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785 MILLION PEOPLE STILL DON'T HAVE ACCESS TO A BASIC DRINKING WATER SUPPLY.
Globally, at least 2 billion people use a drinking water source contaminated with feces. Women and children in the developing world spend over 200 million hours every day collecting water from distant, often polluted sources (for up to 10 miles at a time). The weight of water that women in the developing world carry on their heads is commonly 20kg (or 45 pounds), which is as heavy as the maximum airport luggage allowance. More people die each year from unsafe water than from all forms of violence, including war.
E.P.I.C. (Everyday People Initiating Change) is a 501c3 non-profit organization committed to bringing safe, clean drinking water to rural villages in Tanzania, Africa. In addition to implementing clean water wells, E.P.I.C. provides Hygiene and Sanitation Education, Youth Leadership Programs, and support in Community Growth and Development to each of the villages where we drill.
Through our Fellowship Program, E.P.I.C. has become a global movement that encourages and inspires Everyday People to actively work on Initiating the Change that they wish to see in the world. No matter what our financial status, time constraints, societal status or external circumstances, the fundamental principle that defines E.P.I.C. is that we, as Everyday People, are always capable of Initiating positive Change if we have a strong enough desire to do so.
E.P.I.C. FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM
The E.P.I.C. Fellowship Program is a leadership training and on the ground experience in global aid and development. We bring committed and passionate people like you to communities in need, to take part in various projects such as; the implementation of clean water wells, hygiene and sanitation education, performing arts and creativity, business and leadership training, nutrition education, medical aid, and the construction of schools, libraries, and other educational institutions. The Fellowship Program was created by the founders of E.P.I.C. (Everyday People Initiating Change), Tennille Amor and Alexi Panos, to educate and inspire global advocates to be the change they wish to see in the world.
E.P.I.C. is run by an extremely small team, meaning that our operation costs are low, and 100% of the money donated through this website goes directly towards the communities that we serve.
Providing clean water in a village ripples out, and positively affects everything else in that community, including hygiene and sanitation, education, economy, health and wellbeing, lowered rape cases, women's empowerment, and ending poverty.
Each of the wells that we drill, and the communities that we assist can be seen on our website by clicking on Success Stories. We go back to each village, year after year to touch base, and make sure that each project is still successfully running.
Collecting water for the family is primarily the responsibility of women and girls. When they no longer have to walk long distances to collect water, girls are more likely to spend more time in school, and women are able to start small businesses to help provide for their families.
By taking a "Bottom Up" approach, as opposed to "Top Down," E.P.I.C. empowers the local people in each community to take charge of their own projects to ensure that they are sustainable. Visit FAQs to learn more about how we support 10 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. | <urn:uuid:598639f8-2cc1-4f33-88e5-230b6683225b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.epicthemovement.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.951141 | 761 | 3.03125 | 3 |
No one has ever accused Saudi Arabia of being the Holland of the Middle East. You know, Holland, the country of unbridled liberalism where they encourage euthanization via legal pot brownie consumption. But, a recent report from Human Rights Watch shows new laws in Saudi Arabia have taken the country a step back and bulldozed what little public space there is for dissent in the country. The changes, predictably, come under the guise of “fighting terror.” And what’s the number one terrorist threat facing the country? Atheists, apparently.
Included under the terrorism provisions is the ban on “calling for atheist thought in any form.” That’s Article 1, in fact. It’s a rather strange headliner to the whole who-is-a-terrorist question considering atheism doesn’t historically raise many red flags in the pantheon of global terrorism. The provisions, which are almost imperceptibly broad, “create a legal framework that appears to criminalize virtually all dissident thought or expression as terrorism,” according to HRW.
And dissent is of rising concern in the country. Here’s why from the Independent: “The new laws have largely been brought in to combat the growing number of Saudis travelling to take part in the civil war in Syria, who have previously returned with newfound training and ideas about overthrowing the monarchy.” | <urn:uuid:a68b1d5e-0a24-4201-a66d-ff6a12fdd1a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/04/01/a_new_terrorism_law_in_saudi_arabia_targets_atheists_and_dissent_of_all.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719416.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00365-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928065 | 290 | 1.78125 | 2 |
A slave auction at the south, from an original sketch by Theodore R. Davis. Published 1861. Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.
Coming off of a federal holiday recognizing the influence of Martin Luther King Jr., some Florida lawmakers are pushing legislation that could impose more barriers on how public school teachers can discuss racism in history classes.
In addition, the bill would involve Florida’s private businesses, which would prohibit employers from requiring employees to be subjected to certain trainings and discussions on race and sex.
While the bill language works to say that no person should be assumed racist or sexist based on race, critics worry that the bill limits academic freedom of teachers to talk about the history of racism in the United States and its continuing impacts, potentially continuing a troublesome trend.
On the business side, state Sen. Tina Polsky worries that the bill would limit the ability of business owners to run their own companies. “Why do we, as the government, need to be the thought police?” said Polsky, who is a Democrat and represents parts of Broward and Palm Beach Counties. “This is the most authoritarian bill.”
“I think this is just an attempt to chill important dialogue in both the classroom and the workplace,” Polsky said.
The bill sponsor, State Sen. Manny Diaz, said that the legislation would require instructors to “lay out the facts … both the dark parts in our history, that clearly exists, and the positive parts in our history,” at a Tuesday Senate Education Committee.
Diaz, a Republican who represents part of Miami-Dade County, said that the bill guards against “having one particular viewpoint imposed on the student.”
Among other changes, which would affect both public schools and Florida businesses, the bill says that instruction materials in the classroom must be consistent with the following principles of “individual freedoms:”
- “No individual is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously, solely by virtue of his or her race or sex.”
- “No race is inherently superior to another race.”
- “No individual should be discriminated against or receive adverse treatment solely or partly on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, disability, or sex.”
- “Meritocracy or traits such as a hard work ethic are not racist but fundamental to the right to pursue happiness and be rewarded for industry.”
- “An individual, by virtue of his or her race or sex, does not bear responsibility for actions committed in the past by other members of the same race or sex.
- “An individual should not be made to feel discomfort, guilt, anguish, or any other form of psychological distress on account of his or her race.”
The bill says that teachers can act as facilitators in discussions of racism and sexism but that “classroom instruction and curriculum may not be used to indoctrinate or persuade students to a particular point of view inconsistent” with the above principles.
But some lawmakers questioned if such events were even happening in Florida classrooms, and if not, what would the legislation be targeting.
Sen. Shevrin Jones, a Democrat who represents part of Broward County, noted that there have not been instances of such assertions being taught in Florida classroom, and this bill instead would serve as “red meat” for the Republican base.
“Do we know of a scenario to where children have come home, or have made a complaint to the state to say that … ‘Because I’m white, my teacher said that I am more superior than my Black counterparts?'” Jones asked Diaz.
“I think a lot of us have heard from individual parents with concerns. And I think we need to guard against having that ever occur in our classrooms,” Diaz responded.
In debate on the bill, Jones worried that affects of the bill could distort uglier parts of American history, such as slavery and the Jim Crow laws.
“Yes, parents should know what their children are being taught. But at the same time, you cannot distort history,” Jones said. “We cannot turn from the facts, the things that happened. All this legislation is going to do is promote ignorance of race related content and other content that children should know about and children should have access to.”
“As me representing the African American community, as the only Black man here on Education, this [bill] is a problem,” he said. He is the only Black person serving on the Senate Education committee.
The legislation is a continuation of efforts by the Florida state government to dictate how race is discussed in the classroom. In December, Gov. Ron DeSantis announced a proposal to allow parents to sue if their child is taught “critical race theory” in Florida public schools.
While the term originates in graduate levels of law school to discuss how the justice system perpetuates inequities among demographics and has several derivatives, Republican officials have used the misnomer of “critical race theory” to criticize a wide variety of activities examining the role of racism in American society.
In June, the Florida State Board of Education approved a new rule that prohibits critical race theory in classrooms, claiming that the theory “distorts historical events” and is “inconsistent” with the state board’s approved standards. The new rule also banned materials from The New York Times’ “1619 project,” which focuses the establishment of the United States from perspective of Black people.
Critics see these efforts as an attempt to chill and suppress frank discussions about the history of the Black experience in America, and that SB 148 continues such efforts.
Due to time restraint, public comments during the Tuesday committee meeting on the bill were limited to only one minute, and committee Chair Joe Gruters, a Republican who represents Sarasota County and part of Charlotte County, encouraged some speakers to waive their time if another speaker had already made their point. Gruters also is chair of the Republican Party of Florida.
Most comments were against the bill, and a couple were in favor.
Sen. Polsky thought the discussion was being rushed.
“I’m very disappointed that we’re rushing through this. … All of our constituents who came up — my constituent, seven hours to be here — got a minute to speak.”
Driving home her point, the committee could only devote three minutes to another race-related bill — one that could integrate Asian American and Pacific Islander history into Florida’s required instruction, along with existing requirements for curricula on African American history and the history of the Holocaust.
SB 490, sponsored by Sen. Linda Stewart, a Democrat who represents part of Orange County, quickly introduced the bill. Lawmakers did not ask questions or debate the bill.
There was time for just one speaker — Mimi Chan, a martial arts teacher in Central Florida who started a petition on Change.org to include Asian American history instruction in Florida’s K-12 schools. The online petition has 12,760 signatures.
The bill came as a response to an uptick in violence committed towards Asian Americans over the past year, including a mass shooting resulting in the death of eight people, six of whom were women of Asian descent.
“Seeing a recent rise in Asian American violence has me concerned about the safety of my family and myself,” Chan said at the Tuesday committee meeting. “I believe the language of this bill acts as a preventative measure against future hate and is essential for public safety.”
She continued: “I have experienced being viewed as a foreigner even though I was born in this country. Passing SB 490 and encouraging inclusive history education would help fight this stereotype and improve the lives of Asian Americans in Florida. Especially for our children, who deserve a safe environment to learn and thrive.”
Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our web site. Please see our republishing guidelines for use of photos and graphics. | <urn:uuid:75f91289-8bd0-4d96-96fa-df4615df54d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://floridaphoenix.com/2022/01/19/restricting-how-teachers-and-employers-talk-about-race-could-chill-important-dialogue/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=a2932994-5634-4e11-b1c2-4f62edcba09a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.966728 | 1,728 | 2.875 | 3 |
It’s no secret that many of us rely on the internet to do our jobs. Paying the internet bill has become just as important as paying the electric bill. Depending on the size of your business, that bill can get pretty big. Thankfully, more high-speed internet options like fiber internet are becoming available to business owners, giving companies faster internet at a better price.
What is Fiber Optic Internet?
As the name suggests, fiber optic internet uses fiber optic cables. Fiber optic cables are extremely thin glass cables that send information through a coded light beam. This coded light beam is how fiber optic internet sends information from its source all the way to your computer, phone, or tablet.
The concept is similar to cable internet; information is coded and then sent through cables. Unlike cable internet, however, fiber doesn’t have the same latency issues during peak use times. Fiber internet has 1,000 times the bandwidth of cable, so you get high-speed internet no matter how many people are online.
In Canada, high-speed internet is anything over 50 Mbps. With fiber internet, you can get speeds of 1,000 Mbps. Given the increased speeds, it’s no surprise that fiber internet is called the internet of the future. It’s scalable and reliable, whereas cable internet relies on much of the same out-dated technology used in phone lines. The many benefits of fiber internet make it a natural fit for many businesses, big and small.
The Advantages of Fiber Internet for Your Business
It’s a universal truth that better equipment makes for better business. Well, if your company uses the internet in any way, faster internet will likely have the same impact.
Increased Efficiency & Productivity
Of course, faster internet means faster work. Research has shown that slow internet costs companies 1 week of lost work per year — all that time waiting for pages to load adds up! In addition to less waiting, faster internet also means more multitasking.
With fiber internet, you and your employees can do more tasks at once, whether that means using multiple apps, multiple webpages, or multiple users at once. A fiber internet connection allows you to spend less time waiting and more time working.
Better Security & Reliability
Unlike the outdated copper cable technology used in cable internet, fiber optic cables are much harder to compromise, accidentally or intentionally. Copper cables are conductive, making them susceptible to outages from a variety of sources, including:
- Power outages
- Temperature fluctuations
- Water/flood damage
- Electromagnetic interference from heavy machinery
In a climate like Alberta’s, cables can be susceptible to wild temperature changes and thunderstorms isn’t exactly ideal. Aside from weather resistance, fiber optic cables are also more secure. The signal can’t be intercepted like copper cables and it’s hard to compromise fiber optic cables without physically cutting the wires.
Even if you have a small business, security is an important consideration. The average cost of a cybercrime breach is $3.92 million, which can be just as devastating on a smaller scale. In the event of a security breach, they are easier to detect and correct with fiber internet.
Your business likely relies on the internet in some capacity for communication. Whether you use email or instant messaging, you can probably benefit from fiber internet. A faster internet connection will allow you to send messages quickly, even if they have large files attached.
A better connection also allows you to rely on tools like video chat when communicating with employees and customers. Not only does this add a personal touch, but it can reduce the need for costly business travel, potentially saving your company thousands of dollars each year.
Work for the 21st Century
As the internet becomes more and more essential to business, companies will have to invest in high-speed options like fiber internet to keep up. Business trends like cloud storage, remote working, and e-commerce are almost impossible without a fast and reliable internet connection.
Is Your Business Ready for Fiber Internet?
Fiber internet is the high-speed internet solution for your business today and tomorrow. If you’re interested in fiber internet for your business, contact us and let us know. We’re bringing fiber internet to rural Alberta and we want to add your business to our list! | <urn:uuid:427fd4a5-7027-4b4b-b6c9-73cec732c932> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tetheralberta.com/fiber-internet-your-business-benefits-you-need-to-know-about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.914853 | 898 | 2.46875 | 2 |
"The Learning in Immersive Worlds: a review of game based learning report, authored by Sara de Freitas, scopes out the current use of games for learning in UK HE and post-16 education and has been produced to inform practitioners who are considering using games and simulations in their practice."
The 73 page report discussion cognition and games, emerging forms of gaming, such as mobile and alternative reality gaming, that may be used in education.
Interestingly enough, lack of access to technology and tools was cited as the largest barrier to game incorporation in the curriculum.
The key finding seems to be we need more research done in this area!
Read the report at http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/elearning_innovation/gaming%20report_v3.3.pdf | <urn:uuid:ff691ee9-7614-41a2-8249-3ad270632d3b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://libgaming.blogspot.com/2007/02/learning-in-immersive-worlds-review-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00509-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948575 | 170 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Книгу можно купить в интернет-магазинах:
· OZON.ru 2006р. [Проверить наличие]
ISBN: 0844771619Издательство: American Enterprise Institute Press
The 1990s saw no progress in the financing of health care. About 40 million Americans still have no health insurance--including 22 percent of America's children and 19 percent of young adults. And an economic downturn brings with it increased numbers of uninsured. What can be done? Mark V. Pauly and John S. Hoff answer with a tax credit/voucher system introduced in a common-sense way, with as much simplicity and flexibility as possible. The United States can launch such a program immediately and makeneeded adjustments along the way. The use of the credit assists people in obtaining insurance and provides tax equity. The authors chronicle changes in U.S. attitudes about health care and in the economic environment, tackle design issues, and consider policy trade-offs and problems of the technicalities of such a program. They offer a sample tax-credit plan and respond to possible objections to their plan. | <urn:uuid:cd312a56-244f-42bc-a969-e1fadddd29e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.libring.ru/books/79554 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00292-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901953 | 289 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Quoted from Legendary Connecticut by David E. Phillips
Once there was this crazy preacher named Lorenzo Dow who was travelling in the northern part of Vermont, when he got caught in a terrible snowstorm. He managed to make his way to the only light he could see. After repeated knocking at the door of the humble log house, a woman opened it. He asked if he could stay the night. She told Dow her husband was not home and she could not take in a stranger. But he pleaded with her and she reluctantly let him in. He immediately went to bed, without removing his clothing, in a corner of the room separated from the main living quarters only by a rude partition with many cracks in it.
After he had slept for just a short time, the preacher was awakened by the sounds of giggling and whispering from the main room. Peering through a crack in the partition, he saw that his hostess was entertaining a man not her husband! No sooner had he taken this in, when Dow heard a man’s drunken voice shouting and cursing outside the front door, and demanding to be let in. Before admitting her husband (for it was he, returned unexpectedly), the wife motioned her lover to hide in the barrel of tow, a coarse flax ready for spinning, beside the fireplace. Once inside, the suspicious husband quickly sensed that his wife had not been alone, and demanded to know who else was in the house. When the quick-witted wife told him about the Rev. Dow, sleeping in the corner, he was not satisfied. After all, he was not so drunk that he would take his wife’s word for the identity of the houseguest.
“Well, now,” roared the husband, “I hear tell that parson Dow can raise the devil. I think I’d like to see him do it — right here and now.” Before the devil could shut up her boisterous husband, he had pulled the famous preacher from his bed, where he had pretended to be sound asleep. “Rev’rend,” he bellowed, “I want you to raise the devil. I won’t take ‘no’ for an answer.” Seeing that he would have to perform, Lorenzo finally said, “Well, if you insist, I will do it, but when he comes, it will be in a flaming fire. You must open the door wide so he will have plenty of room.” The husband opened the door. Then, taking a burning coal from the fire with the tongs, Dow dropped it into the tow cask. Instantly the oily contents burst into flame. Howling in pain from the fire which engulfed him, the flaming figure of the man hidden in the barrel leaped out onto the floor and, just as quickly, darted out the open door, trailing ashes and smoke. He ran down the snowy road as if pursued by demons. It is said that the sight of all this not only sobered the drunken husband immediately, but permanently cured his taste for booze. And that was certainly one of the Rev. Dow’s major miracles! | <urn:uuid:ea156c7c-05b5-4b41-b7f5-b8955ddc8016> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://yourehistory.wordpress.com/category/supernatural/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988901 | 654 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Solidarity Halifax condemns the massively disproportionate Israeli punishment of the people of Gaza. This Palestinian territory, with 1.5 million people, many of whose families have been doubly displaced from their homes in what is now Israel, is fifteen times smaller than Halifax Regional Municipality.
Gaza, justifiably called “the largest open air prison in the world,” has been subject for many years to a ruthless Israeli blockade by air, sea and land that has strangled its economy, starved its inhabitants and deprived them of a normal life. This has been accompanied by extrajudicial assassinations, bombings, land invasion, the mass destruction of property and the robokillings of innocents.
While Gazans have the right to resist their occupation, the killing of civilian non-combatants by either side is a crime against humanity. However, the unbalanced nature of the mathematics – 130 Palestinians killed and over 1000 injured compared to five Israeli deaths (as of 20 November, 5 pm AST) – reveals the overwhelmingly differential power of the two sides.
We note the cynical timing of the pre-planned Israeli incursion – between the American and the Israeli elections, and just after a significant “peace offensive” by West Bank Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, a pattern that was followed in the Gaza massacre of 2008-9 and many times before that. We call for a ceasefire, an end of Israeli provocations, an end to the blockade, and the self-determination of the Palestinian people.
We note that mass demonization of an entire people, whether Jewish or Arab, is morally wrong. We also condemn the current government of Canada’s one-sided and unquestioning support of Israel as well as the current Nova Scotia government’s unbalanced championing of the Israeli side through strengthened economic links. | <urn:uuid:96151664-d9b2-4ce9-8196-ae35d36df018> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://solidarityhalifax.ca/2012/11/statement-solidarity-halifax-condemns-attacks-on-gaza/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.960899 | 366 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Have a look at this interesting article from the Hogan team that tells us which occupations might be most compatible with particular dark side traits.
A new compilation shows not only how dark side personality characteristics can be recognised, but also how can one benefit from their dark side by finding a suitable occupation.
Several studies indicate that bad management costs billions of pounds of lost revenue to any organisation each year – while 65-75% of leaders turn out to be incompetent. This rate is proportional to the levels of employee disengagement, which is at 75%. In the 1980s, after carrying out extensive research on the subject, organisational psychologists found that the main reason otherwise successful and talented leaders fail is the prevalence of their dark side characteristics.
Every person has a dark side. It comes into the foreground when we stop monitoring our own behavior due to factors like stress, boredom, complacency, or even extreme comfort in our working environment. Often, these behaviors are just the overuse of our strengths. In 1992, Dr. Robert Hogan defined 11 dark side characteristics (such as bold, mischievous, leisurely, colourful, reserved etc.) of which most of us display about three. Although all of these characteristics can create derailment, a balance of dark and bright side characteristics is also useful and attainable, depending on role requirements.
Is it bad to have a dark side? Not necessarily. The key is not just the balance, but also the compatibility of one’s job with one’s personality. Research by Hogan Assessments shows that bold managers give extraordinarily positive first impressions, and excitable people work with great passion and intensity. Some jobs benefit from an arrogant personality, such as entrepreneurs, lawyers or a media figures – but that can be more problematic for home care assistants, nurses and doctors. There are also differences in which kind of dark side characteristic one possesses: colourful leaders are evaluated as far better by their bosses than their reserved counterparts. On the other hand, a manager who isn’t remotely excitable can turn out to be dull and uninspiring, a low score on imaginative may show lack of vision, or a high cautious suggests indecisiveness.
Zsolt Fehér, Managing Director of Hogan Assessments Europe, recommends taking the following 5 steps to recognise and leverage dark side characteristics:
Listen to feedback from colleagues. Dark side characteristics become prominent when stressed or bored, which impacts one’s reputation. The focus becomes centered on negative characteristics rather than positive ones. Listening to feedback from peers and superiors allows us to better manage our reputations
Be coachable. Pay attention to formal evaluations, and try to read between the lines to pick out subtle, indirect criticism .
Learn from conflicts. What was the main reason for the conflict? What was disturbing about each other’s behavior?
Reflect on those around you. Is a manager treating her subordinates differently than others? How does she talk to them? This can tell a lot about a manager’s dark side.
Set up new behaviors. If someone is too reserved, he should be proactive in coming up with a new idea in each meeting. If he is colourful, he should listen to others before sharing his brilliant new idea.
The entire dark side doesn’t need to be tamed, just the characteristics that lead to derailment. There is just one thing that is harder than changing someone’s behaviours: changing someone’s reputation. But with time and practice, everyone will feel more and more comfortable in their new roles – which is beneficial for the whole workplace.
|Dark side scale||Why is it dark?||Bright side of dark side||May be problematic in these roles||Beneficial for|
|Excitable||volatile, unpredictable||enthusiastic, passionate||therapist,
|Skeptical||negative, cynical||insightful, perceptive||preschool teacher,
|Cautious||risk-averse, fearful of failure||deliberate,
|independent, objective||sales personnel, customer service||archivist,
|Leisurely||passive-aggressive, stubborn||cooperative, agreeable||HR manager, feedback coach||freelancer,
|charming, interesting||law enforcement, childcare worker||sales,
|entertaining, outgoing||auditor, programmer||politician,
|Diligent||inflexible, micromanager||hardworking, detail-oriented||social worker, nanny||pharmacist, copywriter,|
If you know anyone who would be interested in reading this article, then please feel free to share it with them.
Cognoscenti is a business psychology consultancy that helps organisations get the best out of their people. We specialize in wellbeing, Leadership, Organisational Development, Psychometric Profiling, Executive Coaching and the softer (but more difficult) side of project management. http://www.cognoscenti.uk.com | <urn:uuid:efab2691-5e7a-4706-8b93-766061a27ecd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cognoscenti.uk.com/2018/02/16/finding-niche-leadership-dark-side/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.908947 | 1,266 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Many people have asked me why I decided to do The Being of a Nation, and while there are many answers to that question, the main one is that I wanted to get out from behind my computer and connect with other Americans. I want to see with my own eyes who Americans are, feel with my own heart what they are feeling, and hear with my own ears how they choose to answer the simple question, “How do you want to BE in the world?”
I have loved Anne Frank since I first learned about her in school. I think because I was in utter amazement that someone who faced such horrible atrocities from Nazis could still remain so hopeful and loving and kind. “I keep my ideals, because in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart.” I then studied and taught history, because I wholeheartedly believe that if we do not know and own our history, we are doomed to repeat it.
Both of these things are what surfaced for me as I watched from afar the atrocities that occurred in Charlottesville this weekend by white supremacists and Neo-Nazis.
Yesterday my energy was low and my mind was not as present as I would have liked it to be because my heart was heavy watching what was taking place in America. This hatred has always been here. Our country was founded on the massacre of Native Americans and build on the back of slaves. Pick up a history book and you cannot deny this. The persecution of these people continues today.
Yet, if you study history there have also been those who have fought against the wrongs and risen up to change our country for the better. The Martin Luther Kings, the Harriet Tubmans, the Margaret Sangers, the every day people who stood up and said, “HELL NO.”
So far on my road trip across America, I have had individuals share with me the struggles they have faced due to institutionalized racism, yet each of them has always chosen a positive outlook on how they want to BE in the world. In my opinion – they are living day Anne Franks. Even with the persecution they have encountered, they are choosing to see the world as a loving and good place.
The above picture is Timothy, who invited me into his barbershop in Las Vegas, and showed me love by sharing his BE story with a random white woman. He did not have to trust me, but he did. He stepped away from his work and gave me 30 minutes of his time. He told me about the struggles he has encountered in his life, but also put “LOVE” on the board without a hesitation. He is hopeful. He is loving. He is kind.
So, while we are finally seeing the racism that has always existed in this country rear it’s face and display all its hatred, I also am getting the chance to see the people who are actively choosing love – even though it would be very easy for them to do the opposite.
As President Obama quoted Nelson Mandela, another man who choose to see good after experiencing so much bad, “No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin or his background or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love. For love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.”
While I refuse to ignore what happened in Charlottesville, I also refuse to believe that it will prevail. I stand with Anne and Timothy and Barack and Mandela. Love wins.
“How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.” – Anne Frank | <urn:uuid:b2d93843-844d-4135-b4cb-f0bd84a433b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.chapterbe.com/2017/daily-being/be-love/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.986341 | 750 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Coping with social anxiety
Do you dread the idea of having to socialise? If you do, join the club! Many people get anxious in social situations, worrying that they will embarrass themselves somehow or not measure up to the people around them.
Cognitive behavioural therapy works well for people with social anxiety as it looks at people’s fears as well as the probability that these fears will in fact take place. More often than not, the fears we have never happened yet we still worry endlessly about what might go wrong. The anticipation in itself can be hell.
A useful technique is to visualise everything going well. It is also very effective to talk to yourself in a positive manner. Say things to yourself such as “I am good company, why wouldn’t people enjoy being around me?”. You may not believe these thoughts/statements at first but it is important to replace self doubt and self criticism with more positive statements. Behaviour that is warmer and shows you as more approachable then follows.
More often than not, it isn’t the situation that stresses us out, instead it is our perception that causes anxiety. If we imagine we will embarrass ourselves and we focus on our insecurities we are far more likely to feel anxious and dread the situation. We can challenge our perceptions though – any time, any place. We always have that choice.
Ask yourself what you are thinking – grab the relevant thoughts. Then ask yourself if there is another way to look at the situation. Would someone else see it differently?
Look for a revised, more realistic version of your original thought.
I don’t want to be here.
Why don’t I Want to be here? I don’t want to be here because …?
People will look at me and know that I feel uncomfortable.
And that is bad because?
Well, people will know something is wrong with me…
And what is so bad about that?
People will think I am crazy…
And what does that say about me?
Well, it says that I am crazy.
Become an expert at identifying your assumptions and negative thoughts. Be as specific as you can when identifying a thought and become a thought detective asking yourself questions such as:
Where is the evidence for this thinking?
How do I know that my thoughts are true? Is is fact?
What other explanations could there be?
Is it helpful for me to think this way?
What would someone else say/do in this situation?
The more able we become at disputing our negative thoughts, the less intense the negative associated emotion will be and the more adept we are at looking at what we are telling ourselves, the better we become at discovering our core beliefs- these are ideas that lay the foundations for our negative thoughts and the most common ones I have come across are: I am not love-able or I am not good enough.
See if you can figure out what your core beliefs are. They often take the form of a “if this..then that” statement. Eg. if I socialise, no one will like me.
The next step is to try find real life situations where we can test out our core belief. Start with a small experiment. Again – more often than not (I have assisted many clients in putting together behavioural experiments to test out beliefs) we find that our core belief is not true. When this happens, our need to believe and hold on to a core belief that limits us lessens. It loses it’s power as we prove to ourselves the exact opposite of what we thought.
Repetition is key – keep challenging, keep looking for evidence and keep setting up situations where you can test out your core beliefs (also known as “rules for living”.)
Tips for a healthy happy life:
Keep a balanced routine and healthy lifestyle
Develop a good social network – the key to contentment!
Develop a good professional network
Expect slip ups, failures and down days.
Don’t let fear get the better of you and remember that we often all feel anxious when we are out and about. especially on down days. Don’t be hard on yourself and stop the high expectations. Learn to live simply and never take life too seriously. | <urn:uuid:b80f3249-b7fc-44e2-ac5e-5a5d5a87db7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thoughtsonlifeandlove.com/coping-with-social-anxiety/7735/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.958061 | 897 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Most industry insiders will comment on the problematic current state of the housing market in England. Many of the problems have been caused by an explosion in buy to let investments.
The government has attempted to respond to this and increase the accessibility of the housing market, especially to first-time buyers, in various ways. The first action taken was the creation of a “second home stamp duty” whereby a buy to let investor would be charged an extra 3% of stamp duty for a purchase of an additional residential property. In November 2017 the government gave even more help for first time buyers with various reliefs and initiatives. Effectively, if the cost of the property was below £500K the first-time buyer would pay no Stamp Duty on the first £300K of purchase price.
But has this helped? With the cost of property spiralling out of control many potential first time buyers do not earn enough to get a mortgage that will cover the cost of the property and will have to look to the “Bank of Mum and Dad”. In these cases, banks will generally insist on parents jointly buying the property with their children. This causes a couple of issues to arise:
- The 3% stamp duty might apply to the parents if this property is in addition to their own.
- The first times buyer’s allowance will not apply to the share the parents own.
Are these measures really helping with cooling the housing market? Only time will tell, but with all these extra rules brought in, Stamp Duty and all its various offshoots have certainly become a lot more complicated.
If you need advice on how Stamp Duty and other tax issues might affect your purchase of a property, just contact us. We like tax and we can help.
Contact your local AIMS Accountant for more information. | <urn:uuid:29cc709f-c10c-42ab-9834-2f23de99bd32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aims.co.uk/first-time-buyers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.973007 | 370 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Canada and the Summit of the Americas
Leaders at the Sixth Summit of the Americas
The Summit of the Americas brings together the leaders of the 34 democratic countries of the Americas to address common challenges. Through this process, leaders advance a shared agenda for strengthening democracy, human rights, security and prosperity.
Sixth Summit of the Americas
The Sixth Summit of the Americas, was held in Cartagena, Colombia, from April 14 to 15, 2012, and focused on the theme “Connecting the Americas: Partners for Prosperity."
The theme was selected to underscore to the international community that the Americas is a place of opportunities, where countries are determined to work together to overcome common challenges through supportive cooperation and efforts to achieve higher levels of growth and prosperity.
The Summit focused on five sub-themes:
- disaster risk reduction and management;
- poverty and inequality;
- the lag in accessing and using information and communication technologies;
- citizen security and transnational organized crime; and
- physical integration.
Prime Minister Harper participated at the Cartagena Summit accompanied by Minister Fast and Minister of State of Foreign Affairs (Americas and Consular Affairs). The Prime minister announced Canada’s support to enhance security in the Americas and support for economic growth and development in the Americas. On the margins of the Summit, the Prime Minister also participated in the Business Summit where he delivered remarks.
The next Summit will be held in Panama in 2015.
The First Summit of the Americas took place in Miami, USA, in 1994, followed by:
- Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, (Special Summit, 1996);
- Santiago, Chile (1998);
- Quebec City, Canada (2001);
- Monterrey, Mexico (Special Summit, 2004);
- Mar del Plata, Argentina (2005); and
- Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (2009).
One notable outcome of the summit process was the adoption of the Inter-American Democratic Charter, through which the countries of the region uphold a collective commitment to democracy.
National reports on the implementation of commitments from previous summits are also available on the website of the Organization of American States.
- Date Modified: | <urn:uuid:738182ad-6b56-49b1-991b-87ca765bb82e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.international.gc.ca/americas-ameriques/summit-sommet/index.aspx?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00298-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916993 | 451 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Drone video shows mill-turned-Stalingrad Battle monument
COURTESY: RT's RUPTLY video agency, NO RE-UPLOAD, NO REUSE - FOR LICENSING, PLEASE, CONTACT http://ruptly.tv
Drone footage shows the ruined Grudinina mill in the Russian city of Volgograd. The mill was used to produce highly-explosive bombs for the Red Army and hasn’t been reconstructed since its destruction during the pivotal WWII Battle of Stalingrad in 1942. Nowadays it is part of the State Museum "Battle of Stalingrad." | <urn:uuid:5a35a714-49a6-4832-86c7-0f9926cb4008> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.rt.com/in-motion/255993-stalingrad-battle-abandoned-mill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00315-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8616 | 131 | 1.867188 | 2 |
It was up to the architects James Polshek and Richard Olcott of Polshek Partnership and the exhibit designers Ralph Appelbaum and Melanie Ide of Ralph Appelbaum Associates to bring his vision to life.
During the design and construction of the Center, the architects and exhibit designers had to keep the building’s main purposes in mind. First, as a part of the National Archives, the Library and Museum has a vital mission, mandated by Congress, to preserve and protect the artifacts and documents of the Clinton Presidency for future generations of scholars, students, citizens, and visitors from all over the world. The second requirement is that the Center provide a memorable experience for all who travel to its grounds.
In addition, maintaining President Clinton’s commitment to protecting our environment was a vital component to the design and operation of the Center. This commitment earned the Library and Museum a platinum LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Certification for Existing Buildings from the U.S. Green Building Council and two Green Globes from the Green Building Initiative (GBI), making it the only federally-maintained facility to achieve these standards. A carbon-neutral facility, the Center uses 34 percent less energy than other buildings of its kind. Learn more about the Center’s commitment to sustainability.
Today, the Center is a symbol of renewal for the city of Little Rock and an example of architecture and urban planning that embodies the future while preserving our past, which earned it the American Institute of Architecture’s highest award in 2006. But at its core, the Center remains a destination to reflect upon the meaning of the American presidency and to inspire us all to dream big. | <urn:uuid:c6ce41b7-1473-483a-a98f-52e0c1c03ccb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-presidential-center/about/building | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00267-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940106 | 343 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|Main Page||General Information||Bismarck||Tirpitz||Hilfskreuzer|
|Other Craft Involved||Miscellaneous||How You Can Help||Ship Models||Forum|
|Guest book||Links||Scharnhorst Class||Admiral Hipper Class||Deutschland Class|
|In Alphabetical Order|
|HK Atlantis||HK Komet||HK Kormoran|
|HK Michel||HK Orion||HK Pinquin|
|HK Stier||HK Thor||HK Widder|
|Click on the image or name of the ships to get to their page|
|Hilfskreuzer - Introduction|
|Why the Hilfskreuzer are so Fascinating|
|During World War Two, the capital ships of the German Navy ships were primarily deployed as commerce raiders.
The Deutschland, the Admiral Graf Spee, the Admiral Hipper, the Admiral Scheer, the Scharnhorst, the Gneisenau, the Bismarck and the Prinz Eugen, indeed, all the heavy units of the Kriegsmarine with the exception of the Blücher and the Tirpitz, participated in such operations, but with little success in terms of ships sunk or captured.
Their sorties led to the mobilization of significant Allied naval and air resources, caused disruption to vital convoy supply routes, providing opportunities for Germany’s own blockade runners, and played an important role in maintaining the morale of the German people.
But intriguingly, they implanted in the minds of warship enthusiasts everywhere the image of aesthetically beautiful, somehow doomed vessels, sailing alone or in pairs, eluding more powerful forces, sometimes fighting, sometimes not, sometimes even being scuttling by their own crews, in the face of far superior odds, and in some extraordinary way, their short operational lives have cast a spell over the generations that have followed, as countless people worldwide, from all sides, remain fascinated by them to this day.
Yet, despite their elegance, speed and power, these eight large ships failed. Considering their enormous cost, awesome power, mighty armament and colossal crews, the few ships they sank or captured were a very poor return. The Bismarck and the Prinz Eugen had absolutely no affect on
But these weren't the only German surface raiders of World War Two.
There were nine other warships, which, between them, accounted for 142 ships sunk or captured, grossing more than 870.000 tons, in a total of 3.769 days at sea, an average of more than 230 tons of enemy ships sunk or captured per day.
If this operational record is impressive, then in economic terms, the figures are even more so, as this outstanding performance was achieved by little more than 3,000 officers and men, in nine second-hand freighters, armed with third-hand weapons, the total cost of which, both in terms of purchase price and the cost of fitting out, represented barely 1% of the cost of the battleship Bismarck!
They were the Hilfskreuzer, the Auxiliary Cruisers, commerce raiders, which although built as freighters, went to sea and fought as true warships. They were manned by fighting men, and led by fighting men, by Commanders and Captains no less capable than those who commanded the battleships Gneisenau or Admiral Scheer.
Freighters they may have been, and indeed some of them returned to being freighters when the war was over, but on the high seas between 1939 and 1942, they were real warships, real fighting machines, men-of-war that number among the most gallant in the annals of naval history.
So why do they remain so relatively unknown, their exploits so obscure, their names virtually forgotten?
Because they were not glamourous! They were, in fact, deliberately, very unglamorous. They were non-descript German freighters, disguised as non-descript, non-German freighters. There is nothing beautiful to be seen in the few existing photographs of these ships; their silhouettes have nothing in common with the delicate yet aggressive, beautifully proportioned fighting lines of the Gneisenau or Tirpitz. Their colour schemes do not match those of Admiral Hipper or Prinz Eugen. Their overall appearance could never be compared with that of the Bismarck, Scharnhorst, Deutschland or the Admiral Graf Spee. But, for all that, they were, in what they set out to achieve, simply perfect.
Their characteristics were precisely right for what was required of them, that in being unglamourous, non-descript, and dirty, they would not attract attention, and could therefore go about their deadly and stealthy business, undisturbed.Perhaps this is what makes them so fascinating. They were true, old-fashioned high seas Corsairs.
|The Strategy behind the Hilfskreuzer|
Waging war against commerce using auxiliary warships is as old as war itself.
Most countries have employed Corsairs, which should not in any way be confused with pirates, as a Corsair fights for his country’s flag, a pirate for the Jolly Roger.
Through Etappendienst, the second wave of German auxiliary cruisers, or commerce raiders, could stay at sea for years. The system worked extremely well, even following the loss of the colonies, both in terms of effectiveness and secrecy. The Etappendienst was so secret that the Allies didn't know about it until the end of WW2. Its Commander-in-Chief during WW1 was later head of WW2 German Military Intelligence, the Abwehr, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Canaris restored the Etappendienst in 1927, quickly recruiting most of the German commercial maritime companies and creating stations worldwide. The most important of these were in
Etappendienst was the key for commerce war, for regular naval units, for auxiliary cruisers, for the blockade runners that brought strategic goods to
The high-ranking "old style" officers were notoriously overcautious.
The Nazi principle of blind obedience to Der Führer, The Leader, who was “never wrong", that single-minded way of thinking so typical of all dictatorial systems, deeply contaminated the Kriegsmarine. The traditional Prussian war principles the independence of the commander in the field, the open strategy, the general directives and proprietary development of each officers' capacity to think for himself and to make decisions in the field in the face of the enemy - were not embraced. The final compromise reached by the professionals, the old-style thinkers and the Nazi-influenced Admirals and high-ranking officers was as follows: Hilfskreuzer? By all means, but not as a top priority. Only five ships, not fifty, maybe some more later on depending on results; Only general-service freighters, and not particularly the best ones; Obsolete 5,9 inch secondary batteries from the 40 year-old pre-dreadnought battleships; Volunteer crews, not required by other ships; Officers taken mostly from the reserve force; Commanders not considered to be the most brilliant, in other words, those not qualified to serve on the magnificent, very expensive, regular units, and, above all, absolute secrecy - Total Gekados. "GeKaDoS" - GEheime KommAnDOSache was used by the OKW Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - The High Command - to classify top secrets.
In other words, the more or less unavoidable loss of the five HK's must not be allowed to affect the German people's morale or their faith in final victory. Apart from this, the strategy was simple: To stay at sea as long as possible; to disturb the sea lanes as much as they could; to avoid any fight with enemy units of equal strength - AMC's or Armed Merchant Cruisers, as the British called their auxiliary cruisers, were very different from the German ones; and to try, where possible, to send the prize ships back to Germany, when their cargoes justified the risk. For this purpose, the Hilfskreuzer would carry a rather large ‘prize crew’ - to man the captured ships. Some of the HK's were loaded with magnetic mines so that they could act as minelayers in the vicinity of ports that under normal conditions would not have been considered to be at war, such as those in
At the beginning of the campaign, between April and June 1940, when the first wave of HK's - Orion, Atlantis, Widder, Thor and Pinguin - departed from German ports, the very few Kriegsmarine officers who were even aware of their existence, would not have bet any money on the possibility of their staying afloat for more than a week. Only the old style officers had any confidence in them. Proof of this was to be found in the surprising right given to the HK commanders to ‘Christen’ their ships. This was consistent with the purest of Corsair traditions.
Each raider had at least five identities.
These letters were assigned to the individual raiders as they were discovered by the British, so that the Atlantis, which was in fact the first to sail, nonetheless became Raider C, as the existence of both Orion and Komet was already known.
|The Hilfskreuzer and their Armament|
The first wave of HK's was made up of five ships.
Three of them - Atlantis, Pinguin and Thor - were modern diesel freighters with very long range, around 50,000 miles at the economical speed that gave maximum distance with minimum fuel consumption, and two of them - Orion and Widder - were large enough to carry magnetic mines. These latter two, the former Hamburg-Amerika Line Kurmark and Neumark, had between them the second-hand boiler-turbine engines that had previously powered the Hapag Trans-Atlantic Liner
Operational experience at sea soon showed that diesel engines were essential for raiders, as Orion and Widder in particular, lost many a prize that simply outran them, and suffered almost unmanageable oil-replenishment problems. So much so, that Widder had to abort her cruise seven months short of the intended one-year operation. This fiasco was just one of the bitter consequences of the lack of vision demonstrated by the high command at the time of their strategically defining the ship-as-a-weapon. By the second half of 1940, because of the amazing successes of the five ships, Hitler himself had joined the ‘pro Hilfskreuzer' lobby, demonstrating one of the few positive aspects of a dictatorship, in that when the dictator is in favour of something, everything is suddenly in its favour. Most of the earlier restrictions were lifted, and a second wave, comprising six ships, was quickly fitted out.
The first of these, HK Komet, reached the Pacific rim on the coast of
Komet was a tiny diesel freighter, unsuitable for mine laying; Stier and Michel were slightly bigger diesel freighters, big enough to even carry a small E-Boat, and Kormoran, the biggest of all nine Hilfskreuzer, also had diesel engines. All of them, especially Michel, which had been seized in Copenhagen by the invading Germans before she was launched, and rebuilt in according with war requirements, had improved bulkheads, which gave them a high buoyancy level. They were by far superior to the first five, but when they reached the open seas, the conditions of war were less favourable than for the HK's a year earlier. Despite this their operations continued to be fairly successful.
All nine HK's carried the same main armament: Six 40 year-old 150mm guns on single mountings, well camouflaged behind false partitions or dummy cargo on the upper hull, some taken from obsolete WW1 battleships, Atlantis and Thor from Schlesien Widder from Schleswig-Holstein, two to six deck level torpedo tubes - in the case of Kormoran two underwater torpedo tubes - four to six 37mm dual-purpose guns and a 75mm gun, sometimes disguised as a 105mm gun like the ones mounted on the stern of most British and American freighters from early 1942. All of them carried either one or two Heinkel He114 or Arado Ar196 seaplanes, with one often un-assembled in reserve, and several 20mm and seven 92mm AA automatic guns. Both Orion and Stier captured a Nakajima 90-11 at sea. Finally, Stier and Michel each carried a small LS boat or Leichtes Schnellboot, what the Allies called an E-Boat, capable of 40 knots and carrying two torpedoes, to be used as an auxiliary in the event of a fast target trying to outrun the raider.
This armament, in principle, could be compared to that of a British Arethusa-class light cruiser, but there the comparison ended. The six 6-inch guns of an Arethusa were capable of firing broadsides, while only two of the HK’s six could be trained to port or starboard, while the secondary armament of an Arethusa was much more powerful. The HK's were unprotected by armour, while the Arethusa's had reasonable protection, and, most importantly, HMS Arethusa could do more than 33 knots, while Kormoran, the fastest of the nine HK's, was barely capable of 18 knots.
The Hilfskreuzer, in short, were ill equipped to face light or heavy cruisers, and only just capable of fighting Armed Merchant Cruisers, which were usually fitted with eight 6-inch guns in single mountings. While they were not designed to engage in battle, some raiders were forced to face AMC's, light cruisers and even heavy cruisers, and unbelievable as it might seem, the commander of one of them, Otto Kähler in HK Thor, actively sought to do battle with AMC's and light cruisers.
|The Tactics of the Hilfskreuzer|
At the beginning of Corsair war, as it was during WW1, the tactics were simple. A potential prize was sighted, the distance closed, and under natural conditions, confident in her disguise, and at around 4,000 meters, an optical signal was sent: ‘Stop! … Do not use the Radio’.
If the captain obeyed, a boarding party was sent to inspect the ship. This was always carried out with caution, as the Germans had vivid memories of the World War One British Q-Ships.
If the ship was neutral, it was, according to the rules of war, permitted to continue on its way. If it was not, flew an enemy flag, or was found to be carrying war materials to or from an enemy port, the commander had three options open to him.
* To confiscate all valuable supplies, equipment and cargo, such as oil, water, food, documents, spares and arms, take the crew on board and sink the ship, preferably by opening keel valves or using small explosive charges.
* If the cargo was deemed to be of benefit to
* To convert her into an auxiliary or supply ship.
If, however, the captain did not obey, opened fire, or started sending radio signals, three or four broadsides were generally sufficient to convince him to co-operate. From there, the procedure was as described above.
At the beginning, the German raiders kept all such captured crews on board their own ships until the continuous disappearance of ships in a particular sea area attracted the attention of the British. At this point, the usual procedure was to send the captured crews ashore, minus captains and officers, in the prize’s own boats, after the ship was taken, or to transfer them to an auxiliary prize ship. The raider commanders, in general, had no interest in sending the captured crews or passengers to
By late 1940, war conditions for the Hilfskreuzer had become even more difficult as British Admiralty orders now demanded avoidance of all ships at sea, and the immediate use of radio, regardless of risk. These were tough measures, but necessary in order to locate the raiders. As a consequence, prize-capturing techniques had to change. The raider’s seaplanes became infinitely more important, and not just for reconnaissance purposes.
When a prize was identified, the aircraft would fly over her mastheads, grabbing her radio antennas with a trailing grappling hook, and, if necessary, strafing her decks with machine-gun fire. In some cases the pilot would set down close to the ship, and keep station in front of her, engine running and machine guns trained; a thoroughly convincing display in the case of fully loaded tankers, and await the arrival of the raider.
Even that tactic was to become obsolete during 1941. Ships escaping at full speed, while sending radio distress signals, called for the German procedures to change again. Some raider commanders decided to stop attacking by daylight. Having identified a potential target, they would strive to remain undetected. They would then analyse the bearing and speed of the victim in order to calculate the best bearing and speed that would allow them to get into a favourable attack position after nightfall. The best time was just before moonrise while approaching from the dark horizon. This tactic was to prove very efficient, as the victims, taken completely by surprise, rarely used their radios and invariably surrendered quickly. It was more costly in terms of lives lost, but the toughening war conditions made it almost unavoidable.
The raider commanders were not encouraged to look for battle, but one of them, Hellmuth von Ruckteschell in HK Michel, was an exception.
His tactic, which was very risky, was to attack an enemy ship at night, allow her to use the radio, and then sink her, leaving the survivors adrift in their boats. He would then withdraw, and hide below the horizon. Provided that during the attack the previous night, the survivors had been unable to identify the raider, he would appear again some hours later, in daylight, approaching at full speed as a friendly ship, to ‘help’ the shipwrecked, but in reality hoping to attack at close quarters which ever ship might be rescuing them. The risk lay in that that ship could be an AMC, or even a cruiser. The von Ruckteschell way of thinking was that nobody would suspect anything until it was too late, as the ‘friendly’ ship rushed to the scene, closing the distance to one thousand meters and then, showing the German combat flag, firing a full salvo of three torpedoes and several broadsides at point blank range. The one time von Ruckteschell came closest to carrying out this daring and controversial tactic, the potential prize, HMS Alcantara, an AMC with some experience of the Hilfskreuzer, having been mauled by HK Thor, had left the scene less than one hour earlier.
Another of von Ruckteschell’s tactics was to use his Schnellboot, LS-4 Esau. The procedure was simple. If the prize was too fast to be caught during the night, the Schnellboot was sent ahead. Then, at the right moment, she would fire one or two torpedoes and then await the arrival of the raider. For the prize, the effect was the same as having been torpedoed by a U-Boat. The problem with this tactic was that the prize ships could not be sent to
Each Hilfskreuzer operated alone, and well away from the others, not only to cover as large an area as possible, but also to avoid mutual attacks. There were only two exceptions - Komet and Orion operating jointly in the Pacific during three weeks in November and December 1940 with moderate success, and Michel and Stier, hunting together in the summer of 1942 in the
|The Commanders of the Hilfskreuzer|
Hilfkreuzer commanders were a special type of man within the Kriegsmarine. All were high-ranking officers, Captains and Commanders, all, but one, having seen active service before the war, but, who, for different reasons, were considered unsuitable to command regular warships, and too senior or too old, for U-Boat command. While Auxiliary Cruisers needed unusual crews, even more importantly, they needed unusual commanders.
The captain of a regular warship in World War Two had to be a competent and valiant man, eager to fight, yet at the same time well aware of the irregular nature of life on board, long periods at sea, long periods ashore. The only exceptions were the long raiding sorties of the Admiral Graf Spee, Admiral Scheer, Admiral Hipper, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, ranging between one and five months, but even these campaigns were nothing in comparison with those of the Hilfskreuzer. The capital ships, the "true" warships, were not sitting ducks. Most of them could outrun more powerful opponents, and outgun any faster. They could either escape, or fight their way out of a corner, precisely the kind of options unavailable to the commander of an Auxiliary cruiser.
A good example of this was the campaign of the Admiral Scheer in the South Atlantic and
The Hilfskreuzer commander had to be a very special man, with very special personal qualities. Firstly, he had to be independent, and this for many, many months, with no Group West or equivalent, to tell him what to do, or where to go. Secondly, he had to be resilient, as he had nobody to give him advice, nobody with whom to consult. His word was the last word. Not much time for tiredness, depression, mood swings, illness or human frailties. On his ship, a Hilfskreuzer commander was effectively, God. Thirdly, he had to be reliable. Never listless, cowardly or temperamental - always cold, sharp and confident. Never openly thinking of home or family - never nostalgic - never indulging in solitude or lowering himself to his officers. The Hilfskreuzer commander had to be the role model for all on board. He had to be absolutely perfect, at least in front of others. In short, he had to be unlike any ordinary warship commander at sea, because a Hilfskreuzer was almost defenceless before enemy warships, unable to escape, and all of this for months and months on end.
The biggest challenge for any Hilfskreuzer commander was the maintenance of morale on board his ship. To maintain the morale of such large crews through frustrating months of no success, monotonous weeks of searching the oceans, often in very high temperatures or extremely heavy seas, with not too much good food, no alcohol, no female company, no entertainment apart from some movies, books and deck sports, was a daunting task for any leader of men. The lives of U-Boat crews of course, were worse, but usually only for a matter of weeks, rarely more than ten, and they were always secure in their ability to fight or escape from danger.
Eight of the ten Hilfskreuzer commanders were truly exceptional men.
Horst Gerlach was unlucky, sunk by his final victim after five months of raiding under the most difficult operational conditions, and the tenth, the unfortunate Ulrich Brocksien, had little opportunity to demonstrate his abilities, as his ship, the Komet embarking on her second cruise, was sunk after only six days at sea. The eleventh, Ernst Thienemann, the appointed captain of HK Coronel, would probably have been yet another exceptional commander, as he was the soul of the Hilfskreuzer fleet, the man responsible for the fitting out of all of the ships, but his own ship was attacked and badly damaged by British bombers and destroyers in the English Channel, and so he was unable make the open sea.
Eight of the nine commanders who did go to sea, were highly decorated, receiving the Knights Cross, the exception being the unfortunate Gerlach, and four of them, Krüder, Rogge, Von Ruckteschell and Kähler, the oak leaves, an impressive achievement, given that only 890 such were awarded during the war.
In fact the Hilfskreuzer commanders were the most decorated group of all the Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine and Waffen-SS forces. Of the five that had returned to Germany by the end of the war, Rogge, Kähler, Eyssen, Weyher and Gerlach, the first four were promoted Rear-Admiral, Rogge retaining that rank, in the Bundesmarine, the Federal German Navy, in 1957. All deserved recognition for their exceptional wartime performances, but five in particular, Rogge, Kähler, Krüder, von Ruckteschell and Detmers, really exceeded the limits of what could fairly have been expected of a Hilfskreuzer commander.
Bernhard Rogge (04-11-1899 29-06-1982) Hilfskreuzer Atlantis remained at sea longer than any other - 601 days. Rogge's war record was comparable to the top performers; 22 ships, totalling almost 146.000 tons, sunk by his tiny 7,900 ton freighter; approximately the same tonnage as that sunk by the two 32.000 ton battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in Operation "Berlin". Rogge, on top of his military capabilities, and his prodigious instinct for survival, was a true gentleman, appreciated by both his crew and his prisoners. His ice cool nerve was legendary. Even during the difficult times he remained calm and sharp. Instead of opening fire on HMS Devonshire, which was well out of the maximum range of his guns, he preferred to sink his ship so as not to give the British cruiser the opportunity of knowing whether he was a raider or a blockade runner, and so kept the enemy guessing as to whether or not they had sunk a raider and the very costly British ocean surveillance forces busy. By the end of WWII he had attained the rank of Vizeadmiral (Vice-Admiral) and in 1955 joined the newly formed Bundesmarine, with the rank of Konteradmiral (Rear-Admiral)
Otto Kähler (03-03-1894 02-11-1967) In Thor's first campaign, she was forced to engage in combat three times, always with British AMC's armed with 6" guns, all of them bigger, stronger and faster ships than his tiny former banana freighter Hilfskreuzer. The first one was HMS Alcantara, a 22.200 ton Atlantic runner with a top speed of 19 knots. The battle was particularly violent and only finished when the AMC, on fire, listing and almost sinking, broke contact and fled into
Helmuth von Ruckteschell (22-03-1890 24-09-1948) The HKs Widder and Michel's first campaign was commanded by a very different type of man. Older than the others, coming from the naval reserve (Captain), he commanded a U-Boat in WWI, during which he torpedoed and sank a major British warship. In many ways he was more of a "corsair", although some people would say "pirate", than the other HK commanders. He wasn't the friendly gentleman type like Rogge. It was said he was very temperamental, even brutal, in his behaviour. He was always worried about his ships security, but not at basic levels. This was because the Widder was technically, the worst, of all the raiders. Slow and oil thirsty her unreliability forced von Ruckteschell to return to
Theodor Detmers (22-08-1902 04-11-1976) As a Korvettenkapitän (Commander) Kormoran's skipper was the youngest and lowest ranked of all the HK commanders. His performance was not particularly outstanding - 12 ships; 75.375 tons; 351 days at sea - but his last day afloat was the most glorious of all the HK commanders, if not of all German warship commanders in WWII. He was forced to fight a regular warship, the HMAS Sydney, an Australian Leander-class light-cruiser, sister ship of Ajax and Achilles, 7,100 tons, 8 6 inch guns and a top speed of 33 knots. Without doubt his fate should have been the same as that meted out to Pinguin six months earlier, but the Sydney's commander, Captain Joseph Burnett, did not seem to have been aware of that battle, because he closed the distance to Kormoran to around 1.000 meters. Clearly Kormorans disguise was excellent, but the fatal question "give me your secret identification code" like all the dialogue, was by flag, with continuous repetition necessitated by the poor English of the supposed "Dutch" Straat Malaka's skipper (Detmers was a master in the art of time-wasting) forced him to open fire almost at point blank range. The Australian ship suffered a lot of heavy impacts even before the first broadside hit her. The automatic fire from all the 37 mm, 20 mm and 7-92 mm guns and machines guns on Kormoran was devastating. It killed everybody on the bridge and decks, set the Walrus hydro on fire - it was over the catapult, engine running, but not ready for launching because the catapult was not trained away from the ship - and destroyed all the boats and rafts. Seconds later a torpedo struck
|The Crews of the Hilfskreuzer|
The usual complement of a Hilfskreuzer was around 365 men, give or take up to 15%, all of them volunteers. Not all candidates were accepted, as experience during WW1 had shown that not everyone was capable of lasting up to two years at sea, never resting ashore, never stepping on dry land, living a celibate life, spending every day "in the trenches", the open sea being the widest trench in the world, with no comforts -the only air conditioning provided on German warships was for the ammunition magazines - living in crowded, badly-ventilated cargo holds, often suffering food rationing, sharing what little food they had with their prisoners, with nothing to look forward to other than going down with the ship or spending several years as prisoners of war, if not already hanged as pirates (Kormoran’s sailors were in an Australian camp for more than five years, some of them for almost two years after the end of the war in
As in the U-Boat fleet, very few were Nazis, as it would seem that the free spirited, independent life of the corsair was unattractive to the typical Nazi.
Life on board an Auxiliary Cruiser could be extremely boring. Dividing the number of days at sea between actions, the mean time between them was almost 27 days, and so, it was very important for commanders to maintain morale. All the raiders were well equipped with movies, libraries, swimming pools and all kind of sports and entertainments, no girls, obviously, but it is said that some crews were more lucky than others! A standard custom was to grant ‘vacations’ on board as a reward for something well done, during which a sailor could enjoy up to two weeks of simply doing nothing, obviously not during battle stations.
The attitude of Hilfskreuzer sailors toward the enemy was usually friendly. There were very few claims of brutality, with the most being made against Widder and Michel, the ships under the command of Helmuth von Ruckteschell. Life on board with ‘guests’ was usually relaxed, but obviously not during periods of action. The ships were not very comfortable, neither for the crews nor for their prisoners, but the decks were wide and everybody had time to walk about, although clearly again, not under action conditions. The attitude among the crews of the supply/prison ships however, was not always quite so friendly. Their crews were smaller, and their commanders were not always gentlemen as were most of the raider captains. They lived in constant fear of mutiny on board, and so there were fewer allowances for physical exercise and rest facilities.
A special part of the crew of each raider was "The Prize Group", a number of officers and men selected to command and man captured ships taken as prizes. Their task was a rather dangerous one, as they always needed the ‘co-operation’ of at least part of the captured crew. The task of the prize crew was to reach a German held port, usually
Another highly specialised part of a Hilfskreuzer crew was the "disguising party". Every time an aircraft came close, a suspicious ship crossed their path, or an enemy warship appeared on the horizon, the ‘disguising party’ appeared on the decks. These were often very skilfully simulated ‘women’ (on occasion scantily clad for authenticity!) simulated ‘coloured’ people (at the time it was difficult to imagine a freighter's deck without a really big coloured cook!) and miscellaneous ‘other’ people such as the clergyman sitting in a deckchair, two or three large ‘ladies’ beside him, and some ‘children’ playing games nearby. Without doubt these disguising techniques saved the raiders and their crews on many occasions. In at least one case, efficient use of disguise by the crew of Kormoran, was enough to deceive an Australian light cruiser to the point that it came within 1,000 meters to the raider, but it did not always work quite so well. The loss of Pinguin, it was later reported, was as a result of HMS Cornwall's sea plane pilot, having inspected the raider closely from the air, and being on the point of confirming that the suspicious ship was in fact the Norwegian Tamerlane, changing his mind when he observed that nobody on the ship’s deck, bridge or galley was waving to him! Simply because of this, the British claimed, the Pinguin was attacked and sunk.
Hilfskreuzer crew losses were comparatively low, compared to the appalling losses suffered by the U-Boats, Michel and Pinguin being the only cases where more men died than survived. The crews of the Hilfskreuzer that did not return to
|The Controversy - HK Kormoran vs HMAS Sydney|
The battle that took place off the west coast of
The "foul play" theory alleges that Kormoran's captain, Theodor Detmers, "surrendered" his ship to the Australians, stopped his engines and waited until the
It has been established that Kormoran had two hidden torpedo tubes, one aimed to port and one to starboard, but it has also it been established that torpedoes could only be fired from these at speeds less than three knots, or better still, while stopped. All the German survivors questioned were in agreement on one thing, that the Kormoran never reduced her speed, estimated to have been 14-15 knots. This is clearly incompatible with the "foul play" theory. During the war the Royal Australian Navy declined to press charges against Commander Detmers, releasing him and his crew early in 1947. Some years later, and after some rekindling of the "foul play" theory, the Australian Government, after intensive research, declared that there was insufficient evidence against Detmers, placing full responsibility for the loss of HMAS Sydney and her crew of 645 officers and men, upon Captain Burnett. Despite this, there are still those who wish to reopen the case, suggesting that a coordinated dive on the wrecks of both ships - located in moderately shallow waters some miles off Abrolhos Island could produce vital physical evidence.
To this day, there are highly detailed websites on the Internet defending the "foul play" theory.
It has also been established that the reason Commander Detmers did not tell the truth about the location of the battle, was that this was simply normal procedure for all commanders in WWII. No commander would ever reveal anything that could jeopardise the security of other ships. To give details of the battle could have affected the security of other raiders and blockade runners, and because of that Detmers never gave any, at least during war time, about this action, or any other action during Kormoran’s campaign. After the war, he, with J.H. Brennecke, published a book, Hilfskreuzer Kormoran Raider Kormoran - in which he gives a detailed account of the battle.
Without wishing to give opinions either for or against Detmer's actions or the ‘foul play’ theory, there are some important facts that must be considered, as follows:
• Six months earlier in August 1941, when HMS Cornwall sank HK Pinguin after a short battle at 5,000 metres, British captains learned that being too close to a German raider, within the range of her 5.9" guns, was a dangerous place to be.
• Despite all that has been said about HMAS Sydney not using her radio, it has recently been established that there was in fact some communication between her and several radio stations, one of them in
• Only three days after the battle, HMS Devonshire sank the Atlantis, firing at her from more than 10,000 metres, remaining at all times outside the range of the raider's main guns, and then left the area at full speed after Atlantis went down, without waiting around to worry about survivors, regardless of the fact that some of them could have been British. This was a somewhat different approach to that of HMAS Sydney?
Given all this, why did Captain Burnett put himself and his ship within 1.000 meters of an unidentified and obviously suspicious vessel?
Regardless of whether the HKs had hidden torpedo tubes or not, it is surely to be expected that an experienced captain would seek to establish details of all the possible armament of an unidentified, and possibly enemy, warship. The commander of HMAS Sydney, Captain Joseph Burnett, was an experienced officer, having served as Executive Officer on the battleship HMS Royal Oak.
A few months before her sinking, HMAS Sydney, under the command of Burnett's predecessor, Captain John Collins, had sunk the Italian light cruiser Bartollomeo Colleoni, one of the world's fastest warships, in the
Why did HMAS Sydney, already badly damaged and on fire, cross Kormoran's wake, exposing her hitherto undamaged starboard side to the murderous fire of the raider’s guns? This inexplicable action, seen by some as a last ditch attempt to ram the clearly damaged raider, or possibly an attempt to launch a torpedo attack, appears to have indirectly cost the lives of the entire crew.
Could an investigation of the wrecks of the two ships throw new light on these and other unanswered questions?The answer to that last question is "maybe". It may be possible to verify whether or not a torpedo hit HMAS Sydney's forecastle on the port side, and also the angle of the impact. It may also be possible to verify whether there had been a massive internal explosion, and to establish the status of her superstructure, which, according to the German accounts, was totally destroyed by point blank range light calibre gunfire. It could also facilitate an analysis of Kormoran's underwater torpedo tubes, to verify her capacity to fire at speed. Many possibilities, but it would involve a highly professional independent team examining both wrecks, and this would cost a lot of money. Too much perhaps to solve, or simply attempt to solve, a 63-year old mystery.
With the sinking of HK Michel, there disappeared the last commerce raider of World War Two, and probably the last such raider in history. This type of war is incompatible with satellites, transponders, GPS and high definition TV, technology that is implacable, and so, this form of warfare is no longer possible. Many naval officers thought it was already impossible at the beginning of WWII, but eight German commanders, with their well-trained crews, were able to demonstrate that up to the second half of 1942, the disguised commerce raider was a perfectly feasible weapon of war. Their success is a great credit to them, and to the Etappendienst.
Their ships were poor and unsuitable for the operations in which they were engaged, but their outstanding qualities as commanders ensured that they converted these ill-equipped vessels into highly efficient and lethal war machines. The surviving Hilfskreuzer commanders were respected and highly-decorated after their campaigns, and also after the war was over. They richly deserved it. They were the most successful German surface commanders of the entire war, with the possible exception of Admiral Marschall, who was truly Prussian in his thinking, extremely aggressive, never defeated, and with more enemy warships to his name than any other German flag officer.
Any speculation about the HKs must focus on their time, their number and their quality. What would have happened had they first sailed in September 1939 instead of in April 1940? What would have happened if the first wave has been made up of 25 ships, instead of just 5? What would have happened if instead of being hastily-improvised, poorly-armed ships, they had been specifically built, high buoyancy, armoured, better-armed and faster ships? In the hands of a commander such as Helmuth von Ruckteschell, what might have been expected from a true light cruiser, with diesel engines and a top speed of 30 knots, disguised as an ugly, dirty, unglamorous freighter?
It was clear to the German high command at the time of the naval treaty with
Again, we get the same answer. Unglamorous ships were not to the taste of the Nazi thinkers. The big capital ships were spectacular in many ways, the main one being their aesthetic qualities. In a way, they were like the castles built by King Ludwig II of
|Hilfskreuzer in Comparison|
|Hilfskreuzer Atlantis - Komet - Kormoran - Michel|
|Cruise I||Cruise II||Cruise I||Cruise II|
|End cruise date||22.11.41||26.11.41||14.10.42||19.11.41||02.03.43||18.10.43|
|Days at sea||601||511||6||351||354||150|
|01||Sunk by HMS Devonshire|
|02||Safely returned to Germany|
|03||Sunk by British destroyers, off Cherbourg|
|04||Sunk by HMAS Sidney, west of Australia|
|05||Refuged in Kobe (Japan)|
|06||Sunk by USS Tarpoon, east of Kobe|
|Hilfskreuzer Orion - Pinquin - Stier - Thor - Widder|
|Cruise I||Cruise II|
|End cruise date||30.08.41||08.05.41||28.09.42||30.04.41||09.10.42||31.10.40|
|Days at sea||510||320||146||328||314||178|
|07||Safely returned to Germany|
|08||Sunk by HMS Cornwall|
|09||Sunk by Stephen Hopkins, her last prey|
|10||Safely returned to Germany|
|11||Destroyed by fire at Yokohama port|
|12||Safely returned to Germany|
|Hilfskreuzer Figures in Total|
|Days at Sea||3.769|
|Hilfskreuzer Commander's Awards|
|No.||Commander||Knight's Cross||HK||Ship's Sunk/Captured||Oak Leaves||HK||Ship's Sunk/Captured|
|1||Helmuth von Ruckteschell||31-10-1940||Widder||10||22-12-1942||Michel I||15|
|3||Otto Kähler||22-12-1940||Thor I||12||15-09-1944|
|4||Ernst Felix Krüder +||22-12-1940||Pinquin||32||15-11-1941|
|6||Robert Eyssen||29-11-1941||Komet I||6,5|
|8||Günther Gumprich +||31-12-1942||Thor II||10||Michel II||3|
|10||Ulrich Brocksien +||Komet II|
|Notes on Ships Sunk or Captured - Researched from the Following Sources|
Hitler’s Naval War (Verdammte See) Cajus Bekker
The German Navy 1939-1945 Cajus Bekker
German Raiders Paul Schmalenbach
German Surface Warships H.T.Lenton
The Secret Raiders David Woodward
German Raiders of World War II Karl August Muggenthaler
The German Navy in World War Two Edward P. Von der Porten
The German Navy in World War Two Jak P. Mallmann Showell
Hitler’s Secret Pirate Fleet James P. Duffy
Deutsche Kriegsschiffe im 2 Weltkrieg - Robert Jackson
German Warships of World War II J.C.Taylor
Atlantis Ulrich Mohr and A.V.Sellwood
The Cruise of the German Raider Atlantis Joseph P Slavick
The Raider Kormoran Theodor Detmers
Bitter Victory - The Death of HMAS
German Surface Raiders in the Second World War (Pinguin) Bernard Edwards
Ghost Cruiser HK33 (Pinguin) Jochen Brennecke
Hilfskreuzer Thor Hecht im Atlantik Jochen Brennecke
The Battleship Scheer - Theodor Krancke and Jochen Brennecke
Under Three Flags The Story of the Nordmark Geoffrey Jones
|Alfonso Arenas, Spain||Got the idea and founded the Hilfskreuzer section.|
|Jonathan Ryan, Ireland||Creator of the Hilfskreuzer section, as it is today, based on his knowledge and private archive.|
|Hilfskreuzer / Auxiliary Cruiser / Raider|
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Definition - What does Civil Wrong mean?
A civil wrong is a wrong that is not a criminal act, but that creates a cause of action for a lawsuit. A tort is a common example of a civil wrong.
If a person believes that a civil wrong has been committed against them, then they can file a lawsuit against the party who they believe caused the civil wrong.
Justipedia explains Civil Wrong
In such cases, people who file the lawsuits and make the complaints are known as plaintiffs. The people who are defending themselves against the complaints are known as defendants.
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This organization has made it their mission to rescue discarded food and distribute it to families in need.
It’s a modern-day conundrum: How can the United States waste 70 billion pounds of food every year when 50 billion people worldwide go hungry?
It is estimated that every year, 35 million pounds of edible produce is dumped at the border between Nogales and Arizona before entering the United States. With just a minor blemish or scuff, a grand amount of nutritious food fails to pass strict inspections. But once discarded, the heap of fresh food is left to be tossed into landfills, rather than distributed to the hungry.
Obviously this is a huge waste, and Borderlands Food Bank, based in Arizona, agrees. The organization has declared it its mission to rescue some of this food and redirect it to families in need.
Their efforts are saving an estimated 35-40 million pounds of perfectly good, safe produce each year that would have otherwise been thrown in the trash. To offer some perspective, this amount of food equates to one serving of produce for every child in the United States.
Borderlands Food Bank started out like any other organization: its purpose was to support families in need of food. They distributed pre-packaged, non-perishable items and provided the much-needed nourishment to families in need. But when Yolanda Soto came on as executive director 20 years ago, “she was aghast at the amount of rejected produce saturating the local landfill, especially given the great need of people in the region,” according to NPR.
Most of the food rejected at the border is reported to be quite safe and edible – even the fruits and vegetables which display minor imperfections. Unfortunately, superficial marks like scuffs and bruising are enough for pieces to be discarded.
Soto stated, “We are crazy… The waste is enormous, and it’s just not right.”
Challenged to change this disastrous waste, the activist began to reach out to local distribution warehouses, asking them to offer rejected produce to Borderlands before sending it into the trash.
And twenty years later, Borderlands now has 200 donors in Arizona. The organization also distributes food to 389 non-profits across the country.
When interviewed by the Huffington Post, Soto explained, “Once we saturate Arizona, we then offer produce to 18 other states throughout the nation.”
The ripest produce rescued is distributed to hungry families in Arizona and northern Mexico, while produce with a longer shelf life is offered up to hunger-relief agencies further afield.
Agencies in collaboration with the non-profit handle the transportation and pay Borderlands two cents per pound. That means a trailer full of $70,000 worth of produce can be purchased and distributed for only $800.“That’s nothing,” states Soto.
Furthermore, the 35-40 million pounds of produce rescued may only be the beginning of what could soon be accomplished. At present, Borderlands is working at capacity, but with a bigger warehouse, Soto says she could rescue millions more pounds of fresh food each year.
As the United States presently wastes 40% of the food it produces, we need more innovative, hard-working, and inspiring organizations (with visionary leaders) initiating change.
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As the field of additive manufacturing has grown, so has our AM team and capabilities. We have remained committed to thought leadership that translates to solving real-world technology challenges, providing a unique perspective on big-picture manufacturing issues in AM. EWI is enabling broader adoption of additive manufacturing through the development, demonstration, and innovation of critical technologies along the AM process chain.
- In Process Sensing: EWI is currently evaluating in-process sensing techniques for laser powder bed fusion processes, which includes thermal imaging pyrometers, high-speed video light detection (broadband and spectrographic), acoustic, machine vision, and other novel in-process sensing techniques. This work is funded through America Makes and NIST.
- Post Process Inspection: EWI is leading America Makes and Air Force efforts to evaluate the current state of the art for post-process inspection applied to metal components produced by 3D printing processes. EWI has also guided the development of process parameter changes to overcome ultrasonic inspection challenges associated with complex titanium alloy microstructures.
- Material and Process Development: As an EOS North America material development partner, we have developed process parameters for a number of engineering alloys, including alloy steels (4140), stainless steels (316, 420, 2205), nickel alloys (Haynes 282, nickel alloys 400, K-500, C-276), and refractory metals (zirconium alloys, tungsten, molybdenum).Many of these parameters have been transitioned to practice by our customers. We will be expanding this capability to the Arcam A2X platform in 2016.
- Machine Development: The AM team explored and developed novel machine/process concepts to reduce cost,increase productivity, and incrolume of 3D printing machines. EWI also designed and built an open architecture laser powder bed fusion system for in-process sensor and other equipment modifications, and demonstrated equivalency to a commercial system.
- Heat Treatment Development: EWI, through the Additive Manufacturing Consortium, has identified heat treatments that lead to an isotropic grain structure in nickel alloy 625 produced on laser powder bed fusion equipment.
- Material Database Development: EWI, with funding through the Additive Manufacturing Consortium and NIST, has developed documentation and a roadmap to serve as a foundation for property database development. | <urn:uuid:79ee8e25-6297-4c41-8708-a6d06512d584> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://ewi.org/technologies/additive-manufacturing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00039-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886101 | 1,205 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Recreation, Parks and Tourism 365
RCPT 365: Legal Liability and Risk Management
Prerequisites: Major in RCPT
Credit Hours: (3)
Legal issues relating to park and recreation administration and programming, risk management planning and implementation in park and recreation settings.
Detailed Description of Content of Course
What is the law?
- United States judicial structure
- Judicial procedures
- Contract law
- Agency law
- Definitions and types of torts
- “Reasonable and prudent”
- Degrees of negligence
- Strict liability
- Defenses against claims of negligence
- Contributory and comparative negligence
Assumption of risk
- Classes of visitors
- Classes of hazards
- Liability of facility owners and operators
- Liability of agencies and administrators
- Liability of coaches, supervisors, and activity leaders
- Liability of participants
- Civil rights and liberties
- Categorizing risks
- Models of risk management planning
Detailed Description of Conduct of the Course
Course will be taught in a lecture/discussion format. Case studies, scenarios, and mock trials will be used to help illustrate the content. Mock trials consist of groups role-playing a trial based on an assigned case. Each group member will have a specific role, i.e. victim, prosecuting attorney, etc. Arguments will be well-written and rehearsed.
Goals and Objectives of the Course
At completion of the course, students will be able to:
- Relate current risk management issues and trends in the profession to recreation, park resources, and leisure services ( 8.06:03).
- Practice ethical principles and professionalism ( 8.07).
- Understand the importance of maintaining professional competence and use available resources for professional development (8.08).
- Evaluate facility operation and maintenance ( 8.25:05).
- Understand how the following concepts relate to recreation, park resources, and leisure services:
- 8.26:01 Legal foundations and the legislative process
- 8.26:02 Contracts and tort law
- 8.26:03 Regulatory agents and methods of compliance
- Implement the principles and practices of safety, emergency, and risk management related to recreation, park resources, and leisure services (8.27).
Grades will be determined by research papers, case study and presentation, participation in mock trial, exams/quizzes, and presentations.
Other Course Information
Review and Approval
November 2005 Reviewed Susan R. Van Patten, Curriculum Chair | <urn:uuid:5e424d65-ed45-41f2-b58f-ee3a33d8bb51> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://radford.edu/content/registrar/home/course-descriptions/cehd-descriptions/recreation-tourism/rcpt-365.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00279-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872053 | 525 | 1.90625 | 2 |
No one is sure where the South of France starts. Some people call Lyon the cultural boundary between the two zones. Some people say it is the hilly department of Ardèche with its million châtaignes (chestnut trees) and super-friendly folk. A friend told me that a simple reckoner is olive trees which require a certain Mediterranean climate to grow and thrive. Others ask to watch out for red-curved tiles on roofs. Or people drinking pastis (aniseed liqueur typical of Marseille) in bars, and playing pétanque on summer evenings.
I saw the South through a Niçois (demonym for inhabitants of Nice) family that has been cultivating vegetables on a hill slope overlooking the Mediterranean Sea for the last 20 years. Nice was, till about a 150 years ago a part of the former Italian province of Liguria, but for many high-flying travellers, the Promenade des Anglais is the place on the Côte d’Azur (the French Riviera) to be seen soaking up a sun tan. I offered my help in the fields, and in exchange they generously initiated me to the various facets of life on a farm in the South of France today. Through this volunteering holiday, I not only got a chance to dine on fresh Provencal vegetables harvested from their gardens, but also participated in the bustle of this vibrant corner of France.
Meet the family
Fifty four year-old Jean Louis Ruggeri and his 44 year-old partner, Joelle Zeraffa, are vegetarians. They might as well be, for they make a living out of quality seasonal vegetables, grown organically. Ruggeri’s parents came from Italy, and he tried his hands at a few businesses before realising there is no profession like owning your land and living on it. Zeraffa joined him at an early age and, together, they created a reputation for themselves as trustworthy local producers in the many farmers’ markets in the area.
When I visited their farm in spring, the spinach was already lushly packed in the beds, the red of the radishes stood out against the green crowns and the turf, the rocket was perfuming the whole greenhouse, the rows of garlic gave a faint whiff of the pod, and the courgettes were young and capped with beautiful yellow flowers. There were various types of lettuce, tomatoes that would appear in due course of time, potatoes that were yet to be planted, and bunches of lilas (lilac) flowers that they sold as bouquets. There were also a 19 year-old cat, a pet sow called Betty, two horses that happily grazed the whole day and a string of chicken which gave half a dozen delicious eggs every evening.
The first day, Ruggeri made his signature pizza and I was astounded as to the flavour packed in the sauce made out of their house tomatoes. Through the whole week that I spent there — whether it be the fresh bread that he sculpted on a large circular wooden board, or the stuffed courgette flowers that were baked in the oven on a bed of olive oil (see box) — I kept being treated to one tantalising meal after another.
Holding on to the reins
One balmy afternoon, Zeraffa had the idea of taking us on a ride. Out came the old Citroën 2CV. Popularly known as Deux Chevaux (literally the two horses), we set out in the freshly-washed blue veteran. An icon from the ’50s, this was once the Maruti 800 of France. Down we went to Nice, and the two-coloured ocean turquoise towards the coast and then a lingering blue-purple further off. We took the Promenade des Anglais enclosing the Baie des Anges (Bay of Angels) and the sun-bleached poshness of Nice reflected in the glass-windows of the high-street shops. With the Vieux Nice (the old city centre) to the left, we travelled towards the principality of Monaco past the placid white of the sail boats docked at the bay. Gone are the days when the fishermen would bring in all the fruits de mer (seafood) in one large net dropped off the coast to make a fabulous bouillabaisse (a seafood soup).
We made our way to the peninsula of St Jean Cap Ferrat. Probably one of the most luxurious properties in the whole of France, we walked on a stone-path overlooking the sea. Joelle pointed to the various Mediterranean villas of this country’s super rich and it was hard not to reflect on the disparity between these colourful facades and the talk of the crisis that would probably result in Monsieur Sarkozy losing his job this elections.
Tips from the masters
Saturday was the market day. We were all up at the farm at six in the morning, and descended in trailers with our horde of vegetables. With the dawn breaking past the curtain of rain, we parked ourselves at a stall at the famous Saleya market. Just an alley’s diversion from the promenade, this open-air market located in Vieux Nice is a sanctuary for all gourmands.
The chefs of Alain Ducasse’s famous Louis XV restaurant in Monaco were there, scouting for the best of early morning produce. Franck Cerruti, the maître of the restaurant, bought a whole tray of fresh herbs imported from Italy along with a score of courgette flowers. He was polite enough to say hello and rejected Ruggeri’s offer of help for carrying the groceries. They seemed to have developed a long working relationship over the years.
I drifted off into the quieter bylanes of Vieux Nice with the houses painted in the signature tones of ochre, burnt sienna and cadmium red. Clothes dried in the balconies and road signs were bilingual, the Italian past clearly palpable. I had a fougasse aux anchois (bread with a strong flavour of anchovies) from a bakery, and watched the drizzle dress the cobbled stones of the streets.
Never mind the sea, the mountains crowd to the north. Nice lies in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France that boasts of both snow-clad peaks and blue-water beaches. On a Sunday, we went for a hike to an abandoned village. We took the car up the valley carved by the river Vésubie and bought ourselves sandwiches at a little tuck shop in the village of St Martin de Vésubie.
The conglomeration of stone houses called Béasse was once a prosperous settlement. The inhabitants cultivated the nearby fields — crumbling fern-invaded walls still mark the boundaries — and water was plentiful. In the middle of the village was the two-storey structure of the École (school) with a Latin inscription at the door. The second World War brought a great change and the village was abandoned, never to be resettled in again.
The hike took an hour from the nearest motorable road near the hameau (a cluster smaller than a village) of Loda. The path was in a surprisingly good condition, and now and then wooden crosses installed in the 19th century bade us good luck. We saw goats grazing in the hollow-walled structures and the ringing of the bells on their neck broke the shrillness of the mid-afternoon. I climbed up the dilapidated wooden stairs of the school building and opened a door on the first floor. A radio played inside. Ruggeri would not believe me when I told him later.
He was busy in inhaling the scents of lavande, juniper and wild thyme permeating the valley and “this,” he said, “this, my friend, is the life I want to lead.
Cuisine Niçoise borrows heavily from the Ligurian region of Italy. As such, classics such as ravioli stuffed with ricotta cheese are favourites. Socca is a crêpe made of chickpea flour (besan) and is usually had à la nature. Salade Niçoise is a worldwide café favourite, and may comprise lettuce, tomatoes, anchovies, boiled eggs, olives, and anything else handy according to season.
The Niçoises excel in utilising courgette flowers, not common anywhere else in France. They may be fried dipped in batter, or stuffed with meat or cheese.
Stuffed Courgette Flowers
Ingredients (serves 12):
24 courgette flowers
1 pod garlic
50 grams rice
100 grams parmesan cheese
Good quality olive oil
Salt & pepper (to taste)
1. Scoop out the interiors of the flowers. Take care not to destroy the petals.
2. Sauté onions along with chopped courgette in the oil. Boil rice for around 20 minutes, drain the water. Keep both aside.
3. In a salad bowl, mix the onion and the courgette mixture along with the rice, parmesan and beaten eggs. Season with salt and pepper according to taste, and add crushed garlic.
4. Hold the flowers in your left hand, and carefully insert the stuffing with a coffee spoon with the other. Once you feel you have enough inside, fold the petals on top of one another so that the rice and veggies mixture stays put.
5. Place the flowers one facing the other in a baking dish greased with the olive oil. Bake on a medium setting for around half
Translated and Adapted from ‘La Cuisine du Comte de Nice’ by Jacques Médicin (Julliard 1972)
www.wwoof.fr is a handy resource for contacts of farms all across France. There is a minimum inscription fees of €15 (Rs 1,042) which is valid for a year. You can pay online by your credit/debit card, or send a cheque.
Jean Louis will be happy to pick you up from the Nice railway station or airport, provided he is not too busy during the season. Call +33 493378233 or 623742820 to check availability.
Address: La Raïola, Chemin de Cremat,
Nice airport is one of the busiest in France, and luckily at a handy distance from the city centre. Coming by train, Nice is well-connected though it is not the quickest to get to from other French cities. Most interchanges happen at Marseille St Charles. Paris to Nice is around six hours and costs a minimum of €50 (Rs 3,473).
Pics: Prabhas, Tamannaah Bhatia at 'Baahubali 2' first look launch at MAMI
'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' photos: Aishwarya, Anushka, Karan get candid at MAMI
Photos: Huma Qureshi, Neha Dhupia and other celebs at MAMI
Photos: Amy Jackson, Daisy Shah at Mumbai airport
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Li6 Phonology and Morphology inflection and derivation 12-3-2007 Today’s topics inflection vs derivation why do linguists make this distinction? arguments and evidence for and against the distinction larger implications of the (non)distinction Inflection vs Derivation from Goldberg 2005 inflection affixation morphological constructions derivation compounding Derivation: relates lexemes to each other (category changing, argument-structure changing morphology) Inflection: outfits lexemes with the features they need to occupy their designated position in a syntactic construction (e.g. case, agreement features, tense, mood) relevant to the syntax = things like structural syntactic case, or subject-verb agreement The boundary between these can be fuzzy: derive, derives, deriving derivation, derivations Anderson 1982, 1992: Inflection is the morphology that is relevant to the syntax. derive, derivation, derivational, derivationality, derivationally, derivable, derivability govern, government, governor social, socialist, socialism, socialize work, worker, workable sleep, sleepy, sleepiness Is sleepier (the comparative of sleep) an inflected form of sleep or a different lexeme? Is writing an inflected form of write (the one called for in the syntactic construction “I am ___”) or is it a separate lexeme? How about number of NPs in languages where there is no number agreement, e.g. English I opened the box/boxes? Yet the categories are still commonly invoked, because of some general correlations: Classic differences from Goldberg 2005 inflection derivation doesn’t change word class changes WC peripheral central productive (but Chechen agr in only 30% of vbs) less productive; frequent gaps in family paradigmatic not paradigmatic semantically transparent not semantically transparent connected to syntax not connected to syntax not replaceable by single word replaceable by single word can be syncretic (3sg pres -s) generally not syncretic (un-talk-ative) Generalisations: inflection adds information to a word; derivation changes information. within any given part of speech, those properties required by syntax (case on nominals; subject or object agreement on nominals and/or verbs; tense on verbs) are always classified as inflection. Possible I-D differences Semantic transparency from Goldberg 2005 Inflection tends to be more semantically regular than derivation: The “meaning” or function of e.g. dative case is consistent across all nouns it combines with. By contrast, derivational affixation is often subject to semantic irregularity. dress dresser one who dresses, or specific type of furniture poke poker one who pokes, or specific fireplace tool discern discernment property of being discerning deport deportment behavior, not property of being deported govern government an institution that governs, not the property of being governing Affix ordering In agglutinating languages, derivation is generally closer to the root than inflection: Problem 1: depantsing, etc. [Problem 2: Rice on Slave] Problem 2: Yiddish and Itelmen (Perlmutter 1988, Bobaljik 2003, Lowenstamm 2006) dogg-ie-s, *dog-s-ie xazeyr-im-l-əx ‘little pigs’ : demb-l-əx ‘little oaks’ diminutive only follows plural when the pl is irregular Perlmutter 1988: irregular plurals stored in lexicon, so no ordering dilemma Bobaljik 2003: Itelmen shows same pattern, but with regular plurals Do we really need the ordering generalisation, or the I-D distinction for that matter? e.g. is the ordering generalisation just a product of history? • potential problem: Harris and Faarlund on inflection trapping Acquisition Robust finding for many languages: knowledge of inflectional morphology is acquired before knowledge of derivational morphology and the morphology of compounds Levin et al. 2001 on Hebrew • 40 children tested twice (5;11 and 6;5) on two oral tasks – inflecting nouns for possession and deriving denominal adjectives. • D was found to be harder than I, both on the stem and the suffix level, attributable to its higher semantic opacity. Green et al. 2003 on English • I and D forms within narratives written by 247 3rd and 4th graders • majority of such students use I consistently and accurately • fewer used derived forms, and significantly more 4th graders than 3rd graders used them accurately • generalisation for both speaking and writing: I mastered by 9-10, but D continues to develop into middle childhood Aphasia evidence for I and D as autonomous subcomponents (Miceli and Caramazza 1988) Badecker and Caramazza 1989 Marangolo et al. 2003 much documentation of selective deficits in I no prior evidence for selective deficits in D Report on 2 patients with R-hemisphere lesions and selective D deficits • Specific deficit: producing nouns derived from verbs • one produced past participles, the other gerunds • spostato ‘displaced’ instead of spostamento ‘displacement’ • digerendo ‘digesting’ instead of digestione ‘digestion’ Problem: observed differences can be explained without recourse to differences within the grammar • R brain accesses broader range of related meanings Eye tracking Niswander, Pollatsek, and Rayner 2000 encoding of suffixed words (both I and D) assessed by monitoring eye movements during reading English sentences scheme: lower frequency, longer fixation root frequency (R) and whole-word frequency (W) independently manipulated in target words D words: R affected processing earlier than W regular I words: • W affected processing beginning with first fixation • R affected processing beginning with first fixation for plural nouns but not for inflected verbs Potentially interesting results: • evidence for morphological decomposition • counter to prediction of theory that D = stored, I = rule-based Problem: I and D stimuli not controlled for word length Signed languages Aronoff, Meir, and Sandler 2005 morphology is generally simultaneous the few cases of sequential morphology are all derivational (rest state) whq ARRIVE WHO ‘who arrived?’ from Conlin, Hagstrom, and Neidle 2003 Signed languages Arguments for suffixhood rather than wordhood it must occur after, never before, its stem. This is significant in light of the fact that word order in ASL is relatively free, and that the related independent word can indeed occur before or after verbs. Two of the five consultants who use the suffix attach it to a limited set of verbs (including SEE, HEAR, LEARN, FEEL, SAY, EAT, TOUCH, SMELL, UNDERSTAND, USE, SLEEP, TASTE). For these consultants, the verb and suffix tend to fuse phonologically in the following ways: nonmanual markers such as facial expressions or head positions tend to span both the verb and the suffix; the path movements of both the verb and the suffix either are shortened or coalesce, depending on the underlying form of the stem; some of the meanings of the suffixed words are idiosyncratic. Examples of the last characteristic are SAME-ZERO ‘can’t find one like yours’, SAY-ZERO ‘not mention’, and TOUCH-ZERO ‘not use’. There is a phonological constraint on the occurrence of the suffix: it can occur only with one-handed stems. • ASL words are either one-handed or two-handed throughout. The fewdisyllabic monomorphemicwords that exist in the language are two-handed in both syllables. Furthermore, lexicalized compounds tend to spread two-handedness from one member of the compound to the other (Liddell & Johnson 1986, Sandler 1989, 1993c, van der Hulst 1996). If there is a constraint on number of hands within a word, it is not surprising that the one-handed negative element under discussion occurs only with other onehanded forms: it is a suffix, and the resulting word must satisfy the constraint on handedness, whose domain is the word. The way in which negative suffixed forms satisfy this constraint is different from the way compounds do. The suffix avoids twohanded stems, while the compounds involve spreading of two-handedness to the onehanded member. Larger implications of the I-D (non-) distinction Traditional approaches to I-D brute force morphemes pre-classified as D or I; properties are predetermined stratification (e.g. Anderson, LPM) derivation done in the lexicon inflection done in the syntax syntactic (Lieber, Selkirk, Travis, DM) single domain of word-formation where both I and D apply properties of morphemes derived from structural configuration and relative position Problems 1 I participles D productive compositional diminutives Yiddish/Itelmen order R adds -ša (f declension) to stressed syll (Pável Paša, Natál’a Taša) class-changing when used as Adj (broken string) can be non-compositional (drunken) change base meaning R adjectives agree with gender of base, not -ša (ruskij/ruskaja Saša ‘Russian Alexander/Alexandra’) aspect R (im)perfective aspect marked by presence or absence of prefix for many verbs R: same prefixes can change base meaning of verbs (pisat’ ‘write’ : spisat’ ‘copy’) cpv & suprlv E -er & -est functionally inflectional can be suppletive (worse…) Sp constructions are derivational or lexical Sp gallo negro ‘black rooster’ vs. gallina negra ‘black hen’ gender Sp gallo negro ‘black rooster’ vs. gallina negra ‘black hen’ Problems 2 Raveh and Rueckl 2000 Previous studies of long-term morphological priming have obtained a mixed pattern of results: Although some studies have found larger effects of inflected primes than of derived primes, others have found that inflections and derivations have equivalent effects. We reexamined this issue in four experiments in which the inflected and derived primes were paired with the same target words (e.g., believe, believed, believer) and were equated in terms of their orthographic similarity to the targets. Across these experiments, inflections and derivations consistently produced equivalent levels of priming. Larger implications of the I-D (non-)distinction relevant to theories that organise inflection (but not derivation) in terms of paradigms Beard McCarthy, Optimal Paradigms • traditional generalisations: • inflection is paradigmatic, derivation isn’t • derivatives have obvious bases, inflected forms don’t • McCarthy: derivational paradigms always refer to privileged bases, but inflectional paradigms never do • Albright argues that inflectional paradigms also have bases • BV: all such cases may involve opportunistic selection, not derivational architecture relevant to “syntactic” theories of morphology Distributed Morphology Selkirk Conclusions Problems with observed I-D differences: may have historical rather than synchronic causes may have extra-linguistic causes References Aronoff, Mark, Irit Meir, and Wendy Sandler. 2005. The paradox of sign language morphology. Language 81.2:301-344. Badecker, W., & Caramazza, A. (1989). A lexical distinction between inflection and derivation. Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 108-116. Burani, C., & Alfonso Caramazza. 1987. Representation and processing of derived words. Language & Cognitive Processes 2:217227. Caramazza, A., Laudanna, A., & Romani, C. (1988). Lexical access and inflectional morphology. Cognition, 28, 297-332. Conlin, Frances, Paul Hagstrom, and Carol Neidle. 2003. A particle of indefiniteness in American Sign Language. Linguistic Discovery 2.1. Available online at http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/1/article/142?htmlOnce=yes Goldberg, Adele. 2005. Inflectional vs derivational morphology. Handout, UC Berkeley. Green, Laura, Deborah Schwiebert McCutchen, Catherine Quinlan, Tom Eva-Wood, and Amy Juelis. 2003. Morphological development in children’s writing. Journal of Educational Psychology 95.4:752-761. Laudanna, A., W. Badecker, and Alfonso Caramazza. 1992. Processing inflectional and derivational morphology. Journal of Memory & Language 31:333-348. Levin, Iris, Dorit Ravid, and Sharon Rapaport. 2001. Morphology and spelling among Hebrew-speaking children: from kindergarten to first grade. Journal of Child Language 28:741-772. Marangolo, Paola, Chiara Incoccia, Luigi Pizzamiglio, Umberto Sabatini, Alessandro Castriota-Scanderbeg, and Cristina Burani. 2003. The Right Hemisphere Involvement in the Processing of Morphologically Derived Words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15.3:364–371. Miceli, G., & Caramazza, A. (1988). Dissociation of inflectional and derivational morphology. Brain & Language 35:24-65. Niswander, Elizabeth, Alexander Pollatsek, and Keith Rayner. 2000. The processing of derived and inflected suffixed words during reading. Language and Cognitive Processes 15.4/5:389-420. Raveh, M. and G. Rueckl. 2000. Equivalent Effects of Inflected and Derived Primes: Long-Term Morphological Priming in Fragment Completion and Lexical Decision. Journal of Memory and Language 42.1:103-119. | <urn:uuid:ada0144c-20eb-42f3-9fdc-39cde255046e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideshowes.com/doc/245915/li6-phonology-and-morphology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864187 | 3,013 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Therewith the Carline sat down, and there was great cheer and rumour in the hall, and folk wondered what was to come next; but it is not to be said but that they had an inkling of what had befallen. Then Elfhild arose and cast off her grey clothes, and was clad thereunder in the finest of fine gear of gold and of green, and surely, said everybody, that never was such beauty seen in hall. And for a while people held their breaths, as they that see a wonder which they fear may pass away. And then a great shout rent the hall, and there it was done. A tall man rose in his place, a grey cloak fell from him, and he was clad all in glittering armour, and there was none that did not know him for Osberne Wulfgrimsson, who has been called the Red Lad. And he said in a bold and free voice: “See, my masters and dear friends, if I have not kept tryst with you; for it is of a sooth five years well told since I departed from Wethermel with little hope in my heart. And now forsooth is no hope in my heart, for all the hope has budded and blossomed and fruited, and I am yours and ye are mine while the days last. And this is the woman that I have won; and O I would that it had been earlier, though God wot I laboured at it. And now I think ye will be good to her as ye will be good to me, and what tale shall there be except of peace and quiet in these far-away upland vales?”
So passed the hours into deep might at Wethermel, and folk went to sleep scarce trowing in the wonders that they had heard and seen. And there were few among them that did not long for the dawn and the daylight, that they might once again cast eyes upon Osberne and his beloved. And hard it were to say which of those twain was the loveliest. But surely about both of them there was then and always a sweet wisdom that never went beyond what was due and meet for the land they lived in or the people with whom they dwelt. So that all round them the folk grew better and not the worser.
Last updated Sunday, March 27, 2016 at 11:58 | <urn:uuid:0cd30827-0724-4956-824d-f498a35c0d4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/m/morris/william/m87su/chapter65.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00114-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992171 | 494 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Over the years you may have accumulated a lot of old video game consoles and, naturally, getting rid of them is not an option. After all, you've spent so much time with your beloved console. Like an old friend, full of memories and adventures, it's hard to let go.
Or maybe you're a collector who likes to play older games every now and then for the nostalgia. I'm in both camps. And unfortunately my television is not equipped with enough inputs to have all my game systems connected at once and ready to play at a moment's notice.
There is a solution to this problem!
With three items and in about 20 minutes or less you can wire a video game patch bay that will make playing all your favorite games fast and easy without the hassle of digging around in that rat's nest behind your TV.
Here's what you will need to get started.
- RCA patch bay (see the first step for tips on where to find)
- 3.25-inch patch cables
- RCA cable with video and stereo audio connections
Step 1: Find and purchase an RCA patch bay
Finding an RCA patch bay is probably the hardest step. There are tons of used ones on eBay and other sites like Google Shopping and GuitarCenter.com. You might also find them in local electronics shops or music stores. They range in price from about $20 to $50 depending on the model. Once you have your patch bay in hand it's time to connect your consoles.
Step 2: Connect your patch bay to the AV input on the back of your television
Choose an AV or component input on the back of your television and connect it to three inputs (RCA) on the back of your patch bay. On my patch bay I chose the bottom right-hand corner. Connect the yellow video cable first, followed by the white and red audio cables. Make sure they are at the end of your patch bay so it's easy to patch into. Once you have connected the patch bay to your television it's time to connect your consoles.
Step 3: Plug the RCA outputs of your game consoles into the back of your patch bay
Plug the RCA outputs from your consoles into the back of the patch bay in the order that works best for you. I connected mine in chronological order across the top of my patch bay from left to right, starting with the NES...then the Super Nintendo, Nintendo 64, and so on.
Make sure you use the same order for each console. Video first, then audio left and audio right. It makes for a simple and less confusing patch.
Now remember: this only applies to older consoles. Consoles like the original Sony PlayStation and the Sega Dreamcast have component RCA outputs on the back and will easily connect to your patch bay.
Step 4: Label your patch bay
Now that you have connected all your consoles, label your patch bay with a pencil or sharpie so it's easy to see what sources you are patching into your television.
Step 5: Patch your consoles into the TV using 3.25-inch patch cables
Finally you are ready to start patching your consoles into the TV. Plug the patch cable into the video-out of your game console and plug the opposite end into the video input going to the back of your television. Do the same for the corresponding audio connections and you're good to go!
There you have it! All your video game consoles and games in one place, easily accessible via your brand-new video game patch bay. Send your questions and suggestions to [email protected] and if you're up to it, tweet a picture of your awesome game system setup to @cnethowto. Happy gaming! | <urn:uuid:416c347a-802c-4312-b9b9-689370f6d101> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cnet.com/au/how-to/how-to-make-a-video-game-console-patch-bay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935259 | 768 | 1.671875 | 2 |
January 30, 2014
Status quo…whoa! Guess not.
There are certain iconic images that just stick with us. They become the norm, the traditional, the standard and everything that comes later if the ‘new’.
Take for example, the fire engine. What color is it? Red, right? Even if your local station has trucks in a different shade, I bet RED was what you thought, the picture that popped into your brain. At one time, all the fire engines in America were red. It began simply enough as a product of funding. Most companies were volunteer and funded by themselves. Red paint was cheap. It became an iconic presence. It spawned a classic, well-recognized phrase – “fire-engine red”.
It was the norm once upon a time. Now, it isn’t. Although many are still red, there are more and more fire engines in banana-yellow, lime-green, blazing orange, dark green, white, black and every shade of blue from cobalt to baby. There are even a few in purple. What about a bubble-gum pink fire engine? Yep. They exist, too.
These different-than-expected shades do catch your eye because they are not what you EXPECT. Sometimes it is a safety concern, other times a station preference, sometimes just what the local volunteer company could afford. But your mind has been trained to think ‘red’.
Stepping away from the traditional image can take some getting used to but it isn’t hard or painful to do. You just have to accept it is what it is. What it has become. What is the new image.
Lumberjacks are also in that shifting image pattern. Say “lumberjack” and most people think gruff manly men with beards, suspenders and flannel shirts. Many think hard drinkers, maple syrup, and a big blue ox. This iconic image was twisted by Monty Python and his skit of “I’m a Lumberjack and I’m Okay” which began by embracing those stereotypes then morphed into cross-dressing. It was shocking and hilarious at the time.
That was then. This is now. So how has the lumberjack changed over time? Beards are more a thing of fashion now, not the weather protection they once were. Flannel is still worn although it typically isn’t plaid now and typically has given way to fleece and other warmer material. I’ve only met one suspender-wearing lumberjack in the nearly 20 years I’ve been around the timber industry and that man wore suspenders with EVERYTHING, even a suit. Hard drinkers? Some are. Maple syrup? Some make it, depending on their location. Big Blue ox? Never saw one, ever.
The stereotype exists but the truth has changed in the past 100-150 years. What hasn’t is the love of nature, the men in the mountains and the rock-hard muscles. I invite you explore more and read my Country Road series.
TAKE ME HOME – “Never has maple syrup sex more honestly earned its place in a romance novel.” – Tessa Dare
Logging manager Matt Shaw is wary when Kayla Edwards, the owner of Mountain Specialty Spices, hires his firm to harvest timber on her Appalachian property. It’s a place he knows better than the back of his calloused hand—it’s his family’s old homestead, lost years ago in a painful foreclosure. He’s hauled himself up from dirt-floor poor since then, and resolves to stay professional…but Kayla’s vivacious beauty makes it hard to focus on his job.
Home. That’s how army-brat-turned-foodie Kayla feels about her new mountain hideaway. What’s more, the hottest lumberjack ever to swing an axe has agreed to manage her timber crop and get the old maple syrup operations back on tap. Matt’s ruggedly sexy ways and passion for the land have her falling hard.
The heat between them grows wild…until Kayla discovers that Matt hasn’t been up front with her. She feels devastated and, worst of all, used. How can Matt prove it’s her he wants and not her land?
INEZ KELLEY was born and bred in the mountains of West Virginia. Although you can never take the hillbilly out of the girl, her lumberjack husband transplanted her to the Midwest along with their teenage drama queen, Spawnetta, and the Demolition Duo – Damien and his twin, the Omen.
Signup for Inez’s newsletter to get sneak peeks and contest entries. You can visit her at her website http://inezkelley.com/ Follow Inez on twitter at @Inez_Kelley or on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/inez.kelley | <urn:uuid:9b44a20c-eab0-489e-9934-4e28d4a830ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://everybodyneedsalittleromance.com/inez-kelley-busts-some-stereotypes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00440-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967759 | 1,047 | 2.015625 | 2 |
This 3rd Grade Guided Math Digital Companion includes three digital math lessons on the topic of two-step word problems. These are digital lessons in Google™ Slides for use in Google™ Classroom.
These lessons are NOT included in the Guided Math units in my store. These are digital companions that you may choose to use along with the units.
In each lesson, students will read a few simple-to-understand teaching slides and then will answer ten problems. The teaching slides are helpful because they can explain the skill to your students in a simple way. The teaching slides are also helpful to any parent who is helping their child complete the assignment during distance learning. In the classroom, these digital lessons can be used as part of your instruction or as a digital center.
- Lesson 1: Two-Step Equations
- Lesson 2: Which Equation Matches the Word Problem?
- Lesson 3: Represent the Word Problem Visually | <urn:uuid:afaeb098-37ea-4e5f-badd-3fb106cf3fb8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thriftyinthirdgrade.com/product/3rd-grade-guided-math-digital-companion-unit-7-two-step-word-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.940729 | 205 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Aruba’s burrowing owls are fascinating creatures. They nest in the ground as opposed to in trees. They’re well adapted to the environment as their coloring and marking makes them difficult to spot in the landscape. I made the following video when I happened upon a pair nesting at the base of a sand pile. No doubt this was easier to dig than the usual burrows. Take a look.
As you can see, their movements are rather snappy. One stands guard from his perch atop the sand pile, while the other minds the next below. I never disturb these owls. Instead, I use the maximum zoom on my video camera which enables me to stand off a good distance.
Bon dia from Aruba. | <urn:uuid:cd3a57eb-a868-4711-a52f-2671c166bb6b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://bentpage.net/2009/01/18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970615 | 153 | 1.992188 | 2 |
The Glan cattle are a multipurpose breed of cattle which are raised for milk and meat production and also for draught purposes. It is a traditional cattle breed particularly found in the Rhineland-Palatinate region of Germany. The breed originated from the Brown Swiss in the late 18th century. The modern type of the Glan cattle breed was established by Duke Christian IV, Count palatine of Zweibrücken through an inspection decree of 12 September 1773 that demanded the improvement of the local small red breed through using Simmental and Berne Mountain bulls. The import of the Swiss cattle had already begun by the 1762, and that was the beginning of the Glan cattle breeding.
They began crossing with Gelbvieh in the 1920s and lately they changed the breeding aim to the draught performance one decade later. They have been crossed with Danish Red cattle since the 1950, and that caused either the loss of beef performance or of milk performance. This was the beginning of the end of purebred Glan cattle. The pure breed was abandoned in 1967, and the Association of the Rhenish Glan Catle Breeders closed in 1972. And an association for the Conservation and Promotion of the Glan Cattle was founded in 1984 or 1985. There are many associations which breed Glan cattle today, with the main focus on the meat performance. Read more information about the cattle breed below.
Glan cattle are medium to large sized animals mainly with yellowish coat color. Both bulls and cows usually have small horns. Average height of the Glan bulls is around 140 to 145 cm, and 135 to 140 cm for the cows.
Average live body weight of the bulls vary from 1000 to 1200 kg. And the mature cows on average weight between 600 and 750 kg. Photo and info from Wikipedia.
The Glan cattle are multipurpose animals. They are used primarily for meat production, and also for milk. The breed is also very good for draught purposes.
Glan cattle are strong animals and are mostly maintained in forage systems. The breed is generally a slow maturing animal, but is very suitable for keeping in extensive fattening system. The cows are known for their milk production, and the cows on average produce about 4,446 kg of milk per lactation. Their milk is of very good quality containing about 4.07 percent of butterfat content and around 3.53 percent of protein. The breed is also very good for meat production with about 60 percent of meat in the carcass. The breed is also very good for draught purposes. Review full breed profile of the Glan cattle in the following chart.
Glan Cattle | Breed Profile
|Breed Purpose||Milk, meat and draught|
|Special Notes||Very hardy, active, well adapted to native climates, good milkers, grow relatively slower, good for meat, good as a draught animal|
|Breed Size||Medium to large|
|Climate Tolerance||Native climates|
|Coat Color||Generally yellowish|
|Country/Place of Origin||Germany| | <urn:uuid:6fb411a7-e400-4fd5-8cde-54630f89dabe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.roysfarm.com/glan-cattle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00284-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949577 | 641 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Excel training templates for training and tutorials
Excel Training Templates
Rate this solution: (3/5 from 2 votes)
Training Templates for Excel (Microsoft Excel Solutions) is a package designed to provide a fast path to acquiring the key skills to utilize Excel in the most efficient manner to common and everyday business problem solving. Training templates for Excel are accompanied by a detailed training eBook to cobine reference material with hands on examples and exercises. The Excel templates are populated with text boxes detailing the logic behind calculations and explanations on how to create more advanced applications of the same concept. |
Key features of the Excel Training Templates include:
- Training focuses on key skills required for everyday business use and commonly required professional skills.
- Combination of text and template material enables convenient access to required training and examples as well as efficient work flow.
- Training material is easy to understand and suitable for Excel beginners through to advance users.
- Excel templates contain explanatory text with detailed training information and potential solutions for specific analytic needs.
- Training material and templates are ideal for both professional use and educational purposes.
Try It Get It (Pricing is available on the next page)(Updated on 2022-06-01)
Additional Excel business solutions are categorized as Free Excel solutions
and the most popular
. Further solutions proposed for specific user requirements can be either found in the Excel Help Forum | <urn:uuid:cabbc4d8-0d87-4fae-aee2-a425a041c11c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.business-spreadsheets.com/solutions.asp?prod=455 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.903567 | 291 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Colonoscopy the best way to detect colon cancer
DEAR DOCTOR K »
I heard about a new home test that detects colon cancer. Is it a good alternative to colonoscopy?
DEAR READER »
The new test appears to be an advance, but I don’t think it’s as good as colonoscopy. Particularly for people who are at higher risk for colon cancer, I regard colonoscopy as the best test.
Colon (or colorectal) cancer lies in the wall of the colon. It can cause painless bleeding. The amount of blood can be so small (“occult blood”) that it isn’t visible in the bowel movement, but it can be detected by chemical tests. Performing these tests for blood in the bowel movement — fecal occult blood tests — has been a traditional way of trying to catch colon cancer early.
However, colonoscopy remains the best way for catching colorectal cancer early. This test, done under sedation, uses an instrument to look inside the colon. A similar procedure, flexible sigmoidoscopy, looks at about half of the colon and doesn’t require sedation. These tests not only can see cancer, but also abnormalities (adenomas) that can become cancerous in the future. The tests also allow the adenomas and some very early cancers to be removed during the test.
In August 2014, the FDA approved Cologuard, a new test for colorectal cancer. The Cologuard test is done at home. You collect a stool sample and mail it to a laboratory for analysis. Like the fecal occult test, it checks for blood in stool. But the new test also looks for abnormal DNA.
Colon cancers develop because genes in the cells lining the colon have developed mutations. The abnormal DNA caused by these mutations, like occult blood, is shed in the bowel movement. That abnormal DNA can now be detected by special tests.
One large study of nearly 10,000 people found the new test to be very effective. People in the study were given a fecal occult blood test, the Cologuard test and a colonoscopy. Cologuard detected 92 percent of the cancers that colonoscopy found; the fecal occult test detected 74 percent. Cologuard also found 69 percent of the polyps that were considered most likely to turn into cancer. The fecal occult test found 46 percent.
On the down side, the Cologuard test produced more false positives than the fecal occult test. A false positive test says there is a polyp or cancer when none actually exists — and that requires further investigation with a colonoscopy to confirm or rule out the diagnosis.
The new Cologuard was approved for screening in people ages 50 to 85 who have an average risk of colon cancer. It is not meant as a substitute for colonoscopy if you have a greater-than-average risk. This includes people with:
• A history of polyps or prior colorectal cancer;
• A strong family history of colorectal cancer;
• Ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.
Cologuard offers another option for colorectal cancer screening. But right now, colonoscopy still remains the best screening method. It is recommended once every 10 years for people age 50 and over who have an average risk of colorectal cancer. | <urn:uuid:306ac0a4-a3f5-4e3c-bb3c-fba11ed23404> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pressreader.com/usa/daily-freeman-kingston-ny/20161125/282316794640198 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00330-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938157 | 727 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Study objectives: Conditions that give rise to reduced lung function are frequently associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, which may lead to poor cardiovascular outcomes. We sought to determine the relationship between reduced FEV1 and cardiovascular mortality, independent of smoking.
Design: Longitudinal population-based study and a metaanalysis of literature.
Setting: Representative sample of the general population.
Participants: Participants of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study who were 40 to 60 years of age at baseline assessment (n = 1,861).
Measurements and results: We compared the risk of cardiovascular mortality across quintiles of FEV1. Individuals in the lowest FEV1 quintile had the highest risk of cardiovascular mortality (relative risk [RR], 3.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54 to 7.34). Compared to FEV1 quintile 1, individuals in quintile 5 had a fivefold increase in the risk of death from ischemic heart disease (RR, 5.65; 95% CI, 2.26 to 14.13). We also performed a systematic review of large cohort studies (> 500 participants) that reported on the relationship between FEV1 and cardiovascular mortality (12 studies; n = 83,880 participants). Compared to participants in the highest FEV1 category, those with reduced FEV1 had a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (pooled RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.56 to 1.97).
Conclusions: There is strong epidemiologic evidence to indicate that reduced FEV1 is a marker for cardiovascular mortality independent of age, gender, and smoking history. | <urn:uuid:3dd9bbd2-c18e-4c15-ab59-a435eca93e5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083403 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00356-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917938 | 341 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)
What is a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)?
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) uses a wire loop heated by electric current to remove cells and tissue in a woman’s lower genital tract. It is used as part of the diagnosis and treatment for abnormal or cancerous conditions.
The lower genital tract includes the cervix and vagina. The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus and the vagina connects the cervix and the vulva.
With LEEP, an electric current passes through the fine wire loop to cut away a thin layer of abnormal tissue. This tissue will be sent to the lab for testing. LEEP can also remove abnormal cells to allow healthy tissue to grow.
Why might I need a LEEP?
LEEP may be done when cervical or vaginal problems are found during a pelvic exam, or abnormal cells are found during a Pap test. LEEP is also done to detect cancer of the cervix or vagina.
Cells that appear to be abnormal, but are not yet cancerous, may be called precancerous. These abnormal cells may be the first evidence of cancer that could develop years later.
LEEP may also be used to assist in the diagnosis or treatment of the following conditions:
- Polyps (benign growths)
- Genital warts, which may indicate infection with human papilloma virus (HPV), a risk factor for developing cervical cancer
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy, as DES exposure increases the risk for cancer of the reproductive system
Your healthcare provider may have other reasons to recommend LEEP.
What are the risks for a LEEP?
Some possible complications may include:
- Changes or scarring in the cervix from removal of tissue
- Trouble getting pregnant
- Potential for preterm birth or having a low birth weight baby
If you are allergic to or sensitive to medications, iodine, or latex, tell your healthcare provider.
If you are pregnant or think you could be, tell your healthcare provider.
There may be other risks depending on your condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider before the procedure.
Certain factors or conditions may interfere with LEEP. These factors include:
- Acute pelvic inflammatory disease
- Acute inflammation of the cervix
How do I get ready for LEEP?
- Your healthcare provider will explain the procedure and you can ask questions.
- You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear.
- Generally, no preparation, such as fasting or sedation, is needed.
- If you are pregnant or think you may be, tell your healthcare provider.
- Tell your healthcare provider if you are sensitive to or are allergic to any medicines, latex, tape, iodine, and anesthesia.
- Tell your healthcare provider of all medicines (prescribed and over-the-counter) and herbal supplements that you are taking.
- Tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any blood-thinning medicines (anticoagulants), aspirin, or other medicines that affect blood clotting. You may be told to stop these medicines before the procedure.
- Your healthcare provider will tell you not to use tampons, vaginal creams or medicine, douching, or having sex before the procedure.
- LEEP is usually done when you are not having your menstrual period.
- Your healthcare provider may recommend that you take a pain reliever 30 minutes before the procedure.
- You may want to bring a sanitary napkin to wear home after the procedure.
- Follow any other instructions your provider gives you to get ready.
What happens during a LEEP?
LEEP may be done in a healthcare provider’s office, on an outpatient basis, or as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your healthcare provider’s practices.
Generally, LEEP follows this process:
- You will be asked to undress completely or from the waist down and put on a hospital gown.
- You will be instructed to empty your bladder before the procedure.
- You will lie on an exam table, with your feet and legs supported as for a pelvic exam.
- Your healthcare provider will insert an instrument called a speculum into your vagina to spread the walls of the vagina apart to expose the cervix.
- Often, the healthcare provider will use a colposcope, an instrument with a special lens similar to a microscope, to magnify the tissues. The colposcope will be placed at the opening of your vagina but does not enter your vagina.
- Your healthcare provider will look through the colposcope to locate any areas for treatment on the cervix or in the vagina. Photographs with the colposcope or sketches of the areas on your cervix may be made for your healthcare record.
- Your cervix may be cleaned and soaked with a vinegar solution, also called acetic acid solution. This helps make the abnormal tissues turn white and become more visible. You may feel a mild burning sensation. An iodine solution is sometimes used to coat the cervix, called the Schiller test.
- The healthcare provider will numb the area using a small needle to inject medicine.
- A type of forceps, called a tenaculum, may be used to hold the cervix steady for the procedure. You may feel some cramping when the tenaculum is applied.
- You will hear humming and/or blowing sounds from the equipment.
- The LEEP wire will be inserted through the speculum and passed through the abnormal tissues. One or more passes may be needed. You may feel pressure or a slight cramping.
- Some women feel faint during the procedure. Tell your healthcare provider or the nurse if you have this feeling.
- It is very important that you lie still during the procedure.
- The amount and location of tissue removed depends on the whether LEEP is being used as a diagnostic tool, or to remove abnormal tissue. LEEP wires come in different sizes and shapes.
- The electrical current will seal the blood vessels, so usually there is very little bleeding. Any bleeding from the LEEP site may be treated with a paste-like topical medicine.
- The tissue will be sent to a lab for further testing.
What happens after a LEEP?
After LEEP, you may rest for a few minutes after the procedure before going home.
You may want to wear a sanitary pad for bleeding. It is normal to have some mild cramping, spotting, and dark or black-colored discharge for several days. The dark discharge is from the medicine applied to your cervix to control bleeding.
You may be instructed not to douche, use tampons, or have sex for 4 weeks after LEEP, or for a period of time recommended by your healthcare provider.
You may also have other limits on your activity, including no strenuous activity or heavy lifting.
Take a pain reliever for cramping or soreness as directed by your healthcare provider. Aspirin or certain other pain medicines may increase the chance of bleeding. Be sure to take only recommended medicines.
Your healthcare provider will tell you when to return for further treatment or care. Generally, women who have had LEEP will need more frequent Pap tests.
Tell your healthcare provider if you have any of the following:
- Bleeding with clots
- Foul-smelling drainage from your vagina
- Fever and/or chills
- Severe abdominal pain
Your healthcare provider may give you other instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation.
Next stepsBefore you agree to the test or the procedure make sure you know:
- The name of the test or procedure
- The reason you are having the test or procedure
- What results to expect and what they mean
- The risks and benefits of the test or procedure
- What the possible side effects or complications are
- When and where you are to have the test or procedure
- Who will do the test or procedure and what that person’s qualifications are
- What would happen if you did not have the test or procedure
- Any alternative tests or procedures to think about
- When and how will you get the results
- Who to call after the test or procedure if you have questions or problems
- How much will you have to pay for the test or procedure | <urn:uuid:fbf684e5-ade0-49a8-922b-5da27dbfa5a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://healthcare.utah.edu/healthlibrary/centers/cancer/doc.php?type=92&id=P07780 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920636 | 1,790 | 2.859375 | 3 |
posted on Sep, 29 2015 @ 03:15 PM
Google just announced that they will continue their air quality "experiment" in the Bay area, Central Valley and Los Angeles. While I admire their
dedication of using statistical data to proof certain situations (instead of just claiming it), I highly doubt that their process will generate
anything else than flawed data.
The biggest issue I see is that this data will be consumed by the EPA and other Government agencies and presented as "facts" to the public which
lacks the understanding how this data is collected. I already see the headline: Your morning commute is the reason why you are sick! Well traffic is
probably more responsible for that than air quality.
The basic idea is that Google is using it's street view car fleet to collect environment data while driving around cities. This data is later
processed and scaled to a certain time range in which it was collected. The primary concern here is that the sample rate is just too little and will
never reach statistical significancy. Basically worthless data. There is also another issue that the sensor might read proportional higher the street
view car instead of the environment (I saw a couple VW's in their fleet, too). Also there is no mentioning of any independent - unbiased organization
that actually verifies the sensors in contrast to the data that needs to be collected. You have to "trust" that Google and Aclima doesn't screw the
Now the biggest flaw is that they drive once or twice through a street and take that as their base for that region. Well the actual air pollution
shifts with the surrounding conditions, e.g. Rain, Humidity, Season, etc. It's not a constant that is proportional. So that can go two ways: You could
pick the worst day with a high pressure system and the readings will be off the charts resulting in intense doom predictions OR you could have the
best day ever and you come to conclusion that 100k have no impact. Obviously those are extremes but if carefully selected, the data is screwed
Overall it seems a nice project but this data gives me the chills because it's way too easy to manipulate and it probably will be ending up with
Governments like in California who are starting enacting ridiculous environment laws based on this super flawed data.
Nevertheless it's interesting to watch how this "experiment" of the "experiment" unfolds ..
edit on 29-9-2015 by flyandi because: (no reason given) | <urn:uuid:952a81b6-0716-45f2-b559-d0dc53a0b45d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1086413/pg1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.954192 | 535 | 2.15625 | 2 |
In Minecraft, the safety of day is long but the danger of night is longer. Or is it? How long is a Minecraft day from start to end? It’s definitely not 24 hours, that's far too long, and we’ve all been blown up by Creepers far sooner than 12 hours into our Minecraft world. In reality, a full Minecraft cycle through day and night is just 20 minutes! That explains how the sun seems to go down so fast! It's 72 times faster than a real-life day.
A day in Minecraft lasts for only 20 minutes. Since Minecraft’s time is based upon a system of ticks, the passage of 24,000 ticks in-game equates to a day in Minecraft and 20 minutes of real-world time, which means that there are 72 Minecraft days in a single real-world day of 24 hours.
|Minecraft Time||Minecraft Ticks||Real-Time|
|1 second||0.27||0.0138 seconds|
|1 minute||16.6||0.83 seconds|
|1 hour||1,000||50 seconds|
|1 day||24,000||20 minutes|
|1 week (7 days)||168,000||2.3 hours (2h 20min)|
|1 lunar cycle (8 days)||192,000||2.6 hours (2h 40min)|
|1 tick||3.6 seconds|
|1 second||1 minute and 12 seconds. (72 seconds)|
|10 seconds||12 minutes (720 seconds)|
|50 seconds||1 hour (60 minutes, 3600 seconds)|
|1 minute (60 seconds)||1 hour and 12 minutes (72 minutes, 4320 seconds)|
|1 hour||3 days|
|1 day||72 days|
|1 month||2,160 days|
|1 year||26,297.5 days|
|Clock Time||Minecraft Time (24-hour clock)||Minecraft Time (ticks)||Real-Time (minutes)||Event|
|06:00:00.0||0 (24000)||0:00 (20:00)||Beginning of the Minecraft day. Villagers awaken and rise from their beds.|
|07:00:00.0||1000||0:50||Time when using the /time set day command.|
|08:00:00.0||2000||1:40||Villagers begin their workday.|
|11:43:22.8||5723||4:46.15||The clock starts showing exactly midday.|
|12:00:00.0||6000||5:00||Noon; the sun is at its peak. Time when using /time set noon.|
|15:00:00.0||9000||7:30||Villagers end their workday and begin socializing.|
|18:00:00.0||12000||10:00||Time when using the /time set sunset command in Bedrock Edition. Villagers go to their beds and sleep.|
|18:00:36.0||12010||10:00.5||In rainy weather, beds can be used at this point.|
|18:02:24||12040||10:02||The internal sky-light level begins to decrease.|
|18:32:31.2||12542||10:27.1||In clear weather, beds can be used at this point. In clear weather, bees enter the nest/hive for the night. In clear weather, undead mobs no longer burn.|
|18:36:36||12610||10:30.5||The clock shows exactly dusk (day to night).|
|18:47:09.6||12786||10:39.3||The solar zenith angle is 0.|
|18:58:08.4||12969||10:48.45||First tick when monsters spawn outdoors in rainy weather.|
|19:00:00.0||13000||10:50||Time when using the /time set night command.|
|19:11:16.8||13188||10:59.4||First tick when monsters spawn outdoors in clear weather.|
|23:50:34.8||17843||14:52.7||The clock starts showing exactly midnight.|
|00:00:00.0||18000||15:00||Midnight; the moon is at its peak. Time when using the /time set midnight command.|
|04:48:43.2||22812||19:00.6||Last tick when monsters spawn outdoors in clear weather.|
|05:00:00.0||23000||19:10||Time when using the /time set sunrise command in Bedrock Edition.|
|05:01:51.6||23031||19:11.55||Last tick when monsters spawn outdoors in rainy weather.|
|05:02:27.6||23041||19:12.1||The clock starts showing exactly dawn.|
|05:12:57.6||23216||19:20.8||The solar zenith angle is 0.|
|05:27:36.0||23460||19:33||In clear weather, beds can no longer be used. In clear weather, Bees leave the nest/hive. In clear weather, undead mobs begin to burn.|
|05:57:39.6||23961||19:58.1||The internal sky-light level reaches 15, the maximum.|
|05:59:31.2||23992||19:59.6||In rainy weather, beds can no longer be used.|
The sun and moon revolve around the player, not the center of the world.
In Singleplayer, day and night do not proceed when paused.
Background music plays depending on the time of the daylight cycle.
How many Minecraft days are in 24 hours?
Just as the 72 times longer conversion rate implies, there are 72 whole Minecraft days stuffed into a single real-life day.
How long is Minecraft day and night?
Day and night are actually equal in length. The day lasts 10 minutes and the night lasts 10 minutes, unlike in real life where the lengths of day and night are uneven and can change.
How many real days are 1000 Minecraft days?
Whenever your Minecraft world hits this absurd number of days, you will know you have been playing that one world for almost 14 full real-life days, that's over 300 hours! Might be time to go outside and watch the real sunrise for a bit. Or don’t, Minecraft sunrises are just as pretty, even for the 1001st time.
Minecraft days are short. Really short. 3 fit in an hour and 72 fit in a whole day! Even with this, the day and night are spread evenly so you’ll get plenty of sunlight over those short 20 minutes. Remember to bring a clock through as just 10 minutes later, it's time to watch your back for Creepers again. | <urn:uuid:ed132aa2-12e6-4780-99b1-985bf2a47c66> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sportskeeda.com/minecraft-wiki/how-long-day-minecraft?ref=wiki-popular-carousel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.832441 | 1,540 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Ever since Colorado and Washington made the unprecedented move to legalize recreational pot last year, excitement and stories of unfettered success have billowed into the air. Colorado’s marijuana tax revenue far exceeded expectations, bringing a whopping $185 million to the state and tourists are lining up to taste the budding culture (pun intended). Several other states are now looking to follow suit and legalize.
But the ramifications of this momentous shift are left unaddressed. When you flick on the TV to a segment about the flowering pot market in Colorado, you’ll find that the faces of the movement are primarily white and male. Meanwhile, many of the more than 210,000 people who were arrested for marijuana possession in Colorado between 1986 and 2010 according to a report from the Marijuana Arrest Research Project, remain behind bars. Thousands of black men and boys still sit in prisons for possession of the very plant that’s making those white guys on TV rich.
“In many ways the imagery doesn’t sit right,” said Michelle Alexander, associate professor of law at Ohio State University and author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness in a public conversation on March 6 with Asha Bandele of the Drug Policy Alliance. “Here are white men poised to run big marijuana businesses, dreaming of cashing in big—big money, big businesses selling weed—after 40 years of impoverished black kids getting prison time for selling weed, and their families and futures destroyed. Now, white men are planning to get rich doing precisely the same thing?”
– Read the entire article at AlterNet. | <urn:uuid:8dd44488-225b-4a9b-aae2-1203aa839f61> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cannabisculture.com/content/2014/03/14/white-men-get-rich-legal-pot-black-men-stay-prison | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00476-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936244 | 334 | 1.84375 | 2 |
SUCHANEK: The following is an unrehearsed interview with former staterepresentative Adron Doran, who represented Graves County in the 3rd District from 1944 to 1947, and then again in 1950. Dr. Doran served as Speaker of the House in the Kentucky General Assembly during the 1950 session, and later served as president of Morehead State University from 1954 to 1977. The interview was conducted by Jeffrey Suchanek for the University of Kentucky Library Kentucky Legislature Oral History Project on April 2, 1991 at two o'clock p.m. [Pause in tape]. This afternoon I'm talking with Dr. Adron Doran. Dr. Doran, I know that you've been interviewed before for other oral history projects, but I wonder if we might just begin today and talk a little bit about your background for this project. I think some of the questions may be a little different than you've been asked before, and it relates directly to our legislature project. First of all, could you tell me again when and where you were born?
DORAN: Well, I was born in a little village on the state line between Kentucky and1:00Tennessee, and between the counties of Graves, in Kentucky, and Weakley in Tennessee, named Boydsville. And, we grew up in that community. I was born on September 1, 1909. And there were six boys in the family, and we grew up as an ordinary subsistent farm family did. I went to elementary school in that community, and then I went to, we moved to Cuba in the south part of Graves County for me to go to high school, or for all of us to go to high school, but two of the older boys were already out of school, and both of them were married by that time, and so I was the first of the family to go to high school. And, then when I graduated from high school after three and a half years, I 2:00enrolled at Freed Hardeman College, a junior college down in Henderson, Tennessee. Spent two years there and then transferred to Murray State teacher's college, it was then, in 1930, and spent two years at Murray, and got a teaching certificate and went to teaching. And then went back intermittently to do my master's degree in 1948, and then we came to the University of Kentucky for me to do my doctorate in 1950.
SUCHANEK: Okay. What were your parents' names, and what did they do for aliving?
DORAN: Well, my father's name was Edward Conway, and my mother's name wasMary Elizabeth. Now, there's a little sidelight story connected with that. The old doctor that delivered all of us at home, of course, none of us had ever been in a hospital at that 3:00time, we were forty miles away from Mayfield, or a hospital, so the old Doctor Donahue would come home to our home and deliver the boys. And so when he delivered me, he sent in the birth certificate said, "a boy delivered to Ed and Lizzie Doran." Well, the legal authorities, of course, would not take that kind of a birth certificate, so we had to go to county court and get my name entered on the birth certificate and got my father's name changed to Edward instead of Ed, and my mother's name changed to Elizabeth instead of Lizzie (Suchanek laughs). Those were days of yore, Jeff, as you, as you know, and records were rather crudely kept at that time, but we had to get the court to declare me 4:00having been born, because you know, now, and since that time, you have a more difficult time proving that you were born than you do in proving that you're living, you know (bot laugh).
SUCHANEK: Well, it depends on if a computer gets a hold of your name and saysyou're dead.
DORAN: Well, my name, my mother gave me the name A-D-R-O-N, and if younotice it, the same letters in my first name that are in my last name. And, a lot of people ask me, I've been the subject of a news column comment on it, whether my last name was scrambled to make my first name, and I answered, my mother was not too impressed with this answer, that there were just so many in the family, and they'd used up all of the names that they knew, so they just scrambled the name and made Adron out of it, but she 5:00said it wasn't so. She read a story one time, that the hero of that story was named Adron, and so she called me, her third son, Adron (Suchanek laughs).
SUCHANEK: That's interesting. Do you remember your grandparents at all?
DORAN: No, I never, I knew my dad's mother, but my father's father died beforeany of us were born. He he died early. I remember my mother's father, but I don't remember her mother's mother. Now, my paternal grandmother, never did marry after her husband died, but my maternal grandfather did marry after his first wife died. And I 6:00don't know, seems to me that my mother said that my step-mother was named Glass, but I remember we always called her Miss Ellie, and I suspect her name was Ellen, and I guess she was Ellen Glass, but those names were always perverted, you know, and I remember her as a very lovely person. And she died, and then my grandfather lived with my parents when we were growing up, and he grew, lived to be a ripe old age of some ninety. And I remember when he died, I don't remember when my paternal grandmother died, but when my maternal grandfather died, I spoke at his funeral. We had, the family had planned for Mr. Henry Canter, who was the mail carrier on this rural route that we 7:00were on, they had planned for him to stop at the little church and speak at my grandfather's funeral. But, it was in December and the roads were terribly bad, and we had to take him to the little church, and to the cemetery in a wagon, mule drawn wagon, so Mr. Canter couldn't make his mail route that day, and my mother said, "well, we must have some sort of service," and, "Adron, you make a speech." And I did (both laugh).
SUCHANEK: You ad-libbed it?
DORAN: I don't remember what I talked about, but I guess it talked about grandpa,lessons I'd learned from grandpa or something.
SUCHANEK: Yeah, yeah. Were they farmers?
DORAN: Yes, we were all farmers. My father's people came from North Carolinaand settled in Henry County, Tennessee, and that's just across the border, state border line from Graves County, Kentucky, and that's where the whole family settled. Now, my 8:00mother's family came from Iuka, Mississippi to Graves County when she was eleven months old, and that was a long trek from Mississippi to Graves County, and they settled at Fancy Farm, which is a community near Mayfield. And from that we spread out in that area, that region.
SUCHANEK: Okay. Did your mother ever work outside the home?
DORAN: No, she had her hands full with six boys, one of the boys who was theoldest one died when he was two years old. And-
SUCHANEK: What did he die from, do you know?
DORAN: Well, that's back during the days that they call the second summer. Thecrucial period, the doctor's did, on children, and if they made it through the second 9:00summer, they were pretty apt to live a normal life. But they had what they, some children had what the medical profession called summer complaints, and I suspect it was some kind of intestinal disorder of diarrhea or such, and they didn't know how to treat it. So he died in his second summer, and so five others came on then, and she had a pretty hard time of keeping five boys fed, and clothed, and sheltered, and ready for school, and my father and mother always were interested in our going to school, that was of paramount importance. It was seldom that any emergency ever arose that we had to work on the farm that we couldn't go to school. And, so my mother never did anything except take care of the family, and she was the maternal influence in this family of boys. I always 10:00regretted that we didn't have a sister, because I think a mixed family is far more responsive to one another throughout their lives than a family of all girls, or all boys. Girls need to know how to get along with boys before they marry one, and boys need to learn how to get along with girls before they marry one, you know.
SUCHANEK: So, you had other relatives then that lived in Henry County,Tennessee?
DORAN: Yes, all of, my father had a large family, and my mother had a largefamily, and so they all lived in that area, in that community, and one of the sidelights of my family's connections, both father and mother's families, my mother and her sister, and one of her brothers married my father's sister and two of his brothers. So there were three 11:00in the Clemens family, which my mother was, that married three in the Doran family. Now, I always account for that in a facetious sort of fashion, that the families lived close together and they didn't know anybody except the Clemens's knew the Doran's, and they went to school together, they went to church together, and when they learned to play post office, there wasn't anybody else to play post office except with one another. And so when they got ready to marry, the Doran men married the Clemens women, and the Clemens men married the Doran women.
SUCHANEK: That's interesting.
DORAN: We lived in a rather isolated section of western Kentucky, which is nolonger isolated now, but because of roads and conditions that existed eighty years ago, 12:00you know, you didn't have much communication. We went to the county seat of Mayfield when we had farm products to market, particularly tobacco, it's the dark fired tobacco country down there, and we'd take the tobacco once a year to sell, and that time we'd buy a barrel of flour, and a sack of sugar, and a sack of meal, and all those things that we couldn't get at the little gristmill near us. But in most cases we would take our corn and wheat to this little gristmill that had been built on Obion River down there, and get it ground up. But we, as usual farmers at that time would do, our purchase of clothing 13:00and staples and all were, those purchasing were done about once a year.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm, um-hm. Did you have a general store? Or-
DORAN: I had a general store there in Boydsville. A Mr. Williams ran the store, andhe was sort of advisor, and counselor to everybody in the community, you know. And usually he, when we ran out of cash, he would keep a ledger, and we'd buy some stuff, and then when we'd sell our products, we'd go and pay off at the store, you know. But there were many things that he did not carry, and the demands were not great enough for him to carry that we had to go to Mayfield to get them when we needed them.
SUCHANEK: Now, your family raised tobacco? Is that-
DORAN: Yes, that was the cash crop. We raised corn, and wheat, and oats, and14:00barley, such as that, to feed the stock on, and to feed the cows that we milked, and then later, in our years, they built a PET Milk Company, they called it, in Mayfield, which was a milk processing plant. And, we would milk more cows than we needed the milk for the family and would put it in large cans and a milk truck would come by and pick those up everyday and take them into Mayfield, and they'd process the milk there. And that provided a little cash for us. But I was always impressed, rather adversely I guess, with the fact that we'd work hard all the summer to raise corn, and oats, and all sort of grain to 15:00feed the mules so they would be able to plow next spring and raise more grain to feed them the next winter, you know. I never did see much function in working all the summer to make grain to feed the mules, and then use them the next year to do the same thing. Farming never was very impressive to me. I never did, I worked hard on the farm, as all of the boys did, but we did little more than our father arranged for us to do. He'd always tell us on Monday morning what the plans were for the week, and we followed that simply because he said that's the way to farm, and it never did impress me, I never did get interested. About the only thing I looked forward to during the week, when I was a 16:00youngster growing up was getting off, if we got caught up with our work, we called it, and we'd get to go to the Obion River on Saturday afternoon, and what we called then, going a washing. We finally talked about going and swimming, you know, but it was, it was skin, it was skin diving and skin washing then, and that's about the only recreation we had. On Sunday, my mother always planned for us to go to church, and we'd get up with our best clothes and Sunday finery and we'd go to church, and outside of the school functions in this little community there was just very little social carrying's on except families got together when tobacco cutting time came, and they'd swap work cutting tobacco, and wherever we were cutting tobacco that family would furnish the lunch, 17:00which we called dinner then. And if somebody needed a larger barn, families would go in and help him build a new barn, we called it barn raising, and we all went together as families, and swapped work on wheat thrashing, wheat thrasher would come through the community, an old steam engine kind of wheat thrasher.
SUCHANEK: Who owned that?
DORAN: And, go from farm to farm and thrash their wheat, and the farmers wouldgo and help each other on wheat thrashing. Well, those were sort of social gatherings, and about the only contact we had with one another outside of the school.
SUCHANEK: Who owned the wheat thrasher?
DORAN: Well, the wheat grows in the field, you've seen the wheat growing in thefield, well, you have a wheat cutter, a binder, that you go in there, and you use this 18:00machine to cut the stalks down and bundle them, put them in bundles, and then after they are tied in these bundles, you stack them in stacks, and then cap the stack with another bundle, and there you've got the field with all of these stacks of wheat out there. And some person in the community would buy him a wheat thrasher, and it was a steam engine kind of contraption with huge, large, huge wheels that he would come in the community. You always knew the wheat thrasher had come through, because the weight of it broke in nearly all of the little bridges, and the drains on the country roads, you know. And so he'd set up and then we'd take our wagons and team of mules and four, 19:00five, or six or eight in the community, and haul this wheat from these stacks out in the field to the wheat thrasher and then throw those bundles in there. And he had a contraption within the machine that would thrash this seed from the heads of the wheat, and then out one place would come the straw and the chaff, and another place would come the wheat, the grain, and you'd bundle that up and either save some to plant the next spring, or marketed them as a part of your cash crop.
SUCHANEK: Now, the farmer who owned the thrasher, would he get a percentageof your crop?
DORAN: Yes, he'd get a toll, just like they did at the gristmills. Now, at thegristmills, you'd take this wheat, some would, and he'd, the mill keeper would grind that wheat into flour and, or you'd take your corn and he'd grind your corn into meal, and 20:00he'd charge you a toll. And so the fellow who owned the wheat thrasher would also charge the farmers a toll for the wheat that he had thrashed. I don't know that I ever knew, at least if I ever did, I don't remember what the toll was, or what portion he'd take out o fit.
SUCHANEK: I'm sure it was worth it.
DORAN: Well, it was worth it, and then I'm sure he got his share of wheat withoutraising any too. It was a community mutual understanding thing.
SUCHANEK: Yeah. Now, you were born in, on September 1, 1909. Do you recallanything about the night riders and the assassination.
DORAN: Oh yes. Yes.
SUCHANEK: What can you tell me about that?
DORAN: I remember very distinctly the night riders in the community, and Iremember that they came one night and tried to enlist my father. I guess I was five, six, 21:00seven years old, but I remember very distinctly. They came and tried to get him to join the night riders, but he was not interested in that kind of society, and that kind of discrimination against people, and that infringement upon the rights of other individuals, and so he refused to join. But, he was fearful that they might give him a flogging, as they called it, you know. And, they'd take these people that resisted them, and they'd take them out and give them a good flogging, and convince some of them that their lives were in danger, and they must join. But, now I did not know at that time, the significance of night riders, and the bias and prejudice that they held, but it was not a racial thing then, 22:00with our community, because there were just very few black families that lived in the community. And the ones that did live there were as integrated as any of the rest of us, because in this process that I was trying to describe about swapping work, Anderson England's family lived in the community that was black, and they swapped work with us, and we ate with them, and they ate with us, and he sent his daughters to Mayfield to High School, it was a very acceptable family in the community, so it was not a racial thing then with the night riders, but-
SUCHANEK: Yeah, I think it became that later.
DORAN: It did, it became that later, and then finally went into, what I guess weknow today as the Ku Klux Klan. I guess that is an offshoot of the old night riders. And, I don't remember why they did it. I don't know now, but I'm recalling, as you talk about 23:00this, that in preparation for a crop of tobacco, we would do what we called burn the plant bed, and we'd burn this soil with wood that would kill the weed seed, and we'd sow these seed, and then these tobacco plants would come up, we called it, and we'd take these tobacco plants and transplant them out on the farm. And I remember vaguely talking about, or hearing them talk about the night riders would scrape the tobacco beds, and I don't know why they did that, what the, other than to humble the owners and bring them into membership among the night riders, so my remembrance of them, Jeff, is rather 24:00vague, but I do recall, as a youngster, hearing them talk about it.
SUCHANEK: Mm-hm. When they visited your father, were they wearing theirmasks, do you recall?
DORAN: I don't recall that.
DORAN: I just remember his telling the family about their coming one night. And,trying to get him to join them.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. Do you remember him saying anything about, perhaps someof your neighbors being night riders?
DORAN: No, I don't know who, I don't know who they, I don't know who theywould have been. I don't know who these would have been that came to him. And, but I do know that I was impressed with the fact that he was just more democratic in his concepts of society than those fellows were, and he just didn't want to have anything to do with them, and didn't want us to grow up under that kind of pressure in society.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. Now, you'd mentioned that you had livestock on your farm.What kinds of livestock, and how many of each would you have?
DORAN: Well, we didn't, we didn't, we were not in the business of livestock for25:00crops, we used, we raised only enough for our own milk cows, for our own milk, and butter, and we raised chickens-
SUCHANEK: Would that have been two cows maybe?
DORAN: Yeah, maybe two or three, but after we got to the point that we couldmilk cows and sell the milk to the PET Milk Company, we got more cows then as a part of our cash crop, but as I grew up we only had two or three cows for our own use, and to produce the butter. And then chickens to produce the eggs, and set those old hens. And produced flours, and that was a part of our food, and then we seldom had, as I remember, more than two teams of mules. We drove mules then, plowed them, and drove 26:00them to wagons and surreys, but we always had an old horse that we rode to school. We lived some five miles away from high school, and my father bought this old one-eyed broken wind, single-foot loping (Suchanek laughs) mare that we'd ride to school. And at one, I remember one time, my youngest brother was in high school, same time I was, and both of us would ride that old mare to school. Now, outside of her as just a utility horse to ride around the farm, or to school, we didn't have any horses, they were just all mules that we plowed in the fields.
SUCHANEK: How about pigs for pork? Did you have those?
DORAN: Yes, we did. We raised our own pork, and we would have hog killings.27:00That was another time in which the family, people in the community would help each other, at hog killing time, because you had to kill hogs during the cold spell. We'd call it a cold snap, hog killing weather, you know, so that the meat would not spoil before you got it processed and salted down, but we'd always try to put up enough meat to last us during the year. But during the period of time, Jeff, between, as I remember, between the time that we ran out of meat in the fall and early winter, and before hog killing weather came, we, us boys, would spend some time trapping, particularly we would trap rabbits. And, that would give us fresh meat, you know, to tide us over until hog killing time. 28:00
SUCHANEK: Well what season was hog killing?
SUCHANEK: What month would hog killing take place?
DORAN: Well, you'd trap rabbits in November and early December, and Iremember so much about my rabbit trapping. We made a large box with sides and ends and top and bottom, you know, and fix that box in the form of a snare. And we'd put bait in that box, you know, and the rabbit would go in, and then he would trip the snare and the top would, the door would fall down and trap him in there. And then we'd go, and we could tell whether we had a rabbit or not, the entire trap had been sprung, and we'd take that rabbit out, and skin him, and sometimes we'd catch a possum, and we'd 29:00skin that old possum. I don't remember that we ever caught any other animal that we could skin, but we'd skin that possum and then dry his hide, and we'd sell that hide for ten, fifteen, twenty-five cents, you know. And, but, I remember when I was about the sixth and seventh grades, this little one room school near our home, I expect a mile, and I got the job from the teacher of building the fires. We'd, the students would cut wood during the week to have wood the next week. And, the teacher would have to pay the fire builder, so I got her to give me the job of building her fires at seven and a half cents a 30:00day, that was a dollar and a half a week, you know, for five days, but I'd go, and in the morning, I'd go to the school house and build the fire so the house would be warm when they all got there. And then I'd go back home and eat breakfast, but I'd go by my rabbit traps on my way back home to eat breakfast, and great joy when I went home, you know, with two or three rabbits, because we'd have some fresh meat for the next two or three days. But we learned then to live pretty frugal and pretty conservative. We didn't make much money, but we made as much money as anybody in the community. We were poor farmers, subsistence farming, but everybody else was too, and we didn't know that we were any poorer than anybody else, and didn't know anybody was richer than anybody else. It was a pretty cosmopolitan community.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm, um-hm. Now, when did you notice a change in diet? When31:00did beef become a primary meat for you to eat?
DORAN: Well, I don't remember, growing up, and I don't suppose anybody did atthat time about calories or triglycerides, or any other harmful condition in your body. We would eat eggs for breakfast, and sausage, and bacon, and ham, and any other kind of food that we produced on the farm without any regard at all. But, I suspect after I started in college, I began to study the effects that diet and food had on one's body, and then particularly after Mignon and I married, she became rather sensitive, and extremely 32:00conscious of the food that we ate, and the food that she fixed, and the limits on how many eggs we could eat, how often we could eat them, and whether we could eat bacon and ham, and hamburgers, and all of those things, until in the last thirty years, we have been extremely conscious of whether we eat fats, and affect our bodies or not, and I think that's one of the things that we attribute our good health to. And, we are in excellent health, both of us. Mignon is eighty and I'm eighty-one, and we have had no major physical problems at all. And I think a lot of it is my diet, but when I grew up without any regard in the world to it. Now, my father died when he was seventy-two years old, and I think that his diet hastened his heart attack. He never ate a bite of, a 33:00morsel of food on his plate, however well it was seasoned, that he did not sprinkle salt all over everything that he ate, and he never thought about refusing any hog meat, or animal meat, or animal fats of any kind, and I'm confident that he developed this heart condition and hardening of the arteries, and occlusion of his blood vessels simply because of his diet.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm, um-hm. Did you notice that beef became a mainstay afterelectricity came in? With the TVA down in that area?
DORAN: Well, I don't recall that that had that-
SUCHANEK: Because you needed the electricity for refrigeration. You know, thepork you could salt.
DORAN: Well, I grew up in a community where TVA did not reach until far later.34:00We, I grew up where we had coal oil lamps, kerosene lamps, and we had, did not have indoor plumbing, and it was not until the days that I went to college in the late '20's and the early '30's that we ever started talking about electric lights and TVA and REA and all coming into the communities. Now, I became obsessed rather, somewhat at least, with the cheap and abundant power concept of better living when we were in the state legislature in 1944 and 1946, and the great battle in Kentucky politics in 18--, in 1944, and 1946 sessions of the legislature was a battle between Harry Lee Waterfield, who was Speaker 35:00of the House, over TVA and REA, and Earl Clements, who was the majority leader in the Senate, and a friend of the Kentucky Utilities. And in 1947 when Mr. Waterfield ran against Mr. Clements for the Democratic nomination for governor of Kentucky, that was the prime issue, of cheap and abundant power, and Harry Lee's friends made these speeches all over Kentucky, and Earl did too, but he reserved himself to the fact that you did not need the government providing this power, that private companies would provide it. Well, the truth of it is, the private companies had never provided it and never did provide it. Not until the dams were built. And the water power was generated, the 36:00electricity, did we break through on having all the power that the people wanted in building lines into the rural sections of Kentucky, and America asked for that, you know.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. For your coal oil lamps, where did you get the oil for that?Was that at the general store?
DORAN: Yes. Yes, now he would, the general store keeper would always carry abig drum, he called it, which was steel, I guess, and he had a pump on the top of that thing and a hose that ran down in the barrel and he'd hand pump your gallon of kerosene, coal oil, and you'd go to the store, and as you got other staples, you'd get your gallon of coal oil. You had to be careful with it because it was so contaminating it would 37:00contaminate all your food. So one youngster had to tote the kerosene, and the rest of them carried the rest of the groceries, but I remember very distinctly in the twilight period of the day that one of our jobs, and my job particularly, was to help my mother clean the lampshades and fill the lamp base with coal oil to light them that night, and do what we call trimming the wick. Now that wick was a cotton kind of item that ran up through a contraption that it would, by osmosis would pull that oil up into it, and we trimmed that wick from the night before and get it ready and light it, and we had a coal oil lamp in every room, you know, and that was the way we had our light. And even in churches, we 38:00had the coal oil lamps in churches, and I don't remember of going to a church house until I was well beyond high school, that had electricity.
SUCHANEK: I bet you that was a messy job filling those with coal oil.
DORAN: Indeed it was. Indeed it was. And, particularly if you had those openchimneys, that moth and flies and all would fly into those lamps, you know, and it would burn them and they'd make a decided mess. It was a rather crude way of living, but we got by with it.
SUCHANEK: I want to take you back for a flashback. I want you to stand in thedoorway of the general store that you used to go to. Look inside and tell me what you see 39:00and tell me what you smell?
DORAN: Well, I suppose you'd stand in the front door of this country store, andover on one side of it, as I remember, were all of the staple groceries. And they were dusty, and he didn't pay much attention to dusting them off. On the other side, as you went in, I remember were the textiles, and he had some overalls, we called them, blue jeans, we talk about them now, you know, and he'd have them stacked there, and he'd have some wool winter sweaters stacked there. But the cloth came in large bolts, most of it, twenty-four or thirty-six inches wide, and in big bolts and he would sell that cloth to 40:00the women who wanted to make the clothes for the children, and the mothers made all of the clothes except the suits. My mother never did make suits, but she made all of our shirts, and underwear, and all, and made all of her dresses. She made all her dresses, and I can see that old country store keeper Mr. Williams now as he took this bolt and he measured a yard from the end of his nose to the end of his finger.
SUCHANEK: Is that right (laughs)?
DORAN: And so that'd be a yard, and then he'd pull it out again and measure that,you know, and everybody trusted that his arm was three feet long, you know. And then back in the back of it, would be his coal oil barrels and some salt, and some sugar, and some meal, and flour, and in about the middle of the store, he had a great big potbellied 41:00stove, brown thing, the flu of it ran out through the top of the building, you know, and early in our lives, he would feed that old stove with wood, but then later he ordered coal and would burn coal in it. It was a rather innocuously kept store, I would say to you. And you had a mixture of odors and impressions as you went in of everything that was in there. And then back in the far back end of his stores, I remember, is where he had the cases of eggs, the big box of eggs that he would buy. We would go and we'd take eggs 42:00and swap them to him for staple groceries, you know, and everybody else did, and it was just a conglomeration, I guess, of everything that he sold, and poorly kept, and poorly ventilated, and certainly it was rather smelly when you went in, the odor was very easily detectible.
SUCHANEK: Now, did you all have a fruit seller or a vegetable seller?
DORAN: No, no. We raised all of our fruit, and our gardens, this was a springexperience for all of us, and my mother always boasted of the fact that she had English peas by the first day of May, and we prided ourselves in our gardening and all, you know, and all of our vegetable we raised, and we'd usually have peach trees and pear 43:00trees and apple trees, and we'd have the apples when they were ripe, but we'd also take those apples and peel them and cut them up and put them out in the sun to dry. And there we had dried peaches and dried apples and all for the winter time. But now, I do remember we had what we called a traveling peddler. He was a hookster kind of fellow, you know, and he would drive through the community about once a week and pick up whatever produce we wanted to sell and would have some staples that the local storekeeper did not carry, particularly cracker jacks, popcorn, and chewing gum. We'd always beg mother to buy us a package of chewing gum and some cracker jacks when the 44:00peddler came around, you know. And, he'd go through the community, and some of them carried a chicken coop on the back of their wagon and they'd buy chickens from the people that they traded with, and they'd take in chickens and eggs and maybe butter too for the staples that they'd sell.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. Well, I better turn this over.
[End of Tape #1, Side #1]
[Beginning of Tape #1, Side #2]
SUCHANEK: I forgot to ask you, did your father own the land that you farmed?
DORAN: Well, at times he did. At times he did not. Now, I remember in myyounger days, when I was born, we lived on rental property as a tenant farmer. And then we somehow got enough credit, or enough cash for a down payment, and he bought a 45:00farm. But, a depression came about this time and nearly, not nearly everybody, but a lot of people in our community lost their farms. And, so I remember this summer that we had such a difficult time, I had typhoid fever, I remember, and was in bed for three months during that time, and-
SUCHANEK: What year was this?
SUCHANEK: What year would this have been?
DORAN: What, say what?
SUCHANEK: What year would this have been?
DORAN: Well, it would have been about, I was about ten years old. So, it wouldhave been about 1919.
SUCHANEK: Okay. Do you think it was typhoid? Or the-
DORAN: Just typhoid, and it was polluted water, you see, we had to drink waterout of a cistern, and we hauled the water from places where people had wells that they'd 46:00pump this water out and put it in these watering tanks, and most of the people just had cisterns, and during that summer, there was a very severe drought, and we know now that our water became contaminated, but I was the only one in the family that took typhoid fever, and I endured that for three months, and because of that great drought we missed a crop, and nearly everybody in the community missed a crop in this area, and not having a cash crop to sell and pay the interest and the principle on the loan, the Federal Land Bank foreclosed on many of the farms in that section of Graves County, and did on our farm. And so we lost the farm, and then-
SUCHANEK: What was that like? Did that devastate your father?47:00
DORAN: Beg your pardon?
SUCHANEK: Did that devastate your father?
DORAN: I don't think he ever recovered from it. By that time, I was a seventh oreighth grader, and two of my older brothers had already gone into public work, and there were three of us boys still at home, but as I remember it, it took the heart out of my father so far as his ambitions, economically. Really, he always thought that the lawyer that he had sold him out, and that the lawyer could have in solvent and kept the land bank from closing in on him if he had not sold out, and he developed a rather strong feeling of opposition toward those people that dealt with him, but there wasn't anything he could 48:00do, he just had to surrender the farm, and then during the rest of his life until he got to where he was not able to farm, he lived and farmed somebody else's farm.
SUCHANEK: I see, um-hm. Did your mom can a lot?
DORAN: Oh, indeed so. She canned all that we didn't eat during the summertimefor the winter time, and she'd can beans and potatoes, and okra and all kind of fruits, and we kept this in a, what we called a cellar, in a place that had, my father had dug out in a little hole near the house, and had fixed this where we could put the fruit in there, and vegetables in there, and they would not freeze during the wintertime. And, also, I can 49:00remember that they would put apples that they would pick and put them in there and they'd keep during the wintertime, and pears, and other fruits like that. So, it was a matter of family subsistence, and it was an economic unit within itself that we dealt with. Now, after I became old enough to be, to go to high school, we had sort of overcome some of the economic difficulties, this was in nineteen and twenty-four, that we were, everybody was beginning to be better off. This was following the war, and things were in better shape, prices were higher, and you could get more for what you raised. I remember that my last year in high school that my father gave me an acre on which to raise a 50:00tobacco crop, and this income from that was going to be what it would require from me to get all that I needed to get for graduation, my graduation clothes, and my high school ring, and my diploma, and all those things, you know, so I raised this acre of tobacco, and when I sold it I got $40 for it. And, I guess that was enough to get me through, but I decided then, early, that when I graduated from high school I was going to college and learn to do something else, other than raising a $40 acre of tobacco, you know (both laugh).
SUCHANEK: You may be, may have been too young to remember this, but ofcourse, suffrage was passed in 1919, I think it was, do you remember your mother 51:00voting?
DORAN: No, I do not. I don't remember of my mother ever having voted. She justwas not inclined to be thus minded. My family represented a rather peculiar thing that manifested itself when I first ran for state legislature. My father and my mother's family were all rock-rib Republicans, and my father just never did see much good in a yellow- dog Democrat they called them, you know. And he would vote, and when I got ready to run for the state legislature in 1943, there were extenuating circumstances that you may want to talk about later, that prompted me to want to run, but my father was a registered 52:00Republican, and I never had any opposition. I ran a race in '43, and '45, and '49, and '50. I ran four races, and he never did vote for me. He wouldn't change his registration from a Republican to a Democrat-
SUCHANEK: So he never voted in the primary.
DORAN: He, and I had to run mine in the primary by myself, and he never did getto vote for me, because I didn't have any Republican opposition. So, my mother grew up in that kind of an atmosphere, and she was just not impressed with it at all, and I don't remember ever having the family, hear the family discuss anything about women's suffrage, or whether she was eligible to vote, because she didn't care a thing in the world about it. My father was so upset with me when I ran for representative the first time, old 53:00judge J.C. Spate was a good friend of his, and he had served as circuit judge in Graves County, and he served as circuit judge in the county because the Democrats were divided, and the one side of the Democrats voted for him and elected him. So, when I decided to announce my candidacy for the legislature, my father went to Judge Spate and said to him, "now Judge, I've got a problem, my only boy that's ever had any interest in politics is going to run with the Democrats, and I'm just upset about it." And, Judge Spate said to him, "well, Ed," (coughs) I don't know what's wrong with me here, "I wouldn't worry about that." He said, "I've been through that too, and I learned a long time ago, if you couldn't beat 'em, join 'em." And said, "I found out I couldn't beat the Democrats, so I joined them and was elected circuit judge. So, Adron couldn't be elected 54:00representative in Graves County by the Republicans so let him join them, and let him be elected." Well that reconciled him somewhat, but not enough to get him to change his vote. But my mother never had any political interest at all.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm, okay. Now, you said you had gone to elementary schoolwhere?
DORAN: At Boydsville.
SUCHANEK: Boydsville, okay. And then you had moved to Cuba in 1924, was it?
SUCHANEK: Okay, and you were the first one in your family to graduate fromhigh school.
DORAN: And college too. I was the first of my family to graduate from high schoolor college, either. I graduated from high school in three and a half years. And, so I graduated in December of my fourth year, and then I went on to Freed Hardeman 55:00College in January of 1928, so I gained a semester.
SUCHANEK: How did you manage to graduate in December?
DORAN: Well, I just took more subjects. You had to have sixteen, I had sixteensubjects, and so I took, I just took more subjects than anybody else. I always, all of us did, I guess, we were poor economically and I think we were rather rich morally and socially, and spiritually as a family, well knitted together. But there was just something about the family, as I remember it, and look back on it, and realize then, I guess, we just wanted to be better than we were. There were just, there were bound to be better 56:00opportunities than we were having. There was bound to have been a better life, economically, socially, than we were experiencing when we were growing up in these difficult times, and so I moved as rapidly, as quickly as I could to get to that level, and that meant getting through high school, because the longer I stayed in high school, the longer I stayed in that captured situation that I was in. So I worked hard at getting through high school and doubled up on my subjects and got through in that length of time.
SUCHANEK: Well what did your other brothers end up doing?
DORAN: What they, do what?
SUCHANEK: What did your brothers do for a living?
DORAN: Well, my oldest brother moved to Mayfield when he married and got a57:00job with a Mayfield milling company, and he drove a truck delivering flour and meal to the country grocery stores in that area, then he gravitated from that to a wholesale grocery salesman, and he became associated with a Covington wholesale grocery company, and he went to these country stores all over the region and took orders for groceries, and then the wholesale company would deliver those groceries during the week, and then he finally became a regional representative of a milling company to sell flour, special representative of this flour company. And so he would travel with wholesale grocery salesmen through the whole area to get those wholesale groceries to handle his flour and 58:00the local grocery man to handle his flour. So that's what he did, and rather effective and made a good living at it and was quite capable. My next brother-
SUCHANEK: Did he, I'm sorry, did he live in Mayfield all his life?
DORAN: Yes, he lived in Mayfield all of his life and died there, and his wife diedthere. Had one son, and that son is in Murray, lives in Murray now. But, my next brother was an outstanding singer. We had singing schools at the country schools and country churches back when we were youngsters, and we'd go to those country singing schools, run ten nights, and some singing school teacher would come in to teach us, and he became very outstanding as a vocal musician. And the Church of Christ, to which we 59:00have all belonged, practiced a cappella music, we do not have instrumental music, and consequently during worship services, and particularly back then during revival meetings, they would have a preacher to come in and do the preaching and a singer to come in and lead the singing. So, my brother Basil became very adept, and one of the outstanding singers of the Church of Christ in revival meetings, gospel meetings and all, and then later in his life he quit singing for meetings and began to preach himself, and in his latter days he was a preacher. My, then I came along as the third one, and then the one just younger than me was the only one that stayed on the farm, and he died, married and died when he 60:00was twenty-four or five years old.
SUCHANEK: Oh, what of?
DORAN: And then-he died of typhoid fever, we think, we think now, the doctorsaid it was typhoid fever, but we think now it was intestinal flu. You didn't know then what intestinal flu was, and he died within two weeks after he took the disease. And my youngest brother is still living, he's the only one of the family living, and he taught school and then represented a, the American Book Company for a number of years, and finally wound up in Nashville, Tennessee, as a director of teacher education in certification in the state department of education in Tennessee and was there when he retired. So, he has retired, he and his wife, and she was a teacher too, and they lived in Mayfield.
SUCHANEK: Okay, and they were college educated?
DORAN: All of them were, yeah.61:00
DORAN: Well, no. No. Now, Curtis, my oldest brother, he went to high school, buthe never did got to college, but the other, the one, the boy that died as a farmer, he never even did go to high school, he finished the eighth grade and quit. He was not very prone to go to school. So when he got through with the eighth grade he quit and started farming.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. And your youngest brother, then, did he have a collegedegree?
DORAN: Yes, yes. He taught school, coached basketball for a while, and then wasdirector of teacher education, and it's rather ironical, I had the same job in Kentucky one time, that he had in Tennessee, as director of teacher education and certification, and he was in the state department of Tennessee when I was in the state department in Kentucky.
SUCHANEK: I see, uh-huh.
DORAN: Rather unusual thing.
SUCHANEK: Now, did he go to Freed Hardeman?
DORAN: No, he went to Murray, did his work in Murray and so did his wife. Mywife went to Murray, and she didn't go to Freed Hardeman either. We didn't graduate from the same high school, I graduated from Cuba High School, and she graduated from 62:00Sedalia High School, which is about eight or nine miles apart. Then, at that time, we had fifteen high schools in Graves County, and, back then, you had a high school at every crossroads, you know.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. One room schools.
DORAN: And so she was at Sedalia and I was at Cuba, but now they'veconsolidated all of them, and they just have one large Graves County High school in the county now that accommodates all of them with busses and transportation.
SUCHANEK: Plus Mayfield High, right?
SUCHANEK: Yes, uh-huh. Do you remember who some of your teachers were?
DORAN: Well, not well. I really never had, as I remember, very good teachers. Thefirst teacher I remember of having, never did graduate from high school, and I can remember in this little rural eighth grade school, all the grades were in the same room, you 63:00know, and all of them recited in each other's presence, and I think I learned more from hearing the recitations of the students older than I than I did from the students in my class. But I can remember the first high school, the first teacher that I had that had a high school education. And she went to high school in Paris, Tennessee, the old Grove High School there that was established by the Grove Chiltonic(??) people, and she went to High School there and then came to this little school to teach.
SUCHANEK: Do you remember her name?
DORAN: Now, I was up in the big room of a two room school where Zelna Carterwas the teacher before I ever knew of anybody who went to college. And they were very poor teachers. Did well with what they had, but they just weren't educated. They had 64:00taken the eighth grade examination and that qualified them to teach. But after I got into high school I remember some very excellent teachers that I had. My high school principle was Alonso Williams, and he's still living, ninety-four years old, I think, but he was an excellent teacher, and knew students, and knew boys, and knew how to run a school, and to teach people instead of subjects. He was my high school principle, and my arithmetic teacher, algebra teacher, and my geometry teacher, and he was a great influence on my life. His wife was a music teacher and an English teacher and she was a good teacher. So, I had some good teachers along the way, but some just sort of kept the class as they do some today, just during the period that they've been assigned to it. 65:00
SUCHANEK: And you said the principle had an effect on your life, or an influenceon your life, how would you say he-
DORAN: Well, very strongly, he was our basketball coach. And in 1927, I was ajunior in high school, and we won the county basketball championship, which really was the first time that the Kentucky High School Athletic Association districted high school athletic conference districts in Kentucky, and we won Graves County district, and we were eligible to go to Loano(??) which was about thirty-five miles away, to play in the regional tournament, and our parents just would not agree, none of them, for us to go that far away from home to play ball, we just didn't have any business doing that, we'd better stay home and go to school. Well, he sensed all of that, and he showed us how that we 66:00could buy two or three pigs, and we built a pig pen in one corner of the school ground, which was five or six acres of land, and we would bring, time about, the boys would, to bring corn from home, we either rode in buggies or horseback, and we'd bring a sack of corn, and then we didn't have a cafeteria, but we got the students to save their scraps, and we had a big barrel out there, and we put scraps in, we put the water in it, we'd make slop out of that and feed them the corn. We fattened those hogs out and sold those hogs, and took the proceeds and went over to Wingo, and Mr. Holmes was running a little radio shop over there, and we took the money we got out of these hogs, and bought the parts of a radio, and he taught us, with a blueprint, to put that radio together, and the first 67:00radio I ever heard was this radio that we put together through his influence. We organized a school paper that was mimeographed, and I was the business manager of the school paper, and then he came back to the, he was just there one year, but he came back the next year and preached in a meeting and I was baptized. And he was dead set on me going to college, and he arranged to take me to Henderson, Tennessee, in a little Whippet automobile that he owned, made by the, manufactured by the Overland Automobile Company then. Took me down there and put me in school and gave me $50 a month. He was preaching in Martin, Tennessee and he was making $50 a week, which meant he had five, he had four $50 checks a month, he took one of those $50 checks a month and gave 68:00to me and I went to school, and started me on that, and then he's been a great influence since then, and-
SUCHANEK: And that was at Freed Hardeman?
DORAN: Freed Hardeman, and he's-
SUCHANEK: Was he a graduate of Freed Hardeman?
DORAN: No, he was a graduate of Abilene Christian College in Abilene, Texas, buthe was a Church of Christ preacher and had that contact with the family and wanted me to, I had no interest, no inclination, no desire, or no will to be a preacher when I went to Freed Hardeman, but after I got down there and got acquainted with the people who were there, and the great influence that the president M. B. Hardeman had on men, and the faculty, and C. P. Rowland was my dean, he's the father of Charles Rowland who's out at the University of Kentucky here now. And they had just a great influence and I 69:00was persuaded that that was what I ought to do and, but I wasn't willing to spend all of my time preaching, because I saw some preachers that didn't get along very well, and I didn't want to battle what they were battling. So I decided that I'd get me a teaching certificate, and I would teach school and preach at the same time, which made a comfortable combination for me. So I attribute much of my inspiration and motivation to find ways and means by which I could fulfill my desire to be better than I was through Alonso Williams who was my principle.
SUCHANEK: I'd just like to go back, just quickly before we get into your college70:00life, and ask you just a few more questions about your family. Did you have, when you ate meals, did you eat meals together as a family around a kitchen table or a dining room table?
DORAN: Oh, indeed so. We got up early in the morning to go to work, and we hadmilking to do, and we had the stock to feed. And, the first opportunity we had to sit down with the family was around the big breakfast table. And, we had a big wood-fired stove, and my mother sat at one end of the table, and my father at the other end of the table, and the big stove was at her back, and so she would put biscuits in when we ate up a pan-full and another one, you know. I always thought that's why she sat there. But that was the time at which we met as a family, and about the only, about the only intercourse 71:00we had as a family was at the meal that we had.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. What would conversation be like?
DORAN: Well, I can't remember the topics that were there, but my mother andfather would discuss, in our presence, the problems they had in financing, and the children's clothing, and the food that we would have, and our school experiences, and how they were going to arrange to take care of it. I think necessity prompted more what we talked about than anything else. We just talked about the things that were necessary for us to talk about. I don't recall that there are any profound subjects and we didn't solve any world problems and any great economic problems except as they related to us. But, I can remember that at some of the times that some of the boys would, after the meal 72:00was over, we'd sit there and read, about the only time we had to read was while the stock was resting for us to go back to the field that afternoon, you know, because by the time we got through with the, we never did quit before sundown, and we came in and fed the stock and did the chores, it was time to drop in bed. And about the only time we had for any intercourse with one another was at the table. I remember those table meetings quite well, so far as the family was concerned.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. Did you practice proper table manners? Or was it everyonefor themselves? Or-
DORAN: Well we, my mother always had the idea that we ought to always do as73:00well as we looked, and she always made an effort to have us look as well as we could. Clean. Didn't have fine clothes, but clean clothes. And, then we should behave ourselves that people would be impressed with us. Now, I'm sure she never did teach us where to put our knife and our fork and where to put our spoon and which one to use, because we didn't have anything but a knife and a fork and a spoon and we used the knife to cut up the food and the fork to get it to our mouth and the spoon to stir our tea and our coffee or whatever we were drinking, and I do not recall that she ever gave us a lecture or an object lesson on how to eat. But we grew up with a feeling, and with a response to her teaching that we ought to behave ourselves, and that was a part of table manners. Take 74:00your hat off when you go to eat, you know, and sit down and sit up straight, and don't sit on she'd say, "three joints of your backbone," you know, you're not supposed to sit on your backbone, you know. And those kinds of admonitions were a part of our bringing up.
SUCHANEK: Um-hm. Now you said that after the meal was over sometimes you'dsit and read at the table. Did you have a favorite book?
DORAN: Well, didn't have many books. About the only books I had were thereaders that I had in school, and then I remember we subscribed, the only magazine I ever remember us subscribing to was, well, two of them, the old Comfort Magazine, they called it, and the Southern Farmer. I don't remember any of the stories that were in them except one story that I was always familiar, anxious to read, and became familiar with, 75:00was a story in the old Comfort Magazine on Chubby Bear, and it was a story of his antics as a little bear growing up and what he'd get into when he'd get into beehives and all that sort of thing. I remember that, and then in the farmer's magazine that my father was more concerned with than we were, were articles that had to do with profitable farming, but the pictures. I remember the pictures of them where it would show pictures of beautiful rolling farmland, and cattle on that land, and I always thought that if I was going to be a farmer, if I were going to be a farmer, I'd want to have that kind of a farm, but we just never did, and there weren't any in our community; we just saw them in pictures.
SUCHANEK: Yeah. Did you have a favorite historical figure when you studiedhistory?
DORAN: Well, I liked war stories, and I can remember when I was in grade school76:00during World war I, that I'd hear the folks talk about the war, and I would read the stories in our history books about the Revolutionary War, and the Civil War, and other wars that had gone on. And at that time I thought I wanted to be a soldier, and a lawyer, but as I grew up I soon dismissed that from my mind.
SUCHANEK: Well, you became a Christian soldier.
DORAN: Well, yeah (laughs). I hope so. And then I remember in some of thesemagazines that an ad would always appear, monthly, of a railway mail clerk, and it was advertising for railway mail clerks, and I remember that the salary was advertised as 77:00$1,800 a year. So during that time in my reading I was motivated to be a railway mail clerk. The nearest I ever came to that was when I was a freshman in high school and I went to Saint Louis, Missouri, because I had a brother living up there, and got me a job in Curlee Clothing Company, and while I was waiting for my job to develop in Curlee Clothing Company as a stock boy, I got me a job as a news butch on a railroad Pullman that ran from Saint Louis to Parsons, Kansas, and so I peddled apples, and oranges, and chewing gum, and newspapers and all on that run, so I guess that may have been the result of my desire to be a railway mail clerk.
SUCHANEK: Uh-huh. That must have been exciting for you.
DORAN: Indeed, it was exciting.78:00
SUCHANEK: Um-hm, um-hm. Did your father ever own an automobile?
DORAN: No sir, I remember the first automobile I ever rode in. We had a neighborthat had an old Maxwell, and this is a part of the story, when my father bought this farm, and it was too far away for us to go in a buggy. So he got this fellow, Max Johnson, to come and take us in this automobile up to Harris Grove to look at this farm, which he finally bought. That's the first one I ever saw and the first one I ever rode in. Now, later, Dr. Ellis who lived in this little community was the only doctor there, and he bought him a little T-model roadster, and we'd hear Dr. Ellis coming down the road, you know, and see the dust all fogging behind him, and we'd, children would all run out on the porch to 79:00see Dr. Ellis run by, and it was a common thing among us when Dr. Ellis went by that we'd wave to him and say, "spin your motor Dr. Ellis." We thought it was a great thing to have an automobile with a motor in it, you know.
SUCHANEK: Uh-huh. Did your mom have your younger brothers at home, or-
DORAN: Yes, all of them. All of the family was delivered at home.
SUCHANEK: Okay. Was there a doctor present? Or a midwife? Or-
DORAN: Well, Dr. Donahue was the doctor, and he delivered all of us at ourhomes, and so far as she ever mentioned, she never had any trouble at all in childbirth. He was just an old country doctor, and he doctored everybody for whatever they had, probably gave them the same medicine for everything they had. But all he needed to deliver a little toe-head boy was some clean sheets and some hot water, you know, and, 80:00but all of us were delivered at home, and she had no after-effects of it that I ever knew of. She lived to be eighty-four years old, so she didn't have much trouble until she had her stroke that, with which she finally died.
SUCHANEK: Yeah. What can you tell me about your experience at FreedHardeman? Were there any college professors there that you had that-
DORAN: Well, I was always infatuated with the president. He was a real stately,well-groomed, well-educated, articulate, intellectual and I was always impressed with President Hardeman. Just to be in his presence was the fulfillment of some of the things that I'd thought of all of my life at being better than I was, and if I could be that, of that 81:00nature, that's what I wanted to be, and he had a great influence on me, and I've spoken about it, I made a speech out here last summer at a lectureship we had on, I remember my teacher M. B. Hardeman, and I remember those things about him, and Charles Rowland's father was a strong influence. He was a strong academician; he was a good history teacher. And, D. D. Woody was a strong influence on me, and there were many of those teachers that were inspirations in fulfilling my desires and my hopes, and they helped me greatly and oriented me into college life, which I knew nothing about, I'd never been on a college campus till I went to Freed Hardeman to go to school, and it was just altogether different from high school and I had to have some help in orientation, and they were 82:00helpful, and I remember, very pleasantly, all of my experiences at Freed Hardeman. And, Murray, at that time, was a state teacher's college, and it was small, and the teachers there were more oriented to student development and growth than some of them are in places today. So, I never had any problem with getting along with my teachers, and they getting along with me, and they helping me and my taking the help that they wanted to give me.
SUCHANEK: Looking back now, do you think any of the professors you had ateither Freed Hardeman or Murray helped influence you, or had an influence on you, in your political development, in your political philosophy development?
DORAN: No, not really. I think my people at Freed Hardeman influenced me to go83:00into the study of history at the undergraduate level. I majored at the undergraduate level in history, and then when I came to the University of Kentucky to do my doctoral program, I was the first student in the college of education that went across the campus to get a minor in a field other than education. Up until that time, they were majoring in educational administration and educational supervision, or educational administration and curriculum development, you know, which was just piling higher what they had already piled anyhow, but I went across the campus and did my minor in the field of behavioral sciences and sociology and psychology and philosophy and those things. Now, I think in that area, I found some people who shared my philosophy of government. Gladys 84:00Kammerer was a professor of political science at that time, and Ralph Beers, or Howard Beers, who's still living was in Sociology, and they helped to, I guess clarify some of my political philosophies, but I can't think of anybody who really had a particular effect on my political philosophy, other than I have always believed in democracy. And I've never believed in vested interest in government, and I've never believed that it ought to be controlled by the moneyed people. And I think maybe my rearing developed that philosophy that I was not conscious of, but it became a part of my political philosophy 85:00also.
SUCHANEK: Now, it's been said to me by someone at UK that Freed HardemanCollege has been influential in the history of Kentucky because of the number of Kentucky graduates from that school. And I was wondering, is there anyone else that you've met besides Charlie Rowland who has been a graduate of Freed Hardeman in Kentucky?
DORAN: Well, yeah, there are lots of graduates in, from Freed Hardeman inKentucky, but more of them were at Murray when I was there, than were at the University of Kentucky. I said I don't know but what, well, I just don't know of any others, none were there, were in school at the same time I was, and then Charlie came along ten years later, but at Murray, which is some, oh, 150 miles from Henderson, 86:00Tennessee, that many of the students that went to Freed Hardeman and continued their education in the state institution came to Murray and a number of them were there at the time.
SUCHANEK: Okay, I see. Well, we're about out of time on this tape. How about ifwe pick up the next time we meet and start into your political career then?
SUCHANEK: Okay, great.
DORAN: Marvelous. Been pleasant.
[End of interview] | <urn:uuid:dd77288c-94d4-4e84-ae19-47a933aab9b7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://nyx.uky.edu/oh/render.php?cachefile=1991OH090_LEG028_Doran.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00437-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992085 | 15,541 | 1.859375 | 2 |
About 333,000 new cars, worth £4.95 billion, are expected to be registered in September on the newly available plate numbers, according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT).
The other month that features a plate change is March and it remains the busiest, but September traditionally sees a fifth of the year's trade being done.
Motorists in the UK have a choice of upwards of 300 models which offer the efficient use of fuel and many other pieces of technology. A new car is a valuable asset and should be protect with an first-ratecar insurance policy.
Paul Everitt, SMMT Chief Executive said "September is a significant month for the UK motor industry and the wider economy.
"A strong month for new vehicle registrations will help put both on the right track. Franchised dealers have a fantastic range of exciting new models on offer, each with enhanced levels of fuel efficiency, safety, comfort and affordable finance.
"These advantages make it a great time to buy a new car and motorists should visit their local dealer to secure a new 62-plate in September." Plate numbers are now changed every September and March using the year as a means of identification. Previously up to 1999 it was altered alphabetically each year. The current systems identifies a car through the first two digits representing the region it was registered in and the next two the year.
Copyright Press Association 2012 | <urn:uuid:9d68d3f7-b6b3-4111-afaa-eb8e27348f9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rac.co.uk/drive/news/motoring-news/car-sales-to-boom-in-september/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958549 | 287 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Henne Fire Summary and Analysis
FreeBookNotes found 1 site with book summaries or analysis of Henne Fire. If there is a Henne Fire SparkNotes, Shmoop guide, or Cliff Notes, you can find a link to each study guide below.
Among the summaries and analysis available for Henne Fire, there is 1 Full Study Guide.
Depending on the study guide provider (SparkNotes, Shmoop, etc.), the resources below will generally offer Henne Fire chapter summaries, quotes, and analysis of themes, characters, and symbols. | <urn:uuid:87f2482a-8a1f-48a1-b9d1-962cff0029e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.freebooknotes.com/summaries-analysis/henne-fire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.799253 | 117 | 1.617188 | 2 |
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Skin wound healing is a multi stage phenomenon that requires the activation, recruitment or activity of numerous cell types as keratinocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblast and inflammatory cells. Among the latter, macrophages appear to be central to this process. They colonize the wound at its very early stage and in addition to their protective immune role seem to organize the activity of other cell types at the following stages of the healing. Their benefit to this process is however controversial, as macrophages are described to promote the speed of healing but may also favour the fibrosis resulting from it in scars. Moreover wound healing defects are associated with abnormalities in the inflammatory phase. In this review, we summarise our knowledge on what are the Wound Associated Macrophages, and how they interact with the other cell types to control the reepithelialisation, angiogenesis and the extracellular matrix remodelling. We believe this knowledge may open new avenues for therapeutic intervention on skin wounds.
Macrophages are mature myeloid cells, mostly derived from the differentiation of circulating monocytes after tissue infiltration. Far to be a homogeneous population, macrophages display a wide range of phenotypes and physiological properties depending on the cytokines inducing their maturation . Moreover, macrophages are very plastic cells, able to switch from one functional sub-population to another depending on the stimulus received . Another aspect of macrophage heterogeneity is the tissue specialisation of resident macrophages, as microglial cells in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver or alveolar macrophages in the lung. However, it is still not clear if these resident macrophages are derived in steady state condition from circulating monocytes and if they are terminally differentiated cells . After birth, macrophages are known to affect different stages of skin wound healing, modulating the function of the different cell types involved in this process. The benefit of inflammation and inflammatory cells in the wound healing is a matter of debate as in normal conditions it promotes wound closure but also the fibrosis associated with scar formation. Wound Associated Macrophages (WAM) have a central role in the control of wound inflammation. Here, we will present an overview of the main functions of WAM and their influence on the other major cell types present in the wound during the healing process and how modulating these processes might result in better wound healing.
In humans, and more widely in all mammalian species, the wound healing process can be subdivided in three consecutive and overlapping stages: inflammation, new tissue formation and remodelling . The transition from one stage to another depends on the maturation and differentiation of the main cell populations involved, among which the keratinocytes, the fibroblasts and the macrophages.
The first event occurring after injury is the formation of a blood clot by activated platelets. The blood plug will be composed of various cell types including platelet, red and white blood cells. The initial plug is stabilised by fibrin fibres and will be a scaffold for the various infiltrating cells. The first inflammatory cells recruited are the neutrophils . They infiltrate massively the wound during the first 24h post injury attracted by the numerous inflammatory cytokines produced by the activated platelets, endothelial cells, as well as by the degradation products from pathogens. Neutrophils enter apoptosis soon after infiltrating the wound and the release of cytokines during this apoptotic process is an important component in macrophage recruitment. Macrophages infiltrate the wound massively 2 days post injury and exacerbate at this stage an intense phagocytic activity .
The reepithelialisation process begins few hours after the wound formation. Keratinocytes from the wound edges migrate over the wound bed at the interface between the wound dermis and the fibrin clot. This migration is facilitated by the production of specific proteases such as the collagenase by the epidermal cells to degrade the extracellular matrix . Activated fibroblasts also migrate to the wound bed and form, with the macrophages, the granulation tissue. A massive angiogenesis allowing the supply of oxygen and nutrients necessary for the healing process also occurs within this tissue . Later, some of the fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts. These contractile cells will help bridge the gap between the wound edges . During the same time, growth factors produced by the granulation tissue will favour proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells restoring the epithelial barrier integrity.
The last stage of the wound healing process consists in a gradual involution of the granulation tissue and dermal regeneration. This step is associated with the apoptosis of myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages. The remaining tissue is therefore composed mostly of extracellular matrix proteins, essentially collagen type III that will be remodelled by the metalloproteinase produced by the epidermal cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and the macrophages remaining in the scar and be replaced by collagen type I .
Macrophages used to be divided in several subpopulations depending of the way they had been activated, their cell surface markers or their functionality. [1, 10,11]. Schematically, macrophages activated by microbial agents and cytokines like Interferon gamma (IFNγ) are classified as M1 macrophages. These macrophages produce an important level of Nitric Oxide (NO) and pro inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNFα), IL-1β, IL-6, or IL-12, and overexpress MHC class II molecules. They bear microbicidal and antitumoral properties. M2 macrophages are a much more heterogeneous population composed of all macrophages that do not correspond to M1 characteristics . M2 macrophages could be divided in 3 sub-populations. The alternatively activated macrophages or M2a, that promote a Th2 type of inflammation resulting in increased IgE as observed in allergy and parasite immunity, the M2b macrophages, that promote Th2 inflammation and bear some immunoregulation properties, and the deactivated macrophages or M2c, able to control the inflammation and implicated in tissue remodelling . In another classification, M1 macrophages are considered as the classically activated macrophages as compared to the alternatively activated macrophages. The best described alternative activation consists in the stimulation of the IL-4R by IL-4 and IL-13 that induces pro Th2 macrophages . Of course, all these sub populations should not be considered as distinct populations in vivo but more as different stages of a continuum of activation and differentiation of macrophage populations . The phenotype of skin wound infiltrating macrophages is not yet fully characterised, but it already appears that it changes during the healing process suggesting that macrophages have different roles in the diverse phases of skin repair [15, 16].
Several reviews refer to wound macrophages as the IL4 alternatively activated macrophages because of numerous markers of tissues remodelling, such as YM1, Resistin Like Molecule Alfa (RELMα), Insulin Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), factor XIII-A or arginase that are expressed after in vitro activation of macrophages with IL4. [13, 17-20]. Recent work on aseptic wounds using an implantable sponge model described wound macrophages as cells bearing both classical activation markers, like TNFα expression, and alternatively activated markers like the mannose receptor . The authors also described the evolution of the macrophage phenotype. Day 1 macrophages produced more TNFα and IL6 and less Tumor Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) compared to day 7 macrophages suggesting a transition from an inflammatory to an immunoregulatory or tissue remodelling state. However, it is important to consider that neither IL4 nor IL13 were detectable in this model, perhaps because of the aseptic experimental condition. However, it is not clear to what extent the bacterial colonization of the wound would modify Wound Associated Macrophage phenotypes and healing functions, as it is clear that parasitic and bacterial component are major macrophage activators .
In order to show the implication of macrophages in the control of wound healing, several studies have analysed skin wound healing upon macrophage depletion (Table 1). The first attempt consisted in corticosteroids associated with anti macrophage sera to deplete macrophages in wounded guinea pigs. This treatment resulted in a delayed infiltration of the wound by fibroblasts and decreased fibrosis . These results are in accordance with observations that fetal wounds heal without fibrosis and are not infiltrated by macrophages. In a model of PU.1 null mice where animals lacked macrophages, mast cells and functional neutrophils due to defective myelopoiesis, wounds performed on newborns additionally treated with antibiotic healed at the same speed as wild types, but without scar formation, suggesting that inflammatory cells are not needed for wound closure . However, several recent models of specific inducible macrophage depletion, based on genetically modified mice resulted in detrimental effect of pre-injury depletion of macrophages [16, 22, 23]. Mice depleted before injury typically show a defect in re-epithelisation, granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, wound cytokine production and myofibroblast associated wound contraction. Recently, the effect of a post-injury depletion of the WAM has also been investigated. Macrophage depletion during the granulation tissue formation, about 3 days after injury, is associated with vascularisation defect, delay in wound closure as well as in granulation tissue maturation . Finally, in their study, Lucas et al did not find any morphological or biological differences between mice that were or were not depleted 9 days after injury suggesting no further implication of macrophages at later stages.
During the healing process numerous cytokines and growth factors are produced by the various cell types present in the wound or at the wound edge . The level of production of the different cytokines depends on the regulation of the cross talk between the major cell populations in the wound: epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. However, the literature clearly lacks in vivo characterisation of the cytokine production kinetics by the various cell types during skin wound healing. Most of our current knowledge concerning the ability of a cell population to produce or to respond to a specific cytokine is based on in vitro studies.
Injured and inflamed keratinocytes produce several cytokines allowing the recruitment and activation of the WAM, including chemokines, interleukins and growth factors [25, 26]. On the other hand, the ability of immune cells to produce factors able to regulate keratinocyte growth in vitro has been described since 1988 . Interestingly, conditioned medium from coculture of macrophages and allogenic T cells were much more efficient in inducing keratinocyte proliferation compared to conditioned medium from macrophages alone. However, the direct implication of WAM in producing cytokines or growth factors to influence directly or indirectly keratinocyte migration and proliferation is not clear in vivo. Several cytokines and growth factors, that can be produced by macrophages, have been associated with reepithelialisation, mostly in vitro. Among the Epithelial growth Factor family (EGF), the main members involved in wound healing are EGF, TGFα and Heparin Bound EGF (EGF-HB) [28-32]. The activation of the EGF Receptor (EGFR) on keratinocytes promotes cell migration and proliferation. Although, only TGFα and EGF-HB have been described to be produced by macrophages in vitro, their production by WAM in vivo is more enigmatic [33, 34]. TGFα has been detected in macrophages collected from sub epidermal wound cylinders 6 days after implantation in mice . However, no significant wound healing abnormalities were observed in TGFα-/-mice . In addition, all EGFR ligands are synthetised as membrane-anchored forms, which can be released as a soluble form after proteolysis by MMP . Therefore, another possible role for WAM might be the regulation of EGF family release by the production of MMPs. Other cytokines as IL-6, IL1 and TNF-α produced by macrophages are also associated with reepithelisation. Even if the secretion of these cytokines by WAM has not been clearly demonstrated yet, the ability of macrophages activated by the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ and/or bacterial products via Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) to produce IL-6, IL1β and TNFα makes this hypothesis probable . The implication of IL-1 and IL-6 in the reepithelialisation is indirect and is mediated by other cell types present in the wound, at least the fibroblast [38, 39]. On the contrary, TNFα directly stimulates transcription of genes associated with numerous cell functions including inflammation, mobility, cell division and survival in keratinocytes . Of note, in a model of sponge implanted under aseptic conditions in the dermis, macrophages extracted on day 1 produced more TNFα compared to day 7 . Finally, the other cytokine known to be massively produced by macrophages, and highly implicated in reepithelialisation, is TGFβ, although its effect on keratinocyte proliferation and migration remains controversial [36, 40-43]. Cultured WAM extracted from implanted sponges start producing TGFβ from the very first day of the wound .
Fibroblasts begin to infiltrate the wound during the first steps of granulation tissue formation. Fibroblasts are involved in several processes of the wound healing. They contribute to the granulation tissue formation, produce the cytokines that favour keratinocyte proliferation and migration , and finally differentiate in myofibroblasts to promote wound closure. Several molecules, such as PDGF-bb, TNFα, IL-1 or IL-6, produced by activated macrophages are able to induce in vitro the production of proreepithelialisation molecules by fibroblasts such as KGF [45-48]. Interestingly, the effect of most of these molecules is dependent on the presence of serum in the fibroblast culture media, indicating that the stimulation resulting in their production is a cooperative process . Mori et al demonstrated nicely that macrophage secretion of PDGF-bb isoform induced the production of osteopontin by fibroblasts . The inhibition of osteopontin was associated with lower scar fibrosis . Finally, the molecule produced by macrophages that has been the most extensively studied for its actions on wound fibroblasts is TGFβ. It is a family of three cytokines, TGFβ1, 2 and 3, produced by several cell types during the healing process, including platelets and epidermal cells, but the main and sustained source of production are the WAM [16, 51]. All TGFβ family members are secreted coupled to a “latent complex” which has the ability to bind the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM). The latent forms have to be activated via various mechanisms to release the mature TGFβ, including proteolysis by MMPs known to be extensively secreted by macrophages as reviewed by Annes et al . While TGFβ1 and 2 promote the inflammation within the wound and are associated with scar formation, TGFβ3 is associated with scar free wound healing . However, the expression of TGFβ3 in adult wound is rare while the two other forms are highly expressed . TGFβ1 is chemotactic for fibroblasts [54, 55]. It induces the production of several growths factors by fibroblasts, including Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) , that results in their proliferation by an autocrine loop . But the main action of TGFβ on fibroblast is to promote their differentiation into myofibroblast and to favour collagen production . The secretion of TGFβ and MMP by the macrophages is critical in the control of the ECM composition. Accordingly, macrophage depletion is associated with a defect of Alpha Smouth Muscle Actin (αSMA) positive cell in the granulation tissue . However, it is estimated that 30 to 50% of the granulation tissue αSMA+ cells do not derive from fibroblasts, but more likely from bone marrow derived fibrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells [59-61]. The implication of macrophage produced cytokines in the recruitment, activation and differentiation of these marrow derived fibrocytes in the wound bed is unknown and has to be further investigated.
Neo-angiogenesis in the granulation tissue is an important process allowing the supply of nutrients necessary for the healing process. The main angiogenic factor in the wound is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its reduced expression results in a wound healing defect . VEGF promotes wound vascularisation by multiple mechanisms targeting directly or indirectly endothelial cells as reviewed by Eming et al . VEGF promotes endothelial cell and precursor recruitment but it also acts as a mitogen and survival factor on the endothelial cells [65-67]. The increase of VEGF production in the wound is described in migratory keratinocytes and in macrophages infiltrating the granulation tissue . The keratinocyte production of VEGF is indirectly promoted by macrophages as well through the secretion of cytokines as TNFα or TGFβ . CTGF produced by fibroblasts , also favours endothelial cell proliferation and new vessel formation [69, 70]. VEGF family members, mostly VEGF-C and VEGF -D, have also been recognized for their ability to modulate lymphangiogenesis . Decreased macrophage numbers and activation has been associated with reduced lymphatic vessel formation in diabetic mouse wounds . It is important to note that double positive F4/80/Lyve1 cells have been described to be integrated in lymphatic vessels in several models of neolymphangiogenesis suggesting that macrophages could be directly implicated in their formation [72, 73].
The other main pro-antigenic molecule during the wound healing is the Placental Growth Factor (PlGF), a member of the VEGF family . PlGF expression is induced in vitro by TGFα and TGFβ, and is produced during the angiogenic stage of the healing process . The effects of PlGF are similar to those of VEGF, promoting monocytes and endothelial precursor cell migration and favouring endothelial cell survival . PlGF stimulates also the secretion of VEGF by the monocyte/macrophages . Interestingly, even if PlGF is described to have chemotactic properties by his own on VEGFR1+ expressing cells, the synergy between PlGF and VEGF is important in angiogenesis : i) VEGFR1 homodimers may be a decoy receptor. Binding of PlGF homodimer to VEGFR1 homodimer make more VEGF available to bind to activated VEGFR2. ii) VEGF/PlGF heterodimers bind to VEGFR1/VEGFR2 heterodimer and induce more potent angiogenic signals iii) binding of PlGF homodimers to VEGFR1 homodimers favours VEGFR2 homodimer phosphorylation . Overall, PlGF seems to potentiate the effect of VEGF in wound angiogenesis. These results altogether point to the important role of macrophages in coordinating the angiogenic signal during wound healing.
Despite their heterogeneous aetiology, most chronic wounds have in common a defect in the progression from the inflammatory to the tissue formation stage. Loots et al reported increased infiltration of chronic and diabetic wounds by WAM compared to control acute wounds. In addition they observed higher amounts of ECM in the wound edge . Similarly, in diabetic db/db mice, wounds are characterising by a prolonged expression of inflammatory cytokines and larger infiltration and persistence of the WAM . However, these cells seem to have altered sensitivity towards exogenous signals such as VEGF or IGF1 [83, 84] as well as altered ability to release cytokine . Several studies have targeted macrophages, by different strategies in order to improve defective wound healing (Table 2). In the obese diabetic db/db mouse model, the injection of peritoneal macrophages activated by IL-1β at the wound site was associated with an increased production of prolymphangiogenic molecules such as VEGF-C, resulting in improved lymphangiogenesis and wound healing . Local application of GM-CSF is associated with better healing both in human and mouse pathological wounds in a clinical setting. In Streptozotocin induced diabetic mice, GM-CSF is associated with a stronger infiltration of the wound by macrophages, increased angiogenesis and a better healing, while no effect was observed in normal wound healing . Similarly, in a pilot study in humans, GM-CSF treatment improves chronic vascular ulcers, probably by promoting the secretion of VEGF by macrophages . With a similar strategy, Deiters et al injected Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) in wounds on obese diabetic db/db mice. MALP2 induced the transcription of several genes associated with wound healing, including GMCSF and IL-1 and resulted in increased infiltration by WAM and more rapid wound closure. In opposition to these activating approaches, Goren et al used a depleting strategy based on the systemic injection of a neutralizing anti-TNFα in ob/ob mice . The treatment resulted in a systemic and local depletion of macrophages that was associated with a faster healing. Taken together, these results sustain the hypothesis that in chronic or diabetic wounds different strategies that might affect macrophage phenotype might modify the healing.
Our current knowledge points to macrophages as key players in skin wound healing after birth. Healing is a complex and evolving process, and because of their plasticity, WAM progress with the wound, adapting their cytokine expression profile . Because of this plasticity and of their central position, WAM seem to be the ideal target for clinical interventions in chronic wounds, to accelerate closure or to attenuate fibrosis (Figure 1). For this purpose, there is still a need to further characterise this population. It seems obvious that, similar to other inflammation models, WAM are essentially composed of infiltrating blood monocytes that change from an inflammatory phenotype to a repair one [15, 91, 92]. It is not clear if the multiple functions of WAM are exclusive to a unique macrophage population or fulfilled by specialised sub populations at different time points? Should the future therapeutic strategies consist in the control of the WAM polarisation or in the specific recruitment or depletion of sub populations? These strategies will also have to define the appropriate timing for their effectiveness as WAM bear different functions during the healing time course .
This work was supported by the Ramaciotti foundation. | <urn:uuid:2c04d04f-2b88-4a89-836d-a8c825ee59bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC2933384/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00009-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94487 | 4,862 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Perl::Critic::Policy::ControlStructures::ProhibitDeepNests - Don't write deeply nested loops and conditionals.
This Policy is part of the core Perl::Critic distribution.
Deeply nested code is often hard to understand and may be a sign that it needs to be refactored. There are several good books on how to refactor code. I like Martin Fowler's "Refactoring: Improving The Design of Existing Code".
The maximum number of nested control structures can be configured via a value for
max_nests in a .perlcriticrc file. Each for-loop, if-else, while, and until block is counted as one nest. Postfix forms of these constructs are not counted. The default maximum is 5. Customization in a .perlcriticrc file looks like this:
[ControlStructures::ProhibitDeepNests] max_nests = 3
Jeffrey Ryan Thalhammer <[email protected]>
Copyright (c) 2005-2011 Imaginative Software Systems. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. The full text of this license can be found in the LICENSE file included with this module. | <urn:uuid:c192e866-3df8-4f18-b403-4b1e5452eca6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://metacpan.org/pod/release/THALJEF/Perl-Critic-1.121/lib/Perl/Critic/Policy/ControlStructures/ProhibitDeepNests.pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00471-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867669 | 277 | 1.6875 | 2 |
So after all of the calculations and design work I have started to build the initial 2 foot test structure.
I’m really anxious to see if this idea will even work. There’s a reason these kind of models aren’t that common. Trying to get a rigid frame structure, with the weight constraints and limited lift makes it quite a challenge.
You might have noticed that my work so far hasn’t been very precise. I haven’t been accounting for the width (1/8″ and 1/16″) of balsa wood beams in my designs up to now, and have been working primarily from a wire frame design.
There are so many variables to consider. Glue, bevel cuts in the wood, excess material along the seams of the gas bag. All of those things matter, but it would be a monumental task to do all of that math. So I am basically working on rough estimates here, and not exact numbers (even though I’ve used a lot of decimal places at times!).
So I will plug along here and build the test frame, then cover it, then make the gas bag, then weigh the whole thing, then fill the bag with helium.. And we will all see if it works and lifts the weight it is supposed to.
I could be on the right track, or it could fail miserably. Either way, it will all be posted here for you to see. If it fails at least we will hopefully learn something from it. 😀
Back to the 2′ test section.. I wanted to get an idea of what the whole thing would weigh complete with the outer covering and gas bag installed prior to building. There may (probably will) also be some thread used to cross-brace each panel, but that shouldn’t add much to the overall weight.
Each of the 16 sides is 4 11/16″ long, so the total length all around the mid-section is 75″. Therefore the area, 75″ x 24″ (length), of the outer covering should be 12.5 ft2.
I will probably be using clear (so I can see the test structure) Top Flite MonoKote to cover the exterior. This material should weigh around 0.44232 g/ft2, so the outer covering of the 2′ long test section (12.5 ft2) should be about 5.529 grams total (0.195 oz).
The mylar foil material I will be using for the gas bags is sold by Balloon Kits, and a 1 lb (44″ x 16 yards) roll is $28.50 USD. So a 1 ft2 section of the material should weigh about 2.577 grams (or 0.00568 lb). And the diameter of the gas bag is 22.1875″ (1′ 10 3/16″).
C = π D
C = 3.1459 * 22.1875 = 69.7996″
So the circumference of the gas bag should be 5.8166′ (or 69.7996″). We will multiply this by the length of the gas bag (24″ / 2′), which should make the outer area of the gas bag 11.6332 ft2 (1,675.18 in2).
At 2.577 grams (0.00568 lb) per square foot the weight of the cylindrical part (around the body) of the gas bag should weigh around 29.978 grams (1.057 oz).
We already know from a previous post that the area of each circular end of the gas bag should be around 386.444 in2, so the total area of both ends should be 5.367 ft2 (772.888 in2), which should add another 13.83 grams (0.4878 oz).
So the total weight of our 2′ long gas bag for the test section should weight in around 43.808 grams (1.545 oz). This worries me a little, it’s heavier than I was thinking it would be. So I will be keeping an eye open for other potential gas bag materials.
We also know from a previous post that the balsa wood frame will weigh 52.395 grams (1.848 oz). So the total weight of our 2′ test section looks like it will weight around 96.203 grams (3.3935 oz). I think we’re still okay, since the section should be able to lift 152.2856 grams, but we need some left over lift for the nose and maybe the tail where there will be a much higher ratio of structure to lift.. and then there will be some electronics and servos. It will be close. 🙂
I was anxious to see what the airship would look like with tail fins, so I finally added some. And I am really pleased so far with the overall shape of the airship. She’s gonna look good.
My airship will have 17 rings total, and the tail fins will attach aft between the 15th and 17th rings. Once completed, the overall length of the airship will be 8′ 9″.
I have not yet settled on a design for the control surfaces on the fins just yet though. I’m still working on the design so the system will only use 2 small servos without interfering with gas bags. And I would like to have the weight of the servos, etc, more toward the center of the craft (where most of the lift is) if possible.
Once again I used the arc tool in Sketchup to make the nice curve on the front of the tail fins.
I have not yet bothered with things like the control gondola that will attach under the bow, probably between the 4th and 6th rings. No need to mess with that just yet.
Before I start building the nose and tail I will post more detailed designs with all of the dimensions and some additional notes.
So I have been working on finishing the rest of the frame design in Sketchup. I added a nose on to a previous design I had going when I was still thinking of using carbon fiber rods for the frame, so the main body rings were spaced 12″ apart.
I have since decided to build with balsa sticks, since they’re lighter. But, they’re also not as rigid. So I have added four more main rings to the main body so that they are all spaced 6″ apart to add some rigidity to the design.
The nose is 1′ 9″ long, with 3 more smaller rings (1′ 10 1/2″, 1′ 5 11/16″ and 8 1/16″) spaced 6″ apart, with a 3″ long tip. I still haven’t figured out which size balsa sticks each smaller ring will be made from just yet, but should be deciding that soon.
The nose section turned out well, so I went on to add a tail to the frame. It will be 3′ long, with gradually smaller rings (1′ 11 3/8″, 1′ 9 9/16″, 1′ 6 7/16″, 1′ 2″ and 7 7/8″) spaced 6″ apart, with a 6″ long tip.
Next I will be adding 4 fins to the tail and posting that soon.
I was initially trying to decide on a diameter for my airship. At first I was working some math on both a 3′ diameter and a 2′ diameter. Then I remembered that I live in an apartment, and I will need to be able to fit this thing through a normal single door.. So 2 foot diameter it is!
To start I created a 2′ diameter ring, with 16 sides, using Sketchup. The program makes it easy to then draw a circle (arc) from the center out until it meets up with the inside of the rings, and then I can get the area of the circle too with a right-click menu choice. But this ended up wrong since it’s not measuring a circle, but a polygon.. So I used 1′ 10 1/4″ for the diameter (rounded up a bit).
Most folks that graduated high school learned how to calculate the volume of a cylinder. But if high school was a couple of decades ago there are online tools to do it for us! Basically, the area of the base x the height of the cylinder = volume. So..
Area = πr2
3.14159 x 11.1252 (11 1/8″ radius) = 388.8208 in3
..and we know that there are 144 (12 x 12) inches in a square foot, so..
388.8208 / 144 = 2.7001 in2
So we know that each 1 foot length of this cylinder has a volume of 2.7001 ft3, and our test section is 2 feet long, so the gas bag should have a volume of 5.4002 ft3.
Anyway.. Now we need to find out if this gas volume can lift the frame as we’ve designed it. So we will add up the weight of the construction materials (minus glue) to see if this design might actually work.
I may post some data on the calculations with carbon fiber rods later, but at this point I’m pretty sure I’ll be building the test section with balsa wood sticks. So for now we’ll focus on the weight of a balsa wood frame.
The outer part of the rings, and the longitudinal stringers, will use 1/8″ balsa sticks. And the inner bracing of the rings will use 1/16″ balsa sticks. I weighed a 36″ section of the 1/8 balsa and it weighed 2 grams. So a 36″ section of the 1/16″ should weigh 0.5 grams.
This 2′ test section of the frame will use 63′ 3″ of the 1/8″ balsa and 124′ 6″ of the 1/16″ balsa (probably a bit less, since I’m not accounting for bevel cuts). The weight of the 1/8″ sticks should be about 42.1667 grams, and the weight of the 1/16″ sticks should be about 10.2083 grams. So the total weight of the balsa wood frame should be around 52.395 grams.
We know that 1 cubic foot of helium can lift about 28.2 grams. So the 5.4002 ft3 our gas bag holds should be able to lift 152.2856 grams (about 5.4 ounces). So we’re doing well so far since the frame only weighs 52.396 grams! Stay tuned and we’ll factor in the weight of the exterior covering and the gas bag materials next.
Back in 1995 I designed, and started to build, a rigid airship. The design was done with completely analog tools (pencil, t-square, triangle, protractor, ruler and paper).
The resulting structure ended up being too heavy. I over-built it, and used a wood that was too heavy. It was very rigid though!
Sorry about the blurry photo. It was 1995 pre-digital camera days. So it’s a scan of a blurry photo.. 😦
I am still trying to decide between carbon fiber rods/tubes (expensive) and balsa wood (cheap) for this current build. And I am also wondering how much weight it would add to paint the structure silver..
Recently I purchased a 40″ test section of 1/8″ carbon fiber rod to test with, and it’s really rigid material. I really like this stuff, and I think 2-part epoxy would bind it together pretty well.
But I am also leaning toward balsa wood sticks since they’re so light weight and easy to cut, glue, and work with.. We’ll see.
Back in high school I would often spend my lunch hours in the reference section of the library, and discovered the Time Life “Epic of Flight” book series. One particular book in the series, The Giant Airships, really interested me.
In late 1994 or early 1995 I finally got around to designing a small rigid airship model. The design was done on my then wife Erika’s drafting table with a t-square, triangle, protractor, ruler and a pencil. I even got a section with 3 rings built. The wooden frame turned out to be too heavy though, and the project got set aside.
Recently something made me remember this, and for the past month or two I’ve been thinking of trying to build another airship. So I started reading up on helium and hydrogen gas lifting properties, and various possible build materials.
Then I started playing with designs and seeing how much a 2′ diameter section could lift compared to a 3′ diameter section for different materials and sizes of sticks/rods/tubes.
Soon after arriving at my theoretical lift calculations I proceeded to start designing a test section using Google’s Sketchup 3-D modeling program. This really helps too since I can now look at the designs from any angle I want.
At first I thought I would use carbon fiber rod and possibly small square pultruded carbon tubes since it’s pretty strong and rigid stuff. But it’s expensive stuff. I may end up building test section out of 1/8″ and 1/16″ balsa wood sticks to see how rigid it is when glued together. Bracing some areas with thread may also help add some rigidity.
My 1995 design was based on a 12 sided polygon, so I thought I would start from there this time around (see design on the left). This was originally done to conserve weight. But now that I will be using carbon rods/tubes or balsa wood I may increase this to something like a 16 sided polygon, which would look much better I think. And balsa would require the additional structure to be truly rigid.
After viewing countless YouTube videos and websites I know that I don’t want to build yet another flimsy, bent/warped, weak looking airship. I want it to be a truly rigid, good looking, dirigible.
I will update this site/blog with more information, designs and photos as the design and build progresses. Stay tuned. 🙂 | <urn:uuid:5ec79571-1974-44a4-9dd2-c854b66f5e27> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://modelairship.wordpress.com/2010/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00266-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937018 | 3,002 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated gene 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) systems are used for a wide array of genome-editing applications in organisms ranging from fungi to plants and animals. Recently, a CRISPR-Cas9 system has been developed for the diploid fungal pathogen Candida albicans; the system accelerates genetic manipulation dramatically [V. K. Vyas, M. I. Barrasa, and G. R. Fink, Sci Adv 1(3):e1500248, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500248]. We show here that the CRISPR-Cas9 genetic elements can function transiently, without stable integration into the genome, to enable the introduction of a gene deletion construct. We describe a transient CRISPR-Cas9 system for efficient gene deletion in C. albicans. Our observations suggest that there are two mechanisms that lead to homozygous deletions: (i) independent recombination of transforming DNA into each allele and (ii) recombination of transforming DNA into one allele, followed by gene conversion of the second allele. Our approach will streamline gene function analysis in C. albicans, and our results indicate that DNA can function transiently after transformation of this organism.
IMPORTANCE The fungus Candida albicans is a major pathogen. Genetic analysis of this organism has revealed determinants of pathogenicity, drug resistance, and other unique biological features, as well as the identities of prospective drug targets. The creation of targeted mutations has been greatly accelerated recently through the implementation of CRISPR genome-editing technology by Vyas et al. [Sci Adv 1(3):e1500248, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500248]. In this study, we find that CRISPR elements can be expressed from genes that are present only transiently, and we develop a transient CRISPR system that further accelerates C. albicans genetic manipulation.
Candida albicans is a human commensal that lives on mucosal surfaces. It is thus poised to proliferate when conditions are permissive, which can lead to mucosal and invasive infections (1, 2). Molecular genetics of C. albicans can facilitate the discovery of antifungal agents and elucidation of pathogenesis mechanisms. However, the creation of homozygous deletion mutants in this diploid organism remains a slow step in gene function analysis.
Recently, Vyas and colleagues greatly accelerated C. albicans genetic analysis by adapting a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated gene 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system to rapidly create C. albicans homozygous mutants (3). CRISPR-Cas9 systems are adaptive immune systems in bacteria (4). The RNA-guided endonuclease activity of Cas9 has been harnessed for an array of genome-editing applications in organisms ranging from fungi to plants and animals (5, 6). The Vyas system consists of a Candida codon-optimized Cas9 nuclease gene (CaCAS9) and a single guide RNA (sgRNA) gene whose product directs Cas9 to cleave a specific site in the genome. The 20-base guide sequence from the sgRNA hybridizes to a genomic target, enabling CaCas9 to produce a double-strand break when the genomic target is followed by the protospacer-adjacent motif sequence, NGG. A CRISPR-induced double-strand break triggers homology-directed repair with mutagenic donor DNA so the genomic target can be precisely edited.
A potential rate-limiting step of the Vyas CRISPR system is the reliance upon genomic integration of the vector encoding CaCas9 and the sgRNA. In essence, the desired genome editing frequency may have been limited to the integration frequency of the CaCas9-sgRNA expression construct. We report here our finding that the CaCas9-sgRNA expression construct does not require genomic integration for functional activity. This observation led us to hypothesize that transient introduction of CaCAS9 and the sgRNA gene might simplify C. albicans genome editing. We report here the evidence in support of this hypothesis and describe our modifications of the Vyas constructs that enable a transient introduction approach.
Candida CRISPR system function without stable integration.We set out to use the CRISPR system for deletion and replacement of gene-sized DNA regions in C. albicans. The ADE2 gene was targeted because homozygous ade2 mutations result in a visible red phenotype, thus simplifying their identification. We used the CRISPR system vector pADE2-sgRNA, which has a functional CaCAS9 and an sgRNA gene directed against ADE2 (3). It also contains a NAT selection marker and 2-kb arms to enable homologous integration at the ENO1 locus. Using Arg− BWP17 cells, an ADE2 gene deletion construct containing an ARG4 cassette (the ade2Δ::ARG4 template) was transformed with or without linearized pADE2-sgRNA DNA. We selected for Arg+ transformants, which selects for the ade2Δ::ARG4 deletion rather than the CRISPR system vector, in order to assay the effects of the CRISPR system on integration. Transformation of the ade2Δ::ARG4 template together with linearized pADE2-sgRNA DNA produced red Arg+ colonies at a high frequency, whereas transformation of the ade2Δ::ARG4 template alone produced only white Arg+ colonies (Fig. 1). These results suggested that the Candida CRISPR system induced the homozygous deletion of the ADE2 open reading frame (ORF) (1.7 kb) and integration of the ARG4 cassette. We then tested for integration of the pADE2-sgRNA plasmid segment by testing colonies for the NAT marker. Among thirty red and thirty white Arg+ colonies tested, none were nourseothricin resistant (NatR phenotype), indicating that they did not express the NAT marker. This result suggested that the pADE2-sgRNA DNA had not integrated into the genome. However, the abundance of red Arg+ transformants from the cotransformation samples argued that functional expression of CaCAS9 and the sgRNA gene had occurred upon transformation.
Transient CRISPR system for C. albicans.In view of the results described above, we tested a C. albicans transient CRISPR system that targets the ADE2 gene. This system consisted of separate CaCAS9 and sgRNA expression cassettes (Fig. 2A). The CaCAS9 expression cassette was PCR amplified from the plasmid pV1093 (3). The sgRNA expression cassette was constructed through single-joint PCR (Fig. 3). We used the sgRNA ADE2.1 guide RNA sequence (as designed and used by Vyas et al. ), which directs CaCas9 activity to a site 41 bp downstream from the ADE2 start codon. An ade2Δ::NAT construct served as a template to create a deletion of the ADE2 target gene (Fig. 2B). The ade2Δ::NAT construct had 80-bp arms homologous to sequences upstream or downstream from the ADE2 coding region, and the site targeted by the sgRNA ADE2.1 guide RNA was immediately adjacent to one ade2Δ::NAT deletion endpoint and 1.7 kbp from the other. The ade2Δ::NAT construct was cotransformed into strain SC5314 with PCR products for CaCAS9 and the sgRNA ADE2.1 gene, and NatR transformants were selected. Transformants were recovered at a frequency of 4.7 × 10−5 (Table 1). This version of the CRISPR system produced red transformants at high frequency (Fig. 4; Table 1), and PCR genotyping of 10 such colonies verified that they carried only ade2Δ::NAT alleles (Fig. 5A and B). The production of red colonies among the transformants required both CaCAS9 and sgRNA (Table 1). In the absence of either CRISPR component, the frequency of NatR transformants was reduced more than 10-fold and only white transformants were recovered (Table 1). We used PCR to determine whether CaCAS9 or the sgRNA expression cassette was detectable in genomic DNA of the transformants. Among 10 transformants, we detected no signal from CaCAS9 with internal primers and no signal from the sgRNA expression cassette (Fig. 5B). These results indicated that intact CRISPR component cassettes had not integrated into the genome. The effect of CaCAS9 and the sgRNA expression cassette on the transformation outcome argued that the CRISPR system had functioned at a critical time during transformation. Overall, our results indicate that a transient presence of intact CRISPR component genes is sufficient to promote recombination events that result in gene deletion.
We sought to determine whether the guide RNA target site could be distant from both deletion endpoints. To that end, we tested the sgRNA ADE2.2 genomic target site, which was located 912 bp downstream from the start codon, a site that is 0.9 kbp from each ade2Δ::NAT deletion endpoint. We observed that ade2Δ::NAT deletion events were stimulated to a comparable extent by sgRNA ADE2.2 and ADE2.1 guide RNA genes (Table 1; Fig. 4). PCR genotyping of red transformants made with the ADE2.2 sgRNA gene verified that 9 of 10 carried only ade2Δ::NAT alleles and failed to detect the presence of CaCAS9 or the sgRNA expression cassette (Fig. 5A and B). These results indicate that recombination sites can lie far from the site of CRISPR-directed double-strand break formation in C. albicans, as has been found previously in yeast and mouse (7, 8).
In order to determine whether the transient CRISPR system would allow homozygous deletion recovery for loci besides ADE2, we used the system to delete the FRP1 gene in the SN152 strain background (9), using frp1Δ::CdARG4 (with ARG4 from Candida dubliniensis) as the template sequence. We used a yhb5Δ/Δ strain (10) as a transformation recipient because we hypothesized that Yhb5 and Frp1 may have related functions. Targeting was accomplished with an sgRNA sequence developed by Vyas et al. (3) that targets the 5′ end of the FRP1 coding region, directing cleavage adjacent to one template recombination site and 1.6 kbp from the other. Among 8 Arg+ transformants, three yielded only an frp1Δ::CdARG4 PCR product, as expected for homozygous deletion mutants (Fig. 5C and D). These results indicate that homozygous deletion mutants can be recovered with the transient CRISPR system at two loci, FRP1 and ADE2, and can be employed with the popular SN152 strain background.
Independent integration and allelic gene conversion.We considered two models for the CRISPR-enabled generation of homozygous mutants. One model is that homozygotes arise from independent recombination events that integrate two repair template molecules, one per allele (Fig. 6A). A second model is that homozygotes arise from a recombination event that integrates a repair template into one allele, followed by a gene conversion or crossover event that transfers the mutant allele sequence into the remaining wild-type allele (Fig. 6B). These models are not mutually exclusive; it is possible that both mechanisms occur. We used transformation of two differentially marked repair templates into strain BWP17 to test these models. We mixed ade2Δ::NAT and ade2Δ::ARG4 deletion cassettes in a 1:1 molar ratio and transformed BWP17 cells with the mixture, along with the CaCAS9 and sgRNA ADE2.1 PCR products. Arg+ transformants were selected, and red colonies were scored for the NAT marker. The first model predicts that two-thirds of Arg+ red colonies will express the NAT marker and be NatR; the second model predicts that none of the Arg+ red colonies will be NatR. In three independent experiments, we routinely recovered Arg+ NatR transformants (Table 2), thus indicating that independent integration (model 1) does occur. However, fewer than two-thirds of the Arg+ transformants were NatR, thus arguing that allelic recombination (model 2) occurs as well. The biased recovery of transformants might reflect differing recombination potentials of the ade2Δ::ARG4 and ade2Δ::NAT templates. However, that explanation was ruled out by a reciprocal selection in experiment 3: when NatR transformants were selected from a template cotransformation, we found that only a minority were Arg+ (Table 2). Hence, the transformants recovered were skewed in favor of the initially selected marker, regardless of whether it was ARG4 or NAT. The skewed ratio of selected to unselected markers is significantly different from the 1:2 ratio that is expected from model 1, according to a chi-square test (P value = 0.0001). These results indicate that homozygous mutations sometimes arise from two independent integration events, one at each allele (model 1), and sometimes arise from a single integration event at one allele, followed by gene conversion or crossing over to alter the second allele (model 2).
This study presents three conclusions that will be useful for future application and interpretation of CRISPR-promoted mutants of C. albicans. First, we have found that the CRISPR components—the CaCAS9 and sgRNA gene cassettes—can function when introduced transiently and without direct selection. This finding may streamline Candida CRISPR usage. The finding also implies that other genes might be introduced into C. albicans transiently for a variety of applications. Second, we have found that CRISPR-targeted cleavage can occur far from sites of recombination in C. albicans, as has been documented in other organisms. Hence, in C. albicans, internal cleavage in a coding region can be used to create a complete gene deletion. Third, we found that CRISPR-generated homozygous mutants can arise through gene conversion events between alleles, an outcome that emphasizes the need for mutant phenotype validation with this system. We discuss each point in turn, and then summarize with a brief overview of C. albicans transient CRISPR system usage.
The fact that CRISPR components can be functionally expressed transiently has several useful implications. Because genomic integration is unnecessary for function, sgRNA gene cassettes can be synthesized through the single-joint PCR method (11), thus minimizing investigators’ time and expense. In addition, we envision that multiple sgRNA expression cassettes might be transformed together to enable rapid genomic targeting of several loci at once, as demonstrated for integrated constructs by Vyas et al. (3). We note that transient expression of CRISPR components may minimize off-target cleavage activity and associated toxicity (12, 13).
We suggest that transiently transforming DNA expression may have additional uses. For example, one could screen pooled C. albicans mutants for altered green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene expression by cell sorting after transformation of a nonintegrating GFP fusion gene. Also, one could assay for transient rescue of phenotypic defects in such properties as adherence, cell type switching, or mating with a suitable nonintegrating effector gene construct. Therefore, transient expression approaches may accelerate future functional analysis in C. albicans.
Our data indicate that CRISPR-targeted cleavage can occur far from sites of recombination, a result that is not surprising based on studies in yeast and mouse (7, 8). The finding is useful because it indicates that complete gene deletions are possible with the CRISPR system in C. albicans. Vyas et al. have defined unique sgRNA sequences computationally (3), with the goal of minimizing the potential for secondary-site cleavage, but not all of these ideal sgRNA sequences may lie in essential parts of coding regions. A complete gene deletion obviates the concern that a site mutation may cause only partial gene inactivation.
The fact that CRISPR-promoted homozygous mutations can occur through both independent integration events and single integration followed by allelic gene conversion has several implications for gene function analysis. Most importantly, the occurrence of allelic gene conversion may affect neighboring genes, and it will be prudent to validate homozygous mutant phenotypes. Such validation may be accomplished by complementation by the introduction of a wild-type copy of the gene of interest, as is currently the standard in the field. Complete complementation may not always be feasible, as in the case of multigene mutants. In such cases, the connection between genotype and phenotype is strengthened if several independent mutant isolates give consistent results. Fortunately, the CRISPR system facilitates the isolation of numerous homozygotes, so the construction of independent mutant isolates will be accelerated.
The transient CRISPR system for C. albicans (Fig. 2) may be used in the future as follows. The CaCAS9 expression cassette may be PCR amplified from plasmid pV1093 (3). sgRNA expression cassettes may be designed for almost any gene with the sequences presented by Vyas et al. (3) and may be constructed through single-joint PCR (Fig. 3). Finally, mutant gene templates may be created through PCR amplification of a NAT gene, such as from plasmid pNAT, using flanking primers to direct insertion or deletion-insertion alleles (Fig. 2B). The use of auxotrophic C. albicans strains, such as BWP17 or SN152, will allow the use of nutritional markers, as well. Finally, transformation may be conducted with the unmarked CaCAS9 and sgRNA gene PCR products and the deletion-insertion template PCR product, followed by selection for the relevant marker. We believe this transient CRISPR system will streamline gene function analysis in C. albicans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Strains and culture conditions.C. albicans strains SC5314 (14), BWP17 (ura3Δ::λimm434/ura3Δ::λimm434 his1Δ::hisG/his1Δ::hisG arg4Δ::hisG/arg4Δ::hisG) (15), and a yhb5 mutant derivative of strain SN152 referred to as Noble_ORF_NegativeMutantCollection_Mutant no. 643 (his1Δ/his1Δ leu2Δ/leu2Δ arg4Δ/arg4Δ URA3/ura3Δ::imm434 IRO1/iro1Δ::imm434 yhb5Δ::CdHIS1/yhb5Δ::CmLEU2 [contains HIS1 from C. dubliniensis and LEU2 from Candida maltosa]) (10) were used as transformation recipients. Fungal strains were grown at 30°C in YPD+uri (2% Bacto peptone, 2% dextrose, 1% yeast extract, and 80 µg/ml uridine) with shaking. C. albicans transformants were selected on YPD+NAT (2% Bacto peptone, 2% dextrose, 1% yeast extract, 80 µg/ml uridine, and 400 µg/ml nourseothricin [NAT; Werner BioAgents]) for nourseothricin-resistant (NatR) isolates or on synthetic medium (2% dextrose, 1.7% Difco yeast nitrogen base with ammonium sulfate and auxotrophic supplements). All strains were stored as glycerol stocks at −80°C.
Plasmids/DNA.To construct the pNAT plasmid, plasmid pCJN542 (16) was cut with SacI and SpeI to remove the TDH3 promoter. The SacI-SpeI fragment containing the nourseothricin resistance cassette (NAT) was blunted and self-ligated (17) to yield plasmid pNAT. The plasmid pV1093 used in this study was a kind gift from Valmik Vyas (3). We cloned the 20-bp guide sequence for ADE2 into the pV1093 vector, yielding pADE2-sgRNA. The CaCAS9 gene was the CAS9 gene that had been codon optimized for expression in C. albicans (3). The CaCAS9 expression cassette containing the ENO1 promoter, CaCAS9 open reading frame (ORF), and CYC1 terminator was PCR amplified from plasmid pV1093 (Fig. 2A). The sgRNA expression cassette containing the SNR52 promoter, guide sequence, and sgRNA scaffold sequence was assembled by the single-joint PCR method (11). In the first step, the SNR52 promoter and sgRNA scaffold components were PCR amplified using both flanking primers and internal chimeric primers (Fig. 3). The chimeric primers overlapped by a 20-base segment that specified the guide sequence. In the second step, both components were joined by primer extension, relying upon annealing of the complementary chimeric primer extensions. In the third step, the joined product was PCR amplified with nested primers to yield the sgRNA cassette (Fig. 3). Gene deletion PCR constructs were synthesized using plasmid pNAT or pRS-ARG4 (15) or the CdARG4 plasmid pSN105 (10), modified slightly, as the template. The primers were designed to include 80 bases with homology to the sequences upstream or downstream from the target gene (Fig. 2B). The oligonucleotides used in this study are listed in Table S1 in the supplemental material. PCR was conducted with Ex Taq in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (TaKaRa Bio, Inc.).
Copyright © 2016 Min et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Fungal transformation.PCR products for transformation were purified and concentrated with the GeneJET PCR purification kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). In the original C. albicans CRISPR system, the deletion constructs (8 µg) were cotransformed with the CRISPR expression plasmid (5 µg), which had been linearized by digestion with KpnI and SacI (3). In the transient CRISPR system, the deletion constructs (3 µg) were cotransformed with the CaCAS9 cassette (1 µg) and sgRNA cassette (1 µg), using the lithium acetate transformation method (18). The transformation frequency was calculated as the ratio of the number of cells that form colonies on selective medium divided by the number on nonselective YPD medium.
We thank Valmik Vyas for materials, discussions, encouragement, and comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to Tatyana Aleynikova for outstanding technical support and to Scott G. Filler and Ashraf Ibrahim for comments on the manuscript. We are especially grateful to Manning Huang for working out the genotype ratios for the independent integration model in Fig. 6.
This work was supported by NIH research grant R01 AI067703 and Department Head funds from the Mellon College of Science.
Citation Min K, Ichikawa Y, Woolford CA, Mitchell AP. 2016. Candida albicans gene deletion with a transient CRISPR-Cas9 system. mSphere 1(3):e00130-16. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00130-16.
- Received May 12, 2016.
- Accepted May 24, 2016.
- Copyright © 2016 Min et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. | <urn:uuid:2f4cdc96-d282-4f8b-a061-1f0ff39ffe79> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://msphere.asm.org/content/1/3/e00130-16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90149 | 5,245 | 2.28125 | 2 |
A recent pilot study in Brooklyn, New York, with minority students found that exposure to Manga comics (Japanese comic art) promoting fruit intake significantly improved healthy snack selection. As snacking accounts for up to 27% of children's daily caloric intake, and childhood obesity has been linked to inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables, the results of this study could have wide-reaching implications.
"Manga comics could be used to promote healthier behaviors and beliefs related to fruit consumption in at-risk youth. The graphics and minimal text make it a promising format to engage younger populations," said lead author May May Leung, PhD, RD, City University of New York School of Public Health and Hunter College.
The study was set in two after-school programs affiliated with Brooklyn Community Services, a New York City-based nonprofit community organization, in the summer and fall of 2011. It comprised 57 youth, approximately 11 years of age, nearly 90% of whom were either Black/African American or Hispanic and 54% were female. The school districts in the study had greater percentages of students eligible for free lunch (79 and 96%, respectively) compared to the citywide average of 66%.
The researchers used an innovative intervention promoting positive dietary behaviors to capture the attention of youth living in a multimedia environment; specifically, Manga comics, which are Japanese comic art. Manga is a unique form of multimodal narrative media combining visual images and text. According to the Transportation-Imagery Model, persuasion of a story's messages occurs because an individual is ''transported'' or immersed into the narrative world, and images in a story are impactful in influencing behavior, which is why Manga was selected for this study.
After reading either a Manga comic, titled "Fight for Your Right to Fruit," or a non-health-related newsletter, children were given the choice between a healthy snack (oranges, grapes, apples, strawberries) or an energy-dense snack (cookies, potato chips, nacho chips, and cheese-filled crackers). Sixty-one percent of children in the comic group chose a healthy snack after reading, opposed to just 35% of the control group.
Approximately 30% to 45% of US children between the ages of 6 and 18 years do not meet recommended fruit consumption levels. Therefore, the results of this study could be useful in promoting healthy decision-making among youth as it relates to food consumption. However, because this was a pilot study, studies with a larger sample size are necessary, as are studies examining the effects of more traditional media. | <urn:uuid:42e8011e-e973-47eb-a5dc-2cc92ba0b069> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/272486.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00207-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956802 | 519 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Distance from Lagrange, GA to Fitzgerald, GA is 180Miles or 290 Km. You can get this distance about 3 hours 10 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 139 Miles or 223 Km, You can get this distance about 47 mins .
A car with an average MPG will needs 8.33 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Lagrange, GA and Fitzgerald, GA is $18.91.
During the route, an average car will release 163.2 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon.
* Coordinates of Lagrange, GA is 33.0362367, -85.032197 and coordinates of Fitzgerald, GA is 31.7149508, -83.2526558 | <urn:uuid:49f71cb8-aa19-40c0-970e-18d9c4a848c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.distancebetweencities.net/lagrange_ga_and_fitzgerald_ga/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00275-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88465 | 206 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Two million Muslims are headed to Muzdalifa, Saudi Arabia, to cast stones at the devil in the most dangerous part of the annual hajj pilgrimage, Reuters reported.
Once the Muslim pilgrims get there, they will collect pebbles to throw at walls of the Jamarat Bridge to symbolize the rejection of the devil's temptations.
Aisha Mennan, 63, came from Morocco with her family to take part in the hajj pilgrimage.
"Now I can die in peace," she told Reuters. "My two sons and three daughters have been saving for years to send me here and when the money was ready I had to wait another three years before I got picked by a ballot. I'm very lucky to be here."
According to Reuters, the bridge has been the scene of a number of deadly stampedes, including the incident in 2006 when 362 were crushed to death.
The hajj marks sites that Islamic tradition says Prophet Ibrahim visited in Mecca and that Prophet Mohammad established as a pilgrim route 14 centuries ago after removing pagan idols from Mecca.
Authorities have reported none of the problems that have plagued the hajj in previous years such as fires, hotel collapses and police clashes, according to Reuters. | <urn:uuid:b567bbf4-254d-4283-843a-5fd55261fc37> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.foxnews.com/world/2009/11/26/million-muslims-stone-devil-hajj.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967202 | 250 | 1.648438 | 2 |
1 Answer | Add Yours
Elevator pitches are short summaries of why a person should invest in or buy from your firm. The term can also refer to a brief summary of why a person should give you a job. Since you tagged this question with “entrepreneurs” I will focus on the former aspect of elevator pitches.
Entrepreneurs typically need investment capital and they always need to be able to sell their product. For these reasons, it is often necessary for them to go out and solicit capital or customers. When entrepreneurs do this, they are typically dealing with people who do not have a lot of time and who may not be very interested in what the entrepreneur’s business. This is where the elevator pitch comes in.
The term comes from the idea that this pitch should be short enough to be delivered while riding up a few floors in an elevator. The point is that the pitch must be short and impressive. It needs to catch the attention of the person to whom it is being delivered. It may not make the sale, but it will ideally at least give the entrepreneur a chance for a longer meeting.
An elevator pitch, then, is a brief sales pitch for why a person should buy from you or should invest in your firm.
We’ve answered 319,186 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:12130c88-19bb-4ca0-b123-4bf8030f732b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-elevator-pitches-422378 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00079-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973334 | 280 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Simplement je ne sais qi elles sont correctes
Good Morning Ladies and gentlemen.
For those of you that don’t know me, my name is ****.
I am a pupil of first year at the *** which is a business school in ***.
Thank you for inviting me today.
I am here to speak about the UNITED STATES.
Indeed, I value the USA.
To begin, I will speak about THE DREAM, MY DREAM which is to live in the UNITED STATES.
After that, I will speak about the daily life in States; Settle down in the USA.
I will keep time for questions at the end of the presentation.
I/First, I will speak about the dream, my dream, which is to live in the USA.
I will divided into 2 groups this part.
Indeed, I will explain whyto live and to work in the usa?
I would like to live in the USA , Simply because it is in a sense another world.
A place where everything seems to me possible; practicable.
A country which seems to represent freedom.
Furthermore, this country testifies of the melting-pot, with a large number of different cultures .
In this country, we can have the impression to visit several countries at the same time.
Indeed, there are many Chinese, Latinos, Jews districts; contrary to France.
But there is also a very big climatic variety, indeed, this country being a very vast country, every place of this country presents well defined characteristics.
In Florida, there are many cyclones.; the weather being for the most part of very warm weather. Contrary to Chicago or Seattle where the climate can be rough.
As regards the sport, the sport the most practiced in the USA is the Baseball.
The mentalities are also very different from our.
Furthermore, I think that it is necessary to stop caricaturing the USA with the MCDO; but it is necessary to understand the history of this country.
Moreover, I would like live in FLORIDA and in CALIFORNIA.
Indeed, the UNITED STATES are being a very vast country with 50 very different states; so it is necessary to study them individually.
Furthermore, NY so known under the name of " BIG Apple " is a city which does me dream. I love this city because it is an alive city; big which never sleeps; and also where is the statue of the Liberty.
That was the part which deals with the dream, my dream; to live in the USA.
After this, we can approach the daily life in States; Settle down in the USA.
II/Secondly, I will speak about the daily life in the USA.
Every State has its laws and appropriate rules.
1° So, here is Some advice on your installation:
In the United States, we do not speak in kilometers, but in miles.
They measure in " Inches" and not in centimeters.
2° Social-security card.
As soon as you arrive in America with your working visa, it is important to get to you your Social Security Number whom you are worker or whom you are student.
This card is necessary to have the [SPAM], the opening of an account...
If you accompany your wife, you cannot work in America, you can obtain a card with the mention "not valid for employment".
If you want live more than three months in the United States, it is advised to obtain an American licence.
The French driving licences are valid only three months on the American territory, the international driving licences are valid during one year.
His cost is of about twenty dollars.
4°Opening of a bank account
To open a bank account in the United States, it is necessary to have your visa and your number of welfare.
5° Health system
The price of medicines and hospitalization are very expensive in the United States, there is no universal system of health for all, the patient takes in responsibility 100 % of the medical expenses. Before that you leave the France for the United States as tourist or trainee, it is imperative to take an assurance to cover you. If you work for an American employer, it is possible that you can benefit from an assurance by him.
Generally the accommodation in the United States is more expensive in the big cities than in the other towns. For a small studio in a security district of New York or San Francisco, it is necessary to count least 1000 US $.
7° Types of Visas for the French people
As French people, you have the right to stay in the United States without visa for a maximum journey of tourism or business of 90 days, with a round-trip ticket and your valid passport.
If you want to stay longer, it is necessary to do a demand of visa, for example the visa tourist B2 or a business visa B1.
These last visas are valid for a period of six months but do not authorize to work for an american employer
The visa is necessary to enter in the United States, according to the legislation of the country.
In the case or your employer is a French or international company, you do not have to worry about formalities, generally, administrative departments take care of the formalities bound to the inscription of the exiled entire staff, except when you are the only representative of your spot company.
To obtain your resident's permit, you have to supply to your employer for the constitution of the file certain number of administrative details which it is necessary to foresee before leaving:
- The copy of your passport
- A medical certificate
- A contract of employment
- An extract of police record
- A birth certificate.
Besides the employer has to prove the qualification of the employee for the proposed employment.
Without working visa:
It is strictly forbidden to work in the United States
8° The green card
gives automatically the permanent resident status in the United States.
With this one you can work for any American employer, without limitation, and so live on the American territory during the duration of the validity of the card, that is a period of 10 years.
9° The minimum wage in the United States
The minimum wage in the United States is determined by every State. In Florida, it is around 5 US $ an hour and more than 7 US $ in the state of Michigan.
We’ve seen the daily life in the united states.
Next, I will conclude.
To conclude, I invite you to come to visit this country about which a large number of persons speak; but which nobody really knows notably because of his size
Thank you very much for your attention. Do you have any questions?
I hope you were interested.Excusez moi, pourriez-vous me dire si cela convient? pleaseee | <urn:uuid:6041c6c1-ef13-4a86-9ce9-e3519bb7abb3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.etudes-litteraires.com/forum/topic14511-dialogue-en-anglais.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00305-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947784 | 1,419 | 1.929688 | 2 |
For individual students and teachers just getting started.
Semester-long classes and tools for single classrooms
Customized plan for schools, districts, large non-profits and networks.
Includes everything in Free and
90 hours of curriculum
1:1 online support
Presentations, Lesson Plans, and more Teacher Resources
Projects for science, math, design and art classes
Online Professional Development Course
Up to 30 students | <urn:uuid:43ffc236-51ea-4e8a-8aa7-b3f921787ece> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.vidcode.io/plans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00267-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855557 | 87 | 1.75 | 2 |
On Friday, January 8, 2016 at 12:50:48 PM UTC-5, Stormin Mormon wrote:
How water will evaporate at a faster rate. But the water isn't
going to stay hot for very long. Not only will it cool just like
a bucket of hot water, but because water is constantly being
evaporated, it will cool fast, like a swamp cooler works. And
unless the humidifier is undersized and can't supply enough
moisture using cold water, what would the point be anyway?
Storming is just remembering the good old days..
That's just one, there are a few more..
HomeOwnersHub.com is a website for homeowners and building and maintenance pros. It is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here.
All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners. | <urn:uuid:6283bd08-59e1-472e-98cc-d7811903255d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.homeownershub.com/maintenance/humidifier-floor-model-hot-or-cold-864564-.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00054-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936769 | 183 | 1.757813 | 2 |
If there was one thing the pandemic taught people, it is to be more conscious of our spending and the importance of saving every dollar possible. If you are not planning on upgrading your car to a hybrid or electric vehicle any time soon, you may be looking for the best ways to make that tank of gas go further.
While improving your fuel economy not only saves your hard-earned money, it also benefits the environment by releasing fewer emissions into the air. If you are one of those drivers who want to know how to get better gas mileage, then continue reading.
How to Improve Gas Mileage:
Now that you have inspected your vehicle for any causes of poor fuel efficiency, you can turn to changing your own driving habits and driving more efficiently if you want to reduce your fuel costs and get better gas mileage. Here is what you can do:
Take it Easy on the Gas Pedal:
Depending on the type of vehicle you drive, poor driving habits can negatively affect your car's fuel economy between 15% and 30%—speeding, slamming on brakes, and rapid acceleration all waste gas. Remember, the more aggressively you stop your car, the more gas you use. The best remedy is to take it easy on the pedal, accelerate slowly and don't brake at the last minute; slow down gently as you approach stoplights, stop streets, etc.
If possible, avoid rush hour because this is also hard on the stopping and accelerating of your car and is a sure way of guzzling gas. Instead, take advantage of flexible work hours if you can and avoid traveling during peak traffic times.
Finally, if you can, watch the traffic ahead of you and try time stoplights so you can maintain your momentum and avoid the frequent stops and goes.
Watch the Speed Limit:
Fuel efficiency typically decreases above the 50 miles per hour mark. According to fueleconomy.gov, for every five miles per hour that exceed 50 mph, drivers pay an equivalent of about 22 cents more for each gallon of gas. Driving above the speed limit can result in 7% to 14% reduced fuel economy. With that said, if you slow down a bit, you can save 22 to 43 cents per gallon.
Use Cruise Control:
According to Edmunds.com, using cruise control under appropriate conditions can improve fuel economy by up to 14%. Use your vehicle's cruise control when possible on the highway. Maintaining a constant speed, especially highway speeds, maximizes your gas mileage, and the best way to do this is to use your cruise control.
Look Past the Premium Gasoline:
Unless your car absolutely requires it, do not fill up with premium gas. The only difference between premium and regular gas is premium gas carries a higher gas price.
Use the Right Motor Oil:
You can improve your MPG by up to 2 percent if you use the correct grade of motor oil for your vehicle. If you are unsure, consult your owner's manual for which grade you should use in your car.
Avoid Excessive Idling:
Your car's engine consumes between a quarter and one-half gallon of fuel per hour when it idles; however, a warm engine only takes ten seconds worth of fuel to get started again. If it is safe to do so, rather shut off the engine instead of idling if you know you will remain stationary for longer than one minute. Turning your car off instead of idling can save you roughly 3 cents per minute.
Reduce the Weight:
Even an additional 100 pounds in your car of excess weight can reduce your gas mileage by up to 2%. Typically, smaller vehicles are more affected by added weight than larger vehicles like SUVs. Be mindful of how much excess weight you pack in your car and even on top of the roof rack, which adds to wind resistance and aerodynamic drag.
Towing heavy items or vehicles also adds extra weight and will drastically reduce your fuel economy.
What Causes Bad Gas Mileage?
Knowing what causes bad gas mileage in your vehicles is an excellent step in the right direction to improving your car's fuel efficiency. Below are some of the leading causes of poor gas mileage in both new and used cars. Address these issues, and you will soon enjoy a better fuel economy.
Incorrect Tire Pressure:
Incorrect tire pressure is one of the easiest things to correct and one of the most common causes of bad gas mileage. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, 1.25 billion gallons of gasoline are wasted each year on underinflated tires. Due to daily wear and tear, tires lose roughly 2 pounds per square inch (psi) per month. A tire that is underinflated by 10 psi results in a decreased fuel economy of 3.3% (that is per tire).
Regularly checking your tires with a tire pressure gauge is the best way to catch this problem. You should also make it a habit of inspecting your tires with every oil change service. Always use your vehicle's recommended air pressure levels, which can be found on the sticker inside the driver's side door jamb or in your owner's manual. Do not follow the "maximum pressure" numbers found on the tires themselves.
Your tires can affect your car's gas mileage in several ways. We mentioned the air pressure above as one cause of bad gas mileage, but misaligned tires have the same effect too. Misaligned tires drag instead of rolling freely. This rolling resistance reduces fuel efficiency by as much as 10%, which is about 31 cents per gallon of gas.
Misalignment also causes your tires to wear out faster and encourages uneven tire tread, another cause of poor fuel efficiency. To avoid these problems, always ensure your tires are balanced and rotated according to your car's owner's manual.
Bad Oxygen Sensors and Air Filters:
Having bad oxygen sensors and air filters typically reduces your gas mileage by up to 20%. Your vehicle's oxygen sensors help maintain the correct mixture of air and fuel; an imbalance in this mixture can result in poor fuel consumption. Replace your car's oxygen sensor every 10,000 miles for better gas mileage and more accurate data.
If you have dirty air filters, clean them to avoid any clogged dirt. If these air filters are not regularly cleaned, the engine cannot perform at its best. Changing a dirty air filter helps increase MPG, especially on older vehicles passing the ten-year mark.
Misfiring Spark Plugs:
The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence indicates that bad spark plugs can decrease your car's fuel economy by up to 30%. That decrease can cost drivers up to about 94 cents per gallon at current gas prices.
Ensure you check your spark plugs at regular intervals or with your scheduled services. If your spark plugs misfire or malfunction, then you may need to fill up more often at the gas station than you would like to. This is because your spark plugs fulfill the role of sparking combustion in your engine.
Bad Fuel Injectors:
Fuel injectors are responsible for driving fuel into your engine. Bad fuel injectors which may be leaking can cause reduced fuel efficiency because less fuel will enter the engine. The engine as a whole won't function correctly, and you may eventually incur severe damage in addition to lost gallons of fuel.
Your Next Car
Finally, when you are in the market for your next car, look for one with gas mileage of 40+ MPG. Even better, explore the options of a hybrid or electric vehicle. | <urn:uuid:7c47a517-8fea-4e59-a82d-fa79247dffda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.autolist.com/guides/how-to-get-better-mileage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.938466 | 1,537 | 2.171875 | 2 |
The good times are gone. As public markets wrestle with a perfect storm of macroeconomic risks and difficult national and regional events, the bull run of the past decade shows signs of coming to an end. The emergence of distressing signals for equities and economies poses a simple question: what lies ahead for credit markets?
The rise of debt and non-financial corporates
Understanding the current credit ecosystem requires a look at the recent past, which tells a story of significant and rapid debt expansion. From 1997 to 2020, global indebtedness quadrupled from $70tn to $282tn, with global debt now equivalent to 3.5x global GDP.
Global indebtedness, USD$ trillions & % of GDP
The most noteworthy trend is the growth in non-financial corporate lending. Throughout the 20th century, bank lending was consistently 50-100% larger than non-bank lending. However, the balance between the two flipped at the turn of the century with the rise of leveraged buyouts (LBOs) by private equity funds - the surge in LBOs continued despite the dotcom bubble in the early 2000s. The increase in regulation after the financial crisis in the late 2000s further fueled the rise of non-bank lending. Today, non-bank lending is twice the size of bank lending.
An impending debt bubble?
Recent trends within credit markets suggest the top of the market is likely behind us, with a period of slower growth and risk correction on the horizon.
The rise of private equity (PE) ownership through LBOs means that movements in credit markets bear an unprecedentedly strong correlation with public equities. PE firms often take publicly listed companies private or purchase competitors of publicly listed companies. In this way, the portfolios of private equity firms have begun mirroring the behaviour of publicly traded corporates. Since PE ownership comprises such a substantial portion of credit markets, the underlying assets in credit markets behave extremely similarly to public stocks; the correlation between credit market movements and public equities has gone from a weak correlation of 0.2 to a strong correlation of 0.8.
Recent declines in major indices like the Dow, Nasdaq, and S&P 500 have brought public equities to multi-decade lows as they enter official bear market territory. The signals and outlook for credit markets are also quite sobering.
High yield (HY) bonds represent the riskiest class of bonds. Analysing their growth gives insight into overall market risk borne by lenders. During the pandemic, high yield bond issuances exceeded any period in history, growing 31% each year to $460bn by 2021. During this period, rates and spreads rose rapidly; from December ‘21 to May ‘22, both HY and treasuries rates increased by several percentage points, while the HY bond spread has increased from 3.4% to 4.0%.
There are three concerning signals underlying this trend. First, the overall magnitude of risky debt in circulation has increased at a much higher rate than GDP growth. Second, yields have increased, signaling that, on average, each individual bond is considered riskier. Third, bond spreads increased, which indicates that price of high-risk debt has grown faster than Treasuries, traditionally the safest asset class.
In 2022, these trends began to reverse; in Q1, US high yield bonds posted -10% losses and forced lenders to reevaluate their debt portfolios. As a direct result, lenders are becoming cautious of increasing their risk exposure and new HY bond issuances have dried up. The decline of new debt issuances not only slows economic growth, but also provides a clue that underwriters are fearful of a worsening scenario.
Default rates, however, tell a nuanced story. The pandemic caused HY default rates to spike to 6.7% in 2020, more than double the rate in 2019, while large-cap and mega-cap bankruptcies reached record highs. In 2021, however, we saw a sharp decline in the default rate to 0.5%, in large part due to government support. Consensus estimates for defaults in 2022 are currently below 2%, suggesting an increase in risk that is cause for concern but not panic.
The zombies are here
An alarming threat to market health is the rising trend of “zombie” firms. Zombies are companies that cannot cover 3 years of interest expenses and have a high probability of default; they persist like dead men walking. The rise of zombies pre-dates the pandemic; since 1990, zombies have more than tripled in prevalence, growing from 2% to 7.5% of listed companies in the world’s 20 largest economies.
% of “zombie” global firms
What can we learn from zombies? First, their prevalence correlates with economic prosperity. Credit markets are willing to tolerate greater risks in search of higher returns during cash-rich growth cycles, when easier money and optimistic forecasts can hide the sins of struggling companies. Many zombies then “die out” through bankruptcies following market corrections, turnarounds, or acquisitions. For example, the software boom in the decade-long run-up to the 2001 dotcom bubble witnessed a 700% increase in the prevalence of zombies. When the bubble burst, roughly half of zombies “died”.
While there is no definitive zombie benchmark that denotes a stress signal, there are now more zombies than ever before.
A mildly distressed outlook
The mounting set of data points indicate that the credit cycle is moving from a benign phase into a mildly distressed phase. Equities markets have been roiled in Q2, and the strong correlation between equities and credit markets indicates a challenging period ahead for debt. While default rates have not spiked and consensus forecasts are not anticipating a significant wave of defaults, lenders are reacting to high-risk exposure and weak economic forecasts by curbing new debt issuances. Worryingly, there are now more zombies than ever before, suggesting that the market is artificially keeping ailing businesses alive and is due for a correction soon.
An overview of non-bank lending in Europe
Non-bank lending, also known as direct lending, has long been a main feature of developed Western economies. The European market has grown particularly quickly in the past several years, closing the gap to its American counterpart. However, the impending global downturn threatens its trajectory of continued expansion, and this rarely-tested segment of the market poses a uniquely murky challenge for credit observers.
A growing, fragmented market
Since 2015, the Europe private debt market has grown at a healthy rate of 12% per year, with total lending nearly doubling since 2015. This growth has been driven by its perception as a safe, attractive asset class based on the experience of early lenders and comparisons with American markets. Direct lending has consistently yielded 6-8% returns – a premium compared to traditional bank debt, and a competitive rate compared to equity markets. Meanwhile, investors feel greater confidence in the risk exposure of these direct lending vehicles since loans are entirely bespoke to the debtor and often involve more performance-related covenants than leveraged loans. Creditors have turned to direct lending as a reliable and appealing asset class.
The market is geographically concentrated, as the UK, France, and Germany account for 72% of deal volume. In most other ways, however, the market is characterised by fragmentation. Regulation of non-bank creditors varies significantly from country to country, even within the EU. Market share is highly fragmented amongst dozens of non-bank lenders, despite the market presence of multinational juggernauts like Ares and BlackRock. Non-bank lenders also tend to specialise by niche segments and lending products, adding an additional layer of fragmentation to the market.
Evolving conversations around climate change have thrust ESG regulation into the spotlight, though fragmentation is again a defining feature of this aspect of the market. For example, many funds have sought to increase ESG incentives, hired dedicated ESG directors and included ESG-related performance ratchets in their terms. However, ESG metrics are notoriously difficult to standardise and tracking is beset by a lack of uniformity, so funds struggle to monitor ESG success both within their portfolios companies and across competitors.
An uncertain outlook
Because of regulatory variation within European countries, the outlook for the non-bank lending system is unclear as we enter a period of sustained economic pressure. Bankruptcy and default protocols vary significantly both by loan and by country, making forecasting an especially challenging exercise for scenario planners and stress testing that relies on traditional tools.
Beyond market machinations, non-bank creditors are faced with an existential question: will lenders even want to take the keys to failing businesses in the event of default? Direct lenders have more skin in the game than traditional financial institutions, which makes them more likely to support their portfolio companies in the event of a downturn. The question, however, is what exactly that support will look like.
PE firms are skilled in short-term strategic management of their distressed asset, but operational overhauls pose a challenge of an entirely new magnitude. A multitude of non-bank lenders will have little experience in the strategic recovery and management of assets. We are clearly approaching uncharted waters where history provides little guidance to what might happen in the event of widespread defaults and asset seizures.
As has been the case with bank lenders in previous downturns, this new environment will likely shed light on which non-bank lenders have operated beyond their capabilities and which entities have been swimming in full gear.
Simon is a writer and strategy consultant covering tech, startups, and culture in Latin America. Formerly a Bain management consultant and startup chief of staff, he now writes at Technopoly. He is based in Lindon and Mexico City. | <urn:uuid:1fb1aa55-b7ff-4ef5-80a6-e98effa861e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.wiserfunding.com/blog/the-credit-cycle-outlook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.956145 | 1,983 | 1.75 | 2 |
The giant event attracts workers and shareholders from around the world and is usually a celebration of the company's unique corporate culture. About 14,000 people are expected at the Bud Walton arena to hear the company's executives speak. They can also expect to surprised by guest appearances from celebrities such as Beyoncé and Justin Timberlake that show the retailer's pulling power. It's also a chance to see the Waltons, Walmart's founding family and some of the richest people on the planet.
But this year's meeting may be less adulatory.
The company is facing pressure at home after a series of strikes and protests over pay and conditions. Walmart's sourcing from factories with poor safety records is also under fire. Lobby group Making Change at Walmart raised over $9,000 on the crowdsourcing site Indiegogo to bring to the meeting Kalpona Akter, a former child textile laborer from Bangladesh. She is being accompanied by Sumi Abedin, a survivor of the deadly fire that killed at least 112 garment workers at the Tazreen Fashion factory on the outskirts of Dhaka last year.
Akter will call on Walmart to sign a legally binding agreement to improve working conditions in her country's textile factories that many of the company's rivals have signed following a building collapse in April that left over 1,127 dead.
Striking workers from union-supported group Our Walmart are also protesting against pay and conditions outside the event. They will be joined by workers from Walmart's warehouse supply chain, which has been hit by allegations of poor conditions, wage theft, retaliation against workers who complain and a series of strikes.
Here are three of the protesters hoping to make an impact on Walmart at this year's meeting.
Kalpona Akter, 36, sweatshop critic and ex-child garment worker
Bangladesh's textile workers work 11 to 14 hours a day, six, sometimes seven, days a week for $37 a month, says Akter. Conditions are dangerous. A total of 1,239 workers were killed in the recent building collapse outside Dhaka and a factory fire last year, and another 450 were reported ill this week, some hospitalized, after drinking unsafe water at another factory. "Whenever workers try to organise, they are threatened, beaten," said Akter.
Workers have little choice but to put up with the conditions, she said. "There is truly no alternative," said Akter. "This is the biggest industry we have."
She believes it is up to retailers to change conditions but Walmart and Gap are resisting signing a global accord that some of its rivals have signed which promises binding, verifiable safety standards for Bangladesh factories. "This is happening because of a pattern of denial by these giant retailers like Walmart," she said. "There really will not be any change until they take responsibility," she said.
Barbara Collins, 37, striking Walmart employee
Collins has worked for Walmart in Placerville, California for almost eight years, and is a full-time associate. "I was told when I first got hired that I had joined a family. A family that would give me the chance to provide, a family that would respect me and value my work. Unfortunately I soon discovered that was not the case," she said. "Despite my hard work I soon discovered that Walmart was a place that liked to say one thing and do another."
She said irregular hours left her unable to pay for healthcare for her family. One week she could work eight hours, the next 40. "Healthcare costs do not change, but my pay and hours do," she said. She said the instability left her unable to keep up with her premiums. "We need public assistance to survive. Living in low-income housing, relying on food stamps, not being able to afford healthcare, is not my definition of providing a good job," she said.
Two of her colleagues were fired recently – she believes for criticising pay and conditions. "Associates have the right to speak out without fear of retaliation and we will continue to do so until this company changes course," she said.
Dulce Garcia, 20, warehouse worker in southern California
Dulce Garcia works at a gigantic warehouse in the Inland Empire region of southern California. It is an area of America rapidly becoming known as a hub for the supply chains of Walmart and other major retailers.
It is dotted with huge warehouses – some of them exclusively servicing Walmart – that take goods coming in from California ports and put them on to trucks that then head out to drive across America.
It is a tough industry, dominated by third-party logistics firms who often staff their warehouses via employment agencies. It is hard, physical work, using a mostly Hispanic workforce, and is notorious for its low pay, wage theft and loose regulations.
Garcia, 20, has worked in a warehouse since February 2012. Though she dreams of college, she struggles to get by on just $8 an hour, with no benefits. That means she has to take tough choices as she raises her two-year-old son, Christian. "Gas is so expensive. Sometimes I feel that I am only earning enough to pay for the gas that allows me to drive my car to my job," she said. "I do not earn enough. I cannot survive like this."
Garcia, whose warehouses packs goods for Walmart and other stores, has also been injured packing and unpacking goods. She was hit by two boxes – each containing three suitcases – and damaged her neck. "The pain was serious, but it was the end of the shift and no one offered to call an ambulance or to find out what had happened, so I drove myself to the hospital. I am supposed to go to therapy because there is still a lot of pain, but I can't afford it and it's not like the warehouse is going to pay for it," she said.
Now she sometimes sees examples of the luggages that hit her on Walmart shelves. "I see the luggage that I move in the warehouse. They are selling it for a lot more than I get paid and treating me really bad," she said.
guardian.co.uk © Guardian News and Media Limited 2010 | <urn:uuid:da2575c2-1b92-4c32-be05-8e8694fb7f1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2013/06/06/walmart-workers-speak-out-i-do-not-earn-enough-i-cannot-survive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00315-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984078 | 1,267 | 1.578125 | 2 |
SKIN CARE FOR MEN IN 5 EASY STEPS
As opposed to the common myth that skin and hair care is only for women, we strongly believe otherwise! Both men and women MUST take care of their skin! The routine that needs to be followed by men, however, is much less complicated than for women. We have already shared skin care regimes for women in our previous blogs. In this Blog, we will examine why men need to take care of their skin and how.
Why a Skin and Haircare regimen for men is a must!
Did you know that we all shed skin cells throughout the day! As we lose cells, we also lose vital natural nutrients from within our skin! As is the case with women, men also need to make sure that these lost nutrients are replenished through a proper diet and the right skin care products.
Also, according to recent research statistics, the average man is exposed to sunlight and pollution much more than the average woman. It is important to note that exposure to the environment doubles for you if you are an outdoor person. Due to this, the man’s skin is prone to, sunburn, pigmentation, discoloration, formation of wrinkles and much more!
The good news is that these problems do not come without a solution! Just a simple skincare routine can help men keep their hair healthy and complexion clear.
Five steps for Healthy Skin and Hair:
1. Fix your lifestyle!
- Catch up on your water intake: Remember! A well hydrated body gives you smooth, supple and issue less skin.
- Take proper sleep: Your skin heals when you sleep, we recommend at least eight hours of sleep.
- Eat right: Take lots of green vegetables and fruits. Cut out on fried and spicy food.
- Exercise regularly: Regular exercise leads to better blood circulation, which, in turn increases the blood flow towards your skin and scalp.
2. Apply a sun block!
When it comes to skin damage, sun is the biggest offender! Exposure to sun light increases chances of skin cancer, sun burn and rashes on the skin. It further discolors the skin and results in early formation of wrinkles and fine lines.
3. Cleanse before you sleep!
Environmental exposure is bound to attract dirt, toxins and chemicals to your skin. Clean your face with an oil or lotion and/or wash it with a good quality face wash.
4. Wash and condition your hair regularly!
Hair loss and dandruff, two of the biggest problems faced by men, is exactly why they need to wash their hair regularly with a good shampoo. If you face problems like hair fall, you should choose a shampoo that addresses this problem. We also suggest use of hair tonic or serum that addresses hair specific problems such as dandruff and hair loss. Exposure to the Sun, further burns hair, making it dry and brittle from the ends. You can also address this problem by using a good quality hair tonic.
A good moisturizer not only balances the hydration level on your skin, but it also evens out sun treated skin, fades pigmentation and soothes inflammation. Make sure you buy a moisturizer that is specific to your skin type and addresses all issues faced by your skin.
What else can you add to this basic skin care routine? Do tell us how this article helped you?? | <urn:uuid:0f434d5f-e6ea-45bc-9bc0-f21dc85a2699> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://trulykomal.com/blogs/blog/skin-care-for-men-in-5-easy-steps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.952178 | 704 | 1.664063 | 2 |
St Joseph Mission School
The St. Joseph Mission School Pre-K Program (SJMS) strives to provide the building blocks of cognitive, behavioral, and social skills, and ultimately the basis for long-term success. The uniqueness of our program lies in that we continue to nurture the spiritual and religious growth of our children.
As COVID-19 continues to impact our already fragile Pre-K system of care within the state and nationally, SJMS Pre-K Program has had to pivot as we implement a supportive Pre-K Program. We strive to reinforce a learning experience that not just places our students in front of a computer, during the times where virtual learning was necessary, but to cultivate an interactive in-person learning experience, during the times we are able.
Making and developing meaningful connections is so important to the school and the program, and this connection is something we have defined as our success this year. Some of those meaningful connections stemmed from our local Tribal traditional practices including traditional drumming, song and prayer. This success is a combined effort of the student, teacher, and families. It has been imperative that our curriculum is adaptable to the challenging times during the pandemic therefore, we’ve ensured that a very important and sustaining component has been family empowerment through faith, our deep-rooted rich culture, and traditions, supporting Keres/Spanish language in the home, offline activities for families and so much more. Both faith and hope are crucial elements of resilience and have linked our present circumstances to our vision for the future. | <urn:uuid:c59d8c82-0817-4d4c-a47f-80c50004ed8c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blackandindianmission.org/news/redefining-pre-k-success-during-covid-through-culture-faith-and-resiliency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.967006 | 313 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Farshid Moussavi and HAT Projects are among five shortlisted to redesign the entrance of London's Science Museum. The project, slated to complete in 2019, calls for a "new, generous and contemporary entrance" as part of an overall masterplan that seeks to transform a third of the museum over the next five years.
“The profile and breadth of the shortlisted practices reflect the level of interest generated for this appointment and the ambition of the Science Museum’s masterplan,” said a museum spokesperson.
"I cannot, in whole conscience, recommend architecture as a profession for girls. I know some women who have done well at it, but the obstacles are so great that it takes an exceptional girl to make a go of it. If she insisted on becoming an architect, I would try to dissuade her. If then, she was still determined, I would give her my blessing–she could be that exceptional one." – Pietro Belluschi, FAIA from the 1955 New York Life Insurance Company brochure, “Should You Be an Architect?”
This unconventional stack of shifting floor plates forms what will soon be a new, 36-unit apartment block in French city of Montpellier. City officials released the news this week, naming Farshid Moussavi Architecture as winner of the Jardins de la Lironde competition.
The 11-story tower’s unique shape will offer residents expansive balconies with coastal views and a ground level restaurant. Construction is expected to begin in 2014, marking the first phase of a master plan to construct 12 new buildings in the Port Marianne district.
More images and plans of the Jardins de la Lironde tower after the break...
The St. Petersburg Pier, a long-adored and long-outdated West Florida cultural attraction, has unveiled the semi-finalists in its international redesign competition. Of the twenty-three qualified inquiries received, nine were chosen to move forward in the contest. The competition attracted big names in the architecture world; BIG, West 8Urban Design, James Corner Field Operations, and HOK Architects were among the participants. | <urn:uuid:24aaaa61-e04d-495f-b856-03647a7b669f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.archdaily.com/tag/farshid-moussavi-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00476-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94056 | 441 | 1.710938 | 2 |
07 February 2013
Clinical presentation and laboratory findings for the first autochthonous cases of dengue fever in Madeira island, Portugal, October 2012
An outbreak of dengue fever in Madeira island was reported in 2012. Clinical and laboratory findings of the first two laboratory-confirmed autochthonous cases are reported. Both cases had fever (≥38 °C) and petechial rash. Symptoms also included myalgia, asthenia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diffuse abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. The two cases were confirmed by serology and one tested positive for a dengue viral sequence. Dengue virus serotype DEN-1 was identified with probable Central or South American origin.
Dengue virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) is the aetiological agent of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne infection endemic in the tropics and subtropics. The National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) performs reference laboratory diagnosis of dengue in Portugal. Human cases identified annually in this laboratory are imported from endemic areas. In terms of number of positive samples, these areas include by order of importance, mainly Brazil, but also Timor-Leste, India, Cape Verde, Mexico, Thailand, Angola, Pakistan and Vietnam. In the beginning of October 2012, for the first time, two autochthonous cases of dengue fever from Madeira archipelago, Portugal were diagnosed. These signaled the beginning of an outbreak and the latest published data includes 2,144 reported autochthonous cases of dengue fever in Madeira island . Clinical and laboratory findings of these first two cases are reported.
On 20 September, 2012 a 16 year-old woman developed febrile illness with temperature up to 38.5°C, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Five days later she presented at the local hospital, with prostration, and, in the second day after admission developed petechial rash at the upper and lower limbs that spread to the lower abdomen within 24 hours.
The patient, who lives in Caniço in the neighbourhood of the town of Funchal and studies in Funchal, mentioned traveling to Algarve, south of mainland Portugal, six weeks before and had not been vaccinated against flaviviruses such as yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis viruses.
The first laboratory findings in the hospital showed thrombocytopenia with minimal platelet count (65x109/L, norm: 150–400x109/L), leucopenia (2.4x109/L, norm: 4.5–13.5x109/L) and elevated transaminases (alanine/glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT/GPT): 117U/L, norm: 17–63 U/L; aspartate/glutamic-oxaloacetic (AST/GOT): 95 U/L, norm: 10–50 U/L). In the Funchal hospital the screening test for dengue was performed by immunochromatography (NADAL dengue fever IgG/IgM) followed by dengue IgM and IgG capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Panbio). The serum sample taken on day 6 after the onset of febrile illness was positive by immunochromatography, ELISA IgM positive (5.91) and IgG negative (0.07) (cut-off >1.1).
In the National Institute of Health, sera samples were tested by immunofluorescent assay in-house (IgG and IgM) and Euroimmun commercial test (IgM). The serum sample (day 11 post onset) was positive for dengue virus specific IgM with a titre of 256 (cut-off =16) and IgG with a titre of 1,024 (cut-off =32). The serum sample was also tested for immunoglobulins specific to other flaviviruses, such as yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses by immunofluorescent assays and all assay results were negative. The patient recovered without complications and was discharged from the hospital on the eighth day of hospitalisation.
On 27 September 2012, a 44 year-old man developed febrile illness with temperature up to 38.0°C, myalgia and asthenia. Two days later he visited the local hospital and presented also with petechial rash at the upper and lower limbs.
The patient who lives and works in Santa Luzia, a local administrative unit of the city of Funchal, did not travel abroad and reported no vaccination against yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis viruses.
The first laboratory findings in the hospital showed thrombocytopenia with minimal platelet count (74x109/L, norm: 150–400x109/L), leucopenia (2.7x109/L, norm: 4.5–13.5x109/L), very high creatine kinase (CK) (1,146 ng/ml, norm: 20–200 ng/ml), and slightly elevated AST/GOT (58 U/L, norm: 10–50 U/L), high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (395 U/L, norm: <246 U/L). A sample collected on day 2 post onset was positive by immunochromatography, ELISA IgM positive (5.32), unusually at day 2, and IgG negative (0.18). The IgM antibodies in cases of dengue infection are usually detected after the fifth day following the onset of symptoms suggesting that maybe, in this case, the date of the onset was not properly determined.
In the National Institute of Health the serum sample (day 4 post symptom onset) tested by immunofluorescent assay was positive for dengue virus specific IgM with a titre of 1,024 (cut-off =16) and IgG with a titre of 512 (cut-off =32). The serum sample was also subjected to immunofluorescent assays for immunoglobulins specific to other flaviviruses, such as yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses and all assay results were negative.
The patient recovered without complications and was discharged from the hospital on the fourth day of hospitalisation. Twelve days after the onset of symptoms he returned for further evaluation, and the blood count had returned to normal (leukocytes (7.2x109/L, norm: 4.5–13.5x109/L) and platelets (326x109/L, norm: 150–400x109/L)).
Molecular laboratory analysis
In the National Institute of Health laboratory, nucleic acids were extracted from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood samples using NucliSens easyMAG platform (bioMérieux). The presence of dengue virus RNA was checked by one-step conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using generic flavivirus primers targeting the non-structural protein 5 (NS5) gene [2,3] followed by dengue specific assays including multiplex RT-PCR targeting the core-pre-membrane (CprM) region [4,5] and real time RT-PCR .
Fragments obtained by nested-PCR (NS5, 163 bp and CprM region, 454 bp) were sequenced bi-directionaly. The 454 bp CprM partial polyprotein gene sequence was deposited on the GenBank database under accession number KC248375. Similarity searches were made within the GenBank data set using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) BLASTN algorithm .
For case 1, RT-PCR for flaviviruses was negative as well as the results from both dengue specific assays (conventional multiplex and real time RT-PCR) on day 11 post onset of disease. For case 2, RT-PCR for flaviviruses was positive as well as dengue specific real time RT-PCR and conventional multiplex RT-PCR on day 5 post onset.
Four distinct dengue virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) are recognised . Sequence analysis of NS5 and CprM partial sequences derived from case 2 by BLASTN and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis based on CprM nucleotide sequences ascertain DEN serotype 1 identified as related to viruses circulating in latin America namely Colombia, Venezuela, and the Roraima region in northern Brazil (Figure). The virus isolated in Madeira is also associated with DEN-1 strains recognised as belonging to genotype V (e.g. in the Figure, GenBank accession numbers: JX502769, JQ015185), a genotype that represents most of the strains collected in the Americas, West Africa and a limited number of strains collected from Asia .
Figure. Phylogenetic analysis of a viral sequence derived from an autochthonous case of dengue fever in Madeira, Portugal, October 2012
For the case 2, the viral isolation in Vero E6 cells was achieved and the full genome sequence is in progress.
Discussion and conclusions
Infection with dengue virus causes a wide spectrum of human disease, from asymptomatic infections, to classic dengue fever and to haemorrhagic disease. More severe disease is usually associated with secondary infections with heterologous serotypes [10,11]. Between early October 2012 and the beginning of 2013, 2,144 autochthonous dengue virus infections were reported in the island of Madeira. There were no reports of severe disease and a decrease of new cases in the last weeks of 2012 was observed .
Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, namely Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Ae. aegypti was introduced in Madeira probably from a Caribbean country (personal communication, M Melim, 2009) and its presence was detected for the first time in 2005, in the city of Funchal . Although vector control measures to eradicate or to reduce the spread of this invasive mosquito species were taken, it became the most abundant mosquito species namely in the sites selected for the national vector surveillance programme in 2010 and 2011 .
The first cases of the dengue fever outbreak in Madeira, as the majority of all cases, happened in Funchal, the urban environment where the mosquito Ae. aegypti was first found . In 2012, the combination of the high vector density with multiple breeding sites in the city and lack of immunity of the population are likely to explain the dimension of the outbreak.
After the initial cases presented here and as of the end of November 2012, the National Institute of Health laboratory tested an additional 43 samples by RT-PCR, 28 of which were found positive. In all of these cases DEN-1 serotype was identified.
The circulation of the four serotypes of dengue in the Caribbean region and South America is described . Hence as it has not yet been identified how the mosquito and the virus were introduced in Madeira, we can assume that there is a risk of new introductions, and spread of new virus serotypes in the next years. As it is well known, the absence of long-term cross-immunity among the different dengue serotypes allows for multiple sequential infections with heterologous serotypes and the occurrence of cases with more severe disease.
Vector control and surveillance in the territory to avoid the mosquitos’ introduction to other regions of Madeira archipelago and to the mainland is necessary and has already been implemented by the local health authorities.
After 2012, the clinical cases should also be evaluated and serotyped due to the risk of new virus introductions.
In cases of dengue outbreaks, the laboratory has an essential role for early detection and reporting of the first cases. This contributes to the decision to implement vector control measures. Laboratory tests are important for precise identification of the aetiological agent and to retrace its origin. The reference laboratory also provides a quality control for other laboratories and helps with the continuous monitoring of suspected cases.
Conflict of interest
All authors collaborated in the work and in the manuscript presented here. MJA: laboratory coordination at INSA and manuscript preparation; PLF, GA: clinical data and laboratory techniques in Madeira; MJA, FA, HO,LZZ: molecular diagnosis at INSA; MJA, TL, PP: serological diagnosis at INSA; LZZ, HZ: data analysis and suggestions to the manuscript.
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Monitoring current threats in week 3/2013: ECDC Communicable Disease Threats Report (CDTR). Stockholm: ECDC. [Accessed 07 Feb 2013]. Available from: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/Lists/News/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?List=32e43ee8%2De230%2D4424%2Da783%2D85742124029a&ID=827&RootFolder=%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fnews%2FLists%2FNews
- Briese T, Jia XY, Huang C, Grady LJ, Lipkin WI. Identification of a Kunjin/West Nile-like flavivirus in brains of patients with New York encephalitis. Lancet. 1999;354(9186): 1261–2.
- Briese T, Rambaut A, Pathmajeyan M, Bishara J, Weinberger M, Pitlik S, et al. Phylogenetic Analysis of a Human Isolate from the 2000 Israel West Nile virus Epidemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8(5): 528-31.
- Lanciotti RS, Calisher CH, Gubler DJ, Chang GJ, Vorndam AV. Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30(3): 545-51.
- Saxena P, Dash PK, Santhosh SR S, Shrivastava A, Parida M, Rao PL. Development and Evaluation of one step single tube multiplex RT-PCR for rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses. Virol J. 2008;30(5):20.
- Domingo C, Niedrig M, Teichmann A, Kaiser M, Rumer L, Jarman RG, et al. 2nd International external quality control assessment for the molecular diagnosis of dengue infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(10).
- Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25(17):3389-402.
- Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, Buchy P, Farrar J, Gubler DJ, et al. Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(12 Suppl):S7-16.
- Weaver SC, Vasilakis N. Molecular evolution of dengue viruses: contributions of phylogenetics to understanding the history and epidemiology of preeminent arboviral disease. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9(4): 523-40.
- Horstick O, Farrar J, Lum L, Martinez E, San Martin JL, Ehrenberg J, et al. Reviewing the development, evidence base, and application of the revised dengue case classification. Pathog Glob Health. 2012;106(2):94-101.
- Halstead SB. Immunological parameters of togavirus disease syndromes. In Schlesinger RW, ed. The togaviruses: biology, structure, replication. New York: Academic Press; 1980.p 107-70.
- Margarita Y, Santos Grácio AJ, Lencastre I, Silva AC, Novo T, Sousa C, et al. Mosquitos de Portugal: primeiro registo de Aedes (Stegomia) aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Diptera, Culicidae) na Ilha da Madeira. [First record of Aedes (Stegomia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae) in Madeira Island – Portugal]. Acta Parasitológica Portuguesa. 2006;13(1):59-61. Portuguese.
- Alves MJ, Osório H, Zé-Zé L. Relatório REVIVE 2011 – Culicídeos. Dezembro 2011.Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA). 2011. Portuguese. | <urn:uuid:2750bf56-01f7-49ad-88b0-15e00de3a760> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20398 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00305-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872206 | 3,704 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Astor House Bed and Breakfast - Real Green Bay Haunted Place
This historic home was once owned by Doctor Julius Bellin, who is believed to be the ghost that lingers to this day. His apparition has been spotted in the parlour room in the early hours of morning.
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I lived next door in little house next to bridge. I played at that house and seen Dr. BellinPosted 3/31/20
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Disclaimer: Wisconsin Haunted Houses does not endorse or support trespassing to visit real haunts. Before you visit ANY local real haunt, make sure to acquire the appropriate permits and/or permissions, and be respectful of privately owned properties. Countless Haunt Hunters have been arrested, ticketed, and reprimanded by the authorities for trespassing. To avoid this, be sure to get in touch with the property owners before visiting a haunt, and respect their hours of operation, local regulations, and rules for visiting at all times. Happy haunting! | <urn:uuid:69991756-c18a-4744-be88-8e018a181e36> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wisconsinhauntedhouses.com/real-haunt/astor-house-bed-breakfast.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.928774 | 245 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Less than a Year to go to the FAL Directive Deadline
The FAL Directive under which European Member States are mandated to adopt a Maritime Single Window system is less than a year away; by June 1 2015 all shipping companies, operators and port authorities must be using the Single Window for reporting. To mark the occasion, Inlecom Systems Ltd. (Inlecom), the transport and logistics research and innovation company, is offering to pilot its Intelligent Ship Reporting Gateway free of charge to ship owners, ship operators and port authorities.
The Intelligent Ship Reporting Gateway (ISRG) is a software application, enabling shipping industry representatives to fulfill their reporting obligations to European Maritime & Custom Authorities, in accordance to the European Commission Directives: 2009/17/EC: 24h pre-arrival notice, Hazmat, notices to maritime reporting systems and vessel traffic services; 2009/16/EC: 72h pre-arrival notice, actual arrival / departure notifications and 2010/65/EC: ship reporting formalities such as waste, security, FAL forms, maritime declaration of health, entry summary declaration, passenger list, crew effects, cargo manifests, etc.
Inlecom said the user-friendly application is both easy to customize and maintain, while being designed to enable full compliance with European Union legal requirements on ship and cargo reporting. Additional reporting requirements can be included based on a case-by-case request from the customer. The ISRG offers an interface which can easily integrate with existing ship applications for automated extraction of required data, as well as automated updating of data models to adhere to new regulations.
Christos Pipitsoulis, Project Officer, European Commission, D.G. Energy & Transport commented, “The ISRG offers a highly flexible and user-friendly tool for linking voyage/ship cargo planning information with port formalities reporting for use on-board and ashore. It streamlines the reporting work-flows, facilitating the exchange of ship and cargo information among all parties involved in reporting, respecting their access rights on a “need-to-know” basis. It speeds up the time it takes to report and share information, while simplifying the process and associated in-house IT systems.”
The ISRG has been designed to reduce the reporting burden from hours to minutes allowing ship staff to focus on efficiency and safety of operations, while reducing the overall cost of reporting by eliminating non-adding value intermediaries. Most importantly, the ISRG ensures compliance with international standards such as ISO 28005, WCO, EDIFACT and EU specific formats and requirements.
Dr. Takis Katsoulakos, Director of Inlecom Systems, commented, “Inlecom has been part of a number of pilot projects over the last five years developing such systems and demonstrating proof of concept. Currently, the eMAR Project in which the maritime authorities of Latvia and Norway, DNV and DANAOS are participating, is developing prototypes to help demonstrate how the software, hardware and infrastructure required to support the Maritime Single Window could be rolled out across Europe. The experiences of countries such as Finland, which have long developed their own single window systems for commercial reasons, have also been taken into account.
“We have also been working with potential users of the Maritime Single Window. A common thread with companies that have already invested in their own reporting network is the desire not to duplicate systems.
“Major shipping companies routinely record crew lists, passenger lists, manifests and other important data electronically so they do not wish to enter the data manually for a second time for submission to the Maritime Single Window. In many cases, Inlecom has been able to create a bespoke data map from the internal system to the Maritime Single Window so that reports can be submitted automatically. While this requires an investment in IT by the user prior to roll-out, the long term benefits are clear to see. Looking forward to 2015, the most important action is for the different stakeholders across Europe to prepare for the change that lies ahead.” | <urn:uuid:b2c088da-6f16-44ff-b2c8-3f42723cad7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.marinelink.com/news/directive-deadline-year370709.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00528-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946517 | 818 | 1.515625 | 2 |
The Chauvet Cave or Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave is near Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, in the Ardèche département, in southern France. It became famous in 1994 when Paleolithic artwork was found on the walls. There were remains of many animals, some which are now extinct. Also some footprints of animals and humans were found. The cave is one of the most significant prehistoric art sites, like Lascaux, Altamira, and Cosquer.
Features[change | change source]
The gorges of the Ardèche region have many caves. Many have geological or archaeological importance. The Chauvet Cave is unusually large. Its artwork is well preserved and of good quality. It was occupied by humans at two different times: the Aurignacian and the Gravettian. Most of the artwork dates to the earlier Aurignacian era (30,000 to 32,000 years ago).
The only traces left of the later occupation during the Gravettian include a child's footprints, the charred remains of ancient hearths and carbon smoke stains from torches that lit the caves. It seems nobody had been in it after the child, until it was discovered in 1994. The footprints are some of the oldest human footprints in existence: they are between 20,000 and 30,000 years old.
The floor of the cave is of a soft material, almost like clay. There are paw prints of cave bears. There are also large rounded depressions in the floor. These are believed to be the nests where the bears slept. There are many fossilized bones, including the skulls of cave bears and the horned skull of an ibex.
There are hundreds of animal paintings there. At least 13 different species, including those which have rarely or never been found in other ice age paintings are represented. In addition to commonly hunted animals: horses, cattle, reindeer, etc.. The walls of the Chauvet Cave are covered with predatory animals: lions, panthers, bears, owls, rhinos and hyenas. Typical of most cave art, there are no paintings of complete human figures, although there is one possible, partial "Venus" figure that may represent the legs and genitals of a woman. A peculiar figure appears to have the lower body of a woman with the upper body of a bison. There are a few panels of red ochre hand prints and hand stencils made by spitting pigment over hands pressed against the cave surface. Abstract markings—lines and dots—are throughout the cave. There are also two unidentifiable images that have a vaguely butterfly shape to them. This combination of subjects has led experts in pre-historic art and cultures to believe that there was likely a ritualistic, shamanistic, or magical aspect to these paintings.
The artists who produced these unique paintings used techniques not often observed in other cave art. Many of the paintings appear to have been made only after the walls were scraped clear of debris and concretions. This left a smoother and noticeably lighter area upon which the artists worked. Similarly, a three dimensional quality is achieved by incising or etching about the outlines of certain figures. This visually emphasizes some of the animals and allows torch light to cast shadows about the edges.
Dating[change | change source]
The cave contains the oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors." Clottes concludes that the "dates fall into two groups, one around 27,000-26,000 BP and the other around 32,000-30,000 BP." As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave had been reported, with the earliest being 32,900±490 BP.
However, some archaeologists have questioned these dates.
History[change | change source]
The cave was named after Jean-Marie Chauvet, who discovered it on 18 December 1994, together with Christian Hillaire and Eliette Brunel-Deschamps. The researchers found that the cave had been untouched for 20,000-30,000 years.
Other pages[change | change source]
Notes[change | change source]
- French: La Grotte Chauvet
- Curtis, Gregory 2006. The cave painters: probing the mysteries of the world's first artists. New York: Knopf, pp. 215-216
- ""Human footprints at Chauvet Cave"". "Archeology" (5). 1999. http://www.archaeology.org/9909/newsbriefs/chauvet.html.
- "Footprints may be oldest in Europe, French say". "New York Times". 1999. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/10/world/footprints-may-be-oldest-in-europe-french-say.html.
- Quotes from Clottes (2003b), p. 214.
- Clottes (2003b), p. 33. The oldest is sample Gifa 99776 from "zone 10". See also Chauvet (1996), p. 131, for a chronology of dates from various caves. Bahn's foreword and Clottes' epilogue to Chauvet (1996) discuss dating.
- Züchner, based on his archaeological dating, is of the opinion that the red paintings are from the Gravettian period (c. 28,000–23,000 BP) and the black paintings are from the Early Magdalenian period (early part of c. 18,000–10,000 BP).Züchner, Christian (September 1998). "Grotte Chauvet Archaeologically Dated". Communication at the International Rock Art Congress IRAC ´98. http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/12/chauv.html. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
Clottes (2003b), pp. 213-214, has a response by Clottes. Pettitt and Bahn believe the dating is inconsistent with the traditional stylistic sequence and that there is uncertainty about the source of the charcoal used in the drawings and the extent of surface contamination on the exposed rock surfaces. Pettitt, Paul; Paul Bahn (March 2003). "Current problems in dating Palaeolithic cave art: Candamo and Chauvet". Antiquity 77 (295): 134–141. http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/ant/077/Ant0770134.htm..New stylistic studies show that some gravettian engravings are superimposed on black paintings proving the paintings older origins (see E.Guy).
References[change | change source]
- Chauvet, Jean-Marie; Eliette Brunel Deschamps & Christian Hillaire (1996). Dawn of art: the Chauvet Cave. Paul G. Bahn (foreword), Jean Clottes (epilogue). New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810932326.
- English translation by Paul G. Bahn from the French edition La Grotte Chauvet
- Clottes, Jean 2003a. Return to Chauvet Cave, excavating the birthplace of art: the first full report. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 232. ISBN 0500511195.
- Clottes, Jean (2003b). Chauvet Cave: the art of earliest times. University of Utah Press. ISBN 0874807581.
- Translation of La Grotte Chauvet, l'art des origins, Éditions du Seuil, 2001
Other websites[change | change source]
- http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/ French Ministry of Culture information site; includes an interactive map with photos.
- http://www.time.com/time/europe/wonder/chauvet.html A brief article by Jean Clottes of the French Ministry of Culture, responsible for overseeing the authentication of the contents and art of the cave
- http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm Metropolitan Museum of Art showing the Chauvet Cave on its Timeline of Art History page
- http://www.neara.org/MiscReports/04-18-03.htm Doubt cast on Chauvet cave dating
- Chauvet Cave The cave paintings and rock art of Chauvet, with contributions by Dr Jean Clottes.
- http://www.paleoesthetique.com/articles_us/the_grotte_chauvet.php A new stylistic approach on Chauvet | <urn:uuid:b06ff181-30fe-45ec-bf4b-74a03a0a33eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00207-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895701 | 1,815 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Acrylic on rusted steel
138,5 x 138,5 x 16 cm
Photo: Gerhard Sauer
A cube is a cube. A die is a die. Or so we might think. But it is clear that we cannot view even a comparatively simple object like a cube as a whole, but only in perspective. All we can see are at most three faces and nine edges of a cube – and yet we are certain in our minds that this is a cube. This brings us to a central issue that has concerned phenomenology ever since Edmund Husserl. The question among others is whether, and if so with what right, our knowledge completes our sensory experience and in that way contributes to the very success of perception.
In the case of Wolfram Ullrich’s »Cube«, this perception simply does not succeed. Neither by simply looking, nor by consulting our knowledge. If one stands flat-on in front of the picture, one sees a square in a kind of passe-partout. On the lower left margin, two grey surfaces make sure that we recognize this as a cube in parallel perspective. Only when we change our focus does the semblance of a cube fall apart, and the arrangement reveals itself to be a relief.
Wolfram Ullrich’s works operate within the rules of concrete constructive art, but their stimulus goes far beyond. Already while he is at work, the artist assumes the position of the viewer, and anticipates as it were the consequences that the work’s aesthetic reception will have on his artistic practice. Formally clear and seductively to the point, as Ullrich emphasizes: »The formal rigour and clarity of the works is necessary in order to allow the viewer the chance to perceive this as an open field of work and reception.« This artistic approach is an essential precondition which ensures that a quick glimpse and nod of agreement will always prove unsuccessful with Ullrich’s works. Instead the artist keeps his audience in constant movement through the fluctuation he presents between reality and appearances, knowledge and perception. The cube is there, and not there. The opaque surface of the rusted steel appears constantly to change its angle of inclination. The work’s form, colour and dimensions can scarcely be grasped – at most they can be approximately determined with every new angle the beholder assumes.
1961 born in Würzburg
Lives and works in Stuttgart | <urn:uuid:8929c2e1-673b-47de-adfb-dfcd87caff95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.museum-ritter.de/en/inhalt/collection/artists-a-selection/kuenstler-s-z/wolfram-ullrich.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.940826 | 522 | 2.078125 | 2 |
The modern economy rewards innovation, creativity and the willingness to build something new. This is a critical foundation for sustainable and shared prosperity.
Entrepreneurship activity is an important building block for the economic growth and job creation that are needed for Canada’s future prosperity.
Canada ranked 15th in early-stage entrepreneurial activity out of 43 countries assessed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
Top 10 countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’s assessment of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity.
Canada ranked 15th with 15.6% of adults engaged in early-stage entrepreneurial activity in 2020, falling from the top 10 on this indicator between 2019 and 2020. This is likely due to entrepreneurial activity impacted by the pandemic. High-income countries were more likely to experience decline in entrepreneurial activities during the pandemic compared to lower-income countries. Despite modest declines, a robust recovery is expected in future years.
Business spending on research and development is critical to creating an attractive environment for international talent, and for supporting productivity and competitiveness. It is an indicator of the private sector’s support for innovation and whether firms are investing in developing new ideas, products, processes, or services.
Canada ranked 24th out of 34 OECD countries on business spending on research and development in 2019.
Canada’s business spending on research and development was 0.81% of GDP in 2019.
Meet a federal government target to keep pace with the OECD average on business spending on research and development.
Threshold: OECD average for business spending on research and development was 1.76% of GDP in 2019.
Canada remains well below the OECD average on business spending on research and development. It fell in its ranking between 2018 and 2019 from 21st to 24th among OECD countries.
Innovation is directly related to long-term economic growth as it bolsters productivity and supports high-value, high-reward work in Canada. Canada’s ability to innovate drives its competitiveness, standard of living, and preparedness for the future.
Canada ranked 16th of 132 countries in the Global Innovation Index in 2021.
Top 10 countries in the Global Innovation Index.
Canada improved its ranking on the Global Innovation Index between 2020 and 2021. It is positioned with countries that have performed above expectations on innovation for their level of economic development. However, the index notes that Canada is also among countries that struggle to obtain the right balance between levels of investment and innovation results.
As Canada’s population ages, and the share of the population at working age shrinks, enhancing productivity is key to maintaining economic growth. Productivity is an important driver of level of attractiveness for investment, and global competitiveness.
Canada ranked 16th out of 38 OECD countries on productivity in 2020.
Canada’s GDP per hour worked was $56.61 USD in 2020.
Top 10 OECD countries on productivity.
Threshold: France was 10th in the OECD with GDP per hour worked of $67.60 USD in 2020.
While Canada’s labour productivity increased in 2020, this was largely due to impacts related to the pandemic. Canada continues to experience slow growth in labour productivity overall, and remains below the target.
A growing population, with increased international talent and support for local entrepreneurs, can enhance business growth. High-growth firms drive wealth and job creation.
There were 12,970 high-growth firms in Canada in 2019.
Meet a federal government target to double the number of high-growth firms in Canada between 2015 and 2025.
The number of high-growth firms has increased, increasing from 11,140 in 2016 to 12,970 in 2019. However, this rate of increase is not high enough to meet a federal government goal to double the number of high-growth firms in Canada.
As Canada pursues a path of population growth its population will become more diverse, and this diversity must be mirrored in leadership. Diversity contributes to a firm’s productivity and innovation, especially when it comes to diversity in leadership.
Among public companies that disclosed diversity information, women held 17% of board seats in 2020. Additionally, other groups were even more significantly under-represented: racialized individuals held 4% of board seats, persons with disabilities held 0.3% of board seats and Indigenous peoples held 0.3% of board seats.
Meet federal government “50-30 challenge” objective of representation of 50% of women and 30% of other under-represented groups on boards.
Canada has fallen very short of its target for diverse representation on boards, with significant underrepresentation among women, racialized people, Indigenous peoples and people with disabilities. While there has been increased attention on this issue and some progress in recent years, the gap in representation remains large.
The growth and development of the Indigenous owned and controlled business sector and economy is essential to fostering reconciliation with Indigenous peoples and is a key driver of the economic future of Canada, particularly as the Indigenous population continues to grow at a faster rate than Canada overall.
The approximate value of the Indigenous economy was $32 billion in 2016.
Growing the Indigenous economy to $100 billion annually.
There have been positive steps towards growing the Indigenous economy, including higher rates of new business creation among Indigenous peoples compared to the population overall. The launch of a federal 5% Indigenous business procurement target is an important step forward, but barriers remain and more action is needed to meet the annual target of $100 billion.
GDP per capita reflects total economic output per person and is an important measure of Canada’s overall prosperity, living standards, and economic well-being.
Canada ranked 17th out of 38 OECD countries on GDP per capita in 2020.
Canada had a GDP per capita of $46,051.35 USD in 2020.
Top 10 OECD countries on GDP per capita.
Threshold: Sweden was 10th with GDP per capita of $55,148.58 USD in 2020.
Canada's GDP per capita decreased in 2020, similar to most OECD countries, as a result of the impacts of the pandemic. Canada's GDP per capita in 2020 was slightly higher than the OECD average. Fully leveraging the talent and skills of immigrants in the labour market is one important path to improving GDP per capita in Canada.
Addressing high levels of household debt can improve economic growth and reduce barriers to Canadians’ choices on family size. Household debt reflects the economic vulnerability of households and their ability to weather an economic shock, and represents a risk to the overall economy.
Canada ranked 25th out of 33 OECD countries on household debt in 2019.
Canada's level of household debt was 186.2% of net household disposable income in 2019.
OECD average on household debt levels.
Threshold: OECD average level of household debt was 121% of net household disposable income in 2019.
Canada's household debt levels are significantly higher than in most OECD countries. Debt as a percentage of net household disposable income has steadily grown over the past two decades. It is important to note that mortgages – a productive type of debt that builds wealth – make up a significant proportion of household debt in Canada.
Reducing inequality as Canada grows is necessary to building shared prosperity. Income inequality poses a social, economic and political risk to OECD countries, including Canada, and is associated with decreased access to opportunity and poor health and social outcomes.
Canada ranked 16th out of 34 OECD countries on income inequality in 2018.
Canada’s level of income inequality using the Gini coefficient was 0.303 in 2018 (0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality).
Top 10 most equal OECD countries.
Threshold: Austria was 10th in the OECD with a Gini coefficient of 0.28 in 2018.
Canada's level of income inequality remains below the target. Before the pandemic, there had been some slight decreases in income inequality. However, the gap between high-income and low-income individuals in Canada increased due to the pandemic.
Competitiveness is a driver of Canada's economic prosperity and signal of Canada’s attractiveness as a global jurisdiction and immigration destination. It reflects Canada’s ability to attract investment, foster innovation and spur economic growth.
Canada ranked 14th out of 141 countries in the 2019 edition of the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index.
Top 10 in the Global Competitiveness Index.
Canada remains a competitive economy, but its ranking has declined in recent years. There is opportunity for improvement. | <urn:uuid:7da9ed07-eb4f-4b11-9e94-8ba3e8cfa059> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.centuryinitiative.ca/scorecard/economy-innovation-entrepreneurship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.948699 | 1,739 | 2.046875 | 2 |
I've read books in the past that suggest using a heater under your gravel, or under your tank if keeping plants.
its supposed to help by providing a uniform heat in the substrate, this will also aid the uptake of nutrients.
I didnt do it. but if i were to strip my tank down i would.
It also means that you wont have to have an unsightly heater in your tank!
I don't know of anyone with heavily planted tanks using them in the US. If you don't want to see a heater, use an inline heater, which connects to the output tubes of your canister filter.
Eddie now you do.
We run a Duplamat 150 in our 20g. The theory being that it keeps the substrate warm. Warm air and water seem to rise. This creates a convection through the substrate. As the warm water leaves the cool water replaces it, thus flushing the roots with nutrients. Can't say for sure if it helps or not due to lack of trying it any other way. My LFS (which has several awesome plant tanks) swears by them. If you look under the stands you'll see giant root masses.
They're are not just that popular from the many planted tank forums I belong to. As far as the benefits, I know many of them have BEAUTIFUL planted tanks using glass heaters or in-line heaters.
As far as getting nutrients for the plants, most of it is just achieved through the water column. A good current is all that's needed. If you notice when you pour liquid nutrients in the water, it sinks then spreads around the tank via the current. I guess you wouldn't want the nutrients to be pushed upward.
From the look of Andrews sig, he has a beautiful planted tank and not even using heating cables.
I asked a question on one of the planted tank forums I belong to regarding their use and here is one of the replies I received...
Imo they are not worth the money in a planted tank for the same reasons pointed out by eddie.
Thanks for your thoughts -- I havent' really seen any in the lfs, and wondered if there was any real advantage. There is definately a temp difference in the water above the gravel and below, but wasn't sure how much that affects the plants themselves.
Plants are not that sensitive to temp differences. I've tossed plants from my heated tanks 82°F (28°C) into a 5.5 gallon unheated tank (I would assume about 72°F) with only a filter and a desk lamp and they are still surviving. I dare not do that with any fish.
well of course it makes a difference, current or not you are not going to get uniform heat any other way, have you noticed the temperature of the water 3/4 down, and how the water is cool in the thick of plants???
Undergravel heat is a way of ensuring a balance heat for plants, a heater inline or in the tank wont provide the same temp balance for every tank. They can be used to great effect with carpet o=plants, there is nothing to suggest you can carpet without it, but you will see quicker more positive results with this method. As for the inline method, this is an expensive heater to run, and quite wasteful, quite green here in the uk, so will stick to intank heaters.
The only draw back i can think of undergravel heaters in the delay between heating the substrate and the temperature probe reading in the body of water, the delay might give rise to temp fluctuations until you have the settings down.
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London, England (CNN) -- When 73-year-old British artist David Hockney began his career, he couldn't have guessed that a cell phone would one day become his canvas.
This is exactly what has happened, though. Using the Brushes app on his iPhone and iPad, Hockney has harnessed the latest accessible technology to draw the most traditional of artist's subjects, the still life.
An exhibition of this art entitled Fleurs Fraiches (Fresh Flowers) has opened at the Fondation Pierre Berge-Yves Saint Laurent in Paris.
It features a series of iPhones, iPads and iPod touches bearing images of flowers created by the artist using the Brushes app in his home in Bridlington, East Yorkshire in the UK.
Hockney will also email new images of flowers for the duration of the exhibition, inspiration for the show's name.
Charlie Scheips is the curator of the exhibition, as well as being a good friend of the artist and his one-time assistant.
"About eighteen months ago David got his first iPhone," Scheips told CNN. "It was a novelty at first -- he discovered an app called Brushes and he started doing little pictures of flowers that he would email to his friends like me."
Scheips described waking up in New York to messages on his iPhone containing "these delightful, unmistakable Hockney images."
The majority were of flowers, which Hockney has been drawing ever since the start of his career, but also of sunrises. An early riser, he would get up and virtually "paint" the East Yorkshire sunrise, using his thumb to build the images on the screen of his iPhone.
And when the iPad came out earlier this year, Hockney began to build images on his, with the added bonus that he was now able to watch animations of himself actually creating the works.
Hockney is not alone in his love of the Brushes app, which has become something of an internet phenomenon with its own blog, Twitter and Facebook pages, as well as a dedicated Flickr group where Brushes artists can share their work.
Portuguese illustrator, photographer and graphic designer Jorge Colombo has even used the app to paint a number of covers for The New Yorker magazine.
Though iPhone and iPad images are a departure from Hockney's customary medium, the images bear the hallmarks of his work, namely master draftsmanship and vibrant colors, Scheips said.
In a letter he wrote for the exhibition brochure, Hockney explained that what drew him to using the iPhone and iPad was the luminosity of the screen. He wrote of the images he created: "They were not made for printing as the first thing lost would be their special luminous quality."
The exhibition in Paris will consist mainly of iPhones and iPads featuring three to four images each. Also on view on a large screen will be a short film showing Hockney creating a drawing of the Eiffel Tower on his iPad, giving visitors the chance to watch the painter at work.
Hockney is best known for Pop-inspired paintings such as "A Bigger Splash" (1967), which depicts a splash of water from a recent dive into a pool. According to Scheips, the new digital works are influencing the artist's current paintings and vice versa.
Fleurs Fraiches is the first major exhibition of its kind by one of the most celebrated contemporary artists working today. Nevertheless, the jury is still out on how the art establishment will react to Hockney's 21st century departure from canvas. | <urn:uuid:d742170a-3eab-41c9-8e7e-fcac2254a20e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/10/21/hockney.iphone/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719416.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00363-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982589 | 736 | 1.84375 | 2 |
High Frequency Words I
High frequency words are the sight words you need to know as soon as you see them. Good readers do not need to sound them out. Read More...
The resources above cover the following skills:
Print Concepts Reading Standards: Foundational Skills
Phonics and Word Recognition
Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. [RF.1.3]
Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words. [RF.1.3g] | <urn:uuid:bf05ab86-0a53-439f-9ad4-aefb5cc6afa3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newpathworksheets.com/english-language-arts/grade-1/high-frequency-words-i-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.9344 | 107 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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Description: Black and white postcard of Hull House. The house was built in the Italianate style around 1850. Farm outbuildings are visible in the background. The house...
Date: date unknown
Description: Looking down Washington Street.
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: State Normal School. A distant view of the campus.
Description: Diamond Match Factory. At the time it was built, it was the largest factory of its kind in America.
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: Front view of the home of James Duane Doty on Doty's Island, "the loggery," built in 1844.
Description: The Fox River in Menasha showing the mill area.
Date: 1912 ca.
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Date: 1920 ca.
Description: Equitable Fraternal Union, home office building.
Date: 1905 ca.
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Date: 1909 ca.
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Date: 1907 ca.
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© 1996-2016 Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706 | <urn:uuid:3cf17a6a-57d3-493f-89a3-c4b4ad693fef> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:1135-4294963829-690-4294961463&dsNavOnly=N:1135-4294963829&subject_narrow=Farms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00561-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915428 | 697 | 2 | 2 |
Target: Ségolène Royal, Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy in France.
Goal: Praise France for being the first European country to ban hunting trophies.
France has become the first European country to ban the transport of hunting trophies into its borders. This decision comes on the heels of the unjust death of Cecil the lion. Thank France’s Minister of Ecology for his show of support for Cecil and for taking a step forward in animal conservation.
African lions have declined in population by over 42 percent in the last 21 years. They are now facing extinction. Though it was once thought that trophy hunting was helping the species, evidence suggests otherwise. Trophy hunting targets valuable individuals in the pride. Lions like Cecil are the ones that will be picked off resulting in a weaker and more vulnerable pride. The remaining lions are less likely to survive in the wild and further their species. Trophy hunting combined with habitat loss, trade, and human interference has put the African lion in a dangerous position.
Despite the statistics, canned and trophy hunting are still legal. However, Cecil’s death has drawn attention to this issue and has given world leaders a reason to reevaluate their stance. The release of the documentary Blood Lions has been a catalyst in the shifting of opinions on trophy hunting. Its release in Europe is cited as the reason for France’s change of heart. Sign below to show your support for France and to encourage further efforts to stop trophy hunting.
Dear Mr. Royal,
We’d like to express our gratitude for your recent decision to ban the import of hunting trophies into France. By banning hunting trophies, you have taken a step forward in animal conservation and given the African lion a greater chance of survival.
The African lion is in danger due to habitat loss, human interference, and trade. Its numbers have decreased by 42 percent in the last 21 years, putting it dangerously close to extinction. With trophy hunting on the rise, the African lion is especially vulnerable.
Trophy hunting targets key members of a pride. Without those members, the pride is more susceptible to predators and other dangerous elements. Your decision to ban hunting trophies will set a precedent for other countries and work to make trophy hunting less acceptable.
We commend you for your decision to ban hunting trophies and encourage you to continue supporting animal conservation.
[Your Name Here]
Photo Credit: badeendjuh | <urn:uuid:641c3965-bdea-45c5-be03-b2f84bdd598b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://animalpetitions.org/125486/applaud-france-for-banning-hunting-trophies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00050-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938455 | 490 | 2.484375 | 2 |
17.1. Membership. The Town shall have an Historical Commission consisting of seven residents appointed by the Selectmen. (Amended ATM 2006)
17.2. Term. The term of office shall be three years commencing on July 1.
17.3. General Duties. The Commission shall have the powers and duties of historical commissions under Chapter 40, Section 8D of the General Laws. These include the preservation, protection and development of the historic assets of the Town. It shall conduct researches for places of historic value and shall seek to coordinate the activities of unofficial bodies organized for similar purposes, and may advertise, prepare, print and distribute books, maps, charts, plans, and pamphlets which it deems necessary for its work.
17.4. Budget. The Commission shall prepare an annual budget. The budget is subject to approval by the Selectmen. The Selectmen are responsible for presenting the budget to the Advisory Committee and for presenting the motion for the budget appropriation to Town Meeting.
17.5. General Provisions. The Commission shall also be governed by Articles 2 through 7 of these bylaws and other provisions of these bylaws applicable generally to all boards, except as it is specifically directed by law or a provision of these bylaws to act otherwise. | <urn:uuid:9c1f084b-80dd-4700-a63b-c49c4ff2678c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wellesleyma.gov/Pages/WellesleyMA_Clerk/FOV1-00021702/art17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00542-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942384 | 259 | 1.585938 | 2 |
On Tuesday at 7pm we’ll meet on Zoom to learn more about strategies for buying a home, refinancing, and more ways to build generational wealth in these complex times. We will also have a candidate for Manhattan DA – Tali Farhadian Weinstein – join us to talk about how she wants to reform the DA’s office.
Lastly, we’ll have the new Parks Department administrator for Marcus Garvey Park stop by to introduce herself and her plans for MGP.
Cotton Comes to Harlem
Some of the joy found in the classic Cotton Comes to Harlem is seeing how many of the scenes were shot in our community. From the Rolls Royce driving west on East 115th Street:
To the protest that moves up Madison Avenue to East 129, and turns towards Park Avenue. This scene shows the (now silent) funeral parlor that is still located on Madison/E. 129 as a Madison Avenue, white facade, brownstone in the top right of the photo below.
Here is the same building with the white facade, today:
The protest concludes in front of the police station that the police officers Coffin and Gravedigger are stationed in – a building which has never been anything other than a residential apartment building.
When shots from the precinct or of the riots are shown, the distinctive porches of buildings on the north side of East 129th Street, across from the BP station, are visible (here, behind the heads of the actors):
These location shots were close to home – very near the movie studio on 2nd Avenue at East 127th where Cotton Comes to Harlem was filmed.
Below is the film’s ‘precinct’ as it appears on East 129th Street, today:
To buy some Cotton Comes to Harlem memorabilia from the 1970’s see:
Two Central Harlem Parks Named After East Harlem Writers
The Parks Department has renamed two parks on St. Nicholas after Langston Hughes and James Baldwin:
The lawn at St. Nicholas Park is now James Baldwin Lawn. The entrance to the park located at 135th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue has been named James Baldwin Lawn. Baldwin who was born in New York City was a world-renowned author, essayist, playwright, scholar, activist, and speaker with childhood associations with Harlem and DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx. Baldwin later resided in Greenwich Village.
St. Nicholas Playground North is now Langston Hughes Playground. Background: Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. Though not born in NYC, he is most closely associated as a leader in the Harlem Renaissance, and lived in a now landmarked Harlem townhouse for more than two decades.
In honor of the 51st anniversary of Black Solidarity Day, NYC Parks proudly announces it has named 10 park spaces in honor of the Black experience in New York City, memorializing that which is locally, nationally, and historically relevant. In June, the agency pledged to continue to demonstrate how it stands in solidarity with the Black Community in its fight to combat systemic racism. The naming of these park spaces is among the many ways NYC Parks is acknowledging the legacies of these Black Americans, encouraging discourse about their contributions, and working to make the park system more diverse and reflective of the people it serves. The spaces named now represent five Black Women, four Black Men and one Black settlement group; and represent arts, culture, education, sports and more.
To learn more about the newly renamed parks, see: | <urn:uuid:5abf4051-ded9-4b9d-8779-b44bd94d1d5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hnba.nyc/cotton-comes-to-harlem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.964019 | 733 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Memorial Day is here. It is the unofficial start of summer. Yay! I have seen on my instagram and facebook timelines that many of you are indeed in summer mode, having BBQs, hitting the beach, and bringing out the red, white, and blue. Well, I am right there with you. I kicked my unofficial start to summer off with a trip to Ft. Lauderdale where I hit the beach. Today I am rocking my America sequence T-Shirt.
Now, let’s all take a moment to reflect on what memorial day is all about. I’ll be honest I am guilty of not having always been really clear on what this holiday is all about. I have confused Memorial Day and Labor Day because they are the book ends to summer. I have confused Memorial Day and Veteran’s Day because they are both related to celebrating our men and women of the Armed services. So, because we want to honor those who have paid the ultimate price to allow us to have all of this memorial day fun and joy let’s get clear on what we are celebrating today (other than a day off from work). According to Wikipedia:
- Memorial Day is a federal holiday in the United States for remembering the people who died while serving in the country’s armed forces. The holiday is observed every year on the last Monday of May.
- Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of the country.
- Veterans Day is an official United States public holiday, observed annually on November 11, that honors military veterans, that is, persons who served in the United States Armed Forces.
So, we all got it now. Today we are celebrating and honoring those men and women who have died in service to this country. They gave their lives to give us the freedom to have BBQs, hit the beach, pull out the red, white and blue and in all ways Chase Joy.
How are you spending your memorial day? | <urn:uuid:cc231356-980b-4f46-8d1b-462c9b80927b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://chasing-joy.com/joyful-memorial-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.962571 | 434 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Like many Americans in that time, I thought of religion as an antiquated approach to life--when I considered it at all. Certainly I had never before imagined a country where 99% of the population stops eating and drinking on a daily basis for a month in an effort to come closer to God.
One evening shortly after arriving in Tangier, I was strolling in a crowd on Rue de la Liberté, a busy street that leads to the central market. The pavement was lined on either side by men and women in woolen robes, crouched before steaming pots of soup set up on the sidewalks. It was not quite sunset, and no one had started eating yet, but the aroma of cooking laced the air, and the street was bathed in a mood of expectation.
All at once from the garden walls of the governor's palace down the hill, a single cannon boomed over the city. As I glanced in the direction of the explosion, a cloud of smoke spread overhead; then the streets and the market became a hive of activity. More than half the crowd scurried away down twisting byways, rushing home to break the fast with their families.
But a number of people remained behind--they worked in the market, they had a friend to meet or business to finish. These people, I noticed, went to the fruit stalls first and purchased a paper cornet of local dates, then moved to the bakeries to buy a loaf of bread and finally approached the soup sellers on the sidewalk.
Every Muslim country has its recommended foods to break the fast with. In Morocco, people say that during Ramadan you must treat your stomach as if it were a baby's. The softest, gentlest item on the Moroccan menu is bysar soup, a thick brew of split peas in a wooden bowl with a healthy drizzle of olive oil puddled on the surface and a vigorous sprinkling of the cumin that brings out the flavor of the peas. I joined a line and, when my turn came, watched a grizzled man from the Rif mountains ladle a quart of soup into my bowl. He patted a wooden stool beside him. I sat down and began to eat.
"Big cannon," I said in Spanish. The whole of northern Morocco speaks some Spanish. I didn't know a word of Arabic.
"Si, y muy antigua tambien,"he said. An old cannon, too.
In every city, he explained, Muslims announce the end of the fast in different ways. In some places, it is marked by a siren; other places use the beating of a large drum.
"Here we fire a cannon," he said. "How did your fast go today?"
The old man chuckled softly. He'd known I wasn't a Muslim, and he found that interesting.
"You should fast anyway!" he said. "It's good for the system, and it armors your heart, so only good things can touch you."
One heard this comparison often in Morocco between Ramadan and armor. It was a usual way to extol the virtues of fasting.
"Is it hard for you?" I asked.
The man smiled broadly. "No, no. It gives me strength. After a few days, it makes me feel like el Rey de Tierra, King of the Country."
"Well, perhaps I'll try it."
The basics of Ramadan are easy to cover: Every day for one lunar month, from sunrise to sunset, Muslims, whether teenagers or grandparents, men or women, neither eat nor drink. Nothing, not even smoke, may pass their lips. In the evenings, they visit their mosques in record numbers or meet in one another's homes to break the day's fast together and take part in group remembrance and prayers.
Why do Muslims do this? Some will tell you, "Because it is ordained by the Qur'an." But what does the Qur'an provide as a reason? First, it recommends the fast as a means to sharpen our awareness of God--to be reminded of a natural state all creatures were born with. Indeed, Islam doesn't teach original sin, but rather original "innocence," an inborn direct connection to the divine.
Second, the fast is recommended to strengthen self-control. Personally, I found this concept puzzling until I'd completed my first month of fasting years ago. Perhaps you need to experience Ramadan to understand it.
From feeling deprived, you come to feel empowered by your ability to shake off the promptings of appetite and go about your day. From thinking how slowly time is passing, you move along, as the fast progresses, to not watching the clock. You may take a larger interest in the minutes right around sunset, but the rest of the day drifts along, once you're in the swing, and time as a social habit loses some of its importance. Indeed, Ramadan stands time on its head: You "breakfast" after sundown, when others eat their dinner. You stretch out your evening to take in a second meal, then rise before dawn for a final repast.
The old soup vendor did not impart these facts about Ramadan to me; I learned them many years later. Rather, he gave me a feeling for its spirit, and that intrigued me. So much so that, as Ramadan neared its end, I fasted for the last three days of the period.
It wasn't so difficult, really, with a whole city behind you and with no one waving plates of food beneath my nose at lunchtime.
Indeed, lunchtime went from a social embarrassment to something like a challenge. I had arrived in Morocco a few days before the fast began. Once it got started, I'd find myself sitting alone in restaurants at noon, faced with delicious meals prepared by chefs who were fasting and served by waiters who were fasting, too. This was all performed in the best of spirits--it was, after all, a blessing to have a job in poor Tangier--but I felt by turns callous or shy to be eating in front of them.
By fasting with them, I entered into the city's spirit.
I had no idea of the actual religious basis for my fast. I'd had my first lesson in Islam, however, and it left me with a lasting respect for the people who upheld its tenets.
When Eid al-Fitr, the feast that concludes the monthlong fast, came around, I felt I had earned some small right to celebrate with the rest of the city's population. The streets were flowing with celebrants that day. People were dressed in their holiday best, promenading through the markets and enjoying their holiday. I went along with them.
No one thought me out of place for joining in. | <urn:uuid:029161fc-5db7-4889-94ab-c759b058cefa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/islam/1999/12/armoring-the-heart.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.978636 | 1,397 | 1.929688 | 2 |
|Batu Tara, August 18, 2001|
Photo by Thorsten Bockel-http://www.tboeckel.de
Batu Tara is a small stratovolcano that forms an isolated island in the Flores Sea. Normally covered with vegetation, its first historical eruption occurred from 1847-1852, and the current eruption cycle, starting in 2006, is only the second. A pilot reported an ash cloud that year, but there was no other confirmation. In 2007, MODIS infrared satellite data showed thermal anomalies. A continuous low-level plume developed on March 15, 2007, and residents on an island about 50 km south reported a 500-1500 m plume. Lava flows were observed in April of that year, and ash plumes were fairly continuous. Here is the Smithsonian compilation of monthly reports on the activity. | <urn:uuid:ec0e990e-dd2d-40ac-b4f6-df1578dbcca6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.geologyinmotion.com/2011/09/batu-tara-indonesia-spectacular-photo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964946 | 173 | 2.875 | 3 |
What Is Kefir, And Is It Vegan?
Here at allplants, we’re always keeping an eye out for what’s making waves in the world of plant-powered goodness, and today we’re looking at vegan kefir.
Whether you’ve been vegan for years or you’re simply thinking about upping your plant intake, switching out dairy-based drinks for a plant substitute is not only better for you and the environment, but also tastes delicious too. This is doubly true when it comes to the healing properties of kefir.
What is kefir?
Kefir is all the range in health food circles and has been for years. It’s a fermented milk drink that’s generally been appreciated mostly by dairy drinkers, but fear not, there are plenty of vegan-friendly kefir options. The drink contains kefir grains, a mesophilic symbiotic culture of yeast and bacteria that feed on the sugars in the milk to produce a sour, carbonated and slightly alcoholic drink that tastes like a tangy yoghurt with great health benefits.
What are the health benefits of kefir
Kefir is protein-rich, nutrient-dense and full of great health benefits, such as:
- It’s a more powerful probiotic than yoghurt and can help digestion
- It has antibiotic properties
- It can improve bone health and lowering the risk of osteoporosis
- It’s full of vitamin B12, D, magnesium, phosphorus and calcium
- And it’s thought to improve allergy and asthma symptoms
Although traditionally it’s a cultured drink made using dairy-milk, there are so many delicious kefir plant-based options that are widely available. Here are a few of our favourite picks:
- We love everything that Coyo make, and their Coyo Kefir is no exception – it’s fresh, tangy and ideal in smoothies, mixed through a large bowl of granola, or simply as it is
- If you’d like an on-the-go option that’s already packing extra flavours, then you’ll love Sojade’s blueberry and cherry soya kefir
- For a thicker consistency Shimmy Shimmy’s coconut kefir yoghurt alternative is your best bet. We love it with fresh fruit and lots of maple syrup
by Fabian Jackson
Fabian is one of our lovely Content Marketing Assistants who loves writing almost as much as he loves coffee, old episodes of Escape to the Country (no judgement here), and cooking up a storm in his kitchen. | <urn:uuid:3be81bd0-8814-4470-bb11-5d76b6172182> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://allplants.com/blog/lifestyle/what-is-kefir-and-is-it-vegan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.924754 | 581 | 2.15625 | 2 |
PLANT equips rural women and men with adequate skill and knowledge
to increase the income and there by providing dignity and improved
standard of living.
PLANT enables people's participation for sustainable human and community
PLANT involves the community in protection and promotion of sustainable coastal eco systems. PLANT works among the high-risk behavior HIV/AIDS group through target intervention programmes. PLANT strengthens people's groups through networking and linking with institutions and organisations.
Inauguration of the Website by Ms.Heike Schweinbenz WELTHUNGERHILFE. | <urn:uuid:7351c29e-5c03-4fae-89c2-4906c2a431b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://plantindia.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00456-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85636 | 116 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Marie Claire is promoting Kmart’s recent partnership with the Better Cotton Initiative, a not-for-profit organisation working with brands to address the negative impacts of mainstream cotton production. Which promises to “kick start your ethical capsule wardrobe” with budget-friendly items.
The piece is clearly sponsored by Kmart, and while I don’t begrudge them the brand partnership (hey, it’s how I make a living), the problem is that this content is a case of serious greenwashing disguised as a cute, ethical basics luxe vs less style piece.
What is greenwashing?
Greenwashing: Falsely leading consumers to believe that a brand’s products or policies are ethical or environmentally friendly. – The Green Hub
The True Cost of Fashion
The comparison of Kmart’s clothes with well known, ethically accredited brands grossly misrepresents the true cost of clothing. That’s the real issue here.
“Pieces you’ll have forever, that won’t cost the world. Your budget-friendly go-to’s are also focused on sustainable sourcing and ethical design.” – Marie Claire
I call bullshit.
There were several brands included in this article, but I’m going to use Organic Crew as an example.
$89 vs. $4.50
Organic Crew is a Melbourne fashion label who create ethical basics and loungewear. Each piece is made using GOTS Certified organic cotton and manufactured in Australia in factories accredited by Ethical Clothing Australia.
Organic Crew prioritise worker welfare and every single person involved in their supply chain from cotton seed to finished garment is paid a living wage. The use of organic cotton over conventional cotton farming practices uses less water, no GMO crops, or harmful synthetic pesticides, insecticides, or herbicides which minimises their environmental impact.
In true sustainable style, Organic Crew design for durability and longevity ensuring your investment will not shrink, fade, pill, or come unraveled after a few wash and wears.
Paying living wages, using environmentally friendly fabrics, applying for ethical certifications and accreditations, none of these come cheap. And having worked with many ethical fashion brands, let me assure you there is no inflated markup, and the brand’s profit margins are often tiny.
In contrast, Kmart’s $4.50 t-shirt is made from conventional GMO cotton, and I have absolutely no idea where it was made or who made it.
Is Kmart ethical and/or sustainable?
Kmart has a published factory list but I couldn’t tell you which one the t-shirt was made in. Also not sure if the list is just their first-tier suppliers or every single factory they manufacture in. Who’s decided on their code of conduct? Who is enforcing it? Is it an independent third party? Do they outsource work to other factories? Are those factories audited?
What about sustainability?
There is nothing sustainable about fast fashion’s churn model, pumped quickly through stores to maximise on current trends.
So many questions and now I’m getting tired.
The onus should not be on consumers to do hours of detective work to buy a simple t-shirt.
According to Oxfam’s Made in Poverty Report, garment workers in Bangladesh and Vietnam are paid appallingly low wages (i.e. minimum wage) in the garment sector are trapping workers and their families in a cycle of poverty. And Kmart is one of the worst offenders.
It’s important to note; worker empowerment scored a D+. How can a brand have an overall B+ or ‘Good’ rating when garment workers have no autonomy over their own lives? Shouldn’t that be the most important metric?
Better cotton initiative
Joining the Better Cotton Initiative, Kmart promises to source 100% of their cotton more sustainably by July 2020. Unfortunately, their Better Together page is just a bunch of vague promises so I can’t tell you exactly what their plans are to improve environmental sustainability and worker rights.
Ethical fashion on a budget
I know that ethical fashion can be expensive and not accessible to everyone. If Kmart is the best option for you right now, please don’t feel as though you’re doing the wrong thing by shopping with them. Do the best you can with what you have.
Write to Kmart (or any brand who needs to do better) and tell them the people who make our clothes need to be paid a living wage. To make it easier for you, use an email template from Fashion Revolution’s site here. You can also add your name to Oxfam’s What She Makes campaign here.
“We aim to provide great products at the lowest prices for our customers while respecting human rights.” But how? How can you pay every single person in your supply chain a living wage and consider your environmental impact when your t-shirts cost $4.50? It doesn’t add up!
Kira Simpson is an environmentalist and sustainability educator. She started The Green Hub in 2015 and has since grown to become one of Australia’s largest education platforms dedicated to helping people live a more sustainable life, talking about the big environmental issues like climate change, plastic pollution, and fast fashion – showing people how they can have an impact through their own small daily actions and how to be part of the bigger environmental movement. | <urn:uuid:f6d20145-e256-4db4-ab82-c0e690d177d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thegreenhubonline.com/marie-claires-greenwashing-article-and-is-kmart-ethical/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.940081 | 1,143 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Background: Heteromeric neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are potently inhibited by volatile anesthetics, but it is not known whether they are affected by intravenous anesthetics. Ketamine potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors at high concentrations, but it is unknown whether there is potentiation at clinically relevant concentrations. Information about the effects of intravenous anesthetics with different behavioral profiles on specific ligand-gated ion channels may lead to hypotheses as to which ion channel effect produces a specific anesthetic behavior.
Methods: A heteromeric nAChR composed of alpha4 and beta4 subunits was expressed heterologously in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique, peak ACh-gated current was measured before and during application of ketamine, etomidate, or thiopental. The response to GABA of alpha1beta2gamma2s GABAA receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney cells and Xenopus oocytes was compared with and without coapplication of ketamine from 1 microm to 10 mm.
Results: Ketamine caused potent, concentration-dependent inhibition of the alpha4beta4 nAChR current with an IC50 of 0.24 microm. The inhibition by ketamine was use-dependent; the antagonist was more effective when the channel had been opened by agonist. Ketamine did not modulate the alpha1beta2gamma2s GABAA receptor response in the clinically relevant concentration range. Thiopental caused 27% inhibition of ACh response at its clinical EC50. Etomidate did not modulate the alpha4beta4 nAChR response in the clinically relevant concentration range, although there was inhibition at very high concentrations.
Conclusions: The alpha4beta4 nAChR, which is predominantly found in the central nervous system (CNS), is differentially affected by clinically relevant concentrations of intravenous anesthetics. Ketamine, commonly known to be an inhibitor at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, is also a potent inhibitor at a central nAChR. It has little effect on a common CNS GABAA receptor in a clinically relevant concentration range. Interaction between ketamine and specific subtypes of nAChRs in the CNS may result in anesthetic behaviors such as inattention to surgical stimulus and in analgesia. Thiopental causes minor inhibition at the alpha4beta4 nAChR. Modulation of the alpha4beta4 nAChR by etomidate is unlikely to be important in anesthesia practice based on the insensitivity of this receptor to clinically used concentrations. | <urn:uuid:ae75f430-625f-41b4-8311-2e06104c97b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10781289/?dopt=Abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.942478 | 563 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Change Quotes and Quotations
Everything passes; everything wears out; everything breaks.
I've learned only that you never say never.
Always! That is the dreadful word ... it is a meaningless word, too.
The most ominous of fallacies: the belief that things can be kept static by inaction.
What is actual is actual only for one time, and only for one place.
Our days are a kaleidoscope. Every instant a change takes place. ... New harmonies, new contrasts, new combinations of every sort. ... The most familiar people stand each moment in some new relation to each other, to their work, to surrounding objects.
Just when I think I have learned the way to live, life changes.
We change, whether we like it or not.
The one unchangeable certainty is that nothing is certain or unchangeable.
All things must change to something new, to something strange.
Because things are the way they are, things will not stay the way they are.
The moral world is as little exempt as the physical world from the law of ceaseless change, of perpetual flux.
Wherever we are, it is but a stage on the way to somewhere else, and whatever we do, however well we do it, it is only a preparation to do something else that shall be different.
All is change; all yields its place and goes.
O visionary world, condition strange, Where naught abiding is but only change.
Things alter for the worse spontaneously, if they be not altered for the better designedly.
For good and evil, man is a free creative spirit. This produces the very queer world we live in, a world in continuous creation and therefore continuous change and insecurity.
All things change, nothing is extinguished.
Life is always at some turning point.
Everything flows, nothing stays still.
Nothing in this world is permanent.
There are no permanent changes because change itself is permanent.
Nothing is permanent but change.
Time, in the turning-over of days, works change for better or worse.
Impermanence is the law of the universe.
Everything changes but change itself.
Would that life were like the shadow cast by a wall or a tree, but it is like the shadow of a bird in flight.
Some people are still unaware that reality contains unparalleled beauties. The fantastic and unexpected, the ever-changing and renewing is nowhere so exemplified as in real life itself.
Life is change. Growth is optional. Choose wisely.
Change is the law of life.
Life is measured by the rapidity of change, the succession of influences that modify the being.
To live is to change, and to be perfect is to change often.
One must never lose time in vainly regretting the past or in complaining against the changes which cause us discomfort, for change is the essence of life.
A living thing is distinguished from a dead thing by the multiplicity of the changes at any moment taking place in it.
When you're through changing, you're through.
Change is the only evidence of life.
To exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on creating oneself endlessly.
Life belongs to the living, and he who lives must be prepared for changes.
Someday change will be accepted as life itself.
What is more enthralling to the human mind than this splendid, boundless, colored mutability!-Life in the making?
You must change in order to survive.
The basic fact of today is the tremendous.
Each new season grows from the leftovers from the past. That is the essence of change, and change is the basic law.
Arriving at one goal is the starting point to another.
All that is not eternal is eternally out of date.
When people shake their heads because we are living in a restless age, ask them how they would like to life in a stationary one, and do without change.
Variety is the soul of pleasure.
If one sticks too rigidly to one's principles, one would hardly see anybody.
I'm tired of playing worn-out depressing ladies in frayed bathrobes. I'm going to get a new hairdo and look terrific and go back to school and even if nobody notices, I'm going to be the most self-fulfilled lady on the block.
The healthy being craves an occasional wildness, a jolt from normality, a sharpening of the edge of appetite, his own little festival of the Saturnalia, a brief excursion from his way of life.
Impermanence is the very essence of joy-the drop of bitterness that enables one to perceive the sweet.
There is a certain relief in change, even though it be from bad to worse; as I have found in traveling in a stagecoach, it is often a comfort to shift one's position and be bruised in a new place.
None of us knows what the next change is going to be, what unexpected opportunity is just around the corner, waiting to change all the tenor of our lives.
The art of living does not consist in preserving and clinging to a particular mood of happiness, but in allowing happiness to change its form ... happiness, like a child, must be allowed to grow up.
In embracing change, entrepreneurs ensure social and economic stability.
Fluidity and discontinuity are central to the reality in which we live.
Change does not change tradition. It strengthens it. Change is a challenge and an opportunity, not a threat.
Changes are not only possible and predictable, but to deny them is to be an accomplice to one's own unnecessary vegetation.
I have found that sitting in a place where you have never sat before can be inspiring.
Continuity gives us roots; change gives us branches, letting us stretch and grow and reach new heights.
I've learned that you'll never be disappointed if you always keep an eye on uncharted territory, where you'll be challenged and growing and having fun.
The things we fear most in organizations-fluctuations, disturbances, imbalances-are the primary sources of creativity.
It is in changing that things find purpose.
Turbulence is a life force. It is opportunity. Let's love turbulence and use it for change.
In all change, well looked into, the germinal good out-vails the apparent ill.
The time is ripe, and rotten-ripe, for change; then let it come.
Society can only pursue its normal course by means of a certain progression of changes.
Continuity in everything is unpleasant.
We emphasize that we believe in change because we were born of it, we have lived by it, we prospered and grew great by it. So the status quo has never been our god, and we ask no one else to bow down before it.
If you do what you've always done, you'll get what you've always gotten.
Man needs, for his happiness, not only the enjoyment of this or that, but hope and enterprise and change.
To remain young one must change.
Where the old tracks are lost, new country is revealed with its wonders.
Weep not that the world changes- did it keep a stable, changeless state, it were a cause indeed to weep.
Only in growth, reform, and change, paradoxically enough, is true security to be found.
If folks can learn to be racist, then they can learn to be antiracist. If being sexist ain't genetic, then, dad gum, people can learn about gender equality.
Change is inevitable in a progressive society. Change is constant.
All bonafide revolutions are of necessity revolutions of the spirit.
We can say "Peace on Earth." We can sing about it, preach about it or pray about it, but if we have not internalized the mythology to make it happen inside us, then it will not be.
We're just getting started. We're just beginning to meet what will be the future-we've got the Model T.
Why do we shrink from change? What can come into being save by change?
The challenges of change are always hard. It is important that we begin to unpack those challenges that confront this nation and realize that we each have a role that requires us to change and become more responsible for shaping our own future.
Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything.
The mind of the most logical thinker goes so easily from one point to another that it is not hard to mistake motion for progress.
The world hates change, yet it is the only thing that has brought progress.
The art of progress is to preserve order amid change, and to preserve change amid order.
Change is the watchword of progression. When we tire of well-worn ways, we seek for new. This restless craving in the souls of men spurs them to climb, and to seek the mountain view.
He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils.
In a moving world readaptation is the price of longevity.
A person needs at intervals to separate himself from family and companions and go to new places. He must go without his familiars in order to be open to influences, to change.
Every saint has a past, and every sinner has a future.
It's quite possible to leave your home for a walk in the early morning air and return a different person- beguiled, enchanted.
We must always change, renew, rejuvenate ourselves; otherwise we harden.
On the human chessboard, all moves are possible.
There is nobody who totally lacks the courage to change.
I've never met a person, I don't care what his condition, in whom I could not see possibilities. I don't care how much a man may consider himself a failure, I believe in him, for he can change the thing that is wrong in his life anytime he is prepared and ready to do it. Whenever he develops the desire, he can take away from his life the thing that is defeating it. The capacity for reformation and change lies within.
The most amazing thing about little children ... was their fantastic adaptability.
Let a man turn to his own childhood-no further-if he will renew his sense of remoteness, and of the mystery of change.
All love shifts and changes. I don't know if you can be wholeheartedly in love all the time.
People change and forget to tell each other.
When you have a baby, you set off an explosion in your marriage, and when the dust settles, your marriage is different from what it was. Not better, necessarily; not worse, necessarily; but different.
There is change in all things. You yourself are subject to continual change and some decay, and this is common to the entire universe.
No one can persuade another to change. Each of us guards a gate of change that can only be opened from the inside. We cannot open the gate of another, either by argument or emotional appeal.
We measure success and depth by length and time, but it is possible to have a deep relationship that doesn't always stay the same.
One of the dreariest spots on life's road is the point of conviction that nothing will ever again happen to you.
I realized that if what we call human nature can be changed, then absolutely anything is possible. And from that moment, my life changed.
A woman's life can really be a succession of lives, each revolving around some emotionally compelling situation or challenge, and each marked off by some intense experience.
Readjusting is a painful process, but most of us need it at one time or another.
For many men, the acquisition of wealth does not end their troubles, it only changes them.
Our being is continually undergoing and entering upon changes. ... We must, strictly speaking, at every moment give each other up and let each other go and not hold each other back.
Change the fabric of your own soul and your own visions, and you change all.
A person needs at intervals to separate himself from family and companions and go to new places. He must go without his familiars in order to be open to influence, to change.
There are people who not only strive to remain static themselves, but strive to keep everything else so ... their position is almost laughably hopeless.
The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.
Very often a change of self is needed more than a change of scene.
There is not a single ill-doer who could not be turned to some good.
Things do not change; we change.
We do not succeed in changing things according to our desire, but gradually our desire changes.
The old woman I shall become will be quite different from the woman I am now. Another I is beginning.
The absurd man is he who never changes.
Man would be "otherwise." That's the essence of the specifically human.
Never swap horses crossing a stream
Earth changes, but thy soul and God stand sure.
I am not now That which I have been.
There is a certain relief in change, even though it be from bad to worse; as I have found in travelling in a stagecoach, that it is often a comfort to shift one's position and be bruised in a new place.
Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?
The world goes up and the world goes down, And the sunshine follows the rain; And yesterday's sneer and yesterday's frown Can never come over again.
All things must change To something new, to something strange.
Revolutions are not made; they come.
The old order changeth, yielding place to new.
Everything changes but change. | <urn:uuid:2b37fe27-af84-410b-9570-2a615a1cf3c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.famousquotesandauthors.com/topics/change_quotes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00307-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952627 | 2,901 | 2.03125 | 2 |
A Maine entrepreneur is proposing to revive a defunct rail line for freight and passenger service between Portland and the White Mountains region of New Hampshire, with plans to extend the line eventually to Vermont and Montreal.
The driving force behind the project is David Schwanke, president of Golden Eagle Rail Corp., a startup company.
Schwanke, 61, who lives in Norridgewock, moved to Maine a decade ago after a career handling logistics in the motion picture industry. He said he is waiting for the snow to melt so experts can examine the old Mountain Division line, which runs from the Portland Transportation Center to the New Hampshire border in Fryeburg.
Schwanke said he would spend $7 million to $10 million to replace railroad ties on the line to bring it up to the standards for many short-line railroads.
He said the study is a necessary step before he can meet with the Maine Department of Transportation, which owns the 45-mile section from Westbrook to Fryeburg.
“We’re making sure our ducks are in a row before we jump into a deep pond and find it deeper than we think it is,” Schwanke said.
The section between the Sappi mill in Westbrook and the New Hampshire border was abandoned by Guilford Transportation Industries in 1983 and purchased by the state in 1994.
Although the rail line provides the shortest route from Portland to points west of Chicago, steep grades crossing the Appalachian Mountains in New Hampshire added to its costs. Guilford, which now operates as Pan Am Railways, concluded it would be cheaper to send its westbound trains through Massachusetts.
Built in the late 1800s, the line once shuttled tourists to grand Victorian hotels, including the Bay of Naples Inn in Naples, the Crawford House in Crawford Notch, N.H., and the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, N.H. The last passenger train ran in 1959.
Today, a section of the line in New Hampshire is used by the Conway Scenic Railroad.
Schwanke said he would expand his railroad in stages, starting with a freight service that would connect businesses in Maine with the Portland waterfront and the national rail system through Pan Am Railway, which operates a railway that extends to the Sappi mill in Westbrook. He said there are 15 companies in Maine that could potentially use the freight service.
In the second phase, the line would extend to New Hampshire and bring passengers to the White Mountains. Schwanke said there would be ski trains in the winter and excursion trains in the summer and autumn.
Eventually, the line would extend to St. Johnsbury, Vt., where it would link up with railroads in Vermont and Quebec that now have trains running to Montreal.
Upgrading the entire line would cost about $30 million, Schwanke said. He said the freight service would be local, and that he doesn’t intend to run freight between Montreal and Portland.
Reviving the Mountain Division line has been a goal of local officials, who say it could move such commodities as gravel, propane and wood pellets. It also could bring tourists to the Saco River Valley and the White Mountains, they said.
The biggest challenge would be creating agreements with so many different entities, said Deborah Murphy, who formerly handled passenger rail for the Vermont Rail System and is now working as a consultant for the project. Murphy said the deal-making skills that Schwanke mastered in Hollywood should prove useful.
Providing both freight and passenger service makes sense because it raises more revenue, Murphy said, adding that there is strong demand in Quebec for rail service to U.S. cities.
Schwanke said he also will seek corporate sponsors for the passenger service, an idea that is new to the railroad industry.
Schwanke outlined his idea March 19 in Standish to members of the Route 113 Corridor Committee, an economic development group in the region.
One attendee, Don Marson, said that Schwanke is an articulate public speaker but that his plans for reviving the line are unrealistic.
There appear to be too many obstacles to overcome, and it would cost too much money to upgrade the rail line in Maine, said Marson, who retired last year as vice president and general manager of the Maine Eastern Railroad, which operates freight trains and summer excursion trains between Brunswick and Rockland.
“I hate like hell to say it, but I don’t think it’s going to be real until I see the money,” he said.
Chalmers “Chop” Hardenbergh, editor of Atlantic Northeast Rails & Ports, a trade magazine, said he doubts there are enough potential freight customers on the line to make it viable.
“I think we should be very skeptical,” he said.
Nate Moulton, director of the state’s industrial rail access program for the Maine Department of Transportation, said the state is always open to redeveloping its abandoned rail lines.
“That’s what we bought them for,” he said.
When he meets with Schwanke later this spring, Moulton said, he wants to see a “real business plan” that shows the railroad can safely provide service to customers and make enough money to survive. He noted that a 2006 state study concluded that there wasn’t enough freight traffic to sustain such an operation.
Although the state at times will make capital investments in a state-owned rail line, Moulton said, it won’t subsidize freight railroads.
“We expect them to make a living,” he said.
Tom Bell can be contacted at 791-6369 or at:[email protected] | <urn:uuid:1b959d95-4ea2-4acd-b0c7-5c43dd1ed43e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pressherald.com/2014/03/27/plan_to_restore_maine-to-vermont_rail_service_unveiled_/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00318-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965753 | 1,187 | 1.992188 | 2 |
This article originally appeared on the Huffington Post.
Citizens in most of the world’s cities might expect their mayor to take responsibility for collecting waste, running public transport, or regulating new development, but they might not consider food to be an issue for urban local government. Yet in October 2015, when Mayor of Milan Giuliano Pisapia called upon his fellow mayors to sign the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, 120 cities from around the world, including London, Mexico City, Quito and Shanghai, chose to join forces in an effort to build sustainable and equitable urban food systems. This incredible show of commitment by mayors is an indication of how critical food production and consumption is becoming to protecting our climate, and the health and well-being of urban citizens.
Historically, efforts on food systems focused mainly on production (largely rural), rather than consumption. As urbanization increases so too will the main source of consumption — cities, and particularly, megacities — and the urgent need for a more comprehensive approach. The Milan Urban Food Policy Pact demonstrates widespread political will at the city level to change our patterns of food production and consumption. The new C40 Food Systems Network aims to build on this momentum and turn these commitments into action on the ground.
At C40 we know that cities are so often the engines of global progress and change, and that mayors within our network and beyond are already providing the leadership needed to create a climate-safe future. Many of our mayors are already tackling food issues as part of their larger climate action plans.
The C40 Food Systems Network will help participating cities find solutions to their most pressing food challenges. Members of the Food Systems Network will share information about new policies that enhance food security; enable local and low-carbon food production and distribution; advance food waste management solutions; and develop food systems options that result in carbon reductions and improved health equity. Fittingly, the Network will be launched during the upcoming EAT Stockholm Food Forum on June 13-15.
According to the international research institute CGIAR, food systems contribute 19%-29% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concurrently, climate change is impacting both crop production and causing rapid food and cereal-price increases in many regions. As more of the world’s population urbanizes, urban food security is a growing issue, and the impacts of poor diets are a growing legacy of ill-health.
Fortunately, mayors and cities have power over several facets of urban food systems and these have been identified as preliminary areas of focus for the C40 Food Systems Network:
· Food procurement: Moving toward more equitable procurement policies benefit low-income entrepreneurs and local farmers while providing consumers access to healthy food. By reevaluating their procurement rules for school canteens, hospitals, elderly homes, civic buildings, etc. cities can foster more sustainable and healthy diets while promoting local, seasonal and fresh food. These efforts help offset emissions, increase urban food security and reduce the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, including diabetes and heart disease.
· Food production: Urban agriculture, in addition to providing for local producers and decreasing food miles, has strong impacts on both mitigating heat island effect and reducing energy needed to cool and heat buildings (through roof and wall gardens). Locally-based food production also helps raise awareness about the benefits of fresh and seasonal food and the disadvantages of food waste. In fact research shows that people who participate or have family members that participate in community gardens were 3.5 times more likely to consume fruits and vegetables at least five times per day than people without a gardening household member. In addition to the health benefits of the farm-to-table concept, a recent report supported by the Swedish Food Administration demonstrates that a processed good may have a “foodprint” up to 20 times higher than its raw origins.
· Food distribution: By developing sustainable food transportation and logistics planning, cities can strengthen a safe and energy efficient municipal public market system, including wholesale markets, climate-smart farmers markets, informal markets, carts and retail shops. The recently released HABITAT III: Zero Draft of the New Urban Agenda underscores the need for an efficient urban food distribution policy, stating that “heavy reliance on distant sources of energy, water, food, and materials has made some cities vulnerable to sudden disruption of supply.”
· Food waste: The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that each year, approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption in the world is lost or wasted. Not only does this have implications on food security for the almost 800 million people worldwide suffering from hunger and malnutrition, it is a lost economic opportunity. Research by Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) in partnership with the New Climate Economy estimates that global consumer food waste costs more than US$400 billion per year — and counting. Cities must take robust action to start reversing this trend. As a start, they have the power to raise awareness about food waste through events and campaigns targeting households and businesses; supporting local actors who save food by facilitating recovery and redistribution for people in need (through food banks, for example); and implementing punctual or city-wide composting circuits and plans to connect with production sites.
We at C40 are thrilled to launch this new network with our partners at EAT and with the commitment of so many of our mayors to work together on these critical issues; through collaboration and local action, mayors have a great opportunity to transform food systems for the long-term benefit of urban citizens. | <urn:uuid:115bf0c9-c2c5-4603-8d21-4981556800d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/13/c40s-executive-director-mark-watts-on-how-mayors-are-changing-the-way-we-think-about-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00393-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941024 | 1,121 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Posted: 02 Jan 2009 05:17 PM CST
Known interchangeably as the third rock from the sun, the world, the living planet, and simply, Earth, our planet is uniquely interesting in many ways that we often take for granted and don’t give a second thought to. Furthermore, while we’ve lived on the planet for over 200,000 years, we still haven’t unlocked all of its mysteries or learned to live in harmoney with all its different elements. Let’s take a look at some of the most interesting facts and mysteries surrounding the Earth.
4.6 Billion Years in the Making
According to most scientific estimates, our planet was formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago, and while life appeared within a billion years, evidence shows that modern human beings appeared only 200,000 years ago (in what is now known as Africa). While we have found conditions (such as the availability of water) on Mars that make it possibly the next most hospitable planet to host human and other organic life, we’re still decades away from that possibility. So far, Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known by humans to exist.
A Place to Call Home
Though dominated by human beings (primarily because of our highly developed brains and erect body carriage), the planet is home to millions of species. In fact, life existed for over 3 billion years before the first known signs of modern human beings appeared. A combination of Earth’s biosphere, atmosphere, and magnetic field permits the existence of life on the planet. According to scientific estimates, the world is expected to be able to support life for another 1.5 billion years, after which the radiance of the Sun will eliminate the biosphere and all existence with it.
The Human Impact on Earth
(sources: focusman5, scampychamp)
Even as we depict the Earth as the mother-like, life-giving and sustaining deity, human beings are one of the most destructive elements to have ever existed on the planet. Pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, exhaustion of natural resources, erosion of natural wonders, premature and unnatural extinction of species, and general devastation are all a part of the legacy we will leave behind.
The Earth Around the World
From towering trees to exploding geysers and limestone cliffs to beautiful icebergs, our planet has some of the most beautiful landscapes and seascapes. Unfortunately we spend more time as consumers, actively engaged in the destruction of this beauty than we do actually appreciating it.
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The word udhiyah means an animal of the ‘an’aam class (i.e., camel, cow, sheep or goat) that is slaughtered during the days of Eid al-Adha because of the Eid and as an act of worship, intending to draw closer to Allaah thereby.
This is one of the rituals of Islam prescribed in the Book of Allaah and the Sunnah of His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and according to the consensus of the Muslims.
Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “Therefore turn in prayer to your Lord and sacrifice (to Him only)” [al-Kawthar 108:2]
It was narrated in Saheeh al-Bukhaari (5558) and Saheeh Muslim (1966) that Anas ibn Maalik (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: “The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) sacrificed two white rams speckled with black. He slaughtered them with his own hand, said ‘Allaahu akbar’ and put his foot on their necks.”
It was narrated from al-Baraa’ ibn ‘Aazib (may Allaah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever offers a sacrifice after the prayer has completed his rituals (of Eid) and has followed the way of the Muslims.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5545.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) offered sacrifices, as did his companions (may Allaah be pleased with them).
Qurban with Human Appeal International Australia
With your generosity, Human Appeal International Australia has been able to provide meat to many disadvantaged people worldwide over the past 25 years. Last year, with your help, we were able to distribute over 42,000 quality Qurbans in 23 countries
For only $130 your Qurban will be purchased, sacrificed, shipped & distributed in the following destinations: Syria, Syrian Refugees, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo,Jordan, Egypt, Indonesia, Fiji & Vanuatu.
We will also perform the slaughtering of your Qurban locally in the following destinations: Somalia, Sudan, Eritrean Refugees, Burmese Refugees, Tunisia, Pakistan, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Cambodia & Nepal.
The meat is distributed either fresh, hard- frozen or canned to make it more affordable and accessible for local people. We endeavour to get the healthiest of all available animals and in order to benefit the local economy, we always purchase meat from local suppliers and distribute to the poor and needy..
In 2016, we hope to reach 1.8 million people around the world with the meat of Qurban. We desire to do much more, but this massive and noble venture cannot be achieved alone.
Human Appeal International Australia invites you to increase your rewards during this blessed occasion by donating your Qurban to the poor and bring happiness into their lives. | <urn:uuid:b6626672-85f6-453c-8aeb-c7fa4f869b86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.humanappeal.org.au/qurban/qurban | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00027-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94206 | 637 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Shravan, Bhadrapada, Ashwina and Kartik are the four months that comprise the period of Chaturmas. These months are considered to be the holiest months in Hindu mythology. Most of the religious Vratas or fasts of significance relevance are observed during this period.
Schedule that Devotees follow during ChaturmasDevotees usually desist from consuming any kind of non vegetarian food during the Chaturmas period. Items that require jaggery and oil are generally avoided during the Chaturmas period. Some devotees give up using food prepared in garlic and onion during this period.
However, as the festivities go on for four long months, no set of restrictions have been imposed on the devotees. It is up to one s devotion as to how they wish to celebrate the Chaturmas months. Devotees spend quality time reading religious scriptures as Ramayana, Gita and Bhagwad Purana during these four months. As the months are considered to be the resting time for Lord Vishnu, the devotees spend time listening to his stories and serving the needy.
Devotees of Lord Shiva too wait for Chaturmas period as the month of Shravan too comes in this period. Mondays during Shravan are considered auspicious by the devotees and they make special preparation for fasting during this period.
Food items to be avoided during ChaturmasSince the festivities continue for a period of over four months, the devotees need to follow a rigorous dietary schedule. Green leafy vegetables are generally avoided during the Shravan month. The month begins from Ashada Sukla Ekadashi and goes till Sravana Sukla Ekadashi. Bhadrapada month begins from Sravana Sukla Ekadashi and continues till Bhadrapada Sukla Ekadashi. In the Bhadrapada month, devotees avoid consuming curd and other items prepared from the same.
Ashwin month begins from Bhadrapada Sukla Ekadashi and continues till Asweeja Sukla Ekadashi. Items prepared from milk are avoided during the Ashwin month. Kartik month begins from Asweeja Sukla Ekadashi and continues till Karthika Sukla Ekadashi. Pulses with seeds are generally avoided during Kartik month.
Saints usually avoid much movement during the Chaturmas period. This they do in order to avoid hurting any of the life forms as rainy season is considered to be the breeding time for insects. It is believed that killing any life form during the religious period can cause harm to the saints and they restrict their movements accordingly.
Lord’s Blessings during the PhaseLord Vishnu once observed that devotees who perform fasting during this religious period will benefit more as compared to the fasting during other times of the year. The benefits of the fasting would vary as per the months. Fasting during Karthika month is considered to be most auspicious as Lord Vishnu showers blessings on his devotees, therefore those fasting with devotion can expect blessings of Lord Vishnu.
इस आर्टिकल को हिंदी में पढ़ने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें | <urn:uuid:7a89252e-df20-4923-862e-6086c3375f1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.festivalsofindia.in/chaturmas-vrat/?????????-????/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.942519 | 718 | 2.34375 | 2 |
- Two Chinese carriers have been shipping more empty export containers than loaded exports out of the two biggest U.S. ports.
- The top two carriers that transported more empty containers than loaded U.S. exports out of the Port of Los Angeles were OOCL and its Shanghai-based parent company, COSCO.
Two Chinese carriers are shipping more empty export containers than loaded exports out of the two biggest ports in the United States, according to CNBC analysis of exclusive trade data.
CNBC analyzed the container data for 2020 and 2021 from the Port of Los Angeles, Port of Long Beach, U.S. customs and IHS Markit PIERS import export data. PIERS tracks U.S. Customs cargo shipping records.
The top two carriers that transported more empty containers than loaded U.S. exports out of the Port of Los Angeles were OOCL, which is headquartered in Hong Kong, and its parent company, COSCO, which is headquartered in Shanghai.
OOCL recorded a 35.1% decrease in loaded exports and a 104.1% increase in empty containers. COSCO transported an increase of 4% in loaded containers versus a 104.6% increase in empties.
"According to industry-wide data, exports from the U.S. West Coast have been on a declining trend since 2019, due to a range of factors including changes in market demand," OOCL said. "OOCL's key hub on the West Coast is the Long Beach Container Terminal. For reasons of efficiency and cost, where possible we have been switching cargo from a range of ports to ship through Long Beach, inevitably leading to a decrease of our throughput at those other ports."
Analysis of the Port of Long Beach data revealed OOCL topped the list with a 3.2% decrease in loaded exports versus a 31.61% increase in empty exports.
The findings come on the heels of the Port of Los Angeles reported another decline in exports, in March. The port has seen a decrease in loaded exports during 37 out of the last 39 months. U.S. exports out of the port have fallen to the lowest level since 2002. Likewise, U.S. exports from the nearby Port of Long Beach have fallen to their lowest level since 2009.
The Federal Maritime Commission, the government agency tasked with protecting U.S. maritime trade through regulation, recently announced it is expanded its auditing into the trade practices of both the large ocean carriers as well as the new smaller carriers which launched operations in 2021.
Congress is in the process of revamping the Shipping Act of 1984 to potentially prohibit what the FMC is describing as unreasonable export rejections. Both the House and Senate overwhelmingly passed its own versions of the bill. Sources told CNBC that discussions are underway to blend the bills into one piece of legislation that President Joe Biden is expected to sign.
"If these reports are true, this is alarming proof that America's producers – the farmers and ranchers who work tirelessly to help feed the world – are being unfairly hung out to dry," Sen. John Thune, R-S.D., said of CNBC's analysis. "It also increases the urgency for Congress to act on my Ocean Shipping Reform Act, which was unanimously approved by the Senate and would help level the playing field for our exporters and give more authority to federal agencies that can hold these carriers accountable."
Thune, the second-highest-ranking Republican in the Senate, commented after reviewing CNBC's data. He co-sponsored the legislation with Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn.
FMC Commissioner Carl Bentzel has been reviewing trade reports by agriculture exporters and said that the Shipping Act is clear on dual trade transactions by ocean carriers, "Section 41104(a)(10) says that ocean common carriers cannot 'unreasonably refuse to deal or negotiate,'" he said.
Ocean carriers' reasons for shipping back empty containers vs. loaded ones from U.S. exporters are financial in nature.
According to the Freightos Baltic Index, containers leaving China heading to both the West Coast and East Coast are priced at over $15,000 a container. U.S. exports do not command that price. Containers leaving the West Coast to China are priced at a little over $1,000. Congestion at both Chinese and U.S. ports has added to a trade disparity, as carriers move more empty containers back to China so they can be used on the more lucrative route.
"I have become increasingly concerned about the widening discrepancy between import cargoes coming in primarily from China, and exports from the United States," Bentzel said. "The latest statistics that I reviewed showed the widest gap between import shipments and exports since 2008."
He said he is concerned that the companies have been bringing imports into the United States due to high rates while not even giving consideration to shipping out U.S. exports.
The export imbalance was also seen by other carriers such as Mediterranean Shipping Co., which was owned by Swiss billionaires Gianluigi and Rafaela Aponte; Taiwan-based Yang Ming; and Hapag Lloyd out of Germany.
M-S-C and Hyundai Merchant Marine also reported a preference of transporting empty exports over loaded exports.
CNBC reached out to the ocean carriers transporting containers in and out of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach for an explanation on their trade practices. Hapag Lloyd declined to comment at this time. Other carriers didn't respond to CNBC's request for comment. | <urn:uuid:4c3ea817-8561-4fc0-9e75-47dfaffaed3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/13/chinese-ships-carry-more-empty-containers-than-full-ones-out-of-west-coast-ports.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.960156 | 1,132 | 1.617188 | 2 |
This book provides mailing to TAMBA (Twins and Multiple Birth Association) groups. The first edition sold over 100,000 copies. The rate of twin births as high as 1 in 50. The books that demystify challenging children become classics. The only major book on twins written by physicians, "Twins! 2nd edition" addresses the unique questions and concerns of parents, covering the earliest stages of a multiple-birth pregnancy through delivery and the first year of life. "Twins! 2nd edition" helps parents raise happy and healthy babies with the most accurate answers and current advice from specialists who work with twins every day. This book provides complete information on pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum experience, from adequate nutrition levels when eating for three and pre-term delivery to feeding schedules and raising your babies as individuals. The second edition introduces additions that ensure that "Twins!" maintains its relevance in a climate of changing medical technology and improved standards of care.
It presents new technologies available to expecting mothers including advancements in ultrasounds and non-invasive tests for Down's syndrome; new advances in research and medicine, including recent discoveries about popular drugs (such as anti-depressants and antibiotics), fertilization methods, nutrition, and preventing morning sickness; a new discussion of complimentary and alternative medical practices such as acupuncture and the use of supplements and herbs, and updates on the levels of care in hospital nurseries so parents of twins know what options they have and what they should expect.
Dr. Connie L. Agnew is a perinatologist in private practice. She's a leading specialist in the care of high-risk mothers and infants. Dr. Alan H. Klein is a pediatrician and perinatologist in private practice specializing in high-risk infant care.
Number Of Pages:
- ID: 9780060742195
2nd Revised edition
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WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36 | <urn:uuid:5ae360d5-7779-4e23-8cd9-5a671a7afc81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/twins-pregnancy-birth-and-the-first-year-of-life-2nd-revised-edition/9780060742195 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914978 | 472 | 1.625 | 2 |
Within the final issue we explored the potential hazards of electromagnetic radiation from iPad use. We learned about warnings from the European parliaments and medical doctors’ associations in numerous countries, and mentioned the variations between pulsed digital wi-fi indicators and continuous analogue radio waves. This time we are pleased to ask Dr. Joel Moskowitz to share his research findings concerning the health results of cellphones.
Nussbaum, a psychiatrist, is the chief education officer at Denver Well being Medical Middle and works on the adult inpatient psychiatric unit there. I recently spoke with him, and that is an edited transcript of our conversation. The research is observational, with the dividing line between low phytate and excessive-phytate being eating phytate three days per week. It is a somewhat nebulous, arbitrary standards. Not solely do you will have lots of necessary information here, I like the way you made recommendations on tips on how to help individuals who endure with this. THAT IS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INFLUENCIAN(FLU) PANDEMIC SPONSORED BY THE HUMANISTIC AFFILIATION….ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
You might think that the committees, commissions, and panels assigned to evaluate the VHA would be trying to bolster this system, focusing not only on its problems but additionally its strengths. Yet some seem intent on picking apart the VHA’s tapestry of comprehensive care thread by thread. I have found a lot of assets, videos, and links which my be useful for women in the same predicament and they are featured within the article, beneath. It does occur with me at occasions, could also be quickly when I’m extraordinarily fatigued and could not have sleep for a long interval. Precision medication is an revolutionary strategy which will revolutionize the way we improve well being and treat diseases.
Mr. Esformes is charged with well being care fraud, paying and receiving kickbacks, obstruction of justice and different crimes, and prosecutors mentioned he could face a life sentence if convicted. The Justice Department requested on Friday that he be held with out bail as a result of his wealth and historical past made him a risk to flee. For a sore throat, combine 1/four cup of vinegar with 1/4 cup of honey and take 1 tablespoon six times a day. The vinegar kills micro organism.
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Healthy living, herbal remedies and DIY natural beauty.
If you're buying toys for children this year, keep their health in mind. Back in 2007, Natural Home & Garden reported on the huge amount of toys that contained lead. Of 1,200 toys tested in the U.S., 35 percent contained lead. What's more, only 20 percent had no lead or other toxic chemicals. While since that time, action has been taken to reduce the amount of lead allowed in children's toys: As of 2009, the amount of lead in children's toys can't exceed 90 ppm. If you're like me, you'd rather play it safe when it comes to children and lead and have the limit be zero! And with the vast quantity of cheaply made toys on store shelves, it's hard to believe every one is adhering to this standard. Protect the health of the children in your life (and the health of the environment) by choosing well-made toys that are free of lead. High-quality toys also will stay with children throughout their childhood (and possibly become heirlooms), helping teach children the value of handcrafted, non-throwaway items. A few options below:
Replace plastic cars with a hefty, solid wood fire truck made in the U.S. out of sustainably harvested maple. The truck weights nearly 3 pounds, is approximately 9 inches long and comes with two removable ladders and two firefighters. Green Cradle: $48.
This stuffed gorilla from MiYim Simply Organic is part of The Jane Goodall Wild Animal Collection and made from cotton that's untreated, unprocessed and unbleached, and is dyed with a plant-based dye. Part of the proceeds benefits the Jane Goodall Institute. Miyim, $26.
Let kids play chef without the plastic with the Mix It Up mixer made from sustainably sourced wood.Land of Nod, $49.
This balancing game helps develop children's math skills and understanding of distance. Made of preservative-free rubberwood and nontoxic water-based paints. Planet Happy Toys, $25. | <urn:uuid:4e3cb7c5-a602-4ae4-b6f7-29ff7335065d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.motherearthnews.com/green-homes/nontoxic-toys-zb0z1112zkel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00569-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961347 | 429 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Role of Adsorption and Phase Change Phenomena in the Thermophysical Characterization of Moist Porous Materials
- Cite this article as:
- Scarpa, F. & Milano, G. International Journal of Thermophysics (2002) 23: 1033. doi:10.1023/A:1016338019265
- 132 Downloads
Phase change phenomena in moist porous media with low liquid content, the typical condition of a porous body at ambient conditions and far from the contact of liquid water, are controlled by the shape of the adsorption isotherms and by the effective liquid-vapor thermodynamic condition within the pores. Usually, heat and mass transfer models are developed under the assumption of thermal and hygrometric equilibrium. This gives rise to an expression of the evaporation source that is too complex in view of the dynamic identification of thermophysical and transport properties of a porous material. In this study, the hypothesis of hygrometric equilibrium is dropped. The phase change rate is considered proportional to the amount of local nonequilibrium through an appropriate delay coefficient. This approach leads to a simple representation of the process and makes manageable the formulation of a coupled heat and mass transfer inverse problem. A comparison with a first group of experiments performed with an open-pore light insulating material (expanded perlite board) confirms the suitability of the proposed approach. However, the analysis shows that, for this material, phase change occurs not far from the hygrometric equilibrium. | <urn:uuid:fb6ba079-c11e-49cc-bbeb-3ad05db2bcee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1016338019265 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870203 | 313 | 2.234375 | 2 |
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Spacetime Geometry: Brehme Diagram and Loedel Diagram
Relativistic Kinematics: Relativistic Vista of Spacetime
Geometry of Relativity
Cartesian Coordinates P O x y (x, y) x y
Cartesian Coordinates P O x'x' y'y' (x', y') x'x' y'y'
Cartesian Coordinates P O x'x' y'y' (x', y') x'x' y'y' y x y x invariance of distance (x, y)P
Invariance of Spacetime Interval
Brehme Spacetime Diagram Exchange Ot axis and Ot' axis
Brehme Spacetime Diagram O ct x x'x' ct'
Oblique Coordinates O ct x
Brehme Diagram (perpendicular components) E x x ct O (ct, x)
Loedel Diagram (parallel components) E x x ct O (ct, x)
E O x ct x1x1 ct 1 x2x2 ct 2 x3x3 ct 3
World Line E O x ct x rest at x in for all time t parallel to t -axis
World Line E O x ct x'x' rest at x' in ' for all time t' x'x' ct' parallel to t' -axis perpendicular to x -axis
World Line E O x ct x1x1 x2x2 ct 2 ct 1
World Line of Light E Ox ct ct x X T 角平分線
World Line of O' E O ct x x x x
Question: world line 與 trajectory 有何不同？
Loedel Diagram E O ct x x'x' ct' x'x' x'x'
Loedel Diagram E O ct x x'x' ct' x'x' x'x'
Loedel Diagram O ct x x'x' ct' E(ct, x) ct' x'x' ct x or E(ct', x')
Principle of Constancy of Light Speed O ct x x'x' ct' E(ct, x) x ct E
Principle of Constancy of Light Speed O ct x x'x' ct' E(ct', x')E x'x' ct'
Principle of Constancy of Light Speed O ct x x'x' ct' E(ct, x) or (ct', x') x'x' ct' x ct
O ct x x'x' ct' cc x'x' E1E1 E2E2 ct A1A1 A2A2 C1C1 C2C2
Time Dilation O ct x x'x' ct' cc x'x' E1E1 E2E2 ct A1A1 A2A2 B1B1 B2B2 C1C1 C2C2 same place in ' proper time
Time Dilation O ct x x'x' ct' cc x'x' E1E1 E2E2 ct A1A1 A2A2 C1C1 C2C2 proper time
Time Dilation O ct x x'x' ct' cc A1A1 A2A2 x E1E1 E2E2 C1C1 C2C2 ctct
Time Dilation O ct x x'x' ct' cc B1B1 B2B2 A1A1 A2A2 x E1E1 E2E2 C1C1 C2C2 ct' same place in proper time
Time Dilation O ct x x'x' ct' cc A1A1 A2A2 x E1E1 E2E2 C1C1 C2C2 ct' proper time
World Line of Light Ox ct 角平分線
O'O' O O'O' O'O' O'O' O O O x ct ct' x'x' O v v v v A A A A A B B B B C C C C D D D D C D B
O'O' O O'O' O'O' O O x ct ct' x'x' O v v v A A A A B B B C C C D D D C D simultaneous in ' t' C = t' D t D < t C Events C and D
O'O' O O'O' O'O' O'O' O O O x ct ct' x'x' O -v
x ct ct' x'x' O E2E2 E2'E2' E 1 (x,t 2 ) or (x',t 2 ') In ', E 2 ' and E 1 are simultaneous x'x' x ct 2 ' ct 2 In , E 2 and E 1 are simultaneous E1E1 E 2 ' before E 1 in E 2 after E 1 in '
O ct x x'x' ct' A B world lines of A and B ct 1 simultaneous measurements at time t 1 in L 0 (proper length) L
Length Contraction O ct x x'x' ct' A B world lines of A and B ct' 1 simultaneous measurements at time t' 1 in ' L 0 (proper length) L
Off -Synchronization O ct x x'x' ct' Time dilation : ct = (ct' - c ) Time dilation : ct' = ct c = L sin = L v/c L L leading clocktrailing clock ct (proper time) ct'
O ct x x'x' ct' E(ct, x) ct' x'x' ct x or E(ct', x') A B C D C'C'
Lorentz Transformation O ct x x'x' ct' E(ct, x) ct' x'x' ct x or E(ct', x') A B C D D'D' x
Comparison of Loedel Diagram and Brehme Diagram
Loedel Diagram Parallel Component Contravariant Component Brehme Diagram Perpendicular Component Covariant Component
Geometry; Invariance of Spacetime; Constancy of Speed of Light
Special Relativity The Failure of Galilean Transformations The Lorentz Transformation Time and Space in Special Relativity Relativistic Momentum and Energy.
Lecture 13 Space Time Diagrams ASTR 340 Fall 2006 Dennis Papadopoulos.
About length contraction Moving bodies are short.
Little drops of water, little grains of sand, make the mighty ocean and the pleasant land. Little minutes, small though they may be, make the mighty ages.
Physics 2170 – Spring Special relativity Homework solutions are on CULearn Remember problem solving sessions.
Static equilibrium : the two conditions for a body in static equilibrium are: (1)The vector sum of all the external forces acting on the body is zero.
Lecture 14 Space-time diagrams (cont) ASTR 340 Fall 2006 Dennis Papadopoulos.
Chapter 1 Relativity 1. Classical Relativity – inertial vs noninertial reference frames Inertial Reference Frames Any reference frame that moves at constant.
Lecture 5: PHYS344 Homework #1 Due in class Wednesday, Sept 9 th Read Chapters 1 and 2 of Krane, Modern Physics Problems: Chapter 2: 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14,
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Happyphysics.com Physics Lecture Resources Prof. Mineesh Gulati Head-Physics Wing Happy Model Hr. Sec. School, Udhampur, J&K Website: happyphysics.com.
A Harvard pole vaulter carries a pole that is just as long as a barn. He encounters a NJ farmer. Overhead view: Is this Nonsense? -- Space & Time are Relative.
Event P is shown by a small x. At what time (in the primed frame) does P occur? A] at ct’=1 B] at ct’=2 C] at ct’=3 D] at ct’=4.
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© 2017 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:fd3ceca8-8b7c-4534-b67c-1f94d3b876bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4063683/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00474-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.687328 | 3,046 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Mac OS X for Physicists
About Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a powerful
operating system that combines Unix underpinnings familar to particle
physicists and easy-to-use interface of Macintosh. This home page
describes how to set up Mac OS X for the use by particle theorists or
Of course, you must install the operating system first. From the
installer, don't choose "Easy Install" but "Customize" it so that X11
(see below) will be installed.
Once you have installed the system from CD-ROM, go to the Apple Menu
(the Apple logo at the top left corner of the screen) and choose
"Software Update", and keep updating the system until you don't see
any more updates. You can skip some updates, if you are dead sure
that you will never use Arabic on your machine, or you won't use fancy
MP3 player from Apple iPod. But install all of those that are not
obviously useless for you.
Apple renamed Developer Tools to Xcode. It is a collection of
compilers, header files, libraries, and software development tools.
You definitely want C compiler so that you can install standard Unix
software. The CDs to install Xcode must have come with your system.
Xcode is also freely available here if you sign up. Its
compiler is a hacked version of gcc to support Objective C. The Xcode
is big, though, weighing more than 800MB. Don't attempt a download
without a broadband.
We can't live without TeX. MacTeX TeXnical working group of the TeX
Users Group (TUG) created an easy-to-install TeX distribution for for
MacOSX. Go to The MacTeX
Distribution page to download it.
If you in addition would like to have a Mac-like application that
combines the editor and previewer, TeXShop is the way to
go. From this web site, you will find other available TeX
installations as well.
Many Unix applications run in X Windows environment. Apple's
implementation of X Windows X11
for Mac OS X uses native graphics engine and is fast. It uses its
own window manager that looks just like the rest of Mac Aqua
interface. It can be installed from the Snow Leopard system DVD. You also
need "X11 for Mac OS X SDK" from the system DVD.
A variant of Unix which Mac OS X is based on is called Darwin. Many Unix
applications had been ported to Mac OS X already. I like using Fink package manager. It
automates the process of downloading the binary package, or
downloading source package, applying a patch, compling, and installing
it. There is an impressive number of applications you can install via
fink. Fink was designed carefully as to not disturb or modify the
system. It can be uninstalled with a single command 'sudo rm -r /sw'
You definitely want f77, imagemagick, ghostscript for X, ispell, xdvi,
and gimp if you want to edit graphics or xv to preview them.
Another source of ported Unix applications is Gnu-Darwin Distribution.
It is not as automatic as fink, but it provides a wide collection of
ported Unix applications. It does require some tinkering with the
system area. Proceed cautiously.
To run commands on a shell, you launch Terminal application from
You can emacs on Terminal already out of the box, or xemacs in X
Windows available via fink.
I'd recommend using Emacs (GNU Emacs, not xemacs) as a separate
application together with auctex. It can be installed via fink as
% fink install emacs23-app
% fink install auctex
To make sure that Emacs.app has the same environmental variables as your shell, install also exec-path-from-shell.el.
Then Emacs.app has built-in support for SOURCE SPECIALS which you enable from
the menu Command → TeXing Options → Source Specials. Then
by doing control-click on the xdvi window, the cursor in Emacs moves
automatically to the corresponding paragraph. Make sure emacsclient from the command line calls /sw/Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/bin/emacsclient.
It also has a built-in support for LaTeX-aware formatting, that makes editing LaTeX easier. I'd
also recommend "M-x flyspell-mode" for on-the-fly spell checking. It
requires ispell available through fink.
You can do the same also with xemacs. You set an
XEDITOR="gnuclient -q +%l %f"
in .xinitrc, and run "M-x gnuserv-start" in xemacs. You should set
(progn (setq LaTeX-command-style
'(("." "latex --src-specials"))));
in ~/.xemacs/init.el to use SOURCE SPECIALS. One annoyance is that
xemacs keeps opening a new window each time you control-click on xdvi.
Mac OS X comes both with Apple's Safari, a Mac-only fast
browser based on KDE's Konqueror, and with Internet Explorer
Probably more popular these days is Firefox from
Mozilla. It is highly customizable, but doesn't quite look like a Mac
Another Mac-only browser OmniWeb is
also an excellent alternative that looks just right. It feels
snappier and even better than Safari.
The recent versions of Safari can uncompress gzipped Postscript files,
convert them to PDF, and display them with Preview application
High Energy Physics specific tools
Keisuke Fujii, my former collaborator on JLC studies, has ported many
useful HEP-specific tools to Mac OS X, including topdrawer,
cernlib, available here.
Thank you, Fujii-san! Many of them can be installed via fink.
For gfortran for Intel Macs, try this link.
For parton-distribution functions, use this link.
Because Mac OS X is Unix, it can run all kinds of servers. To serve
can turn on SMTP, POP3, and IMAP servers with SSL. To set
up mailing lists, GNU
Mailman is easy and secure. Remote administration is supported
out of the box via VNC. Just go to "Sharing" control panel, and turn
on "Apple Remote Desktop." All you need then is a client, such as Chicken of the
Fugu is a
graphical sftp client. And the good-'old Fetch now supports sftp. GraphicConverter is a
swiss army knife to deal with and edit various graphic formats.
To back up a disk or to migrate from a small hard disk to a larger
one, I'd recommend SuperDuper!
It is also good for making bootable backups.
To paste equations into PowerPoint or Office, I use tex2im, a nifty shell
script that converts equation in LaTeX to any graphics format. It can
be installed via fink and uses imagemagick. Unfortunately PowerPoint
bitmaps PDF and the result is not scalable. If you choose the size
appropriately it looks fine.
Keynote users need only PDF to paste equations and Feynman diagrams.
provides GUI. Keynote uses PDF directly and the result is scalable.
You can also create Feynman diagrams with LaTeXiT; see instructions
Applications that cost money
- Mathematica from Wolfram
Research can't be missed. MatLab from The MathWorks is also available
for Mac OS X.
- The Office suite from Microsoft is available and
is much better than previous versions of Office. They
finally look like Mac applications!
- For presentations, Apple's Keynote is rapidly
gaining popularity. It allows PDF graphics without losing
scalability, has cool transitions. Steve Jobs himself uses it for
MacWorld keynote addresses famous for the "reality distortion
field." It is a part of iWork package together with
Pages, a combo of a
word processor and a page layout program.
- All important Adobe
applications are there, including Acrobat Reader, Acrobat,
- I haven't had much problem finding good applications for
research purposes. People complain that there are still less games
available for Macintosh, that may be a good thing.^_^
Last modified: Mon Apr 26, 2010
murayama at hitoshi.berkeley.edu
- Phone (510) 486 5589, Campus phone (510) 642-1019
- Location Bldg. 50-5056E (LBL), 411 LeConte (Campus) | <urn:uuid:cef424c5-aee3-4cfc-bc6a-aa90dd577653> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hitoshi.berkeley.edu/macosx/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863846 | 1,903 | 2.421875 | 2 |
It is the spring of 1768 and Matt’s father has just left him alone in the middle of nowhere. Well, not nowhere. He is on property his family has purchased in Maine territory, in a cabin he and his father just finished building. Matt’s father is making the return trip to Massachusetts to bring the rest of his family to their new home. He leaves Matt to protect their land, tend the crops, and prepare for the family’s return. Matt expects to be alone for six weeks, perhaps a bit more. Things don’t exactly go according to plan.
Matt faces many obstacles during his time alone – a thief, bees, bears, and a dwindling food supply. He is unsure whether the neighboring Indians are friend or foe, until they come to his rescue one day. Though they do not get along at first, Matt slowly builds a friendship with Attean, an Indian boy about his own age. This friendship might turn out to be the most important in Matt’s life.
I found The Sign of the Beaver to be one of the best juvenile historical fiction books I’ve ever read. It is an excellent story and well deserving of its Newbery Honor award. Classics are classics for a reason and this one is definitely worth revisiting.
Check the WRL catalog for The Sign of the Beaver | <urn:uuid:25b95e71-e1f6-41c7-96d0-a4604d390bc9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://bfgb.wordpress.com/2011/12/19/the-sign-of-the-beaver-by-elizabeth-george-speare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979077 | 278 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Principles and Translational Strategies
Humana Press | Stem Cell Biology | June 3 2016 | ISBN-10: 1493934813 | 453 pages | pdf | 14.9 mb
Editors: Fauza, Dario O., Bani, Mahmud (Eds.)
Explores the latest research in prenatal stem cells and regenerative medicine
Covers everything from fetal stem cells and feto-maternal cell traffic through the several components of perinatal stem cells
Discusses key topics including stem cell banking, drug screening, in utero stem cell transplantation and ethical considerations
This book explores the regenerative properties of fetal stem cells, from feto-maternal cell traffic through perinatal stem cells, with a discussion of key topics including stem cell banking, drug screening, in utero stem cell transplantation and ethical considerations. The expertly authored chapters also delve into embryonic, amniotic membrane, and umbilical cord blood stem cells; fetal development models; fetal cell reprogramming; culture methods; disease models; perinatal gene therapy, and more. These chapters are grouped into four sections, each discussing a separate prenatal stem cell population and providing fascinating historical contexts for our knowledge of these systems.
Featuring a foreword written by the renowned Dr. Joseph Vacanti of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Principles and Translational Strategies is a welcome and timely contribution to the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine series. It is essential reading for scientists and researchers, clinicians and residents, and advanced students involved in stem cells, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and related disciplines such as embryology
Number of Illustrations and Tables
3 b/w illustrations, 59 illustrations in colour
Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering
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Другие новости по теме: | <urn:uuid:26ea942d-3c18-4cf4-bfab-58ced04e56e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://seven-soft.org/misc/329829-fetal-stem-cells-in-regenerative-medicine-principles-and-translational-strategies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00484-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.74213 | 578 | 1.820313 | 2 |
It was built with the help of 15 people working together to make it happen and it features a unique geodesic dome window.
When you go inside, you’ll find a living area with a couch and workstation and an upstairs sleeping loft. Since this tiny home is located within a community, the owner has chosen to use the communal kitchen and bathroom on the property.
Please enjoy, learn more, and re-share below. Thank you!
Tiny House Built for $2500 with a Geo-Dome Window
Video: $2500 Tiny House Build with Geo-dome Window
Our big thanks to Jordon Osmond for sharing!
You can send this tiny house story to your friends for free using the social media and e-mail share buttons below. Thanks!
If you enjoyed this tiny house story you’ll absolutely LOVE our Free Daily Tiny House Newsletter with even more! Thank you!
Latest posts by Alex (see all)
- Tiny House Magazine Issue #49 - January 17, 2017
- The Wheel Pad: Tiny Home on Wheels that’s Wheelchair-Friendly! - January 16, 2017
- 196 Sq. Ft. Tiny Artist Cabin on 4 Acres in Florence, New York - January 6, 2017 | <urn:uuid:b4203d93-fb01-4b36-8238-870fd5e38d80> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://tinyhousetalk.com/tiny-house-built-for-2500-with-a-geo-dome-window/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00498-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920705 | 261 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Psychology and Sociology Applied to Medicine
Alder, Beth; M Porter; C Abraham and E. van Teijlingen
In the second edition of this book Alder et al have aimed to add more reflection on key topics and review recent advances in the sociological and psychological processes that contribute to our understanding of health and illness. The book is primarily aimed at undergraduate medical students and students of professions allied to medicine. It has an easy layout and students will find that they can either follow the sections in the book or read any part of it in isolation in order to gain some understanding of the social and psychological processes within health and medicine. Throughout the book the authors also interweave case studies to highlight the main points being made. This helps the reader to ground what is being put forward in an individual case or to see how this relates to relevant research. The book is divided into nine sections: life cycle, development of the person, society and health, preventing illness and promoting health, illness behaviour and the doctor-patient relationship, illness and disability, coping with illness and disability, how do health services work and how do we fit into all this? Each section is presented in an easily digestible double A4 paged section. The book is clear and cogent, designed to encourage students to reflect on their reading with 'stop and think' boxes highlighting the main questions posed in each section. One of the strengths of this book is its overall appeal to students familiar with a Problem Base Learning curriculum.
The book begins with the life cycle covering pregnancy and childbirth, reproductive issues, adolescence, ageing and bereavement. Part of this section focuses on ageing, society and health and introduces the student to ageism and the stereotyping of older people by asking a series of questions from the 'stop and think' box. It then goes on to reflect on these stereotypes and show how research refutes some stereotypical images of older people being senile and incapable of learning new things. Although the section is clear and the message that students should take away is that there are considerable stereotypes of older people, as with all the other sections of the book, it is overly brief. It is not until the later section under society and health that any attention is given to the issue of identity in later life, images of the body and the social aspects of ageing. This again stresses how physical and mental decline are not an inevitable part of later life. It also looks at how the experience of ageing is changing within society as it becomes more complex.
Although the book covers a wide range of issues important to the study of health and illness and from both a sociological and psychological perspective, I felt that certain important issues were missing. For example, I think it is important for those studying medicine and professions allied to medicine to have some understanding of how medicine, its practices and knowledge, change over time and vary between different cultures. This is an inevitable consequence of a book that covers such a diverse area as health and illness. As the book covers a variety of topics and looks at both the sociological and psychological approaches to health, this means, by necessity, that each section is very brief and lacks any in-depth look at any one topic. A list of further reading might have been one way to encourage students to continue to develop their understanding of the social aspects of health, illness, service delivery and the role of the doctor. Overall, this is a clearly presented and accessible text for students, which I'm sure, will prove popular with them; however it will also be important to highlight to students that it should be used as a basis for further reading to enhance their understanding rather than a definitive explanatory text.
University of Newcastle upon Tyne | <urn:uuid:7238c67f-722b-4f13-8f55-7f09434e3bc7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.socresonline.org.uk/11/1/reviews/brittain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.959489 | 768 | 2.296875 | 2 |
A comprehensive and coordinated plan to reduce criminal gang activity in Florida.
Become informed about Gang Reduction Task Force efforts in your region.
Learn how to recognize gang activity and prevent gang involvement among youth.
Warning Signs That Your Child May Be Involved With A Gang?
Gang involvement does not happen overnight. It is a gradual process and if you are alert you will see warning signs.
- Exhibits negative changes in behavior such as:
- Withdrawing from family
- Declining school attendance, performance, behavior
- Staying out late without reason
- Displaying unusual desire for privacy or secrecy; does not want parents to enter his/her bedroom
- Exhibiting signs of drug use, including alcohol
- Breaking rules consistently
- Has been in trouble with police
- Exhibits gang characteristics or culture such as:
- Admits to “hanging out” with gang members; or admits to gang membership
- Shows unusual interest in one or two particular colors of clothing or a particular logo
- Has unusual interest in gangster-influenced music, videos, movies or web sites
- Begins “dressing down” or “staffing and bagging” in gang attire
- Uses unusual hand signals to communicate with friends
- Speaks in gang-style slang
- Draws, or has specific drawings of gang symbols/signs on school books, clothes, walls or tattoos
- Comes home with unexplained physical injuries such as fighting-related bruises, injuries to hand/knuckles
- Has unexplained cash or goods, such as clothing or jewelry
- Carries a weapon
These items are characteristic of gang involvement. However, some people who join or associate with gangs do not dress in the traditional attire and do not exhibit conspicuous behavior to show their gang involvement in order to hide themselves from law enforcement.Gang Awareness:
- What Is a Gang?
- How Are Gangs Identified?
- Gang Types
- How Do Gangs Recruit Their Members?
- Common Gang Initiations
- Why Young People Join Gangs?
- How Old Are Gang Members?
- Major Factors That May Contribute To Youth Gang Involvement
- What Can Parents Do To Prevent Gang Involvement?
- What Are Some School-based Anti-Gang Strategies?
- What Are Some Community Anti-Gang Strategies?
- Common Myths About Gangs
- How Do I Report Gang Activity? | <urn:uuid:1f0bfa79-e6c1-4215-9d15-4da88c963526> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.floridagangreduction.com/flgangs.nsf/pages/Warnings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00299-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903652 | 512 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This week for Manga Monday, I take a look at two new manga series that involve books: Library Wars: Love & War and Kingyo Used Books.
Library Wars: Love & War (Volume 1)
Library Wars: Love & War is a shojo manga from Viz about a future world where books are censored by local government (thanks to a law that's passed called the Media Betterment Act) and seized from bookstores due to what they deem "content issues." Librarians have taken a stand and have formed the Library Forces in retaliation, and exercise the right to seize the books for themselves to be accessed by people legally in their libraries. The library forces are a rather militant group, trained in combat to fight (and die) for the cause. Kiiro Yumi's manga actually adapts this concept from a series of prose novels by Hiro Arikawa, giving it a shojo focus for this title. In this manga series, the main character is Iku, a girl who has grown up with the determination to defend these books because of a man who saved a book from seizure by the local government that was dear to her. So she strives to make her "prince" happy, although she has no idea who he is. Iku has quite a drive and means well, but makes a lot of mistakes during her training, although she does manage a couple of firsts for women in the service. While going through rigorous training in combat and learning the Japanese decimal system, Iku also tries to make friends with the people around her, particularly her superior officer, Dojo, whom she can't decide whether he's just mean to her or expects a lot out of her and wants to push her toward greatness. There's a lot of good material here with a great cast of characters, some sexism in the environment, and an interesting world where censorship really takes center stage. There have been a lot of seeds planted for stories to come, like how Iku has lied to her parents about her position and their disapproval of the type of work she has taken on, and I'm eager to see how several plot points, such as this one, turn out. I'm kind of surprised that this is the first time I've encountered a shojo manga that takes place in a military/law enforcement setting, as it's an atmosphere with a lot of potential for the genre. Library Wars: Love & War is able to take advantage of that to great results.
Kingyo Used Books (Volume 1) Seimu Yoshizaki
While Library Wars: Love & War shows the length that people will go to protect the books they love, Kingyo Used Books is really about the books themselves and what they can do for people. This is another book from Viz, but is part of their IKKI line, with art that's much more fluid, detailed and beautifully-rendered. Kingyo Used Books is basically a book of short stories about a store that sells (and buys) used manga, and the people that the store and its books touch. It's more of a quiet read, a welcome change from the zaniness of a shojo title like Library Wars: Love & War, focusing on how manga affects people, teaching them about themselves and other people, allowing them to take a step back to put things in perspective, and how it can simply make them happy. The first story in this volume is a perfect introduction to the series, focusing on a man who stops into the bookstore, talking about how he's outgrown manga and would like to sell his, and ending up returning with some old friends, all of whom have emotional reactions to the part that manga has played in their lives, both in the past and presently. And like some really great manga out there, Kingyo Used Books isn't afraid to let its readers do some of the work. It doesn't spell everything out, but rewards close readings and different interpretations of the emotional reactions of the characters involved, and what the experiences mean for the people. This is really a refreshing book with some really stellar art and pacing, and subtle depth. | <urn:uuid:3671ff23-5307-40e7-93f6-90ea772cb472> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://comics-and-more.blogspot.com/2010/06/manga-monday-book-lovers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976541 | 834 | 1.53125 | 2 |
#FreeAlaa: ‘You Have Not Yet Been Defeated’
Day 54 of the hunger strike: British-Egyptian writer, blogger and political activist Alaa Abd-El-Fattah is, yet again, in prison.
Prosecuted by every Egyptian regime that has ruled in his lifetime, Alaa tirelessly fights for democratic expression and freedom of speech.
His writings have been smuggled out of prison and collected into a book ‘You Have Not Yet Been Defeated’. It transcends borders, fighting for ideas over tyranny.
Yesterday evening at Frontline Club Andrew Marr hosted a conversation with Alaa’s sisters, Mona and Sanaa, to highlight the Free Alaa campaign, raise awareness and provoke government action.
On hunger strike since April 2nd, Alaa is in a fragile condition. He has been living in a cell, deprived of light, unaware of time and kept away from reading materials. “This is serious psychological torture”, says Marr.
The sisters explained he is physically weak but psychologically in a much stronger position:
“What I’m about to add is alarming”, warns Mona. “We think Alaa has decided he wants an end to all of this. He wants the end to be guided by him rather than just imposed on his body. We feel he has decided to take this hunger strike until the end. Either it pushes us enough and triggers enough pressure to get him out of this endless loop of Sisi’s prisons or it will end his life”.
In 2011, Egyptians took to the streets. They dreamt of democracy and chanted for “bread, freedom and social justice”. This led to Hosni Mubarak’s downfall but he was replaced with a string of oppressive regimes; there are thought to be 60,000 political prisoners in Egypt today.
Echoing Alaa’s statement “Fix your own democracy”, Andrew Marr ended on a note directed to the UK audience:
“Tomorrow at Westminster, there’s going to be a crisis about Boris Johnson and the Sue Grey report. We’ll be talking about the condition of our democracy, whether rules are adhered to and whether people survive or don’t. I don’t know what’s going to happen but I do know nobody is going to be killed because of that. Throughout all of this, there will be a quiet patting of the backs about us being, in the end, a proper open democracy. And none of that really means anything unless we support those values around the world and we support Alaa. We still do have a system where politicians are responsive to public pressure and I would urge everyone to act…he is a very important voice that the world cannot afford to lose.”
A recording can be found here: https://youtu.be/fQQhkfH6T3M
Nina K Watson reporting from Frontline Club | <urn:uuid:afbf6919-2904-4027-85aa-28a6f11bb45a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.frontlineclub.com/freealaa-you-have-not-yet-been-defeated/?noamp=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.95865 | 632 | 1.523438 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED392235
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1992
Reference Count: N/A
Perspectives on Reading. CLE Working Papers 2.
Blue, George, Ed.
This set of working papers concentrates on reading issues. This collection contains the following papers: "Literacy: The Needs of Teachers and Learners" (Christopher Brumfit); "Eight Lessons from Research into Literacy" (Henrietta Dombey); "'The Disqualified Half': Gender Representation in a Children's Reading Scheme" (Simon Williams); "Reading to Learn: Study Reading for All?" (Virginia Kelly); "Reading in a Foreign Language: A Self-Access Approach" (George Blue); "Reading and Communication in the Modern Languages Classroom" (Michael Grenfell); "Reading in French-GCSE to A Level" (Pat Rees); "POPS, PROPS, and FOPS: A New Way of Thinking About Readers' Response to Narrative" (Frank Myszor); "Reading Media Texts: Media, Imagination, and National Curriculum English" (Andrew Hart); and "Looking at Paintings: Representation and Response" (Michael Benton). (NAV)
Descriptors: Art Activities, Classroom Communication, Cognitive Processes, Elementary Education, Elementary Secondary Education, English, Foreign Countries, French, Independent Study, Learning Strategies, Literacy, Modern Language Curriculum, Reading Comprehension, Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning, Student Needs
Publication Type: Collected Works - General
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Southampton Univ. (England). Centre for Language Education.
Note: For individual papers, see FL 023 548-557. | <urn:uuid:7c43d080-239f-4f5b-bbda-34d9c092af71> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED392235 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.752238 | 365 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Diamond Jubilee of the Coming of the Utah Pioneers, July 22-23-24-1922
Place Published: Salt Lake City, Utah
Publisher: Published by the committees; [The Deseret News Press]
Date Published: 1923
Edition: First edition
Book Id: 40327
Unpaginated pp. 24 x 32 cm. Variant binding in doubled plain brown wraps (lacks the printed wraps). With the publisher's seal on the recto of the rear outer wrap. Black and white photographs and illustrations. Good. The outer wraps are detached, but present. There are numerous tears in the paper of the spine. Minor wear to the edges, corners and spine ends. One of the pages has two small losses from the bottom edge, where the page was improperly cut (this does not affect the text or illustration). Flake: 2828.
An unusual copy of this souvenir book. | <urn:uuid:d28d8dc1-291e-4c2e-8544-8edf7c8ff155> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kensandersbooks.com/shop/rarebooks/40327.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00169-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867835 | 189 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Online Theology Degree
Benefits of Pursuing a Degree in Theology
Some people study theology to prepare themselves for a career in the clergy, while others undertake it for purely academic purposes. Theology degree programs explore various aspects of religion including beliefs, practices, history, and traditions. While most theology students usually have an affiliation with some religious organization, it can also be studied from a secular perspective. Theology courses often intersect with related disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, and psychology. Many learners pursue an online theology degree program to supplement their comparative religions studies.
Saint Leo University Online
Types of Online Theology Programs
A learner can either choose to join a degree program at a university or a seminary. Seminaries specialize in offering theology courses for students who wish to be a part of the clergy. University and college programs in theology and religion studies are more suitable for academics. In addition to regular coursework, many students also get a chance to do research work. You can choose to specialize in a number of fields including religious ethics, canon law, church history, and philosophy. A number of short diplomas and certifications are also available for both students and professionals. There are even a few courses that help individuals with acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge to become liturgists. Many online theology degrees include Greek, Hebrew and Latin language courses in their curriculum; especially the ones that focus on history and research.
Degree Programs in Theology
Seminaries and theology schools usually offer the following degree programs:
- Associate’s Degree in Theology
- Bachelor of Theology
- Bachelor of Sacred Theology
- Master of Divinity
- Master of Theology
- Doctor of Theology
The Associate’s and Bachelor’s degree programs require students to have a high school diploma. Many students choose to earn an associate’s degree before pursuing a bachelor’s degree. Learners can select a major from a number of fields such as ethics and canon law during their undergraduate studies. By deciding a branch of study in theology at an early stage, students can prepare themselves for the career path they plan on pursuing. A Bachelor of Theology degree can be completed in 3 to 5 years. A Master of Divinity or Master of Theology degree can usually be completed in two years and is considered to be an advanced degree in theology. Only people with a master’s degree can teach theology at accredited institutions in the US. A Doctor of Theology degree is that highest degree a student can earn in this discipline. It involves a lot of research work along with the regular coursework. Many churches ordain individuals upon the completion of these degrees. Some bible colleges and seminaries focus on particular Christian denominations. Many of the programs offered by these religious schools are funded by churches to train people for positions in the clergy and ministry. A number of scholarships and funds are also available for students of theology. Individuals who pursue degrees in theology can join the clergy as pastors, teachers, ministers, chaplains, missionaries, and administrators. | <urn:uuid:a0800592-ad90-42a8-b1ed-35b6c40644b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.excite.com/education/qualification/online-theology-degree | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00345-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954996 | 620 | 2.21875 | 2 |
I get a lot of questions about my daily writing habits. In a nutshell, I wake up early (about an hour before my daughter), feed our pets, pour myself a cup of coffee, and sit at my computer. If I’m being disciplined, I ignore social media and read the day’s Writer’s Almanac poem for a bit of inspiration. Then I read the last few paragraphs of what I wrote yesterday and make a few line edits. That gets me back into the story. Then I write for about 1,000 words.
This is my design.
Sorry, I’ve been watching a lot of Hannibal episodes lately. I couldn’t resist.
All serial killer thrill pop culture references aside, that’s it in a nutshell. I write 1,000 words. It takes about an hour, depending on how the words are flowing and whether or not my cat yaks on the floor. Plus, it’s easy to track on the running word count feature in Word. For me, 1,000 words is an ideal amount, because:
It keeps me at my computer and gives me a goal to shoot for that I can reasonably achieve every day. It’s an hour that I can give each day and still be a good dad, worker, and friend.
It keeps me from going too far.
Even if I’m in the middle of a scene that I’m absolutely enjoying, I’ll still stop when I hit the 1,000-word mark. Why? Because I’ll be excited to start right there again tomorrow. Like Kenny Rogers said, you gotta know when to walk away—and know when to run. Except you always count your words while you’re sitting at the table.
Side type: if possible, always stop writing each day mid-scene. It’s much easier to pick up where you left off than to start a new scene.
I’m fairly confident that I could write 1,000 words a day and never run out of things to say. In the years that I’ve been doing it, I’ve never walked away drained of story. With the limits of time and energy that I currently have, I can write 1,000 words in perpetuity without draining whatever creative reserves I keep in my demented little brain.
Some authors do more than 1,000 words and some do less. Maybe 1,000 words works for you. Maybe more or less is better. Play around with it and see what works for you. This is your design. | <urn:uuid:0c469e0e-44dc-4e38-bcc8-03839b0c5588> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.robboley.com/design-virtue-writing-1000-words-daily/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934599 | 553 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Our work in English aims to bring high qualitylanguage materials to every learner and teacher who wants them. In developing and post-conflictcountries we teach English and train teachers through radio, web and TV broadcasts.We offer over three million UK examinations worldwide, helping people gain access to trustedqualifications to support their career and study prospects.
Our work in Education and Society helps transform national education systems, buildsmore inclusive and open societies and increases young people’s opportunities. We encourage international students to come andstudy in the UK, and British students to experience life abroad. We bring schools around the world together so young people andteachers from different countries can share with and learn from each other.
Our work in the Arts involves the very best British and internationalartistic talent. We help increase audiences for international work in the UKand for UK work globally. We bring artists together and support the developmentof skills and policy in the arts and creative industries. Through this work weensure that culture in its broadest sense plays a vital role in connecting withand understanding each other.
In these ways, the British Council builds linksbetween UK people and institutions and those around the world, helping tocreate trust and lay foundations for prosperity and security around theworld. | <urn:uuid:c61422f0-cb62-497e-b3c2-fb6e4cd15a29> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sciencebusiness.net/General/PartnerDetails.aspx?PartnerId=69 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00216-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938751 | 255 | 1.921875 | 2 |
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