, homeownership doesn’t simply mean growing wealth or diversifying portfolios. A woman’s home is her sanctuary, a place of personal freedom, security and comfort in an impacting world. Single women pursue homeownership for various reasons, but they all relate to the desire for freedom—in where they want to live, and how they want to live.
In response to NAWRB’s question regarding how important women consider homeownership and their personal home-buying obstacles on the subreddit AskWomen (/r/AskWomen), one respondent stated, “I enjoy it [homeownership] and am privileged enough to be able to budget for both mundane upkeep and larger maintenance issues. It gives me the freedom to use the property as I see fit, gives me the space that I always wanted, but never had while renting, and, all told, actually costs less per month than renting did.”
This relationship with your house is an irreplaceable characteristic of owning where you live. The confidence and security of knowing you have the power to use and modify your property as you please is an indescribable feeling. From being closer to family and having a property for their pets to providing a stable home to raise children, women are searching for these freedoms.
One of the most long-term aspects of women’s homeownership is the benefit it carries for future generations. Homeownership is an invaluable contributor to generational growth, and women homeowners are effectively paving the way for future generations of women and girls to succeed.
As a real estate professional, understand that single women aren’t waiting for marriage to obtain these benefits; they will make necessary sacrifices to attain them, whether it means taking a second job or adjusting their budgets to afford a down payment. Women are living their single lives fully, and they’re empowered.
Understanding the motivations of women homebuyers and what owning a home truly means to them will help real estate professionals serve this fast-growing buying pool.
Make our site your Real Estate "Pinterest" if you will. Fill out your info below to be able to save all your favorite homes in one place. When you've found "the one" you'd like to see, contact us for a private home tour! | <urn:uuid:a0f64afa-1f39-4922-b893-f79edc547259> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.themaxeyhometeam.com/2018/01/30/women-s-homeownership-a-sanctuary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.963096 | 686 | 1.625 | 2 |
Statistician-General Risenga Maluleke
The Statistician-General, Risenga Maluleke, is making a final call to all residents of the Western Cape who have not yet been counted to make use of this last opportunity to complete the census questionnaire by 31 May. No further extensions past this date will be possible without compromising Census quality assurance and analysis activities.
The Census aims to count all households. Low participation rates may affect the accuracy of the overall census results which are the basis for budget allocations across local, provincial, and national government. Census data enables good planning for the provision of services, government programmes. The further extension of the provincial population count will ensure a comprehensive statistical profile of the country and equitable allocation of resources.
The positive response of residents of the Western Cape to the urgent call during the past month resulted in a significant increase in the number of households that were counted from 49% after the Easter weekend to 70% on 12 May. The Western Cape Provincial Government and municipalities around the province have significantly contributed to raising awareness of the importance of being counted.
Residents are encouraged to make use of the online questionnaire completion option that can be accessed at getcounted.statssa.gov.za (datafree). To date, almost 100 000 online questionnaires have been completed in the Western Cape. Alternatively, answer the questionnaire face to face with one of the Census fieldworkers when they visit your area or where you see them at your local mall or government service point. Completing the questionnaire only takes 15 – 30 minutes and all information provided is strictly confidential.
Issued by Stats SA | <urn:uuid:7e11a317-d873-4e0f-acaf-e5c439362726> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/final-call-to-western-cape-residents-census-2022-data-collection-will-run-until-31-may-2022-05-13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.911375 | 330 | 1.664063 | 2 |
We're a chapter of Audubon, and affiliated with Maine Audubon. We cover the midcoast inland from Boothbay Harbor, west to Windsor and China, and east along the coast to Bucksport. Our mission is to promote long-term, responsible use of natural resources through informed membership, education and community awareness.
Throughout the year fascinating and informative programs are presented (free!) via the Camden Public Library, and there are numerous field trips to see birds and learn about the natural history of Maine. Come be part of the fun and learning – visit our Calendar of Events for more information.
COVID-19 update: In order to protect everyone during the pandemic, we have cancelled all our in-person gatherings. The good news is that all our upcoming programs will be hosted via Zoom by the Camden Public Library! Check out our Events page for dates/times and how to register in advance. You can also watch the recorded presentations.
Ever miss a newsletter, program or field trip? Subscribe to “Remind Me!” and receive e-mail notices of the latest news and events. | <urn:uuid:beccc16f-e400-4072-952e-f9c26ee7f684> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://midcoast.maineaudubon.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.939199 | 227 | 1.609375 | 2 |
A small Colorado company has reduced the cost of an average cellular call to the price point of a soda.
CellAir Saver is an alternative access service for cellular customers that charges a flat rate of 25 cents per minute for any call within the contiguous United States. The service was conceived and orchestrated by Dean Olson, president of Englewood, Colo.-based Long Distance Management Corp. The service mark is owned by Philadelphia-based exchange carrier, U.S. Wats Inc., and LDMC has marketing and product development rights for CellAir Saver, said Olson.
To use CellAir Saver, a customer is assigned a direct inward dial (DID) number to program into the handset’s speed dial function. When initiating a call, whether local or long-distance, a user hits the preprogrammed speed key, receives a signal, then hangs up. The DID call travels an extensive but rapid route, first to a nearby cell tower, then through ground lines of the regional Bell operating company, which forwards the call to a switch at U.S. Wats. Here U.S. Wats recognizes the DID and “calls back” the user, who is provided an activated dial tone. Turnaround time is about 9 seconds, according to LDMC.
Because no one actually answers the initial DID-the point at which a long-distance call is detected for billing-calls with CellAir Saver are not billable by the RBOC, Olson explained.
The technology driving CellAir Saver may be complex, but LDMC believes it is relatively easy to use. Still, it lacks the simplicity that embodies the current trend in the wireless consumer arena. To use CellAir Saver, cellular customers must sign up for Calling Party Pays, a service that bills airtime fees to the cellular customer’s incoming callers.
Once a DID call has been turned around by U.S. Wats and is on its call back leg, said Olson, it is classified as an interstate call-billed by long distance carriers. As such, with Calling Party Pays that is a “free” call for the user. U.S. Wats acts as the calling party, then forwards charges to a CellAir Saver customer, billed in real time at 25 cents per minute.
In order to bill interstate cellular calls, long-distance carriers must have access to ground lines. Hence, the CellAir Saver program, which employs RBOCs’ ground lines, could meet resistance among these companies.
However, Calling Party Pays is growing in popularity and in Denver-CellAir Saver’s first market-only U S West Cellular can offer the service. The competitor, Cellular One, doesn’t have ground lines and is unable to bill long-distance calls traveling through U S West Communications’ ground lines.
CellAir Saver users such as sales representatives, who do not wish incoming callers to pay for airtime, can obtain an 800 number from LDMC that will reverse Calling Party Pays charges back to them.
While CellAir Saver adds an extra step to placing a cellular call, LDMC believes the value of the service-reducing airtime costs between 30 percent and 70 percent-will hurdle such inconveniences. To sign up for CellAir Saver service, cellular users pay $75 up front and are charged according to how often they use the phone.
In addition to Colorado, CellAir Saver service is now available in Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico, Wyoming and Cincinnati, Ohio, markets, said Olson, and soon will be implemented in Washington, Utah and select cities in New Jersey. LDMC is actively pursuing master agents in its markets. | <urn:uuid:e00a417a-55e3-488d-876c-0fc594667396> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rcrwireless.com/19950821/archived-articles/cellair-saver-offers-alternative-to-accessing-cellular-networks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.930719 | 768 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between religiosity based on Wulff’s theory (1991, 1997) and wisdom as defined and operationalized by Ardelt (2003, 2004). The sample consisted of 125 university students aged between 17 and 29 year with the mean age 23.5 years and standard deviation 2.6 years. Men formed 69.6 percent (n = 87) and women 30.4 percent (n = 38) of the sample. Religiosity was measured by the Post-Critical Belief Scale PCBS (Duriez et al., 2000), wisdom was measured by the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale 3D-WS (Ardelt, 2003), and NEO FFI (Costa, McCrae, 1992) was used to measure personality traits. It was found that orthodoxy positively correlates with cognitive and reflective dimensions of wisdom. External critique correlates positively with affective dimension of wisdom. When testing the moderation hypothesis, we found that openness moderates the relationships between orthodoxy and cognitive as well as reflective dimensions of wisdom and between second naivetè and cognitive dimension of wisdom. Conscientiousness moderates the relationship between external critique and cognitive dimension of wisdom and between relativism and affective dimension of wisdom. The results are discussed with the existing literature. | <urn:uuid:0e0de379-0de9-4d3b-8ac9-9f03d3a2c4e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.cejsh-33826e88-249b-44e7-bd59-a18fa78ee6de | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.944373 | 258 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Racial demographics provide a way for companies and groups to market their products or messages to particular racial or ethnic groups. In the simplest terms, racial demographics refers to the division of population statistical information based on race. This information may be gathered through sponsored polling or through government census-taking efforts.
The use of demographic statistics, including racial demographics and age demographics by locations, is widely used by businesses and groups to target specific audiences. Once a target audience for a particular product, service, or agenda is decided, the use of business demographic analysis and target marketing techniques ensures that the specific demographic group will be reached by the sponsor’s message. Population demographics showing a strong bias towards specific racial predominance are often used to target political campaigns or race-sensitive agendas.
Due to the nature of racial demographics and the possibility of misuse, this form of demographic targeting is a controversial one. In many cases, polling forms make the option of offering racial background information voluntary to soothe fears that the information could be mishandled. With race and ethnic prejudice being underlying causes of many issues throughout history, it is understandable that individuals might be wary of releasing information regarding their own racial identities.
In some cases, racial demographic statistics have been misused to enable hate crimes or other criminal acts. This statistical information has also been employed in questionable areas of law enforcement under terms such as racial profiling. When used for these purposes, the racial demographic data is employed to stimulate prejudice against a certain race, usually a racial minority.
On the other side of the issue, racial demographics have also been used to assist minority populations. Many governments offer special programs to minority citizens. With racial demographics gathered during census taking, these governments are able to funnel funds directly to the areas where the assistance will do the most good.
Many cases exist in which racial demographics are used to benefit a certain segment of the population. For example, if an illness or risky behavior is more likely to occur among members of a specific racial group, targeted marketing campaigns can be used to disseminate life-saving information in areas where members of that group are most likely to be found. By targeting the information directly to the group of people most at risk, more lives can be saved without spending excess funding saturating a whole population with warnings that do not apply to the majority of individuals. | <urn:uuid:1d7465d6-d4fc-4843-8c1c-b14442fdfe47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-racial-demographics.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.937174 | 466 | 3.5 | 4 |
Printed Promotional Materials
The local printer is one of the church’s most effective allies in its task of promotion. By conscientiously using the printed word, the church can magnify its outreach with the gospel. In this chapter a few of the printed materials available to the church will be discussed.
The Introductory Brochure
Any time that a manufacturer brings out a new product for the market, he also brings out a brochure or flier to introduce this item to the potential consumer. Such introductory brochures will usually contain a picture of the new product or at least a drawing; they will describe the item in detail, explain its function, elaborate on its value to the consumer, and list the places where the item can be purchased. These brochures are expensive to design, to print, and to distribute. Without them, however, the new item would not sell. Brochures are handed out at demonstrations and exhibits, offered free to those answering newspaper and magazine ads, and mailed to all potential buyers. Advertisements create interest, but it is the brochure or the actual demonstration (brought about in most cases by the brochure) that finally sells the new product.
The church needs to take advantage of this kind of publicity. Many of our promotional efforts create interest, but a brochure about the church can do as much or more to influence a prospect for the church than anything else we can do, other than personal visitation.
Before we can design a brochure, we must plan for its content. A consideration of the commercial type of introductory brochure and an evaluation of various church brochures might lead us to include the following five items:
1. Pictures. Since a church is in reality the people that worship in a building and not the building itself, we have a small problem in seeking to picture the church in our brochure. Our one desire is to get new people to come to the building and worship there. The building thus becomes a focal point for our effort, and for this reason its picture should grace our introductory brochure. Since many buildings are not photogenic because of wires, trees, and utility poles, a pen-and-ink drawing may produce better results. If the church building is photogenic, an excellent use can be made of color.
2. Doctrine. While a business describes its products or services in detail, a church should explain its belief or doctrines. Most church groups have a special historic purpose or plea, and this is a good place to set it forth. Also, the average potential member is interested in what the church feels is required to “become a member” or to “obey the gospel.” By stating its beliefs, the church takes advantage of another opportunity to preach the gospel.
3. Services. One of the most important items of an introductory brochure should be the time for the services. The brochure is an ideal place for these listings because it can be kept for easy reference. Also, all of the different services of the church and its programs, such as graded worship services and nurseries, can be mentioned.
4. Minister. Since the minister is the key man between the nonmember and the local church, he should be introduced in the brochure. In addition to his photograph, it might be well to list his phone number and address as well as those of the church. Summarize his experiences or background, and include a brief statement of his desire to be of service. Some members may feel that the possible revisions required in using the minister’s picture will be too much bother and too expensive, but the brochure will need revising from time to time anyway.
5. Location. The location of the church is a very important factor. This can be stated, or explanations about the location can be given. The best method is to use a simple drawing of a map, marking clearly the church’s location.
The style or format used for the introductory brochure can vary greatly. Many churches use a sheet of paper eight and one-half by eleven inches. This can be folded in thirds to make a six-page leaflet with the picture of the building on the front and the map on the back when folded. Others use it folded like a bulletin, or like a letter. An advantage of folding it in thirds is that it fits neatly into a regular business envelope for mailing.
A longer sheet of paper can be made into a four-section or eight-page brochure. A shorter sheet can be used for a two-section or four-page brochure. This smaller size is easy to carry in a purse or the inside coat pocket of a man’s suit.
A postcard-folder type of brochure could be used in addition to the regular introductory brochure. The best place to get one printed would no doubt be a local or area printer equipped to do such work. A look through the postcard rack in a local drugstore or tourist stop will usually reveal the address of such a printer on the back of a card that advertises an area attraction.
Manufacturers use every means available in distributing their introductory brochures, and the church should be no different. The opportunities for circulating these brochures are numerous.
The main cost in having printing done is for the first thousand. After that the cost per thousand drops sharply. A small church ordering a thousand will have many extra brochures, but these can be used in a general introductory mailing to all of the families in the town or community. Another good way to distribute these brochures is through tract racks in public places. The brochures can also be placed in a rack in the rear of the church. One of the best ways to pass out these brochures is through personal contact with new people by the minister and the other church members.
Gather together some brochures from other churches and from various commercial concerns. Missionary brochures are another good source of ideas. Add to these your own ideas, and work out a brochure for the church with which you work. When you get these brochures, work hard to distribute them, and in so doing you will promote the church and preach the gospel.
The art of the “quick draw” as known on the American frontier is almost a thing of the past. Only a few gun collectors and television cowboys are keeping it alive. In Japan, the missionaries say that the “quick draw” is experiencing a new revival. Of course, the Japanese are not using the single-action Colt .44 of the American West ; they are using the modern business card as a means of introducing themselves. Many of the Japanese have developed a “lightning draw.”
Not only do these cards play an important role in introducing one’s self in Japan, but we can see the value our own American businessmen place on them. For example, consider the person who visits a department store and looks at an item in which he is interested. If he is able to get away without purchasing the item, it is likely that he will not get away without the salesman’s business card. This is one of the salesman’s means of continuing his personal sales pitch even after you have left the store. His hope is that you will come back and buy the item from him. This same type of card can also be of great value to the minister and the church.
As a Calling Card
No doubt the most popular usage of the business card among ministers is as a calling card. It is possible for a minister to spend a full evening or even an entire afternoon out calling and fail to make even one contact. Also, if he fails to catch people at home when he has promised to call, it may upset them. In most cases these people will not consider the possibility of what actually happened—that he was there during the few minutes they were next door or down the hall visiting in another apartment. A calling card can make such a missed visit much more productive. The people then know at least that the minister cared enough to try.
What should such a business card for a minister contain’? Here are some suggestions: (1) His name should appear prominently, since this will be used as his personal calling card. If the church desires to have a card for all who are calling on its behalf, they should print a number of cards leaving a blank for the caller’s name. Either way the church should purchase the cards. (2) The name of the church and its complete address and location should be listed. Some calling cards give only a post office box, and that is of little help to the individual seeking the place of worship. (3) The last of the essential items are the telephone numbers of the church office and the minister’s residence. Some ministers feel that the cards should also include the address of their residence.
More Than a Calling Card
Neither the content of the business card nor its uses are limited to the ideas just discussed. These cards can be just as versatile as one can imagine or desire. It would be time well spent if the church and the minister were to give some additional thought to possible uses of business cards in their community.
As mentioned before, we could well take a lesson from the Japanese. The average person does not remember the name of an individual to whom he is introduced, but if he were handed a business card during the introduction, he would at least have the name before him. Also, this closes any communication gaps caused by poor diction on the part of the one making the introduction, room noises, distractions, or poor hearing. By receiving a card, the individual is in a much better position to make contact again if desired. Our basic aim is to help him come into contact with the church. How else are we going to reach him for Christ?
Several churches publish billfold-size calendars each year and utilize that means of keeping their name before the public. A church could put a small map on the back of their business cards or a small pen-and-ink drawing of their building.
How is your “quick draw” when it comes to a calling card? The minister or anyone else calling on behalf of the church should have a “lightning draw” and should be as free with that draw as a politician running for office. We evangelize by promoting the church, and we promote the church by using business cards.
Church directories have a vital role to play in the promotional activities of a local church. A directory can deal with the membership in the local church, with the churches of one faith in a given area, or with all of the religious groups in a community. Regardless of the area they cover, directories help to inform interested persons about the workings of the church. They also help newcomers, visitors, and tourists to take advantage of the services offered by the local church, ultimately in many cases adding to the kingdom of God.
Intrachurch directories, or directories of the local church membership, are becoming more and more popular They are a great help in keeping the local membership active. Naturally, the more members of a church that are active, the greater should be the outreach.
One of the first tasks of a new minister should be to work out a current directory of the local congregation, if there is not already one available. There are several reasons why this project should receive high priority:
(1) Such a list is normally in existence, but so often it is greatly out-of-date. It often happens that, early in his ministry a minister will send out a mailing to the entire membership, only to have several letters come back because of wrong addresses. A current list of the membership will give the minister and other church leaders an instant reference to the correct addresses, phone numbers, family memberships, and the church relationship of each family member. The directory may also include the place of employment, birth date, and talents of each family member.
(2) An expanded directory, if revised each year, can be used for keeping before the people a record of the church services, the names of elders and deacons and committee heads, the church budget, the missionary program, and the local religious education program.
(3) The church directory can also assist the new minister in becoming acquainted with the entire membership. He can prepare the directory at the same time that he sets up a filing system for the membership. Using either the Membership Shepherding Plan (8470) or the Church. Asysta-Magic system (8412), he can prepare records for each member in the church. This will probably require a visit to each family in the church in order to verify or correct and complete the information.
After gathering and verifying the information, the minister will be able to prepare a directory for the total membership. This can be mimeographed or printed. A printed directory could also include pictures of each family. With the use of a directory, everyone in the church can come to know one another.
Churches of one faith in an area can collaborate in publishing a directory. This is useful to newcomers and visitors to the churches in a given city, area, or state. Such a directory can also be a great help to the minister in working with other churches in his area.
One very attractive example of this type of directory is produced by churches in the area of the nation’s capitol. Handsomely printed, it includes a map of the greater Washington area, with each church noted on the back cover. The greater Oklahoma City area Christian churches did a one-sheet mailing at one time. This included a list of the area churches and a simple map designating locations. A postcard was enclosed to enable recipients to send information about people they knew who were living in the area.
Usually each religious fellowship in the nation has a directory that lists all of the churches and agencies of that group. This can be a great help on the national level.
One of the most common but possibly least used interchurch directories is the “yellow pages” section of the telephone book. If each church in a community would take care to list its own number, an effective directory would be available to anyone desiring it.
In many cases the better interdenominational directories are worked out through the cooperation of the local chamber of commerce. The Dodge City Chamber of Commerce, for example, has published a map of its city with the principal buildings and all of the churches listed. A place mat type of map showing principal places and the churches of the community could probably be provided by either the chamber of commerce or the local ministers’ organization. These ideas can be used very effectively through the motels, restaurants, gas stations, and tourist points to reach the visitors in the area.
Area churches can also collaborate in producing a list of churches to assist visitors and other interested persons. This list could be posted in the local hospital, or printed in a brochure for greater distribution. This is one type of outreach that almost has to be done by a united effort.
Literature Distribution Centers
Most of us have at some time visited a hobby show. Whether it was for home and garden, automobiles, outdoor sports, or some other feature, it provided a colorful and enjoyable period of recreation. Yet, only half the fun was in the show itself. The other half was in reading the literature distributed at these shows. When a person browses at the different booths, he is handed more pamphlets than he has room to carry. The distributor knows it is much easier to sell camping gear or boats to the viewer as he sits in front of a warm, crackling fireplace dreaming of the coming outdoor season and reading the brochures than it is in the milling crowd of an outdoor show. By using this same principle, in the form of a literature distribution center, the church also can sell people on their need for Jesus Christ. Give them something worthwhile to read, and add directions to the church building.
Using a Tract Rack
The construction and maintenance of a literature rack would be a good project to give to the youth of the church when they ask that question every youth group is going to ask sooner or later : “What can we do?” Great numbers of people are almost always to be found in certain public places, such as railroad stations, airports, bus terminals, hotel lobbies, doctors’ reception rooms, cafeterias, and some stores and libraries. While waiting they will read religious literature there that they would not read elsewhere.
The work of a literature distribution center need not and should not stop with solely distributing literature. By using a neat rack and placing a good black and white or color photo of the church building on it, you can make the literature rack a working calling card for the church. The use of a small map and the giving of clear directions along with a listing of services, will make the rack an informational and directional sign for the church. The map could also be printed on the back of calling cards or brochures left in a holder on the rack. There are still many people who would rather worship than sit alone in a crowded terminal between buses, trains, or planes. The church could also list its telephone number and give instructions to those wishing a ride to phone for it, or the card or brochure could indicate which local bus to take.
After it has been decided who is going to be in charge of the tract racks, the next thing to do is to select about four good tracts. This should be done with the assistance of the minister and the elders as well as the sponsor or leader of the group preparing the literature centers. After the tracts have been selected, design the rack to fit.
Making the Tract Rack
There are three basic types of racks. The first is commercially made of sheet metal, the second is wood, and the third is pegboard.
1. Commercial. These racks, made of light sheet metal or wire, may be purchased from many church supply stores or publishing houses. Several printing companies also sell these along with their tracts.
2. Wooden. Wooden racks can be made by a local cabinetmaker or an amateur carpenter within the church. Each builder should use his own ideas to make his rack original. He may make it out of any material from pressboard to plywood. Each rack should be just wide enough to hold the tracts and their dividers. The tract pockets should be about half as deep as the tract. Constructing the pockets in this manner will make it possible to leave the title in full view. Each pocket should hold ten to twenty tracts. The rest of the rack’s back piece should be made so as to leave ample space for further publicity for the church sponsoring the rack.
3. Pegboard. Literature racks made from pegboard should follow the basic styles of wooden racks. Because of its peculiar makeup pegboard requires special wire holders to be used in place of the wooden pockets. The same effect can be achieved by drilling holes in a wooden rack. These wire holders leave the entire face of the tract in view. Thus, colorful and attractive tracts are put to their best use. A pegboard rack may be made to hold appropriate paperback books by attaching proper brackets for the shelf to keep the books from falling sideways. A small container may be attached, as on a newspaper rack, to receive the money for the books. The use of even larger racks will make it possible to include religious magazines in the display. A rack made of pegboard should have a neat, wooden molding around the edge, and it may be painted with two or three light coats. It is best to spray paint both sides, the back and then the front each time to keep the paint neat. The pegboard rack must also be set at least half, an inch away from any wall so the brackets may be changed. One great advantage of using this type of board is that the format may be changed with little work.
The following illustration shows the plans for a typical tract rack. In place of the wooden pockets, wire holders could be used by drilling holes for them. A picture frame is used here in place of wooden molding.
Placing the Tract Rack
The leader of the group in charge of the literature distribution centers should secure one rack, either purchased or constructed, for a sample. Use this sample to convince the people in charge on the whole idea. They will then decide where to place the racks. After the permits for placement have been received, all needed racks should be secured. Be sure to assign someone to keep the racks filled, which requires a constant check on them, at least twice a week. After a rack has been placed, a thank-you letter is always in order. The people letting you put racks up are doing you a favor, and they should be treated accordingly.
The principles that apply to the public tract rack may also be applied to the in-church tract rack. A good idea is to use a master rack holding nothing but tracts, then to use smaller racks throughout the church at the most effective places. Frequently replace the local church information on the rack and emphasize the rack’s contents. If the information pertains to missions, use the missionary’s picture or a picture of the mission. If the emphasis is evangelism, use a poster encouraging personal evangelism. If stewardship is being stressed, show in a divided coin form a breakdown of the dollar spent by the local church.
Whether in the church or a public place, the tract rack can serve the church as an effective calling card by attracting the public’s attention to its contents. Every church should make an effort to use this method of publicity and evangelism.
Questions for Discussion
1. What items should an introductory brochure contain?
2. List some possible methods of distributing a brochure.
3. What are some advantages of using business cards in contacts for the church?
4. Describe the various types of church directories in existence.
5. List some possible locations in your community where a tract rack might be placed.
6. Discuss the relative merits of the three different types of tract racks.
The article “Printed Promotional Materials” written by T.R. Edwards was excerpted from Publicize Your Church, 1993.
This article may not be written by an Apostolic author, but it contains many excellent principles and concepts that can be adapted to most churches. As the old saying goes, “Eat the meat. Throw away the bones.” | <urn:uuid:186a31be-ab27-40a8-a2ad-5cecbce254a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.apostolic.edu/printed-promotional-materials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.963118 | 4,659 | 1.703125 | 2 |
The psychology of ‘stress baking’: Why so many are making bread in 2020
I didn’t used to spend my Saturday nights mercilessly beating up on a lump of bread dough. Yet two weeks ago, after a stressful stretch at work, I found myself at 8 p.m., wrist-deep in what would become two round, golden-brown loaves of Cuban bread. For eight minutes I kneaded, quickly and forcefully shoving the heels of my hands into the dough, sprinkling flour on the butcher block, savoring the smell of the yeast and feeling a little bit better about everything in this chaotic world, at least for a moment.
I was clearly stress baking. It’s something I’ve witnessed friends doing, and that I’ve done myself from time to time. In college, classmates made cookies instead of studying for exams. When I started at CNET, I used to roll into the office with cupcakes or pumpkin bread before the frenzy of big Apple product reveals, more for my own benefit than my co-workers’.
In 2020, however, stress baking has become even more of a thing than it already was, revealing itself in the loaves and loaves of bread rising all over social media. Quickly after lockdown, talk of sourdough starter and the scarcity of yeast became another quirk of the, like the run on hand sanitizer and toilet paper.
At a time when walking through a mall, attending a sporting event or watching a movie in a theater is either ill-advised or just not an option, it makes sense that people are looking for something to do.
But why are so many people turning to baking?
As you might’ve guessed, it’s a coping mechanism. When someone posts a photo of a two-tiered cake with the hashtag #stressbaking, there’s an element of self-awareness there.
But why baking, and not knitting? Why has no one gotten into #stresswhittling?
There are several reasons baking is a solid way to cope, says Vaile Wright, senior director of health care innovation for the American Psychological Association. For one, it’s a distraction. You can’t doom-scroll when your hands are covered in cookie batter. It also engages just about your whole body: Your senses of touch, taste and smell; your brain, which is required to follow a recipe; your muscles for kneading, shaping, rolling.
Then there’s the finished product: the tarts and scones and biscotti, and all that bread fresh out of the oven, begging to be buttered up.
“It’s either going to have carbs like bread, or it’s going to have sweetness like candies and cookies,” Wright says. “We know those have a neurobiological aspect where they trigger parts of our brain that then trigger happy feelings.”
See also: stress eating.
The answer to why people stress bake seems fairly straightforward coming from a psychologist. For me, though I’ve always cooked, the pandemic sent me further into the depths of my kitchen because it felt like a healthier activity than sitting on the couch. At least I’m on my feet moving, not looking at a screen. It’s also been a way to find enjoyment when I couldn’t seek it outside. Still, I was curious what other stress bakers thought about the habit.
“It took me a few years to realize that I almost was solely [baking] when I was stressed out,” said Skye McIntyre-Bolen, a 34-year-old resident of Nashua, New Hampshire. “I figured out … it was a way for me to control something when my life felt otherwise really chaotic and out of my control.”
McIntyre-Bolen has a tendency to bake later at night, including a round of chocolate chip pumpkin bread at 9 the other week, after planning for the holidays left her feeling like, as she put it, “I had a million browser tabs open in my brain.” Following a set of steps to a specific outcome is a welcome reprieve for her.
In San Francisco, 47-year-old Ellen Saulnier bakes around three times a week. She, too, likes the precision of baking. “I bake the way other people will clean their house when they have a deadline,” she says. “I see the parallel, which is essentially that you’re trying to organize another aspect of your life or have control. And in a way that feels good to you.”
Saulnier also ends up re-homing some of her baked goods. She has friends who’ll drive by for “curbside pickup,” or she’ll deliver to buddies within walking distance.
Sharing the baked bounty hits on another element that, according to Wright, is folded into the appeal of baking. “Food is a way that we connect with individuals and as a community and is typically one of those things that’s going to hit your endorphins as well,” she says.
Sharing pictures of your handcrafted focaccia, ciabatta and rye, at least on social media, can have a downside, though. Wright talked about how it’s easy to compare yourself to others. Perhaps during the pandemic, while some folks are on overdrive, diving into a pile of yeast with a Tony Montana-like abandon, others have just enough steam to get out of bed in the morning — and that’s OK. Pandemic or no, comparisons like this typically don’t benefit anyone.
Outside of the realm of civilian stress bakers, I was curious what a full-time baker thought about the whole phenomenon. Kara Hancock had never heard of stress baking until I mentioned it to her. She’s the head of pastry at the Blue Dog Bakery and Café in Louisville, Kentucky, located in dangerous proximity to my apartment.
“If I get stressed out about my job, it’s usually about baking,” she says with a laugh. Despite that, Hancock, who’s been baking professionally for about 18 years, says there’s something meditative about it — she makes Blue Dog’s scones, muffins and croissants every morning. “When we’re doing 300 pieces a day, and they’re all being shaped by hand, you’re doing the same thing over and over again. You get in this zone, and it’s very peaceful and calming.”
Since the pandemic started, pastry sales have exploded, she says. Bread has stayed about the same, but Blue Dog started selling sourdough starter, yeast and flour as a way to help shore up supplies against the shortages.
I make a mental note about the yeast. Now that I’ve made the Cuban bread recipe twice since quarantine, I don’t know why I wouldn’t keep doing it. This recipe will join the ranks of my go-tos: Smitten Kitchen’s harvest roast chicken, The New York Times’ orecchiette with cherry tomatoes and arugula, King Arthur Flour’s flourless chocolate cake. It’s entirely too satisfying punching down the dough, pulling and tucking the edges around the bottom to make that nice smooth, round surface, slicing an X into the top. And lastly, sitting down with a hunk of warm bread, and watching the stress, like the butter, melt away. | <urn:uuid:5f4ff646-06d2-40bd-9426-b67dc825c262> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://starpdp.com/the-psychology-of-stress-baking-why-so-many-are-making-bread-in-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.96206 | 1,612 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Gilles Deleuze (January 18, 1925–November 4, 1995) was one of the most influential and prolific French philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. Deleuze conceived of philosophy as the production of concepts, and he characterized himself as a “pure metaphysician.” In his magnum opus Difference and Repetition, he tries to develop a metaphysics adequate to contemporary mathematics and science—a metaphysics in which the concept of multiplicity replaces that of substance, event replaces essence and virtuality replaces possibility. Deleuze also produced studies in the history of philosophy (on Hume, Nietzsche, Kant, Bergson, Spinoza, Foucault, and Leibniz), and on the arts (a two- volume study of the cinema, books on Proust and Sacher-Masoch, a work on the painter Francis Bacon, and a collection of essays on literature.) Deleuze considered these latter works as pure philosophy, and not criticism, since he sought to create the concepts that correspond to the artistic practices of painters, filmmakers, and writers. In 1968, he met Félix Guattari, a political activist and radical psychoanalyst, with whom he wrote several works, among them the two-volume Capitalism and Schizophrenia, comprised of Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980). Their final collaboration was What is Philosophy? (1991).
Deleuze is noteworthy for his rejection of the Heideggerian notion of the “end of metaphysics.” In an interview, he once offered this self-assessment: “I feel myself to be a pure metaphysician.... Bergson says that modern science hasn’t found its metaphysics, the metaphysics it would need. It is this metaphysics that interests me.” [Villani 1999: 130.]) We should also point to the extent of his non-philosophical references (inter alia, differential calculus, thermodynamics, geology, molecular biology, population genetics, ethology, embryology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, economics, linguistics, and even esoteric thought); his colleague Jean-François Lyotard spoke of him as a “library of Babel.” Although it remains to be seen whether the 20th century will be “Deleuzean,” as his friend Michel Foucault once quipped, Deleuze’s influence reaches beyond philosophy; his work is approvingly cited by, and his concepts put to use by, researchers in architecture, urban studies, geography, film studies, musicology, anthropology, gender studies, literary studies and other fields.
One of the barriers to Deleuze’s being better read among mainstream philosophers is the difficulty of his writing style in his original works (as opposed to his historical works, which are often models of clarity and concision). Deleuze’s prose can be highly allusive, as well as peppered with neologisms; to make matters even more complex, these terminological innovations shift from one work to the other. While claims of intentional obscurantism are not warranted, Deleuze did mean for his style to keep readers on their toes, or even to “force” them to rethink their philosophical assumptions. (We will discuss this notion of being “forced” to think below in 3.1.) As befits an encyclopedia entry, we will concentrate on the conceptual architecture of his thought, though readers should be aware that, perhaps more than with most philosophers, such a treatment of Deleuze’s work removes much of the performative effect of reading the original.
- 1. Life and Works
- 2. Deleuze’s Readings of Other Philosophers
- 3. The Philosophy of Difference
- 4. Collaboration with Guattari
- 5. Deleuze and the Arts
- 6. The Reception of Deleuze
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
Deleuze was born in Paris to conservative, middle-class parents, who sent him to public schools for his elementary education; except for one year of school in Normandy during the Occupation, he lived in the same section of Paris his entire life. His personal life was unremarkable; he remained married to the same woman he wed at age 31, Fanny (Denise Paul) Grandjouan, a French translator of D. H. Lawrence, and raised two children with her. He rarely traveled abroad, although he did take a trip to the United States in 1975; for the most part he minimized his attendance at academic conferences and colloquia, insisting that the activity of thought took place primarily in writing, and not in dialogue and discussion. The most dramatic event in his life occurred early, when, during the Occupation, Deleuze’s older brother was arrested by the Nazis for resistance activities and deported; he died on the train to Auschwitz.
When the Germans began their occupation of France in June 1940, Deleuze’s family was on vacation in Normandy, and he spent a year being schooled there. Deleuze traced his initiation into literature and philosophy to his encounter with a teacher at Deauville named Pierre Halbwachs (son of the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs), who introduced him to writers such as Gide and Baudelaire. Early on, he recalled, philosophical concepts struck him with the same force as literary characters, having their own autonomy and style. After the Liberation, Deleuze returned to Paris and undertook his khâgne (an intensive year of preparatory studies) at the well-known Lycée Henri IV, and then studied the history of philosophy at the Sorbonne. He was taught by Jean Hippolyte and Ferdinand Alquié, whom he “loved and admired enormously,” as well as by Georges Canguilheim and Maurice de Gandillac. Like many of his peers he was as influenced by the writings of Jean-Paul Sartre as he was by the work of his academic mentors.
Deleuze’s historically oriented study at the Sorbonne led him to devote his first book, Empiricism and Subjectivity (1953), to Hume. In an era in which peers like Foucault and Derrida, students at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, concentrated on “the three ‘H’s” (Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger), Deleuze’s decision to write on empiricism and Hume was already a provocation, early evidence of the heterodox tendencies of his thought. From 1953 to 1962—which he later referred to as “a hole in my life”—Deleuze published little, moving among various teaching positions in Paris and the provinces. It was also during this time that he contracted the recurring respiratory ailment that would plague him for the rest of his life. In 1962, Nietzsche and Philosophywas published to considerable acclaim, cementing Deleuze’s reputation in academic circles. He followed this initial success with Kant’s Critical Philosophy (1963); Proust and Signs (1964); and Bergsonism (1966). In 1968 he published Difference and Repetition as his primary thesis for the doctorat d’Etat, with Spinoza and the Problem of Expression as the secondary thesis. The next year, 1969, proved to be an important one for Deleuze. First, he found a permanent teaching position in Paris, at the experimental campus of the University of Paris VIII in Vincennes (which later moved to its current location in St. Denis); he gave weekly seminars at this institution until his retirement in 1987. Second, he published another major text in his own name, Logic of Sense. But most importantly, it was then that he met Félix Guattari, a radical psychoanalyst and political militant, with whom he began a long collaboration. Their first joint volume, Anti-Oedipus (1972), was a best seller in France, a veritable succès de scandale, and thrust Deleuze into the limelight as a public intellectual. They followed this with Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (1975), and then a book which, at least in the eyes of some, rivals Difference and Repetition for the title of Deleuze’s masterwork, A Thousand Plateaus (1980).
The 1980s were a decade of independent works for Deleuze: Francis Bacon: Logic of Sensation (1981); Cinema I: The Movement-Image (1983); Cinema II: The Time-Image (1985); Foucault (1986); and The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque (1988). He then resumed his collaboration with Guattari for their final joint work, What is Philosophy? (1991). His final years were spent in very ill health, although he did manage to publish a remarkable short essay, “Immanence: A Life” in 1995, before taking his own life on November 4, 1995.
Before he ever wrote “in his own name” in Difference and Repetition and Logic of Sense, Deleuze wrote a series of works on figures in the history of philosophy (Hume, Bergson, Nietzsche, Kant, and Spinoza). In writing these works, Deleuze sought to unearth the presuppositions he absorbed in his education; chief among them, he felt, was a deep-seated privilege of identity over difference. Deleuze thus set about trying to accelerate however he could a departure from Hegel, whom he saw as emblematic of that privilege. Deleuze attacks Hegel and others in what we can call—though Deleuze did not—the “identitarian” tradition first of all by means of a radicalized reading of Kant, whose genius, as Deleuze explains in Kant’s Critical Philosophy (1963), was to have conceived of a purely immanent critique of reason—a critique that did not seek “errors” of reason produced by external causes, but rather “illusions” that arise from within reason itself by the illegitimate (transcendent) uses of the syntheses of consciousness. Deleuze characterized his own work as a philosophy of immanence, arguing that Kant himself had failed to realize fully the ambitions of his critique, for at least two reasons: first, the failure to pursue a fully immanent critique, and second, the failure to propose a genetic account of real experience, resting content with the account of the conditions of possible experience.
First, Kant made the field of consciousness immanent to a transcendental subject, thereby reintroducing an element of identity that is transcendent (that is, external) to the field itself, and reserving all power of synthesis (that is, identity-formation) in the field to the activity of the always already unified and transcendent subject. (Deleuze was influenced in this regard by his reading of Sartre’s 1937 essay “The Transcendence of the Ego.”) Already in his Hume book, Empiricism and Subjectivity (1953), Deleuze had pointed to an empiricist reversal of Kant. Where Kant’s question had been “How can the given be given to a subject?” Hume’s question had been “How is the subject (human nature) constituted within the given?” In his mature work, Deleuze argues for an “impersonal and pre-individual” transcendental field in which the subject as identity pole which produces empirical identities by active synthesis is itself the result or product of differential passive syntheses (for instance, in what Deleuze calls the syntheses of habit, we find bodily, desiring, and unconscious “contractions” which unify a series of experiences, extracting that which it to be retained in the habit and allowing the rest to be “forgotten”). The passive syntheses responsible for subject formation must be qualified as “differential,” for three reasons. Each passive synthesis is serial, never singular (there is never one synthesis by itself, but always a series of “contractions,” that is to say, experience is ongoing and so our habits require constant “updating”); each series is related to other series in the same body (at the most basic level, for instance, the series of taste contractions is related to those of smell, sight, touch, hearing and proprioception); and each body is related to other bodies, which are themselves similarly differential (the series of syntheses of bodies can resonate or clash). Together the passive syntheses at all these levels form a differential field within which subject formation takes place as an integration or resolution of that field; in other words, subjects are roughly speaking the patterns of these multiple and serial syntheses which fold in on themselves producing a site of self-awareness. Of course, Deleuze never simply proclaims this as a bald thesis, but develops a genetic account of subjectivity in many of his books. Taking all this into account, Deleuze summarized his differential, immanent and genetic position by the at first glance odd phrase of “transcendental empiricism.” This is cashed out in terms of two characteristics: (1) the abstract (e.g., “subject,” “object,” “State,” the “whole,” and so on) does not explain, but must itself be explained; and (2) the aim of philosophy is not to rediscover the eternal or the universal, but to find the singular conditions under which something new is produced. In other words—and this is a pragmatic perspective from which Deleuze never deviated—philosophy aims not at stating the conditions of knowledge qua representation, but at finding and fostering the conditions of creative production.
Deleuze’s second criticism of Kant claims that he had simply presumed the existence of knowledge and morality as “facts” and then sought their conditions of possibility in the transcendental. But already in 1789, Salomon Maimon, whose early critiques of Kant helped generate the post-Kantian tradition, had argued that Kant’s critical project required a method of genesis—and not merely a method of conditioning—that would account for the production of knowledge, morality, and indeed reason itself. In other words, Maimon called for a genetic method that would be able to reach the conditions of real and not merely possible experience. Maimon found a solution to this problem in a principle of difference: whereas identity is the condition of possibility of thought in general, it is difference that constitutes the genetic and productive principle of real thought. These two Maimonian exigencies—the search for the genetic conditions of real experience and the positing of a principle of difference—appear in almost every one of Deleuze’s early monographs. Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962), for instance, suggests that Nietzsche completed and inverted Kantianism by bringing critique to bear, not simply on false claims to knowledge or morality, but on true knowledge and true morality, and indeed on truth itself: “genealogy” constituted Nietzsche’s genetic method, and the will-to-power was his principle of difference. Deleuze’s anti-Hegelianism is shown in his focus on the productivity of the non-dialectical (“affirmative”) differential forces termed by Nietzsche “noble.” These forces affirm themselves, and thereby differentiate themselves first, and only secondarily consider that from which they have differentiated themselves.
In Bergsonism (1966), Deleuze develops the ideas of virtuality and multiplicity that will serve as the backbone of his later work. From Maimon’s reading of Kant, we know that Deleuze needs to substitute the notion of the condition of the genesis of the real for the notion of conditions of possibility of representational knowledge. The positive name for that genetic condition is the virtual, which Deleuze adopts from the following Bergsonian argument. The notion of the possible, Bergson holds in Creative Evolution, is derived from a false problem that confuses the “more” with the “less” and ignores differences in kind; there is not less but more in the idea of the possible than in the real, just as there is more in the idea of nonbeing than in that of being, or more in the idea of disorder than in that of order. When we think of the possible as somehow “pre-existing” the real, we think of the real, then we add to it the negation of its existence, and then we project the “image” of the possible into the past. We then reverse the procedure and think of the real as something more than possible, that is, as the possible with existence added to it. We then say that the possible has been “realized” in the real. By contrast, Deleuze will reject the notion of the possible in favor of that of the virtual. Rather than awaiting realization, the virtual is fully real; what happens in genesis is that the virtual is actualized.
The fundamental characteristic of the virtual, that which means it must be actualized rather than realized, is its differential makeup. Deleuze always held the critical axiom that the ground cannot resemble that which it grounds; he constantly critiques the “tracing” operation by which identities in real experience are said to be conditioned by identities in the transcendental. For instance, Deleuze criticizes Kant for copying the transcendental field in the image of the empirical field. That is, empirical experience is personal, identitarian and centripetal; there is a central focus, the subject, in which all our experiences are tagged as belonging to us. Kant says this empirical identity is only possible if we can posit the Transcendental Unity of Apperception, that is, the possibility of adding “I think” to all our judgments. Instead of this smuggled-in or “traced” identity, Deleuze will want to have the transcendental field be differential. Deleuze still wants to work back from experience, but since the condition cannot resemble the conditioned, and since the empirical is personal and individuated, the transcendental must be impersonal and pre-individual. The virtual is the condition for real experience, but it has no identity; identities of the subject and the object are products of processes that resolve, integrate, or actualize (the three terms are synonymous for Deleuze) a differential field. The Deleuzean virtual is thus not the condition of possibility of any rational experience, but the condition of genesis of real experience.
As we have seen, the virtual, as genetic ground of the actual, cannot resemble that which it grounds; thus, if we are confronted with actual identities in experience, then the virtual ground of those identities must be purely differential. Deleuze adopts “multiplicity” from Bergson as the name for such a purely differential field. In this usage, Deleuze later clarifies, “multiplicity” designates the multiple as a substantive, rather than as a predicate. The multiple as predicate generates a set of philosophical problems under the rubric of “the one and the many” (a thing is one or multiple, one and multiple, and so on). With multiplicity, or the multiple as substantive, the question of the relation between the predicates one/multiple is replaced by the question of distinguishing types of multiplicities (as with Bergson’s distinction of qualitative and quantitative multiplicities in Time and Free Will). A typological difference between substantive multiplicities, in short, is substituted for the dialectical opposition of the one and the multiple.
In sum, then, against the “major” post-Kantian tradition of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, Deleuze in effect posited his own “minor” post-Kantian trio of Maimon, Nietzsche, and Bergson. To these he added a trio of pre-Kantians, Spinoza, Leibniz and Hume, but read through a post-Kantian lens. We have already touched on Deleuze’s reading of Hume. Let us now turn to Spinoza, for whom Deleuze’s admiration was seemingly limitless; for Deleuze, Spinoza was the “prince” or even the “Christ” of philosophers. There are many Spinozist inheritances in Deleuze, but one of the most important is certainly the notion of univocity in ontology. Univocity—as opposed to its great rivals, equivocity and analogy—is the key to developing a “philosophy of difference” (Deleuze’s term for his project in Difference and Repetition), in which difference would no longer be subordinated to identity. The result is a Spinozism minus substance, a purely modal or differential universe. In univocity, as Deleuze reads Spinoza, the single sense of Being frees a charge of difference throughout all that is. In univocal ontology being is said in a single sense of all of which it is said, but it is said of difference itself. What is that difference? Difference is difference in degrees of “power”; in interpreting this term we must distinguish the two French words puissance and pouvoir. In social terms, puissance is immanent power, power to act rather than power to dominate another; we could say that puissance is praxis (in which equals clash or act together) rather than poiesis (in which others are matter to be formed by the command of a superior, a sense of transcendent power that matches what pouvoir indicates for Deleuze). In the most general terms Deleuze develops throughout his career, puissance is the ability to affect and to be affected, to form assemblages or consistencies, that is, to form emergent unities that nonetheless respect the heterogeneity of their components. (Here we see the empiricist theme of the “externality of relations”: in an assemblage or consistency, the “becoming” or relation of the terms attains its own independent ontological status. In Deleuze’s favorite example, the wasp and orchid create a “becoming” or symbiotic emergent unit.)
Although Deleuze wrote a touching and certainly important book in tribute to his friend Foucault after the latter’s death in 1984, the final important figure in Deleuze’s readings of other philosophers is Leibniz, to whom, it must be recalled, Maimon appealed in his criticism of Kant. In 1988, Deleuze published a book on Leibniz entitled The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque, which added new elements to the reading of Leibniz that appeared in Deleuze’s earlier books: an interpretation centered on the concept of the fold, a development of a concept of the Baroque, and a attempt to define a neo-Leibnizianism in terms of contemporary artistic and scientific practices. While The Fold is a fascinating work, we will concentrate here on Deleuze’s early reading of Leibniz, which plays an important role in Difference and Repetition.
Deleuze pushes Leibniz’s thought to a point where Leibniz could never have taken it, given his theological presuppositions. This is the point where one begins to consider the virtual domain on its own account, freed from its actualization in a world and its individuals. On this score, Deleuze often likes to cite Jorge Luis Borges’s famous story, “The Garden of the Forking Paths,” in which such a virtual world is described in the labyrinthine book of a Chinese philosopher named Ts’ui Pên: “In all fiction, when a man is faced with alternatives, he chooses one at the expense of others. In the almost unfathomable Ts’ui Pên, he chooses—simultaneously—all of them… In Ts’ui Pên’s work, all the possible solutions occur, each one being the point of departure for other bifurcations.” Leibniz had in fact given a similar presentation of the world at the conclusion of the Theodicy. In Deleuze’s transformation of the Leibnizian / Borgesian image, the three Kantian transcendent Ideas of God, World, and Self all take on a completely different demeanor. First, God is no longer a Being who compares and chooses the richest compossible world; he has now become a pure Process that affirms incompossibilities and passes through them. (As the notion of “process” here attests, Deleuze’s relation to Whitehead is one of the most important contemporary issues for students of his thought; although the points of comparison are many, Deleuze himself rarely discussed Whitehead, save for several important pages in The Fold.) Second, the world is no longer a continuous world defined by its pre-established harmony; instead, divergences, bifurcations, and incompossibles must now be seen to belong to one and the same universe, a chaotic universe in which divergent series trace endlessly bifurcating paths, and give rise to violent discords and dissonances that are never resolved into a harmonic tonality: a “chaosmos,” as Deleuze puts it (borrowing a word from Joyce) and no longer a world. In contrast, Leibniz could only save the “harmony” of this world by relegating discordances and disharmonies to other possible worlds—this was his theological sleight of hand. Third, selves or individuals, rather than being closed upon the compossible and convergent world they express from within, are now torn open, and kept open through the divergent series and incompossible ensembles that continually pull them outside themselves. The “monadic” subject, as Deleuze puts it, becomes the “nomadic” subject. In other words, if Deleuze is Leibnizian, it is only by eliminating the idea of a God who chooses the best of all possible worlds, with its pre-established harmony and well-established selves; in Deleuze, incompossibilities and dissonances belong to one and the same world, the only world, our world. But they belong to our world as its virtual register; developing the thought of the virtual is one of the great challenges of Deleuze’s masterpiece, Difference and Repetition, to which we now turn.
Deleuze’s historical monographs were, in a sense, preliminary sketches for the great canvas of Difference and Repetition (1968), which marshaled these resources from the history of philosophy in an ambitious project to construct a “philosophy of difference.” Following Maimon’s critique, Difference and Repetition produces a two-fold shift from the Kantian project of providing the universal and necessary conditions for possible experience. First, rather than seeking the conditions for possible experience, Deleuze wants to provide an account of the genesis of real experience, that is, the experience of this concretely existing individual here and now. Second, to respect the demands of the philosophy of difference, the genetic principle must itself be a differential principle.
However, despite these departures, Deleuze maintains a crucial alignment with Kant; Difference and Repetition is still a transcendental approach. Here we should remind ourselves that the terms “transcendent” and “transcendental” have opposing significations. Transcendental philosophy in fact critiques the pretensions of other philosophies to transcend experience by providing strict criteria for the use of syntheses immanent to experience. On this score, at least, Deleuze aligns himself with Kant’s critical philosophy.
Three further preliminary notes are in order here. First, as we will discuss in section 4 below, the Capitalism and Schizophrenia project of Deleuze and Guattari will bring to the fore naturalist tendencies that are only implicitly present in the still-Kantian framework of Difference and Repetition. So, although there is some risk of reading backwards in this formulation, we can say that the “of” in the phrase “the experience of this concretely existing individual here and now” is both subjective and objective. It is the experience by human subjects of this individual object in front of it, and it is the experience enjoyed by the concretely existing individual itself, even when that individual is non-human or even non-living. (Deleuze’s panpsychism is treated briefly in Protevi 2011.) Second, then, in the demand for genetic principles to account for the real experience of concrete individuals, Deleuze is working in the tradition of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Third, the notion of “genesis” is itself double; in Chapter 3, Deleuze lays out a dynamic genesis that moves from an encounter with intensity in sensation to the thinking of virtual Ideas, while Chapters 4 and 5 lay out a static genesis that moves from the virtual Idea through an intensive individuation process to an actual entity.
We are now ready to discuss the book itself. Murphy 1992 suggests that the first part of the book (the Introduction and Chapters 1 and 2) constitutes Deleuze’s treatment of the history of philosophy, while in the second part of the book (Chapters 4 and 5) Deleuze is doing philosophy in his own name. From this point of view, Chapter 3, on the “image of thought,” plays a pivotal role, leading us into Deleuze’s own philosophy. This transitional role of Chapter 3 is confirmed elsewhere when Deleuze says that the study of the image of thought is the “prolegomena to philosophy” (Negotiations, 149).
In Chapters 1 and 2, to find a differential genetic principle, Deleuze works through the history of philosophy to isolate the concepts of “difference in itself” and “repetition for itself” that the assumptions of previous philosophies had prevented from being formulated. “Difference in itself” is difference that is freed from identities seen as metaphysically primary. Normally, difference is conceived of as an empirical relation between two terms which each has a prior identity of its own (“x is different from y”). Deleuze inverts this priority: identity persists, but is now a something produced by a prior relation between differentials (dx rather than not-x). Difference is no longer an empirical relation but becomes a transcendental principle that constitutes the sufficient reason of empirical diversity (for example, it is the difference of electrical potential between cloud and ground that constitutes the sufficient reason of the phenomenon of lightning).
In Chapter 2, the concept of “repetition for itself” is produced as repetition that is freed from being repetition of an original self-identical thing so that it can be the repetition of difference. Following the formula of Deleuze’s reading of Nietzsche’s eternal return, repetition is the return of the differential genetic condition of real experience each time there is an indviduation of a concrete entity. Ultimately, then, Difference and Repetition will show that the individuation of entities is produced by the actualization, integration, or resolution (the terms are synonymous for Deleuze) of a differentiated virtual field of Ideas or “multiplicities” that are themselves changed, via “counter-effectuation,” in each individuating event.
Chapter 3 lays out 8 postulates of the “dogmatic image of thought.” Between the first four and last four postulates we find a theory of the faculties, which is thus at the crossroads of both the chapter and the book.
Let us take up the first four postulates. The first postulate concerns our supposed natural disposition to think; the denial of this is what necessitates our being forced to think. The second and third postulates concern subjective and objective unity. Subjective unity is captured by the notion of “common sense” such that our faculties of sensation, memory, imagination, and thought work in harmony, while objective unity is captured by the notion of “recognition” such that it is the same object that is sensed, remembered, imagined, and thought. The fourth postulate concerns “representation”, a key target of Deleuze’s critique. Here difference is submitted to a fourfold structure that renders difference subordinate to identity: 1) identity in the concept; 2) opposition of predicates; 3) analogy in judgment; and 4) resemblance in perception. A good way to approach Deleuze’s notion of representation is via Aristotle and Porphyry. Specific differences are the opposed predicates that function on a horizon of identity in the concept under division; thus animal is the genus that is divided into rational and irrational as specific differences that enable the isolation of the species “human.” Then, we find that the difference between individuals of the same species is infra-conceptual and can only be made via the perception of resemblances; Theaetetus looks like Socrates but not so much that they cannot be distinguished. Finally, the relation of substance to the other categories is analogical, such that being is said in many ways, but with substance as the primary way in which it is said.
After the first four postulates, we find the theory of the faculties, which will be Deleuze’s account of what it means to be “forced” to think in differential rather than identitarian terms. To free a notion of “difference in itself” such that difference need not be thought on the basis of a prior horizon of identity, Deleuze looks for an “encounter,” a sensation that cannot be thought, that cannot find the empirical category under which an object can be recognized, and thus forces the “transcendent exercise” of the faculty of sensibility, when something can only be sensed.
Here we see the dynamic genesis from intensity in sensation to the thinking of virtual Ideas. Each step here has a distinct Kantian echo. The faculties are linked in order; here Deleuze as well as Kant looks to the privilege of sensibility as the origin of knowledge—the “truth of empiricism.” With sensibility, pure difference in intensity is grasped immediately in the encounter as the sentiendum, that which can only be sensed. In the differential theory of the faculties, sensibility, imagination, memory, and thought all “communicate a violence” from one to the other—here Deleuze works with the Kantian notion of the sublime as discordant accord of the faculties. The “free form of difference” in intensity moves each faculty and communicates its violence to the next, though in this case there is no supernatural vocation that will redeem the conflict of imagination and reason, as there is in the resolution to the discussion of the sublime in the Critique of Judgment. Rather than a reconciliation of the faculties, with thought, a “fractured self”—here Deleuze takes up Kant’s notion of the split between the empirical ego and the Transcendental subject—is constrained to think “difference in itself” in Ideas.
We won’t discuss the last four postulates in detail, as they concern the theory of Ideas, the topic of Chapter 4, which we will shortly discuss. For now, let us note that two of Deleuze’s technical terms, intensity and virtuality, occupy two different places on this line of dynamic genesis. Intensity is the characteristic of the encounter, and sets off the process of thinking, while virtuality is the characteristic of the Idea.
With the notions of intensive and extensive we come upon a crucial distinction for Deleuze that is explored in Chapters 4 and 5 of Difference and Repetition. Extensive differences, such as length, area or volume, are intrinsically divisible. A volume of matter divided into two equal halves produces two volumes, each having half the extent of the original one. Intensive differences, by contrast, refer to properties such as temperature or pressure that cannot be so divided. If a volume of water whose temperature is 90º is divided in half, the result is two volumes at the original temperature, not two volumes at 45º. However, the important property of intensity is not that it is indivisible, but that it is a property that cannot be divided without involving a change in kind. The temperature of a volume of water, for instance, can be “divided” by heating the container from below, causing a temperature difference between the top and the bottom. In so doing, however, we change the system qualitatively; moreover, if the temperature differences reach a certain threshold (if they attain a certain “intensity” in Deleuze’s terms), the system will undergo a “phase transition,” losing symmetry and changing its dynamics, entering into a periodic pattern of motion—convection—which displays extensive properties of size: X centimeters of length and breadth. Drawing on these kinds of analyses, Deleuze will assign a transcendental status to the intensive: intensity, he argues, constitutes the genetic condition of extensive space. Intensive processes are themselves in turn structured by Ideas or multiplicities.
An Idea or multiplicity is really a process of progressive determination of differential elements, differential relations, and singularities. Let us take these step-by-step. “Elements” must have no independent existence from the system in which they inhere; phonemes as the elements of the virtual linguistic Idea are an example Deleuze uses in Difference and Repetition. When phonemes are actualized they enter into differential relations that determine the patterns of individual languages; thus the English phoneme /p/ is reciprocally determined by its differences from /t/, /b/, /d/, and so on. Finally, these differential relations of an individual language determine singularities or remarkable points at which the pattern of that language can shift: the Great Vowel Shift of Middle English being an example, or more prosaically, dialect pronunciation shifts.
For another example—and here, in the applicability of his schema to widely divergent registers, is one of the aspects of Deleuze as metaphysician—let us try to construct the Idea of hurricanes. The differential elements would be material “flows” driven by intensive differences in temperature and pressure but undetermined in form (neither smooth nor turbulent, neither big nor small) and function (neither forming nor destroying of weather events). These flows qua differential elements enter into relations of reciprocal determination linking changes in any one element to changes in the others; thus temperature and pressure differences will link changes in air and water currents to each other: updrafts are related to downdrafts even if the exact relations (the tightness of the links, the velocity of the flows) are not yet determined. Finally, at singular points in these relations singularities are determined that mark qualitative shifts in the system, such as the formation of thunderstorm cells, the eye wall, and so on. But this is still the virtual Idea of hurricanes; real existent hurricanes will have measurable values of these variables so that we can move from the philosophical realm of sufficient reason to that of scientific causation. A hurricane is explained by its Idea, but it is caused by real wind currents driven by real temperature supplied by the sun to tropical waters.
To see how Ideas are transcendental and immanent, we have to appreciate that an Idea is a concrete universal. In an early article on Bergson (“The Conception of Difference in Bergson” ), Deleuze gave a particularly helpful example of this notion. In La Pensée et le Mouvant, Bergson had shown that there are two ways of determining what the spectrum of “colors” have in common. (1) You can extract from particular colors an abstract and general idea of color (“by removing from the red that which makes it red, from the blue what makes it blue, from the green what makes it green”). Or, (2) you can make all these colors “pass through a convergent lens, bringing them to a single point,” in which case a “pure white light” is obtained that “makes the differences between the shades stand out.” The former case defines a single generic “concept” with a plurality of objects; the relation between concept and object is one of subsumption; and the state of difference remains exterior to the thing. The second case, on the contrary, defines a differential Idea in the Deleuzean sense: the different colors are no longer objects under a concept, but constitute an order of mixture in coexistence and succession within the Idea; the relation between the Idea and a given color is not one of subsumption, but one of actualization and differenciation; and the state of difference between the concept and the object is internalized in the Idea itself, so that the concept itself has become the object. White light is still a universal, but it is a concrete universal, and not a genus or generality.
The Idea of color is thus like white light, which “perplexes” within itself the genetic elements and relations of all the colors, but which is actualized in the diverse colors and their respective spaces. (Like the word “problem,” Deleuze uses the word “perplexion” to signify, not a coefficient of doubt, hesitation, or astonishment, but the multiple and virtual state of Ideas. Indeed, Deleuze adopts a number of neoplatonic notions to indicate the structure of Ideas, all of which are derived from the root word pli [fold]: perplication, complication, implication, explication, and replication.) Similarly, the Idea of sound could be conceived of as a white noise, just as there is also a white society or a white language, which contains in its virtuality all the phonemes and relations destined to be actualized in the diverse languages and in the remarkable parts of a same language.
We can now move to discuss Chapter 5, on the individuation of concretely existing real entities as the actualization of a virtual Idea. In isolating the conditions of genesis, Deleuze sets up a tripartite ontological scheme, positing three interdependent registers: the virtual, intensive, and actual. Deleuze’s basic notion is that in all realms of being intensive morphogenetic processes follow differential virtual multiplicities to produce localized and individuated actual substances with extensive properties. Simply put, the actualization of the virtual proceeds by way of intensive processes. Beneath the actual (any one state of a system), we find “impersonal individuations” or intensive morphogenetic processes that produce system states and beneath these we find “pre-individual singularities” (that is, the key elements in virtual fields, marking system thresholds that structure the intensive morphogenetic processes). We thus have to distinguish the intense “impersonal” field of individuation and its processes from the virtual “pre-individual” field of differential relations and singularities that make up an Idea or multiplicity.
Tying together the themes of difference, multiplicity, virtuality and intensity, at the heart of Difference and Repetition we find a theory of Ideas (dialectics) based neither on an essential model of identity (Plato), nor a regulative model of unity (Kant), nor a dialectical model of contradiction (Hegel), but rather on a problematic and genetic model of difference. Ideas define the being of a thing, but one cannot attain an Idea through the Socratic question “What is … ?” (which posits Ideas as transcendent and eternal), but rather through “minor” questions such as “Which one?” “Where?” “When?” “How?” “How many?” “In which case?” “From which viewpoint?”—all of which allow one to define the differential Ideas immanent in the intensive processes they structure.
From these examples we can see that Ideas structure the intensive processes that give rise to the behavior patterns of systems, and their singularities mark the thresholds at which systems change behavior patterns. In a word, the virtual Idea is the transformation matrix for material systems or bodies. Bodies are determined “solutions” to the “problem” that lays out the manifold options for incarnating bodies of that nature. Ideas then respond to the question “who?” (who is it that incarnates the Idea in this case?) rather than the essentialist “what is?” (what are the properties of the substance that provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in the class of which the object is a member?)
For orientation purposes, it’s useful to consider Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation as a very simple model for what Deleuze calls “actualization.” For Simondon, crystallization is a paradigm of individuation: a supersaturated solution is metastable; from that pre-individuated field, replete with gradients of density that are only implicit “forms” or “potential functions,” individual crystals precipitate out. The crucial difference is that crystals form in homogenous solutions, while the Deleuzean virtual is composed of “Ideas” or “multiplicities” involving differential relations among heterogeneous components, whose rates of change are connected with each other. For an example of such heterogeneity, let us return to hurricane formation, the Idea of which we sketched above. Here it should be intuitively clear that there is no central command, but a self-organization of multiple processes of air and water movement propelled by temperature and pressure differences. All hurricanes form when intensive processes of wind and ocean currents reach singular points. These singular points, however, are not unique to any one hurricane, but are virtual for each actual hurricane, just as the boiling point of water is virtual for each actual pot of tea on the stove. In other words, all hurricanes share the same virtual structure even as they are singular individuations or actualizations of that structure.
In this treatment, we have concentrated on only some of the metaphysics in Difference and Repetition; much more could be said about the role that Nietzsche’s thought of the eternal return plays therein, in addition to Deleuze’s remarks on a dizzying array of figures from Plato and Scotus to Freud and Artaud. In the interests of space, however, let us move to a brief treatment of Deleuze’s second major work of the late 1960s, Logic of Sense.
While Difference and Repetition ranges over a wide field of philosophical topics, Logic of Sense focuses on two aspects of a single issue, the structure and genesis of sense. The genius of Frege and Russell was to have discovered that the condition of truth (denotation) lies in the domain of sense. In order for a proposition to be true (or false) it must have a sense; a nonsensical proposition can be neither true nor false. Yet they betrayed this insight, Deleuze argues, because they—like Kant before them—remained content with establishing the condition of truth rather than its genesis. In Logic of Sense, Deleuze attacks this problem, first developing the paradoxes that result from the structure of sense and then sketching a theory of its genesis. He does this using resources from analytic philosophy and the Stoics in the course of a reading of Lewis Carroll—a typically innovative, if not quirky, set of Deleuzean references.
In the first part of the book, Deleuze analyzes the structure of sense. He begins by identifying three types of relation within propositions:
- 1. Designation or denotation, which is the relation of a proposition to an external state of affairs (theory of reference, with its criterion of truth or falsity).
- 2. Manifestation, which marks the relation of the proposition to the beliefs and desires of the person who is speaking (with its values of veracity or illusion).
- 3. Signification or demonstration, which is the relation of the proposition to other propositions (the domain of logic, with its relations of implication and assertion).
Propositions, in other words, can be related either to the objects to which they refer, or to the subjects who utter them, or to other propositions. But each of these relations, in turn, can be taken to be primary. (1) In the domain of speech, it is the “I” that begins: manifestation not only makes denotation possible (Hume), but is also prior to signification (Descartes’ cogito). (2) In the domain of language, however, it is signification that is primary, since one is always born into a preexisting language, and signified concepts are always primary in relation to the self as a manifested person or to things as designated objects. (3) Yet in the domain of logic we see the primacy of designation: as shown by the hypothetical mode of implications, the logical value of demonstration is not the truth, but rather the conditions of truth (the conditions of possibility under which the proposition would be true); the premises must thus be posited as effectively true, which forces one to leave the pure order of implication in order to relate the premises to a denoted state of affairs. Logical designation, in other words, cannot fulfill its putative role as foundation, since it presupposes an irreducible denotation.
The theory of the proposition is thus caught in a circle, with each condition in turn being conditioned by what it supposedly conditions. “For the condition of truth to avoid this defect,” Deleuze argues, “it would have to have something unconditioned capable of assuring a real genesis of designation and the other dimensions of the proposition: the condition of truth would then be defined, no longer as the form of conceptual possibility, but as an ideal matter or ‘medium’ [matière ou ‘couche’ idéelle], that is, no longer as signification, but as sense” (LS 19). Sense, then, would be a fourth dimension of propositions, for which Deleuze reserves the term expression. For Deleuze as for Frege, sense is what is expressed in a proposition; the two senses of “morning star” and “evening star” are two ways in which the same denotatum may be expressed in propositions.
Deleuze’s contribution to the philosophy of sense really begins to take off when he shows that the attempt to make this fourth dimension evident is akin to Lewis Carroll’s Hunt for the Snark, or to unraveling a Möbius strip, since sense has neither a physical nor a mental existence. Deleuze suggests that it was the Stoics who first discovered the dimension of sense when they distinguished between corporeal mixtures and incorporeal events. I can attribute the proper name “Battle of Waterloo” to a particular state of affairs, but the battle itself is an incorporeal event (or sense) with no other reality than that of the expression of my proposition; what we find in the state of affairs are bodies mixing with one another—spears stabbing flesh, bullets flying through the air, cannons firing, bodies being ripped apart—and the battle itself is the effect or the result of this intermingling of bodies. Sense thus has a complex status. On the one hand, it does not exist outside the proposition that expresses it, but it cannot be confused with the proposition, since it has a distinct “objectity” of its own (it does not exist, but rather “subsists” or “insists”). On the other hand, it is attributed to states of affairs or things, but it cannot be confused or identified with state of affairs, nor with a quality or relation of these states. “Sense is both the expressible or the expressed of the proposition, and the attribute of the state of affairs. It turns one side toward things, and another side toward propositions. But it cannot be confused with the proposition which expressed it any more than with the state of affairs or the quality which the proposition denotes. It is exactly the boundary between propositions and things” (LS 22).
The structure of sense generates a number of paradoxes, which Deleuze distinguishes from the paradoxes of signification discovered by Russell in set theory (the set of all sets, and the “barber of the regiment”). The first is the paradox of regress, or indefinite proliferation: I can never state the sense of what I am saying, but I can take the sense of what I am saying as the object of another proposition, whose sense in turn I cannot state, ad infinitum. This first paradox points both to the impotence of the speaker (my inability to state the sense of what I am saying) and to the highest power of language (its infinite capability to speak about words). The second paradox is that of sterile reiteration or doubling: one can avoid the infinite regress by extracting sense as the mere double of a proposition, but at the price of catapulting us into a third paradox of neutrality or sterility—sense is necessarily neutral with regard to the various modes of the proposition: quality (affirmation, negation), quantity (all, some, none), relation, and modality (possibility, reality, necessity).
Thus extracted from the proposition, Deleuze argues that sense has the status of a pure ideational event, irreducible to propositions and their three dimensions: (1) the states of affairs the propositions denote; (2) the experiences or mental activities (beliefs, desires, images, representations) of persons who express themselves in the proposition; and (3) universals or general concepts. But how can sense be said to engender the other dimension of the proposition? This is the second task of a logic of sense: “to combine the sterility of sense in relation to the proposition from which it was extracted with its power of genesis in relation to the dimensions of the proposition” (LS 32).
In the second half of Logic of Sense, Deleuze analyzes what he calls the dynamic genesis of language, drawing in part from texts in developmental psychology and psychoanalysis. “What renders language possible,” he writes, “is that which separates sounds from bodies and organizes them into propositions, freeing them for the expressive function” (LS 181). Deleuze distinguishes three stages in the dynamic genesis, which at the same time constitute three dimensions of language: (1) the primary order is the noise produced in the depths of the body; (2) the secondary organization constitutes the surface of sense (and non-sense); and (3) the tertiary arrangement [ordonnance] is found in fully-formed propositions, with their functions of denotation, manifestation, and signification.
The first stage of the dynamic genesis of sense, the primary order of language, is found in the newborn infant. Deleuze draws from a tradition of developmental psychology whose insights are expressed in the vivid image of Daniel N. Stern: the infant’s experience is a kind of human “weatherscape,” made up entirely of sequences of risings and fallings of intensity—the jolting of a bright light or a sharp noise, the calming of a voice, or the explosive breakout of a storm of hunger (The Interpersonal World of the Infant, 1985). Deleuze will draw upon the writings of the French writer Antonin Artaud and call this life of intensities-in-motion the “body without organs.” This primary order of language (pure Noise as a dimension of the body) constitutes a first type of nonsense. But in the midst of this world of intensities, there also appears a particular noise: the sound of the child’s parents, or other adults. Long before the infant can understand words and sentences, it grasps language as something that pre-exists itself, as something always-already there, like a Voice on high. But for the child the Voice has the dimensions of language without having its condition. (Adults have the same experience when they hear a foreign language being spoken.) For the infant to accede to the tertiary arrangement of language (denotation, manifestation, signification), it must pass through its secondary organization, which is the production of the surface dimension of sense. How does this construction take place? From the flow of the Voice, the child will extract differential elements of various orders (phonemes, morphemes, semantemes) and begin to synthesize them into diverse series.
At this point, Deleuze isolates three series or syntheses: connective, conjunctive, and disjunctive. In the first, the child connects phonemes in a concatenation of successive entities (“mama,” “dada”); in the second, there is the construction of esoteric words out of these phonemes through their integration and conjunction (“your royal highness” is contracted into “y’reince”); in the third, the child starts making these esoteric words ramify and enter into relation with other divergent and independent series. We can clearly see that the constructions of this secondary organization of sense are not yet the fully formed units of the tertiary arrangement of language on high, but they are no longer merely the bodily noises of the primary order. Before the child has any understanding of linguistic units, it undertakes a vast apprenticeship in their formative elements. This is why the domain of sense is the condition or ground of propositions, not as their form of possibility, but as their “ideal matter or ‘medium’”: we are positioned immediately within sense whenever we denote, manifest, or signify. Moreover, since sense lies at the frontier of words and things—it is expressed in propositions and attributed to states of affairs, but it cannot be confused with either propositions or states of affairs—it engenders both the determinate dimensions of the proposition (denotation, manifestation, signification) as well as its objective correlates (the denoted, the manifested, and the signified).
The domain of sense is necessarily subject to a fundamental fragility, capable of toppling over into nonsense: the ground gives way to a groundlessness, a sans-fond. The reason for this is clear. Sense is never a principle or an origin; rather, it is an effect, it is produced, and it is produced out of elements that do not, in themselves, have a sense. Sense, in other words, has a determinate relation with nonsense. Deleuze, however, distinguishes between two very different types of nonsense. The first is that of Lewis Carroll, who remains at the surface of sense and, like children, makes use of the non-signifying elements of language in order to construct the portmanteau words (snark = shark + snake; frumious = furious + fuming) and nonsensical phrases (“’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves did gyre and gimble in the wabe”) that populate his writing. If Logic of Sense is in part a reading of Carroll’s work, it is because no one knew better than Carroll about the conditions for the production of sense, which Deleuze elucidates in detail: the extraction of differential elements or pure event, their organization in multiple series, and most importantly, the aleatory point or paradoxical element that links the series (the ideal “quasi-cause” that produces the effect of sense out of nonsense).
But there is a second type of nonsense, which is more profound than the surface nonsense found in Lewis Carroll. This is the terrifying nonsense of the primary order, which found expression in the writings of Antonin Artaud. Sense is what prevents the sonorous language from being confused with the physical body (noise). But in the primary order of schizophrenia experienced by Artaud, there is no longer anything to prevent propositions from falling back onto bodies, which mingle their sonorous elements with the olfactory, gustatory, and digestive effects of the body (Artaud’s cris-souffles: “ratara ratara ratara Atara tatara rana Otara otara katara”).
Deleuze will develop his theory of the body-without-organs in his collaboration with Félix Guattari, to which we now turn. As we shall see, the concept of the body-without-organs is put to work in a complex naturalistic philosophy of “desiring-production” that moves far beyond the question of sense into the realms of nature, history, and politics. In other words, if Logic of Sense represents Deleuze’s confrontation with the “linguistic turn” that was so important for twentieth-century philosophy, it is a confrontation that he quickly put behind him as he came to embrace fully his materialist and naturalistic leanings.
Following his work in the philosophy of difference, Deleuze meets Guattari in the aftermath of May 1968. These famous “events,” which have marked French culture and politics ever since, brought together students and workers, to the befuddlement of the established guardians of the revolution, the French Communist Party. Days of general strikes and standoffs with the police led the French President Charles de Gaulle to call a general election. De Gaulle’s call for a parliamentary solution to the crisis was backed by the Communists, who were evidently as scared of any revolution from below—which by definition would lack the party discipline they so craved—as were the official holders of State power, to whose position they aspired. The worker-student movement eventually collapsed, leaving memories of non-scripted social interactions and revealing the investments of the Party, lampooned thereafter as “bureaucrats of the revolution,” in Foucault’s words in his Preface to the English translation of Anti-Oedipus. The French Communist Party’s agreement with De Gaulle to allow a parliamentary solution to the social crisis was a glaring example of the horizon of identity (the desire that someone be in control of a central State bureaucracy) that allowed an opposition (of the Gaullists and the Communists as rivals for control of the State) to shackle difference. The government response to May 1968 changed French academic life in two ways. First, institutionally, by the creation of Paris VIII (Vincennes) where Deleuze taught; and second, in the direction of the philosophy of difference, which became explicitly political post-1968. It became, in fact, a politics of philosophy dedicated to exposing the historical force relations producing identity in all its ontological and epistemological forms. In other words, the philosophy of difference now set out to show how the unified objects of the world, the unified subjects who know and hence control them, the unified bodies of knowledge that codify this knowledge, and the unified institution of philosophy that polices the whole affair, are products of historical, political forces in combat with other forces.
In purely philosophical terms, the works with Guattari naturalize the still-Kantian framework of Difference and Repetition. By the time of Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus Deleuze and Guattari explicitly thematize that the syntheses they investigate are fully material syntheses, syntheses of nature in geological as well as biological, social, and psychological registers (Welchman 2009). Not just organic syntheses, but inorganic ones as well, are “spatio-temporal dynamisms.” With this full naturalization of syntheses, the question of panpsychism is brought into full relief (Protevi 2011), since material syntheses are as much syntheses of experience as they are syntheses of things, as we see in the title of Chapter 3 of A Thousand Plateaus: “The Geology of Morals: Who does the earth think it is?”
In considering Anti-Oedipus we should first discuss its performative effect, which attempts to “force us to think,” that is, to fight against a tendency to cliché. Reading Anti-Oedipus can indeed be shocking experience. First, we find a bizarre collection of sources; for example, the schizophrenic ranting of Antonin Artaud provides one of the basic concepts of the work, the “body without organs.” Second is the book’s vulgarity, as in the infamous opening lines about the unconscious (the Id): “It is at work everywhere, functioning smoothly at times, at other times in fits and starts. It breathes, it heats, it eats. It shits and fucks [Ça chie, ça baise]. What a mistake to have ever said the id” (7 / 1). A third performative effect is humor, as in the mocking of Melanie Klein’s analysis of children: “Say it’s Oedipus, or I’ll slap you upside the head [sinon t’auras un gifle]” (54 / 45; trans. modified). There are many more passages like this; it’s safe to say very few philosophy books contain as many jokes, puns, and double entendres as Anti-Oedipus. A fourth element is the gleeful coarseness of the polemics. Among many other examples, thinkers of the signifier are associated with the lap dogs of tyrants, members of the French Communist Party are said to have fascist libidinal investments, and Freud is described as a “masked Al Capone.” All in all, the performative effect of reading Anti-Oedipus is unforgettable.
Passing to the conceptual structure of the book, the key term of Anti-Oedipus is “desiring-production,” which crisscrosses Marx and Freud, putting desire in the eco-social realm of production and production in the unconscious realm of desire. Rather than attempting to synthesize Marx and Freud in the usual way, that is, by a reductionist strategy that either (1) operates in favor of Freud, by positing that the libidinal investment of social figures and patterns requires sublimating an original investment in family figures and patterns, or (2) operates in favor of Marx by positing neuroses and psychoses as mere super-structural by-products of unjust social structures, Deleuze and Guattari will call desiring-production a “universal primary process” underlying the seemingly separate natural, social and psychological realms. Desiring-production is thus not anthropocentric; it is the very heart of the world. Besides its universal scope, we need to realize two things about desiring-production right away: (1) there is no subject that lies behind the production, that performs the production; and (2) the “desire” in desiring-production is not oriented to making up a lack, but is purely positive. Desiring-production is autonomous, self-constituting, and creative: it is the natura naturans of Spinoza or the will-to-power of Nietzsche.
Anti-Oedipus is, along with its conceptual and terminological innovation, a work of grand ambitions: among them, (1) an eco-social theory of production, encompassing both sides of the nature/culture split, which functions as an ontology of change, transformation, or “becoming”; (2) a “universal history” of social formations—the “savage” or tribal, the “barbarian” or imperial, and the capitalist—which functions as a synthetic social science; (3) and to clear the ground for these functions, a critique of the received versions of Marx and Freud—and the attempts to synthesize them by analogizing their realms of application. In pursuing its ambitions, Anti-Oedipus has the virtues and the faults of the tour de force: unimagined connections between disparate elements are made possible, but at the cost of a somewhat strained conceptual scheme.
Anti-Oedipus identifies two primary registers of desiring-production, the natural or “metaphysical” and the social or “historical.” They are related in the following way: natural desiring-production is that which social machines repress, but also that which is revealed in capitalism, at the end of history (a contingent history, that is, one that avoids dialectical laws of history). Capitalism sets free desiring-production even as it attempts to rein it in with the institution of private property and the familial or “Oedipal” patterning of desire; schizophrenics are propelled by the charge of desiring-production thus set free but fail at the limits capitalist society proposes, thus providing a clue to the workings of desiring-production.
It’s important at the start to realize that Deleuze and Guattari do not advocate schizophrenia as a “lifestyle” or as the model for a political program. The schizophrenic, as a clinical entity, is the result of the interruption or the blocking of the process of desiring-production, its having been taken out of nature and society and restricted to the body of an individual where it spins in the void rather than make the connections that constitute reality. Desiring-production does not connect “with” reality, as in escaping a subjective prison to touch the objective, but it makes reality, it is the Real, in a twisting of the Lacanian sense of the term. In Lacan, the real is produced as an illusory and retrojected remainder to a signifying system; for Deleuze and Guattari, the Real is reality itself in its process of self-making. The schizophrenic is a sick person in need of help, but schizophrenia is an avenue into the unconscious, the unconscious not of an individual, but the “transcendental unconscious,” an unconscious that is social, historical, and natural all at once.
In studying the schizophrenic process, Deleuze and Guattari posit that in both the natural and social registers desiring-production is composed of three syntheses, the connective, disjunctive, and conjunctive; the syntheses perform three functions: production, recording, and enjoyment. We can associate production with the physiological, recording with the semiotic, and enjoyment with the psychological registers. While it is important to catch the Kantian resonance of “synthesis,” it is equally important to note, in keeping with the post-structuralist angle we discussed above, that there is no subject performing the syntheses; instead, subjects are themselves one of the products of the syntheses. The syntheses have no underlying subject; they just are the immanent process of desiring-production. Positing a subject behind the syntheses would be a transcendent use of the syntheses. Here we see another reference to the Kantian principle of immanence. Deleuze and Guattari propose to study the immanent use of the synthesis in a “materialist psychoanalysis,” or “schizoanalysis”; by contrast, psychoanalysis is transcendent use of the syntheses, producing five “paralogisms” or “transcendental illusions,” all of which involve assigning the characteristics of the extensive properties of actual products to the intensive production process, or, to put it in the terms of the philosophy of difference, all the paralogisms subordinate differential processes to identities derived from products.
According to the “universal history” undertaken in Anti-Oedipus, social life has three forms of “socius,” the social body that takes credit for production: the earth for the tribe, the body of the despot for the empire, and capital for capitalism. According to Deleuze and Guattari’s reading of the anthropological literature, tribal societies mark bodies in initiation ceremonies, so that the products of an organ are traced to a clan, which is mythically traced to the earth or, more precisely, one of its enchanted regions, which function as the organs on the full body of the earth. Material flows are thus “territorialized,” that is, traced onto the earth, which is credited as the source of all production. The signs in tribal inscription are not signifiers: they do not map onto a voice, but enact a “savage triangle forming … a theater of cruelty that implies the triple independence of the articulated voice, the graphic hand and the appreciative eye” (189). Empires overcode these tribal meaning codes, tracing production back to the despot, the divine father of his people. Material flows in despotic empires are thus “deterritorialized” (they are no longer credited to the earth), and then immediately “reterritorialized” on the body of the despot, who assumes credit for all production. When tribal signs are overcoded, the signifier is formed as a “deterritorialized sign” allowing for communication between the conquered and the conquerors. Signifiers are a “flattening” or “bi-univocalization”: two chains are lined up, one to one, the written and the spoken (205–6; cf. Derrida’s notion of “phonocentrism”). The body of the despot as imperial socius means that workers are the “hands” of the emperor, spies are his “eyes,” and so on.
Capitalism is the radical decoding and deterritorialization of the material flows that previous social machines had zealously coded on the earth or the body of the despot. Production is credited to the “body” of capital, but this form of recording works by the substitution of an “axiomatic” for a code: in this context an “axiomatic” means a set of simple principles for the quantitative calculation of the difference between flows (of deterritorialized labor and capital) rather than elaborate rules for the qualitative judgments that map flows onto the socius. Capitalism’s command is utterly simple: connect deterritorialized flows of labor and capital and extract a surplus from that connection. Thus capitalism sets loose an enormous productive charge—connect those flows! Faster, faster!—the surpluses of which the institutions of private property try to register as belonging to individuals. Now those individuals are primarily social (as figures of capitalist or laborer) and only secondarily private (family members). Whereas organs of bodies were socially marked in previous regimes (as belonging to the clan and earth, or as belonging to the emperor, as in the jus primae noctis), body organs are privatized under capitalism and attached to persons as members of the family. In Deleuze and Guattari’s terms, capitalism’s decoded flows are reterritorialized on “persons,” that is, on family members as figures in the Oedipal triangle.
Three differences between this work and its predecessor are immediately apparent. First, A Thousand Plateaus has a much wider range of registers than Anti-Oedipus: cosmic, geologic, evolutionary, developmental, ethological, anthropological, mythological, historical, economic, political, literary, musical, and even more. Second, the results of the paralogisms of Anti-Oedipus become “strata” in A Thousand Plateaus: the organism (the unification and totalization of the connective synthesis of production, or the physiological register), the signifying totality or signifiance, which we can perhaps render as “signifier-ness” (the flattening or “bi-univocalizing” of the disjunctive synthesis of recording, the semiotic register), and the subject (the reification of the conjunctive synthesis of consummation, the psychological register). Finally, while Anti-Oedipus has a classical conceptual architecture, that is, chapters that develop a single argument, A Thousand Plateaus is written as a “rhizome,” that is, as allowing immediate connections between any of its points. Because of this rhizomatic structure, a traditional summary of the “theses” and arguments of A Thousand Plateaus is either downright impossible, or at best, would be much too complex to attempt in an encyclopedia article. We will therefore have to limit ourselves to the following remarks.
In fourteen plateaus, or planes of intensity—productive connections between immanently arrayed material systems without reference to an external governing source—Deleuze and Guattari develop a new materialism in which a politicized philosophy of difference joins forces with the sciences explored in Difference and Repetition. A Thousand Plateaus is a book of strange new questions: “Who Does the Earth Think It Is?,” “How Do You make Yourself a Body Without Organs?,” “How does the war-machine ward off the apparatus of capture of the State?” and so on. To over-simplify, Deleuze and Guattari take up the insights of dynamical systems theory, which explores the various thresholds at which material systems self-organize (that is, reduce their degrees of freedom, as in our previous example of convection currents). Deleuze and Guattari then extend the notion of self-organizing material systems—those with no need of transcendent organizing agents such as gods, leaders, capital, or subjects—to the social, linguistic, political-economic, and psychological realms. The resultant “rhizome” or de-centered network that is A Thousand Plateaus provides hints for experimentation with the more and more de-regulated flows of energy and matter, ideas and actions—and the attendant attempts at binding them—that make up the contemporary world.
A Thousand Plateaus maintains the tripartite ontological scheme of all of Deleuze’s work, but, as the title indicates, with geological terms of reference. Deleuze and Guattari call the virtual “the Earth,” the intensive is called “consistency,” and the actual is called “the system of the strata.” As the latter term indicates, one of the foci of their investigations is the tendency of some systems to head toward congealment or stratification. More precisely put, any concrete system is composed of intensive processes tending toward the (virtual) plane of consistency and/or toward (actual) stratification. We can say that all that exists is the intensive, tending towards the limits of virtuality and actuality; these last two ontological registers do not “exist,” but they do “insist,” to use one of Deleuze’s terms. Nothing ever instantiates the sheer frozen stasis of the actual nor the sheer differential dispersion of the virtual; rather, natural or worldly processes are always and only actualizations, that is, they are processes of actualization structured by virtual multiplicities and heading toward an actual state they never quite attain. More precisely, systems also contain tendencies moving in the other direction, toward virtuality; systems are more or less stable sets of processes moving in different directions, toward actuality and toward virtuality. In still other words, Deleuze and Guattari are process philosophers; neither the structures of such processes nor their completed products merit the same ontological status as processes themselves. With this perspective, Deleuze and Guattari offer a detailed and complex “open system” which is extraordinarily rich and complex. A useful way into it is to follow the concepts of coding, stratification and territorialization. They are related in the following manner. Coding is the process of ordering matter as it is drawn into a body; by contrast, stratification is the process of creating hierarchal bodies, while territorialization is the ordering of those bodies in “assemblages,” that is to say, an emergent unity joining together heterogeneous bodies in a “consistency.”
These concepts, and several other networks of concepts considerations of space preclude us from considering, are put to work in addressing the following topics. After a discussion of the notion of “rhizome” in the first chapter (or “plateau” as they call it), Deleuze and Guattari quickly dismiss psychoanalysis in the second. In the third chapter they discuss the process of stratification in physical, organic, and social strata, with special attention to questions in population genetics, where speciation can be thought to stratify or channel the flow of genes. In chapters 4 and 5 they intervene in debates in linguistics in favor of pragmatics, that is to say, highlighting the “incorporeal transformations” (labels that prompt a different form of action to be applied to a body: “I now pronounce you man and wife”) that socially sanctioned “order words” bring about (Deleuze and Guattari also refer to speech act theory in this regard). They also lay out the theory of “territories” or sets of environmentally embedded triggers of self-organizing processes, and the concomitant processes of deterritorialization (breaking of habits) and reterritorialization (formation of habits). Chapters 6 and 7 discuss methods of experimenting with the strata in which we found ourselves. Chapter 6 deals with the organic stratum or the “organism”; the notorious term of art “Body without Organs” can be at least partially glossed as the reservoir of potentials for different patterns of bodily affect. Chapter 7 deals with the intersection of signifiance (“signifier-ness”) and subjectification in “faciality”; the face arrests the drift of signification by tying meaning to the expressive gestures of a subject. Chapters 8 and 9 deal with the social organizing practices they name “lines” and “segments”; of particular interest here is their treatment of fascism. Chapter 10 returns to the question of intensive experimentation, now discussed in terms of “becoming,” in which (at least) two systems come together to form an emergent system or “assemblage.” Chapter 11 discusses the “refrain” or rhythm as a means of escaping from and forming new territories, or even existing in a process of continual deterritorialization, what they call “consistency.” Chapters 12 and 13 discuss the relation of the “war machine” and the State; the former is a form of social organization that fosters creativity (it “reterritorializes on deterritorialization itself”), while the latter is an “apparatus of capture” living vampirically off of labor (here Deleuze and Guattari’s basically Marxist perspective is apparent). Finally, Chapter 14 discusses types of social constitution of space, primarily the “smooth” space of war machines and the “striated” space of States.
After a long period in which each pursued his own interests, Deleuze and Guattari published a last collaboration in 1991, What Is Philosophy? In answering their title question, Deleuze and Guattari seek to place philosophy in relation to science and art, all three being modes of thought, with no subordination among them. Thought, in all its modes, struggles with chaos against opinion. Philosophy is the creation or construction of concepts; a concept is an intensive multiplicity, inscribed on a plane of immanence, and peopled by “conceptual personae” which operate the conceptual machinery. A conceptual persona is not a subject, for thinking is not subjective, but takes place in the relationship of territory and earth. Science creates functions on a plane of reference. Art creates “a bloc of sensation, that is to say, a compound of percepts and affects” (WP, 164).
We will deal with Deleuze and the arts in some detail below. In discussing What is Philosophy?, let us concentrate on the treatment of the relation of philosophy and science. We should remember at the outset that the nomad or minor science evoked in A Thousand Plateaus is not the Royal or major science that makes up the entirety of what Deleuze and Guattari call ‘science’ in What is Philosophy?. The motives for this conflation are unclear; in the eyes of some, this change considerably weakens the value of the latter work. Be that as it may, in What is Philosophy? Deleuze and Guattari vigorously deny that philosophy is needed to help science think about its own presuppositions (“no one needs philosophy to reflect on anything” [WP 6]). Instead, they emphasize the complementary nature of the two. First, they point out a number of similarities between philosophy and science: both are approaches to “chaos” that attempt to bring order to it, both are creative modes of thought, and both are complementary to each other, as well as to a third mode of creative thought, art. Beyond these similarities, Deleuze and Guattari distinguish between philosophy as the creation of concepts on a plane of immanence and science as the creation of functions on a plane of reference. Both relate to the virtual, the differential field of potential transformations of material systems, but in different ways. Philosophy gives consistency to the virtual, mapping the forces composing a system as pure potentials, what the system is capable of. Meanwhile, science gives it reference, determining the conditions by which systems behave the way they actually do. Philosophy is the “counter-effectuation of the event,” abstracting an event or change of pattern from bodies and states of affairs and thereby laying out the transformative potentials inherent in things, the roads not taken that coexist as compossibles or as inclusive disjunctions (differentiation, in the terms of Difference and Repetition), while science tracks the actualization of the virtual, explaining why this one road was chosen in a divergent series or exclusive disjunction (differenciation, according to Difference and Repetition). Functions predict the behavior of constituted systems, laying out their patterns and predicting change based on causal chains, while concepts “speak the event” (WP 21), mapping out the multiplicity structuring the possible patterns of behavior of a system—and the points at which the system can change its habits and develop new ones. For Deleuze and Guattari in What is Philosophy?, then, science deals with properties of constituted things, while philosophy deals with the constitution of events. Roughly speaking, philosophy explores the plane of immanence composed of constellations of constitutive forces that can be abstracted from bodies and states of affairs. It thus maps the range of connections a thing is capable of, its “becomings” or “affects.” Science, on the other hand, explores the concretization of these forces into bodies and states of affairs, tracking the behavior of things in relation to already constituted things in a certain delimited region of space and time (the “plane of reference”). How do concepts relate to functions? Just as there is a “concept of concept” there are also “concepts of functions,” but these are purely philosophical creations “without the least scientific value” (WP 117). Thus concrete concepts like that of “deterritorialization” are philosophical concepts, not scientific functions, even though they might resonate with, or echo, scientific functions. Nor are they metaphors, as Deleuze and Guattari repeatedly insist:
Of course, we realize the dangers of citing scientific propositions outside their own sphere. It is the danger of arbitrary metaphor or of forced application. But perhaps these dangers are averted if we restrict ourselves to taking from scientific operators a particular conceptualizable character which itself refers to non?scientific areas, and converges with science without applying it or making it a metaphor (Deleuze 1989: 129).
Deleuze and Guattari’s refusal to recognize that their work contains metaphors is due to their struggle against the “imperialism” of the signifying regime, a major theme in both Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus: not every relation between different intellectual fields can be grasped by the most common notions of “metaphor,” reliant as they are on the notion of a transfer of sense from primary to secondary signification.
Kant had dissociated aesthetics into two halves: the theory of sensibility as the form of possible experience (the “Transcendental Aesthetic” of the Critique of Pure Reason), and the theory of art as a reflection on real experience (the “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment” in the Critique of Judgment). In Deleuze’s work, these two halves of aesthetics are reunited: if the most general aim of art is to “produce a sensation,” then the genetic principles of sensation are at the same time the principles of composition for works of art; conversely, it is works of art that are best capable of revealing these conditions of sensibility. Deleuze therefore writes on the arts not as a critic but as a philosopher, and his books and essays on the various arts—including the cinema (Cinema I and II), literature (Essays Critical and Clinical), and painting (Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation)—must be read as philosophical explorations of this transcendental domain of sensibility. The cinema, for instance, produces images that move, and that move in time, and it is these two aspects of film that Deleuze set out to analyze in The Movement-Image and The Time-Image: “What exactly does the cinema show us about space and time that the other arts don’t show?” Deleuze thus describes his two-volume Cinema as “a book of logic, a logic of the cinema” that sets out “to isolate certain cinematographic concepts,” concepts which are specific to the cinema, but which can only be formed philosophically. Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation likewise creates a series of philosophical concepts, each of which relates to a particular aspect of Bacon’s paintings, but which also find a place in “a general logic of sensation.” In general, Deleuze will locate the conditions of sensibility in an intensive conception of space and a virtual conception of time, which are necessarily actualized in a plurality of spaces and a complex rhythm of times (for instance, in the non-extended spaces and non-linear times of modern mathematics and physics).
For Deleuze, the task of art is to produce “signs” that will push us out of our habits of perception into the conditions of creation. When we perceive via the re-cognition of the properties of substances, we see with a stale eye pre-loaded with clichés; we order the world in what Deleuze calls “representation.” In this regard, Deleuze cites Francis Bacon: we’re after an artwork that produces an effect on the nervous system, not on the brain. What he means by this figure of speech is that in an art encounter we are forced to experience the “being of the sensible.” We get something that we cannot re-cognize, something that is “imperceptible”—it doesn’t fit the hylomorphic production model of perception in which sense data, the “matter” or hyle of sensation, is ordered by submission to conceptual form. Art however cannot be re-cognized, but can only be sensed; in other words, art splits perceptual processing, forbidding the move to conceptual ordering. This is exactly what Kant in the Third Critique called reflective judgment: when the concept is not immediately given in the presentation of art. With art we reach “sensation,” or the “being of the sensible,” the sentiendum.
Deleuze talks about this effect of sensation as the “transcendent exercise” of the faculty of sensibility; here we could refer to the third chapter of Difference and Repetition, where Deleuze lays out a non-Kantian “differential theory of the faculties.” In this remarkable theory, intensity is “difference in itself,” that which carries the faculties to their limits. The faculties are linked in order; here we see what Deleuze calls the privilege of sensibility as origin of knowledge—the “truth of empiricism.” In the differential theory of the faculties, sensibility, imagination, memory, and thought all “communicate a violence” from one to the other. With sensibility, pure difference in intensity is grasped immediately in the encounter as the sentiendum; with imagination, the disparity in the phantasm is that which can only be imagined. With memory, in turn, the memorandum is the dissimilar in the pure form of time, or the immemorial of transcendent memory. With thought, a fractured self is constrained to think “difference in itself” in Ideas. Thus the “free form of difference” moves each faculty and communicates its violence to the next. You have to be forced to think, starting with an art encounter in which intensity is transmitted in signs or sensation. Rather than a “common sense” in which all the faculties agree in recognizing the “same” object, we find in this communicated violence a “discordant harmony” (compare the Kantian sublime) that tears apart the subject (here we find the notion of “cruelty” Deleuze picks up from Artaud).
The writings of Deleuze have provoked a large literature of explication and introduction in both French and English; more recently, works in German, Italian, and other European languages have appeared. There have also been noteworthy critiques. Rather than attempt a complete survey of the voluminous secondary literature, we will concentrate on a few of the major critiques.
An early wave of criticism was directed in the 1980s at Deleuze’s collaborations with Guattari by feminists such as Alice Jardine and Luce Irigaray. Jardine 1985 criticized the concept of “becoming-woman” in A Thousand Plateaus, which Deleuze and Guattari position as the first step towards a de-subjectivizing “becoming-indiscernible.” Jardine argued that Deleuze and Guattari’s claim that even women must undergo a “becoming-woman” amounts to a threat to the hard-fought victories of concrete feminist struggle that allowed women to claim a subjectivity in the first place. According to Grosz 1994’s survey of the early feminist critiques, Irigaray argued that the use of “becoming-woman” as a figure of change incumbent upon all, including men, amounts to a masculinist and desexualizing appropriation of feminist struggle. In the 1990s and now into the 2000s, a number of feminists associated with the “corporeal feminism” movement have attempted positive connections with Deleuze in the name of an open and experimental attitude toward bodily potentials, in both the singular and political registers, as in the phrase “body politic.” See among others Braidotti 1994 and 2002; Gatens 1996; Grosz 1994 and 1995; Olkowski 1999; Lorraine 1999; and the essays in Buchanan and Colebrook 2002.
One of the most important criticisms of Deleuze was put forth in Badiou 1997. Badiou claimed, contrary to the dominant perception, that Deleuze is not so much a philosopher of the multiple as of the One. Conducted in the highly technical idiom for which he is known, Badiou criticizes Deleuze for a certain vitalism, which in Badiou’s eyes falls short of the axiomatic austerity demanded of philosophy. Whereas Badiou merely ignored the collaborative works with Guattari, Zizek 2003 conducts a polemic against the Guattari collaborations in favor of a Deleuzean logic of Being characterized as an “immaterial affect generated by interacting bodies as a sterile surface of pure Becoming” (as in Logic of Sense). A third critical work in this vein is Hallward 2005. For Hallward, the singular logic of Deleuze’s thought is analogous to the tradition of theophantic thinkers, whereby the divine spark of creation is entombed in creatures; the task of the creature is to redeem that divine spark from its creatural prison. But this redemption is not annihilation; Deleuze’s philosophy is not that of Lacanian-Zizekian “renunciation-extinction.”
In response to the Badiouan critique, we can note that one of the most promising leads for future research in discussing the relation of Badiou and Deleuze is to concentrate on the type of mathematics each thinker prefers. Rather than accepting Badiou’s characterization of Deleuze as a thinker of reality in biological term (as opposed to Badiou’s mathematical orientation), we should see Deleuze as proposing a “problematic” version of mathematics, versus Badiou’s axiomatic conception. This tack has been taken by Smith 2003.
Deleuze was one of the targets of the polemic in Sokal and Bricmont 1999. As much of their chapter on Deleuze consists of exasperated exclamations of incomprehension, it is hard to say what it is that Sokal and Bricmont think they have accomplished. One thing is clear though: Deleuze was perfectly aware of the finitist revolution in the history of the differential calculus, despite Sokal and Bricmont’s intimations otherwise. He writes in Difference and Repetition, “it is a mistake to tie the value of the symbol dx to the existence of infinitesimals; but it is also a mistake to refuse it any ontological or gnoseological value in the name of a refusal of the latter. In fact, there is a treasure buried within the old so-called barbaric or pre-scientific interpretations of the differential calculus, which must be separated from its infinitesimal matrix. A great deal of heart and a great deal of truly philosophical naivety is needed in order to take the symbol dx seriously …” (170). It seems obvious here that Deleuze’s treatment of early forms of the differential calculus is not meant as an intervention into the history of mathematics, or an attempt at a philosophy of mathematics, but as an investigation seeking to form a properly philosophical concept of difference by means of extracting certain forms of thought from what he clearly labels as antiquated mathematical methods. (For positive views of Deleuze’s use of mathematics as provocations for the formation of his philosophical concepts, see the essays in Duffy 2006.)
Another and perhaps more effective response to Sokal and Bricmont would be to point to the positive work done on Deleuze and science. Massumi 1992 and DeLanda 2003 attempt to show that Deleuze’s epistemology and ontology can be brought together with the results of contemporary dynamical systems theory (popularly known as “chaos” and “complexity” theory). Bell 2006 follows up on this work. Protevi 2001 looks at the accompanying notions of hylomorphism and self-organization in the history of philosophy; Bonta and Protevi 2004 treat Deleuze and dynamic systems theory with regard to its potentials for geographical work. For other issues on Deleuze and science, see the essays in Marks 2006. Finally, Ansell Pearson 1999 brought attention to Deleuze and biology; see also Toscano 2006 in this regard.
6.4 Deleuze Effects
As the interest in Deleuze continues to grow, three of its effects are of interest to us, one of which is sociological and the other two of which are philosophical.
The sociological effect is the globalization of institutions devoted to the study of Deleuze’s thought and its application in various fields. A noteworthy institutional initiative is the series of conferences sponsored by the journal Deleuze and Guattari Studies (see Other Internet Resources) under the leadership of Ian Buchanan. In addition to some 10 conferences in Europe and North America, an index of Deleuze’s widespread impact is the success of a number of conferences in Asia (to date, Taiwan, India, Singapore, and South Korea).
The two philosophical effects are that of reviving interest in those whom Deleuze discusses explicitly or those whose influence on Deleuze can be discerned, and that of providing a foil or counterpoint or reference point in readings of other philosophers.
The most prominent example of the revivifying effect is Bergson, relatively forgotten at the time of Deleuze’s Bergsonism (1966), but now the subject of a growing philosophical literature. Of course, we cannot attribute all this interest to Deleuze’s book and to the subsequent secondary literature on Deleuze that stresses the contribution of Bergson to Deleuze’s system (as we ourselves do above on the concept of the virtual and the critique of the possible), but it is not implausible to consider the counterfactual whereby without Deleuze’s work the interest in Bergson would not be as strong as it currently is. Among the Bergson commentaries Mullarkey 1999, Guerlac 2006, Moulard-Leonard 2009, and Grosz 2017 all link the two thinkers in their works.
The post-Kantian Salomon Maimon has been for some time now a subject of specialist interest by historians of philosophy; see the entry on Maimon; see also the recent English translation of his major work [Maimon 1790 ). Maimon’s relation to Deleuze is explored in Jones & Roffe (eds.) 2009, Smith 2010, and Voss 2011.
Another example of thinker whose current level of interest was arguably catalyzed by being noticed as an influence on Deleuze is the mid-20th century French philosopher Gilbert Simondon, whose notions of the “pre-individual” and of “crystallization” were influential in the development of Deleuze’s notions of the virtual and actualization, respectively. Among others, see Toscano 2006 and 2009, Scott 2014, Sauvagnargues 2016, Swan 2016, Alloa and Michalet 2017 for treatments of the Deleuze-Simondon relation.
Yet another would be the early 20th century French sociologist Gabriel Tarde, whose notion of microsociology is referred to approvingly in Deleuze and Guattari’s development of their notion of “micropolitics” (Deleuze and Guattari 1980 [1987, 216-219]). For Deleuze-inspired treatments, see Alliez 2001, Brighenti 2010, Read 2015, Tonkonoff 2017.
More recently and to a still muted extent is the revival of interest in mid-20th century French thinker Raymond Ruyer, whose notion of survol or “self-survey” is mentioned by Deleuze and Guattari in their brief remarks on the consistency of the concept in its neural instantiation in What is Philosophy (Deleuze and Guattari 1991 [1994, 210]). English translations of Ruyer’s works are Ruyer 2016 and 2018. Ruyer’s relation to Deleuze is explored in Bains 2002, Bogue 2009 and 2017, and Roffe 2017. Other treatments of Ruyer that are relevant would be Massumi 2014 and Grosz 2017.
Finally, while it’s certainly the case that Whitehead has garnered continuous interest, a good bit of current Whitehead scholarship includes reference to Deleuze as a leitmotif, as in Stengers 2011. A noteworthy new work influenced by both Deleuze and Whitehead is Williams 2016. See also Shaviro 2009, Robinson 2010, and Bell 2011 and 2012, on the Deleuze and Whitehead connection.
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- Deleuze and Guattari Studies
- Deleuze Web (includes Deleuze’s lectures at Vincennes in French, English, and other languages)
- Deleuze and Guattari on the Web, a comprehensive site maintained by Charles Stivale of Wayne State University
- Summary of Deleuze’s ABCs, (L’Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze), produced by Charles Stivale of Wayne State University
- Course page on Deleuze and Guattari, including lectures and outlines of texts by Deleuze and Deleuze and Guattari
- Entry on Deleuze, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- La voix de Gilles Deleuze, Transcripts and sound files (MP3) of Deleuze lectures | <urn:uuid:2a36c0ca-a219-4c38-aebe-81b3d4412cf9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/fall2019/entries/deleuze/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.919984 | 28,706 | 2.546875 | 3 |
After the year Equifax has had, you’d think the Atlanta-based credit-reporting agency would have mastered its messaging by now, but a stunning admission offered recently by a top executive illustrates how deep a public relations hole the firm has gotten itself in.
In September, the company disclosed a massive data breach that exposed as many as 145.5 million people to identity theft. Equifax said that people’s names, addresses and Social Security numbers were included in the haul, which has made companies that do business with them quite skittish.
‘I don’t know’: Equifax CEO’s surprising answer to whether company encrypts data after breach
During a hearing last week on Capitol Hill, Equifax’s new interim CEO Paulino do Rego Barros Jr. was asked by lawmakers whether the embattled company had finally encrypted its data after the breach. His answer? “I don’t know at this stage,” according to Boingboing.net.
We don’t have to tell you how incredible this is, especially after a security expert went public saying that he previously exposed Equifax’s cybersecurity vulnerabilities to the company way before the breach. The researcher, who spoke to news site Mother Jones on a condition of anonymity, said that the Atlanta-based company didn’t take his advice, which was given in December.
“It should’ve been fixed the moment it was found. It would have taken them five minutes, they could’ve just taken the site down,” the researcher said. “In this case it was just ”˜Please take this site down, make it not public.’ That’s all they needed to do.”
In Washington, Barros was joined by his predecessor at Equifax, Richard Smith, who also had an unflattering moment when he told a Colorado senator that before the massive hack, the company deliberately chose not to encrypt its data. Smith used his answer to deflect from the importance of encryption, saying, “It’s a more modern environment with multiple layers of security that did not exist before. Encryption is only one of those layers of security,” Boingboing reports.
The Equifax honchos were just two of several executives from U.S. companies grilled by lawmakers on the Congressional Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation during hearings on “Protecting Consumers in the Era of Major Data Breaches.”
Former Yahoo Chief Executive Marissa Mayer apologized to the panel for two data breaches suffered by the tech giant, blaming one of them on the Russians.
“While all our measures helped Yahoo successfully defend against the barrage of attacks by both private and state-sponsored hackers, Russian agents intruded on our systems and stole our users’ data,” Mayer said, according to Yahoo. You can see some of the proceedings, including answers from Smith, Barros and Mayer, in the video below.
Money expert Clark Howard says in the aftermath of the massive data breach — and even before it happened— the main protection U.S. consumers have is to freeze their credit. “It’s imperative that you freeze your credit with all three main credit reporting agencies: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion,” he writes.
Equifax breach: 5 things to expect when freezing your credit
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Culturally and linguistically distinct peoples throughout the interior of what is presently known as British Columbia established and protected their territories near the salmon-rich “Fraser River” and its tributaries. From time-immemorial these territories sustained hunting, fishing, gathering, trading, and cultural and settlement uses.
1888 – Canadian legislation was passed forbidding Aboriginal fishing except for food purposes only. This benefited non-native commercial fisheries at the expense of coastal and interior First Nations.
In modern times, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) became the Crown’s arbitrator with respect to the enforcement of the unilaterally imposed Aboriginal food fishery. On-going conflict ensued, including legal challenges initiated by First Nations.
1982 – Section 35 of the Constitution of Canada recognized and affirmed the “aboriginal and treaty rights” of this country’s original peoples, which provided them a measure of protection for their rights.
Meanwhile, it became evident to all that the predominant non-native commercial fishery was overly destructive to salmon stocks, thus unsustainable; all the while salmon habitat everywhere, no less than in the interior, was increasingly threatened from multiple industrial pressures.
1989 - 1999
1989 – The Inter-Tribal Fishing Treaty Between Indian Nations – “A Treaty of Mutual Purpose and Support” – was signed by Fraser River and Columbia River Aboriginal groups. Three objectives of the treaty, among many, were conservation of the salmon stocks, protection of their habitat, and the re-establishment of economic benefits from this traditional resource. In practical terms, however, achieving the necessary unity on these matters proved difficult.
1990 – In Sparrow, the Supreme Court of Canada affirmed that the Crown had a fiduciary (“trust-like, rather than adversarial”) responsibility with respect to aboriginal rights, and specifically in this case to un-extinguished aboriginal fishing rights.
1992 – As result of Sparrow, the Crown, under the management of DFO, emerged with its Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy (AFS), which was intended to address:
Numerous upper Fraser River First Nations sign AFS agreements under conditions imposed by the unilaterally designed Fraser Watershed Agreement (WA). However, many First Nations eventually found they wanted much more from the agreements than the strategy had originally intended to provide. The inadequacies of the AFS agreements and their outcomes become abundantly clear as more precedent setting court cases (Delgamuukw/Gisday’wa, et al) emerged, specifically around the issue of “consultation”. Meanwhile, the upper and lower Fraser River First Nations brought together under the WA began to diverge for a number of reasons.
1999 – The 1992 Fraser Watershed Agreement expired, including the related AFS agreements. This same year, technical staff from upper Fraser River First Nations organizations and DFO agreed that significant benefits could be achieved by both working together and apart from the lower Fraser River First Nations.
January – The Carrier Sekani Tribal Council and DFO hosted a workshop in Prince George for upper Fraser River First Nations and First Nations organizations in order to pursue common objectives around fisheries. This gathering resulted in the formation of an informal alliance known as the Upper Fraser Fisheries Conservation Alliance (UFFCA or “Alliance”).
February/March – Follow-up workshops were held to inform and integrate DFO staff and potential funding agencies into the Alliance’s intended purpose. Thereafter, the Alliance met every two months or so. In time, the Alliance adopted a mission statement with several goals with an emphasis on watershed management and technical objectives as opposed to political ones.
Over the following three years (‘02-‘04) the Alliance continued to meet and develop a comprehensive strategic plan encompassing the major watersheds in the upper Fraser.
October – Minister of Fisheries and Oceans announced two new programs for Aboriginal groups: Aboriginal Aquatic Resource and Oceans Management (AAROM) Program and the Aboriginal Inland Habitat Program (AIHP), with the former being applicable to the Alliance. Both intend to enable Aboriginal groups to become more involved in aquatic resources and oceans management.
"We want to assist Aboriginal groups in acquiring scientific expertise and administrative skills to help their participation in aquatic resources and oceans management," said Minister Thibault. "The programs are designed to contribute to the government’s broader objective of improving the quality of life for Aboriginal people." - DFO News Release, October 9, 2003
February – The Alliance completed its “Strategic Plan for a Watershed Based Approach to Facilitating First Nations’ Co-Management of the Anadromous Resources of the Upper Fraser Watershed”. The report was prepared by the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council with funding from DFO. Among other things, the report listed sub-unit technical summaries for the following watersheds: i) Upper Fraser/McGregor, ii) Nechako/Stuart, iii) Cottonwood/Blackwater, iv) Quesnel/Horsefly, and v) Chilcotin/Chilko.
The Alliance was awarded an AAROM contract to engage in dialogue around the use and management of aquatic resources and ocean spaces through capacity building and by encouraging inter-community dialogue and collaboration along watershed and broad eco-system areas. The contract was administered by the Cariboo Tribal Council.
March 9 – An initial planning session was held in Quesnel. Along with regular members of the Alliance, an Elder from each of the following language groups: Northern Carrier, Southern Carrier, Northern Shuswap, and Tsilhqot’in, attended, including representatives from DFO. Together, they planned four community information sessions.
March 16 – A community information session was held at the Prince George Native Friendship Centre.
March 17 – A community information session was held at the Quesnel Native Friendship Centre.
March 18 – A community information session was held at the Tsilhqot’in National Government Office, in Williams Lake.
March 19 – A community information session was held at the Cariboo Tribal Council office, in Williams Lake.
April – Cariboo Tribal Council Fisheries Program submitted a “Capacity Building Support Contribution Agreement – Final Report” to DFO, as per the early AAROM contract, which contained the following key documents:
June – The Alliance submitted a B.C. Capacity Initiative proposal to deliver the Fisheries Field Technician Certification Program.
September/October – The Alliance delivered the Fisheries Field Technician Certification Program in conjunction with Malaspina University-College, with funding provided by the B.C. Capacity Initiative.
November – The Supreme Court of Canada issued its Haida and Taku River-Tlingit decisions, which outlined the Crown’s duty to meaningfully consult First Nations who possess known interests in their territories, citing the “honour of the Crown.”
January – The Alliance submitted the AAROM proposal in support of the “Strategic Plan for a Watershed Based Approach to Facilitating First Nations’ Co-Management of the Anadromous Resources of the Upper Fraser Watershed.”
March 18 – UFFCA is registered as a Society under the B.C. Society Act. Shortly after, AAROM program funds are approved by DFO in support of the Alliance’s start-up costs.
April 13-14 – UFFCA holds its first formal monthly meeting of the Board of Directors in Quesnel, followed by a general membership meeting.
April 25 – UFFCA holds a community meeting with the Esket First Nation.
May 11-12 – UFFCA hold its regularly scheduled monthly Board of Directors meeting in Quesnel, followed by a general membership meeting.
June 14-15 – UFFCA holds its regularly scheduled monthly meeting of the Board of Directors in Williams Lake, followed by a general membership meeting.
Sources Cited: Fisheries and Oceans Canada website; “Establishing a Fraser Watershed Process” Gaertner, Brenda (2003); DRAFT UFFCA M.O.U. Background (2003); Inter-Tribal Fishing Treaty Between Indian Nations (1989) | <urn:uuid:d8216272-14a5-4c9c-b017-eb14a3c21fe2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://upperfraser.com/timeline.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.943427 | 1,715 | 3.84375 | 4 |
As my oldest daughter heads off for college in the fall, I wonder (OK, I worry) if I’ve prepared her enough for this transition. Since she’s my first to leave home, I’ve worried about so much. Have I done too much for her? Will she be able to manage on her own? How will she figure everything out? I exaggerate only slightly, but you get the point.
Luckily, I have enough friends who’ve been down this road already, so I know my thoughts and feelings are completely normal and, at the end of the day, I’m OK with the uncertainty. But it brings up a good question — how, as parents, can we prepare our children to be independent and leave the nest? And what happens when this collides with our natural instinct to protect them? To make it even trickier, what if what’s best for them is counterintuitive, which often is the case when you have an anxious child?
How do we do it?
I learned from my mentor, Lynn Lyons, LCSW, that children with anxiety tend to lack skills in three areas: tolerating uncertainty, independent problem solving, and autonomy. If we use these three skills as our guide, we can qualify our own actions. For example, when your child wants to do something independently, encourage it! Assuming they’re not in any danger, let them go for it. Some things will be obvious and easier, like getting dressed by themselves or putting on their shoes. Now think about letting them pack their own bags for school and sports without your reminders about what to pack. If they forget to pack their homework, soccer cleats, trumpet, whatever, let them live out the consequences instead of rescuing them by bringing it.
Or consider when they start driving (or just before that), having them contact you when they arrive someplace instead of tracking them “just to be sure they got where they’re supposed to be going.”
If the thought of these makes you uncomfortable, you’re not alone.
Sometimes the hardest part of preparing them is tolerating our own distressing emotions. Whether it’s tolerating the uncertainty of what’s going to happen, their distress, or both, it’s all really hard sometimes. As the parent, you’ll want to develop the skills necessary to tolerate your child’s distress, unhappiness, nagging or escalation. As they develop their skills, you’ll develop yours and vice versa.
It’s truly best to start this new perspective as soon as you can. It’s much easier to teach a young child than it is a tween or adolescent. But it’s never too late, and you never have to go it alone.
When my children were young, there wasn’t access to tips like this. We’re still working through the stigmas of worry, anxiety and, ultimately, therapy. I wish I had this knowledge when my daughter was in kindergarten. That being said, the opportunities to choose promotion of independence versus dependence almost never end for parents. For older children, we can determine if it’s best for us to send money while they’re at school or in the working world. Do we let them live at home after high school, and, if so, what stipulations do we put in place?
In rare instances is there ever a one-size-fits-all answer, so seeking objective, professional guidance can help you look at your options. We take evidence-based realities, your own unique position, and we find solutions that fit you and your family’s needs. | <urn:uuid:57a4622e-1d66-4996-90c4-bcbc405ae0e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.northeastohioparent.com/aging-stages/preparing-our-children-for-the-real-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.953198 | 769 | 2.375 | 2 |
Updated: Jul 28
MBA in Germany
Germany is known as the powerhouse of Europe driving the economy of the entire European Union. Every year, Germany requires more than 400.000 people to fill up the work force of its ever-increasing industry, startups and services. The ease of visa procedure, lower cost of studies which is quarter the cost of MBA in USA, UK or Canada, better standard of living, exceptional salary offers and superior work-life balance, makes MBA in Germany as one of the best destinations in the world for your career progression in Management. Do you want to transform your career with a better pay without losing the peace of mind and not slogging for 60 hours/week? Then Germany is the right place for your next career step.
As Angela Merkel said,
“Germany has become a country that many people abroad associate with HOPE!”
Does this spike your interest? Then continue reading.
Germany is the hub of economic progress in all over Europe and a Masters degree from here automatically opens the door for the industries of all the 28 European Union nations where German degree is regarded as a symbol of excellence. Now in Germany there are two kinds of Masters who are looking for a career progression in Management:
MBA (usually for people with 3-4 years of work experience)
Masters in Management (for people with no work experience)
MBA (Masters in Business Administration)
This course will kickstart your career and place you directly in a Managerial or Associate Managerial position upon completion. There are several public and private universities which offers this course. It is although possible to pursue Master of Business Administration in Germany without work experience contradictory to USA, UK or Canada where prior work experience is a prerequisite for an MBA degree. However, since there is no single body to put up a standard application procedure, the pre-requisites for every university vary from one another. But in general, the standard pre-requisites for pursuing a German MBA are:
A bachelor’s degree is at par with a German Bachelor’s degree in relevant subjects, it could be a 4-year degree or a 3-year degree with a 1-year master’s degree. For more information about the equivalency of your degree, you may visit the Anabin database to check the equivalency. Few universities also provide admission to students with a 3-year bachelor’s degree to study MBA in Germany for Indian Students. For more information about checking the validity of your degree and its equivalency with the German degree you may visit the government website of anabin database. Kindly use google chrome for automatic translation as the website is in German.
Valid GMAT/GRE score and language proficiency through IELTS/TOEFL. Each university accepts the score of the different exams. Since most German universities only require a valid TOEFL score, it is possible but not recommended to apply for an MBA without GMAT.
A1/A2 level of the German language. Maximum MBA programs are taught in English in the universities, however, some of them desire a certain proficiency in the German language.
An above-average academic record in the previous degrees is recommended for Indian students which can be comparable to a minimum of 70% aggregate ECTS.
Some universities also conduct an entrance exam for scrutinizing the applicants’ aptitude to pursue an MBA program.
Among them, the top recommended MBA from public universities in Germany for international students with no/fewer tuition fees are:
Apart from these universities, there are some more universities that allow MBA without any work experience. These public universities also have Masters in Management courses where there is no requirement of work experience. Some of these public universities are:
There are also some renowned private universities, which providehttps://www.hhl.de/ excellent education and are at par with the public universities. Some of them are:
The German universities offer MBAs in General management as well as there are some MBAs that cater to specialization in a particular field like MBA in Engineering Management, MBA in Global business and IT, MBA in Innovation and Business Creation, and MBA in supply chain management etc.
Next comes the Masters in Management courses where no work experience is generally required and a candidate can apply to these programs directly after completing their Bachelors’ Degree. We have discussed in detail about the Masters in Management courses in this blog (kindly put the link to the website of the blog titled Masters in Management in Germany)
If this has sparked your interest and you are looking for a career progression in the 4th largest economy of the world, then Germany is waiting for you. The application procedure is a bit difficult but with the right guidance, you can have a smooth career transition to Germany. If you are looking for excellent guidance from mentors and students who have gone through the path and bit can help you with all the search, application and other guidance, then contact Germanportals and book a call with one of our experts. (Kindly put our link to book a call with Sridhar or Raghav for the same) There is a German proverb that says
“There is no use of running fast when you are in the wrong road”
So, choose wisely your guide in this career transformation for a smooth and balanced career and life in Germany!
Are you looking to study in Germany? and Confused about the process of starting your Higher studies in Germany? Book a 1:1 session with our counsellors and Click below to join our community group and reap the benefits of our services. | <urn:uuid:e756e6a7-9a1e-4793-a6bd-92ff724810e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.germanportals.com/post/mba-in-germany | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.941506 | 1,141 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Eight ill persons have been hospitalized, and no deaths have been reported.
63% percent of ill persons are children under the age of 10 years.
Collaborative investigation efforts of state, local, and federal public health and regulatory agencies indicate that Trader Joe’s Valencia Creamy Salted Peanut Butter made with Sea Salt, manufactured by Sunland, Inc. of Portales, New Mexico, is a likely source of this outbreak.
Testing conducted by the Washington State Department of Agriculture laboratory isolated the outbreak strain from an opened jar of Trader Joe’s Valencia Creamy Peanut Butter collected from a case-patient’s home.
On October 4, 2012, Sunland Inc. expanded its ongoing recall [PDF – 10 pages] to include all products made in the Sunland nut butter production facility between March 1, 2010 and September 24, 2012.
On October 5, 2012, the FDA announced that environmental samples taken in the Sunland Inc. nut butter production facility show the presence of Salmonella.
There have also been a number of recalls related to the expanded Sunland Inc. recall of products which include peanut butter and other products made with nuts and seeds. | <urn:uuid:15262dac-f36a-4ad0-8b9a-62ebbb2a7529> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.marlerblog.com/legal-cases/peanut-butter-outbreak-and-recall-expands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.955582 | 242 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Instructions on how to enable your browser are contained in the help file.
CSS Past Papers - Islamiat 2007 - Test 1
How many stages the Quran contains?
Who was the first writer of "wahi" in Quraish?
a) Harat Abdul Rahman bin Auf (RA)
b) Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (RA)
c) Hazrat Abdulla bin Zubair (RA)
d) Hazrat Ibn Masuod (RA)
Kitab-ul-Assar is compiled by?
a) Imam Abu Hanifah (RA)
b) Imam Shafi (RA)
c) Imam Malik (RA)
d) Imam Humbal (RA)
Imam Shafi took the office of "Religious Judgment" in the age of?
a) 13 years
b) 14 years
c) 20 years
d) 15 years
What was the name of faster sister of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)?
a) Hazrat Salmah (RA)
b) Hazrat Raqiyyah (RA)
c) Hazrat Mariah (RA)
d) Hazrat Shima (RA)
Namaz-e-Istisqa" is prayer for?
a) Blessing of God
The "Kissing of the Hajr-e-Aswad" is called?
What is the number of Ramzan in the Islamic Calendar?
Give the name, who compiled first work of Hadith "Sahifa-e-Sadiqa?
a) Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA)
b) Imam Muslim (RA)
c) Hazrat Abdullah bin Amr (RA)
d) Hazrat Abu Hurairah (RA)
Who is called "saqi zam zam"?
a) Hazrat Abbas (RA)
b) Hazrat Hamzah (RA)
c) Hazrat Muaz bin Jabal (RA)
d) Hazrat Muawiyah (RA)
This is more feedback!
This is the feedback! | <urn:uuid:a9a652a0-48ce-4639-9c0c-aecbde2f70a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pakone.pk/css-past-papers/css-past-papers-islamiat/o/css-past-papers-islamiat-2007-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.652868 | 550 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Collision avoidance assistance
If your car has inadvertently left its lane, the collision avoidance assistance function can help you to steer it back into the lane. This function can also help with swerving and/or taking evasive action if there is a risk of you colliding with another vehicle or an obstacle.The function may vary from model to model. See the Owner's Manual for your car for more information.
Activate and deactivate collision avoidance assistance
You can activate the collision avoidance assistance function from the function view in your centre display.
Press Collision avoidance in the function view in your centre display to activate or deactivate the function.
When this function is activated, the following subfunctions are enabled:
- Steering assist with run-off mitigation
- Steering assistance upon risk of head-on
- Steering assistance upon risk of rear-end collisionNot applicable to XC40.
Even though it is possible to deactivate the function, it is advisable for the driver to always have it activated since it improves driving safety in most cases.
Available driver support systems may vary depending on the market, options, car model and model year.
Car model/model year
XC90 and XC90 Twin Engine/Recharge Plug-in Hybrid from model year 2016 to 2022.
S90, V90 and V90 Cross Country from model year 2017 to 2021.
XC60, XC60 Twin Engine/Recharge Plug-in Hybrid, V90 Twin Engine/Recharge Plug-in Hybrid and S90 Twin Engine/Recharge Plug-in Hybrid from model year 2018 to 2021.
XC40 from model year 2018 onwards.
V60, V60 Twin Engine/Recharge Plug-in Hybrid and V60 Cross Country from model year 2019 to 2022.
XC40 Twin Engine/Recharge Plug-in Hybrid from model year 2020 onwards.
S90 Twin Engine from model year 2019 to 2021
The range of models may vary depending on market. | <urn:uuid:c0a134e4-7124-4f6b-8077-96d8f833b5a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.volvocars.com/uk/support/topics/use-your-car/good-to-know/collision-avoidance-assistance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.861932 | 413 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Call for the issue on “Microbiota Exploitation for the Development of Innovative and High Added-value Fermented Food”
To be published in the journal: Foods (ISSN 2304-8158) IF 4.092
Guest Editors: Dr. Luciana De Vero, Prof. Dr Andrea Pulvirenti, Prof. Dr.Ilaria Mannazzu
Fermentation of dairy products, vegetables, cereals, meat, and fish have emerged in human history, almost concomitantly across the different continents, as a strategy for the preservation of raw materials and the production of food and beverages for times of shortage. Since then, humankind has traditionally and empirically utilized fermentation not only for preservation purposes but also for the improvement of the organoleptic properties, texture, digestibility, palatability, and safety of all sorts of food matrices. This has led to the production of a myriad of fermented products that are the result of different cultural preferences and traditions and cover about thirty percent of the human diet, regardless of geographic area and lifestyle. Nowadays, fermentation is widely employed also to enrich food and beverages with beneficial viable microorganisms and/or their metabolites in order to positively impact human health. This result can be achieved either through the exploitation of the wild microbiota naturally associated with raw materials or as the result of the inoculation of selected starters and requires the characterization, preservation, management and circulation of microbial diversity.
Keeping into consideration the keywords “food microbiota” and “fermentation”, this Special Issue aims to collect original research papers, review articles, and short communications addressing novel and relevant findings on the applications of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi isolated from food matrices or preserved in culture collections. Of particular interest will be contributions regarding:
- the characterisation, exploitation, and preservation of beneficial microbiota for fermented local-food production;
- the development of high added-value and novel fermented products;
- the reduction of chemical preservatives in food through the production of natural antimicrobials of microbial origin;
- the production of bioactive compounds with health-promoting activity.
The deadline for submission is 31 August 2021 (with a possibility for extension).
Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Applicants should indicate in the application cover letter that the manuscript is recommended by Dr. Vero.
Applicants and interested authors have the following discounts:
30% discount – available until 31 August 2021;
20% discount – available until 30 September 2021; | <urn:uuid:b6a7ad77-affb-47a7-98e4-a74548807f72> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ismirri21.mirri.org/2021/07/01/call-for-a-special-issue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.907807 | 555 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Humanity can no longer afford to ignore the myriad ways in which monoculture is unsustainable and dangerous. Widespread environmental sustainability is virtually impossible under the monoculture farming model. It seems as though we must look to the farmers and stewards of the past to protect public health into the foreseeable future.
Agrarian Commons farms, which operate under the joint stewardship of farmers across a community, focus on farming techniques that preserve the land and create a reliable source of product.
One of the most important gifts we can pass on to future generations is the reconnection to agrarian heritage and sustainable agricultural practices.
The struggle to legitimize farmers’ markets as essential services has been a hard-fought battle. Here are three reasons why the farmers’ market is important to our economy — and why you should support them.
Could Sustainable Agriculture Save It? As farmland in Idaho begins to disappear in favor of large agricultural businesses and home construction projects, sustainable agriculture is more necessary than ever. Forward-thinking […] | <urn:uuid:3f3b2e93-9a24-4422-a1f9-b59a3d609465> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.agrariantrust.org/blog/author/frankie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.94136 | 206 | 2.625 | 3 |
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean
Angel Shark Conservation Strategy
Angel sharks* rank as the second most threatened
family of elasmobranch (sharks, skates and rays) after
sawshes1. Characteristics linking the two families
include their body shape and preferred habitat, as both
are large, at-bodied coastal species.
The family Squatinidae contains at least 23 species, half
of which are listed as threatened (Critically Endangered,
Endangered or Vulnerable) on the IUCN Red List of
Threatened SpeciesTM. Most of the remaining species
are either Data Decient or Not Evaluated. The slow
growth and demersal nature of angel sharks leaves
them especially vulnerable to inshore shing activities.
Consequently, many species in this family have suered
steep population declines and now face a signicant risk
Once found throughout the temperate waters of the
Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas, angel
sharks have now been depleted from much of their former
range. Of the three species that occur in these regions –
the Angelshark* Squatina squatina, Sawback Angelshark
Squatina aculeata and Smoothback Angelshark Squatina
oculata - most information is known regarding the
distribution, ecology and declines of Squatina squatina.
All three species are Critically Endangered.
About this Strategy
This Angel Shark Conservation Strategy provides a
framework for improved protection of the three Critically
Endangered species present in the Eastern Atlantic and
Mediterranean. The Strategy aims to: improve the overall
prole of angel sharks; increase the number of sightings
reported; generate a better understanding of current
distribution; contribute to IUCN Red List re-assessments
and identify new collaboration opportunities to increase
Some of the key threats to these species are outlined
within this Strategy. Three priority goals and associated
headline objectives have been identied as crucial to
achieving the vision that: Angel sharks in the Eastern
Atlantic and Mediterranean are restored to robust
populations and safeguarded throughout their range.
The recommended next steps outlined in this document
act as guidelines for targeted conservation actions.
Researchers and advocates in all regions are invited
to contribute additional information to support this
Strategy and help develop specic actions to safeguard
these Critically Endangered species.
*angel shark (as two words) refers to multiple species in the
family Squatinidae, while Angelshark (as one word) is used for
species common names.
Squatina squatina © Carlos Suarez, Oceanos de Fuego
Smoothback Angelshark Squatina oculata6
Former Range: Formerly common over large areas of coastal and outer continental shelf
areas in the Eastern Atlantic (from the southern Iberian peninsula down to Namibia) and
the Mediterranean Sea (more frequent in southern regions, e.g. Tunisia).
Current Range: Occasional reports are received from the West African coast as well as
the Eastern and Central Mediterranean.
Size: Reported to mature at 71 – 82 cm (♂) and 89–100 cm (♀)
Maximum length 145 cm (♂) and 160 cm (♀)
Remarks: As with S. squatina and S. aculeata, abundance has declined considerably during the
past 50 years due to intense demersal sheries operating throughout its range. Although this
species is likely still taken as incidental catch in trawl and gillnet sheries in some regions, it is
likely no longer present in large areas of the Mediterranean and parts of the West African coast.
Sawback Angelshark Squatina aculeata4
Former Range: Once widespread in the Eastern Atlantic (West African coasts from
Morocco to Angola) and Mediterranean Sea (Western and Central basins, Ionian Sea,
and Egyptian coasts).
Current Range: Only occasional reports of this species are now received, including
from the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of the West African coast.
Size: Estimated average length at maturity 124 cm
Maximum length ~188 cm
Remarks: It is dicult to conrm contemporary range as angel shark landings are reported
in aggregated categories5, masking species specic landings. Although likely still taken as
incidental catch, the total number of individuals caught is unquantied. Its habitat has been
subject to intense demersal sheries (including trawls, set nets and bottom longlines), as such,
this species is now rarely reported from large areas of its former range.
S. aculeata © Marc Dando
S. oculata © Marc Dando S. squatina © Marc Dando
Angelshark Squatina squatina2
Former Range: Historically common over large areas of the coastal, continental, and
insular shelf of the Northeast Atlantic (from southern Norway and the Shetland Islands
down to Morocco, West Sahara, and the Canary Islands), as well as the Mediterranean
and Black Seas.
Current Range: The Canary Islands provide a unique stronghold for this species,
oering the last known location where it can be regularly encountered. The
remainder of its range has drastically contracted and only occasional reports
are now received from the Eastern and Central Mediterranean, Adriatic Sea,
and Celtic Seas ecoregion. However, in recent years, there have been increased
reports from Cardigan Bay (Irish Sea).
Size: Reported to mature at 80 - 132 cm (♂) and 128 - 169 cm (♀)
Maximum length 183 cm (♂) and ~244 cm (♀)
Remarks: This is the only species of angel shark known in northern European seas. Range
has severely contracted during the past century, largely due to the intensication of
demersal shing practices. Urgent action is still required to further protect S. squatina in its
Canary Islands stronghold, to address this, a collaborative Angelshark Action Plan for
the Canary Islands3 was launched in late 2016.
S. squatina & S. oculata
S. aculeata & S. oculata
for S. squatina in
UK Waters (0-12 nm)I.
Regional protection for
S. squatina in EU Union Waters
with a Prohibition on retentionII.
Domestic protection for
Squatina spp. in Spanish
Regular sightings of juvenile
(and adult) S. squatina7 in the
Minimal knowledge of incidental or
targeted landings from the West
record of S. oculata.
Despite prohibition in
Mediterranean, landings persist.
records of S. oculata9.
for Squatina spp. in
Balearic Islands with
protective status in
Marine Protected Areas.
Recent known distribution since 1987
The retention of
24 species of elasmobranch
(including Squatina spp.)
are prohibited in the
In 2015, over 180 tonnes5 of
angel shark were reported as
landed from Mediterranean
Waters. Additional landings are
highly likely under aggregated
Former range of Squatina spp.
Recent juvenile sightings
Squatina spp. is used to refer to the three
species of angel shark found in these
regions, rather than the entire family.
Distribution and Management Measures
The distribution of these three angel shark species overlaps substantially and there is still a great deal of uncertainty
regarding contemporary range. Figure 1 reects the paucity of landings data and current management measures
in place (listed in Table 1). Recent reports of juveniles are also highlighted as they conrm the presence of breeding
stock and could help direct conservation action. The presence of these juveniles provides encouraging signs for
the future of these Critically Endangered species. Reports of adult and juvenile sightings can be viewed by visiting
the online sightings map at www.angelsharknetwork.com. This Strategy encourages the submission of data and
information by regional experts, contributing additional layers to the existing knowledge base.
Area Species Legislative/conservation measure
I UK S. squatina Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981); Northern Ireland Wildlife Order (1985); Scottish Elasmobranch
Protection Order (2012).
II EU Union Waters S. squatina Prohibited species under the EU Common Fisheries Policy Council Regulation (EC) 43/2009.
Domestic legislation in Spanish waters for Squatina spp. through the Spanish List of Species Under
Special Protection in the Mediterranean (LESPRE) Orden AAA/75/2012.
IV Canary Islands S. squatina Angelshark Action Plan for the Canary Islands.
V Mediterranean Squatina
Elasmobranch species on Barcelona Convention Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially
Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA/BD Protocol) for which GFCM
(GFCM/36/2012/3) Parties agreed to ban retention, landing, transhipment, storage, display, and sale.
Table 1. Details of map annotations for legislative and conservation measures
Figure 1. Current and former distribution of S.
squatina, S. aculeata, and S. oculata, key legislative
measures, and recent juvenile sightings.
Within this Conservation Strategy, the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean has been broken down into four sub-
regions: Northeast Atlantic, Canary Islands, West Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea. The potential threats faced
by angel shark populations are detailed in Table 2 using the headings outlined in the standardised IUCN Red List
threat classication criteria10. The most signicant direct threats are highlighted within the table and should be given
highest priority. Specialist input was sought through an online questionnaire and associated workshops, however
additional contributions would help identify specic regional threats and subsequent actions.
Table 2. Potential threats to angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.
Invasive & Other
Invasive species Desalination
food security Oil spills
Ghost shing Eutrophication
Example threats for each geographic region:
Northeast Atlantic: commercial shing
The morphology of angel sharks twinned with their
demersal habitat makes them highly vulnerable to
targeted or incidental capture in a number of coastal
sheries. Despite some sheries restrictions, the actual
level of threat is masked by the lack of incidental catch
reporting or reporting under aggregated categories.
Canary Islands: recreational shing
Angel sharks are caught by recreational shers
throughout their range. In addition to the 50 registered
recreational charter vessels in the Canary Islands, there
are a substantial number of shore anglers, spearshers
and privately registered vessels catching S. squatina.
With no ocial catch reporting mechanisms, the
impact of this sector remains unquantied.
Mediterranean: poor implementation
Regulations or measures exist for the management
and protection of angel sharks in the Mediterranean,
however not all are implemented e.g. the General
Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
(GFCM/36/2012/3). The outward projection of
management infers that unregulated sheries no
longer pose a threat.
West Africa: small-scale shing
References to the consumption of angel shark are
fairly common throughout their range. Sharks are
an important source of protein to many coastal
communities, however the importance specically of
angel sharks to food security is unquantied. Market
surveys and data collection at a national level should
assist in ascertaining to what extent small-scale shing
poses a threat.
Vision, Goals and Objectives
Three priority goals are key to delivering the vision that: Angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean are
restored to robust populations and safeguarded throughout their range. The associated headline objectives identify
broad themes under which subsequent actions can be grouped (Table 3). Actions undertaken to help realise these
goals and objectives will be varied according to threat, geographic region and policy measures currently in place.
Table 3. Vision, goals and objectives of the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Angel Shark Conservation Strategy.
Juvenile Squatina squatina © Michael Scholl
Angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean are restored to robust populations
and safeguarded throughout their range
Fisheries based angel shark
mortality is minimised
Critical Angel Shark Areas** are
identied, investigated and
protected where appropriate
Human interactions are
identied and any negative
impacts on angel sharks
OBJECTIVE 1 Reporting and monitoring
in commercial sheries is
Distribution and presence
of angel shark is conrmed
and areas of importance are
identied and mapped
The extent of human
interaction in each region is
OBJECTIVE 2 Existing legislative measures
to protect angel sharks
are implemented through
enforcement and monitoring
Human impact in Critical Angel
Shark Areas is quantied and
The impact of renewable
and extractive industries on
angel shark populations is
OBJECTIVE 3 Gaps in protective measures
are identied and appropriate
legislation to ll these gaps is
developed and implemented
Critical Angel Shark Areas
are protected through spatial
Critical Angel Shark
Areas are considered
prior to nearby coastal
development so impacts
OBJECTIVE 4 Improved sher knowledge
of angel sharks’ threat status
reduces retention and
encourages better handling to
improve post release survival
Angel sharks are protected
by regional and domestic
The extent of angel shark
related tourism in each
region is assessed and
any interactions with angel
sharks is understood
OBJECTIVE 5 Incidental catch of angel sharks
is quantied and minimised
OBJECTIVE 6 The extent of interaction
between recreational shing
activities and angel sharks is
**A Critical Angel Shark Area is dened as:
A specic geographic area that contains essential features necessary
for the conservation of angel sharks. This may include an area that is not
currently occupied by the species that will be needed for its recovery
or conservation e.g. nursery, mating, aggregation and foraging areas.
Priorities to address some of the recognised threats and headline objectives have been outlined, however
additional priorities will be identied through further engagement with regional experts. Overarching threats and
recommended actions include, but are not limited to:
Commercial sheries: assess landings data; identify incidents of non-compliance; identify lack of management
implementation; advocate for implementation in appropriate fora.
Incidental catch: engage with regional sheries bodies; improve incidental catch reporting; identify sheries
with signicant incidental catch; provide guidance on best practice to increase post-release survival; initiate
incidental catch mitigation measures.
Recreational angling: compile regional registers of recreational charter vessels and associated outlets; provide
identication materials; encourage sightings and catch reporting.
Critical Angel Shark Areas: engage with local shermen and researchers to inform distribution; provide species
identication materials; identify potential critical habitats; investigate migratory behaviour; map ndings.
Human interactions: identify key activities (e.g. diving, tourism, coastal development); map likely hot-spots of
human interaction (both positive and negative); undertake surveys to quantify the level and nature of interactions.
More specic priorities for each geographic region include:
Eective legislative protection twinned with a reduction in incidental catch mortality are key to delivering
the vision of this Conservation Strategy. Key policy objectives have been identied, and additional domestic
regulation opportunities sought.
Priorities - H: High M: Medium
Costs - $: Low cost (likely with existing budget) $$: Medium cost (additional funding may be required)
Key Policy Actions Priority Cost
Listing on Spanish Domestic Regulations (based on priorities within the Angelshark Action
Plan for the Canary Islands).
Implementation of General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) measures. H $
Expansion of Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) to include additional Squatina spp.H $
Listing on Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) (if data available on migratory behaviour). M $$
Other national management measures as identied. M $$
Table 4. Key policy actions with associated priorities and costs.
Whilst S. squatina benets from Prohibited status in
much of the Northeast Atlantic, the next steps should
• secure management for additional Squatina spp.
under the EU Common Fisheries Policy;
• quantify incidental catch in commercial and
The Angelshark Action Plan for the Canary Islands
provides a clear framework for the delivery of specic
goals, objectives and actions in this unique stronghold
for S. squatina. This Action Plan could be considered
as a model for regional engagement.
Download the Action Plan in English or Spanish from:
Recent publications have reported the presence of
adult and juvenile angel sharks (both S. aculeata7 and
S. oculata8) in the Mediterranean, potentially indicating
the presence of breeding stock. Next steps include:
• enhance understanding of species distribution;
• quantify incidental catch;
• enforce existing management measures.
West Africa is a priority region which perhaps poses
some of the greatest challenges, with little published
information currently available. Next steps include:
• further engage with regional experts;
• quantify landings and distribution;
• understand secondary uses;
• identify management opportunities.
How to engage with this Strategy
Further details and supporting materials to this summary document can be found at www.angelsharknetwork.com.
Here you can:
• Submit angel shark sightings
• Join the Angel Shark Conservation Network (ASCN)
• Download additional resources
• Access the latest angel shark news and research
Angel shark questionnaire: if you have supplementary information about angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and
Mediterranean, please visit www.bit.ly/2qeVzDJ and complete the questionnaire. Additional information provided
will help enhance this Conservation Strategy and allow expansion of the angel shark community.
If you would like further information on this document, please contact [email protected].
CITATION: Gordon, C.A., Hood, A.R., Barker, J., Bartolí, À.,
Dulvy, N.K., Jiménez Alvarado, D., Lawson, J.M., and Meyers,
E.K.M. (2017) Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Angel Shark
Conservation Strategy. The Shark Trust.
WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS (L-R): Riley Pollum, Jo Barker,
David Jiménez Alvarado, Eva Meyers, Jim Ellis, Rowland
Sharp, Sonja Fordham, Heike Zidowitz, Cat Gordon, Sarah
Fowler, Ali Hood, Julia Lawson, Àlex Bartolí. Not pictured:
Martin Clark, Nick Dulvy, Colin Simpfendorfer.
1. Dulvy, N.K. et al. (2014) Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays. eLife 3: e00590.
2. Ferretti, F. et al. (2015) Squatina squatina. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T39332A48933059.
3. Barker, J. et al. (2016) Angelshark Action Plan for the Canary Islands.
4. Morey, G. et al. (2007) Squatina aculeata. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T61417A12477164.
5. FAO FishStat Plus - Universal software for shery statistical time series. Rome. www.fao.org/shery/statistics/software/shstat/en (landings updated to 2015).
6. Morey, G. et al. (2007) Squatina oculata. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T61418A12477553.
7. Meyers E.K.M. et al. (2017) Population structure, distribution and habitat use of the Critically Endangered Angelshark, Squatina squatina, in the Canary
Islands. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst.
8. Başusta, N. (2016) New records of neonate and juvenile sharks (Heptranchias perlo, Squatina aculeata, Etmopterus spinax) from the North-eastern
Mediterranean Sea. Mar Biodiv 46: 525-527.
9. Zava, B. et al. (2016) Occurrence of juvenile Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840 (Elasmobranchii: Squatinidae) in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean).
Cybium 40 (4): 341-343.
10. Salafsky et al. (2008) A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unied classications of threats and actions. Conserv. Biol. (4): 897 - 911.
Juvenile Squatina squatina © Tom Young
This Conservation Strategy provides a summary of available information for the three species of angel shark in the
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. Threats, goals and objectives are outlined, however this document acts as an
invitation for interested individuals to contribute relevant research for the highlighted regions. It is the intention that
this Strategy serves as a catalyst for action, bringing together regional experts and resources, and increasing the
community’s capacity to deliver eective conservation for these Critically Endangered species.
From clarity of species distribution, understanding of cultural signicance, quantication of incidental catch rates, to
eective implementation of both existing and new management criteria and beyond – there is a great deal of work
to do and opportunity for interested parties to get involved.
The Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Angel Shark
Conservation Strategy aims to:
• improve the overall prole of angel sharks;
• increase the number of sightings reported;
• generate a better understanding of current distribution;
• contribute to IUCN Red List re-assessments;
• identify new opportunities for collaboration.
This Conservation Strategy was created following workshops held
in Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) and Bristol (UK) in 2016 and having
reviewed questionnaire responses submitted by additional experts.
Squatina squatina © Michael Sealey | <urn:uuid:5b5ee331-cd19-4ea1-bb55-4379d8d02bc4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317345495_Eastern_Atlantic_Mediterranean_Angel_Shark_Conservation_Strategy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.830465 | 5,492 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Did you know tree roots can cause significant plumbing problems, leading to extensive damage and very costly repairs? In our most recent blog, Estes Services explains just how tree roots impact buried plumbing components, signs of damage, and how to prevent it. For plumbing repairs and sewer replacement in Atlanta, contact Estes Services today.
Plumbing Problems Caused by Tree Roots
Tree roots grow underground, extending toward a source of moisture and nutrients to aid their growth. Unfortunately, the buried sewer pipe that carries waste from your home to the public sewer or your private septic tank are a perfect source of both moisture and nutrients. Over time, roots grow to reach the sewer pipe and start to break through its walls to access the waste material and water within.
When tree roots reach sewer lines, these plumbing problems can occur:
- Cracks in sewer pipes
- Broken sewer pipes
- Clogged sewer pipes
- Sewage backup
Fixing Damage Caused by Tree Roots
Ultimately, tree root penetrations in your sewer pipes will prevent drainage from your home. Once roots access the interior of the sewer pipe, they can continue to grow within, eventually forming a large mass of root material and other waste that clogs the sewer line. Even if the roots merely crack the pipe or cause the pipe to break but do not grow within, the opening created can cause the pipe to fill with soil and debris, which also clogs the line.
Once the sewer line is clogged, you’ll start to have plumbing problems such as slow drains. Eventually, sewage will begin to back up into your home through sink, tubs, and other drains. Exposure to sewage and sewer gases can be harmful.
To fix plumbing system problems caused by tree roots, drain cleaning and other repairs will be necessary. Root balls and other debris in the sewer pipe can be cleared using professional plumbing methods and tools such as hydro jetting and augers. Once the blockage is cleared, something must be done to fix the damage to the sewer line.
Estes Services’ plumbers use camera inspection equipment to assess damage to your sewer lines and locate the point of damage. With this information, we will be able to determine the best method for repair. Sewer lines can be dug up for repair or replacement, but often trenchless pipe repair or sewer line replacement can be performed quicker and with little disruption to your property.
Warning Signs You Have a Tree Root Problem
If tree roots have already caused plumbing problems on your property, you may notice these signs:
- Lush green spots on the lawn
- Soggy patches of grass
- Slow drains in the home
- Odors such as sulfur or rotten eggs indoors
Preventing Tree Root Plumbing Problems
Fixing damaged sewer lines can be an expensive job, so it’s best you take steps to prevent the possibility of plumbing problems caused by tree roots before they occur. Take these measures on your property to keep tree roots and sewer pipes safely separated underground.
- Only plant trees and shrubs with small root bases.
- Plant these trees and shrubs a safe distance from where the sewer line sits.
- Place barriers between trees and the sewer line, using chemicals or a physical metal or wood barrier that runs vertically to the sewer line and extends about 6 to 12 inches below the pipe depth.
- Have your sewer lines inspected regularly to prevent damage that attracts tree roots.
Solve Sewer Line Damage in Atlanta by Calling Estes
Are tree roots causing plumbing problems in your sewer lines? Don’t wait to take action – call Estes Services today to have your sewer lines inspected, cleaned, and repaired so that tree root damage doesn’t cause further plumbing issues for your family. | <urn:uuid:a81925e9-a380-4d03-bc03-4452fd137610> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.estesair.com/blog/how-can-tree-roots-affect-your-plumbing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.913259 | 765 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Several people have the practice to sustain their diary. A blog is plainly a diary preserved on world wide web fairly than scribbling your concepts and every day actions on a paper diary. A lot of men and women have the behavior to have their notebook with them when they go on a vacation vacation. They like to check out their e-mails and send out messages. If you have carry laptop computer with you when you are on a vacation travel, it is not challenging for you to do vacation running a blog.
Nevertheless, it is an accepted reality that you can’t usually obtain internet everywhere when you are touring. The ideal option for keeping your vacation weblog is to make a notice of all important items that you want to put up on the weblog on a piece of paper day-to-day. These could incorporate the areas you go to and other issues of desire and essential occasions or views. As soon as you get an prospect to accessibility the world wide web, you can effortlessly publish all the info on your blog. This way, you will not fail to remember or miss out on something about your travel blogging. There is no need to have for you to scratch your head to keep in mind anything to put on your site.
viajemiamiyorlando.com/miami/alquiler-de-autos-en-miami-coches/ go to any place on home travel company or on a holiday travel in your county or abroad, the very best way to make a journey document is travel running a blog. You can see your day to day report of your vacation and the images you experienced taken that time at various areas or occasions. This is a technique to make a everlasting file of tour and you can see it each time you want. It is significantly simpler and far better than striving to recall issues or look for the light recollections. You can also make an album of photos on the web together with your site.
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Going by data from the Central Bank of Nigeria, the country has seen its external reserves grow by $244 million in nineteen days, coming after a period of decline that saw the reserves go down by $313 in March 2022. The difference being experienced down reflects the dual nature of Nigeria’s status as an exporter of crude oil and at the same time, an importer of refined petroleum products. Unsurprisingly, most of Nigeria’s foreign exchange inflow – as well as outflow- is through its oil industry. The previous decrease in the volume of external reserves is a result of two factors: the reduction in theft to its upstream oil and gas sector that had affected Nigeria’s delivery of its OPEC production quota as well as the NNPC’s inability to remit revenue from oil sales into the federation account. On the week’s final episode of Business Edge, Lekan Onabanjo takes a look at the increase in Nigeria’s external reserves. He’s joined by Dr Soji Akinyele, an economist and government relations expert who speaks from Lagos, Nigeria.
The external reserves refer to assets that are held in foreign currency on behalf of the country, either in financial instruments or gold or the IMF special drawing rights. The $244 million seen in March is indeed again, but when compared to what it was this time last year, one would see that it still hovers around $39 billion in total. In 2019, the external reserves reached $44.8 billion.
“While a movement is seen in the external reserves, a lot more still needs to be done [in order to further expand the economy and] extract the value that is required to see significant,” Dr Akinyele says while pointing out that in another two and a half months, the external reserves might decrease by as much as $300 million owing to a Eurobond that is due to be redeemed in June 2022.
Watch the full conversation on Business Edge above.
Copyright: News Central TV
All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from News Central TV. | <urn:uuid:9fe3711a-d26b-4e75-8107-e44da78323bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newscentral.africa/business-edge-nigeria-reports-increase-in-external-reserves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.968904 | 459 | 1.679688 | 2 |
The Worldwide Committee in the Red Get across was set up in 1950 by United Nations Pain relief Program and it is one of the largest voluntary agencies of its kind on the globe. Over two million people are engaged directly by the ICRC, which includes children, countryside populations, ladies, victims of severe disasters, and others. They offer health companies, conduct community development assignments, assist in the protection and relief of people in danger, and gives assistance red cross secrets to those in need. This kind of relief work has helped build roads, build houses, give education, create livelihoods for poor people, feed people, and provide scholarships. Today, the mission on the International Panel of the Purple Cross is based on the campaign of global humanitarian education action, to further improve the home for that pet of the poor and provide assistance to those in need.
The International Committee of the Purple Cross has been around conflict with the governments of a lot of countries, especially during the Second World War, when the DURE troops operating in German concentration camps had been accused of being involved in civilian populations. Throughout the warfare, over a hundred thousand people were systematically accomplished, mainly including women and kids, at the hands of the SS models. After the Ww2, the intercontinental committee was established as a major international humanitarian company concerned largely with works of assault against civilians, including war crimes.
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While many women choose to manage premenopausal and menopause symptoms with hormone treatments, there is one herb hailed to be incredibly effective at naturally tackling some of the worst side effects — black cohosh.
This white starburst flower is most notably favored by Native American tribes as a natural treatment for menstrual health and menopausal symptoms. Plus, due to its positive and powerful effects, black cohosh is still available as an alternative treatment and is now available in easy to consume supplement form.
Let’s take a deep dive into black cohosh and learn a bit more about this herbal remedy!
What is Black Cohosh?
Black cohosh is an herb native to North America that belongs to the buttercup family. This particular herb goes by a variety of names including bugbane, rattleweed, black snakeroot, macrotys, and rheumatism weed. While there are many traditional and historical uses of black cohosh, today it’s used most commonly for “menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes … and night sweats … vaginal dryness, heart palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, sleep disturbances, nervousness, and irritability.”
A Very Short History of Black Cohosh
Traditionally, black cohosh has been used by Native American tribes to treat a myriad of ailments including “menstrual irregularities, menopause symptoms, and to ease childbirth,” as well as treatment of “musculoskeletal pain, fever, cough, pneumonia, [and ]sluggish labor.” When European settlers came to the Americas, they used “black cohosh as a tonic to support women’s reproductive health.”
How Black Cohosh Treats Menopause Symptoms
In the 1950s, black cohosh was discovered to have other benefits including helping to manage and treat premenopausal and menopause symptoms including hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, mood changes, heart palpitations, vertigo, bone density loss, and heart disease, to name just a few.
How does black cohosh work?
While research is still very slim when it comes to the effectiveness of black cohosh, they have determined that its known efficacy has to do with the herb’s effect on estrogen. Some studies have focused primarily on the herb’s effect on estrogen attempting to ascertain if it “raises the body’s level of estrogen, which is present in lower levels in menopausal women than in premenopausal women,” as well as looking at whether or not black cohosh affects “levels of luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone.”
Other studies focused on black cohosh in relation to the brain, specifically whether the herb “might exert its effects through a brain-related action, such as moduation of serotonergic pathways, or through its ability to act as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or selective estrogen receptor modulator.”
With all that said, the most foundational evidence is that triterpene glycosides, resins, and aromatic acid derivatives may be the main culprit for the herb’s ability to thwart various menopause-related symptoms.
All-in-all, black cohosh is found to be incredibly effective through treatment, yet science still has a long way to go to determine exactly what it is about this herb that makes it so.
Black Cohosh Herbal Supplements
If you’re looking to get your hands on a black cohosh herbal supplement, make sure you speak with your doctor first. Beyond a few research studies and historical accounts, there isn’t a wealth of information regarding long term use of black cohosh. With that said, there are a few ways to make sure you’re choosing a valid supplement.
First off, black cohosh supplements are made “from its roots and rhizomes (underground stems” and are sold as “powdered whole herb, liquid extracts, and dried extracts in pill form.” Depending on the type of black cohosh you buy, you’ll be getting a different chemical composition. The standard black cohosh supplement should generally “provide at least 1 [milligram] triterpene glycosides per daily dose,” and yet this is not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Secondly, it’s always a good idea to find a vegan-friendly dietary supplement, which is generally easier on the stomach and friendly to the digestive system.
To get you started, here are a few trusted vegan-friendly supplement brands offering black cohosh!
This Nature’s Way Black Cohosh supplement is verified by an independent testing program called TRU-ID, which means you know exactly what you’re getting in every capsule. This supplement is non-GMO project verified, vegan-friendly, vegetarian-friendly, and contains no sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, corn, soy, diary, or artificial products such as coloring, flavors, and preservatives. While black cohosh may be useful for many ailments, this supplement was specifically engineered to support menopause. A 180-capsule bottle costs $9.42.
NOW is one of the most trusted brands for vegan-friendly and clean supplements. This NOW Black Cohosh provides a unique blend of black cohosh root, licorice root, and dong quai, all of which are known to support middle-aged women through menopause. A 90-capsule bottle costs $19.35.
This Oregon’s Wild Harvest Organic Black Cohosh is root grown, certified organic, and sustainably farmed. As black cohosh is a top-selling women’s herb, sustainability is an incredibly important aspect of cultivating this herb. A 90-capsule bottle costs $17.01.
We also highly recommend downloading our Food Monster App, which is available for iPhone, and can also be found on Instagram and Facebook. The app has more than 15,000 plant-based, allergy-friendly recipes, and subscribers gain access to new recipes every day. Check it out!
For more Vegan Food, Health, Recipe, Animal, and Life content published daily, don’t forget to subscribe to the One Green Planet Newsletter!
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Google is making it free for retailers to sell products in search results by waiving fees for sales made via the ‘Buy on Google’ option.
‘Buy on Google’ is a payment option that lets customers buy products without leaving Google search results.
The option to buy products directly on Google is made available to customers when they click on shopping listings in search results.
Like other online payment providers, Google has always charged a commission fee for sales made through its platform.
Now, in a pilot launch, Google is charging zero commission fees when customers make purchases through the ‘Buy on Google’ option.
“Today, we’re taking another important step to make it easier for retailers to sell on Google. Soon, sellers who participate in our Buy on Google checkout experience will no longer have to pay us a commission fee.”
‘Buy on Google’ Now Commission-Free
‘Buy on Google’ is just one of several checkout options available in shopping listings, though the other options all involve a visit to a separate sales page.
The greatest advantage ‘Buy on Google’ offers over other payment options is the streamlined buying process.
Customers literally buy on Google. There’s no need to visit another page.
With today’s announcement ‘Buy on Google’ isn’t just a convenient option for customers, it’s become one of the most affordable ways for businesses to sell products online.
Google is effectively shaking up the e-commerce world in a number of distinct ways.
1. Level Playing Field
Google is reducing the barrier to entry for businesses who couldn’t afford to sell products through competitors like Shopify and PayPal.
This levels the playing field to a certain extent and will allow more companies to take their business online.
Google states in an announcement:
“By removing our commission fees, we’re lowering the cost of doing business and making it even easier for retailers of all sizes to sell directly on Google.”
2. Competition for PayPal and Shopify
Many of the web’s leading payment providers charge serious fees for retailers to conduct business using their platform.
That’s all part of the cost of doing business online though… or is it?
All of a sudden retailers have an option to accept payments online and not pay out a commission fee.
This gives Google a competitive advantage over other payment providers.
If the same product is sold through both ‘Buy on Google’ and a competitor, the retailer will keep more of the money from the ‘Buy on Google’ purchase.
With that in mind, retailers may shift their focus toward driving sales via ‘Buy on Google’ to increase their profits.
That would in turn create competition for platforms like Shopify and PayPal.
However, Google seems more intent on working with competitive platforms than against them. We’ll get into more about that later.
What Does Google Get Out of This?
In exchange for zero commissions, Google reaps the benefits that come with keeping a user in Google search results.
The longer someone stays inside the Google ecosystem the more money Google can make serving ads and collecting data.
Therein lies the catch for retailers.
Every time a sale is made through Google that’s one more customer not visiting the retailer’s website.
On one hand, the retailer will earn more revenue from the Google sale as a result of zero commission fees.
On the other hand, the retailer misses out on valuable lead generation opportunities that are unique to on-site sales pages.
When a customer visits a retailer’s website they may opt-in to things like memberships or mailing lists, which are key for customer loyalty.
So that’s something businesses need to consider before being easily swayed by zero commissions.
Other Updates to Google Shopping
Here’s a quick rundown of some addition updates to the Google Shopping platform.
- Shopify and PayPal can be chosen as payment processing options.
- Google is enabling commonly-used product feed formats. This allows retailers to connect their inventory without having to reformat their data.
- A new option will let retailers add product information (like images or technical specs) by pulling from Google’s existing database.
- Soon, a new small business filter will be added on the Google Shopping tab
Everything announced today will roll out first in the US, with international launches expected later this year and in 2021. | <urn:uuid:85c07379-87c7-4955-b77c-4f7ff78d72ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-shakes-up-e-commerce-with-commission-free-sales/375437/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.916482 | 939 | 1.539063 | 2 |
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