text
stringlengths 181
608k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 3
values | url
stringlengths 13
2.97k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
138k
| score
float64 1.5
5
| int_score
int64 2
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#include <openssl/ssl.h> long SSL_CTX_set_timeout(SSL_CTX *ctx, long t); long SSL_CTX_get_timeout(SSL_CTX *ctx);
SSL_CTX_get_timeout() returns the currently set timeout value for ctx.
Due to this realization, all sessions behave according to the timeout value valid at the time of the session negotiation. Changes of the timeout value do not affect already established sessions.
The expiration time of a single session can be modified using the SSL_SESSION_get_time(3) family of functions.
The default value for session timeout is decided on a per protocol basis, see SSL_get_default_timeout(3). All currently supported protocols have the same default timeout value of 300 seconds.
This timeout value is used as the ticket lifetime hint for stateless session tickets. It is also used as the timeout value within the ticket itself.
For TLSv1.3, RFC8446 limits transmission of this value to 1 week (604800 seconds).
For TLSv1.2, tickets generated during an initial handshake use the value as specified. Tickets generated during a resumed handshake have a value of 0 for the ticket lifetime hint.
SSL_CTX_get_timeout() returns the currently set timeout value.
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>. | <urn:uuid:2a4f60ba-b7e0-4165-92e4-c2cc42f0de00> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://man.omnios.org/man3/SSL_CTX_set_timeout | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.737843 | 383 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Did humans evolve from ape-like creatures? Did humans and dinosaurs co-exist? How old is the earth?
These questions and others in the age-old debate of creation versus evolution will be explored in a series of seminars hosted Friday through June 8 by the Killeen Church of Christ.
The guest speaker will be Brad Harrub, co-founder of Focus Press, co-editor of Think magazine, and author of “Convicted, A Scientist Examines the Evidence for Christianity.” He also was an invited speaker to the international conference on creationism and appeared on the TV show “Origins.”
Harrub, 43, who holds a doctorate in anatomy and neurobiology, said his science background has honed his beliefs in creationism.
“I’m a science guy,” he said. “My background, my training ... is all in looking at the evidence. And there is too much evidence that points to a creator.”
He said there is a yearning in many people to better understand the issue.
“People, I think, are very, very, very hungry for answers and people are searching,” he said.
Although he does not believe in macro-evolution, Harrub does subscribe to “micro-evolutionism,” which occurs on a much smaller scale.
“Yes, we can have changes but within limited parameters — dog breeding, for example,” he said, explaining that breeding dogs with different traits does create changes. “But at the end of the day when you breed two dogs, you’re still going to get a dog, What we’ve never seen is taking an animal like a dog and getting another animal.”
Dan Carter, minister at Killeen Church of Christ, said the church scheduled the seminars because people in the community have expressed interest in the subject.
“Many people have asked about this,” he said. “There has never been a period of history when man didn’t question where we came from or why we’re here. We’re just endeavoring to give a biblical account … we’re showing it from the biblical standpoint.”
Both Carter and Harrub believe most modern children aren’t offered both sides of the creation-versus-evolution debate in school.
“Parents should be questioning why our children are only getting evolution in their textbooks,” Harrub said. “A lot of what I teach on basically goes, ‘Hey, we’ve pulled God out of the classroom, we’ve pulled God out of the community ... and now, we’re reaping the fruits of that.’”
Harub described scientific theories such as intelligent design and the discovery of fossil man as “too complex.”
“We can’t just explain it with luck, chance and time,” he said. “Realistically, you have to ignore a lot of data and evidence to ignore things like the historical evidence that a guy named Jesus walked the earth.”
Carter likened the seminars to getting a free college class and urged people to come out and listen to Harrub’s presentations.
“This is like sitting in a class with a professor and getting hours,” he said.
The seminars will cover atheism, the age of the earth, dinosaurs and much more. They are free to the public and questions are encouraged. “If what I’m saying is true, then it should stand up to scrutiny,” Harrub said. “Whatever you got, bring it on.” | <urn:uuid:a8fab6fe-5179-4ed8-a6e8-883cd3995dfe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://kdhnews.com/living/religion/brad-harrub-who-has-a-doctorate-in-anatomy-and-neurobiology/article_5e373568-e877-11e3-929f-001a4bcf6878.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00468-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958887 | 776 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Hugh Pickens writes writes: "The NY Times reports that the Kewaunee Power Station will close early next year because the owner is unable to find a buyer and the plant is no longer economically viable driven by slack demand for energy and the low price of natural gas. “This was an extremely difficult decision, especially in light of how well the station is running and the dedication of the employees,” says Dominion CEO Thomas F. Farrell II. “This decision was based purely on economics.” When Dominion bought the plant from local owners in 2005, it signed contracts to sell them the electricity, a common practice, but as those contracts expire, the plant faces selling electricity at the lower rates that now dominate the energy market. Other companies have also reported falling revenues, although they may not be on the verge of closing reactors because they are in regions where the market price of electricity is higher. The closing, which did not catch many in the industry by surprise, highlights the struggle of the U.S. "nuclear renaissance." A decade ago, the nuclear industry talked about a nuclear renaissance due to rising fossil fuel prices and concerns about meeting greenhouse gas emissions, but the nuclear revival did not occur in the United States as the cost of fossil fuels like natural gas fell and the federal government has been slow to put a price on carbon. "A number of nuclear units won't run their 60-year licensed lives if current gas price forecasts prove accurate," says Peter Bradford, a former member of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "The determining factor is likely to come at the point at which they need to decide on a major capital investment."" | <urn:uuid:e38e017d-d8ac-4521-a3eb-daf42e867f1b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mobile.slashdot.org/submission/2318879/wisconsin-nuclear-plant-to-close-cant-compete-with-natural-gas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00310-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973159 | 335 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Free Text Editor for Web Designers
Time to Get Coding
Getting Your Coding Groove on
With its open course capabilities and large number of features, Brackets is potentially a great tool for web developers. The only real downsides of using Brackets is that the installation process can be very long and slow and is likely to try the patience of many users. This software is still in its relatively early stages, which means that users are likely to find that there are a few bugs in the system. | <urn:uuid:2676fb41-b957-4ddd-845b-ed9e683e83af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brackets.en.softonic.com/mac | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.968455 | 268 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Can anyone give me some suggestions for arm styling? The only two I know are the head sweep and framing the face. Also are there specific stylings for the different dances, or are they interchangable? I've only been dancing for a few months, so any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
Boy oh boy, I'm all ears on this one too. My pro tells everyone this is the last thing he teaches, and I'm not that far yet but it would be nice to know a few more things...hard to describe without visuals though. Maybe a suggestion for the dance lesson on Ballroomdancers.com?
in response to tips on arm styling. I've been teaching professionaly since 1972 and here are a few thoughts based on my experience. Firstly..there are not absolutes in styling. Anyone who speaks in absolutes should be listened to with "a grain of salt." To me, learning to dance is, in essence, learning awareness and control of one's own body, so that feeling and emotion may be expressed however the dancer wishes. In learning to dance, that is why most instructor's approach this area last in the basic elements of teaching. We can think of our body as a torso with 5 appendages. (Head, 2 legs, and 2 arms). Fundamentaly it is normal to say movement begins in the torso or main body and then continues out, or is reflected in appendages. Thus, arm movement should be generated from the body outward through the arm through each major joint in series, beginning with the shoulder then elbow, then wrist then fingers. Most people feel uncomfortable when they first begin using their arms and hands in dancing. It is normal for most people to keep the hands fairly close to the body for as a sense of security. For most people awareness and control of the feet, legs and body need to be learned before concentrating on the hands and arms. My experience has been that many ballroom instructor's have not really studied movement or kinesthics and what limited knowledge they possess is from copying others whom they like the appearance of. Hence trendy styles are more often the norm than not. One good way of developing hand and arm control and movement is by practicing the Ports de Bras (arm exercises) from ballet. These simple arm exercises can usually be found in many basic books on ballet technique. By learning these movement one develops the muscles to use and control the arms in appealing ways and having developed the awareness and control can then easily adapt to any individual stying technique.
Thanks for the ballet suggestion, I'll have to look into that. I did get some suggestions for rumba a while back, but not very precise. I do have some vague notion of the physical mechanics, but I hesitate to play with it because it's so difficult to isolate the parts. I have access to mirrors but I don't use them as much as I should .
I would emphasize that arm styling should be part of your overall body movement, and not just an arm flailing about for it's own sake. To begin learning how the arms relate to body action, you might ask your teacher show you how to do the arm movements that occur when you're doing basic walking steps in a latin dance like rumba (often called "natural" arm movement). The basic idea of natural arms is that you extend the arm that corresponds to the foot you're on, and the other arm is folded in, slightly across your body. The arms switch as you move from foot to foot. It's a flowing movement and not a static pose. That's just the general idea -- you should have a teacher work with you on it. This isn't fancy stuff, but I think it's vital to learn how arms work in concert with the rest of the body before you try to create impact with them. Ideally, arms continue what the rest of your body starts, and can create terrific shapes, lines, and emphasis. However, if you learn specific styling concepts too soon, they're likely to look posed and stiff, instead of being a part of your dancing. That's probably not the advice you were looking for, but I hope it helps in some way! | <urn:uuid:04141d7b-1194-48b6-822a-bdf7447583a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ballroomdancers.com/Message_Board/view_messages.asp?Topic=6155 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00521-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970775 | 851 | 1.976563 | 2 |
History of Overland Park
In 1905, railroad entrepreneur William B. Strang Jr. platted subdivisions along a Kansas military road, naming one of them Overland Park. Strang envisioned a “park-like” community that embodied strong commerce, quality education, vibrant neighborhoods, convenient transportation and accommodating recreational facilities. Before Strang’s death, he established several housing developments, an interurban railroad and an airfield in this budding municipality.
An area that no other city wanted to annex, Overland Park once was part of the Mission Urban Township. On May 20, 1960, Overland Park was officially incorporated as a first-class city with a population of 28,085 and 13 square miles of land. True to Strang’s vision, city leaders established a comprehensive plan concentrating on land use, parks, schools, zoning, commercial and retail development, expressways and housing.
During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, Overland Park experienced a commercial and residential development boom that included the upscale Corporate Woods office park, Metcalf South Shopping Center, Oak Park Mall and many residential subdivisions. The 1990s brought a focus on redeveloping the historic downtown and the establishment of Sprint’s World Headquarters.
Today, Overland Park comprises more than 190,000 residents and a geographical area of 75.6 square miles, making it the second-largest city in Kansas. Overland Park continues to thrive and grow as increasing numbers of businesses locate or expand their operations here. Ongoing community improvements enhance residents’ quality of life and position Overland Park to elevate its role as a leading city of the future. | <urn:uuid:d51c94f0-d450-4ce4-9855-d57682c948a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.opchamber.org/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.941731 | 341 | 2.609375 | 3 |
An Australian research team has identified a gene that could be used to stop tumours growing by blocking their blood supply.
A study led by Professor Peter Koopman, from the Institute for Molecular Bioscience at The University of Queensland, showed that tumours in mice with a mutant form of the gene SOX18 actually stopped growing and became benign, unlike the lethal tumours that grew in normal mice.
Tumours only grow and spread if they can form a blood supply, and SOX18 is a key regulator of blood vessel formation. Mice with the mutant form of the gene were unable to develop blood vessels to feed the tumour.
“We were absolutely staggered to see that the tumours in these mice just stopped growing altogether at such a small size,” Professor Koopman said.
“Tumours of an equivalent size in humans would not be fatal, so if this discovery could be transferred to people, we could basically starve tumours before they could do much harm.”
Professor Koopman said that this type of gene therapy would have benefits over existing cancer treatments.
“A key advantage of using SOX18 in treating cancer would be that it is very, very specific in its role, unlike chemotherapy which has such broad side-effects.
“SOX18 acts in new blood vessels, not existing ones, so interfering with it will only cut off blood supply to the growing tumour, and not to the rest of the body.”
The next step is to develop a drug that can mimic the effects of the mutant SOX18 gene in humans.
A method also needs to be developed that would deliver such a drug directly to the SOX18 gene in the middle of the cell. Recent advances in targeted gene delivery have left Professor Koopman hopeful that this is not too far off.
“Once these technical hurdles are overcome, SOX18 will be an attractive target for human cancer therapy,” he said.
The results of the study, which also involved researchers from the Hanson Institute, Adelaide, and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, will be published today (Wednesday 2 August) in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, a prestigious American cancer journal.
Source: University of Queensland | <urn:uuid:8fb0f63f-1189-473e-928c-56dfcffe40ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://medicalxpress.com/news/2006-08-socking-cancer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00251-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959318 | 465 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Tips to save iphone battery : Place Your iPhone Face Down to Save Battery Life
iOS 9 brought a useful new feature you may not have noticed yet. Known as “Facedown detection”, your iPhone can detect when it’s placed face down and won’t turn the screen on when notifications arrive. This can save a lot of battery power if you regularly receive notifications.
How Facedown Detection Works
If you don’t plan on looking at your iPhone’s notifications as they arrive, just place your screen face down. You’ll still hear notification sounds and your phone will still vibrate. However, when a notification arrives, its screen will remain powered off. This saves battery power.
Prior to iOS 9, your iPhone’s screen actually turned on every time you received a notification even when it was face down. There was no advantage to putting your iPhone face down aside from not seeing the notifications. The screen would keep turning on, using just as much battery power as if you placed the iPhone face up.
Which iPhones Does This Work With?
It does not work on the iPhone 5, iPhone 5c, iPhone 4s, and other older iPhones. It also doesn’t work on any iPad or iPod Touch devices.
Facedown detection needs specific hardware because it uses the motion coprocessor, which is also used for your iPhone’s step tracking feature. In fact, it only works if that feature is on. If you head to Settings > Privacy > Motion and Fitness and disable the “Fitness Tracking” feature, facedown detection will stop working and your iPhone will turn on its display every time it receives a notification, even if it’s set face down on a surface.
This feature was introduced alongside Low Power Mode in iOS 9. Like Low Power Mode, it’s designed to help save battery power. But it will only save battery power if you know about this tip and choose to set your iPhone face down instead of face up when you don’t need to look at the screen. | <urn:uuid:00721ec3-9e7e-4165-a42e-9e28edca666e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.technewborn.com/tips-to-save-iphone-battery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930912 | 433 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The newly established Laboratory for Aerosols, Clusters and Environment at the Chair of Physical Chemistry (prof. U. Heiz) of the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany offers a PhD Position (66% TV-L E13) in Chemistry for Development of the State-of-the-Art Instrument for Aerosol Nucleation.
The position is funded by the German Research Foundation as part of an Emmy Noether starting grant focusing on the molecular understanding of new particle formation – one of the most critical atmospheric process with strong impact on climate and air quality. The project is centered on the development of a new experimental approach for aerosol nucleation combining multi-collisional conditions in ion traps, which integrates the complexity of large-scale aerosol chamber experiments with detailed insight of molecular beam techniques.
Prospective candidates have a degree in chemistry, physics or related fields and are highly motivated to work with sophisticated experimental setups. They have a willingness to learn about new techniques, good communication skills in English and enjoy working in a team atmosphere. While not strictly required, experience in instrumentation development is beneficial, since the major task is setting up the instrument. Previous laboratory experience with mass spectrometry, cluster science, electronics, and vacuum technology will also be of an advantage. The candidates are selected based on equal selection criteria, focused on their academic excellence and their commitment to science. Please note that severely disabled applicants will receive preference over equally qualified non-disabled applicants.
TUM, as one of the leading research universities in Europe, fosters intense collaborations with partners among different disciplines internationally, but also locally between universities (LMU Munich) and numerous research institutes (Max Planck Institutes, Helmholtz Center, etc.) located at the university campus and the greater city area. In line with this mission, the Chair of Physical Chemistry offers excellent research opportunities in a stimulating and friendly environment with a state-of-the-art infrastructure and interdisciplinary exchange in a close collaboration with world-leading scientists around the globe.
Interested applicants shall send their application to Jozef Lengyel ([email protected]). Applications should include a CV, a letter of motivation (max. 1 page), and the contact details of two potential references.
Applications will be reviewed starting September 1, 2020 until the position is filled. The position is available from January 1, 2021 for a duration of three years. | <urn:uuid:3d5ae26e-ef71-4b30-8943-42ef0a9906ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://panacea-ri.gr/index.php/2020/08/19/thesi-ypopsifioy-didaktora-tum-technical-university-of-munich/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.921897 | 496 | 1.671875 | 2 |
The word has been spreading about a pair of dogs that three women brought into the shelter, purportedly as strays. According to The Dodo, they may have gotten away without anyone being wise to their story, but for two small things. The dogs were wearing tags engraved with the owners names. After some questioning, the trio admitted they were losing their home and couldn’t keep the dogs.
Living Free Animal Sanctuary has a mission, as do all rescues, but this one has more than just themselves in mind. The Almost Home 2020 initiative has a clear objective, but it is not one they can do alone. This multi-pronged plan targets the ending of shelter euthanasia in the United States by the year 2020, effectively turning all shelters into “no-kill,” shelters and working to encourage people who want pets to visit their local shelters and rescues before going elsewhere. | <urn:uuid:d046d5c9-0dc8-4b86-9505-dd7efd3e013d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lifewithdogs.tv/tag/rescues/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.982572 | 183 | 1.742188 | 2 |
How much is a Colt 1911 Government issue worth?
A COLT 1911 pistol is currently worth an average price of $1,440.91 new and $1,288.63 used . The 12 month average price is $1,478.90 new and $1,280.57 used.
What is a Colt 1911 Government Model?
The M1911, also known as the Colt 1911, or the Colt Government, is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the . The pistol’s formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber . 45, M1911 for the original model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber .
What is the difference between Colt 1911 models?
The differences between Colt 1911 Models in . 45 ACP: Government: 5-inch barrel, 8+1 capacity (originally 7+1). Commander: 4.25-inch barrel, 8+1 capacity. Officer: 3.5-inch barrel, 6 and 7+1 capacity. Defender: 3-inch barrel, 7+1 capacity.
Who makes Tisas firearms?
TİSAŞ (Trabzon Silah Sanayi AŞ) is a Turkish firearm manufacturing company, mainly focused on manufacturing pistols. Its firearms are used worldwide by civilians, police and military….TİSAŞ
|Founded||1993 in Trabzon, Turkey|
Where are SDS pistols made?
Made in Turkey, the Tisas 1911A1 US Army model is a historically correct reproduction of the original US Military service pistol in . 45 ACP. From it’s Parkerized finish and hammer-forged barrel to its original weight and feel this pistol exactly replicates the original Military issue.
When did the Colt Government Model come out?
The Colt Government Model is the commercial version of the famous 1911 and 1911A1 that was invented by John M. Browning. The Colt Government model features a 5″ barrel with a 8 1/2″ overall length. A detachable magazine with a 7 round capacity. The Colt 1911 or Government Model started production in 1912 and the pre-
Where can I find the serial number of a Colt 1911?
The serial number tables on this page are for the Commercial line of 1911s. I wont’ be much help in dating one of these guns after 1976. As always, I suggest you call the Colt Archive at 1-800-962-COLT. Use the Colt Serial Number Database Lookup Tool. These serial numbers are for the Commercial Model.
When was the first Colt.45 ACP made?
1911 .45 ACP Production Information. Military Versions from 1912 to 1945. Manufacturer/Serial Number/Date Made. Beginning of M1911: 1) Colt: S/N 1 to 3190 = April 16, 1912 to May 31, 1912. 2) Colt: S/N 3190 to 7501 = May 31, 1912 to Oct. 10, 1912. (S/N 3501 to 3799 were first U.S.M.C. pistols made by Colt delivered June 6, 1912.)
What kind of gun was the 1911 Colt?
45 ACP. This John Browning patent gun, Model [&1911&], was so [&named&] for the [&year&] it was officially adopted for use by the United States Army. The Browning design was so great, that it has been changed little in over 100 years of production. | <urn:uuid:cf08003c-d563-4f58-938d-8580f1307ed0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sluiceartfair.com/2020/students-help-blog/how-much-is-a-colt-1911-government-issue-worth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.917098 | 761 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Sylvia Ashton-Warner Library at Epsom is marking Matariki, the Māori New Year, with a display of resources, including posters, junior picture-books and non-fiction. Matariki begins with the rise of a constellation of stars. These stars are known worldwide, for example as the Pleiades or Subaru. In Aotearoa Matariki arrives in winter and is celebrated for about a month. Māori celebrations of Matariki have occurred over the generations; other New Zealanders have begun marking the occasion more recently.
Matariki can be seen as a gateway to many themes – Māori mythic narratives, astronomy, horticulture, remembrance, looking ahead, celebration, learning and language, creative and performing arts, whānaungatanga and whakapapa – and this makes our Matariki resources very popular.
Our website shows you all sorts of interesting resources about Matariki, including audiovisual material and TV programmes.
A few of many websites relating to Matariki include:
- Any Questions by the National Library of New Zealand
- Auckland Council Matariki Festival for Tāmaki Makaurau | Auckland
- Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Liz Wilkinson, Sylvia Ashton-Warner Library | <urn:uuid:e86f44c1-9a2a-4eff-be3c-ddc99cabc911> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.news.library.auckland.ac.nz/2017/06/21/matariki/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.918145 | 274 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Online hoaxes have sparked off a fear of Ebola infection in Spain as nurses are staying off work, foreigners are flying home and children are missing out on party invitations.
"We are very stressed," said Charly Manuel Torres, one of the nurses caring for Teresa Romero, the Madrid nurse who became the first person to catch the disease outside Africa.
Advertisement"Our families say to us: 'Are you sure you're alright? Sure you're not going to get infected? Wash yourself carefully,'" Torres said.
Staff at the Carlos III hospital where Romero is being treated are at the centre of concerns that she may have spread the virus to others.
"If you work at Carlos III, you can't go anywhere. Your kids don't get invited to birthday parties and that it is tough," added Elena Moral, a spokeswoman for the public sector workers' union CSI-F.
Roberto Tornamira, of Spain's biggest union UGT, said cleaners were nervous about going into rooms in a hospital in the Alcorcon district where Romero spent a few hours before being transferred to Carlos III.
Work inspectors suspended cleaning in the Alcorcon hospital after they found cleaners working without face masks, Tornamira said.
"In Spain we love kissing each other on the cheek, but now people are doing that less," he added.
Paloma Parrilla, a spokeswoman for the SAE nurses' union, said staff are worried because we have seen that there have been failings in the protection system.
"Some people are refusing to do any work and some aren't even turning up," she said. "It is natural because we are human."
- Hoaxes on the web -
Hoaxes and false rumours have fuelled the anxiety, teeming online and via WhatsApp, a mobile phone messaging service highly popular in Spain.
"Hoaxes about Ebola are continuing via WhatsApp," warned the Guardia Civil national police force in a message on its Twitter account.
"Seek information from trustworthy media and do not spread panic."
The force cited an example of a fake news article talking of a new case of infection in southern Madrid.
The jitters have yet to hit tour companies and airlines, which said they had not noticed an increase in cancellations nor heard major concerns from tourists.
That was reassuring, for the time being, for Spain, which relies on tourism for more than a tenth of its economic output.
But some foreigners living in Spain got infected by the fear.
"I decided to leave because of the infected patient," said Sarah Anderhofstadt, a German student of 23, studying at a Madrid university under the Erasmus foreign exchange programme.
Anderhofstadt said she was particularly sensitive to news of the nurse's infection on Monday because her own father died of an infectious disease.
She has only been in Madrid since September but on Friday she was due to fly back to her home town near Munich, hoping to return in a few weeks.
"On Monday night I couldn't sleep. It affected me really personally. My mother is going crazy. She leaves 50 messages a day on my voicemail," she said.
Two of her friends, a Polish and an Italian student, have also bought tickets to fly home.
"If there are no new cases in two or three weeks, I will come back, because I love Erasmus and I was really keen to come here," Anderhofstadt said.
"But now I feel a bit paranoid. It's best that I go home and come back when the situation has calmed down a bit, and above all when I have calmed down myself." | <urn:uuid:3779aae3-9c60-4194-ac76-939e2598a3ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medindia.net/news/spain-in-turmoil-over-ebola-scares-142397-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976232 | 747 | 1.953125 | 2 |
WASHINGTON, Feb. 3, 1999 — Microsoft Corp. today released statistics revealing that in 1997 software piracy caused the loss of an estimated 10,000 jobs and more than $1.4 billion in combined wages, tax revenues and retail sales in the District of Columbia and neighboring states. Microsoft announced the data in Washington, D.C., at its annual Explorer Conference and Exposition, which is being held Feb. 3-4 at the Washington Convention Center.
The information was released as part of a national effort by Microsoft to raise awareness that software piracy hurts more than just the software industry. The data shows how software piracy – the theft of software through illegal copying of genuine programs or counterfeiting and distribution of imitation products – adversely affects local businesses and economies, as well as the value placed on people’s ideas.
According to Microsoft, the 10,000 jobs lost to software piracy in the District of Columbia region translated into more than $426 million in wage and salary losses. In addition, the data shows that the region lost more than $71 million in tax revenues that could have instead contributed to federal and state improvement projects. International Planning & Research Corp. of Redmond, Wash., used data from a 1997 international piracy study published by the Business Software Alliance (BSA) and the Software Publishers Association (SPA) along with additional data and analysis of piracy in Washington, D.C.; Virginia; West Virginia; and Maryland.
“We in the mid-Atlantic region greatly benefit from a robust IT sector that provides good jobs, innovative products and a source of important research and development,”
said Brian Campbell, general manager of the mid-Atlantic district for Microsoft.
“But software piracy is the large storm cloud looming on the industry’s horizon. Piracy affects all of us, from the lone developer working at home to large resellers and corporations. No one is immune from this problem, so we should all continue to work together to stamp it out.”
In the mid-Atlantic region, the economic impact was greatest in Virginia, where piracy cost $234.6 million in wages, $629.4 million in retail sales and $40 million in federal and state taxes. In Maryland, piracy cost the state more than $142.3 million in wage and salary losses, $279.3 million in retail sales losses and nearly $24 million in taxes. In Washington, D.C., piracy translated into losses of $28 million in wages, $31.6 million in retail sales and $3.8 million in taxes, and in West Virginia, piracy cost $21.9 million in salaries, $10.6 million in retail sales and $3.5 million in lost taxes.
Campbell noted that the software industry is working through the Business Software Alliance to fight piracy and raise the level of awareness about the importance of protecting intellectual property in the digital age. Based in Washington, D.C., the Business Software Alliance is the voice of leading software developers before governments and with consumers in the international marketplace. BSA members worldwide include Adobe Systems Inc., Attachmate Corp., Autodesk Inc., Bentley Systems Inc., Corel Corp., Lotus Development Corp., Microsoft, Network Associates Inc., Novell Inc., Symantec Corp. and Visio Corp.
“Software piracy undermines the value of intellectual property, the protection of which dates back to the U.S. Constitution,”
said Bob Kruger, vice president of enforcement at the BSA.
“It is imperative that we uphold the incentive to innovate if we want the technology industry to continue to thrive. We hope that President Clinton’s Executive Order, which directs the federal government to prevent and combat software piracy, will provide a much-needed stimulus to start shifting the tide.”
The software industry is a significant driver of the current economic prosperity in the United States, accounting for the creation of more than 2 million jobs, $102.8 billion in software and software-related services, and payment of $7.2 billion in taxes. However, software piracy threatens the ability of the industry to continue to contribute to the American economy. According to a 1997 study by Nathan Associates Inc. of Arlington, Va., commissioned by the BSA, software piracy in 1996 resulted in the loss of 130,000 jobs in the United States, $5.3 billion in wages and salaries, and nearly $1 billion in tax revenues.
Steve Taylor, president of the Nation’s Capital Chapter of the Association of Microsoft Solution Providers, said that software piracy costs honest resellers between five percent and 10 percent of their revenues. Taylor said that resellers need to do more to educate their customers on the perils of piracy and the need to have compliant licenses.
“I would tell our customers that now is the time to get compliant,”
“The IT industry’s strength is at risk from piracy.”
Customers or resellers with questions about the legitimacy of Microsoft products should contact the Microsoft anti-piracy hot line, toll free, at (800) RU-LEGIT (785-3448), or send
e-mail to [email protected] They can obtain more information about software piracy by calling the Business Software Alliance anti-piracy hot line at (888) NO-PIRACY (667-4722) or sending e-mail to [email protected]
Founded in 1975, Microsoft (Nasdaq
) is the worldwide leader in software for personal computers. The company offers a wide range of products and services for business and personal use, each designed with the mission of making it easier and more enjoyable for people to take advantage of the full power of personal computing every day.
Microsoft is either a registered trademark or trademark of Microsoft Corp. in the United States and/or other countries.
Other product and company names herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Note to editors: If you are interested in viewing additional information on Microsoft, please visit the Microsoft Web page at http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/ on Microsoft’s corporate information pages. | <urn:uuid:4efecafa-46cd-4fb4-8a3b-c7e9ca78e087> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.microsoft.com/1999/02/03/software-piracy-cost-district-of-columbia-and-surrounding-states-more-than-1-4-billion-10000-jobs-in-1997/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.920724 | 1,263 | 1.953125 | 2 |
78% of Health System Leaders Say Patient Leakage a Higher Priority After COVID-19
Second Annual Patient Leakage and Keepage Report Offers In-Depth Look at Hospital and Health System Executives’ Views on the Challenge of Patient Leakage
According to a new report released today from ABOUT Healthcare, Inc. (ABOUT), a leading provider of solutions for orchestrating patient access across the care continuum, more than three-quarters of health system leaders (78%) say the COVID-19 pandemic has made controlling patient leakage a higher priority. Additionally, health systems could increase revenue an average of 17% by eliminating barriers to timely care within their networks.
Latest Aithority Insights: Scaler Acquires Online Learning Platform AppliedRoots
The second annual “Patient Leakage & Keepage Report: State of the Industry” report reveals that preventing patients from receiving healthcare services outside the health system network of care (leakage) and retaining them (keepage) is a priority, but the visibility over leakage continues to be a challenge, as does measuring its financial impact.
All told, 65% of health system leaders say patient leakage blocks them from reaching their financial goals; 27% say they believe patient leakage has increased since the pandemic began, but they cannot fully measure it.
“COVID-19 has clearly impacted how health system senior leaders view patient leakage, but it is encouraging that the pandemic has spurred more organizations to make efficient patient care access and orchestration a higher priority given the major care quality and significant revenue gains these improvements can deliver,” said Angie Franks, CEO of ABOUT. “It is also inspiring for us at ABOUT to see so many health systems that do invest in reducing leakage and improving patient retention experience such a strong return on that investment.”
ABOUT commissioned an independent market research firm to conduct a survey about patient leakage and care access. All 138 survey respondents hold executive-level positions—C-level through director—at U.S. regional and community health systems and hospitals and are responsible for patient care, hospital administration, finance, or operations.
Throughout the pandemic, patients, families, and health systems leaders have been reminded in devastating terms of the life-saving importance of prompt, efficient access to hospital care.
Browse The Complete News About Aithority: Atos recognized as an Innovator by Avasant Canada Digital Services RadarView
A Spotlight on Care Access
Healthcare access has been a challenge for decades as patients have faced issues such as overcrowded emergency rooms, narrow provider networks, and waiting months to see a physician specialist or for a procedure. COVID-19, however, has brought care access—and lack thereof—into stark focus.
The report reflects this new awareness and demonstrates an immediate need for health systems to achieve greater visibility and tighter controls over patient care access and orchestration. By expanding their patient navigation capabilities, health systems can drive improved financial performance, but more importantly, improved patient outcomes by rapidly transitioning patients to the appropriate care setting.
In addition to making patient leakage a higher priority, the survey found the following:
- 76% responded the pandemic has added to the patient leakage challenges
- 54% cited capacity problems/not enough beds at hospitals
- 35% cited lack of staff talent
- 25% cited service line gaps
- 22% cited competitors making it easier to get access to services
- Only 28% of health systems feel prepared to handle the changes in patient transfer patterns that could develop due to new COVID-19 strains
Visibility and Measurement Challenges Remain
Last year’s report showed that 38% of health system leaders either were unconfident or didn’t know if their organization had visibility into leakage. This year’s results were identical to last year’s regarding visibility with only 10% of organizations “very confident” in their capabilities.
Similarly, in this recent survey, more than 43% of healthcare leaders either didn’t know or indicated they were unable to calculate the financial costs of patient leakage and more than 75% did not “definitely” know which service lines were impacted.
According to this year’s report, filling these knowledge gaps is crucial considering 66% of a health system’s specialty center referrals come from outside a health system’s emergency departments (EDs), according to survey results, and less than 19% of health system leaders say internal EDs drive adequate volume to these centers. To attract new patients means forging stronger relationships with community hospitals, which is what nearly 63% of survey respondents made a priority in 2021.
Progress and ROI in Controlling Leakage
New in this year’s report is insight into health system leaders’ progress in controlling patient leakage. While 60% of health systems do not have a definite plan to reduce patient leakage, for those organizations that are working on it, 60% see an impact after just four years. Key factors in stronger control over patient leakage include training employees on how to keep patients within their health system (62%), educating and aligning providers (48%), an outreach program to referring providers (42%), and adding capacity to hospitals (41%).
Additionally, the health systems that have measured and/or controlled patient leakage have discovered a significant financial impact. On average, organizations have calculated a $31.36 return for every dollar invested—or as much as $500 per $1 by one health system’s estimate.
While COVID-19 has added to patient leakage challenges, after the pandemic, several obstacles remain in controlling this important performance indicator. Overall, 45% of leaders say competition from other health systems is the most common obstacle in reducing patient leakage. Only 57% of health system executives, however, said their organization uses technology to quantify the movement of patients out of their care network.
“Process optimization and change management services, which ABOUT also delivers, are essential for identifying a health system’s leakage challenges and designing a clear, comprehensive and data-driven plan to overcome them,” Franks said. “Combining our proven technology trusted by health systems of all sizes across the U.S. and our clinician-led consulting solutions empowers hospitals to operate as a Real-Time Health System (RTHS) and a connected network of care.”
Read More About Aithority News : CompTIA Expands its Certification Program into Data Skills with the Launch of CompTIA Data+
[To share your insights with us, please write to [email protected]] | <urn:uuid:29c07f26-6c05-425a-8717-115a61c3ea79> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aithority.com/machine-learning/78-of-health-system-leaders-say-patient-leakage-a-higher-priority-after-covid-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.950586 | 1,366 | 1.851563 | 2 |
If ever there was a clearer indication of America’s “need for war” it was the latest Durable Goods orders data, which confirmed, absent defense spending, the US economy is in a tail-spin. However, as NYTimes reports, foreign arms sales by the United States jumped by almost $10 billion in 2014, about 35 percent, even as the global weapons market remained flat and competition among suppliers increased, thanks to multibillion-dollar agreements with Qatar, Saudi Arabia and South Korea.
Defense Spending New Orders has soared 148% in the last 3 months… the biggest rise since 2007
But it is the US arms sales to foreigners that is really flourising. Despite a stagnant international weapons market and increased competition among suppliers, American foreign weapons receipts rose from $26.7 billion to $36.2 billion last year. According to a new congressional report, as The NY Times reports…
The United States remained the single largest provider of arms around the world last year, controlling just over 50 percent of the market.
Russia followed the United States as the top weapons supplier, completing $10.2 billion in sales, compared with $10.3 billion in 2013. Sweden was third, with roughly $5.5 billion in sales, followed by France with $4.4 billion and China with $2.2 billion.
South Korea, a key American ally, was the world’s top weapons buyer in 2014, completing $7.8 billion in contracts. It has faced continued tensions with neighboring North Korea in recent years over the North’s nuclear weapons program and other provocations. The bulk of South Korea’s purchases, worth more than $7 billion, were made with the United States and included transport helicopters and related support, as well as advanced unmanned aerial surveillance vehicles.
Iraq followed South Korea, with $7.3 billion in purchases intended to build up its military in the wake of the American troop withdrawal there.
Brazil, another developing nation building its military force, was third with $6.5 billion worth of purchase agreements, primarily for Swedish aircraft.
The report to Congress found that total global arms sales rose slightly in 2014 to $71.8 billion, from $70.1 billion in 2013. Despite that increase, the report concluded that “the international arms market is not likely growing over all,” because of “the weakened state of the global economy.”
So, as has been explained so many times ad nauseum that even the most hawkish warmongerer cannot avoid it, the truth is, America (well it’s corporatocracy) has a 3-step plan to make money…
Step 1: Put on Pants
Step 2: Start Warmongery in Middle-East
Step 3: Reap Rewards
Of course, this is hardly news, as Ron Paul told RT:
Seen from the proper angle, the dollar is revealed to be a paper thin instrument of warfare, a ripple effect on the people, a twisted illusion, a weaponized money now engaged in a covert economic warfare that threatens their very livelihood.
The former Congressman and presidential candidate explained:
Almost all wars have been paid for through inflation… the practice always ends badly as currency becomes debased leading to upward pressure on prices.
“Almost all wars, in a hundred years or so, have been paid for through inflation, that is debasing the currency,” he said, adding that this has been going on “for hundreds, if not thousands of years.”
“I don’t know if we ever had a war paid though tax payers. The only thing where they must have been literally paid for, was when they depended on the looting. They would go in and take over a country, and they would loot and take their gold, and they would pay for the war.”
As inflation has debased the currency, other shady Wall Street tactics have driven Americans into a corner, overwhelmed with debt, and gamed by rigged markets in which Americans must make a living. The economic prosperity, adjusted for the kind of reality that doesn’t factor into government reports, can’t match the costs of a military industrial complex that has transformed society into a domestic police state, and slapped Americans with the bill for their own enslavement.
Dr. Paul notes the mutual interest in keeping the lie going for as long as the public can stand it… and as long as the gravy keeps rolling in:
They’re going to continue to finance all these warmongering, and letting the military industrial complex to make a lot of money, before it’s admitted that it doesn’t work, and the whole system comes down because of the debt burden, which would be unsustainable.”
Unsustainable might be putting it lightly. The entire thing is in shambles from the second the coyote looks down and sees that he’s run out over a cliff. | <urn:uuid:655bd0dc-e43e-4a2d-8673-fb61ea9c56be> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.infiniteunknown.net/2015/12/27/warmongering-pays-us-foreign-arms-sales-soar-35/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00148-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96759 | 1,026 | 1.703125 | 2 |
ATFP Hosts Washington Briefing on Israeli and Palestinian Schoolbooks
Washington DC, Feb. 6 -- The American Task Force on Palestine (ATFP) today hosted a briefing presenting the findings of the first definitive, scientific study of Israeli and Palestinian schoolbooks at the National Press Club in Washington, DC. ATFP President Ziad J. Asali welcomed Professors Sami Adwan (Bethlehem University), Daniel Bar-Tal (Tel-Aviv University) and Bruce E. Wexler (Yale University) to present their findings. The three-year study was reviewed from start to finish by a Scientific Advisory Panel of experts in textbook analysis from Germany and the United States, and leading Israeli and Palestinian academics. The advisory panel concluded that the study sets a new international standard for textbook study methodology.
Dr. Asali told the capacity-crowd audience that, "We are very proud to host the distinguished team of scholars. The study shows the need to educate for peace. Narratives in conflict perpetuate the conflict, and are perpetuated by it." Prof. Wexler began with an overview of the methodology and the rigorous standards that were employed, and summarized the study's findings (the full report can be downloaded here).
Prof. Bar-Tal explained that, "This is in many respect an unusual study. We needed to develop a picture that goes beyond the studies that have gone before. We needed a new method that combined qualitative and quantitative factors, which is rarely done, to get a true diagnosis of what is in the books we studied." Prof. Adwan said the study centered on rigorous procedures, including "joint leadership and research assistants, an international advisory team, a standardized research method to maximize objectivity, and simultaneous evaluation for added reliability."
Prof. Bar-Tal emphasized that the schoolbooks tend to reinforce the narratives of each side, as is typical in any conflict, and downplay or ignore the narrative of the other. Prof. Wexler noted that, "The whole story of the study" can be found in the statistics about representations of the other in the various books - Israeli state, ultra-Orthodox and Palestinian schoolbooks. He said that there was more positive representation of Palestinians in Israeli state books than in Palestinian or ultra-Orthodox books. But, he added, "Sub-humanizing depictions of the other were not to be found. They were absent. Extreme negative characterizations of the other are rare and no not involve sub-humanizing depictions."
Prof. Adwan noted that the issue of maps was a major finding, and that, "A majority of both Israeli and Palestinian schoolbooks do not reflect the rights and presence of the other side, especially in maps that show the whole area as either Israel or Palestine. Dehumanization of the other is very rare, but there is a tendency to reinforce their own narratives and perpetuate a lack of information about the other. But there is no incitement or hate speech as we have been hearing." Prof. Bar Tal emphasized that Israeli schoolbooks had greatly improved since the time when he was a student in the 1960s, and Prof. Adwan added that Palestinian schoolbooks are also far superior to the old Egyptian and Jordanian books they relied on before the establishment of the Palestinian Authority.
Regarding the reception of the report's findings, Prof. Bar-Tal noted, "We are aware what is going on. We are surprised by the reaction even though we are used to being criticized. This is not the last word and there will be more studies. From now on it's up to the political echelons to decide what can be done with our results." Prof. Adwan noted, "We met with Prime Minister Salam Fayyad and he welcomed the study. He has instructed the Palestinian Education Ministry to use the results in future work and new schoolbooks."
Prof. Wexler added, "We are scientists and we are not shocked by the results. But we are shocked by those who would try to discredit the results rather than build on them." He said that everyone involved in the Advisory Committee had approved the process and the results and that no one had raised objections until very recently, and that "If we had added every quote presented at the Israeli government press conference yesterday, it would have made no difference to the statistics or the results." He said, "We don't agree with the Israeli government that the study is 'unprofessional,'" and said that the team had not met with Israeli officials.
The study was initiated by the Council of Religious Institutions of the Holy Land comprised of the Chief Rabbis of Israel, the Minister of Religious Affairs of the Palestinian Authority, the Greek, Armenian and Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem and the Anglican and Lutheran Bishops of the Holy Land; and was fully funded by the US State Department.
The full study report and the translated quotes from the schoolbooks is available for download here.
For more coverage of, and background on, the schoolbook study, below find an extensive index of press coverage:
Textbook study faults Israelis and Palestinians (AP)
Academic Study Weakens Israeli Claim That Palestinian School TextsTeach Hate (NYT)
Israelis unhappy with study of their textbooks and Palestinians’ (Reuters)
A History of Misunderstanding (Slate) State-Dept.-Funded Study Plays It Safe, Blames Israel and PA (The Jewish Press) Fayyad Welcomes International Report on School Books (WAFA) Israeli, Palestinian Textbooks Reflect Narratives of Conflict (Bloomberg) 3 Year Israeli and Palestinian Textbook Study Provokes Controversy (The Jewish Journal)
A History of Misunderstanding (Slate)
State-Dept.-Funded Study Plays It Safe, Blames Israel and PA (The Jewish Press)
Fayyad Welcomes International Report on School Books (WAFA)
Israeli, Palestinian Textbooks Reflect Narratives of Conflict (Bloomberg)
3 Year Israeli and Palestinian Textbook Study Provokes Controversy (The Jewish Journal) | <urn:uuid:0f9bd913-2f13-4457-beaa-b57e6b451ce8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.americantaskforce.org/in_media/pr/2013/02/07/1360213200 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00247-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956842 | 1,230 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Napsali o nás
International Journal of Infection Control
Contact: Dr. Michael A. Borg IFIC Chair
(March 28, 2008)
An Innovative Method for the Control of Legionella Infections in the Hospital Hot Water Systems with a Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide-Silver Formulation Hillel Shuval1,2, Rachel Yarom3, Rivka Shenman3
1 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Hadassah Academic College- Jerusalem, Israel
2 Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
3 Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Haifa, Israel
Abstract- Legionella pneumophila contamination of hot water systems are particularly difficult to control due to the optimal growth conditions, protection by biofilms and the fact that chlorine and many other disinfectants are less effective at high temperatures. This paper reports on a 24 month study using an innovative method to control Legionella pneumophila in the closed loop hot water system of a major hospital in Israel, which has suffered a serious out-break of Legionnaires disease in their BMT unit. They had failed to control the Legionella infections by the conventional use of repeated shock treatments with chlorine up to 2000 ppm and by raising the water temperature to 700°C. During the period between October 2005 and May 2007 an innovative disinfectant process based on a patented, stabilized, non-toxic, taste free, bactericidal/bacteriostatic, heat resistant formulation of hydrogen peroxide containing a minute amount of oligodynamic silver (commercial name STERIL) was used to effectively disinfect the hot water system and achieve total long term control of Legionella pneumophila. The combined formulation of H2O2 and silver and other metals is some 100 times more powerful as a disinfectant than hydrogen peroxide alone and can provide a long lasting effective disinfectant residual. Our studies show that the formulation's disinfection power increases significantly as water temperature increases which contributes to its effective control of Legionalla bacteria in hot water systems which normally operate at temperatures up to 40-500°C. The silver ion deposit on the pipe walls have a bacteriostatic effect. At the end of the 24 month test period it can be stated that the stabilized H2O2-silver formulation effectively controlled Legionella pneumophila in the hospital ward's hot water system for the first time after years of chronic problems and has proved to bea promising and economical option for the long term control of Legionella bacteria in closed loop hot water systems.
Key words Legionnaires disease; control; hot water systems; hydrogen peroxide; silver; disinfection
Legionella pneumophila contamination of hot water systems are particularly difficult to control due to fact that hot water systems, which usually operate at 40-500C provide the optimal growth conditions for Legionella. Another factor is that deposits of water hardness- calcium and magnesium-- build up, particularly in hot water systems, and provide rough, pocked surfaces and conditions for biofilms development which result in favorable conditions for the protection of bacterial infections from chemical disinfection processes. A third factor is that chlorine and some other disinfectants, which have conventionally been used, are less effective at the high temperatures typical of hot water systems. The literature reports on repeated re-infections, frequent difficulties, and problems in controlling Legionella infections in general and particularly in hot water systems (Association of Water Technologies-AWT, 2003) .
Several Legionnaires disease outbreaks have occurred in hospitals and hotels in Israel and a survey by the Ministry of Health detected Legionella bacteria in the hot water systems in 10 out of 12 hospitals in various parts of the country (Yaron and Sheinman, 1999). Despite efforts to control the Legionella infections few have been effective for long periods. This paper reports on a 24 month pilot study using an innovative method to control Legionella pneumophila in the closed loop hot water system of Rambam Hospital- a major hospital in the north of Israel, which has suffered a serious nosocomial out-break of Legionnaires' disease in its Bone Marrow Transplantation- BMT unit- one of the most sensitive units in the hospital (Oren, et al 2002)
The hospital has taken the lead in Israel and has made many determined efforts over the last 15 years to control the Legionella infections of its hot water system, but had failed to achieve adequate control by the conventional use of repeated shock treatments with chlorine up to 2000 ppm or by raising the water temperature to 700°C. These procedures achieved only limited control for a few weeks or months only. Constant operation of the hot water system at 500°C ,which is a temperature which can inactive the Legionella bacteria, was not recommended due to the danger of scalding.
LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE IN ISRAEL
Professor Hillel Bercovier of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) (Bercovier et al, 1984) reported on the first fatal case of Legionnaires disease in Israel in 1984 some eight years after Legionnaires disease was first detected in Philadelphia and described as being acquired by inhalation of aerosols containing Legionella (Fraser et al, 1977). In our field studies we isolated 39 strains of Legionella, mainly L. pneumophila, from 302 samples taken from 55 natural water sources throughout the country including the Jordan River, Lake Kinneret, ground water and irrigation systems which confirms that the pathogen is ubiquitous in Israel (Shuval, Fattal and Bercovier, 1988). We were concerned about the possible transmission of Legionella bacteria in aerosols generated by sprinkler irrigation which is widely practiced in the country. We carried out a survey of 2410 blood sera specimens taken from 1335 agricultural workers in 30 different agricultural communities. The sample included 419 water contact-irrigation workers directly exposed to aerosols from sprinkler irrigation. The control group was made up of residents in the same agricultural communities not directly exposed to irrigation generated aerosols. We found that the irrigation-aerosol exposed workers carried anti-bodies to Legionella pneumophilia seven times more frequently than the non-water contact control group (2.8% vs 0.4%)(Shuval, Fattal and Bercovier, 1988).
We concluded that with Legionella spp ubiquitous in irrigation water sources, agricultural workers exposed to sprinkler irrigation have a high occupational risk of infection with Legionnaires disease bacteria. Despite this, there were no reported clinical cases of the disease among this population group who are mainly young, healthy men with a known low susceptibility to clinical cases of the disease. However the sources of water used for agricultural irrigation in Israel are generally the same sources supplied to urban areas, hospitals, hotels, factories and the like, thus suggesting that there is a potential for Legionnaires disease transmission to more sensitive and susceptible groups. Thus, the known or reported outbreaks of the disease may be the tip of the iceberg indicating that there is a need to introduce effective methods of Legionella control in hospitals, hotels and public institutions.
LEGIONNELA CONTROL AT THE RAMBAM HOSPITAL IN HAIFA
During the course of the period between October 2005 and September 2007 an innovative disinfection process using a patented1, stabilized, non-toxic, taste free, bactericidal/ bacteriostatic, heat resistant formulation of hydrogen peroxide containing a minute amount of oligodynamic silver (commercial name STERIL also sold under other names in some countries) was used to effectively disinfect the hot water system and achieve total control of Legionella pneumophila.
Based on the approval of the Ministry of Health the following disinfection regime was introduced in the closed loop hot water system of the hospital's 50 bed BMT ward. The control treatment included two stages: A first stage, initial shock dose of the formulation which provided a 500 ppm concentration of H2O2. After a few hours this initial shock dose was totally flushed out of the system. Shower heads, hot water faucets and other end-of-the-line plumbing fixtures were disinfected in 4% H2O2 solutions of the formulation. There were no residual odor or taste problems as occur when high doses of chlorine are used. The second stage included automatic continuous feeding, monitoring and control of the formulation into the ward's closed hot water system at a dose of 20 ppm of H2O2 and a minute concentration of silver for a few hours each day. The concentration of disinfectant was monitored and controlled continuously by a specially designed1 automatic system. At the initiative of the hospital the control procedure was also introduced in the Oncology Department where positive tests for Legionella were revealed.
Laboratory test methods for Legionella Water samples drawn in 500 ml sterile containers, with 0.5 ml thiosulfate, were tested for Legionella species at monthly intervals in the hospital's laboratory or assayed in the Ministry of Health Public Health Laboratory in Haifa, using officially approved methods for Legionella testing. Water samples were concentrated by filtration and inoculated on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) plates. Plates were examined daily for growth. Suspected colonies, were sub-cultured on to fresh BCYE agar and confirmed as Legionella species by species-specific anti-sera (Edelstein, 2000; Barbaree et al, 1988).
Prior to the initiation of the control program Legionella species were frequently detected in water samples drawn from various sites in the hospital in concentrations ranging form 20 to 1400 cfu/100 ml. The hospital initiated various control programs including superheating the hot water tanks to 700°C and shock treatment with chlorine doses up to 2000 ppm. With these procedures Legionella species were eliminated temporarily and reemerged in low concentration up to 20 cfu/100ml.(Oren et al, 2002).
During the 24 month study period all tests for Legionella bacteria in the hot water system of both departments were negative except for one single positive sample detected after 10 months at a dead end pipe which was then corrected and put into the closed loop flow. As a precaution, a limited scale, shock treatment cycle was repeated in the infected area only. At the end of the 24 month test period it can be stated that the stabilized H2O2-silver formulation effectively controlled Legionella pneumophila in both of the hospital ward's hot water systems for the first time after years of chronic problems.
Evaluation of Alternative Legionella Disinfectants:
There are many problems in achieving effective disinfection of hot water systems to control Legionella. Few of the conventional disinfectants have been shown to have long term efficacy, particularly in hot water systems which serve as one of the main foci of Legionella multiplication and dissemination. The optimum amplification range of Legionella is a narrow band of 300°C to 400C. Above 450°C Legionella is killed with time and at 500°C it may take up to two hours to attain a 90% kill, while at 700°C a 100% kill is rapid. However, it must be pointed out that at temperatures above 45-500°C in the hot water supply system used by consumers, such as in hospitals or hotels there is a serious danger of scalding. There is also a problem of pipe corrosion and energy costs are high. Thus this method has serious constraints.
The Association of Water Technologies-AWT (2003) has published an evaluation of the alternative Legionella disinfection technologies, summarized in brief below:
Heat-and-flush (heat shock) Raising the hot water tank temperature to 60-700°C - Thermal eradication provides only temporary results: it is very labor intensive, presents scalding risks, has associated high energy costs and corrosion problems, is difficult to achieve complete effectiveness and at best provides only short term (weeks to months) effectiveness.
Chlorination Shock treatment at 20 to 500 ppm provide only temporary results and is corrosive to pipes. Produces potentially carcinogenic DBP's. Continuous chlorination at 1-2 ppm is not effective. Chlorine is significantly less effective in hot water systems which are the main foci of Legionella proliferation.
Ultraviolet (UV) RadiationProvides point of source disinfection only, but no residual and thus not effective for systems already contaminated. High energy costs and requires very clean water with low turbidity and suspended solids.
Ozonation Similar limitations as UV.
Copper-Silver ionizationEffective treatment with residual, but high initial equipment cost. Hard water and pH higher than 8 may limit effectiveness and may increase costs. Health restrictions on copper and/or silver in drinking water may limit use. Problems of corrosiveness.
Chlorine DioxideEffective treatment, however, it must be generated onsite and commercially available treatment plant costs for small scale systems such as hospitals and hotels are high. This method, while effective involves possible health risks and has been disallowed in some countries.
Mono-ChloramineMore effective in municipal systems than chlorine and fewer DBP's but like chlorine has reduced efficacy at high temperature of hot water systems which are the major foci for Legionella.
Unique Qualities of the Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide-Silver Disinfectant Formulation
Tests have shown that this specific formulation is effective in inactivating Legionella at the concentrations recommended for use in this study. Our studies at HU have shown that the combined formulation of H2O2 and silver and other metals is some 100 times more powerful as a disinfectant than hydrogen peroxide alone and can provide a long lasting effective disinfectant residual of many days and weeks (Shuval,1999). Our research has revealed that the potentiation action of the two chemicals working in combination is basically the result of a two stage biological effect on the bacterial cell wall rather than the result of the formation of some new more potent chemical form ( Pehahzur, Shuval and Ulizur, 1997) as had been previously hypothesized.
While the disinfection ability of chlorine is seriously reduced in hot water systems, our investigations have shown that the H2O2-silver formulation is heat stable to high temperatures and it's disinfection power increases significantly as water temperature increases.At water temperatures of 380C there is an increased rate of bacterial inactivation by a factor of well over 100 than that achieved at 180 C (Pedahzur et al, 2000). This is an important feature of the formulation which contributes to its effective control of Legionella bacteria in hot water systems which normally operate at temperatures up to 40-500 C. Our studies also have indicated that the long term efficacy of the disinfectant is partially due to the bacteriostatic effect of the small amounts of silver which deposit on the walls of the piping system or tanks, and coat sediments and biofilms. We have hypothesized that the positive metal ions bond to the negative bacterial cell walls sites, disrupting membrane structure which leads to bacterial cellular death aided by H2O2 penetration.
Recent research reports have revealed that silver ions are effectively used in several medical applications which take advantage of the nanoscale silver particles which have so much surface area that small concentrations are effective antiseptics. It has been reported that the surface binding performance of the silver particles blocks the formation of a thick carpet of bacterial biofilm and is a key to avoiding infections according to Dr. Dennis Maki, Professor of Medicine and the head of infectious diseases at the University of Wisconsin Medical School ( New York Times- December 20 2005).
The Acceptability of the Disinfectant Formulation for Treatment of Drinking Water
As to the acceptability of the formulation for use as a disinfectant in drinking water systems in hospitals and hotels from a toxicological point of view: The active ingredients of the commercial disinfectant formulation under study are non-toxic H2O2 and silver. H2O2 has been approved for drinking water disinfection at the concentration required for this anti-Legionella treatment in Europe under "European Standard- EN 902–1999 - Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption-hydrogen peroxide".The use of silver at the concentration required for drinking water disinfection has been approved by the WHO, the EU and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The commercial formulation (commercial name STERIL, also sold as SANOSIL in some countries1) has been specifically approved for drinking water disinfection by the health authorities in Australia and some other countries.The product has also been approved for Legionella control under the regime used in this study by the Israel Ministry of Health1.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
From the results of this full scale 24 month field test in a 50 bed hospital ward, it can be concluded that the procedure reported upon here, based on the use of a stabilized formulation of hydrogen peroxide containing a minute amount of oligodynamic silver is a promising and economical option for the effective long term control of Legionella bacteria in closed loop hot water systems of hospitals, hotels and similar institutions. The non-toxic , taste free and heat stable, bactericidal/bactiostatic formulation studied has the unique qualities of providing an effective long lasting disinfection residual in piping systems and an increase of disinfection power in hot water systems making it particularly effective in the control of Legionella in such institutions.
This study was carried out under the sponsorship of Swissteril Water Purification Ltd, Haifa, Israel (email - [email protected] or [email protected]) in cooperation with the appropriate authorities and staff of the Rambam hospital and the Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Haifa. Mr. Alon Lehrer and Mr. Nimrod Ben-Yehuda of the Swissteril management planned, designed, installed and operated the special disinfection feed, and control system. Additional financing for certain phases of the study were provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency-EPA and the Research Division of the European Union.
1For further information contact the company.
Association of Water Technologies-AWT(2003), LEGIONELLA 2003: An Update and Statement The Association of Water Technologies , Rockville MD, Website www.awt.org
Barbaree, J.M, Morill, W.E. and Fields, B.S. (1988) Detection and recovery of legionella in water, Toxicity Assessment 3:479-490
Bercovier, H. Israeli, A. Goodman, A. and Shapiro, M. (1984) Isolation of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from a fatal case of pneumonia in Israel. Isr. J. Med. Sci., 20:1109-1111
Edelstein, P.H. (2000) Legionella, in Lannette, EH, Balows A, Hausler WJJ, andShadomy HJ, (Eds) Manuel of Clinical Microbiology, 4th edn. American Society of Microbiology: Washington, DC pp 373-381
Fraser, D.W. Tasi, T.R. and Orenstien, W. (1977) Legionaires disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med 297:1189-1197.
Oren, I. Zukerman, T. Avivi, I. Finkelstein, R. Yigla, M. and Rowe, J.M. (2002) Nosocomial outbreak of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 pneumonia in a new bone marrow transplant unit: evaluation, treatment and control. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 30: 175-179
Shuval, H. Fattal, B. and Bercovier, H. (1989) Legionnaires disease and the water environment in Israel. Wat. Sci Tech. 20: 11-12-
Shuval, H. (1999) Stabilized formulation of hydrogen peroxide with silver: a secondary disinfectant- in Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems: Technology, Operation and Economics. Ed. J. A. Cotruvio, G.F. Craun and N. Hearne-Lewis Publishers, New York.
Yarom, R. and Sheinman, R. (1999) Contamination of Legionella pneumophila in hot water distribution systems
in hospitals across Israel- Proc. 7th Int. Conf. of Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental
Quality Sciences- ISEEQS-Tel Aviv | <urn:uuid:a5e7da3b-8ac4-49b0-a694-cce0d33a92b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sanosil.cz/napsali-o-nas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.923406 | 4,260 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Fictive kinship is the process of giving someone a kinship title and treating them in many ways as if they had the actual kinship relationship implied by the title. People with this relationship are known as fictive kin. Fictive kinship is also known as relatedness.
Fictive kinship is seen by most current anthropologists as working alongside (or within) but not replacing traditional kinship.
Janet Carsten developed the idea of "relatedness" in response to David M. Schneider's 1984 work on Symbolic Kinship (A Critique of The Study of Kinship). Carsten developed her initial ideas from studies with the Malays in looking at what was socialized and biological. Here she uses the idea of relatedness to move away from a pre-constructed analytics opposition which exists in anthropological thought between the biological and the social (1995, The substance of kinship and the heat of the hearth; feeding, personhood and relatedness among the Malays in Pulau Langkawi, American Ethnologist). Carsten argued that relatedness should be described in terms of indigenous statements and practices, some of which fall outside what anthropologists have conventionally understood as kinship (Cultures of Relatedness, 2000).
A noted Gurung tradition is the institution of "Rodi" where teenagers form fictive kinship bonds and become Rodi members to socialize, perform communal tasks, and find marriage partners.
In Western culture, a person may refer to close friends of one's parents as "aunt" or "uncle" (and their children as "cousin"), or may refer to close friends as "brother" or "sister". In particular, college fraternities and sororities usually use "brother" and "sister" to refer to members of the organization.
The term has such a broad usage as to suggest that it might be spurious. Compadrazgo, common membership in a unilineal descent group, and legal adoption are among the phenomena which are described as examples of fictive kinship. An alternative standpoint would be that "either you're related or you aren't".
Fictive kinship was discussed by Jenny White in her work on female migrant workers in Istanbul (Money Makes Us Relatives, 1995). In her work she draws on ideas of production and the women she works with being drawn together through 'webs of indebtedness' through which the women refer to each other as kin.
- Carsten, Janet, ed. (2000). Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Carsten, Janet (May, 1995). The Substance of Kinship and the Heat of the Hearth: Feeding, Personhood, and Relatedness among Malays in Pulau Langkawi. American Ethnologist 22 (2): 223-241.
- Schneider, David M. (1984). A Critique of the Study of Kinship, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.
- White, Jenny B. (2004). Money Makes Us Relatives: Women's Labor in Urban Turkey, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge.
See also Edit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:4aec6a1c-a1a0-458f-af33-a17b9a95f493> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Fictive_kinship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00141-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941116 | 699 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Editor, translator, and winner of the William Carlos Williams Award, Matthew Zapruder in his third book blends humor and invention with love and loss, as when the breath of a lover is compared to “a field of titanium gravestones / growing warmer in the sun.” The title poem is an elegy for heroes and mentors—from David Foster Wallace to Zapruder’s father—and demonstrates a new, expansive range for the poet, highlighting as well a larger body of poetry that is surprising and direct: writing that wrestles with the desires to live rightly, to make art, and to confront the vast events of the day.
“Zapruder’s third collection of hip, quirkily haunting yet surprisingly earnest poems is his best and most beautiful… These poems are still full of quick jump-cuts, seeming tangents, and almost adorable imagery, but all more focused on subject matter.” —Publishers Weekly, starred review
“Zapruder’s poems are ordered by dream logic that melds the familiar with the mysterious. Yet as brain-teasing as his wonderfully strange yet exactly right imagery is, the formal elements of his poems are so liquid and magnetizing as to be invisible… Zapruder writes with compassion and bafflement about loneliness and the broadcasting of war and other catastrophes, and he remembers his dead with candor and tenderness… these are deeply felt, exciting, and caring poems, droll and wistful, obliquely affirming, phosphorescently beautiful.” —Booklist, starred review
“Zapruder’s improvisations (or so they appear) enlist the reader as coexplorer, stumbling into candid self-revelations or surreal quips with wide-eyed grace.” —Library Journal
“Matthew Zapruder’s new book… does what many great collections of poems do: it expands a reader’s sense of what is possible, both for poetic form and for reality itself. With dynamic, logically complex sentences, Zapruder posits a world that is both extraordinary and refreshingly ordinary… To read this book is to suddenly see the fantastic elements that suffuse everyday existence.” —BOMBlog | <urn:uuid:b63dda4f-d44f-4d96-a340-62e46ad2bde3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.coppercanyonpress.org/books/come-on-all-you-ghosts-by-matthew-zapruder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.937663 | 485 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Feb 15, 2013 (CIDRAP News) – The nation's flu markers show that the flu has probably peaked, though many states are still reporting plenty of infections and hospitalizations, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said today.
Though the percentage of doctors' visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) is still above baselines in all regions of the country, the overall national level fell from 3.6% to 3.2% last week, according to the CDC.
The drop was even steeper for another indicator, the percentage of respiratory specimens testing positive for flu, which fell from 23.3% to 19.7%. Nationally, the dominant strain is still H3N2, followed by influenza B.
Five pediatric flu deaths were reported, one from an undetermined influenza A subtype and four from influenza B. The deaths occurred over a range of weeks between Dec 29 and Jan 26. The new reports push the number of flu deaths in children so far this season to 64.
Overall deaths from pneumonia and flu are still running well above the epidemic threshold and rose slightly last week, from 9.0% to 9.1%.
The rate of flu hospitalizations also rose last week, from 29.8 to 32.1 per 100,000 population. The hardest hit group is still seniors, who account for more than 50% of reported hospital cases.
Seven fewer states last week reported widespread geographic spread of flu, putting that number at 31.
Lab testing of isolates for antiviral resistance found one more sample that showed resistance to oseltamivir, raising the number so far this season to two, the CDC reported. Both were 2009 H1N1 viruses.
Elsewhere in North America, ILI activity increased in Canada, but the spike is due to an increase in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with influenza levels remaining stable, according to a Feb 13 surveillance update from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The group noted that RSV levels are also increasing in the United States.
H3N2 is the most commonly detected virus in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, according to PAHO.
Flu activity in Europe is still substantial, although a few countries have already reported peaks, according to the latest update from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The percentage of respiratory samples that tested positive for flu dropped slightly last week, from 55% to 53%.
Germany, Luxembourg, and Sweden reported high-intensity transmission, with Belgium reporting very high intensity, according to the ECDC.
The agency said the proportion of influenza A and B samples continues a fairly even split, though the percentage of H1N1 detections continues to increase.
In a virologic update today, the World Health Organization (WHO) said H3N2 is the dominant strain in Asia and that flu activity remains high in China and Japan. In Hong Kong, increasing detections of both H3N2 and H1N1 were reported, signaling the start of its flu season, according to the WHO report, which also noted increased activity in Mongolia.
Feb 15 CDC influenza update
Feb 15 CDC flu situation update
Feb 13 PAHO flu situation report
Feb 15 ECDC report
Feb 15 WHO flu virus activity report | <urn:uuid:a47eb984-6946-4a34-a953-fe3362e7c3c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2013/02/cdc-flu-activity-continues-slow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00154-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952192 | 683 | 2.5 | 2 |
From Costa Rica to designing drone controls and robotic wings at university to testing autonomous cars on the streets of Oxford, how Software Engineer Sebastian Steffen is ‘levelling up’ his knowledge with the help of his colleagues.
Read more about Seb’s role in the company, how he has been able to apply his knowledge from university into on-road testing and why a 10-minute conversation with a friend convinced him to apply for a job at Oxbotica.
When did you join Oxbotica and what were you doing before then?
I grew up in San José, Costa Rica and studied at the British School there which was full of international students. The small tech scene in Costa Rica and a desire to broaden my horizons led me to apply for courses in Europe. Originally, I wanted to study civil engineering at the University of Manchester but in the months before starting classes I became much more interested in the courses on the Aerospace Engineering programme and made the switch.
It was in Manchester where my interest in robotics really took off. The professors were really inspiring and I got to work on fascinating projects such as my bachelor’s dissertation on the modeling, simulation and control of a self-tuning vibration-energy harvester. I then enrolled in the MSc programme in Advanced Controls and Systems Engineering For my thesis I went to the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland to develop automatic controllers for bio-inspired drones. I stayed at the lab for another year as a project engineer while torn apart by the choice of staying in academia and pursuing a PhD, or moving to industry and continue learning about robotics while on the job!
How did you find out about Oxbotica?
I knew about Oxbotica from reading about mobile robotics companies and the autonomous vehicle field in particular. I was looking for jobs where I produce code for autonomy software and came across the opening at Oxbotica. At the same time I saw that a friend from Manchester was working at the company so I reached out to him to ask about the culture, the people and the projects he was working on. Within 10 minutes of speaking to him I was completely convinced it was the right place to go!
“It only took 10 minutes of speaking to him about the culture, the people and the projects he was working on to be completely sold. It sounded like it was the place to go as a graduate.”
What made you want to join Oxbotica?
I am sure I would’ve applied to Oxbotica even if I hadn’t spoken to my friend. You only need to search for Oxbotica to see the different projects they have worked on and how different they are; the software is genuinely universal. It was also the history of the company too – the fact it was a spin-out from Oxford University which has a great tech startup ecosystem with a proven history of commercialising research tech into products. I find this a really stimulating environment at this early stage in my career.
Right after my initial interview with Oxbotica I had a feeling that if I didn’t take the offer, I would regret it in 20 years’ time. It’s the vision they have, and the opportunity for growth which really excites me. I had an offer at the time for a role with a large tech company and turned it down, they couldn’t offer the learning opportunities that Oxbotica could and after nine months of being here I know without a shadow of doubt I made the right decision.
“Right after my initial interview with Oxbotica I had a feeling that if I didn’t take the offer, I would regret it in 20 years’ time.”
What team do you currently work in and what do they do?
My team works on projects that cover most of the entire self-driving stack and our day-to-day mostly involves coding in C++. I have recently worked closely with the Planning and Control team to develop new features to improve the steering and throttle response, and with the Object Tracking and Prediction team to write integration tests with other parts of the stack.
How would you describe life at Oxbotica? What is the culture like?
I had a great feeling from my first interview about the culture and the approach to problem-solving. That really influenced my decision to choose Oxbotica. I’ve been here for over nine months and I have become even more confident that I made the right decision. It’s so motivating to work in an environment where people are so good at what they do and so willing to share their expertise. I feel like, professionally, I’ve been able to ‘level up’ and learn a lot from the people around me.
“I feel like, professionally, I’ve been able to ‘level up’ and learn a lot from the people around me.”
What is the most rewarding part of your current role?
The most rewarding part of the job is being able to see your code have an effect on the car’s performance, and to know that every improvement you make is bringing us closer to reducing casualties from traffic accidents, as well as to greener and more human-friendly cities.
What do you think are the biggest challenges when it comes to rolling out autonomous vehicles?
To me some of the biggest challenges are not around the capabilities of the tech, we know that works. It’s the safety and regulatory side of it. How do we create the right tests and measure the correct numbers to make sure our system will operate efficiently and safely.
If any component of the hardware or software is underperforming, or if we encounter unforeseen circumstances, how can we make sure that the car will continue to drive, or at worst pull over without causing any dangers while it awaits repair?
There is also the need to gain approval from the regulators and the public’s trust. This is a problem every AV software company is facing. How many miles do we need to drive until we can prove that it’s safe? What test cases and scenarios do we need to use to prove our tech is safer than human drivers?
“The most rewarding part of the job is being able to see your code have an effect on the car's performance, and to know that every improvement you make is bringing us closer to reducing casualties from traffic accidents, as well as to greener and more human-friendly cities.”
What do you think will be the benefits of autonomous vehicles in the future?
The greatest benefits will come when a high proportion of the vehicle fleet is self-driving. When 90% of our cars are autonomous, we will see how creative we can be. If you don’t need to own a car then more space becomes available (for example car parks and number of lanes) and we end up with greener spaces – there won’t be a need for multi-storey car parks or wide driving lanes in cities.
How do you see your current role developing at Oxbotica?
In the future, I’d like to take ownership of larger software development projects which take a few months to complete. I’m also keen to become more involved with researching new algorithms to find better solutions in order to produce the most robust and efficient autonomous vehicles. | <urn:uuid:4c1a2a2e-e883-4d82-91b2-1d8e1dd34053> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oxbotica.com/people-blogs/seb-steffen-systems-engineer-at-oxbotica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.972887 | 1,536 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Win Surprise Gifts!!!
Top 5 Contributors of the Month
Post New Question
Subscribe to Interview Questions
Posted By :
Posted Date :
March 31, 2010
1. Single-Attached Concentrator - Connected to the FDDI network through a single connector.
2. Dual-Attached Concentrator - Connected to the FDDI network through A-port and B-port.
You can also find related Interview Question to
Fiber Distributed Data Interface(FDDI)?
Provides high performance and multiple stations networking
Widely used in Metropolitan Area network
Based on token ring architecture
1. Single-Attached Station - Connected through a single connector called S-port.
2. Dual-Attached Station - Connected through A-port and B-port .
FDDI - Devices?
1. The connectors used in FDDI are unique .
2. Every FDDI device requires two connectors to support two rings .
3. Using fiber optic cabling, FDDI segments could reach up to two kilometers between systems, with a maximum ring size of 100 kilometers .
FDDI - Failure Recovery ?
1. Wrapping Process - Modify the structure of the network to recover from failure.
(A)Recovers network connectivity on failure of FDDI station .
(B)Recovers network connectivity on failure of cables between any two FDDI stations.
2. Optical Bypass switch - Maintain the network connectivity by providing an optical connection that bypasses the failed station
Quick Links For Interview Questions Categories:
Find questions, FAQ's and their answers related to .NET, C#, Vb.Net, Sql Server and many more.
Now you can find lots of .NET, C#, Vb.Net, SQL Server,Windows, ASP.Net related Questions and their Answers here at www.dotnetspark.com. Our aim is to help you pass your certification Exams (MCP, MCSD, MCAD etc.,) with flying scores and get good name in your company.
So, Start looking our
section daily and improve your .NET Skills. You can also help others by posting Interview Questions and their Answers in this section.
Hall of Fame
Terms of Service
Tell A Friend | <urn:uuid:a930c38c-50d7-48b2-b52d-d9e69bcf6d0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dotnetspark.com/qa/1564-fddi-concentrators.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.801758 | 480 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Published March 01, 2013 13:27
SABETHA, KS. March 2013— Maintaining their industry leadership role in food and product safety, Extru-Tech recently completed an industry-first scientific validation study that used a production-scale extruder to prove extrusion's effectiveness in controlling Salmonella in dry pet food. In effect, Extru-Tech’s scientific validation, which was conducted at the company’s Level 2 Bio-Safety Extrusion Lab in Manhattan, Kansas, proved the kill/lethality step of the extrusion system as an effective control against the persistent pathogen.
Since 2010, the Food and Drug Administration has had a zero tolerance policy for Salmonella, which is why the pet food industry has experienced a dramatic increase in recalls over the past few years. However, even though every manufacturer strives for products that are 100 percent pathogen free, applicable and validated scientific studies to support properly designed pet food safety systems weren’t possible … until now.
To this point, petfood manufacturers have relied on traditional lab studies based on testing equipment ranging from beakers and pressure pots to table-top model extruders. Moreover, most testing has been completed at very low production rates of 30 grams to a few kilograms per hour. In contrast, Extru-Tech configured a BSL-2 pilot plant outfitted with an E525 production-scale extrusion system, capable of producing nearly 8,000 pounds of product per hour, and the equipment was configured for the production of an industry-generic, low-moisture, dry-expanded pet food. The selected formula was then charged with a three-serotype cocktail of Salmonella, an inoculant that represents typical contamination events in the manufacturing process.
As part of the study, Extru-Tech also considered the fact that a dry inoculant introduced into the ingredient stream better represents how the pathogens are usually present within contaminated raw ingredients. If Salmonella is in a liquid, which is often the case in research studies, heat will transfer quickly and kill it
quickly. However, this is not a representation of what happens in a petfood plant, and creates a false set of operational parameters that do not control Salmonella.
“Extru-tech is using actual equipment that you would find in most pet food plants in a bio-hazard laboratory or a pilot plant,” said Jim Marsden, PhD, regents distinguished professor at Kansas State University. “Raw materials can be inoculated with Salmonella or other pathogens and the effect of the extrusion process can be exactly quantified. This process is a breakthrough for the pet food industry.”
All three replications of the challenge study resulted in a log reduction of Salmonella that exceeded the 5-log reduction requirement of a CCP allocation. Extru-Tech also discovered that many readily available and scientific methods of inoculation rendered a result that was not truly representative of a contamination event because of the method by which the raw material was inoculated.
“Extru-tech is documenting the parameters that are required to deactivate Salmonella in the extrusion process,” said Dr. Marsden. “There are other production steps that follow where Salmonella could re-contaminate the product. Consequently, Extru-tech is looking at those additional steps to identify interventions that could be applied downstream to prevent recontamination.”
Extru-Tech, Inc., headquartered in Sabetha, Kansas, currently produces and markets one of the industry's most complete lines of extrusion processing systems, along with a full line of ancillary equipment and customized equipment solutions for specialized processes. Since 1985, Extru-Tech has installed extrusion systems worldwide, designed for the production of human food, pet food, aquatic feed and animal feed products.
Contact: Norm Schmitt, Extru-Tech, Inc.
(785) 284-2153 or [email protected] | <urn:uuid:9c1cfc2c-a410-4e76-bf16-58461d0b4129> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://extru-techinc.com/news/extru-tech-inc-completes-first-of-its-kind-petfood-extrusion-validation-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.938618 | 825 | 2.296875 | 2 |
‘Reading matters’ to Quinte SS and Chapters
If you enjoy listening to vocal and instrumental music, read on! Quinte Secondary School students will be performing at Chapters (Belleville). The event is a fundraiser to support literacy in the high school and the elementary feeder schools.
Date: Monday, April 20, 2009
Location: Chapters, Quinte Mall, Belleville
Time: 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.
Quinte Secondary School is planning an evening of vocal and instrumental music and colourful displays for your entertainment while you browse the wide selection of books Chapters has to offer. To help support literacy with our elementary school partners, we encourage you to buy your favorite book and donate it to an elementary school library.
With every purchase made at Chapters Belleville on this special evening, a percentage of the purchase will be donated directly back to the school. There will be a draw for a Chapters gift card and a showcase of school programs.
Upon arrival at the store, please sign-in with one of the school council members at the registration table which will be located directly inside the main doors.
For more information, please contact Chapters at 613-962-3600 or teacher Annette McGuinness at 613-962-9295.
Please note, in order to ensure the most successful and profitable fundraiser possible, all discount programs including the iRewards program, will not be in effect during the event. Thank you for your support. | <urn:uuid:3c0ac7c7-64a9-457b-b149-1d3c5e17e39e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hpedsb.on.ca/archives/reading-matters-to-quinte-ss-and-chapters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.923648 | 313 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Record breaking cold weather this heating season will leave many older American households facing higher heating costs than last year. While heating costs continue to be higher for households heating with fuel oil than those heating with natural gas or electricity, costs to heat with natural gas, electricity, and propane have risen for many households across the United States.
This report analyzes data from the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Surveys and the February 2014 Short-Term Energy Outlook. It examines heating-related energy consumption and expenditures among consumers age 65 and older based on income, heating fuel used, and geographic location. Winter heating costs are likely to be a greater burden on older low-income households than on similarly aged higher-income households, even though low-income households tend to use less heating fuel than other groups. This report will be updated monthly through March 2014 as new data are released. | <urn:uuid:d41008c5-a0f6-4c7b-a3d3-b77e6d201a0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.aarp.org/money/low-income-assistance/info-03-2014/winter-heating-costs-report-march-2014-AARP-ppi-cons-prot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00467-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96722 | 172 | 2.40625 | 2 |
The commemoration of the battles of Lexington and Concord continues another year and frankly the world should be grateful for that.
We remain the world’s great shining light of freedom and democracy, even if our national government can’t agree on virtually anything at this point in time.
Since April, 1775 and throughout our national history, this Patriots Day commemoration appeared destined to be celebrated well into eternity. We know this isn’t possible because nothing lasts forever.
Nations rise and nations fall. They rise and fall because this is the way of life. It is about the natural order of things.
Presently, the United States is so far removed from the passion and the sacrifice that led to the Battles of Lexington and Concord that we hardly know the way.
We are fighting seemingly endless battles in faraway lands, draining the nation of its precious resources and now having a budget battle to take benefits away from those who find it difficult to care for themselves.
Early on, the battles at Lexington and Concord against the invincible British Empire proved the substance of American fighters and of American dogma – that we were a people rising up who wanted to be free.
Now the trick would be to reignite the energy that brought this nation to be and to destroy the demons facing us, and enter into a future far more appealing than it appears today.
Patriots Day is more than a day to run a marathon or to attend a Red Sox game at Fenway Park.
It is a day to commemorate sacrifice and heroism, to remember what came before. | <urn:uuid:74a03470-2884-428f-8ade-ab6ae9cb9dd4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://beaconhilltimes.com/2011/04/19/patriots-day-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00238-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955923 | 318 | 2.875 | 3 |
Privacy and Security as Risk Behaviors
Information Systems Major (Kelley School of Business)
L Jean Camp
L Jean Camp (Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering)
Improved computer security requires improvements requires identify risk, mitigating risks, and when mitigating risks creates a loss of functionality providing effective risk communication so that people can make informed trade-offs. Through a range of project in the lab we seek to provide to people the security they need and the privacy they want for an online environment they can trust. The two projects that would best suit undergraduate researchers are out chatbot and our risk analytics. The chatbot focuses on the creation of a conversational chatbot to communication privacy risks, options to protect privacy, and how to implement those choices. The risk analytics focus on identification of cognitive biases and heuristics which prevent caregivers from properly assessing a range of risk, with a focus on the risk of exploitation of children. Child exploitation is founded on deceptive trust processes which involves manipulation of both the child and, often, the child’s support system. In this study, we will link the manipulation strategies used by child predators to the cognitive heuristics which make both children and their caregivers vulnerable. The aim of this study is to determine how we can counter the inherent cognitive biases of children and caregivers to empower them to appropriately assess exploitation risks. The results will be survey mechanisms for identifying cognitive biases in the domain, online training to counter these biases, and an evaluation of the efficacy of this training.
Technology or Computational Component | <urn:uuid:5833d41b-bd2e-47ba-a3c2-c24f9cf18805> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://womenandtech.indiana.edu/programs/reuw/projects/2021-2022/25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.922405 | 403 | 2.359375 | 2 |
After the new education and training policy was announced in the form of two offices, the Chinese concept stocks in the education and training category continued to fall, and investors were worried about all Chinese concept stocks. There is a view in the market that this worry stems from the fear of “policy uncertainty.” Gelong’s point of view is representative. He believes: “In theory, as long as there is no explicit stipulation in laws and regulations, any business should enjoy the right to develop safely and freely as long as laws and regulations are not expressly stipulated. There is a sword that can be cut down at any time. Don’t you worry that one day the hand holding the sword will slip on your head?”
In the past few days, many public and private investment researchers have begun to read my articles published since 2017, and contact me through the background, hoping that I can provide more information and interpretation.
For several years, “professional” investors in China have been very willing to accept the phrase “whatever is not expressly prohibited by the law”, but I am very sure that, without professional legal training and experienced sufficient legal practice, It is impossible for most people to understand the true meaning of this sentence.
The rule of law is the guarantee of the market economy. Only with a stable environment for the rule of law can entrepreneurs and investors have stable expectations. But this does not mean that the law is rigid and rigid. The law is “living” because the law is made by people, and the makers always make different choices in a certain time and space through legislation. Even the enacted laws, the legislative principles or authorization clauses expressed in the articles, have given the legislature and the executive authority the corresponding interpretation authority. The law is not rigid. The legislature can make laws, and the competent authorities can interpret the laws. This is what Chinese law students know and it is followed by all countries.
Taking education policy as an example, it has been more than three and a half years since I wrote ” Why Should the Non-profitability of National Basic Education ” in 2017 ; it has been nearly three years since the “Private Education Promotion Law” was revised in 2018; and since The Regulation on the Implementation of the Private Education Promotion Law was revised in 2021, and it has been more than 3 months. The so-called “policies” are actually part of the broad legislation, rather than being formed outside the law. Whether it is the “Private Education Promotion Law”, the “Implementation Regulations” or the two offices, they are all in the broad legislative category. So when someone talks about the arbitrariness of China’s policies from the perspective of Wall Street investors, even ordinary people on Weibo know the retort: Isn’t the US’s suppression of Chinese-funded enterprises’ legislation and enforcement in the past two years “policy uncertainty” What about fear? What’s more, the policy on education and training enterprises is not sudden, but has a buffer period of more than three years.
The early revision of the law did not directly target off-campus education and training companies, but clarified the positioning of private education. Therefore, no strict measures were taken against off-campus education and training companies. When communicating with me, a number of investment institutions stated that the education reform in 2018 was recognized by the market as “it does not seem to be determined”. Therefore, after the policy shock in 2018 caused the stock price of education and training companies to fall, the capital market strengthened the belief that off-campus education and training is impossible. Indispensable, capital inflow accelerated, and institutions from kindergarten to high school subject training expanded again at a high speed.
This is actually a gamble. This kind of gambling stems from the strong expectations brought about by the insufficient capitalization of education in the past, and the wishful thinking of superimposing capital to chase profits.
But in fact, from the perspective of supporting reform, since the goal of the reform is to reposition the entire public education, private education, and off-campus teaching and training, the entire revision of the law is coherent. As I said in my previous article in 2017, national basic education involves tens of millions of children and is related to the future of the entire country and nation. However, the short-term profit-seeking nature of capital, the impulse to cash in on the market, and the performance evaluation requirements are related to national basic education that is inherently people-oriented and kind. The original intention of the postponement is in conflict. This concept is accepted by policy makers, that is, legislators, and is the starting point for this round of education reform.
If you can understand this starting point, then after the revision of the Private Education Promotion Law, you can fully realize that setting up an off-campus teaching and training system in addition to the public education system is in fact completely in conflict with the goals of education reform. In other words, standing at the time, the biggest risk in the education and training industry is not an “unknowable policy trend”, but a completely knowable policy trend. Any real professional investor, at that time, should begin to be prepared.
In fact, many investors have made adequate preparations. Among the readers I have communicated with recently, there are education companies that were transforming in time, and there are also software companies that have decided to focus their services on public education rather than education and training companies. Institutions like Hillhouse almost liquidated the stocks in the education and training category long before the storm came. There is more than one person who does not stand under the dangerous wall. In the past three years, have the education and training companies calmly thought about their own positioning? The reason why it is difficult for them to calm down, in fact, as the senior executives in the education and training industry are very clear, under the fierce competition supported by capital, who can have time to breathe and think about the long-term?
The New Deal in the education and training industry was so decisive that it finally awakened everyone in the market. They seem to realize today that it turns out that changes are really happening.
But from my perspective, this change started three years ago. Three years ago, I wrote in “It ’s Time to Thoroughly Rethink China’s Internet Economy “: ” How to deeply integrate labor protection, consumer protection, intellectual property protection, product quality assurance, anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition systems? Embedding into the Internet economy is a realistic topic for all legal persons and legislators today. “It is clear that in the past three years, legislators in our country are responding to these topics one by one.
People who think that China’s policies are unpredictable are actually just blind people. They think that the anti-monopoly of the United States and the European Union is predictable, while the anti-monopoly of China is unpredictable; they think that the protection of labor rights in the United States and the European Union is justified. Yes, and the protection of labor rights in China is anti-market.
After being awakened, some professionals who were at a loss for what to do have thrown out some grotesque theories. For example, an investment researcher from Soochow Securities said that China has abandoned the “American road” and turned to the “German road”, and its national policy has changed to “emphasize manufacturing and neglect service.” Recently, articles about China’s “Germanization” are gaining popularity. I doubt very few people who wrote these articles can read German.
As readers of this official account have always known, we still don’t know much about the United States, Germany or Japan. In the past two decades, only one monograph on the study of German financial system has been published in our country. How can a big country like China only learn from a country that it doesn’t know much about?
Why do capital markets always think that China’s policies are unpredictable? After all, the funds in our market are too abundant, and because we have never experienced a real financial crisis, long-term protection of the financial industry has led to a serious surplus and unevenness of financial practitioners. Their judgment has been thoroughly exposed in the past few years, and they can’t even see the trend of their own country’s policies.
Why do overseas investors think that China’s policies are unpredictable? Isn’t it because overseas investors are buying analysis from my country’s investment research institutions? Would they still directly read the deeper analysis behind the collected information? Will they study the antitrust history of another country like us? Isn’t it because Wall Street believes that China should always maintain a very low labor cost advantage (rather than pay more attention to the rights of Chinese workers) in order to earn more profits for shareholders? Isn’t it because Wall Street believes that by forming an education and training system outside of the public education system in China and sweeping all Chinese families in it, it can earn more income and be more beneficial to shareholders?
What is the value of Chinese concept stocks to US investors? From the perspective of the American system design, isn’t it ultimately for the American pension fund to have more choices to benefit the American pension industry? Then why doesn’t Wall Street question and oppose those EU-listed companies in the United States whose labor and social costs are much higher than those of China? Is it because Chinese workers and consumers do not deserve more rights? Didn’t the “crisis” of the concept stocks in this round of China ultimately arise because of the “Foreign Company Accountability Law”?
This is an era that requires long-term thinking. If your thinking is long-term enough, then everything is not unpredictable.
Posted by:CoinYuppie，Reprinted with attribution to:https://coinyuppie.com/is-chinas-policy-an-unpredictable-sword/
Coinyuppie is an open information publishing platform, all information provided is not related to the views and positions of coinyuppie, and does not constitute any investment and financial advice. Users are expected to carefully screen and prevent risks. | <urn:uuid:d117d9e2-ea61-4c13-9f81-a0c8e2dbe8d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coinyuppie.com/is-chinas-policy-an-unpredictable-sword/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.966015 | 2,155 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Man with 75 bottles of
shoplifted body lotion stuffed
in pants fails to elude police.
Common sense fails again. A nine year old New York boy brought a 2 inch plastic machine gun from a Lego figure to school, was pulled from lunch and berated by his school principal. This kind of idiocy is more common than you think (see Morialekafa 10-12-09).
It seems the Republicans are lining up on the side of the banks and corporations against the people. Why this should surprise anyone I do not know as they have always been on the side of business against the people. Besides, after the recent outrageous decision by the Supreme Court, essentially turning the country over to corporate rule, they know enough to cling to the winning side.
Thinking about the banks and corporations has made me begin to think about the phrase “to big to fail.” It occurs to me that is basically meaningless unless one defines what it is to “fail.” I guess in the case of banks it means to run out of money to conduct their business as it is supposed to be conducted. And it is assumed that their business is simply to loan money at interest to help people and businesses get started and prosper. But if the goal of the banking industry is, say, to make money for their employees and the huge corporations they finance, they succeeded spectacularly, as many of them could easily retire after one year of bonuses, the corporations flourished, and in the end the taxpayers bailed them out. Obviously failure is in the eyes of the beholder. This is not a very good example. Think about it from a different perspective, “too big to succeed.”
If there are things too big to fail, are there things too big to succeed? I would say yes, there are. For example, Hitler’s attempt to conquer Russia during WWII was too big to succeed. For anyone to try to invade and conquer China would be something too big to succeed. But what about more reasonable examples, say, corporate agriculture. Corporate farming is big, very big, and it purportedly produces food much cheaper than old-fashioned farming methods. In that sense it has succeeded. However, it succeeds only by more quickly destroying the land, and by the use of chemicals and genetic techniques that in the long run have adverse effects. It also contributes to unemployment in that one farmer can do the work of what a great many had to do in the past. In this sense it is too big to succeed, if the goal is to have a healthy, sustainable agriculture over time. This is true of all huge corporations because they make their profits importantly by reducing the amount of labor required and therefore result in surplus populations that become a great social problem. While there are benefits to be gained by large scale enterprises, an idea widespread in American affairs for a long time now, there are also deleterious effects of scale that have been ignored. If unemployment, health problems, surplus populations, adequate housing, health care, equitable rewards, the environment, and other such factors were taken into account, it would probably be the case that, depending upon the task at hand, there are probably ideal sizes for various industries and corporations. It should be at least theoretically possible to determine how any given enterprise should be conducted to maximize benefits for all concerned and minimize questionable by-products and unanticipated problems. Of course no capitalistic society, where profit is the primary motive, operates this way. Any suggestion that it should is immediately shouted down as some kind of horrible socialistic or communistic plot, and so capitalistic societies continue on in a kind of cannibalistic orgy in which the strong, or the wealthy, consume their weaker, poorer cousins until such time as the situation becomes so bad it is forced by its own excesses to change. This is what happened around the beginning of the 20th century and it appears it may happen again before much longer.
Capitalism, especially unregulated capitalism, is a perfect example of something too big to succeed. There was no capitalism in our former small scale “primitive” or “folk” societies, where human relations were more personal, face-to-face, based upon ties of kin and place, and not regulated by legal contracts between strangers. There were no surplus populations, little or no crime, few, if any orphans, and when one ate, everyone ate. Idyllic no, but societies survived like that for thousands of years, it is unlikely that capitalism will do the same.
Capitalism is the astounding belief that the most wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone
John Maynard Keynes
Only New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand do not have native shrews. | <urn:uuid:cc86114e-38ab-4720-b6d5-37c8a573745b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://morialekafa.blogspot.com/2010/02/too-big-to-succeed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00319-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975987 | 973 | 1.554688 | 2 |
This book invites the reader to embark with the soldiers and civilians on their journey into the murderous events of the Civil War. Drawing on letters, diaries, recent books and articles in history, and multidisciplinary sources, it places the events in a broader perspective.
To view this DRM protected ebook on your desktop or laptop you will need to have Adobe Digital Editions installed. It is a free software. We also strongly recommend that you sign up for an AdobeID at the Adobe website. For more details please see FAQ 1&2. To view this ebook on an iPhone, iPad or Android mobile device you will need the Adobe Digital Editions app, or BlueFire Reader or Txtr app. These are free, too. For more details see this article.
|Size: ||8.4 MB|
|Date published: || 2016|
|ISBN: ||9780761867913 (DRM-EPUB)|
|Read Aloud: ||not allowed| | <urn:uuid:82fb1237-b6d0-4c46-80d0-2318472304a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lybrary.com/martial-metaphors-soldiers-perspectives-on-the-civil-war-p-853885.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00344-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.822816 | 203 | 2.25 | 2 |
Medvedev advances further into Africa
After a two-day visit to Egypt, the first stop on Dmitry Medvedev’s big African tour, he has been going to visit three more countries including Nigeria.
This is the first visit by a Russian head of state to Nigeria and Dmitry Medvedev’s first trip to a sub-Saharan country.
Nigeria is one of the world’s biggest oil producers and Russia is clearly eyeing its vast resources. Also, Nigeria has the world’s seventh-largest proven gas reserves.
The country is already an important trade partner for Russia, and during Medvedev’s visit, deals worth millions of dollars were signed to further promote trade and economic cooperation.
The key deal of the visit was a gas-exploration joint venture between Russian gas monopoly Gazprom and Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. Nigerian officials have said that the $2.5 billion deal is the largest the country has ever signed with a foreign partner.
Gazprom is also interested in taking part in one particular project – a key pipeline that would take Nigerian gas to Europe. The trans-Saharan gas pipeline is very much backed by the European Union, as it continues to seek to diversify its energy sources.
Strengthening of business ties between Russia and Nigeria has certainly been a major issue among those discussed.
Moscow provides state support to Russian companies that export raw goods to Nigeria, and some Russian companies, such as the aluminum giant Rusal, are already very active in the African country.
And a nuclear energy accord was on the agenda as well.
In addition to discussing business matters, Medvedev also pledged to his Nigerian counterpart that Russia would promote Nigeria for a seat on the UN Security Council.
Overall, the visit was a clear indication that Russia is seeking to reestablish its presence in Africa, over which Moscow and the West fought hard for influence during the Soviet era. | <urn:uuid:97a3f894-b3e6-4f67-b663-bd48c2da1b43> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.rt.com/news/medvedev-advances-further-into-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974108 | 395 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Thanks for tuning into my #CarnivalEmancipation Week posts and videos from July 25 to August 1st. This was a fun and reflective time. I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors who persevered and overcame a lot.
I selected this spiritual to accompany the video because it’s one I adore and this particular version as I find it moving.
I also edited and added an old video to include my books that address #Carnival, #Emancipation, and #UndergroundRailroad.
Posted @withregram • @nadialhohn_author August 1 is Emancipation Day!
On this day in 1834, enslaved Africans in Jamaica 🇯🇲 (my ancestors) and all over the British Empire were liberated from slavery. We still celebrate this day all across Canada, the UK, the Caribbean, former British colonies, and diaspora through Carnivals, parades, songs, picnics, and festivities. 🇨🇦 🇬🇧 🇿🇦 🇬🇾 🇧🇸 🇹🇹 🇯🇲 🇰🇳 🇦🇬 🇩🇲 🇱🇨
Emancipation Day is equivalent to the African-American celebration of #Juneteenth.
My books in the video are:
The others are:
- C is for Carnival by @author_ytm
- Playin' Mas" A Carnival ABC by #dirkmclean
- To Carnival: A Celebration in St. Lucia by @baptistepaul77
- HOME by @travellingfeetbooks
- Adria the Carnival Princess by @adriaadventures @thekiddiesclub
- AlphaFete by #JustinaPredelus
- Keman's First Carnival by #YolandaTMarshall
- I Am the Midnight Robber by @danielostudios
- Blood 🩸Like Magic by @lisellesambury
Celebrate by reading these Carnival-themed picture books by Caribbean-descended authors. For more ideas, read Yolanda’s recent article in the @caribbeancameranow.
@groundwoodbooks @ireadcanadian @parentsfordiversity @caribreads @caribbeanwritersandpoets @caribana.toronto @brandongonez #recapnlh @scbwi_canada_east @scbwi @weneeddiversebooks @brownbookshelfteam #childrensbookauthor #kidlitauthor @cbcbooks @my_soca_crib @soca4life @socamom #caribbeanauthors #caribbeanliterature #caribbeankidlit @palomino.law @beequammie #diversebooks #diversebooksforkids | <urn:uuid:dd6c52b0-439d-41da-9c17-cb6bae02b2ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nadialhohn.com/blog/carnival-emancipation-week-recap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.837367 | 678 | 1.664063 | 2 |
The respiratory system of the horse is well adapted to athletic exercise, with unrestricted upper airway diameters, and a large lung capacity afforded by 18 ribs. These combine to enable air intakes of up to 1800 litres per minute in a galloping horse. Volumes of up to 300 litres of blood are pumped at high pressure through small lung capillaries surrounding 10 million air sacs to take up and deliver over 70 litres of oxygen per minute to the working muscles at the gallop.
As a result, any restriction in upper airway diameter, obstruction of the airways, diseases or stress related conditions that reduce efficiency of oxygen uptake from the air sacs, can have a great influence on athletic capacity.
The large lung surface and high blood flow rates also provide the additional function of heat loss during and after exercise, with up to 20% of the muscle heat generated during exercise being exchanged across the lung surface to supplement sweating and other skin surface heat loss mechanisms.
The respiratory system is continually challenged by a large amount of foreign material, including viruses, bacteria and fungi inhaled in air from track and arena surfaces during exercise, or from dusty bedding, feed and stable environments.
The horses circulatory system is a very large and complex system made up of veins and arteries. The blood is the pumped under enormous pressure from the heart along the arteries which have thick muscular walls to deal with the pressure. It oxygenates the body and the internal organs
The circulatory system is based upon the heart – a hollow, muscular organ in the chest cavity. It pumps the blood around the body and is divided into four separate compartments .
Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs to be oxygenated and then is returned to the left ventricle.
Blood from the left ventricle is pumped all through the body in arteries.
Arteries repeatedly branch and diminish in size until they become microscopic capillaries.
Capillaries permit necessary interchange between blood and tissue. They eventually join up to produce veins, which convey blood to the right atrium and from there to the right ventricle.
A horse of average size has approximately 50 pints (28 litres) which circulate through his system every 40 seconds.
Depending on size, age, and productive status (work, sport, pleasure, breeding, pregnancy, lactation, retirement), a horse will digest about 60% of most feedstuffs. Feed that is 60% digestible indicates that if a horse is fed 25 pounds of dry feed, 15 will be digested and 10 pounds will be excreted as manure (feces). This will vary by feed. Feeds that are higher in fiber such as hays and grasses have a lower digestibility. Conversely, concentrate feeds that contain grains such as corn, oats, and/or barley, usually have a higher efficiency of digestion and less fecal excretion.
Nitrogen (N) is a major component of protein. Horses need protein for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and work. Phosphorus (P) is a macromineral needed for maintenance, growth, and other physiologic functions. Water is also essential for bodily functions. Water is lost from the body primarily in the excretion of feces and urine, sweat, evaporation from the lungs and skin, and in the case of lactation, from milk. It also affects the consistency of manure.
All nutrients that are digested (absorbed) are metabolized in the horse’s body. Some of these, especially nitrogen in proteins, are excreted in the urine. After being digested and metabolized in the body, waste nitrogen is converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. Additional undigested nitrogen is excreted in the feces. Overfeeding protein will increase the excretion of nitrogen.
Overfeeding phosphorus will increase the excretion of phosphorous, most of which is excreted in the feces. Horses should be fed a diet that is digestible and formulated to meet nutritional requirements, while avoiding excesses. Overfeeding can result in higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the manure. Horse farmers should feed horses according to their nutritional needs. Specific recommendations for nitrogen (protein) and phosphores. | <urn:uuid:72bf44e1-faf6-4aa8-91fc-c04cb3f33cfd> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://studymoose.com/horses-anatomy-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944229 | 872 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Unless you are obsessed with fishing, or have devoted your life to a water god, building in a lake seems bit odd, especially in what we think of as an agricultural economy. Putting a timber building in an inherently damp environment presents problems; it creates ideal conditions for fungi, and mould and rot has the potential to damage both buildings and content. So lets look at the positives of building on a lake, since the builders had clearly found some:
- Protection against predation by other humans;
- Protection against animal predators, vermin, and some species of insects;
- Good communications by water, often easier than by land;
- A tailor-made flat piece of building land in a predetermined location;
- Availability of particular key resources, such as fish.
The waterlogged conditions often preserve an abundance of piles of ancient timber from the lower part of structures, but superstructure rarely survives, and many waterlogged sites have proved difficult to understand structurally. It is an inevitable consequence that this void should be filled by something, and ‘ritual’ has become a useful and interesting explanation for unexplained human activity.
The preservation of wooden artifacts, worked timber and other organic objects not normally found in sites on land, make water and bog sites very important from the point of view of understanding material culture. Understanding the meaning of material culture is central to archaeology. A century and half of careful cataloguing allows archaeology to produce maps showing its distribution, but just exactly what these maps mean in the real politics of the ancient tribal world is entirely another matter.
Some of the earliest archaeological sites to be recognised and explored were waterlogged, and the work done on a few of these sites gave us the first framework for chronological development of material culture. One of the most significant sites for the study of European prehistory was discovered in 1857 at La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland. A local man, Hansli Kopp, noticed timber piles in the lake bed during a drought and began finding metalwork in the vicinity, particularly swords.
Firstly, there is the simple confusion that can arise if you name a ‘culture’ after a particular site, in that the ‘La Tène’ culture was not centred on Switzerland, and the original site is not necessarily even typical of the culture that bears its name.
- Made by the owner;
- Stolen/looted and taken as booty;
- Gifted as a present, reward or dowry;
- Won in a game of chance.
Since archaeologists find interesting objects in graves, this type of material and burial practices are often very much part of the cultural ‘package’ as they define it. The question then arises: Precisely whose graves we are looking at? Naturally, those graves containing material culture are of most interest to archaeologists. These are often those of the ‘elite’, in other words, the rich and powerful, who are not necessarily typical of wider society. It's not that archaeologists are unaware of this problem, but that bias exists inherently in the material culture we study. It is simply that the elite had more and better stuff; that’s what defines them as an elite. The same bias exists in the arts, music, architecture, and, of course, history, where it is mostly the elite who left a written record of their doings.
When we consider early medieval history, notwithstanding the important role of religion, it is very much concerned with the activity and politics of an elite, namely the nobility, and their efforts to control land, the principle source of wealth and power in the period. The ruling class behaved very differently from the rest of us. In many ways it had an entirely different culture. The complexity and geographical range of these medieval ‘politics’ is frightening to archaeologists. If the nature of power a thousand years earlier, in the Iron Age, was half this complex, then we have little hope of understanding its dynamics simply by studying material culture!
The early Norman ‘Kings’ and nobility were absentee landlords; they remained vassals of the king of France, spoke French, and were mostly concerned with their estates in Normandy and continental power politics. This sort of complexity is all very worrying for archaeologists. There is no simple explanation or logic for the geographical spread of Norman power, and the cultural impact of such a small group of individuals seems quite disproportionate, but this is the lesson of history.
What made all this history possible was a hardworking agricultural majority whose surplus production supported the elite. Control of a system of landholding designed to channel produce and labour to the advantage of an ‘owner’ was a franchise worth fighting for. While archaeology might conceivably model the agricultural system that supported an elite, how the rich contrived to use their wealth is a far more complex problem.
Thus, a given culture may change as result of the mass movement of people, or through the actions of a few. Archaeologists studying the spread of a material culture such as Hallstatt or La Tène face a complex series of possibilities. In trying to resolve these problems, non-material evidence like the spread of language, religious belief, and genetics have also to be considered.
Sources and further reading:
La Tene art: http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/uj/ujk.html | <urn:uuid:2fca9626-ca76-4595-9d1c-5608b993d074> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://structuralarchaeology.blogspot.com/2008/12/15-living-in-lakes-and-other-perennial.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00009-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951956 | 1,115 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Category:Pride and Prejudice
English: Pride and Prejudice is the most famous of Jane Austen's novels, and its opening is one of the most famous lines in English literature—"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife."
This category has the following 9 subcategories, out of 9 total.
- ► LibriVox - Pride and Prejudice (104 F)
Media in category "Pride and Prejudice"
The following 32 files are in this category, out of 32 total. | <urn:uuid:8706f9ad-6638-4440-a57d-8126d6115965> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pride_and_Prejudice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00337-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925775 | 127 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Yes, These Cows are Being Herded By a Pomeranian Chihuahua
There's an old saying that "it's not the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight in the dog". That's true for this little pup who herded these cows all by himself.
Check out the spunk in this tea cup Pomeranian Chihuahua.
The owner seemed as surprised as the cows:
The farmers cows broke out of their paddock and were on the loose, heading toward our house. So, I go out to somehow scare them back, and my little chihuahua dog finds a way out of the tightly secured property and bolts towards the cows! I freak out - thinking he will get killed! But no, he rounds these cows up like a country calendar dog!
If you're familiar with this mixed breed (also known as Pomchis), you know they at least act like they aren't afraid of anything. My Pet Needs That says they can eat you out of house and home if you're not careful. They also alert potential owners that they can be very hard-headed which probably explains why the dog in this video is convinced he can herd as many cows as you can throw at him. Spunky little guy. Gotta admire that fierce bovine leader. | <urn:uuid:a8061878-2086-4539-b42e-c142b1f3e4a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mycountry955.com/yes-these-cows-are-being-herded-by-a-pomeranian-chihuahua/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.982871 | 275 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Q: Byrd broke his foot several times during his early career in the Navy.
Didn't he start walking compulsively and wasn't that the beginning of him kind
of walking that injury away.|
RG: The injury that Byrd sustained in his gymnastic career, a special stunt
on the rings is one that would plague him again and again. The injury, of
course starts as a football injury, is aggravated by his being captain of the
gymnastics team and wanting to win an important match and devises a special
stunt and injures his right foot. It never completely heals properly and
even when he's in military service, he has the unusual luck, if you will of
falling through an open hatch and I can only help but wonder if his concern
for walking on that right foot, trying to make it appear normal simply
disrupted his coordination and fell into the open hatch with pretty much
putting his Naval career in jeopardy.
Q: But he began to walk to try to correct that, right?
RG: Correct. Again it's remarkable self-discipline. He was determined to
make a military career for himself and not to let his physical handicaps
interfere with that objective, a very determined, a very driven man, with a
plan to succeed and literally and figuratively hobbled by this athletic injury
to which was the result of a of competition, a desire to win.
Q: Why did Byrd feel he had to retire from the Navy?
RG: Byrd thought that in 1916 he needed to retire from the Navy because he was
having difficulty getting promotions. Others in his graduating class of 1912
had advanced further than he and my suspicion is that, as competitive as Byrd
was, this bothered him intensively. Therefore, he sought an alternative to a
military career retiring at three-quarter pension still meant an income. It
also freed him to explore other things. His illustrious predecessor, Robert
Peoria remained in the Navy with his Polar career but periodically had
difficulty getting time away for doing non-Navy things, such as exploration.
Q: Why wasn't Byrd promoted in the Navy?
RG: One of the great hardships of being a professional Navy Officer is
standing watch for long periods of time and that's necessary on ship, it's
expected of officers, however with someone who has an injury to the foot it's
extremely painful and very difficult. So, even though he was praised in his
reports for his navigational skills nevertheless the problem of the foot was a
Q: What did Byrd learn in Pensacola and given what he saw, wasn't it amazing
what he did with his life?
RG: Byrd goes to Pensacola in large part, out of the connection to Raymond
Fosnick. Fosnick is very impressed by Byrd as an organizer, he's also very
sympathetic to Byrd's desire to be on active duty, rather than desk duty, and
Fosnick supports Byrd going to Pensacola. And at Pensacola, not only does he
earn his wings as Naval aviator, but he's also kept there as an officer
and one of his responsibilities is to investigate airplane crashes that take
place with some frequency in Naval training. So his first significant exposure
to the fledgling airplane industry is at the accident end which I think
created in him a very healthy respect for the dangers of flying.
back to Interview Transcripts | next | <urn:uuid:91e91cf6-f871-44ff-90ea-a4cbdf6a1714> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ice/filmmore/reference/interview/goerler02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00336-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987938 | 724 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Have a Holly Jolly Christmas (Beginner)
Famously sung by Burl Ives and later covered by Alan Jackson, Lady Antebellum, Michael Bublé, and Jerrod Niemann. This is a beginner piano arrangement in G major (includes key signature). 2 pages (plus cover). Best for early to mid-beginner pianists.
This arrangement may be performed as a piano solo or as a simple vocal accompaniment. If used for vocal accompaniment, the vocalist should follow the lyrics and melody along with the piano. Lyrics indicate which notes to follow.
Looking for a sound sample? Click the button below to hear it on SheetMusicPlus.
This arrangement is available for Single User License only and may only be used by the person for whom it is purchased. Reproduction prohibited.
key signature, cut time, swing rhythm, dotted quarter notes, eighth notes, pick-up, hand movement, finger extension, accidental (one C-sharp), seconds, thirds, fourths
|Largest Interval (for hand span)||
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review. | <urn:uuid:e9cfe5f0-c1a6-45e6-bf7b-12ea65c14c0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.musicandtheory.com/product/have-a-holly-jolly-christmas-beginner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.887339 | 294 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Her family moved to Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1879 and soon after, her mother died. It was Ada’s fathers’ new wife, Annie Douglas Maloney, who first encouraged Ada in music, encouraging her into stage appearances. As early as 1882, “Little Ada Jones” began appearing on the cover of sheet music.
It has been documented that her earliest recordings were brown wax cylinders for Edison Recording Company in approximately 1893, which are among the earliest commercial recordings of a female singing as a solo artists. In the late 1890’s Jones developed as a stage performer, specializing in the accompaniment of colored slide projections. However, more than a decade would pass before Ada began recording again in 1904.
By 1905, Jones’ recording career began in earnest and for a long time she was unique among artists, the only female to record as steadily as her male counterparts. Her first recording of note was “My Carolina,” which hit the #3 spot on Billboard in May of 1905. The February 1905 issue of Edison Phonograph Monthly stated, "'My Carolina Lady' serve[s] as an introduction to the Phonograph public of another new singer in Miss Ada Jones, who has a charming contralto voice. Miss Jones sings this selection in a style all her own, with a dainty coon dialect and expression, that claim your interested attention at once."
In 1905 the team of Jones and Len Spencer released their first hit song, “Me and Mrs. Murphy” which would hit No.8 on the charts of that year. With the recording one of the era’s most popular recording teams was born. Together they had top ten hits with “Ev’ry Little Bit Helps”, “Reuben and Cynthia”, “Pals”, “Jimmie and Maggie at the Hippodrome”, “Courtship of Barney and Eileen”, “The Golden Wedding”, “Fritz and Louisa”, “The Original Cohens”, “Bashful Henry and His Lovin’ Lucy”, “Peaches and Cream”, “Let Me See You Smile”, “Jimmie and Maggie at the Ball Game”, “Down on the Farm”, “Meet Me Down at the Corner”, “Herman and Minnie”, “You’ve Got to Love Me A lot”, “Jimmie and Maggie at the Merry Widow” and “Return of the Arkenasas Traveler.”
Jones also teamed with Billy Murray, allegedly responsible for discovering her in, "I can get away with some pretty high notes, but there were a couple in that song that I couldn't reach on tiptoes...So I told the director about the girl I had heard in the Fourteenth street museum [Huber's] and suggested that she be given a try-out. He told me to bring her around. I did, and she made just as big a hit with everybody else as she did with me...Some one has spread the impression that Ada Jones is in private life Mrs. Billy Murray. We are married but not to each other."
Jones and Murray had their first hit in 1907 with “I’m Sorry.” The team would also record the No.1 hits “Let’s Take an Old-Fashioned Walk” (1907), “Wouldn’t You Like to Have Me for a Sweetheart?” (1908), “When We are M-A-Double-R-I-E-D” (1908), “Cuddle Up a Little Closer, Lovey Mine” (1908), “Shine On, Harvest Moon” (1909) and “Be My Little Baby Bumble Bee” (1912). However due to Murray’s contractual restrictions, the duo ceased in 1913.
From 1913 till the end of her career, Jones recorded steadily and teamed with other partners include Henry Burr, Billy Watkins, Will C. Robbins, George Wilton Ballard, George L. Thompson, M.J. O'Connell and Billy Jones. However by 1916, her popularity was in decline. Her career suffered when popular music changed in the World War I era toward the novelty jazz songs.
She eventually re-teamed with Billy Murray in 1917, however the partnership never reclaimed the notoriety it had once celebrated. Their last hit as a duo, “When Francis Dances With Me,” was recorded in 1921.
While on tour, Ada Jones died of kidney failure in North Carolina on
May 2, 1922. She was survived by her husband Hugh Flaherty and one daughter.
Close This Window
BACK TO GREG'S ADA JONES PAGE | <urn:uuid:6264b775-9f9a-4655-bafd-c7dff649cfdf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gregssandbox.com/edison/ada_jones/bio.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00394-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972671 | 1,026 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Could you please tell me what's the difference between the following two sentences:
1. His parents are very worried, he's been missing for a week now.
2. Has anyone seen my calculator? It's gone missing.
Thanks in advance
Gone - refers to the action of disappearing
been - refers to the state of being absent:
His parents are worried- he's gone missing.
He's been missing for hours. | <urn:uuid:c10beafd-8506-4c66-83b9-f84addc73518> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/11662-has-been-and-has-gone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00336-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979641 | 91 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Lucia Chiriboga portrays the deep spirituality in Ecuadorian life. Long before Photoshop became commonplace, Lucia began creating complex images by subtle multiple exposures, as a way of weaving multilayered stories of her ancestors. ã Lucia Chiriboga/Drik/Majority World
It was a grand opening. The ‘Who’s Who’ of development in Britain was there, championing the noble cause – the Millennium Development Goals, making poverty history.
The Bob Geldof circus could perhaps be pardoned. Geldof is neither a development worker nor someone particularly knowledgeable about the subject. But for the organizers of the ‘bash’ at the OXO Tower on London’s South Bank to produce such a culturally insensitive event was revealing.
Apart from parading a few young black people from Africa, who extolled the virtues of ‘development’, there was little contribution from the Majority World. The key speakers, typically white Western development workers, spoke of the role that they were playing in saving the poor of the Global South. The token dark-skinned people, having played their part, were soon forgotten.
The centrepiece of this celebration was an exhibition entitled Eight Ways to Change the World. All the photographs were taken by white Western photographers. No-one questioned the implication of such an exercise. When I confronted one of the organizers he explained that the curator – a director of a Western photographic agency – had decided not to use Majority World photographers because they ‘didn’t have the eye’. The sophisticated visual language possessed by the Western audience was presumably beyond the capacity of a photographer from the South to comprehend, let alone engage with at a creative level.
This represents a shift from the position of 20 years ago when we started asking why Majority World photographers were not being used by mainstream media and development agencies. The answer then had been: ‘They don’t exist.’ Today our existence is difficult to deny. The internet; the fact that several Majority World agencies operate successfully; and that photographers belonging to such agencies regularly win international awards: all these things mean we are no longer invisible.
Now it’s a different set of rules. We have to prove we have the eye. A similar statement about blacks, women, or minority groups of any sort, would raise a storm. But when such prejudice is used against a group of media professionals from the South, who happen to represent the majority of humankind, no-one appears to bat an eyelid.
I have, of course, faced this situation before. There was, for example, a fax from the National Geographic Society Television Division asking if we could help them with the production of a film that would include the Bangladeshi cyclone of 1991. They wanted specific help in locating ‘US, European or UN people… who would lead us to a suitable Bangladeshi family’. The irony of making such a request to a picture agency dedicated to promoting local voices had obviously escaped them. We had gotten used to requests for iconic objects of poverty that international NGOs insisted existed in abundance and had to be photographed – but which locals neither knew nor had heard of.
The economics of suffering
Charities and development agencies need to raise money from the Western public. The best way to pull the heart strings – and thereby the purse strings – is to show those doleful eyes of the disadvantaged.
Perhaps photographers from the South cannot be trusted to understand this. Perhaps they are so hardened to such images of daily suffering that they are unable to appreciate the impact these sights might have on Western audiences – and the coffers of Western aid agencies.
But certain changes have been taking place, forcing various adjustments. Media budgets have become tighter than they were. Flying people to distant locations is expensive. Having Western photographers ‘on the ground’ can be dangerous in some cases – and costly in terms of insurance premiums. Better to have locals in the firing line. So, slowly, local names have begun to creep in. Certain rules still apply of course, such as the vast differentials in pay between local and Western photographers.
Stories about Nike regularly make the headlines, but the exploitative terms on which local photographers work rarely surface. The Bangla saying ‘kaker mangsho kak khai na’ (a crow doesn’t eat crow’s meat) seems to apply to journalism: criticism of the media is taboo. Not only do the workers on the media sweatshops have to work for peanuts, they need to know which stories to tell. None of this journalistic independence rubbish: gimme stories that sell.
This, of course, affects Southern photographers. When they know certain stories sell, they themselves begin to supply the ‘appropriate’ images. A man known to carry a toy gun in the streets of Dhaka is repeatedly photographed at religious rallies, and despite common knowledge that it is a fake gun, news agencies run the picture without explaining the nature of the situation. Numerous wire photographers have been known to stage flood pictures and in one famous instance, a child was shown to be swimming to safety in what was known to be knee deep water. The photograph went on to win a major press award.
Money also affects publishers. Smaller budgets require careful shopping. The Corbis, Getty and Reuters image supermarkets are rapidly squeezing out the ‘corner store’ suppliers and a small Majority World picture library simply can’t compete.
But there are other factors in the equation. Development isn’t simply about money. What about developing mutual respect; enabling equitable partnerships; providing enabling environments for intellectual exchange? What about creating awareness of the underlying causes of poverty? These are all integral parts of the development process. When all things are added up, cheap images providing clichéd messages do more harm than good. They do not address the crucial issue: poverty is almost always a product of exploitation, at local, regional and international levels. If poverty is simply addressed in terms of what people lack in monetary terms, then the more important issues of exploitation are sidelined.
Materially poor nations should have a say in how they are represented. This picture, taken in the early days of the Maoist movement, by Nepalese photographer Binod Dhungel, shows members of his country’s Maoist Movement long before it was breaking news. ã Binod Dhungel/Drik/Majority World
A broader picture
However, the type of imagery required from the Majority World is broadening. This is coming less from growing political sensibility and more from global economic shifts. Negative imagery is seen as a deterrent to foreign investment in emerging markets. With transnationals interested in cheap labour, and a wider consumer base, a different profile is now required to stimulate investor confidence. So, along with the standard fare of flood and famine, there are stories of Indian and Chinese billionaires and how they have benefited from capitalism.
Furthermore the new ‘inclusive’ media now take on more ethnic-minority journalists. But when they come over to do their groundbreaking stories, it is the rookie on the streets of Dhaka who provides the leads, conducts the research, translates, drives, fixes, and does all that is necessary for the story to emerge. If things do go wrong – as when Britain’s Channel 4 TV attempted an ill-fated exposé in Bangladesh in late 2002 – the Western journalists are likely to be home for Christmas while the local fixers face torture in jail.
Lacking the advantages of our Western counterparts, image-makers in the South have had to rely on ingenuity and making-do in order to move from being fixers to being authors in their own right. We have had to be pioneers. With one filing cabinet, an XT computer without a hard drive, and a converted toilet as a darkroom, we decided we would take on the established rich-world photo agencies. On 4 September 1989 Drik Alokchitra Granthagar was set up in Dhaka.
The Sanskrit word Drik means vision, inner vision, and philosophy of vision. That vision of a more egalitarian world, where materially poor nations have a say in how they are represented, remains our driving force.
The European agencies I had encountered wanted a minimum submission of 300 transparencies and told you not to ask for money for the first three years. This constituted a massive investment for a Majority World photographer, and virtually ruled out her entry into the market. We had a very different approach. If a photographer had a single good image which we felt needed to be seen we would take her on, try and sell the picture and pay her as soon as the money came in.
It allowed the photographer to buy more rolls of film and carry on working. The photographers didn’t have printing and developing facilities so we set up a good quality darkroom and trained people to make high quality prints. They had no lights so we set up a studio.
The only gallery spaces available were owned by the State or foreign cultural missions, none of which would show controversial work. So we built our own galleries. Few would publish pictures well so we built our own pre-press unit and published postcards, bookmarks and calendars which we sold door-to-door to pay for running costs.
Photography was largely male-dominated, so we organized workshops for women photographers. There were no working-class people in the media, so we started training poor children in photography. We couldn’t afford faxes or international phone calls, so we set up Bangladesh’s first email service and lobbied for the introduction of fully fledged internet. Professor Yunus, the Nobel Prize winner, was our first user. We set up electronic bulletin boards on issues important to us, such as child rights and environmental issues.
We started putting together a database of photographers in the South, and wrote off to as many organizations as we could, offering our services. No-one replied. Undeterred, we put together a portfolio of black-and-white prints, largely by Bangladeshi photographers.
On a rare visit to Europe, I visited the office of the New Internationalist in Oxford. Dexter Tiranti greeted me warmly. He had received our letter, but hadn’t given it too much importance. An agency in Bangladesh seemed too far distant for the NI to work with on a regular basis. Having seen the portfolio, however, Dexter sat me down at his desk and started ringing picture users across Europe. I remember feeling envious of this ability simply to pick up a phone and call someone in another country, but was grateful for the contacts. Dexter asked us to submit pictures for the NI Almanac. The next year we got a letter from him that stated: ‘The photographs are beautiful and the reason we are using only six is because we can’t really have too many from one country.’ Others Dexter had phoned that day, and many others we have contacted since, have responded similarly, and so picture sales slowly grew – but it was no easy ride.
Knife wounds and death threats
Our problems weren’t simply ones of surviving on slender means and competing against agencies based in London, Paris and New York. Our activism created problems on our home soil too. We had, by then, set up our own website and had helped to establish the first webzine and internet portal in the country. Our email network had been put to use when Taslima Nasrin was being persecuted. The website became the seat of resistance when pro-government thugs committed rape in a university campus. So the site, and later the agency, came under attack.
The day after our human rights portal www.banglarights.net was launched, all the telephone lines of the agency were disconnected. It took us twoand- a-half years to get the lines back, but that never stopped our internet service and we stayed connected. Later, Drik became the seat of resistance when the Government used the military to round up opposition activists. I was attacked on the street, during curfew and in a street protected by the military. I received eight knife wounds.
So we learnt to walk a fine line.
It wasn’t just the Government that found us unpalatable. The US embassy felt it couldn’t work with us because we opposed President Clinton’s visit to Bangladesh.
Letter by John Kinkannon (director of USIA in Bangladesh) to Mayeen Ahmed, coordinator of Chobi Mela (2000).
The British Council demanded we take down a show that talked about colonialism, and threatened that future projects might be jeopardized when we openly opposed the invasion of Iraq. Death threats, some real, some less serious and a whole range of sabotage attempts have been part of the path we’ve travelled.
Current strategies are more subtle. We know we will never be given work by certain agencies and that visas for some of us will be more difficult to get, but it is certainly not all negative. The main strength of Drik has been its friends and their support. None of what we have achieved would have been possible without the contribution of a large number of people, ranging from ordinary Bangladeshis who have rallied when it mattered, to influential people thousands of miles away who have provided moral and material support. Combining our compulsion to be socially effective with the requirement to be financially independent has remained our biggest challenge. It is a difficult balancing act.
A great high
Taking a principled position has other drawbacks. People work long hours for salaries below the industry norm. There are few perks. But working at Drik is a special experience; a great high. Not everyone can survive on these highs, of course, and job satisfaction doesn’t help pay the bills, so we need to be competitive and ensure a level of quality so that we can hold our own despite the political pressures.
Eighteen years down the road, we now have a workforce of around 60. Graduates from our school of photography, Pathshala, hold senior positions in major publications. The working-class children we’ve trained have gone on to win Emmys and other awards, and I believe Majority World photographers feel they have a platform.
The big agencies like Reuters and Getty can provide images at a cost and a speed impossible for independent practitioners to match, a very real consideration for picture editors under time pressure and working to tight budgets. The fact that Corbis (owned by Microsoft) is buying up picture archives like the Bettman is important for their preservation, but the images that now exist 200 feet below the rolling hills of western Pennsylvania are no longer accessible to the students, scholars and researchers. An important part of our visual history is now in the control of one person – Bill Gates.
Golam Kasem (nicknamed Daddy) was Drik’s oldest photographer when he died at the age of 103. His original glass plates date back to 1918. This 1927 image is one of many where Daddy records everyday life in rich detail. ã Golam Kasem/Drik/Majority World
Father Paul Casperg, who has been working for many years with the tea plantation workers in Kandy, has an interesting story to tell. Nearly 30 years ago, in his Masters thesis at the London School of Economics, Father Casperg was able to show that an increase of two pence (four US cents) in the price of a cup of tea being sold on the British railways would, providing it went to the Kandy tea plantation workers, result in more income than the total foreign aid received by the Sri Lankan Government.
Father Casperg rightly concluded that it was fair trade that Sri Lanka needed, not more aid.
That is what fair trade imagery organizations like majorityworld.com and kijijiVision (see Action) are trying to do. By invoking ethical standards in the trading of images, these organizations address not only the distorted and disrespectful depiction of people of the Global South, but also the economic divide.
Organizations that call for Majority World governments to be more transparent and accountable need to reflect upon their own ethical standards when it comes to depicting and dealing with the South. Practices such as not allowing photographers to retain copyright or film are justified by the ‘convenience’ of distributing images. Such ‘convenience clauses’ are rarely applied to Western photographers, who know the law and can exercise their rights.
Light, flexible, potent
We are resisting, though. The new portal, majorityworld.com, supported strongly by its lobbying partner kijijiVision.org, has built on the extended groundwork done by Drik. DrikNews.com, though still very young, threatens to give the wire agencies a run for their money, and photographers in the South are pooling their resources, including developing close partnerships with like-minded Western organizations.
Recently, I was sitting with a small group of photographers, painters and filmmakers in a corner of the top-floor gallery of the Voluntary Artists Society of Thimpu (capital of Bhutan). At the end of the showing of a film on Chobi Mela IV – the festival of photography in Asia – projected on a bedsheet pinned on the gallery wall, the conversation veered to pooling resources in neighbouring countries. Sharing computers, scanners, and contacts, we talked of bus routes to neighbouring countries, and finding public spaces for showing work. What we needed was an online solution that would serve all Majority World photographers.
Having purchased expensive software produced in the West for selling pictures online, we were further bled by consultancy fees we had to pay every time we needed to adapt it to our situation. So, eventually, we developed our own software. It is an inexpensive but highly efficient search engine that local newspaper archives can use. Developed using largely open-source modules, it is constantly updated based on feedback from users from all over the globe and it has worked well on low bandwidth.
Groups in Bhutan, Peru, Tanzania and Vietnam recognize that the wire services and the big agencies have a different agenda. If it’s a guerrilla war against the corporations that has to be fought, then we need different tools. Light, flexible, inexpensive and potent ones.
A revolution is taking place. As new names creep into the byline, unfamiliar faces step up to the award podium and fresh imagery – vibrant, questioning and revealing – makes it into mainstream media, a whole new world is opening up. A Majority World.
Originally published in the New Internationalist Magazine in August 2007
In the 1990s independent picture libraries and agencies disappeared at an alarming rate as they were absorbed or driven out of business by larger ones. Dominating the field was Corbis, created by Microsoft Corp founder Bill Gates. Corbis now has 24 offices in 16 countries, represents some 29,000 photographers and controls around 100 million images. Last year it acquired the Australian Picture Library, entered a partnership with IndiaPicture.com and opened a new office in Beijing. Its 2006 revenue was more than $251 million.
Other big players have included Getty Images, founded in 1995, which now has 20 offices worldwide and controls over one million images. Jupiterimages, a division of the Connecticut-based Jupitermedia Corporation, manages over seven million images online, while Reuters has an archive of over two million images.
In recent years the microstock photography industry, led by iStockPhoto and later ShutterStock, Dreamstime, Fotolia, and BigStockPhoto has emerged as a rapidly growing market. Using the internet as their sole distribution method, and recruiting mainly amateur and hobbyist photographers from around the globe, these companies are able to offer stock libraries of pictures at very low prices. Corporate giants Corbis, Getty and Jupiterimages have now muscled their way into this market too, adding to their everexpanding fortfolio of the world’s imagery.
A true Pathshala
The story of an extraordinary school, told by Sameera Huque and Shahidul Alam.
Lifecycle: with a few exits
Images from Nepal and Bangladesh.
Coping with pain
Images from India and Bangladesh.
Lifestyles: disappearing and aspired
Images from Bangladesh and Japan.
Action on Majority World photography
Contacts and websites for agencies that hold or promote Majority World photography.
Turaj Ahmad takes a look at the work done at Pathshala, South Asian Institute of Photography — its method, its achievements, its contribution to the field of photography and its international affiliations- on the eve of its tenth birthday
Amidst, more often than not, the chaotic traffic on the roads of Sukrabad in Panthapath, with various inter-city bus terminals on either side, a relatively narrow gate with a board bearing a logo of a wide branched mango tree — even perhaps the trade being plied inside to an extent — often tends to go unnoticed. The mango tree, generally associated with a ‘Pathshala’, a traditional Sanskrit word for a seat of learning, is symbolic of just that, a Pathshala, though of a different type where the language of images is explored.
February 1 marked the commencement of celebrations lasting three days, for those associated with Pathshala, South Asian Institute of Photography, on its completion of 10 years. A photography exhibition titled ‘Studying Life’, featuring the works of Pathshala students and alumni marked the beginning of the celebrations. The exhibition, inaugurated by pioneer playwright and theatre person Atiqul Huque Chowdhury on February 1 at Drik Gallery is set to last till February 15, open to all from 3 pm up until 8 pm.
During its 10 years in existence, the institute has certainly redefined photography as a whole. ‘Pathshala’s contribution to photography is not just limited to Bangladesh, but in a sense is global,’ says Rezaul Karim, tutor and administrator of Pathshala.
‘An aspiring photographer needs to understand the difference of taking up the different aspects of photography, something an amateur would not catch right away, and that is what Pathshala tries to help one with,’ he says.
‘At the institute, we keep our students up-to-date with the world helping them make a more informed career choice. It helps them develop a stance in their work as well,’ he says.
The achievements of some of its students is a testament to the institute’s success, having won prestigious awards such as the Mother Jones, World Press, the National Geographic All Roads as well as being hired by leading publications which included the likes of Time Magazine, Newsweek and the New York Times to name but a few, in the process, undermining the common paradigm of photography as anything but a gainful profession.
‘Photography is not just about shutters and lenses, but about posing questions through critical thinking, leading to social changes which is what Pathshala tries to nurture in Pathshala ,’ says Dr. Shahidul Alam, the principal of the school of photography.
In 1998, Alam won the prestigious international award, the Howard Chapnick, the prize money of which was used to set up Pathshala. Pathshala was set up on December 18 1998, as part of a three-year World Press Photo (WPP) educational initiative, launched to coincide with Dhaka’s annual WPP exhibition, with Drik, already serving people in the trade, laying the foundations for the first credible institution for higher education in photography in this region.
‘At the time, there was only a single classroom and even though various well-renowned photographers would come over to conduct the workshops, I was predominantly the lone tutor as they could only stay over a limited time span, before Kirsten Claire, an English photographer joined, enabling us to form a two member faculty,’ Alam adds.
Since then, the number of faculty members have gradually increased to 11, out of which, eight are former students of the institute, as it pursues to maintain the goal set from the onset, that was to ensure employment for its students.
‘The skill we try to teach is more about how to tell a story and subsequently bring about a change for which we incorporate economics, visual anthropology, statistics, environmental studies along with the study of photography to make our students more adept when dealing with a subject,’ says Azizur Rahman Peu, a student of the first batch and now a teacher there.
‘Many of the staff photographers of most major newspapers are from Pathshala while many are working in various television stations as well,’ adds Peu, also the editor of DrikNews, a news agency emphasising on rural reporting which hires Pathshala students as part of its staff.
‘We aim to encourage a global perspective among students with the teachers teaching the significance of keeping informed, through the proper use of the internet and not just camera techniques for instance,’ explains Rezaul Karim.
‘We aim to produce not just photographers but photo readers with visual literacy. Visual language can be seen as a more communicative form of social interchange which is a vital part of the education provided in the institute,’ he adds.
Since its inception, the institute has also seen many an eminent names of the photography world, including Raghu Rai, Reza Deghati, Morten Krogvold, Robert Pledge, to name but a few, dedicating their time to the photographers of the institute, conducting workshops which many of the current students believe is one of the biggest privilege and opportunity provided at Pathshala.
‘Once during a workshop of Morten Krogvold, a girl flew all the ways here from Norway to work with the photographer who is a Norwegian himself while we were getting the privilege for free,’ says Tanvir, a former student of BUET currently in his third year at Pathshala.
‘I never thought that photography could be taken up as a profession while my family also did not approve of it, although that changed a little once I had one of my photographs published on Time.’
‘After taking part in the workshops where one has to work on a particular subject for up to a month at a stretch, for example, one of my subjects for a particular workshop was a member of a certain family. I realised that even though it would not guarantee a financially secure job, I could learn more about people in depth through photography, which would certainly not be the case with say engineering,’ adds Tanvir, who is currently working for DrikNews, while also contributing to the friendly rapport shared between the teachers and students to the enhancement of education in the institute.
Liton, another third year student of the institute, inspired by the works of Abir Abdullah, a prominent photographer as well as a former student and now a teacher at Pathshala, quit his job at the time as a studio photographer to join the institute. ‘In some classes, we had to draw out a subject presented to us,’ says Liton.
‘Although I was a keen artist as a young boy, I became a bit bemused by that particular task for I had left my job to study photography not drawing.
‘However, that exercise all but helped acquire a higher level of concentration which is essential in photography while the tips we receive from foreign photographers have also helped develop a strong thought process,’ he adds.
While the three year BA course provided by Pathshala is not UGC approved, it is nonetheless accepted in other world class institutions abroad such as the Sunderland University, Bolton University as well as the Danish School of Journalism, all of whom are long term affiliates of Pathshala, with many students transferring credits to these institutions.
The degree from Pathshala also bears a certain degree of uniqueness, as there are no other notable institutions providing one can parallel it, as a result of which, there aren’t much troubles faced by its students in terms of competition, according to faculty members. The internship opportunities at Drik, Chobi Mela and Drik News also offer students the chance to experience some of the requirements and demands of professional life.
Academic exchange programs with Oslo University College in Norway and the Edith Cowan University in Australia have also given the students of Pathshala the opportunity to work with students of diverse backgrounds.
A merger between Pathshala and the University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB) as well as the upcoming regional masters programme between universities in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Norway and Pakistani are also symbolic of the large strides made by the institute.
‘One of the main reasons behind the formation of Pathshala was to question our educational system which primarily focused on the methods of memorisation and taking a completely different path to that process,’ explains Shahidul Alam.
‘Most of the current crop of teachers here were students of this institution, leaving its future in good stead, however, we need more investments in order for the institute to achieve a greater level of financial independence as it is still quite reliant on Drik and hopefully through our endeavors, we can actually change the face of the mass media that exists here,’ he concludes.
Pathshala, The South Asian Institute of Photography celebrates its 10th anniversary
Members of the Pathshala family have a lot to celebrate. “My son had once written an essay in class, where he wrote that his mother is a photographer,” says Munira Morshed Munni, freelance photographer, photo editor at Drik News and teacher at Pathshala. She is also one of the first students of Pathshala, and has been with the school for the last ten years. “His teacher, upon reading the line, immediately cut it out, assuming it to be a mistake made by the child. Later on, I had to go speak to her and explain that I really am a photographer and also make a living out of it. She was dumbstruck for a while.” You can’t blame the teacher, adds Munni. It is still very difficult for the society to accept this art-form as anything but a hobby, a side interest or a skill that is more or less limited to documenting wedding receptions or capturing nice images. Most people are unaware of the detailed calculations made by the seasoned photographer, of the possible number of angles that can be used for one shot, or the analysis of composition, frame and subject in the blink of an eye.
Pathshala, The South Asian Institute of Photography, located on Panthapath, has played a pivotal role in the last decade, in changing the social attitude towards photography as a profession. Offering basic and advanced levels courses in this field, the institution also offers diploma and Bachelor equivalent courses to students. Very soon, a Master’s level programme will also begin in collaboration with the University of Liberal Arts. The school is also a part of the upcoming regional Master’s programme between universities in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Norway and Pakistan.
Back in 1998, Pathshala had begun as a part of a three-year World Press Photo educational initiative in 1998. As the name Pathshala symbolises the ancient education system held in the open air, under the shade of a tree, free from the confining walls of a classroom, the institute emphasised on not merely conventional teaching the students. It allowed students to ask questions and develop their own style and perspective. The school was designed in a way that leads students to experience knowledge beyond the confines of the discipline.
According to Shahidul Alam, the Principal of the school and MD of Drik, Pathshala strives to do much more than teach photography. “It is about using the language of images to bring about social change. It is about nurturing minds and encouraging critical thinking. It is about responsible citizenship. In a land where textual literacy is low, it is about reaching out where words have failed. In a society where sleek advertising images construct our sense of values, studying at Pathshala is about challenging cultures of dominance.” Dr. Shahidul Alam speaking on the institute’s anniversary. According to Alam, in the South Asian region, the need for a structured education in photography has always been felt. Since photography plays a significant role in the mainstream media, this need is mostly felt in the field of photojournalism. “The people’s right to information is generally not recognised by the official media in many countries,” he says. “This is clearly also true for the SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) nations. The lack of sufficient professional skills in the media, especially in the field of photojournalism, has also allowed successive governments to pass on propaganda in place of news, and the people’s role in governance has been totally ignored.” Interestingly enough, most students, who go to this school, are studying subjects like Engineering, Medicine, BBA at other universities to comply with the conventional social mindsets. There are some, however, who end up choosing between passion and tradition, hence letting go of the so-called educational system approved by society. One such student is Azizur Rahman Peu, editor of Drik News, teacher at Pathshala and also one of the first students to have entered the school ten years ago. “I was studying medicine in Rongpur,”he says, “when I practically ran away from home to Dhaka. I wanted to be a journalist. Back then, I didn’t know how one would define a journalist. I used to think that a photographer was, obviously, what described a journalist, capturing and documenting moments in history. My love for photography, eventually, led me to start studying here at Pathshala.” Pathshala’s certificate awarding ceremony. Blaming not only the social net, but also the media in Bangladesh, students claim that even inside newsrooms, photographers are not given their worth. A photograph tells a story as well, which should complement the journalist’s written work, rather than act as a side support. “Newsrooms have news editors,” says Shahidul Alam. “However, the concept of a photo editor is not seen in newspaper offices here.” According to Alam, it was the Independent in the UK which had practically revolutionised the way photographs were used in newspapers, hence breaking the system. “Other newspapers like the Guardian had to eventually accept this idea as well.” Pathshala also has regular academic exchanges between Oslo University College in Norway and Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Australia. It is not really an exchange programme, since students from these countries come to Bangladesh to learn about photography and not the other way around, adds Alam. However, this provides Pathshala students an opportunity to share experiences with students of very different backgrounds. “The long-term partnerships with Sunderland University, Bolton University and the Danish School of Journalism, offer educational opportunities for students with other world class institutions. The internship opportunities at Drik, Chobi Mela and Drik News offer on-the-job training that is invaluable in professional life. The regular participation in international festivals and workshops provide a world-view essential to becoming established in the global marketplace. And then there is the acid test. Emerging students are in demand, and ever since Pathshala started, all students who have graduated are gainfully employed. Some are already at the very top of their profession,” says Alam. Celebrating a decade with fireworks. Norman Leslie, the programme director from ECU, says that his students have had the chance to experience life in all its reality and colours through this exchange programme. “ECU is located in Perth, which is a city extremely isolated even in Australian terms,” says Norman. “Students from this university, besides having the advantages of international exposure through this programme, have also created a certain bond between the two cultures which is extremely important when it comes to the art of photography.” Even though passionate about art and photography from an early age, Shahidul Alam had decided to take up photography as a profession by accident. Back in the 80s, Alam was doing his PhD in Chemistry in the United Kingdom. As was the norm and still is in the society, studying a proper subject define the integrity and depth of being a true man. “And that is what my parents believed as well,” says Alam. “I did not have much money and would work to pay my tuitions.” One of his close friends got into the airlines business and asked him to fly to the United States with him. “A poor student like me would never get this opportunity ever again and so I decided to go. My friend in the UK asked me to bring him back a camera since cameras were cheaper in the US.” Alam got a full set complete with a tripod and lens and got back to the UK, only to find that his friend did not have the money to pay him back. “And I was stuck with it!” laughs Alam. Pathshala recently entered its tenth year. Celebrating the school’s anniversary, a three day festival was organised where both the old and the new students presented their works, amidst other festivities.
A photography exhibition titled “Studying Life” began marked the beginning of the festival on February 1 at the Drik Gallery. Exhibiting works by some of the most celebrated students of the school, this event was inaugurated by Atiqul Huque Chowdhury and Dr. Shahidul Alam. The exhibition, which will continue up to February 15, features thirty six photographers, including Munem Wasif, Abir Abdullah, GMB Akash, Tanvir Ahmed and many more. On February 2, certificates were distributed to the students who had finished their respective courses, starting from the basic to the undergraduate level. “We had a full-fledged festival, complete with a winter Pitha Utshob,” says Joseph Rozario, the Administrative Manager of Pathshala. “Students, teachers, along with a few photographers from outside the country had discussions on photography. These photographers also presented some of their unique works. The day ended with a film made by one of our own students,” he says.
The last day of the festival, February 3, was an “absolute blast,” according to Din M Shibly, a Pathshala graduate who now teaches at the school and works for the monthly magazine Ice Today. The highlight of the day was when Prachyanat, the musical theatre group, performed at the school, much to the delight of the students and also a number of guests who had turned up at the celebrations. The notion that photography cannot be a proper career no longer holds true. Many students from Pathshala are working in the media, both local and international. Tanveer Ahmed, student of Pathshala who now works at Drik News, recently had one of his photographs published in the Time magazine as the picture of the year. The photograph shows a grandfather carrying the dead body of his grandchild after being hit by the Sidr cyclone last year. Many other Pathshala students have won international awards. Alam says that young people believe that there is more glamour and less money in this profession. “It is actually the other way around,” he explains. He plans to work more on visual literacy, hold workshops in schools and develop this field as an academic subject in the educational institutions in Bangladesh. Photography is much more than capturing a mere image. It is what one captures within the image; emotions, environment, thoughts, social perceptions and so on. One simply has to look into a photograph to discover these elements, rather than looking at it. As actor and author Sir Dirk Bogarde had put, “The camera can photograph thought.”
10th year of Pathshala
Video on Pathshala by Brian Palmer. Commissioned by Pullitzer Foundation:
Rashid Talukder had been unwell and had excused himself. The other board members Afzal Chowdhury, Mahfuz Anam, Nawazesh Ahmed and I had pored over the crude portfolios. Much of the work was raw, but there was freshness and a vibrancy that touched us all. This new school would take risks. Ideas would be given a chance.
The students have emulated that principal characteristic of Pathshala. Reaching for the impossible has become the norm. Pushing the school and themselves to the limit has been their mode of practice. Dreaming, a way of life.
On the day of the first workshop, with World Press Photo in 1998, a hastily flung white cloth had covered up the bricks being used for the unfinished construction of the computer lab. On its tenth year, the school boasts achievements by students that is the envy of schools worldwide. The early partnerships, with World Press Photo Foundation, The British Council, Panos Institute, The Thomson Foundation and Free Voice (formerly CAF) have all played an important role, but the new liaisons, with the University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh, and the upcoming regional masters programme between universities in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Norway and Pakistan are paving the way for a school that has matured beyond its years.
The academic exchanges with Oslo University College in Norway and Edith Cowan University in Australia provide Pathshala students an opportunity to share experiences with students of very different backgrounds. The long-term partnerships with Sunderland University, Bolton University and the Danish School of Journalism, offer educational opportunities for students with other world class institutions. The internship opportunities at Drik, Chobi Mela and Drik News offer on-the-job training that is invaluable in professional life. The regular participation in international festivals and workshops provide a world-view essential to becoming established in the global marketplace. And then there is the acid test. Emerging students are in demand, and ever since Pathshala started, all students who have graduated are gainfully employed. Some are already at the very top of their profession.
But the goal of Pathshala is far more than teaching photography. It is about using the language of images to bring about social change. It is about nurturing minds and encouraging critical thinking. It is about responsible citizenship. In a land where textual literacy is low, it is about reaching out where words have failed. In a society where sleek advertising images construct our sense of values, studying at Pathshala is about challenging cultures of dominance.
Curating an exhibition of so diverse a group is always difficult. One wants to be inclusive but selective. Demonstrate trends, but value differences. Nurture new talent, but recognise excellence. Choose favorites but not be partisan. The greater importance given to some artists has as much to do with what needs to be said now as it has to do with the calibre of their work. Pathshala cannot be an academic island untouched by local realities. While recognising the merit of those producing quality work, space has also to be given to voices that need to be heard now. These are images of ‘Now’ being articulated.
A True Pathshala
The word Pathshala, a traditional Sanskrit word for a seat of learning, was generally associated with the shade of mango trees in open fields. There were no walls, no classrooms, no formal structures, but children gathered to listen to wise folk. It was wisdom being shared.
Having decided that the language of images was the tool to use to challenge western hegemony and to address social inequality within the country, Drik had begun to put in place the building blocks to make it happen. The agency was serving people already in the trade, but opportunities for learning had to be created. There wasn’t a single credible organization for higher education in photography in the region. One had to be built. Taking advantage of a World Press Photo seminar on 18th December 1998, the school was setup. A single classroom was all that was available. The visiting tutors Chris Boot (formerly with Magnum, then with Phaidon) and Reza Deghati (National Geographic) conducted the workshops. I continued as a lone tutor. Kirsten Claire an English photographer whom a friend had recommended, came over soon afterwards and stayed for a year. We paid her a local salary, the best we could afford. The two of us formed the faculty.
A stream of tutors, all friends willing to be arm twisted, came at regular intervals. For some we provided air fare and modest accommodation. Some came at their own cost. Some slept on our floor. Some, like Ian Berry, who had come over on an assignment, were simply roped in. The students, most new to the craft, didn’t know they were rubbing shoulders with the greatest names in photography. And it was an impressive list of names. Abbas, David Wells, Daniel Meadows, John Vink, Ian Berry, Ingrid Pollard, Martin Parr, Morten Krogvold, Pablo Bartholomew, Pedro Meyer, Raghu Rai, Reza Deghati, Robert Pledge, Steven Mayes, Tim Hetherington, Trent Parke and many others had spent quality time with Bangladeshi photographers. Some had come even before Pathshala started. Some, like Robert Pledge, Reza Deghati, Abbas, David Wells, Morten Krogvold and Raghu Rai, were repeat visitors. Few demanded payment; none flaunted their superstar stautus, one even made an anonymous donation. They all wanted to be part of a very exciting journey. One or two wanted to be on the faculty to embellish their CVs, but they all gave generously, and this organization has been built on their labour of love.
Lazy at first and unaware of how special the environment was, the students soon became infected by the passion of their marvelous tutors. They studied photography, economics, statistics, environmental studies, visual anthropology. They were in a true Pathshala, studying life. And it showed. Despite the limited resources of the school, we maintained one goal we had set for ourselves at the outset. Every emerging student was gainfully employed. The trend has continued since 1998. They got selected for the prestigious Joop Schwart Masterclass. They won awards like the Mother Jones, World Press, the National Geographic All Roads and a host of other prestigious awards. Time Magazine, Newsweek, New York Times and other leading publications began to hire them, and the reputation spread. Soon students and interns from other countries began to come in. Most were from neighbouring countries, but some from far flung places like Norway, the USA and Australia wanted to join.
The number of regular tutors has grown from the original two to eleven. Eight are former students. The tutor to student ratio remains very high. DrikNews, a news agency which gives emphasis to rural reporting, hires former Pathshala students for its their core staff. The staff photographers and picture editors of most major newspapers in Bangladesh are from Pathshala. Some are also working in television stations and other broadcast media. And Pathshala continues to defy gravity. A school of photography in one of the most economically impoverished nations and with no external support, continues to produce some of the finest emerging photographers.
The school of photography Pathshala, is entering its tenth year. Greetings to all students, teachers and well-wishers who have journeyed with us over the last nine years. An exhibition “Studying Life” featuring the work of Pathshala students and alumni will mark the beginning of our celebrations.
Pioneer playright and theatre person Atiqul Huque Chowdhury will inaugurate the exhibition on 1st February 2008 at 5:00 pm at Drik Gallery.
The exhibition will continue till 15th February 2008 and will be open to all from 3:00 pm till 8:00 pm.
You are invited.
Inauguration date: 1 February 2008
Time: 5:00 pm
Exhibition duration: 1 February – 15 February 2008 (3-8 pm. every day)
Venue: Drik Gallery, House 58, Road 15A (new), Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka.
1 February 2008
5:00 pm, Drik Gallery
Opening of photography exhibition “Studying Life”
2 February 2008
Pathshala Campus (16 Sukrabad, Panthapath)
3:00 pm: Certificate Distribution
3:45 pm: Discussion on Photography
4:30 pm: Portfolio Presentation
5:15 pm: Film Show
3 February 2008
Pathshala Campus (16 Sukrabad, Panthapath)
2:30 pm: Portfolio Presentation
6:30 pm: Songs by Prachyanat
8:30 pm: Dinner
Selected photographs from the exhibition can be seen in the Drik 2008 Calendar:
Submissions are invited for Chobi Mela V. The theme is “Freedom”. The online submission form will be available at www.chobimela.org from the 7th February 2008.
Why do I do what I do? I know how I started, partly by accident, when I got stranded with a camera I had bought for a friend, but that in itself cannot explain the joy, the passion, the amazing high that I get when I see something magical in my frame. So I’m a photojournalist. Like so many others who started off in this noble profession, I too believed I was going to change the world through my images. It took a while for reality to settle in. A while to know, that taking good pictures wasn’t enough. There were gatekeepers who decided which pictures would get used, and how they might be used, and the gatekeepers generally didn’t share my ideology or passion.
It was children who shaped my visual world. Initially, as a photographer in London, I would go round asking adults with children, if I could take portraits of their kids. Some would agree, and I would go over to their homes, put down my synthetic sheepskin rug, get the kids to smile at my camera and take happy pictures. If things went well, they would buy some pictures, and we would all be happy. Not the ultimate in photography, but it paid the bills, and helped me save some money that I thought would allow me to start afresh back home.
In Bangladesh, the children had been swapped for a new range of subjects. Ice cream and plastic toys, the odd glamour shot, some celebrity. Ceramics and fancy machines. I photographed the lot. It was as an activist, in our attempt to remove an autocratic leader, that my camera finally knew what it wanted. With the adrenaline flowing as we marched through the teargas, my camera learned to love the smell of the streets. We braved the curfew, to photograph the courage of a people and the tyranny of a tyrant. I never got a picture published in those days, as a democracy movement in the majority world, was simply not news. A flood or a cyclone was much more interesting. But when we eventually forced the dictator to step down, I photographed the rejoicing, and later at our long awaited election, I photographed a woman casting a vote. When we put up the images for an impromptu exhibition, over 400,000 people came to our three day show.
But international media wasn’t interested, and it wasn’t till the cyclone in 1991, that they started asking for images again. The same western photographers came over at the first smell of disaster, and went back with the same helpless images, reducing a proud people to icons of poverty. Even locally, the images we produced and the words we wrote, seemed to have little effect. This powerful tool that I thought I’d picked up, suddenly felt blunt in the face of corruption and indifference.
That was when, while talking to a group of working class children I was training, I was shaken. Sitting on the school verandah, 10 year old Molli, looked at the photograph of the bodies of children being dragged. “O that was the fire in number 10” she said.
“How do you know?”
“Nothing ever happens.”
Then she waits a bit, and says, “If I had a camera, I’d take his picture and put that guy in jail.”
It was the conviction of that 10 year old girl, that fired me up again. I remembered a moment six years ago, during a flood, where children who had taken shelter in a warehouse, insisted that I take a picture of them. As they stood by the large open window, all proud and standing at attention, I noticed that the boy in the centre was blind. He stood with his chest out, pushing back the other kids. Staring straight out at the camera he couldn’t see for the photograph he would never know. I began to realise how much more important the photograph was than simply my weapon for change. It represented hope and belief and could give a sense of dignity to many.
My photography slowly changed, as did the world around me. I began to see things that had never existed before. People mattered in a way that they hadn’t mattered before. The man in our neighbourhood, who collected the garbage late at night, pushing his cart in the rain, gathering each scrap of paper that he could sell to keep his family alive, took on a stature of enormous proportions. I wanted my camera to do what Molli and that blind boy had willed it to do. I wanted my camera to befriend the man with the cart. I felt ashamed, I had never stopped to ask his name.
It was at about that time that I met Abdul Malik, on an Aeroflot plane bound for Tripoly. He dreamt of somehow changing his destiny, and I dreamt of somehow documenting his dream. I have never met Abdul Malek since, and I don’t know if came back home and bought the piece of land he hoped to buy, and whether he was able to arrange a marriage for his sister, but I have seen that dream in many eyes. When the very things that the wealthy aspire to, becomes part of a migrant’s dream, the dream becomes illegal. I want my images to challenge that illegality, and all the illegalities that are sprouting around us. The illegality of a right to a homeland, the illegality of protest against oppression. The illegality of wanting a better life. I want to photograph Molli’s dream and that of the blind boy and the man with the cart.
17th August 2003
In 1994 Shahidul Alam and Drik Picture Library launched a unique initiative which involved training children from poor, working-class families in Dhaka as photojournalists. Their progress since has been remarkable – now 16 years old, the ‘Out of Focus’ children are still learning but have had exhibitions, produced a photographic calendar and are now collaborating on a TV magazine programme for young people. Along the way, however, they have been thrown up against a world of money and opportunity, aid agencies and big business, to which people from their background never normally have access. The NI recorded a conversation about their impressions of this brave new world.
We remember the time we had to go to some UNICEF meeting or other with Bhai’ya (Shahidul Alam). It was in the Sonargaon Hotel. A huge, fancy affair, where we had trouble walking, where our feet kept slipping on the shiny lobby floor. A different world, the world of the rich. As if that wasn’t enough, Pintu had lost one of his sandals on the way there. We knew we wouldn’t be allowed inside in bare feet, but Bhai’ya told us that there was no need to worry, that everything would be fine. So we walked on that slippery floor and looked everywhere. Everything seemed so grand, everything smelled of money. People throw away so much money! In the middle of the hotel was a swimming pool with almost-naked foreigners in it. We felt too ashamed to look at them.
When you have too much money what else can you do except go to a swimming pool to show off, to say ‘Look at the money I have – I go swimming in a big hotel’s pool.’ The rich and their airs! Coming out with their cars just to show off to us, to the poor, to those of us who don’t have cars. The way they look at us! And their talk: which is better, a white car or a black car? It’s unbelievable, the arrogance!
When we go somewhere people usually comment ‘Oh you poor deprived children’. Nonsense! If they grab all the opportunities of course we’ll be deprived. First they take everything for themselves, then they coo ‘Oh, you poor deprived child’. If we are not given a chance, how can we make it? Our speech, the way we talk is offensive to the bhadrolok, the upper class. ‘Oooh, your pronunciation,’ they sniff at us, ‘the way your language wanders all over the place.’
We are poor. But the fact that we have cameras and know how to take photos makes people uncomfortable. And so something simple becomes complicated. People who see us keep asking us ‘Accha, are these the cameras you use?’ But, you see, the camera’s not the point. The point is to take photographs. It doesn’t sit well with a lot of folks that the children of the poor should have cameras. Makes you laugh. Once Bhai’ya took some of our shots to the Lab for printing. The people at the Lab thought that one of the photos was his. ‘Take a look at Shahidul Alam’s work,’ they said. Well, it was actually taken by Iqbal, and when Bhai’ya told them so, they just shut up and wouldn’t say anything more.
Hamida and Rabeya have been abroad. The word has spread. That’s how they are introduced, as having gone abroad. We take photos. That is not our identity however. The point is who has gone abroad.
Yet another way to show off is English. You aren’t anybody if you don’t know English. As if the real thing, the only thing, is not the work itself, but whether you know English. It’s such a fashion to speak it. They say you have to know it, but what do the foreigners know? Shouldn’t all those photographers and all the other visitors who come here know Bangla? Nobody tells them ‘You should know Bangla’.
Through our photographs we want to change things. But lately the going has been tough. With the children of the wealthy it is enough that they take photos, but with us it seems that we have to prove ourselves by learning English too. What will happen to those English-speaking friends who also carry on the struggle? Will they learn our language and join us? Oh come on! Will they not join ranks with us? What then is our language of photography to be?
These comments were made during an informal discussion involving
Faysal Ahmed Dadon, Hamida Akhtar Bristi, Abul Kashem, Refanur Akhtar Moli,
Rabeya Sarker Rima, Sopna Akhtar, Shefali Akhtar Setu and Md Zakir Hossain.
It was recorded/compiled by Manosh Chowdhury and translated by Khademul Islam. | <urn:uuid:a9933429-0af9-4d66-9390-2f8e5c1613ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://shahidul.wordpress.com/category/drik-and-its-initiatives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972885 | 12,429 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The $1 trillion plan is expected to reduce the federal unemployment benefit to about $200 per week, on average, or 70% of the wages a worker earned before ending up jobless. It would also provide $105 billion for schools, $70 billion of which would go to K-12 institutions with more going to schools that reopen; it would give $16 billion more for virus testing and tracing; it would provide another round of popular stimulus checks; it would include a second, more targeted round of forgivable loans from the Paycheck Protection Program for small businesses; and it would provide tax credits for businesses to help with rehiring and reopening.
President Donald Trump had insisted on a payroll tax cut, which caused some delay, but after the pitch met with opposition from many Republicans and Democrats alike, the proposal was dropped. Mnuchin acknowledged over the weekend that the tax incentive did not provide immediate relief, unlike the planned second round of direct payments to Americans with modest incomes. Likewise, the administration caved on an effort to zero out any new funding for testing, tracing, and the major federal health agencies involved in fighting the pandemic. | <urn:uuid:ba881dce-1502-41f7-b84a-a5a5d7639108> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bootsandsabers.com/2020/07/26/republicans-agree-to-borrow-and-spend-another-trillion-dollars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.975741 | 231 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Something has been bugging me for several years now. In that time I have usually had access to multiple WAN connections, owing to my participation in the telecom industry. However, I’ve never been able to get SSHD to behave the way I wanted it to. I wanted to be able to connect to the SSH daemon on my (FreBSD) router from whichever WAN connection I wanted. Unfortunately, SSHD is stuborn about always routing its response to the default gateway of the router, which breaks an SSH connection coming in from the secondary WAN connection.
I have finally, at long last, found the solution.
The Problem: When describing this problem to other FreeBSD users, they pretty universally assumed that I was mistaken, and that the SSH daemon would by default route its responses out the interface that the initial request had been received on. Evidently, it is uncommon to run SSHD on more than one WAN interface. At its root, this problem just boils down to the routing table. SSHD doesn’t route it’s responses to the interface that they were received on, it uses the routing table to determine where to send it’s responses. If the request came from a local network, then it responds to the local network. If it originated from a non-local network, then it uses the default gateway. It’s really that simple. There is no logic for having multiple paths to non-local networks.
Frequently Offered Solution: Since I use pf for my firewall, I’m frequently told to use pf’s route-to and reply-to functionality to solve this problem. I have at times used route-to and reply-to extensively in my pf.conf. But route-to and reply-to do not trump the default routing table for traffic the originates or terminates on the router itself. They are useful only for traffic passing through the router. pf can only make routing decisions when a packet passes through an interface. It can try and set the reply-to interface to be the second WAN connection when an inbound SSH connection is made, but neither the SSH daemon nor the routing table on the host know or care about the routing preferences of pf.
The Real Solution: FreeBSD has support for multiple routing tables. It’s little known, and even less documented, but it does exist. Basically, you need to recompile your kernel with multiple routing table support (“options ROUTETABLES=2”), and then use the setfib program to set which routing table to use when starting another program. The syntax is similar to nice: setfib 1 route add default 192.168.1.1 would add a default route of 192.168.1.1 to the second routing table on the host. If not specified, the default routing table is 0. On FreeBSD, pf also has support for multiple routing tables with the little discussed rtable option.
So here are the steps to solving this problem:
Step 1: Rebuild your kernel with the ROUTETABLES option set to a non-zero integer. This is how many routing tables your host will support.
[[email protected]]~ $ cat /root/kernels/ROUTER | grep ROUTETABLES options ROUTETABLES=6
Step 2: Add rtable awareness to your pf.conf file:
[[email protected]]~ $ cat /etc/pf.conf | grep rtable pass in log on tun0 inet proto icmp from any to (tun0) icmp-type rtable 0 pass in log on tun1 inet proto icmp from any to (tun1) icmp-type rtable 1 pass in log on tun0 inet proto tcp from any to (tun0) port ssh rtable 0 pass in log on tun1 inet proto tcp from any to (tun1) port ssh rtable 1 pass in log on em0 inet proto tcp from em0:network to (em0) port 22 rtable 0
Step 3: Disable the SSH daemon in your rc.conf:
[[email protected]]~ $ cat /etc/rc.conf | grep ssh # sshd_enable="YES" # This is now handled by /etc/rc.local
Step 4: Create /etc/rc.local file to start multiple SSH daemons. To do this, copy the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to several alternates, one per interface you want SSHD to listen to, and set the ListenAddress for each file to only the IP for that interface.
[[email protected]]~ $ cat /etc/rc.local # # /etc/rc.local # # Build my alternate routing tables /usr/sbin/setfib 0 /sbin/route add default 126.96.36.199 /usr/sbin/setfib 1 /sbin/route add default 188.8.131.52 # Start SSH daemons for each interface /usr/sbin/setfib 0 /usr/sbin/sshd -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config.lan /usr/sbin/setfib 0 /usr/sbin/sshd -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config.tun0 /usr/sbin/setfib 1 /usr/sbin/sshd -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config.tun1
Conclusion: Because the SSH daemon listening on tun1 is using a routing table that features the tun1 interface as the default gateway, the response will go out tun1. An inbound connection to tun0 will hit the SSH daemon listening on tun0 (which is an entirely separate process from the one listening on tun1) and uses the routing table associated with tun0, which features tun0 as the default gateway.
In my above config it’s worth pointing out that it doesn’t actually matter which routing table the SSH daemon listening on the LAN interface uses, because both routing tables see the LAN network as a local one. By default on FreeBSD with multiple routing tables enabled, all local networks will still appear in all the routing tables. There is a sysctl option to disable this behavior. | <urn:uuid:af83150b-4e5b-473f-bc32-81a794979721> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.mmacleod.ca/2011/06/source-based-routing-with-freebsd-using-multiple-routing-table/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00058-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887245 | 1,311 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Once upon a time in Time,
A man came panting to our town
His eyes were red and head tousled,
On his face was set a frown.
He said, “I have come from a land afar
To question you of your false fame, sire!
My feet are tired but my heart won’t rest,
Until I get my answers – oh, need is dire.
You are people of a town so great
You live and sell, and play with dreams
It is here that they are born, from here do come
Our hopes and goals and smiles and screams.
But I have been dreaming now a dream for long
It seems to me like a thread without end.
I toss and turn and shoo it in sleep,
But it goes nowhere at all, my friend.
Tell me why you spun dreams so eternal
Why for us humans you did not care?
Our capacity to hold untold is controlled
We can only bear too much of despair.
O people of Dreamsville! You say dreams breed here
Why can’t you find for me a closure to this nightmare?”
Hearing his plea a woman from our town
Stepped forward, smiled, and began to speak:
“Dreams, my man, are portals to great truths
They surely aren’t much for those who are weak!”
“When we send you a dream, it is for you to complete
Interpret correct or not, but to follow its lead
When you see a dream that seems everlasting
Go ahead and nurture it with struggle’s feed.”
It’s almost 4 a.m here. It took me an hour to write this one but it’s important to me because I thought I could never write a ballad*. It’s not perfect but it’s a try, and it was FUN creating this whole thing. It is in response to our poetry challenge 201: Neighborhood, Ballad, Assonance for which we were supposed to write anything related to a “neighborhood” or sense of it, as a ballad like it was done in the formative years.
* ballads are dramatic, emotionally-charged poems that tell a story, often about bigger-than-life characters and situations, and their rhyme scheme is a-b-c-b. | <urn:uuid:878f832c-261d-4606-8da3-e679e973db0e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://randomlyabstract.wordpress.com/tag/fantasy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.966849 | 508 | 2.03125 | 2 |
apceth and University of Cologne to join forces on combination cellular immunotherapies for cancer
Posted: 10 July 2015 | Victoria White
apceth is to partner with the University of Cologne to combine technologies and expertise, on the development of immunotherapies for solid tumours…
apceth is to partner with Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, to combine technologies and expertise, on the development of immunotherapies for solid tumours and haematological malignancies.
The collaboration will start immediately and is based on combinations of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, developed at the laboratory of Prof Hinrich Abken against multiple tumour-associated antigens, and apceth-developed engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
apceth is developing autologous (patient-derived) and allogeneic (off-the-shelf) engineered MSCs that migrate to tumours and sites of injury or inflammation, based on their natural homing capabilities, where they express therapeutic transgenes.
CAR-T cells are based on T-cells taken from patients and engineered to target and destroy tumour cells that express specific markers. The specificity is dictated by the CARs they express, which also enable them to become activated. The activation, however, is not usually optimal, due to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment.
This collaboration will focus on the use of engineered MSCs to promote the local activation of CAR-T cells within tumours. The approach will therefore increase the specificity of CAR-T immunotherapies, as activation of CAR-T cells will be limited outside of tumours.
Combining apceth’s gmMSCs with CAR-T cells may open new paths for the treatment of solid cancer
Dr Christine Günther, CEO of apceth, commented, “Immunotherapies have revolutionised cancer care and brought hope to many patients. However, the tumour specificity of many of these approaches remains suboptimal. We see the powerful combination of apceth gmMSCs with CAR-Ts as a great opportunity to overcome some of these barriers and boost the specificity and clinical efficacy of CAR-T cell approaches. We are delighted to be working alongside Prof Hinrich Abken, a pioneer in the field with tremendous experience in CAR-T biology and see many synergies with apceth’s gmMSC platform technology and our track record in preclinical and clinical development of genetically-modified cells for clinical trials.”
Professor Abken, head of Tumour Genetics at the Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Professor at the Department for Internal Medicine at the University Hospital Cologne, said, “Combining apceth’s gmMSCs with CAR-T cells we developed in Cologne during the last decade may open new paths for the treatment of solid cancer. Tumours have evolved multiple strategies to resist an immune attack; we are aiming at focussing the power of the immune system towards the tumour lesion in a specific way while minimizing systemic side effects.”
Under the terms of the agreement, apceth will develop and optimise gmMSCs that can generate a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment. These will be combined with different CAR-T cells developed by Professor Abken against multiple pre-agreed cancer-specific markers found on solid tumours and haematological malignancies and tested in various preclinical models. Successful candidates will be optimised and further developed for clinical trials. | <urn:uuid:0ff5b2cf-97b3-424f-97e3-8036e6c37670> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/5177/apceth-and-university-of-cologne-to-join-forces-on-combination-cellular-immunotherapies-for-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.913302 | 747 | 1.710938 | 2 |
How to secure the financing to grow your business in a tight credit market
- April 11, 2012
Despite a stabilizing economy and a letup in the banking crisis, small community banks approved approximately 47.5 percent of commercial loan applications in January, while banks with more than $10 billion in assets approved just 11.7 percent, according to Biz2Credit.
In comparison, lenders like community development financial institutions, accounts receivable financers, merchant cash advance companies, micro lenders and others approved more than two-thirds of applications from potential borrowers. The data confirm that executives have to be resourceful and think outside the box to secure the funding they need to expand their small or mid-size business in today’s tight credit market.
“Executives may be forced to restructure, cede market share or relinquish prime opportunities unless they avoid a short-term cash crunch by securing alternative funding,” says Eric Fricke, assistant professor of finance, Department of Accounting and Finance at California State University, East Bay.
Smart Business spoke with Fricke about the ways to finance growth by tapping alternative funding sources.
How can alternative financing help small and mid-size companies grow?
It’s great when a small business consummates a big sale, but it often ends up being a catch-22, because small and mid-size companies may not have the cash to purchase equipment or inventory to fulfill a substantial order. Alternative financing provides up-front capital when traditional commercial loans aren’t available. Best of all, the loans are scalable and may be easier to secure because they’re tied to a specific asset or invoice, so you may not need to submit a full business plan, financial statements and cash flow projections as is normally necessary to comply with today’s strict underwriting requirements.
When is alternative financing appropriate?
Alternative loans are perfect for businesses that have predictable cash conversion cycles. For example, importers and exporters have to advance cash to purchase products, and then wait until they reach stores and finally sell. And retailers and restaurateurs may have immediate needs for cash but can’t wait for future credit card transactions to finalize. Companies can close the gap in cash conversion cycles by securing a loan tied to a particular transaction, like accounts receivable, inventory, machinery, equipment and/or real estate.
What’s the best way to research and uncover alternative funding sources?
Sometimes traditional banks offer asset-based loans and other forms of alternative financing. But, you can find additional sources by searching the Internet or contacting your industry association and equipment manufacturers, since some vendors offer financing if you purchase their products.
What are the best sources of funding?
These are common sources of alternative funding.
- Asset-backed loans. Asset-backed loans are secured by collateral like accounts receivable, inventory or equipment and they may be easier to get because the lender may consider the credit worthiness of your customer. So, if you’ve sold a large number of T-shirts to a major retailer, a lender may be willing to lend you money against that invoice because of the retailer’s ability to pay.
- Equipment leasing. Equipment leasing is a popular option for companies with limited capital because the bank or equipment manufacturer purchases the equipment and leases it back to them in exchange for a monthly payment.
- Factoring. Factoring lets you sell your accounts receivable to a third party. The factoring company buys your invoice from you for an amount below the actual invoice amount. You get the up-front cash you need to fulfil the order and the factor collects the invoice once the transaction is complete.
- Merchant cash advance. This provides a lump sum cash payment in exchange for a percentage of future credit card or debit card sales. It facilitates cash flow because the lender deducts a portion of every credit or debit transaction until the debt is repaid.
What’s the downside to alternative funding?
Alternative loans tend to be more expensive than traditional loans, but the costs may be more easily allocated to certain customers, so you can more easily build the costs into the price of your products and services. Plus, the loan amount is scalable with your sales or a particular transaction instead of being tied to your net worth or cash flows. Some executives view the outsourcing of accounts receivable to a third party as a welcome benefit, while others like to maintain control of the collections process and client communications. But, for most owners, the benefits of accessing funds on an as-needed basis without navigating a grueling underwriting process far outweigh any drawbacks.
What else should owners know before pursuing an alternative loan?
Shop around, because the costs of alternative funding vary among banks and other financial institutions, and if possible factor the cost of your financing into your pricing. Finally, read the fine print to make sure you understand not only the costs, but also the process and timeline for distributing funds, since some lenders may collect receivables for you and delay dispersal of funds from risky sales orders.
Eric Fricke is an assistant professor of finance in the Department of Accounting and Finance at California State University, East Bay. Reach him at (510) 885-2064 or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:8c8e2a67-a008-4c15-83e9-491899185df8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.csueastbay.edu/news/2012/04/SmartBizMag-EricFricke-040212.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00170-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934299 | 1,084 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Town studies street cart regulations
After six years of discussions, officials moved closer to a decision to allow golf carts on town streets. Mayor Chuck Cariker and Town Clerk Celia Boren proposed a golf cart ordinance to the Board of Aldermen at their meeting on July 1.
Cariker said it encompasses rules from several other Mississippi municipalities. “It’s a combination of all we’ve talked to.”
Cariker said officials from Diamondhead, Miss. say that passing regulations on golf cart operation has stopped minors from driving them on city streets.
Delivering toys and smiles Sheriff K.C. Hamp, Sr....
Local History Yazoo Pass, Part 3: Yankees reach the Coldwater This week continues a...
Progress in local schools recognized Citing a “laser...
Local schools getting recognition from state ceremonies today Tunica is one of...
White Oak to get natural gas lines The cost of... | <urn:uuid:9159ec81-fb1a-4794-b04f-e2cf0622b52d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://tunicatimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4181:town-studies-street-cart-regulations&catid=2:paid&Itemid=26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00363-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905664 | 193 | 1.53125 | 2 |
The White House has dismissed as "absurd" allegations made in a BBC TV series that President Bush claimed God told him to invade Iraq.
"He's never made such comments," White House spokesman Scott McClellan said.
The comments were attributed to Mr Bush by the Palestinian negotiator Nabil Shaath in the upcoming TV series Elusive Peace: Israel and the Arabs.
Mr Shaath said that in a 2003 meeting with Mr Bush, the US president said he was "driven with a mission from God".
"President Bush said to all of us: 'I'm driven with a mission from God. God would tell me, George, go and fight those terrorists in Afghanistan. And I did, and then God would tell me, George, go and end the tyranny in Iraq... And I did.
"'And now, again, I feel God's words coming to me, Go get the Palestinians their state and get the Israelis their security, and get peace in the Middle East. And by God I'm gonna do it.'"
Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, who attended the meeting in June 2003 too, also appears on the documentary series to recount how Mr Bush told him: "I have a moral and religious obligation. So I will get you a Palestinian state."
The TV series charts recent attempts to bring peace to the Middle East, from former US President Bill Clinton's peace talks in 1999-2000 to Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip this year.
It seeks to uncover what happened behind closed doors by speaking to presidents and prime ministers, along with their generals and ministers.
The BBC Two series, Israel and the Arabs: Elusive Peace will be broadcast on Mondays from 10 October at 2100 BST. | <urn:uuid:0cdcbdb6-d96e-4602-b56d-3f4f8cbeb270> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4317498.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00277-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976102 | 347 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The Dental Implants Market is projected to reach US$ 8,075.98 million in 2028 from US$ 4,824.96 million in 2021. The market is estimated to grow with a CAGR of 7.6% from 2021 to 2028.
Dental implants are dental surgical devices which are positioned between the jaws for supporting dental prosthesis. These implants or frames are surgically placed below the gums into the jawbone. The various devices used for dental implants are plate-form dental implants and root- form dental implants. These implants are made of zirconium and titanium. Bridges and dentures are used to support the implanted artificial teeth and avoid slip or shift of teeth in the mouth during speaking and eating.
The growth of the dental implants market is attributed to growth in the geriatric population coupled with corresponding age-related dental diseases, and growing number of implant placing dentists. However, limited reimbursement, and high risk of tooth loss associated with dental bridges restricts the market growth.
Get Sample PDF:
The dental cosmetic industry has received massive traction over a period. The major goal of this field of dentistry is to enhance the appearance of gums, teeth, and bites. Surgical procedures that involve smile correction and different aesthetic procedures drive the demand for cosmetic dental implants and accessories. Baby boomers and millennials are the prime contributors to the cosmetic dentistry business growth. Although dental implants are more commonly used in dental treatments of the elderly populations, the share of the younger generation opting for dental implantation procedures instead of bridges is on the rise. Aside from serving the purpose of restoring teeth functions, dental implants also go well with the trend of natural-looking teeth and can last as long as regular teeth.
According to our new research study, titled "Dental Implants Market Forecast to 2028 – COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis – by Product Type, Material, and End User," the market is expected to grow from US$ 4,824.96 million in 2021 to US$ 8,075.98 million by 2028. It is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 7.6% during 2021–2028. Factors driving the dental implants market growth are the rising cases of tooth loss, elevating demand for cosmetic dentistry, and technological developments in dental implants.
The dental implants market, based on material, has been segmented into titanium implants, zirconium implants, and others. In 2021, the titanium implants segment held the largest share of the market. However, the zirconium implants segment is expected to register the highest CAGR during 2021–2028.
The dental implants market, based on type, is segmented into intravascular photoacoustic tomography, photoacoustic microscopy, and others. The dental bridges segment held the largest share of the market in 2021. Moreover, the same segment is anticipated to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period.
End User-Based Insights
The dental implants market, by end user, has been segmented into hospitals clinics, dental laboratories, and others. In 2021, the hospitals clinics segment held the largest share of the market, and it is expected to register the highest CAGR in the market from 2021 to 2028.
List of Companies:
- Zimmer Biomet
- Institut Straumann AG
- Adin Dental Implant Systems Ltd.
- Dentium USA
- DENTSPLY SIRONA Inc.
- Osstem UK
- Bicon, LLC
- AVINENT Science and Technology
The Insight Partners is a one stop industry research provider of actionable intelligence. We help our clients in getting solutions to their research requirements through our syndicated and consulting research services. We specialize in industries such as Semiconductor and Electronics, Aerospace and Defense, Automotive and Transportation, Biotechnology, Healthcare IT, Manufacturing and Construction, Medical Device, Technology, Media and Telecommunications, Chemicals and Materials.
If you have any queries about this report or if you would like further information, please contact us:
Contact Person: Sameer Joshi | <urn:uuid:5a391864-6e5b-45d3-9fe2-d6e9ff02f7f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zlidein.com/read-blog/94613_dental-implants-market-will-generate-new-growth-opportunities-in-upcoming-year.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.916155 | 897 | 1.507813 | 2 |
August 9, 2009
STOP CRIMINALIZING ENVIRONMENTALISTS!
On Monday July 27th at 6:30am, a group of protesters set up camp on the proposed Hanlon Creek Business Park development (HCBP), successfully shutting down construction on the site. This development has been subject to heated community debate since 1993 however, the City of Guelph has recently pushed ahead with the first phase of the construction.
Despite the broad public outcry, the City has not properly addressed warnings by environmentalists and community members. The land in question is home to one of Southern Ontario's last surviving Old Growth Forests and situated on the Paris-Galt Moraine which is essential to the integrity of the surrounding area's drinking water. The HCBP site contains provincially significant wetlands as well as protected species. Environmentalists, scientists and community members agree that the supposed precautions taken by the City are not stringent enough to ensure that significant damage is not done to the land, its resources and ecosystems. THE FAILURE OF THE CITY TO PROPERLY ADDRESS THESE CONCERNS WAS THE REAL CAUSE OF THE WORK STOPPAGE. Direct action was the only way to ensure that work was stopped and democratic debate about the development was continued.
The City and its corporate friends have continued to frame the opposition to the Business Park as opposition to providing jobs to the community. Guelph is facing a jobs crisis. We have lost over 2 000 manufacturing jobs in Guelph since the capitalist crisis hit last year. Guelph is a university town and the recession has also hit students hard and making secondary education even less accessible to working-class youth. This past Friday, Statistics Canada released figures showing that student unemployment hit 20.9 per cent in July — the highest jobless rate since the agency began collecting comparable data in 1977.
So does this mean that ecological destruction is necessary in order to pull us out of the recession/depression? THE HCBP IS NOT A SOLUTION FOR GUELPH'S WORKING CLASS, YOUTH AND STUDENTS. The tenants that the HCBP hopes to attract are biotechnology, agri-science firms, and other corporate evil-doers. It is unlikely that any of Guelph's recently unemployed manufacturing workers would be eligible for a research position in these offices and its industrial section will not be built up for years, if ever. Furthermore, Guelph has 175 brownfields that can be cleaned up and re-developed (former industrial/commercial sites that may be toxified and are now unused).
Unfortunately, Capital sees brownfields as less profitable than new development on a 'greenfield'. The municipality and other levels of government need to stand up to unrestrained capitalist greed and demand that development is done in a responsible way. YCL-Guelph affirms its support in the struggle for meaningful, decent paying jobs as well as for environmental sustainability and conservation.
PUT PEOPLE AND NATURE BEFORE PROFIT!
YCL-GUELPH STANDS IN FULL SOLIDARITY WITH THE LAND DEFENDERS AT THE HCBP SITE AND DEMANDS THAT THE CITY STOP IT'S EFFORTS AT INTIMIDATION AND CRIMINALIZATION. The City's attitude towards the protesters on the site has not been to negotiate towards a resolution but to use the threats of a 5 million dollar lawsuit, and charges of 'Nuisance', the ‘Criminal Offence of Mischief,’ the ‘Criminal Offence of Intimidation,’ the ‘Criminal Offence of Extortion,’ and ‘Inducing Breach of Contract’, to intimidate the peaceful protesters. These brave people have put themselves on the line in the struggle against anarchic and destructive capitalist development. Many of the people who have been singled out by the City and now face the 5 million dollar law-suit are friends and allies of the YCL.
Please join the friends of the "Land Defenders", community supporters and YCL-Guelph tomorrow, Monday August 10th.
@10 am - Superior Court (74 Woolwich St).
@ 6pm - Rally at city hall (1 Carden st.)
Rebel Youth is looking for hitchhiking stories, and also experiences with the challenges faced by women, trans people, hitchhickers facing ...
The real abuse taking place in Cuba is the crippling and inhumane American blockade Rob Miller The Guardian, Thursday 26 November 2009 Yo...
J. Boyden Yesterday, January 18 th , was the 24 th anniversary of the death of Renato Guttuso. Renato Guttuso (1911-1987) was a com...
Jay Watts In 1995, a report issued as part of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples called suicide “one of the most urgent problems ...
World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) would like to express its deepest condolences and sympathy to all those affected by the mu...
This article is part of an seven-part series of short quotes Rebel Youth is issuing about class struggle, revolution, civil-war, and par...
A very important meeting for labour and social movements is taking place from August 21-24th in Ottawa. The People’s Social Forum (PS...
Rebel Youth presents an interview with University of British Columbia student activist Kelly Gerlings Interview by Rozhin Emadi RY:...
Drew Garvie The Trudeau government has been elected at a time of economic crisis globally, where capital internationally is on the of...
Ajit Singh A couple weeks ago, a Palestinian child was beheaded by the "moderate rebels" in Syria, created, funded, and backe... | <urn:uuid:20d79e7d-8deb-4407-aac7-2ea3784104f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://rebelyouth-magazine.blogspot.com/2009/08/stop-criminalizing-environmentalists.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00228-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945312 | 1,172 | 1.71875 | 2 |
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, universities across the nation have shifted to remote instruction. In order to ensure that students with disabilities retain equal access to the same content as their peers, it is vital that online environments remain just as accessible as the physical environments were.
Accessible technology refers to digital landscapes which can be interacted with and understood by people with disabilities, either directly or through the use of assistive technology. Accessible technology provides equal access to information, in various formats that work for a range of individuals. Without accessibility, technology fails to cater to every person.
Created to provide digital experiences that are accessible for everyone, the MSU Digital Experience (DigitalX) team works to ensure equal academic participation. As an extension of MSU’s Information Technology (IT) department, DigitalX has worked to ensure that technology doesn’t pose a barrier. Focusing on accessible technology not only brings understanding and clarity but emphasizes greater access and inclusion for student success.
“We’re founded on this notion that we provide opportunity based on merit. When you think about the modern educational landscape, you can’t provide an educational experience without technology, and COVID-19 emphasizes this, and the reality is that technology is a doorway to provide that opportunity to our students,” says Nate Evans, Senior Manager and Digital Accessibility Coordinator for DigitalX. “If we are truly serious about our land grant mission and vision at MSU, we have to take seriously the opportunity that technology affords us in providing opportunities to so many people.”
Many educators aren’t always aware of what accessibility should look like, whether that be catering to learning abilities or physical abilities, but as they gather content and different formats of teaching, instructors can continue to implement accessible interactions among students. Instructors can further provide an opportunity to design online course content and materials, using these online spaces to effectively teach, organize, and disseminate knowledge.
For the upcoming semester, the DigitalX team will be launching a new tool, Spartan Ally. Integrated through Desire2Learn (D2L), Spartan Ally will provide students with on-demand alternative format creation capabilities. Course content can be converted into other accommodating outlets, for example, Word documents or PowerPoint presentations can be transformed into mp3 or electronic Braille. Another feature includes offering faculty tips and tricks for creating accessible content, with faculty- centric language. Considering accessibility training has been typically geared toward technical staff in the past, faculty are now receiving the needed guidance to make course content accessible. Spartan Ally will also be able to provide institutional reports, seeing trends across MSU regarding what works for students and what doesn’t.
“Educating faculty is always our focus. There’s this huge misunderstanding about accessibility, that it is super difficult and impedes creativity, but we just want faculty to have a better understanding of what that means and what it takes to make accessible documents,” says Brooke Knapp, Digital Accessibility Analyst for DigitalX. “Accessible technology is never telling a professor what content they can teach, but rather the form or method in which they’re delivering that content.”
Working directly with the RCPD, MSU Libraries has provided an array of accessibility guidance for students. As part of the largest computer lab on campus, the Library’s computers feature assistive technology (screen readers, screen magnifiers, etc.) for users, and the provided on-demand remediation service allows students to request accessible versions of files from e-journals, e-books, and other library resources. MSU Libraries is also finalizing a captioning procedure for virtual meetings, sessions, tutorials, and events. MSU Libraries has readily provided accessibly technology initiatives on campus and has made themselves available to ensure a more accessible space.
“To assist RCPD during COVID-19, we have made ourselves available to scan textbooks for RCPD students,” says Heidi Schroeder, Accessibility Coordinator for MSU Libraries and RCPD Library Liaison. “Since the MSU Libraries have had essential staff working/scanning at the Main Library throughout COVID, we’re happy to assist RCPD with these efforts.”
Outside of the RCPD, the MSU College of Arts & Letters (CAL) has provided courses and projects related to accessibility, such as the Study Away Silicon Valley program or enrollment in the new Fall 2020 course “AL 111: Introduction to Accessibility”, while also offering a variety of direct support to departments and programs looking for information on creating accessible materials and learning experiences. For the last five years, MSU CAL has hosted the Accessible Learning Conference (ALC), a campus-wide accessibility network, providing “a forum for students, educators, community members, and leaders to connect, share knowledge, and foster innovation in accessibility in higher education.” The CAL Academic Technology office continues to work with students to generate course accessibility reviews, website creation, and more. As we move into fall, CAL will further assist with faculty on how to consider and implement accessibility in whatever modality they are teaching.
“Sometimes we know exactly what accommodations should be made if an MSU student has registered with RCPD, but often times we do not have this information,” says Kate Sonka, Assistant Director of Academic Technology at CAL. “Therefore, approaching course design, development, and delivery with accessibility in mind ensures we’re doing our best to establish a meaningful classroom space regardless of who is in our class.”
Accessibility starts with the creation of good content and benefits from a creator who approaches their work with inclusion in mind. For example, by providing a syllabus with clearly formatted text and headings, an instructor makes it easier for screen-reader users to navigate content. Or, by allowing a class to be pre-recorded and/or live-captioned, students who are deaf or hard-of-hearing can have equal access to the lecture. Ultimately the goal is to provide fluid interaction to students who rely on accessibility to ensure they have the same academic experience as their peers.
In the wake of the pandemic, moving academics and institutional services online have highlighted the need for content and interactions to be accessible to promote success for students with disabilities. More educators have learned to anticipate the diversity of needs and challenges in advance by making their course more navigable, which is a great step toward ensuring accessibility across campus. | <urn:uuid:173323af-87af-4961-b382-f6d38c8a4da0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rcpd.msu.edu/news/ability-blog/accessibility-advances-amid-covid-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.933999 | 1,329 | 2.671875 | 3 |
October Jobless Picture Beats Gloomy October 2011Tuesday, November 20, 2012
San Diego’s unemployment rate edged up a tenth of a point to 8.6 percent in October, compared to September, but down from October 2011 when it was 9.8 percent, according to the state’s Employment Development Department.
The unadjusted jobless rate for California was 9.8 percent, while the national rate was 7.5 percent for the same month.
During October the region added 8,900 jobs, with the largest number coming from the government sector with 7,000 jobs. The biggest chunk came from local education jobs.
Unemployment grew because about 5,000 more people entered the ranks of those seeking work.
Four other sectors showed increases, led by professional and business services, up 3,100; trade, transportation and utilities, up 2,600; and educational and health services, up 1,400.
Five sectors sustained losses led by leisure and hospitality, down 3,700; and accommodation and food services, down 2,600.
Over the 12 months, the region’s nonfarm employment has increased by 23,500 jobs, or 1.9 percent. The major contributors to the gains came from professional business services, up 8,100; and leisure and hospitality, up 5,100.
Two sectors showed net losses: manufacturing, down 1,900; and government, down 600.
— SDBJ Staff Report | <urn:uuid:a8a04a71-0a96-4928-a9c9-6b02c0fb62c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.sdbj.com/news/2012/nov/20/october-jobless-picture-beats-gloomy-october-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948105 | 300 | 1.71875 | 2 |
With the world oil crisis seeing peak oil having being passed, less and less barrels of oil are being extracted from the ground.
"This has hit our business hard," said David Cooper, of Cooper's Polyurethane Barrels in Nantwich. "We have seen a drop in orders for barrels from the oil industry."
In order to save their lucrative business, Cooper is looking for alternate markets for barrels.
"There's a rising need for barrels on Waterfall Tours," he said. "However, they only need a few hundred a year, so this is never going to replace the millions of barrels that the oil industry have needed in the past."
An attempt to replicate the success of the children's toy stacking cups that recently swept the country was unsuccessful, with the barrels Cooper produces deemed to large to be handled by small children, and with a tendency to collapse, crushing the child playing with them.
"We've sold a few to play grounds, though," Cooper noted. "Mainly because we cut the bottoms off and used them as tunnel components."
With a distinct lack of alternate markets, Cooper is worried for the future.
"We tried to get into the beer market," he said. "However, the cask industry has that pretty much sewn up."
Barrel manufacturers across the world are facing similar problems, with the oil industry having them over a barrel, so to speak.
"Our best hope is that we can sell a large number to the nascent raft building industry," Cooper said. "Sadly, I don't think the demand is there."
Cooper has turned to Facebook in a hope that the population on there can come up with some large scale innovative use for barrels.
"Otherwise," he said, sadly, "I fear for our industry. We may have to close our doors." | <urn:uuid:3922a8c7-c3b6-4c4b-b4e6-0ac636e5b289> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thespoof.com/spoof-news/business/113465/barrel-making-companies-looking-to-diversify | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982584 | 376 | 2 | 2 |
Jann Wenner turns 70 years young today. All of us here at The Uncool/Vinyl Films want to wish him the very best. Here’s the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame piece that Cameron wrote back when Jann was inducted in 2004.
There are some who say rock & roll, at its very core, is a temporary form. Even the earliest days of rock & roll, it was all folly, right? Passionate and cheeky melodies meant to be heard crackling over a car radio, a souvenir of a night spent dancing or making out. Every real musician or fan knew, though, that rock & roll was much deeper than that. Rock & roll was code, and just under the surface was the promise of rebellion, of a life beyond what your parents could understand. It was a secret world to smuggle into your home, shut your door and get lost in.
It took a fleet of guitarists and pianists to put that secret world together, but one man realized rock & roll needed a diary and a journal. In 1967, with borrowed money and the support of a veteran jazz journalist named Ralph J. Gleason, a twenty-year-old dropout from UC Berkeley put together a folded paper, a publication that lent a tiny bit of permanence to all that timelessly “disposable” art. And on that day, Jann Wenner took the first step on the famously long, strange trip that would lead him to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. | <urn:uuid:b1de9f4a-97a5-4c60-89c2-14e37f1a9c88> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theuncool.com/tag/cameron-crowe/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973215 | 313 | 1.664063 | 2 |
This is a guest blog by Jane Richardson, Director of the Oracle Academy in EMEA
The UK job market, and in fact the job market across all of EMEA, is in trouble. Despite a growing need by businesses across virtually all industries for IT-savvy employees, the skills young people are learning in school simply do not correspond to their needs. According a report released by the Prince’s Trust, two-thirds of companies fear a lack of skilled workers could jeopardize Britain’s economic recovery.
By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers.
This reality is particularly concerning when it comes to IT and computing. A growing number of businesses are beginning to appreciate the benefits of high-value technologies such as the cloud and big data. From local start-ups to global enterprises, companies across the board are in need of data scientists, talented coders and programmers, and app developers but are struggling to find graduates who can actually fill these roles.
For their part, many young people that have put time and effort into their studies find themselves unable to secure jobs in the digital age. As a result, the world is experiencing a significant, global IT skills gap which is only set to widen. In Europe alone nearly one million IT jobs are lying vacant, while demand for freelancers with Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) skills is surging by as much as 300 per cent around the world. This is clearly a problem that must be addressed immediately.
But why exactly is it so important that we solve this problem? In short, developing IT skills is nothing less than fundamental to the future growth of businesses. It is every bit as important as other economic levers – such as infrastructure investment – in improving the balance sheet of a country. For countries such as Greece and Spain, that have experienced slow or negative growth over the last few years, every step possible must be taken to help businesses grow. Getting the right STEM, ICT and computing skills in place is a vital first step towards encouraging job creation and future innovation.
A deep pool of IT talent is also hugely important in enabling entrepreneurs to establish start-up businesses. SMEs form the backbone of the economy. In Europe alone, SMEs form 99 per cent of all business account for two out of three private sector jobs. Having employees with the right IT and computing skills allows SMEs in every industry to utilise the latest technology bringing about cost and operational efficiencies that provide them with a competitive edge.
Furthermore, one of the hottest growth sectors in the SME space also happens to be within the technology sector, with tech hubs popping up across Europe to incubate and promote these companies. Clearly, any initial success that these tech start-ups manage to achieve will be severely curtailed if they cannot find the people they need to continue fuelling their growth. The IT skills gap is, in short, severely limiting the value technology companies will have to national economies in the future. By failing to develop graduates with the right STEM and ICT training we risk cutting off the oxygen supply to these growing organisations.
All of this raises an important question: why exactly is Europe facing such a huge skills gap in the first place? The answer lies in the fact that not enough students are taking computer science as a subject across all levels of education: primary, secondary, higher and graduate level.
At the primary and secondary school levels the main barrier to taking ICT or computing subjects at school seems to centre on the lack of awareness around how taking these subjects can lead to a variety of career paths. Female students are met with another problem: IT careers are still seen as something of a male preserve and STEM subjects as masculine ones. This year’s A-Level statistics show that the number of boys taking ICT is double the number of girls, while in computing, boys outstrip girls by nine to one. In light of this, it’s hardly surprising that the percentage of students taking ICT or computing at a secondary school level remains so low. Last year in the UK, fewer than 10,500 students sat an A-Level in ICT, and less than 4,000 sat exams in computing.
To solve this problem and encourage future generations to engage in a more digital literate future we must get students interested in STEM subjects. One way to do this is to make it clear just how many exciting and well-paid careers ICT and computing qualifications can lead to. Retailers, investment banks, fashion designers and production studios are just some of the businesses who need cloud computing-architects, big data experts, developers, computer games programmers, and animation coders who can contribute to their success.
For the current generation of students and graduates, a great deal of opportunity lies in gaining skills that will allow them to work in any industry. Of course, it will fall to governments and educators to take heed of the growing role of IT in business and place computer science at the heart of their curricula. Together we need to build a ladder of skills that will get students of all ages interested in computing, programming and coding and enable them to become the digitally literate experts that are so important to our future.
The Skills Crunch: up-skilling the workforce of the future, The Prince’s Trust and HSBC, 2014 | <urn:uuid:07705b79-9db6-4e8f-82ec-8af5e3fe602c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.computerweekly.com/blog/ITWorks/The-IT-skills-imperative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719566.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00262-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953573 | 1,095 | 2.171875 | 2 |
You Won’t Believe How Easy It Is To Detect Early Alzheimer’s Disease!
Alzheimer’s disease is an aggressive type of brain disease in which an individual eventually loses their ability to retain anymore memory, or loses most of their memory. Such disease often develops with the elderly. It is a terrible thing to have lived all your life, made beautiful memories, just to have them washed off by this malignant disease.
Thanks to researchers like Jennifer Stamps, there is now a way to detect and confirm a diagnosis of an early stage of the disease. Stamps, along with student in the UF McKnight Brain Institute Center for Smell and Taste, reported to have found a correlation between the sense of smell and Alzheimer’s disease.
They found that the first cranial nerve is associated with the ability to smell. The sense of smell is one of the first things to be affected by the cognitive delcine that Alzheimer’s brings. | <urn:uuid:6d477fd1-584c-44f7-8569-edfe926ec31c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://godfruits.tv/simple-test-reveals-alzheimers-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00550-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958123 | 200 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Publisher: Scholar's Choice (February 15, 2015)
Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub
Size: 8.5 MB
Downloadable formats: PDF
This paintings has been chosen via students as being culturally vital, and is a part of the information base of civilization as we all know it. This paintings was once reproduced from the unique artifact, and continues to be as precise to the unique paintings as attainable. as a result, one can find the unique copyright references, library stamps (as each one of these works were housed in our most crucial libraries round the world), and different notations within the paintings. This paintings is within the public area within the usa, and doubtless different international locations. in the usa, you could freely reproduction and distribute this paintings, as no entity (individual or company) has a copyright at the physique of the work.As a duplicate of a old artifact, this paintings may perhaps include lacking or blurred pages, bad photographs, errant marks, and so on. students think, and we concur, that this paintings is critical adequate to be preserved, reproduced, and made in general on hand to the general public. We take pleasure in your aid of the renovation strategy, and thanks for being a big a part of holding this data alive and appropriate.
Download Many Pebbles to Make a Difference: Inspiring Ways You Can Improve Children's Lives by Making Connections: Multiculturalism and Peace: For Teachers, ... Parents and All Who Work with Children audio | <urn:uuid:58103544-b7dd-4280-9a02-1298ddeb110c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://tourisme-handicaps.org/library/perpetual-peace-a-philosophic-essay-scholars-choice-edition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00054-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948268 | 305 | 2.8125 | 3 |
4.99 In Stock
What causes thunder and lightning? How do different clouds form? What makes a tornado twist? Kids will discover the answers to these questions and more in this colorful, photo-packed book. In this inviting and entertaining format, kids will discover what causes the weather they experience every day. This level 1 reader is written in an easy-to-grasp style to encourage the meteorologists of tomorrow!
Related collections and offers
About the Author
In her 16 years of writing for young readers, KRISTIN BAIRD RATTINI has explored subjects ranging from Star Wars to Stonehenge, from funny money facts to amazing animal pals. She's a frequent contributor to National Geographic Kids magazine. | <urn:uuid:024027e4-a8a5-465d-b89e-8b10d247f4cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/weather-kristin-baird-rattini/1123056383 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.897361 | 148 | 2.765625 | 3 |
November 25, 2014
Clifford Shearing is a Professor in the Institute for Humanities in Africa (HUMA), Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town, and Professor in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, at Griffith University, Australia. He was previously Chair of Criminology and Director of the Centre of Criminology in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town. Professor Shearing has made many contributions to policy development for security strategy. He obtained a PhD in Sociology from the University of Toronto in 1977.
He is presently an advisor to the Government of the Western Cape on reshaping security governance in the Province and a member of the South African National Government’s Civilian Police Secretariat. Professor Shearing is an established scholar in the field of policing and security. His research and writing has focused on the development of theoretical understandings that can be used to enhance the quality of security and justice governance. A particular focus of his work has been contributing to the development of institutions and processes that improve the ability of poor collectivities to both direct and add value to their security and justice. He is currently undertaking research on environmental security.
Currently, Professor Shearing is participating in development of the security government proposals for the South African National Development Plan. In 2008, he was a member of the editorial panel that contributed to the South African National Science Plan developed as part of the Global Change Grand Challenge and he was also a member of the Jamaica Constabulary Force Strategic Review Panel. From 2003 until 2006 he directed a project an Australian Research Council Supported Project on nexus policing. In 2000, he led a project on community based security governance arrangements in Argentina supported by the Canadian government. Professor Shearing has also contributed to the development of a policing strategy with the Canadian Law Commission, and was a member of the Goldstone Commission Panel (established to develop strategies for policing South Africa’s first democratic elections), and from 1999-1999 had policy involvement as a Member of the Patten Commission (the Independent Commission on Policing in Northern Ireland).
He has published numerous accredited journal articles, book chapters and books. | <urn:uuid:97e80b79-b937-4263-8a0e-522eed200c89> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cca-cac.flywheelsites.com/experts/clifford-shearing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.971885 | 431 | 1.554688 | 2 |
New South Wales–South Australia
|Length||1,898 km (1,179 mi)|
|Route number(s)||See Route allocation|
|Major settlements||Wollongong, Batemans Bay, Orbost, Sale, Melbourne, Geelong, Warrnambool, Mount Gambier, Robe, Tailem Bend, Murray Bridge, Crafers, Adelaide, Port Wakefield|
|Highways in Australia
National Highway • Freeways in Australia
Highways in New South Wales
Highways in Victoria
Highways in South Australia
The Princes Highway is a major road in Australia, extending from Sydney to Port Augusta via the coast through the states of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. It has a length of 1,941 kilometres (1,206 mi) (along Highway 1) or 1,898 kilometres (1,179 mi) via the former alignments of the highway, although these routes are slower and connections to the bypassed sections of the original route are poor in many cases.
The highway follows the coastline for most of its length, and thus takes quite an indirect and lengthy route. For example, it is 1,040 kilometres (650 mi) from Sydney to Melbourne on Highway 1 as opposed to 870 kilometres (540 mi) on the more direct Hume Highway (National Highway 31), and 915 kilometres (569 mi) from Melbourne to Adelaide compared to 730 kilometres (450 mi) on the Western and Dukes Highways (National Highway 8). Because of the rural nature and lower traffic volumes over much of its length, the Princes Highway is a more scenic and leisurely route than the main highways between these major cities.
Sections of the Princes Highway have different route allocations. These allocations, from its northern terminus in Sydney to its western terminus in Port Augusta, are:
|Road name(s)||Start point||End point||Distance||Cumulative
|A36||City Road; King Street; Princes Highway||Broadway||Junction with President Avenue, Kogarah||11.3||7.0||11.3||7.0|||
|A1||Princes Highway||Junction with President Avenue, Kogarah||South of Waterfall, with exit as the Princes Highway to Helensburgh||27.8||17.3||39.1||24.3|||
|undesignated||Princes Highway (superseded route)||South of Waterfall||Maddens Plains||20.9||13.0||60||37|||
|B65||Princes Highway (superseded route)||Junction with Lawrence Hargrave Drive, Thirroul||Junction with Memorial Drive, Bulli||2.9||1.8||62.9||39.1|||
|undesignated||Princes Highway (superseded route)||Junction with Memorial Drive, Bulli||Haywards Bay||33.6||20.9||96.5||60.0|||
|M1||Princes Motorway||South of Waterfall||North of Albion Park Rail; junction with the Illawarra Highway||55.3||34.4||94.4||58.7|||
|A1||Princes Highway||North of Albion Park Rail||Black-Allan Line, NSW/Victorian border||422||262||516.4||320.9|||
|A1||Princes Highway||Victorian/NSW border||Traralgon|
|A1||Princes Highway||Geelong||Victorian/South Australian border|
|A1||Princes Highway||South Australian/Victorian border||Mount Gambier|
|B1||Princes Highway||Mount Gambier||Tailem Bend|
|A1||Princes Highway||Tailem Bend||Port Augusta|
In 2013, New South Wales introduced a new alphanumeric route numbering system, replacing the former system of national and state routes. The Princes Highway formerly entered Wollongong as State Route 60 down the Bulli Pass and ran a largely separate route from Bulli and Thirroul through to the southern suburbs from the parallel Princes Motorway, the later of which bears the 'M1' route designation. The gazetted route of the Princes Highway differs from the route of State Route 60 (and from that shown on road signs). The gazetted route was designated State Route 60 for its length, but deviated from the road that is signposted as the Princes Highway between Bellambi and North Wollongong (part of Memorial Drive).
The section of the Princes Highway between West Helensburgh and Bulli Tops the original coastal route between Sydney and Wollongong, first used in 1843. From Bulli Tops this route continued south along today's Mount Ousley Road as far south as Mount Keira Road, and then followed Mount Keira Road around the west of Mount Keira. This route replaced the inland route from Sydney via Liverpool, Campbelltown, Appin to Bulli Tops.
The Princes Highway as a named route came into being when pre-existing roads were renamed ‘Prince's Highway’ after the visit to Australia in 1920 of the Prince of Wales (later to become King Edward VIII and, after abdicating, the Duke of Windsor).
The original submissions in January 1920 were in order for the Prince to have the opportunity during his visit to make the trip from Melbourne to Sydney overland along the route. Different routes were considered, including the inland route via Yass. This idea never came to fruition, due partly to the limited amount of time and the cost to construct the road to a suitable standard for him to undertake the trip. The Prince did, however, give his permission for the naming.
The highway had opening ceremonies in both New South Wales and Victoria during 1920. The first section of road from Melbourne was opened on 10 August in Warragul. The road from Sydney was opened on 19 October in Bulli, by the NSW Minister for Local Government, Thomas Mutch.
The approval was given by the Victorian executive to extend the highway west from Melbourne through Geelong, Camperdown, Warrnambool and Portland to the South Australian border in January 1922. The roads were renamed by the South Australian government from Adelaide east to the South Australian border in February 1922. At that time, the route from Adelaide was via Aldgate, Mylor, Macclesfield, Strathalbyn, Langhorne Creek, crossing the Murray River at Wellington, then continuing along the present towns of Meningie, Kingston SE, Robe, Beachport, Millicent and Gambier Town (Mount Gambier). By 1928, the route went through Mount Barker and Wistow to Lanhorne Creek. By 1935, the Princes Highway passed through Nairne and Kanmantoo, Murray Bridge and Tailem Bend (now known as the Old Princes Highway). This road was superseded by the South Eastern Freeway (Crafers-Murray Bridge in stages 1967-1979), Swanport Bridge (1979) and finally the South Eastern Freeway was extended from Crafers to Glen Osmond (2000).
In August 2011, the stretch of the highway in South Australia between Port Wakefield and Port Augusta (commonly referred to as "Highway 1") was renamed Augusta Highway as part of a process to standardise the rural property addressing system across the state.
Timeline of significant upgrades and bypasses
|1959–1963||North–South Motorway (Pacific Motorway)||NSW||From North Wollongong to West Wollongong, the Motorway was opened in stages, replacing Princes Highway as main north-south route|||
|1961||Maltby By-pass Road (Werribee bypass)||VIC||10.5||6.5||A£950,000||Opened on 16 June 1961 by the Hon. Sir Thomas Maltby ED, MP, Minister of Public Works, the route was named the ‘Maltby By-pass Road’ by then Premier of Victoria, Henry Bolte MP. It was Victoria's first controlled-access highway, or ‘freeway’, as such roads are now generally known in Victoria. ‘It is a 4-lane divided highway, 6.5 miles in route length, with no access from adjoining property or cross roads over its entire length’.|||
|1964||Connector road||NSW||The road, from Mount Ousley Road to the North–South Motorway at Gwynneville, was opened to traffic.|||
|1967||Princes Highway East, near Mount Drummer||VIC||8.9||5.5||A ceremony, sponsored by Orbost Shire Council, at Genoa, was held on 17 January 1967.|||
|1967||South Eastern Freeway (Stage 1)||SA||Bypassed Crafers and Stirling.|||
|1969||Moe bypass||VIC||6.1||3.8||‘A single 24 ft. Carriageway has been provided, with earthworks and grade separated structures which can accommodate future duplicate pavements’.|||
|1972||Haunted Hills section||VIC||4.2||2.6||Second carriageway opened between Gunn's Gully and Hernes Oak.|||
|1973||Road duplication||VIC||6.4||4||Dual carriageway from East Warrnambool to Allansford.|||
|1975||NSW||Princes Highway from Waterfall to Bulli Tops, superseded by the opening of Southern Freeway.|||
|1976||Snowy River Bridge, Princes Freeway, Orbost||VIC||8.4||5.2||A$2.4 million||Opened by the Hon. J A Rafferty, Minister for Transport, 25 November 1976. The bridge was the first of four bridges to be built as part of the freeway bypass of Orbost.
It's interesting to note the reference to a ‘freeway’, given that the entire bypass is a single two-lane carriageway and is not controlled access. The CRB's own definition of a freeway can be found in most of their annual reports dating back to the 1960s: ‘A freeway is a road having dual carriageways with no direct access from adjoining properties and side roads. All crossings of a freeway are by means of overpass or underpass bridges, and traffic enters or leaves the freeway carriageways by means of carefully designed ramps’.
|1979||Swanport Bridge||SA||Completed the South Eastern Freeway to bypass Murray Bridge.|||
|1981||Drouin bypass||VIC||7||4.3||A$12 million||From Robin Hood to the ‘existing’ highway east of Drouin, with ‘two lanes each direction, plus emergency stopping lanes’. Opened 12 February 1981, by the Hon. J C M Balfour, MP.|||
|1983||Berwick bypass||VIC||7.3||4.5||A$19.6 million||Opened on 14 December 1983 by the Federal Minister for Transport, the Hon. Peter Morris MP, and the Victorian Assistant Minister of Transport, the Hon. Jack Simpson MP. This road bypass was from the Princes Highway, near Hessle Road, to Pink Hill, Beaconsfield.|||
|1987||Road duplication||VIC||9||5.6||A$16 million||Nar Nar Goon to Garfield duplication opened 10 April 1987.|||
|1989||Road duplication||VIC||Garfield to Bunyip River duplication completed in June 1989.|||
|1992||Morwell bypass||VIC||Bypass opened to traffic in April 1992.|||
|1994||Longwarry section duplication||VIC||7.8||4.8||A$25 million||Duplication completed between Bunyip River and Robin Hood in January 1994.|||
|1995||Road duplication||VIC||Duplicated section between Trafalgar East to Moe opened in August 1995.|||
|1997||Road duplication||VIC||7||4.3||Yarragon to Trafalgar duplication opened to traffic on 2 May 1997, completing a dual carriageway highway from Melbourne to Traralgon.|||
|2000||Heysen Tunnels||SA||The tunnel replaced Mount Barker Road (through Eagle On The Hill), extending the Adelaide end of South Eastern Freeway from Crafers to Glen Osmond.|||
|2002||Oak Flats Interchange||NSW||The project was opened on 29 October 2001. The interchange was designed to significantly improve traffic flow around the Albion Park/Oak Flats section of the Princes Highway by removing a railway level crossing and nearby traffic signals. ‘The interchange also connects with Shellharbour City Council's East-West Link Road’.|||
|2005||Kiama bypass||NSW||A$179 million||Opened to traffic on 28 November 2005. The North Kiama Bypass linked the Kiama Bypass in the south and the Princes Highway near Dunmore in the north.|||
|2007||Pakenham bypass||VIC||20||12||A$242 million||Opened to traffic in December 2007, funded jointly by the state and federal governments.|||
|2008||Geelong Ring Road||VIC||Corio to Hamilton Highway, Fyansford opened 14 December 2008.|||
|2009||Geelong Ring Road||VIC||A$380 million||Hamilton Highway, Fyansford to Waurn Ponds opened 14 June 2009, six months ahead of schedule. The project from Corio to Waurn Ponds was funded jointly by the state and federal governments.|||
|2009||Road duplication||NSW||A$108 million||Oak Flats to Dunmore dual carriageways opened to traffic in October 2009, completing a four-lane route between Sydney and south of Kiama.|||
|2013||Geelong Ring Road||VIC||Anglesea Road to Princes Highway opened to traffic in February 2013.|||
|2013||Road duplication||VIC||4||2.5||Wurruk to Sale duplication opened June 2013.|||
|2015||Road duplication||VIC||30||19||From Waurn Ponds to Winchelsea.|||
|Bulli Pass upgrade||1.1||0.68||In planning|||
|Albion Park bypass||In planning|||
|Oak Flats to Dunmore upgrade||June 2007||October 2009||$108 million||Complete|||
|North Kiama bypass||7.6||4.7||November 2003||October 2005||$141 million||Complete|||
|Kiama On and Off Ramps (Northbound and Southbound)||2008/2009||$8 million||Complete|||
|Gerringong upgrade||7.5||4.7||July 2012||August 2015||$340 million||Complete|||
|Foxground and Berry bypass||11.6||7.2||January 2015||Mid 2018||$580 million||Under construction|||
|Berry to Bomaderry upgrade||11.5||7.1||In planning|||
|Nowra Bridge study (southbound)||In planning|||
|South Nowra upgrade – Kingorne Street to Forest Road||6.3||3.9||November 2011||March 2014||$62 million||Complete|||
|Forest Road to Jervis Bay Road||23.5||14.6||December 2008||$23.5 million||Complete|||
|Conjola Mountain realignment||2.3||1.4||September 2008||April 2010||$58 million||Complete|||
|Burrill Lake Bridge replacement||Early 2018||$58 million||Under construction|||
|Termeil Creek realignment||1.6||0.99||February 2015||Mid 2016||$21 million||Under construction|||
|Nangudga Bridge replacement||December 2011||$3.7 million||Complete|||
|Victoria Creek upgrade||3.2||2.0||June 2011||March 2013||$35 million||Complete|||
|Dignams Creek upgrade||In planning|||
|Bega bypass||3.6||2.2||June 2012||December 2013||$55 million||Complete|||
|Pambula River Bridge replacement||3.5||2.2||August 2006||March 2008||$17 million||Complete|||
New South Wales
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
The Princes Highway starts at the junction of Broadway (Great Western Highway) and City Road in the Sydney suburb of Chippendale. City Road in fact forms the first section of the highway, and becomes King Street, Newtown, also part of the Princes Highway. Where King Street ends at Sydney Park Road, the Princes Highway continues in its own right.
The highway in this section is constructed as a six-lane divided carriageway, other than along King Street (four-lane undivided) and along the western edge of the Royal National Park, where it is built as four-lane dual carriageway.. The only major engineering structures along its route are the twin Tom Uglys Bridge across Georges River. The northbound bridge is of steel truss construction, opened in 1929, whilst the southbound bridge is of prestressed concrete girders, opened in 1987.
South of Waterfall the highway is paralleled by the 55-kilometre (34 mi) Princes Motorway (national route M1) to the top of Bulli Pass outside the city of Wollongong, which carries the majority of traffic. The Princes Highway then enters the northern suburbs of Wollongong and the Illawarra region via the Bulli Pass, whilst Mount Ousley Road, which is designated as part of national route 1, bypasses Wollongong's northern suburbs to meet the Princes Highway at Fairy Meadow, and carries inter-city traffic. Where Mount Ousley Road enters Wollongong, the Princes Motorway branches off Mount Ousley Road, and parallels the highway through the suburbs of Wollongong to Yallah. The Mount Ousley Road-Princes Motorway route is the inter-city and main urban arterial through Wollongong's southern suburbs, whereas the Princes Highway acts as a local arterial.
From the southern end of the Princes Motorway at Yallah, the Princes Highway is dual carriageway, mostly to freeway standard, to Kiama Heightsall, with the exception of the 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) section from the Illawarra Highway to Tongarra Road in Albion Park Rail, which is four lane undivided. Beyond Kiama Heights, 120 kilometres (75 mi) south of Sydney, the highway is single two lane carriageway to Cambewarra Road, Bomaderry. Design and preparation works are underway[when?] for the duplication of the highway from Kiama Heights to Cambewarra Road. This duplication is intended to include a bypass of Berry, but adheres to the extremely hilly route from the southern end of the Gerringong bypass to Berry, rather than the flat terrain immediately to the east, which the Illawarra railway line follows.
From Cambewarra Road the highway is four lane divided through Bomaderry and Nowra to near the junction with Warra Warra Road in South Nowra. Duplication to dual carriageway standard of a 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) length south from here to Forest Road was scheduled for completion in early 2014, following a three-month cessation of work while measures were put in place to protect a hitherto unknown area of habitat of the endangered green and golden bell frog. Beyond this section is 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) of four lane single carriageway from Forest Road to the junction with Jervis Bay Road.
From Jervis Bay Road southward the highway is mostly single two lane carriageway along the NSW South Coast, passing through Ulladulla, Batemans Bay (where the 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) town centre bypass is built as dual carriageway), Moruya, Narooma, then bypassing Bega and Merimbula and passing through Eden, before crossing the border at the Black-Allen Line into Victoria, 550 kilometres (340 mi) from Sydney and 515 kilometres (320 mi) from Melbourne.
A substandard alignment at Victoria Creek 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) south of Narooma was upgraded in 2012-13, as well as the 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) Bega bypass. Realignments with associated new bridges are also proposed at Termeil Creek, some 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Ulladulla, and Dignams Creek, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Narooma. Current identified future projects are a bypass of Nowra-Bomaderry (definite route identified only for section south of Shoalhaven River), and a bypass of Ulladulla-Milton.
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
In Victoria, the Princes Highway follows a very long and complex route. The route within Metropolitan Melbourne carries the original individual names of sections of the Princes Highway (on signage, each road section has "Princes Highway" in bold and then the individual name in brackets, such as "(Dandenong Road)" or "(Geelong Road)").
Apart from the routes "National Alternative Route 1", "C101" and "C109" (in the outer metropolitan areas – such as Berwick and Werribee), the M1 Freeway route intersects (Monash Freeway/CityLink/West Gate Freeway/Princes Freeway) and this carries the much higher volume of traffic, including congestion in the peak periods, serving as the major, most direct and quickest route for the "1" route in Australia.
In Victoria, the length from the South Australian border to the New South Wales border is 955 kilometres (593 mi); the highway passes (from east to west, from the border with New South Wales) through Orbost, Bairnsdale and Sale in the Gippsland region. The highway then passes through the Latrobe Valley, and from here the highway continues west, bypassing Morwell, Warragul and Pakenham to Dandenong and into the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Most of this section is to freeway standard, with the main outstanding work being the freeway bypass of Traralgon, although the highway through Traralgon has already been built to urban dual carriageway standard.
As the road passes through Melbourne, it first follows the route of Lonsdale Street (through Dandenong), then Dandenong Road to St Kilda, and Queens Road through Albert Park (this section of highway is shown in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as part of the F14 freeway corridor). Closer to Melbourne city centre, it follows the route of Kings Way, and then King Street through central Melbourne. It then follows Curzon Street after leaving the central business district to enter North Melbourne, and then follows Flemington Road northwest from Curzon Street, then Racecourse Road, Smithfield Road and Ballarat Road, in that order, before it starts again as Geelong Road where Geelong Road branches southwest off Ballarat Road, and Ballarat Road leads onto the Western Freeway. This reason for this confusing naming of the highway through Melbourne is that it follows streets and roads which were already named when the highway was named in 1920 and which were not renamed.
As mentioned above, through much of Melbourne and its suburbs, the route of National Route 1 is not the Princes Highway, but rather the Monash Freeway, which intersects the Princes Highway on the eastern outskirts of Melbourne, and then the West Gate Freeway which bypasses central Melbourne. These two freeways have been linked by the southern link of the CityLink tollway. This avoids the confusing and congested arrangement of roads that is the Princes Highway in central Melbourne. The M1'carries an advanced and compiles 'Freeway Management System' for its entire 75 kilometres (47 mi) urban length, between Narre Warren and Werribee. Along with freeway sensors and associated data stations, overhead LUMS gantries which show speed and lane availability, electronic message boards, real-time drive time signs and arterial road real-time Information signs (before the on-ramps); there are the 64+ Ramp Signal/Metering sites. Hence, the majority of the on-ramps are traffic light controlled, depending on the density and speed of the traffic.
Heading towards Geelong in a south-west direction, the West Gate Freeway and Geelong Road join together in a junction to become the Princes Freeway, which, unusually for an Australian inter-city freeway, carries enough traffic to merit four to three lanes in either direction (often still being congested in the morning and afternoon peaks). On the northern outskirts of Geelong, the highway reverts from freeway to three lane dual carriageway through Geelong and its suburbs, with traffic light-controlled at-grade intersections. Through Geelong the highway is often heavily congested.
With the completion (2008-2009) of the freeway standard Geelong Ring Road, the M1 route follows the freeway-standard road from Winchelsea to Traralgon, without encountering any traffic lights (with the exception of Yarragon and Trafalgar, which are yet to be bypassed). The ring road rejoins the original highway at Waurn Ponds on the western edge of Geelong.
Within Geelong, the Princes Highway starts at the junction of Princes Freeway in the northern Geelong suburb of Corio, and runs along Geelong's northern and southern suburbs via the inner-city western bypass of the Geelong City Centre, to the current Highway 1 segment of the Princes Highway at Waurn Ponds in Geelong's southern suburbs. The highway is six lane dual carriageway from Corio to Latrobe Terrace, continuing as a four-lane dual carriageway to Waurn Ponds. The 1989 re-alignment of the Princes Highway (as La Trobe Terrace) provides a dual carriageway, fout-lane limited access road to replace the original route along Moorabool Street in South Geelong and High Street in Belmont. Upon the completion of the final section of the Geelong Ring Road, another section of the Princes Highway was superseded in 2013 at Waurn Ponds.
After Geelong the highway heads in a generally western direction, continuing with the 'M1' designation as a dual carriageway road to Winchelsea (opened 2015). West of Winchelsea, it is being reconstructed to dual carriageway standard, passing through Colac, before reaching Camperdown -ultimately reaching the port of Warrnambool. The section from Geelong to Warrnambool runs inland, and so avoids the slower, but scenic Great Ocean Road. From here, the Princes Highway passes through Portland before crossing the border into South Australia. At this point the highway is 1,530 kilometres (950 mi) from Sydney, 465 kilometres (289 mi) from Melbourne and 510 kilometres (320 mi) from Adelaide.
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
At Mount Gambier the highway takes a more northward tack as the coast curves to the northwest, passing the Coorong National Park. After Robe, it turns inland (north) to avoid the lakes at the mouth of the River Murray. Shortly before Tailem Bend it is joined by the Dukes Highway, part of the main route between Melbourne and Adelaide. The highway then turns north-west and becomes the South Eastern Freeway, crosses the Murray River, bypasses Murray Bridge and continues to Glen Osmond on Adelaide's southeastern outskirts.
At this point the Princes Highway is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Adelaide and 2,055 kilometres (1,277 mi) from Sydney. It continues north-west via Glen Osmond Road to Adelaide city centre, where it runs west along South Terrace then turns north along King William Street through the city centre and then follows Main North Road to Port Wakefield Road where it rejoins the coast. From Port Wakefield it continues as the Augusta Highway, and follows the coast, skirting Port Pirie to continue on to Port Augusta, where it terminates at the intersection of the Eyre Highway and Stuart Highway.
- Highway 1 (Australia)
- Highway 1 (South Australia)
- Highways in Australia
- Highways in Victoria
- List of highways in New South Wales
- List of highways in South Australia
- "2-6 City Road, Chippendale NSW 2008 to President Avenue, Kogarah NSW 2217". Google Maps. Google. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "President Avenue, Kogarah NSW 2217 to Princes Highway & A1 & M1 & Princes Motorway, New South Wales". Google Maps. Google. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Princes Motorway & Princes Highway & M1 & A1, New South Wales to Princes Motorway & Princes Highway & M1 & Lookout Walking Track, Maddens Plains NSW 2508". Google Maps. Google. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "136 Princes Highway, Thirroul NSW 2515 to 310 Princes Highway, Bulli NSW 2516". Google Maps. Google. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Lawrence Hargrave Drive, Thirroul, Wollongong, New South Wales to Haywards Bay, New South Wales". MyNRMA Trip Planner. NRMA. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Princes Highway & A1 & M1 & Princes Motorway, New South Wales to 3-5 Princes Highway, Albion Park Rail NSW 2527". Google Maps. Google. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "3-5 Princes Highway, Albion Park Rail NSW 2527 to Border Firetrail, New South Wales". Google Maps. Google. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- Roads and Maritime Services (26 November 2012). "Alpha-numeric route numbers – Road Projects – Roads and Maritime Services". Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- Spatial Information Exchange, New South Wales Land and Property Information, retrieved 8 September 2011
- Schedule of Classified Roads and State & Regional Roads (PDF), Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales, 31 January 2011, retrieved 8 September 2011
- "Roads and Traffic Authority" (PDF), Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales, Government of New South Wales, 189, p. 9185, 25 October 2002, retrieved 8 September 2011
- "MELBOURNE-SYDNEY ROAD.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 24 January 1920. p. 18. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- "PRINCE'S HIGHWAY.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 11 August 1920. p. 9. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- "PRINCE'S HIGHWAY.". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 20 October 1920. p. 12. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- "PRINCE'S HIGHWAY.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 25 January 1922. p. 12. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- "THE PRINCE'S HIGHWAY.". The Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 10 February 1922. p. 6. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- "PRINCE'S HIGHWAY.". The News. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 18 October 1924. p. 9 Edition: Sporting Edition. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- "SOUTH-EASTERN DISTRICT COUNCILS' ASSOCIATION.". The Narracoorte Herald. SA: National Library of Australia. 28 August 1928. p. 4. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- "519 Men Engaged On Road Work.". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 20 June 1935. p. 10. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- "Highways renamed in SA". Logistics, Trucking and Transport News – Prime Mover Magazine. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- Country Roads Board Victoria. Forty-eighth annual report for the year ended 30th June, 1961, Melbourne, Victoria: Government Printer, 1961. p. 20.
- Country Roads Board Victoria. Fifty-Fourth Annual Report: for the year ended 30th June, 1967, Burwood, Victoria: Brown, Prior, Anderson, 1968. p. 13
- Country Roads Board Victoria. Fifty-Sixth Annual Report: for the year ended 30th June, 1969, Burwood, Victoria: Brown, Prior, Anderson, 1970. p. 5, 10
- Country Roads Board Victoria. Fifty-Ninth Report: for the year ended 30th June, 1972, Burwood, Victoria: Brown, Prior, Anderson, 1972. p. 9
- Country Roads Board Victoria. Sixtieth Annual Report: for the year ended 30th June, 1973, Burwood, Victoria: Brown, Prior, Anderson, 1973. p. 7
- Country Roads Board Victoria. Sixty-Fourth Annual Report: for the year ended 30th June, 1977, Burwood, Victoria: Brown, Prior, Anderson, 1977. p. 7
- Country Roads Board Victoria. 69th Annual Report. 1981-1982, Kew, Victoria: Country Roads Board Victoria, 1982. p. 24
- Country Roads Board Victoria. 68th Annual Report. 1980-1981, Kew, Victoria: Country Roads Board Victoria, 1981. p. 10
- Road Construction Authority Victoria, 1st Annual Report 1983-84, Kew, Victoria: Road Construction Authority, Victoria, 1984. p. 10
- Road Construction Authority Victoria, Annual Report 1986-87, Kew, Victoria: Road Construction Authority, Victoria, 1987. p. 64
- Road Construction Authority Victoria, Annual Report 1988-1989, Kew, Victoria: Road Construction Authority, Victoria, 1989. p. 45
- VicRoads. VicRoads Annual Report 1992-93, Kew, Victoria: VicRoads, 1993, p. 43
- VicRoads. VicRoads Annual Report 1993-94, Kew, Victoria: VicRoads, 1994, p. 15
- VicRoads. VicRoads Annual Report 1995-96, Kew, Victoria: VicRoads, 1996, p. 15
- VicRoads. VicRoads Annual Report 1996-97, Kew, Victoria: VicRoads, 1997, p. 16
- Roads and Traffic Authority NSW. Annual report 2002, Sydney, New South Wales: RTA, 2002. p. 38
- Roads and Traffic Authority NSW. Annual report 2006, Sydney, New South Wales: RTA, 2006. p. 26
- VicRoads. VicRoads Annual Report 2007-08, Kew, Victoria: VicRoads, 2008, p. 35
- VicRoads. VicRoads Annual Report 2008-09. Kew, Victoria: VicRoads, 2009, p. 43
- Roads and Traffic Authority NSW. Annual report 2009-10, Sydney, New South Wales: RTA, 2010. p. 26
- VicRoads. Annual Report 2012-13, Kew, Victoria: VicRoads, 2013, p. 20
- "Princes Highway upgrades". Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. February 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Oak Flats to Dunmore Realignment". Cordell Construction Projects.
- "North Kiama By-pass". Princes Highway Priority Projects. Princes Highway Taskforce. 27 August 2004. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Gerringong upgrade" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. June 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "A1 Princes Highway / M1 Princes Motorway upgrades" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. May 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Foxground and Berry bypass". Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales.
- "Project Update" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales.
- Arnold, Alex (3 November 2014). "Berry bypass on way as homes demolished". Illawarra Mercury. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Berry to Bomaderry Upgrade". Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales.
- "South Nowra Upgrade". Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales.
- "Works begins on Princes Highway duplication". GWN 7.
- "It's official – highway is open". South Coast Register. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Princes Highway safety upgrade now complete". Anthony Albanese MP.
- "Conjola Mountain Realignment" (PDF). BMD Constructions.
- "Burrill Lake Birdge". Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales.
- "Termeil Creek upgrade". Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales.
- "Princes Highway Upgrade:Victoria Creek". Seymour White Constructions. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Bega Bypass". GHD.[dead link]
- "Bega Bypass". Mikon. 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "New Pambula River bridge set for construction". ABC News. Australia. 23 June 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- "Work to restart at South Nowra" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services (Press release). 22 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
Work was suspended in November 2011 and since then Roads & Maritime Services has been working to ensure the frogs are protected while the work is carried out, NSW Roads Minister Duncan Gay said.
- "Princes Highway ignored by NSW govt: NRMA". ABC News. Australia. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
NRMA managing director Alan Evans says the highway is one of the most dangerous in the state and he is disappointed that it has been ignored.
- "Road traffic crashes in New South Wales: Statistical Statement for the year ended 31 December 2006" (PDF). Crash statistics. New South Wales Road Traffic Authority. 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2008. (see Table 25: pages 58-59)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princes Highway.| | <urn:uuid:fd05407d-2f3b-48e9-aa4e-e09a71de5101> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Highway | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00302-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891212 | 8,290 | 1.984375 | 2 |
A rough majority of people in germany would approve of penalties for disobeying distance rules or wearing masks at demonstrations, according to a survey. 77 percent were in favor in a yougov poll published on tuesday.
14 percent reject punishment. The strongest support comes from green voters (87 percent), the lowest from afd voters (45 percent). Meanwhile, the parliamentary secretary of state in the federal ministry of the interior, stephan mayer, called for a more restrictive approach to permits for gatherings, if necessary. Freedom of assembly and freedom of expression are "fundamental rights guaranteed to all citizens," the CSU politician wrote in a guest article for the newspaper rhein-neckar-zeitung. "But only to the extent that the rights of third parties or public safety are not significantly violated".
Thousands took to the streets in berlin on saturday against government restrictions to contain the corona pandemic. According to police estimates, up to 17,000 people took part in a demonstration.000 people. About 20.000 people attended a rally afterwards. Because many demonstrators neither observed distance rules nor wore masks, the police broke up the rally. The protests in berlin triggered a debate on how to deal with violations and the right to demonstrate.
Monitoring compliance with hygiene rules must continue to be a top priority, mayer further wrote. "It is up to the state authorities to decide to what extent the restrictions need to be tightened and to what extent, based on the negative experience of the weekend’s demonstrations, more restrictive decisions will have to be made in the future when approving gatherings," mayer wrote.
The deputy chairman of the police union, jorg radek, also demanded that the approval of such demonstrations be scrutinized more closely. "The authorities must be more sensitive when it comes to approving such demonstrations," radek told the "augsburger allgemeine" (tuesday). The politicians have to set guidelines for this.
Federal justice minister christine lambrecht rejected calls for such protest events to be banned from the outset, if necessary. "I think it is very important that demonstrations can take place again and that people can freely and openly express their opinions there, also on the current corona policy of the federal government," the SPD politician told "spiegel". She called the deliberate violation of corona regulations "deplorable and unacceptable". Here, the rules of local authorities had to be applied consistently, "regardless of the goal of the demonstration in question.".
Berlin’s interior senator andreas geisel told the news magazine that fundamental rights should only be restricted for a limited period of time and with good cause. "In berlin, all corona traffic lights are still on the ground. It is difficult to justify new bans. We will, however, consistently enforce the conditions and regulations for demonstrations," the SPD politician assured. Rhineland-palatinate’s interior minister and SPD state leader roger lewentz told the "spiegel": "we have sufficient means to break up gatherings that go off the rails."A tightening is not necessary.
Baden-wurttemberg’s interior minister thomas strobl recalled that in stuttgart, the assembly authorities had limited the number of participants in a demonstration against corona pickups. "The right of assembly offers the instruments – now you have to make consistent use of them," the CDU politician told the news magazine.
Thuringia’s minister president bodo ramelow (left) called for a more consistent approach to offences against corona seizures during demonstrations like the one on saturday. "The right of assembly is far too high a good to be restricted. But the logic of german assembly law is to enforce that the organizer fulfills the conditions imposed for the assembly," ramelow told the "rheinische post" (tuesday). "At the moment when the conditions were not respected, the organizer had to take responsibility for it."
Grunen federal manager michael kellner described the behavior of the demonstrators in berlin as "dangerous to the public". "In view of the virus, assembly authorities must adapt bans and restrictions accordingly in the current situation and take decisive action if they are broken," kellner told the redaktionsnetzwerk deutschland (RND/tuesday).
Bavaria’s interior minister joachim herrmann (CSU) wants to consistently punish violations of anti-corona regulations at demonstrations – and is considering harsher penalties in the process. Freedom of assembly applies – but that does not mean that participants are allowed to ignore infection control measures, herrmann said in munich on tuesday.
On bavarian radio, herrmann had previously said: "in any case, it is currently being discussed to what extent we need to increase the bubble money even further in certain areas in order to achieve an even stronger deterrent effect." This also includes, for example, violations of quarantine regulations or the obligation to be tested after returning from a risky area. It is about protecting the health of other people. | <urn:uuid:f1ddf814-215a-40f9-8c2f-8245bc7cf9fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://diytv.ru/survey-many-in-favor-of-penalties-for-violations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.954716 | 1,059 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Mosquito management to enjoy your outdoor environment.
Mosquito management for Landscapes and Backyards
Property owners are more concerned than ever about mosquito borne illnesses such as West Nile, Chikungunya and Zika - not to mention the sheer nuisance factor.
Mosquito populations can be proactively managed through treatments and cultural practices to create a healthy outdoor environment for people and pets.
Organic Mosquito Repellent
Garlic makes a powerful natural mosquito repellent.
The bulbs contain an amino acid that converts to a substance called allicin when crushed, blended or chopped. The characteristic odor released during this process has powerful
natural mosquito repellent properties. SavATree's Organic Mosquito treatment uses a process that enhances the enzyme action occurring when garlic is crushed in order to improve the
natural mosquito repellent properties of the juice.
When this organic mosquito repellent is absorbed by a plant, biochemical changes take place in its foliage that cause it to repel mosquitos. Basically, plants are given a long-lasting case of garlic breath that forces insects to move on. Remarkably, the mosquito management treatment is odorless to humans within minutes of application. The treatment repels mosquitos for up to 30 days.
Mosquito Treatment (Synthetic Organic)
For property owners requiring a longer term,
more comprehensive mosquito repellent the Mosquito Treatment - synthetic organic - is the perfect choice. This treatment provides residual control for up to 2 months, and has the added
benefit of also killing ants, spiders and other pests.
The mosquito life cycle consists of four different stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The adult female mosquito lays her eggs in stagnant water and the life cycle begins.
The mosquito egg hatches to become a larva, which then transforms into a pupa. The adult mosquito then emerges from the mature pupa. This process can take from 5 to 14 days and
an adult mosquito's life span is from one week to several months. Once the mosquito has entered its adult form, it can then feed on humans.It is during this feeding process that
there is the possibility of passing along disease such as West Nile, Chikungunya, Zika and other mosquito vectored diseases.
In addition to treatments, property owners can create a landscape that is inhospitable to mosquitos by taking the following steps:
- Planting herbs that are natural mosquito repellants such as Citronella, basil, Marigold, Lavender, Catnip, Cedars (Thuja family), lemon balm and rosemary are a good way to begin. Planting in portable potted planters, so you can move them to the table when eating outside is helpful and plant the herbs and flowers near doorways. Bonus; your yard will smell fantastic!
- Eliminate any standing water on the property, if possible. Some items that should be monitored are: flower pots, birdbaths, pet water bowls, gutters, cans, and buckets. This interrupts the mosquito life cycle. All swimming pools should be maintained correctly to ensure they are not breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
- Check all windows and door screens to ensure they are working correctly and are free from holes to prevent mosquitoes from entering your home.
- When outside for extended periods of time, wear long-sleeved shirts and pants to help protect from mosquito bites. Mosquitoes are most active in the early morning and evening, avoid being outside during these times of the day.
- The use of an insect repellent, which is applied to the skin or clothing, will provide short- term protection against mosquito bites.
Zika Virus Update
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention | <urn:uuid:d5aa1e74-1485-4e06-8143-4bacb2028b50> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.savatree.com/mosquito-management.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928544 | 775 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Explores the Sources and Jurisprudence of American Military Law Davis, George B. A Treatise on the Military Law of the United States: Together with the Practice and Procedure of Courts-Martial and Other Military Tribunals. Third Edition, Revised. Originally published: New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1915. xv, 813 pp. Reprinted 2007.....
Refine search resultsSkip to search results
Results 1 - 1 (of 1) | <urn:uuid:c8f9782a-951b-4c31-9a91-43bda29998b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lawbookexchange.com/advSearchResults.php?authorField=George+Davis&action=search | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.790748 | 100 | 1.507813 | 2 |
As of June 6, the Gun Violence Archive reported 247 mass shootings in 2022. These mass shootings represent the deaths of 402 children ages seventeen and under.
IN contemplating the senseless violence hailed on school children in Uvalde, Texas, this quote by Mamie Elizabeth Till-Mobley rang resoundingly clear in sharing her reason for an open casket funeral for her son: “I think everybody needed to know what happened to Emmitt Till.” After another mass shooting of children in school, these children need open casket funerals to spur America into action.
At Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, nineteen children and two adults died in a mass shooting by an 18-year-old. News reports detailed how the shooter purchased the assault rifles legally, shot his grandmother in the head, and how students heads were blown off and only identified by their DNA. America needs to see the carnage, and maybe a change will come.
As of June 6, the Gun Violence Archive reported 247 mass shootings in 2022. These mass shootings represent the deaths of 402 children ages seventeen and under. Still, America continues to embrace the Constitution’s second amendment as a fundamental and non-negotiable right in the face of ongoing slaughter of innocent lives. No place shelters these innocents, not houses of worship, grocery stores, or hospitals. Since the mass shooting at Columbine High School in 1999, congressional leaders stuck in partisan gridlock seem content kicking the can down the right from one tragedy to the next
In response to a mass shooting that killed thirty-five people Australians passed the National Firearm Agreement within 12 days. Major provisions of the National Firearm agreement included “tight control on semi-automatic and fully automated weapons, a national registry of firearm owners, and a buyback program so that Australians could sell guns back to the government.”
Noted public health researchers, Elena Andreyeva and Benjamin Ukert from University of Pennsylvania and Charles Branas from Columbia University concluded that the National Firearm Agreement led to a decrease in firearms homicide since 1996. Yet, America failed to see a sense of urgency.
At the Dunblane Primary School mass shooting in Scotland that killed sixteen students and a teacher, National Public Radio reported June 1, 2022, that Britain “banned private ownership of most handguns, as well as semi-automatic weapons, and required mandatory registration for shotgun owners.” Since 2016, there have been no mass shootings at schools in Britain. Yet, America embraced the historical right of the second amendment, despite the purpose of the second amendment in 1791.
Americans are content representing self-interests at the expense of life when it comes to mass shootings. America is satisfied blaming mental illness as the death toll continues to rise from mass shootings. And the faith-based community at large advocates more for the unborn child than children whose voices are silenced from mass shootings.
Open the caskets of these children and instead of stubbornly remaining numb for more than 20 more years, maybe more Americans and members of the faith-based community will do something.
Edward Woods, III is the Public Affairs and Religious Liberty director for Lake Region Conference and the Conscience & Justice Council chairperson.
This article is part of our 2022 July/August Issue | <urn:uuid:888c5927-a6dd-42de-a6cd-bdb244f1b703> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.messagemagazine.com/issues/2022-july-august/let-everyone-see-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.949253 | 676 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Federal prosecutors are defending their use of an obscure law to indict two recreational Iowa pilots whose low flying may have disturbed thousands of resting migratory birds.
Paul Austin and Craig Martin are charged with violating the Airborne Hunting Act.
Prosecutors say they flew separate small planes 20 feet above Saylorville Lake last November, causing a large group of waterfowl and white pelicans to take flight. The two were not hunting, but prosecutors say they violated the law, which prohibits using an aircraft to harass animals.
Austin and Martin have asked a judge to dismiss the indictment, arguing the law is unconstitutional. They question how pilots are supposed to know whether birds feel harassed.
Prosecutors said last week that harassment is like pornography: you know it when you see it. | <urn:uuid:f540d664-7818-4a04-b7be-36409505e400> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.kcci.com/news/central-iowa/Prosecutors-say-pilots-harassed-thousands-of-birds/12224248 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00427-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960862 | 153 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Christchurch is a borough and town on the south coast of England. The town adjoins Bournemouth in the west and the New Forest lies to the east. Historically in the county of Hampshire, it became a district municipality of the administrative county of Dorset in the 1974 reorganisation of local government. Covering an area of 19.5 square miles (51 km2), Christchurch had a 2011 population of 54,210, making it the fourth most populous town in Dorset, closely behind Weymouth which had a population of 54,539.
Founded in the 7th century at the confluence of the rivers Avon and Stour which flow into Christchurch Harbour, the town was originally named Twynham but became known as Christchurch following the construction of the priory in 1094. The town developed into an important trading port and was fortified in the 9th century. Further defences were added in the 12th century with the construction of a castle which was destroyed by the Parliamentarian Army during the English Civil War. During the 18th and 19th centuries smuggling flourished in Christchurch and became one of the town's most lucrative industries. The town was heavily fortified during Second World War as a precaution against an expected invasion and in 1940 an Airspeed factory was established on the town's airfield which manufactured aircraft for the Royal Air Force.
The town's harbour, beaches, nature reserves and historically important buildings have made Christchurch a popular tourist destination attracting some 1.5 million visitors a year. Bournemouth Airport, an international airport which handles approximately 800,000 passengers a year, is located within the borough boundary at Hurn. The airport's industrial park contains a number of aerospace and engineering businesses and is one of the largest employment sites in Dorset. Christchurch is a popular destination for retirees and has one of the oldest populations in the country with 30 per cent of residents aged over 65.
For more information, see the EN Wikipedia article Christchurch.
According to A Vision of Britain through Time Christchurch went through a number of transfers of area with its neighbouring parishes in 1894 (size of areas transferred at this time were not given) and a few since. However, it remained a municipal borough in Hampshire until 1974 when it became the Christchurch District or Borough in Dorset.
In addition to Christchurch itself, the following manors were located in Christchurch parish:
Some of them have survived as hamlets and even villages. Except for those marked, they are all redirected here. Hurn was also a manor of Christchurch. | <urn:uuid:e5392527-4153-47f1-9cb4-f5304045df5f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Christchurch,_Dorset,_England | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00055-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979705 | 524 | 2.1875 | 2 |
from the rethinking-the-ftc dept
You may not know much about the most important agency in Washington when it comes to regulating new technologies. Founded 99 years ago today, the Federal Trade Commission has become, for better or worse, the Federal Technology Commission.
The FTC oversees nearly every company in America. It polices competition by enforcing the antitrust laws. It tries to protect consumers by punishing deception and practices it deems “unfair.” It’s the general enforcer of corporate promises. It's the de facto regulator of the media, from traditional advertising to Internet search and social networks. It handles novel problems of privacy, data security, online child protection, and patent claims, among others. Even Net neutrality may soon wind up in the FTC's jurisdiction if the Federal Communications Commission’s rules are struck down in court.
But how should the FTC regulate technology? What’s the right mix of the certainty businesses need and the flexibility technological progress demands?
There are essentially three models: regulatory, discretionary and evolutionary.
The epitome of traditional regulatory model is the FTC's chief rival: the FCC. The 1996 Telecom Act runs nearly 47,000 words — 65 times longer than the Sherman Act of 1890, the primary antitrust law enforced by the FTC. The FCC writes tech-specific before technology has even developed. Virginia Postrel described the mentality best in The Future and Its Enemies:
Technocrats are “for the future,” but only if someone is in charge of making it turn out according to plan. They greet every new idea with a “yes, but,” followed by legislation, regulation, and litigation.... By design, technocrats pick winners, establish standards, and impose a single set of values on the future.The less technocratic alternative is the evolutionary model: build flexible law that evolves alongside technology. Learn from, and adapt to, the ever-changing technological and business environments.
On antitrust, that's essentially what the FTC (along with the Department of Justice) does today. Judicial decisions are firmly grounded in economics, and this feeds back into the agencies' enforcement actions. Antitrust law has become nearly synonymous with antitrust economics: both courts and agencies weigh the perils of both under- and over-enforcement in the face of unavoidable uncertainty about the future.
But much of what the FTC does falls into the discretionary model, unmoored from both sound economics and judicial oversight. The discretionary and evolutionary models share a similar legal basis and so are often confused, but they're profoundly different: The discretionary model harms technological progress and undermines the rule of law, while the evolutionary model promotes both.
For the most part, the FTC enforces laws on a case-by-case basis. Those laws are general, short and vague. The FTC Act is about nineteen times shorter than the 1996 Telecom Act and hasn't really changed since 1934. Its key provision would fit in a Tweet: "Unfair methods of competition... and unfair or deceptive acts or practices... are hereby declared unlawful." The antitrust laws are similarly general, prohibiting "restraint of trade" and conduct "the effect of which is to substantially lessen competition."
The FTC has never explained what its "unfair methods of competition" authority covers that antitrust doesn't. Commissioner Joshua Wright recently proposed limiting principles, but FTC Chairman Edith Ramirez appears reluctant to relinquish any discretion. Contrary to popular belief, the FTC does have general rulemaking power but has simply decided it's too hard to use. Instead, the Commission writes formal rules only in narrow areas where Congress has given it streamlined rulemaking power, such as credit reporting and online child protection.
Congress imposed procedural safeguards on the FTC's general rulemaking authority in the mid-1970s after the FTC ran amuck with its unfairness authority. But the agency kept trying to regulate everything from children's advertising to funeral home parlors. The Washington Post dubbed the FTC the "national nanny." An outraged, overwhelmingly Democratic Congress briefly shuttered the agency. The FTC survived only because, in 1980, it offered limiting principles and embraced the evolutionary model:
The present understanding of the unfairness standard is the result of an evolutionary process. The statute was deliberately framed in general terms... [and the] task of identifying unfair trade practices was therefore assigned to the Commission, subject to judicial review, in the expectation that the underlying criteria would evolve and develop over time.But it hasn't quite worked out that way. Consumer protection law, unlike antitrust law, has increasingly been shaped primarily by the FTC's discretion, not evolution through judicial review or dialogue with economic scholarship. In the last decade, the FTC has begun using its unfairness authority to address cutting-edge issues like data security. The FTC has even begun pushing the legal boundaries of its authority over deception by extending it beyond traditional advertising claims to online FAQs and the like.
At the heart of the discretionary model is the FTC's ability to operate without any real constraints. The Commission hasn't develop a predictable set of legal doctrines because that's what courts do — and the FTC has managed to strong-arm dozens of companies into settling out of court. What the FTC calls its "common law of consent decrees" is really just a series of unadjudicated assertions. That approach is just as top-down and technocratic as the FCC's regulatory model, but with little due process and none of the constraints of detailed authorizing legislation, as Commissioner Wright recently warned. That's the kind of "flexibility" prosecutors love but that businesses hate, especially those trying to innovate.
How did this happen? For much the same reason companies routinely settle questionable patent claims: settling is cheaper than litigating. Normal plaintiffs have to make a threshold legal showing before courts will compel discovery. But there's no check on the FTC's investigative process, which can cost a company millions — until it agrees to settle. And once it does... the FTC takes a Roman approach to deterrence. As an EPA official put it on candid camera last year: "They'd go into a little Turkish town somewhere, they'd find the first five guys they saw, and they would crucify them." Bad PR can be far more damaging to a company than litigation.
The FTC might be right in any particular case, but overall, what evolves isn't "law." It's merely a list of assertions as to what the Commission thinks companies should and shouldn't do — crucifixes along the road to wherever the FTC wants technology to go.
We've asked the courts to curtail the FTC's discretion, but modern administrative law and civil procedure make legal challenges difficult. And unfortunately current and recent FTC leadership has shown little interest in limiting the agency's discretion. Last year, for example, the current and former chairman voted to revoke the agency's 2003 Policy Statement on disgorgement of wrongful gains in competition cases. And despite unusually broad academic agreement on its basic principles, Commissioner Wright's proposed Policy Statement on Unfair Methods of Competition has stalled.
So it seems only Congress can force reform. Small legislative reforms could help, like setting minimum pleading requirements or subjecting FTC settlements to judicial review. But a grand rewrite of the FTC Act is politically unlikely and probably unwise. Instead, Congress should insist, as it did in 1980, that the FTC return to an evolutionary model — this time, for real. With enough pressure, the agency itself just might evolve.
What would a more evolutionary-minded FTC look like? Most importantly, it would litigate more and cajole less. Where the courts don't develop law, the FTC would try to fill the void. Internal administrative adjudication won't help, since the FTC always — literally always — wins. (That's what happens when the same entity is both prosecutor and judge.) Nor will it help to produce more of the kinds of reports the FTC has issued in recent years. Instead of asserting what companies should do, the FTC needs to offer more guidance on what it thinks its legal authority means. And the Commission can't just ignore or revoke those limiting principles when they become inconvenient.
More economic analysis would certainly help, as it has in antitrust cases. While the Commission is free to disregard staff recommendations, it tends not to. So a more significant and better-defined role for economics, and thus the agency's Bureau of Economics, could provide some degree of internal constraint. That's a second-best to the external constraint the courts are supposed to provide. But it could at least raise of undertaking enforcement actions simply because three Commissioners — or a few staff lawyers — think they're helping consumers by crucifying a particular company.
One easy place to start would be holding a comprehensive workshop on data security and then issuing guidelines. The FTC has settled nearly fifty data security cases but has provided scant guidance, even though data breaches and the identity thefts they cause are far and away the top subject of consumer complaints. The goal wouldn't be to prescribe what, specifically, companies should do but how they should understand their evolving legal duty. For example, at what point does an industry practice become sufficiently widespread to constitute "reasonable" data security?
More ambitiously, the FTC could use its unique power to enforce voluntary commitments to kickstart new paradigms of regulation. That could include codes of conduct developed by industry or multistakeholder groups as well as novel, data-driven alternative models of self-regulation. For example, Uber, Lyft and other app-based personal transportation services could create a self-regulatory program based on actual, real-time data about safety and customer satisfaction. The FTC could enforce such a model — if Congress finally makes common carriers subject to the FTC Act. The same could work for online education, AirBnB and countless other disruptive alternatives to traditional industries and the regulators they've captured.
Finally, the FTC could do more of what it does best: competition advocacy — like trying to remove anticompetitive local government obstacles to broadband deployment. The FTC has earned praise for defending Uber from regulatory barriers taxicab commissions want to protect incumbents. That's the kind of thing a Federal Technology Commission ought to do: stand up for new technology, instead of trying to make "it turn out according to plan."
Berin Szoka (@BerinSzoka) is President of TechFreedom. Geoffrey A. Manne (@GeoffManne) is Executive Director of the International Center for Law & Economics and Lecturer in Law at Lewis & Clark Law School. | <urn:uuid:24ed9bd1-ea02-44cd-b72a-12ed5523bef9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.techdirt.com/blog/innovation/?d=26&m=9&y=2013 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00270-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954623 | 2,132 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The full name of VFFS is Vertical Form Fill Sealing Machine, which is an automatic assembly-line product packaging system invented by Walter Zwoyer. Walter patented the machine idea in 1936 while working at Henry Heide Candy Company.
Currently, VFFS is divided into the following two models:
- Small bag packaging machine: the model of packaging machine suitable for packaging products below 100g ;
- Suitable for packaging machine models of 100g-1000g;
How does the VFFS packaging machine work?
Its working principle is very simple. It realizes a series of packaging functions such as measuring, bag making, filling, sealing, cutting, counting, and finished product conveying through PLC. In short, the operation of a packaging machine requires a “brain” to tell it what to do next, when to do it, and how to do it. The PLC and human-machine interface (HMI) play this role. The PLC controls the functional operation of the packaging machine. The human-machine interface – by clicking on the color touch screen, the operator can adjust the parameters, manually operate the machine action, etc.
When the machine is running, it will first unload and weigh the product. When the weight specified by the system is reached, the feeding system will automatically stop, and then the next packaging instruction will be carried out. For example, a roll of film is made into a bag in the form of a plastic bag, a stand-up bag, etc. And the product is filled into the bag, which is then sealed and cut. Then the finished bags are transported via the finished product conveyor belt to end-of-line equipment such as check weigher, cartooning machine and boxing machine, etc.
And if you need to print the production data, we can be equipped with coding equipment, such as ribbon coding machine and laser printer. The machines of All-bloom Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd. (APM’GT) can also be equipped with an empty bag detection device to reject unqualified bags.
The feature of the VFFS packaging machine is that it is economical, fast, and can save space. Granule, liquid, and powder products can be packaged with this packaging machine. According to different products, the types of packaging machines are divided into:
- Automatic powder packaging machine
- Automatic granule Packing machine
- Automatic liquid packing machine
According to different product characteristics, the measurement system of the VFFS packaging machine will also be different. E.g:
- Granular products – Volumetric cup, multi-heads combination weigher, multi-heads linear weigher, etc.
- Liquid products – piston pump, peristaltic pump, ceramic pump, rotary pump, etc.
- Powder products – Auger
In summation, this is a simple and efficient packaging machine that can pack a wide variety of products and serve multiple industries. This type of packaging machine has a variety of configurations, and different bag sizes/styles have corresponding machine types to choose from. For specific models, please refer to the basic VFFS Packing Machine of All-bloom Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd（APM’GT）. | <urn:uuid:2770636c-bff1-4a41-8331-1691c0452c47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://all-bloom.com/what-is-vffs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.909735 | 674 | 2.046875 | 2 |
A new design scheme for a quantum processor core makes potential quantum computers more technically feasible, more efficient, and in many cases faster by keeping all of the quantum bits active all the time, rather than switching them off and on as in most quantum computer designs.
Typical computers store and manipulate information as bits - that is 0's and 1's. Quantum computers are made of quantum bits, or qubits, that are encoded as a superposition of the values 0 and 1 at the same time. In addition, quantum mechanics allows qubits to become entangled, which smears information out among multiple qubits.
Previous schemes for making a quantum computer have sought to harness this process by keeping qubits under strict control - only letting them communicate with each other occasionally. But such tight constraints are hard to achieve in the lab, and experimental progress has been slow.
The new idea shows that researchers don't need to be so controlling. Instead they can assemble a processor core where qubits are active all the time, continuously and freely talking with all their neighbors. The whole core becomes entangled and the qubits record and manipulate data as a group. The key to making the new design work is a separate storage bank of qubits that swap information in and out of the quantum processor core.
Although the new design should be easier to implement than other quantum computer layouts, the always-on processor core has yet to be realized in the lab. When researchers iron out all the difficulties, quantum computers - based either on the quantum processor core or other designs - will outperform their classical counterparts in a variety of calculations such as simulations of problems that are inherently quantum mechanical (including many nanoscopic, molecular, and biophysical problems, to name a few). They would also be good at factoring large numbers and tackling other mathematical problems that would take eons for even the most powerful classical computers imaginable to solve.
Citation: M-H Yung et al., Physical Review Letters (upcoming article)
Source: American Physical Society
Explore further: Seeing the quantum future... literally | <urn:uuid:314c0d80-8105-4872-82a3-4b3270883c68> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://phys.org/news/2006-05-quantum-cpu-pentium.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00450-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944982 | 416 | 3.90625 | 4 |
The European Union (EU) and China will hold a virtual summit today to diffuse tensions between the two sides. The
The European Union (EU) and China will hold a virtual summit today to diffuse tensions between the two sides.
The EU is pressing China to clarify its stance on the Russia-Ukraine War and end punitive trade restrictions against Lithuania. In February, China suspended beef and dairy imports from Lithuania after it allowed Taiwan to open an embassy in its capital, Vilnius. China also expressed openness in March to supplying military and financial aid to Russia despite Russia being subject to European and American sanctions. China is the EU’s largest trading partner, and the EU is China’s second-largest trading partner, with total trade between the two worth $709 billion in 2021.
Expect the EU to threaten China with tariffs and delays to trade and investment deals. The effectiveness of these measures will depend on the war’s course and the unity of EU member-states’ foreign policies. If these measures are unsuccessful, expect China to use import-export bans against European states to influence their foreign policies. Trade ties between the EU and China will likely increase in the coming decade, which will force China to limit its support for Russia in order to ensure access to European markets.
Wake up smarter with an assessment of the stories that will make headlines in the next 24 hours. Download The Daily Brief. | <urn:uuid:50689ffc-be21-4ccb-a436-2b6ed2dec7a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foreignbrief.com/daily-news/eu-china-to-hold-virtual-summit-over-lithuania-tensions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.935962 | 287 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The Vedanta Sutras, commentary by Sankaracharya (SBE34), tr. by George Thibaut at sacred-texts.com
19. And (the internal ruler is) not that which the Smriti assumes, (viz. the pradhâna,) on account of the statement of qualities not belonging to it.
Good so far, a Sânkhya opponent resumes. The attributes, however, of not being seen, &c., belong also to the pradhâna assumed by the Sânkhya-smriti, which is acknowledged to be devoid of form and other sensible qualities. For their
[paragraph continues] Smriti says, 'Undiscoverable, unknowable, as if wholly in sleep' (Manu I, 5). To this pradhâna also the attribute of rulership belongs, as it is the cause of all effects. Therefore the internal ruler may be understood to denote the pradhâna. The pradhâna has, indeed, been set aside already by the Sûtra I, 1, 5, but we bring it forward again, because we find that attributes belonging to it, such as not being seen and the like, are mentioned in Scripture.
To this argumentation the Sûtrakâra replies that the word 'internal ruler' cannot denote the pradhâna, because qualities not belonging to the latter are stated. For, although the pradhâna may be spoken of as not being seen, &c, it cannot be spoken of as seeing, since the Sânkhyas admit it to be non-intelligent. But the scriptural passage which forms the complement to the passage about the internal ruler (Bri. Up. III, 7, 23) says expressly, 'Unseen but seeing, unheard but hearing, unperceived but perceiving, unknown but knowing.'--And Selfhood also cannot belong to the pradhâna.
Well, then, if the term 'internal ruler' cannot be admitted to denote the pradhâna, because the latter is neither a Self nor seeing; let us suppose it to denote the embodied (individual) soul, which is intelligent, and therefore hears, sees, perceives, knows; which is internal (pratyañk), and therefore of the nature of Self; and which is immortal, because it is able to enjoy the fruits of its good and evil actions. It is, moreover, a settled matter that the attributes of not being seen, &c., belong to the embodied soul, because the agent of an action, such as seeing, cannot at the same time be the object of the action. This is declared in scriptural passages also, as, for instance (Bri. Up. III, 4, 2), 'Thou couldst not see the seer of sight.' The individual soul is, moreover, capable of inwardly ruling the complex of the organs of action, as it is the enjoyer. Therefore the internal ruler is the embodied soul.--To this reasoning the following Sûtra replies. | <urn:uuid:67400d46-10d3-4452-8d3b-163d0775aea5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe34/sbe34056.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00475-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94262 | 638 | 2.34375 | 2 |
The Metropolitan King County Council today approved a one-year moratorium on new medical-marijuana dispensaries and gardens in the unincorporated areas of the county.
In a unanimous vote, the council adopted the emergency legislation proposed by County Executive Dow Constantine.
The bill went through an expedited process and takes effect immediately. Constantine believed the normal process might have alerted entrepreneurs, according to a council staff analyst, who might then rush to open new facilities during the 10-day gap between when a bill is usually signed and when it takes effect.
The moratorium would not impact existing medical-marijuana facilities in unincorporated areas except that they would not be able to expand.
The idea behind the moratorium is that it allows time for state officials to reconcile the new highly regulated recreational pot industry with the largely unregulated medical system. State lawmakers are expected to tackle that task next year. The state Liquor Control Board is likely to recommend later this week that medical marijuana be sold only by qualified new recreational stores.
The city of Seattle passed a law that might effectively ban dispensaries by requiring them to have a state license by 2015. Now there are no licenses for medical marijuana facilities.
Council member Rod Dembowski said he was concerned the city’s law might lead to new medical facilities opening just outside Seattle limits in unincorporated areas of the county. Moratoria should be rare, Dembowski added, because of their implications for property rights. But he said this one was appropriate. | <urn:uuid:a0bdb5e7-4f86-4374-8a9e-b6bd4ea7b696> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2013/12/king-county-blocks-new-medical-marijuana-shops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00253-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967492 | 300 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 may not impose enough discipline, as the latest Congressional Budget Office report on federal credit programs shows. The CBO examined three of the biggest ones: student loans, the FHA and the Export-Import Bank.
For each, the CBO calculated cash flow for the next decade – interest and principal payments, fees, expected defaults – and then calculated what those dollars would be worth today, based on a notional interest rate known as the discount rate. All three will make money for Uncle Sam between 2015 and 2024, the CBO concluded. However, when the agency ran the numbers using "fair-value" accounting – i.e., using a higher interest rate more reflective of the real-world risks assumed by the government – it found that all three programs will require big, implicit subsidies: $14 billion over 10 years for the Export-Import Bank, $63 billion for the FHA and $135 billion for student loans.
Alas, the law requires the budget to reflect the rosier of these scenarios. The policy rationale is that government, unlike banks, is relatively indifferent to credit risk; its social priorities, such as educating the populace and promoting homeownership, override getting every last dime back for the taxpayers. If you forced Congress to account for the market risks of its portfolio, that would limit its ability to spend on other worthy purposes.
To us, such arguments tend to confirm that government credit programs can be a way to evade budgetary discipline. It's not self-evident that government should be indifferent to risk on behalf of taxpayers, since not all taxpayers benefit equally, if at all, from the credit programs.
The point isn't that Congress should get rid of student loans, much less any other particular program; it is that the past few years have taught us that credit of all kinds is riskier than it may appear. Whatever decisions the government makes, its books should reflect their actual costs fully and realistically. | <urn:uuid:999e26af-7866-4920-a176-05dffca07f4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kcchronicle.com/2014/06/04/another-view-best-case-budgeting/aoh1f2x/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00255-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959085 | 396 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Volunteers needed to photograph winterís highest high tides
Oregonís coastal residents will experience some of the yearís highest tides from Nov. 13-15. Several groups in Oregon, including the CoastWatch program of the Oregon Shores Conservation Coalition and Surfrider, are participating in a project to document areas affected by such high tides. The King Tide Photo Initiative is an international project designed to involve volunteers in documenting areas inundated by the highest tides that occur each year. These highest high tides are often called ďking tides.ĒFor the complete article see the 11-09-2012 issue.
Click here to purchase an electronic version of the 11-09-2012 paper.
Share on Facebook | <urn:uuid:d17b69ff-9de8-4766-b2d8-62c680004d17> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.newportnewstimes.com/v2_news_articles.php?heading=0&story_id=36439&page=79 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00443-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905352 | 143 | 2.328125 | 2 |
RALEIGH — North Carolina lawmakers should eliminate certificate-of-need laws, mandated health insurance benefits, and most licensing requirements if they’re interested in improving health care in the state. That’s the conclusion the John Locke Foundation’s top health expert reaches in a new Policy Report.
“Regulation of hospitals and other health care providers makes care more expensive, while mandated benefits make insurance more expensive and encourage more unnecessary regulation,” said Joseph Coletti, JLF Director of Health and Fiscal Policy Studies. “The deregulation recommended in this report would improve North Carolinians’ access to care and quality of care. These changes also would have a positive impact on cost and innovation.”
Coletti focused his attention on state-level health care reform in the wake of the recent federal reform legislation.
“Health care reform was supposed to lower costs, improve access and quality, and lower the number of uninsured,” he said. “Despite the recent debate in Washington, most changes that could yield improvements in these areas must be made at the state level. Current state regulations limit where we can get treatment and from whom, how we pay for care, what our insurance has to cover, and what happens when things go wrong.”
The report takes aim first at licensing and certificate-of-need laws, then tackles insurance benefit mandates. Coletti examines the stated reasons for the regulations and assesses their impacts on cost, quality, access to care, and innovation. Then he offers alternatives to traditional regulations.
For example, occupational licensing in health care is supposed to protect consumers from frauds and charlatans, Coletti said. “It’s not clear from evidence that consumers demand occupational licensing to give them a sense of assurance,” he said. “More often, it’s practitioners themselves who go to the legislature to seek the restrictions tied to licensing.”
The practical effect is to limit the numbers of practitioners, Coletti said. “With fewer providers, prices rise, and there’s a net welfare transfer from consumers to suppliers,” he said. “Higher prices could be justified if they led to higher quality, but often they do not. Plus those higher prices reduce access to care. Restrictive licensing also stifles innovation such as telemedicine and cross-border medical practices.”
Certificate-of-need laws force hospitals and other providers to seek state permission before adding new facilities or equipment.
“These laws limit capital investment, compounding the innovation problems created by licensing restrictions,” Coletti said. “CON laws set a high bar for the creation of new outpatient facilities. This virtually guarantees that new outpatient facilities will be owned by existing hospitals. CON laws also limit the ability of for-profit hospitals to compete more generally.”
The simplest alternative to the current licensing and certificate-of-need system is to eliminate it, Coletti said. “If eliminating licensure totally is too difficult, the state can recognize licenses from other states, ease formal education requirements in certain occupations, and expand the scope of practice for licensed occupations so as not to limit excessively the tasks individuals can perform.”
In addition to the problems linked to licensing and certificate-of-need requirements, North Carolina mandates that health insurers include 50 specific benefits in their policies, Coletti said.
“The overall effect of mandates is to raise the price of insurance, limit consumer choice and product diversity, and increase the number of people without insurance,” Coletti said. “While politicians reap the rewards of creating a new goodie for insurance subscribers, the Congressional Budget Office estimates that mandated benefits account for 5 percent of the cost of health insurance premiums. They’re essentially a tax on health care consumers.”
Large employers that self-insure can avoid most state regulations, while small businesses suffer from mandates, Coletti said. “For small businesses, the higher cost of insurance can lead to lower wages, fewer employees, or less generous benefits in other areas.”
Mandates tend to benefit providers of mandated coverage, along with dominant insurers who see reduced competition, Coletti said. “These mandates have a negative impact on quality and cost, and they lock in current medical practices and payment methods — thus limiting competition and innovation.”
North Carolina could take a simple step to deal with the problem, Coletti said. “Eliminate mandated benefits altogether.”
“If that’s not possible, lawmakers could insist on expiration dates for mandates and subject them to periodic review,” Coletti added. “They could give subscribers a choice of whether to purchase mandated coverage. They also could permit residents to purchase insurance from other states without having to meet North Carolina regulations.”
North Carolina can expand health care access, reduce cost, and promote innovation without harming quality, Coletti said. “The most effective way is to put more power in the patients’ hands,” he said. “Done correctly, North Carolina could build on its reputation as a leader in health practice innovations, a reputation based on successful public and private efforts.”
Joseph Coletti’s Policy Report, “Deregulating Health Insurance and Health Care Providers in North Carolina: Implications for health care cost, quality, access, and innovation,” is available at the JLF Web site. For more information, please contact Coletti at (919) 828-3876 or [email protected]. To arrange an interview, contact Mitch Kokai at (919) 306-8736 or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:a6e5f9b0-90e9-48ca-a940-112c398dcdf8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.johnlocke.org/press-release/deregulation-would-improve-n-c-health-care-costs-quality-access-and-innovation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00055-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945043 | 1,175 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Ayam goreng kalasan simple. The recipe I use for this Ayam Goreng Kalasan comes from my mom and thus, it might be different than other people' recipe. To make it, the chicken is first boiled in the spices and coconut milk, so it is marinated during boiling. It is boiled until the liquid is almost dry.
The specialty of Kalasan Fried Chicken is the taste of the chicken which is savory and kremesan which is very distinctive. Because of its distinctive taste, Kalasan Fried Chicken has become one of the culinary that is very liked by the community and tourists. Ayam goreng is an Indonesian and Malaysian dish consisting of chicken deep fried in oil. You can have Ayam goreng kalasan simple using 11 ingredients and 1 steps. Here is how you cook that.
Ingredients of Ayam goreng kalasan simple
- You need 1/2 ekor of ayam.
- It’s of Jeruk nipis(untuk lumuri ayam).
- It’s of Bahan ungkep.
- It’s 5 of buang bawang putih.
- You need 3 lbr of salam 3lbr daun jeruk.
- It’s Secukupnya of garam dan gula pasir.
- You need 1 ruas of jahe.
- You need 1 ruas of kunyit.
- It’s 1 sdt of ketumbar.
- Prepare of Laos parut.
- Prepare 300 ml of air.
Ayam goreng literally means "fried chicken" in Malay (including both Indonesian and Malaysian standards) and also in many Indonesian regional languages (e.g. Unlike the Southern United States-style fried chicken, this Southeast Asian version is neither coated in batter nor flour, but rather. Ayam Goreng Kalasan is an Indonedian Fried Chicken marinated with sweet soy, tamarind & turmeric. It is cook on low heat until tender, then grilled until golden and crispy.
Ayam goreng kalasan simple step by step
- Haluskan bumbu tumis bumbu hingga harum masukan ayam sampe berubah warna tambah kan air masak hingga air surut tunggu dingin lebih meresap bumbu jika di masukan kulkas 1 jam atau semalaman.
Serve along with salad, rice and chilli dips. Ayam Goreng Kalasan – Kalasan Fried Chicken. It was said to be created by an old Javanese farmer's wife. She was one of the food hawkers who sold food to the pilgrims who visited Candi Kalasan, an ancient Buddhist Temple located in the present state of Yogyakarta. Serve with a red chili-garlic sauce. | <urn:uuid:04fe94f8-7640-4800-af2b-1fa989fd5a62> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://campomusic.net/resep-memasak-ayam-goreng-kalasan-simple-bikin-nagih.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.872525 | 620 | 1.59375 | 2 |
In a few minutes, this empty street would be filled with people protesting the continued existence of the Northwest Detention Center in Tacoma, a privately-run Immigration and Customs Enforcement facility that sat not far away beyond a tall chain-link fence. For now, however, all this street was filled with was a few soaked organizers and rain. So much rain.
Undaunted, the organizers continued to set up tents, throwing tarps over supplies and wrapping speakers in garbage bags to keep them safe from the downpour. As the clock approached the starting time of 12:30, despite the downpour, cars continued to show up, great sheets of water flying out from their wheels as they drove through the many puddles that had formed on the crumbling road.
Observing the impressive resolve of the attendees, the rain slowly abated its quest to disillusion the attendees, clouds sulking off north towards Seattle as they allowed a few precious rays of sun to peak through just as the taiko drum performance that marked the beginning of the event started. By now, the crowd was sizable: hundreds of people gathered to show their support for Tsuru for Solidarity, the main group organizing this event. Both organizations represent groups that suffered mass incarceration in World War Two: the Jewish (Never Again is Now) and the Japanese (Tsuru for Solidarity).
According to Dr. Satsuki Ina, a psychologist who was born in Tule Lake Segregation Center, a maximum security internment camp in World War 2, and one of the event’s organizers, “we [were] pretty nascent until we started hearing about the separation of families and we began to recognize the rhetoric that was being used again that was the very same rhetoric used that led to the American public turning their backs on us as we were being removed from our homes and our schools,” she told me. “We feel the moral responsibility to speak up and stand with these innocent people that are being criminalized.”
Stanley Shikuma, another of the event’s organizers also told me that “Separating children from families, locking children up, this mass incarceration with no real charge or trial or legal recourse, all of that really hits home for Japanese-Americans because that is exactly what happened in 1942.”
The protest was not just aimed at shutting down the NWDC: it is also a part of the buildup to a larger protest to shut down immigrant detention centers nationwide which will occur in Washington D.C. in June. The name, “Tsuru” means “crane” in Japanese, and “represents peace, compassion, and wings of hope”, as Dr. Ina told me. These cranes, in paper origami form, decorated the fence, the stage and the protestors in thousands. Even more cranes will decorate Washington D.C. for the main protest: more than 90,000 have already been folded.
As the event began, their motivation to have the detention center shut down became clear: the organizers had managed to get one of the detainees on the phone, who recanted his accounts of meat being served still raw, food filled with insects, and a 3-month wait time to have his rotten tooth pulled. “We are treated like animals,” he said. “Less than animals.”
At one point, there was a bill, HB2576 in the state House and SB6442 in the state Senate to end for-profit prisons and detention centers like this one across the state, but it was amended into oblivion by the legislature, now nothing more than a bill to study their effectiveness, a fact not lost on many of the frustrated speakers and protestors, including one sign reading ‘Call your representatives and tell them to pass… oh… never mind ☹’.
The following hours of the protest were filled with music, chants, speakers, and even spoken word poetry, each in their own way denouncing the racism and cruelty that the speakers saw in the NWDC and all prisons like it.
I managed to catch one of those speakers, Skyla Sachiko Tomine, a senior in high school on her way out after the protest into what had transformed into a delightfully sunny day. She told me that “your voice, while it may seem like only one person can’t do a whole lot, if everyone thinks that way, then really nothing is going to get done but if everyone thinks that they can make a difference, then it becomes this big movement, it becomes a whole group of people working altogether and you aren’t alone anymore and that does make a difference.” If nothing else,the protesters certainly demonstrated that solidarity in Tacoma. | <urn:uuid:e3a5bbcf-01a3-4f69-ba3e-a9b0a1abbaf5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thewatchdogonline.com/never-again-is-now-protest-at-nwdc-sunday-28060 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.97843 | 975 | 2.609375 | 3 |
By Maciamo Hay,
on 23 April 2014
Is it possible to build an artificial superintelligence without fully replicating the human brain ?
The technological singularity requires the creation of an artificial superintelligence (ASI). But does that ASI need to be modelled on the human brain, or is it even necessary to be able to fully replicate the human brain and consciousness digitally in order to design an ASI ?
Animal brains and computers don't work the same way. Brains are massively parallel three-dimensional networks, while computers still process information in a very linear fashion, although millions of times faster than brains. Microprocessors can perform amazing calculations, far exceeding the speed and efficiency of the human brain using completely different patterns to process information. The drawback is that traditional chips are not good at processing massively parallel data, solving complex problems, or recognizing patterns.
Newly developed neuromorphic chips are modelling the massively parallel way the brain processes information using, among others, neural networks. Neuromorphic computers should ideally use optical technology, which can potentially process trillions of simultaneous calculations, making it possible to simulate a whole human brain.
The Blue Brain Project and the Human Brain Project, funded by the European Union, the Swiss government and IBM, are two such attempts to build a full computer model of a functioning human brain using a biologically realistic model of neurons. The Human Brain Project aims to achieve a functional simulation of the human brain for 2016.
Neuromorphic chips make it possible for computers to process sensory data, detect and predict patterns, and learn from experience. This is a huge advance in artificial intelligence, a step closer to creating an artificial general intelligence (AGI), i.e. an AI that could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can.
Think of an AGI inside a humanoid robot, a machine that looks and behave like us, but with customizable skills and that can perform practically any task better than a real human. These robots could be self-aware and/or sentient, depending on how we choose to build them. Manufacturing robots wouldn't need to be, but what about social robots living with us, taking care of the young, the sick or the elderly ? Surely it would be nicer they could converse with us as if they were conscious, sentient beings like us, a bit like the AI in Spike Jonze's 2013 movie Her.
In a not too distant future, perhaps less than two decades, such robots could replace humans for practically any job, creating a society of abundance where humans can spend their time however they like. In this model, highly capable robots would run the economy for us. Food, energy and most consumer products would be free or very cheap, and people would receive a fixed monthly allowance from the government.
This all sounds very nice. But what about an AI that would be greatly surpass the brightest human minds ? An artificial superintelligence (ASI), or strong AI (SAI), with the ability to learn and improve on itself, and potentially becoming millions or billions of times more intelligent and capable than humans ? The creation of such an entity would theoretically lead to the mythical technological singularity.
Futurist and inventor Ray Kurzweil believes that the singularity will happen some time around 2045. Among Kurzweil's critics is Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen, who believes that the singularity is still a long way off. Allen argues that for a real singularity-level computer intelligence to be built, the scientific understanding of how the human brain works will need to accelerate exponentially (like digital technologies), and that the process of original scientific discovery just doesn't behave that way. He calls this issue the complexity brake.
Without interfering in the argument between Paul Allen and Ray Kurzweil (who replied convincingly here), the question I want to discuss is whether it is absolutely necessary to fully understand and replicate the way the human brain works to create an ASI.
Great intelligence doesn't have to be modelled on the human brain
It is a natural for us to think that humans are the culmination of intelligence, simply because it is the case in the biological world on Earth. But that doesn't mean that our brain is perfect or that other forms of higher intelligence cannot exist if they aren't based on the same model.
If extraterrestrial beings with a greater intelligence than ours exist, it is virtually unthinkable that their brains be shaped and function like ours. The process of evolution is so random and complex that even if life were to be created again on a planet identical to Earth, it wouldn't unfold the same way as it did for us, and consequently the species wouldn't be the same. What if the Permian-Triassic extinction, or any other mass extinction event hadn't occured ? We wouldn't be there. But that doesn't mean that other intelligent animals wouldn't have evolved instead of us. Perhaps there would have been octopus-like creatures more intelligent than humans with a completely different brain structure.
It's pure human vanity and short-sightedness to think that everything good and intelligent has to be modelled on us. That is the kind of thinking that led to the development of religions with anthropomorphized gods. Humble or unpretentious religions like animism or Buddhism either have no human-like deity or no god at all. More arrogant or self-righteous religions, be them polytheistic or monotheistic, have typically imagined gods as superhumans. We don't want to make the same mistake with artificial superintelligence. Greater than human intelligence does not have to be an inflated version of human intelligence, nor should it be based on our biological brains.
The human brain is the fortuitious result of four billion years of evolution. Or rather, it is one tiny branch in the grand tree of evolution. Birds have much smaller brains than mammals and are generally considered stupid animals compared to most mammals. Yet, crows have reasoning skills that can exceed that of a preschooler. They display conscious, purposeful behaviour, a combined with a sense of initiative, elaborate problem solving abilities of their own, and can even use tools. All this with a brain the size of a fava-bean. A 2004 study from the departments of animal behavior and experimental psychology at the University of Cambridge claimed that crows were as clever as the great apes.
Clearly there is no need to replicate the intricacies of a human cortex to achieve consciousness and initiative. Intelligence does not depend only on brain size, the number of neurons, or cortex complexity, but also the brain-to-body mass ratio. That is why cattle, who have brains as big as chimpanzees, are stupider than ravens or mice.
But what about computers ? Computers are pure "brains". They don't have bodies. And indeed as computers get faster and more efficient, their size tend to decrease, not increase. This is yet another example of why we shouldn't compare biological brains and computers.
As Ray Kurzweil explains in his reply to Paul Allen, learning about how the human brains works only serve to provide "biologically inspired methods that can accelerate work in AI, much of which has progressed without significant insight as to how the brain performs similar functions. [...] The way that these massively redundant structures in the brain differentiate is through learning and experience. The current state of the art in AI does, however, enable systems to also learn from their own experience." He then adds that IBM's Watson learned most of its knowledge by reading on its own.
In conclusion, there is no rational reason to believe that an artificial superintelligence couldn't come into being without being entirely modelled on the human brain, or any animal brain. A computer chip will never be the same as a biochemical neural network, and a machine will never feel emotions the same way as us (although they may feel emotions that are out of the range of human perception). But notwithstanding these differences, some computers can already acquire knowledge on their own, and will become increasingly good at it, even if they don't learn exactly the same way as humans. Once given the chance to improve on themselves, intelligent machines could set in motion a non-biological evolution leading to greater than human intelligence, and eventually to the singularity.
The next question is: Is it reasonable to let the singularity happen ? | <urn:uuid:715af1d4-a89d-4f39-988f-4e8c4c75c406> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.vitamodularis.org/articles/can_artifical_superintelligence_be_built_without_replicating_the_human_brain.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00530-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950796 | 1,695 | 3.5625 | 4 |
EORTC Melanoma Group sentinel node protocol identifies high rate of submicrometastases according to Rotterdam Criteria
Sentinel node (SN) status is the most important prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in stages I-II melanoma. We evaluated the positive sentinel node identification rate of the EORTC Melanoma Group (MG) protocol as well as its capacity to identify minimal tumour burden, according to the Rotterdam Criteria in 421 consecutive patients. Correlations between primary tumour characteristics and SN tumour burden were investigated. The same 2 pathologists worked up all SNs according to the EORTC MG protocol and tumour burden was scored according to the Rotterdam Criteria (<0.1 mm, 0.1-1.0 mm and >1.0 mm for the largest diameter of the largest metastasis in the SN). The positive SN detection rate was 28.7% with a false negative rate of 10.4% at a median Breslow thickness of 2.1 mm. The high positive identification rate of about 30% of the EORTC MG protocol has been confirmed in this study. The protocol is sensitive and identifies submicrometastases (<0.1 mm) in a high percentage (18%). The variables SN tumour load, non-SN (NSN) status and ulceration of the primary were independent prognostic factors for DFS and OS in the multivariate analysis. At a median follow-up time of 4.3 years patients with minimal tumour burden (<0.1 mm) had a 5 year OS rate of 91%, virtually identical to 90% for SN-negative patients. The NSN positivity rate of 0% in these patients indicates that they may be spared a completion lymph node dissection (CLND) and its morbidity.
|Keywords||Melanoma, Multivariate analysis, Prognostic factors, Sentinel node, adolescent, adult, aged, article, disease free survival, female, human, human cell, human tissue, lymph node dissection, major clinical study, male, melanoma, micrometastasis, overall survival, priority journal, prognosis, sentinel lymph node, tumor volume|
|Persistent URL||dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.06.003, hdl.handle.net/1765/21118|
|Journal||European Journal of Cancer|
van der Ploeg, A.P.T, van Akkooi, A.C.J, Schmitz, P.I.M, Koljenovic, S, Verhoef, C, & Eggermont, A.M.M. (2010). EORTC Melanoma Group sentinel node protocol identifies high rate of submicrometastases according to Rotterdam Criteria. European Journal of Cancer, 46(13), 2414–2421. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.06.003 | <urn:uuid:4f759162-b84a-485c-a78a-c9161c24aa2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://repub.eur.nl/pub/21118/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.811215 | 641 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Cavendish, Thomas, 1560–92, English navigator. He commanded a ship in the flotilla under Sir Richard Grenville sent (1585) by Sir Walter Raleigh to establish the first colony in Virginia. In 1586, in command of three vessels, he sailed from England on a voyage round the world (the third to be made), crossing from the coast of W Africa to Patagonia, where he discovered a fine harbor that he named Port Desire. He ravaged Spanish towns and shipping on the west coast of South America and thence continued his journey by way of the Philippines, East Indies, and Cape of Good Hope, returning to England in 1588 after a voyage of more than two years. A second circumnavigation that commenced in 1591 ended disastrously; his fleet of five ships was dispersed, and he died at sea.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:628e239b-3ae0-42e8-b8fc-0cc349a0aa02> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/cavendish-thomas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00212-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960435 | 196 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The future of oil exploration lies in new technology--from massive data-processing supercomputers to 4D seismic to early-phase airborne spy technology that can pinpoint prospective reservoirs.
Oil and gas is getting bigger, deeper, faster and more efficient, with new technology chipping away at “peak oil” concerns. Hydraulic fracturing has caught mainstream attention, other high-tech developments in exploration and discovery have kept this ball rolling.
Oil majors are second only to the US Defense Department in terms of the use of supercomputing systems, which find sweet spots for drilling based on analog geology. These supercomputing systems analyze vast amounts of seismic imaging data collected by geologists using sound waves.
What's changed most recently is the dimension: When the oil and gas industry first caught on to seismic data collection for exploration efforts, the capabilities were limited to 2-dimensional imaging. The next step was 3D, which gives a much more accurate picture of what's down there.
The latest is the 4th dimension: Time, which allows explorers not only to determine the geological characteristics of a potential play, but also tells them how a reservoir is changing in real time. But all this is very expensive. And oilmen are zealous cost-cutters.
The next step in technology takes us off the ground and airborne—at a much cheaper cost—according to Jen Alic, a global intelligence and energy expert for OP Tactical.
The newest advancement in oil exploration is an early-phase aerial technology that can see what no other technology—including the latest 3D seismic imagery—can see, allowing explorers to pinpoint untapped reservoirs and unlock new profits, cheaper and faster.
“We've watched supercomputing and seismic improve for years. Our research into new airborne reservoir-pinpointing technology tells us that this is the next step in improving the bottom line in terms of exploration,” Alic said.
“In particular, we see how explorers could reduce expensive 3D seismic spending because they would have a much smaller area pinpointed for potential. Companies could save tens of millions of dollars.”
The new technology, developed by Calgary's NXT Energy Solutions, has the ability to pinpoint prospective oil and gas reservoirs and to determine exactly what's still there from a plane moving at 500 kilometers an hour at an altitude of 3,000 meters.
The Stress Field Detection (SFD) technology uses gravity to gather its oil and gas intelligence—it can tell different frequencies in the gravitational field deep underground.
Just like a stream is deflected by a big rock, SFD detects gravity disturbances due to subsurface stress and density variations. Porous rock filled with fluids has a very different density than surrounding solid rocks. Remember, gravity measurement is based on the density of materials. SFD detects subtle changes in earth's gravitational field.
According to its developers, the SFD could save oil and gas companies up to 90% of their exploration cost by reducing the time spent searching for a reservoir and drilling into to it to determine whether there's actually any oil and gas still there.
“Because it's all done from the air, SFD doesn't need on-the-ground permitting, and it covers vast acreage very quickly. It tells explorers exactly where to do their very expensive 3D seismic, greatly reducing the time and cost of getting accurate drilling information,” NXT Energy Solutions President and CEO George Liszicasz, told Oilprice.com in a recent interview.
Mexico's state-owned oil company Pemex has already put the new technology to the test both onshore and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, and was a repeat customer in 2012. They co-authored with NXT a white paper on their initial blind-test used of the survey technology.
At first, management targeted the technology to frontier areas where little seismic or well data existed. As an example, Pacific Rubiales Energy is using SFD technology in Colombia, where the terrain, and environmental concerns, make it difficult to obtain permits and determine where best to drill.
The technology was recently contracted in the United States for unconventional plays as well. | <urn:uuid:9d58c97a-f4bd-4cbc-b925-595fdcfedff7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.mercopress.com/2014/03/05/new-spy-technology-to-spawn-oil-revolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.947995 | 844 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Here on the The BioLogos Forum there has recently been a spirited discussion resulting from various posts and videos on the nature of “Adam.” I’m grateful that a forum for such open discussion exists. I find many aspects of this discussion immensely helpful. Nevertheless, I have to admit that I’m not fully satisfied. I’m prepared to accept the basic facts of human evolution. I'm also prepared to consider generously the views of the many fine theologians and scholars writing here on BioLogos concerning a non-"literal" Adam. However, I’m not prepared to suggest that these facts elide any possibility of a “historical” Adam.
My concerns are theological. Significant parts of the Christian Tradition have always taught that human beings are incapable of not sinning; that this incapability is a form of corruption and not an inherent human weakness that can be overcome by merely human effort; and that this corruption was passed on organically from Adam to his descendants. If we elide any historical Adam and any “real” mechanism for the transmission of original sin, this raises some important difficulties for many Christians. In the recent past, this move has often led to Pelagian views of human nature, and then to merely existentialist views of Christian faith that cease to be meaningfully “Christian.” In addition, whatever approach one takes to the question of Biblical "inerrancy," it seems to many Christians, including myself, that the Biblical narrative is difficult to hold together without a "real" primal event of sin by humanity's progenitors.
My own theological presuppositions, then, compel me to consider ways in which the best scientific evidence can be accepted without giving up entirely on a "historical" Adam. So how can a historical Adam be reconciled with human evolution?
The biggest problem here, in my view, is the population genetics data described in in a post by Dennis Venema and Darrel Falk. There is compelling evidence that current human genetic diversity cannot have derived from only one breeding pair. We can construct any variety of scenarios under which God "selected" some hominid pair to be "Adam and Eve," but none of those scenarios answer this population genetics data. "Adam and Eve" would have had many brothers, sisters, cousins, and so on, who also would have passed some of their genes on to us.
I've puzzled over this question for a long time, and here is an approach I believe might be fruitful: the distinction between "genetics" and "genealogy." The Biblical writers and editors did not know anything about "genetics." When Paul says in Romans 5:12 that "sin entered the world through one man," he is not commenting on the modern science of genetics. He is referring to a genealogical line in the context of ancient uses of genealogies.
A good comparison here is the Biblical notion of Abraham as the father of the Jewish people. Hebrews 11:12 says that “from this one man [Abraham], and he as good as dead, came descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as countless as the sand on the seashore” (emphasis added). (In fact, the word man in the translation does not appear in the Greek. Read literally, the texts says that from "one ... came descendants....")
I suspect that most of us would not be surprised to learn that, in the generations between Abraham and the first century, the Jewish gene pool would have become significantly diluted. Even if some of Abraham’s genes remained in the first century Jewish gene pool, because of intermarriage, there would have been a great deal of genetic diversity from people outside of Abraham’s line, including Canaanites, Moabites, and others.
Indeed, the Bible itself tells us that the Israelites repeatedly intermarried with surrounding people, often to their great detriment, as when King Solomon catered to the idol-worship of his foreign wives (see 1 Kings 11:1-6). Non-Jews—people who according to scripture itself were not physical heirs of Abraham—were considered by the writer of the Gospel of Matthew to be part of the Abrahamic line of redemption, to the point of being included in the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew’s Gospel: Tamar and Rahab, both Canaanite women, and Ruth, a Moabite woman. And Rahab is even mentioned again in the “Hebrews 11 Hall of Fame” (Heb. 11:31)?
So how can the writer of Hebrews suggest that the Jews came from “one" (or "one man") when in the same passage he mentions a Canaanite woman who was not a direct descendant of Abraham? What about the progenitors of the Canaanite and Moabite family lines of Tamar, Rahab, Ruth, and of many other non-Jews who married into Abraham’s line over the centuries?
I confess I’m not a professional Biblical scholar, but from my study of scripture and its context, it seems to me that genealogy, in the ancient context, is at heart about the representative responsibility of the progenitor and of other key figures in the genealogical line. It is of course true that ancient genealogy also involves physical descent, but not every member of the progenitor’s line necessarily would have to be a direct physical descendant of the progenitor alone.
It seems to me potentially very significant for our conversation about Adam that people who were not physically descended from Abraham were included in the Biblical genealogy of redemption that derives from “one man,” Abraham. They were grafted into the Abrahamic line by marriage. Is it likewise possible that the universal genealogical line of “Adam” could include the in-grafting of physical lines of descent outside of Adam’s direct line, with “Adam” still remaining the progenitor with representative responsibility for the resulting mass of humanity?
Once again, the Bible itself seems to have no problem with this possibility. The story of the mark of Cain seems to assume that Adam and Eve were not the only humans alive in their times. (See Gen. 4:15). Apparently, Cain’s descendants intermarried with the people Cain eventually encountered. The descendants of Cain’s descendants would all have been descendants of Adam, but they also would have acquired genetic material from other people, just as Tamar, Rahab, Ruth, and others infused non-Abrahamic genetic material into the Abrahamic line.
What I’m suggesting is scientifically plausible. There is no problem at all in suggesting that every person alive today physically can trace his or her lines of descent—his or her “family tree”—to encompass a single pair in the recent or distant past. The problem arises when we try to suggest that this pair were the only humans alive at the time and that all of our present genes derive only from a single pair.
For example, I have a family tree for my father’s side that goes back to the 1600’s. If you look at the generation of Opderbecks alive in the 1600’s on that document, you’ll see that all the Opderbecks alive today can locate Johan and Christina Opderbeck, married circa 1730, in their own lineages. This does not mean Johan and Christina Opderbeck were the only Opderbecks, much less the only human beings, alive in 1730. The genetic makeup of present-day Opderbecks is quite diverse and reflects input from a wide range of other people. Nevertheless, we all share a recent common ancestral couple, Johan and Christina. (For a more technical discussion, see Rohde, On the Common Ancestors of All Living Humans).
It is true that the sort of idea I’m floating isn’t strictly biologically monogenetic. However, it seems to me that it could preserve Paul’s federal theology and provides a plausible, even Augustinian, mechanism for the propagation of original sin.
I want to be clear that this isn’t a “concordist” scenario of the sort that suggests the Bible contains “science” that was ahead of its time. I think it’s obviously right that we can’t hang on to literalism about “Adam” and the “fall” in the classical sense of Milton’s “Paradise Lost.” However, like many evangelical Christians, my theological presuppositions compel me to look for some “literalism” about the “fall” in the sense of it being a real ontological “event” in space and time. And I don’t see any reason not to say that Genesis 2-4 is at least a highly stylized literary portrayal of “real” events. Science is helping us understand the form of the Bible’s “fall” narratives, but not eliding their essential content.
In short, Biblical genealogy is in some sense about biological relationships, but it primarily concerns spiritual-representative relationships. Biblical genealogy knows nothing of genomics or population genetics. The Bible itself, in its discussion of Abraham, demonstrates that descent from "one man" cannot be a reference to genetic science. If we move the search for a “literal” Adam away from genetics and into the spiritual and relational aspects of human nature, then, we act in a way that is more faithful to the text. And science cannot comment one way or the other on whether there is a spiritual-representative “Adam” ultimately connected to everyone’s family tree. The population genetics data concerning human evolution then pose a variety of fascinating, but perhaps less theologically troublesome, open questions. | <urn:uuid:951c3472-961d-4848-95fc-21fda9e0f098> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://biologos.org/blogs/archive/is-there-a-historical-adam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00270-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962132 | 2,057 | 2 | 2 |
What you will be turning in on Blackboard for Part II:
You will turn in a document containing ONLY the following three items:
1) The Data Table
2) The 1250-word paper
3) The bibliography.
I will not grade papers that contain the instructions to this assignment so please don’t include anything from this document in your submission EXCEPT for the data table.
The Instructions for the Macroeconomic Policy Paper (Part II) begin on the next page
Your job is to propose a macroeconomic policy for a foreign country of interest to you. Your paper will take the form of an economic briefing and policy proposal addressed to the leader of the country you have chosen to study. You will be writing the economic briefing and policy proposal in your capacity as the Head of the Council of Economic Advisors for your country. You are the most powerful Economic Policymaker in your country and your analysis and proposals will carry great weight so have confidence in your knowledge and expertise! Don’t be afraid to advocate for your policy goals and policy proposals on the basis of your personal values. This is an acceptable approach, as long as you can support your arguments with economic data and economic reasoning.
Research TASK #1: Select a foreign country that most interests you. Optional: State why you selected this country on your assignment.
Research TASK #2: Identify and Assess Data. Identify and study recent data and trends in GDP, GDP per capita, economic growth, unemployment, poverty, and inflation about your country. In addition to these six indicators, please provide information on at least two additional indicators you believe reflect your country’s standard of living or inform your exposition of the macroeconomic challenge faced by your country. Please review my document (available on Blackboard) on conducting library research.
Note: A valuable source for current data is the “Guide to Country Comparisons” on the CIA World Fact Book Website at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
Other sources for macroeconomic data include the World Bank, IMF, OECD, and UN
Research TASK #3:
· Identify a minimum of three (I highly recommend more than three) recent macroeconomic news, magazine or academic journal articles concerning your country. The Economist is an excellent source. (Also see the New York Times, the Financial Times, the Washington Post, The Guardian, The Times of London, OECD country reports, World Bank country reports).
· Read the assigned article by the IMF on Systemic reform (available on Blackboard)
WRITING TASK #1: In 1250 of your OWN (Typed) words, based on the information you collected,
1) Characterize the macroeconomic state and direction of your country (Minimum 250 words),
2) Identify what you believe is the major macroeconomic challenge facing your country (Minimum 250 words).
3) Recommend a macroeconomic policy (fiscal, systematic reform, and/or long-term growth) to the leaders of your country. Explain why your policy might help your country’s economy. Support/defend your proposal with data and economic theory (Minimum 750 words).
Writing TASK #2: Appropriately provide your references, including links to any online sources used. At least three (preferably more) sources in addition to the data sources, IMF paper and your textbook must be referenced. Please include a bibliography and the Data Table in your final paper submission. Note: The Data Table is approximately 200 words so your final paper word count should be well over 1500 words, 1250 for your paper plus 200 for the Data Table. The bibliography will add to this word count. This is a minimum suggested word count. You may submit a paper upto 3000 words long.
Deadlines for Part I and Part II are clearly posted in the Syllabus as well as on Blackboard, and late assignments will not be accepted
PART I: Students should inform me about the country they will be choosing to study, complete the macroeconomic data table, and provide me with a link and summary of one of the news/magazine articles they will be using (Tasks 1, 2 and 3) .
You can find additional guidance on this preliminary deadline/ Part I of the assignment on Blackboard.
Once on Blackboard click on Course Content on the left-hand side of the Home Page for this course.
Under Course Content click on the Unit titled Assignments and Tests.
Under Assignments and Tests you will find a file titled “Macroeconomic Analysis Assignment Part I” Please click on this file which contains detailed instructions on how to complete Part I of the assignment.
Students who meet the above deadline will receive up to 4 extra credit points (added to their course grade at the end of the semester).
I will review your assignment and provide feedback. If you wish to change your paper topic please email your request to me at least a week before the deadline for Part II.
Part II Macroeconomic Analysis Assignment Part
Students will be held to the highest standards for academic integrity. Please read the attached information on Montgomery College’s plagiarism policy.
You will submit an electronic copy of the data table, paper and bibliography through Blackboard.
You will submit an electronic copy of your assignments through Blackboard using Safe Assign.
The GRADING RUBRIC for the ECON 201 Macroeconomic Policy Paper Part II.
Objective 1 (Description) is worth 11 points or 5.5% of your term grade
Objective 2 (Prescription) is worth 11 points or 5.5% of term grade
Objective 1 (11 points)
Data (4 points)
Current data for these 6 +2 Macro indicators 3 points
Trend data for at least four of these indicators 1 point
Summary 500 words (5 points)
Summarizes macro trends and Identifies the key macroeconomic problems 3 points
or opportunities for this country
Uses evidence from their data to support their area of focus 1 point
Analysis of either the cause of the problem or the relevance of the problem 1 point
Bibliography (2 points)
Uses an appropriate data source and article 1 point
Properly cites all sources using an established format 1 point
Objective 2 750 words (11 points)
Describes the macroeconomic policy using economic theory 4 points
Explains why and how the policy might help their country’s economy 4 points
(using economic theory)
Associates their recommendation with the macro data collected 1 point
Notes drawbacks/tradeoffs associated with policy 2 points
ECON 201 Macroeconomic Policy Paper Part II
Student Name: Country: ________________________
· Please cite your data sources in your bibliography.
· The Data Table will not count towards your paper’s final 1250 word count.
MACROECONOMIC DATA ORGANIZER/TABLE (please include this table in your final paper)
Prior Year 1
Enter the year
Prior Year 2 (optional)
Enter the year
Enter the year
Enter the year
GDP per capita
*Additional Indicator #1
*Additional Indicator #2
*Additional Indicator #3
*Enter the title of the additional indicators you are providing in the first column.
Guidance for the Macroeconomic Data Organizer/Table:
· You must have data for 2018/2019 for all eight of your indicators
· In order to establish trends you will also need to try to find three years of data for at least four of your indicators
· The Additional Indicators you provide should be relevant to your paper topic
· A good place to start is the CIA Factbook which generally has 2-3 years of data on the six required indicators
· Other sources to consider include the World Bank, the IMF (World Economic Outlook database), the OECD and the United Nations. The World Bank has good data on poverty.
The indicator I prefer (if available for your country) is the World Bank’s “Poverty Headcount ratio at National poverty lines- % of population”
· You might need to find data using multiple data sets. I strongly encourage you to be consistent. If for instance, you are citing several years of unemployment data, it is best to use the same data source for all years. Poverty data can be difficult to interpret because some organizations base their definition of poverty on the overall standard of living in the country. I would like to see an explanatory footnote for your poverty data so I know the data source as well as their definition of poverty.
· The Data Table will not count towards your paper’s final word count. The Data table is around 200 words so your final paper’s word count should be well over 1500 words 1250 of your analysis plus 200 words for the data table plus additional words from your bibliography.
ECON 201 Macroeconomic Policy Paper
POLICY PROPOSAL ORGANIZER
NOTE: PLEASE DO NOT TURN THIS IN. This organizer is meant for your personal use. It will help you organize your thoughts and develop an outline for the policy proposal part of your paper
Main Economic Challenge or Opportunity
Key Economic Indicator (s)
Proposed Policy Tool (s)
Effect of the Policy on the Economy
Effect of the Policy on the Key Indicators
Unemployment Rate of 8%
Poverty Rate of 32%
Economic Growth – 3.6%
Expansionary Fiscal Policy
(Increase Government Spending and lower taxes)
Increase in Aggregate Demand
(G increases and multiplier effect on C)
*Increase in GDP
*decline in both Poverty and Unemployment
* Increase in budget deficit
*Possible increase in inflation
Guidance for the Policy Proposal Organizer:
· I suggest you use the data table and/or the news article to help you identify the main economic challenge or opportunity facing your country
· Provide Key Economic Indicators from the Data Table to support your area of focus
· Propose a policy or a set of policies to address the macroeconomic challenge/opportunity
· Briefly describe the effect of the Policy on the Macroeconomy
· Briefly describe the effect of these economic changes on the Key Economic Indicators you are focusing on
· Note the main drawbacks/tradeoffs involved in using your chosen policy tool(s)
DO NOT TURN THIS IN!! This is for your personal use.
Why Choose Us
We value our clients. For this reason, we ensure that each paper is written carefully as per the instructions provided by the client. Our editing team also checks all the papers to ensure that they have been completed as per the expectations.
Professional Academic Writers
Over the years, our Acme Homework has managed to secure the most qualified, reliable and experienced team of writers. The company has also ensured continued training and development of the team members to ensure that it keep up with the rising Academic Trends.
Our prices are fairly priced in such a way that ensures affordability. Additionally, you can get a free price quotation by clicking on the "Place Order" button.
We pay strict attention on deadlines. For this reason, we ensure that all papers are submitted earlier, even before the deadline indicated by the customer. For this reason, the client can go through the work and review everything.
At Buy An Essay, all papers are plagiarism-free as they are written from scratch. We have taken strict measures to ensure that there is no similarity on all papers and that citations are included as per the standards set.
Customer Support 24/7
Our support team is readily available to provide any guidance/help on our platform at any time of the day/night. Feel free to contact us via the Chat window or support email: [email protected].
Try it now!
How it works?
Follow these simple steps to get your paper done
Place your order
Fill in the order form and provide all details of your assignment.
Proceed with the payment
Choose the payment system that suits you most.
Receive the final file
Once your paper is ready, we will email it to you.
Buy An Essay has stood as the world’s leading custom essay writing services providers. Once you enter all the details in the order form under the place order button, the rest is up to us.
At Buy An Essay, we prioritize on all aspects that bring about a good grade such as impeccable grammar, proper structure, zero-plagiarism and conformance to guidelines. Our experienced team of writers will help you completed your essays and other assignments.
Admission and Business Papers
Be assured that you’ll definitely get accepted to the Master’s level program at any university once you enter all the details in the order form. We won’t leave you here; we will also help you secure a good position in your aspired workplace by creating an outstanding resume or portfolio once you place an order.
Editing and Proofreading
Our skilled editing and writing team will help you restructure you paper, paraphrase, correct grammar and replace plagiarized sections on your paper just on time. The service is geared toward eliminating any mistakes and rather enhancing better quality.
We have writers in almost all fields including the most technical fields. You don’t have to worry about the complexity of your paper. Simply enter as much details as possible in the place order section. | <urn:uuid:9545055d-d990-45dd-af33-644faae58074> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://buy-an-essay.co/2022/05/01/macroeconomic-analysis-assignment-part-2-economics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.890992 | 2,912 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Akaky Akakievich and the Tragedy of The Overcoat
The hero of “The Overcoat”, Akaky Akakievich, engenders both hatred and pity from the reader. His meekness and his pathetic life deserve sympathy, while his utter detachment from his peers and his singular obsession with a coat are often despised. He is drastically different from any of his peers, but there is a certain purity in his way of life which the overcoat defiles. Akaky’s world is completely devoid of any excitement; his sole source of pleasure lies in his work. However, his career itself is excruciatingly mundane and only a man as simple as he could extract happiness from it. Akaky is a ghost in his world, and only his death leaves any impression. Temptation, in the form of a luxurious coat, is forced upon him and upsets his peaceful life. Akaky should not be hated for his disconnection from reality or for his symbolic marriage to an overcoat; rather he should be pitied for his terrible fate.
Akaky is doomed from birth. When his mother pages through the Russian Orthodox calendar for names for her son, each name carries the connotation of martyrdom. She realizes that he will be unable to avoid a similarly miserable fate, and so resignedly gives him the monotonous name of “Akaky, son of Akaky”. Nothing about him, in fact, is either notable or appealing. Described as short, pockmarked, balding and ruddy-faced, Akaky is the antithesis of attractive. A fly commands more attention than he does. His diminutive salary prevents him from affording anything but the poorest of clothing, but finer garments could scarcely improve his looks. Even the timing of his walks to work is cursed; he constantly finds himself the target of garbage thrown out of apartment windows and so is always covered in filth. His speech is so fragmented by pauses, prepositions and particles that is barely coherent. Fortune completely overlooks Akaky, and such tragic circumstances move the reader to pity. | <urn:uuid:aaee04e7-0477-4ca2-badb-7ff295617f86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Akaky-Akakievich-And-The-Tragedy-Of-159281.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984428 | 432 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Kathmandu, Feb.12 (ANI): The task forces of the three big political parties in Nepal and agitating Untied Democratic Madhesi Front (UDMF) have decided to form a separate political mechanism to resolve the issue of demarcation of provincial boundaries.
The task forces have during a meeting called by Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli at his official residence in Baluwatar on Friday decided form the separate political mechanism, reports The Himalayan Times.
The meeting has decided to form the mechanism before the Prime Minister’s five-day visit to India beginning on February 19.
Prime Minister Oli summoned the meeting of the task forces of major parties and UDMF for the first time after the Front formally announced to end the border blockade. (ANI) | <urn:uuid:b073ebb7-5a3d-400f-9895-9d473c52c8ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.canindia.com/three-big-political-parties-in-nepal-udmf-to-resolve-demarcation-issue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00053-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948272 | 160 | 1.5 | 2 |
The Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, , at sacred-texts.com
How Vishńu is to be worshipped, as related by Aurva to Sagara. Duties of the four castes, severally and in common: also in time of distress.
MAITREYA.--Inform me, venerable teacher, how the supreme deity, the lord of the universe, Vishńu, is worshipped by those who are desirous of overcoming the world; and what advantages are reaped by men, assiduous in his adoration, from the propitiated Govinda.
PARÁŚARA.--The question you have asked was formerly put by Sagara to Aurva 1. I will repeat to you his reply.
Sagara having bowed down before Aurva, the descendant of Bhrigu, asked him what were the best means of pleasing Vishńu, and what would be the consequence of obtaining his favour. Aurva replied, "He who pleases Vishńu obtains all terrestrial enjoyments; heaven and a place in heaven; and what is best of all, final liberation: whatever he wishes, and to whatever extent, whether much or little, he receives it, when Achyuta is content with him. In what manner his favour is to be secured, that also I will, oh king, impart to you, agreeably to your desire. The supreme Vishńu is propitiated by a man who observes the institutions of caste, order, and purificatory practices: no other path is the way to please him. He who offers sacrifices, sacrifices to him; he who murmurs prayer, prays to him; he who injures living creatures, injures him; for Hari is all beings. Janárddana therefore is propitiated by him
who is attentive to established observances, and follows the duties prescribed for his caste. The Brahman, the Kshatriya, the Vaiśya, and the Śúdra, who attends to the rules enjoined his caste, best worships Vishńu. Keśava is most pleased with him who does good to others; who never utters abuse, calumny, or untruth; who never covets another's wife or another's wealth, and who bears ill-will towards none; who neither beats nor slays any animate or inanimate thing; who is ever diligent in the service of the gods, of the. Brahmans, and of his spiritual preceptor; who is always desirous of the welfare of all creatures, of his children, and of his own soul; in whose pure heart no pleasure is derived from the imperfections of love and hatred. The man, oh monarch, who conforms to the duties enjoined by scriptural authority for every caste and condition of life, is he who best worships Vishńu: there is no other mode."
Aurva having thus spoken, Sagara said to him, "Tell me then, venerable Brahman, what are the duties of caste and condition 2: I am desirous of knowing them." To which Aurva answered and said, "Attentively listen to the duties which I shall describe as those severally of the Brahman, the Kshatriya, the Vaiśya, and the Śúdra. The Brahman should make gifts, should worship the gods with sacrifices, should be assiduous in studying the Vedas, should perform ablutions and libations with water, and should preserve the sacred flame. For the sake of subsistence he may offer sacrifices on behalf of others, and may instruct them in the Śástras; and he may accept presents of a liberal description in a becoming manner (or from respectable persons, and at an appropriate season). He must ever seek to promote the good of others, and do evil unto none; for the best riches of a Brahman are universal benevolence. He should look upon the jewels of another person as if they
were pebbles; and should, at proper periods, procreate offspring by his wife. These are the duties of a Brahman.
"The man of the warrior tribe should cheerfully give presents to Brahmans, perform various sacrifices, and study the scriptures. His especial sources of maintenance are arms and the protection of the earth. The guardianship of the earth is indeed his especial province: by the discharge of this duty a king attains his objects, and realizes a share of the merit of all sacrificial rites. By intimidating the bad, and cherishing the good, the monarch who maintains the discipline of the different castes secures whatever region he desires.
"Brahmá, the great parent of creation, gave to the Vaiśya the occupations of commerce and agriculture, and the feeding of flocks and herds, for his means of livelihood; and sacred study, sacrifice, and donation are also his duties, as is the observance of fixed and occasional rites.
"Attendance upon the three regenerate castes is the province of the Śúdra, and by that he is to subsist, or by the profits of trade, or the earnings of mechanical labour. He is also to make gifts; and he may offer the sacrifices in which food is presented, as well as obsequial offerings 3.
"Besides these their respective obligations, there are duties equally incumbent upon all the four castes. These are, the acquisition of property, for the support of their families; cohabitation with their wives, for the sake of progeny; tenderness towards all creatures, patience, humility, truth, purity, contentment, decency of decoration, gentleness of speech, friendliness; and freedom from envy and repining, from avarice, and from detraction. These also are the duties of every condition of life.
"In times of distress the peculiar functions of the castes may be modified, as you shall hear. A Brahman may follow the occupations of a Kshatriya or a Vaiśya; the Kshatriya may adopt those of the Vaiśya; and the Vaiśya those of the Kshatriya: but these two last should never descend to the functions of the Śúdra, if it be possible to avoid them 4; and if that be not possible, they must at least shun the functions of the mined castes. I will now, Rájá, relate to you the duties of the several Ásramas or conditions of life."
290:1 Sagara, as we shall see, was a king of the solar race. Aurva was a sage, the grandson of Bhrigu. When the sons of king Kritavírya persecuted and slew the children of Bhrigu, to recover the wealth which their father had lavished upon them, they destroyed even the children in the womb. One of the women of the race of Bhrigu, in order to preserve her embryo, secreted it in her thigh (Uru), whence the child on his birth was named Aurva: from his wrath proceeded a flame, that threatened to destroy the world; but at the persuasion of his ancestors he cast it into the ocean, where it abode with the face of a horse. Aurva was afterwards religious preceptor to Sagara, and bestowed upon him the Ágneyástram, or fiery weapon, with which he conquered the tribes of barbarians, who had invaded his patrimonial possessions. Mahábh. Ádi Parvan, Dána Dharma P., Hari Vanśa.
291:2 Most of the Puráńas, especially the Kúrma, Padma, Vámana, Agni, and Garud́a, contain chapters or sections more or less in detail upon the moral and ceremonial duties of the Hindus; and a considerable portion of the Mahábhárata, especially in the Moksha Dharma Parvan, is devoted to the same subject. No other Pauráńik work, however, contains a series of chapters exactly analogous to those which follow, and which contain a compendious and systematic description of the Ácháras, or personal and social obligations of the Hindus. The tenor of the whole is conformable to the institutes of Manu, and many passages are the same.
292:3 The Pákayajna, or sacrifice in which food is offered, implies either the worship of the Viśwadevas, the rites of hospitality, or occasional oblations, on building a house, the birth of a child, or any occasion of rejoicing. It is to be understood, however, that this injunction intends his performing these ceremonies through the agency of a Brahman, as a Śúdra cannot repeat the Mantras or prayers that accompany them; and it might be a question how far he might be present, for he ought not even to hear such prayers repeated. The performance of funeral rites involves some personal share, and the Śúdra must present the cakes, but it must be done without Mantras; as the Mitákshara; 'This rite (the presentation of cakes) must be performed by the Śúdras, without formula:, on the twelfth day.' The Váyu P. directs the performance of the five great sacrifices by Śúdras, only omitting the Mantras: It may be suspected that the Puráńas relaxed in some degree from the original rigour; for it may be inferred that the great ceremonies were altogether withheld from Śúdras in the time of Manu, who declares that none have any right or part (Adhikára) in his code except those who perform rites with Mantras, or the three regenerate castes (II. 16); and denounces as heinous sins teaching the p. 293 Vedas to Śúdras, performing sacrifices for them, or taking gifts from them. X. 309, 110, 111. Yájnawalkya, however, allows them to perform five great rites with the Namaskára, or the simple salutation: which Gotama confirms. Some restrict the sense of Mantra, also, to the prayers of the Vedas, and allow the Śúdras to use those of the Puráńas; as Śúlapáni: and the Titthi Tatwa is cited in the Śúdra Kamalákára as allowing them any Mantras except those of the Vedas.
293:4 This last clause reconciles what would else appear to be an incompatibility with Manu, who permits the Vaiśya in time of distress to descend to the servile acts of a Śúdra. X. 98. | <urn:uuid:daf7792f-a05c-4241-beb9-e94ea85f52aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp082.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00066-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955599 | 2,271 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Chemical and Mind Control experiments MKUltra, Bluebird and Artichoke.
The United States, for its warts, has achieved much in its short 230-plus year history. It is a benevolent world superpower, for the most part, that serves as a beacon of hope and freedom for an increasingly oppressed world, even as it serves as a guardian against tyranny for as many as half of the world’s nearly seven billion people.
But a few chapters in our history – slavery, oppression of the Native American tribes, causes of the civil rights movement, and moments of unconstitutionality on the part of our elected leaders – serve as more than simple blemishes on an otherwise admirable record of defending liberty and freedom. One such stain is the way we’ve treated some of our nation’s military veterans.
The maltreatment is summed up in a recent federal case. In late July, a group of veterans managed to win a court order forcing the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to hand over a trove of documents detailing the department’s alleged Cold War-era drug experiments on Vietnam vets. What’s problematic about this case isn’t the decision – the VA owes these veterans any answers they are seeking – but the fact that the case had to be filed at all.
According to court documents, U.S. Magistrate Judge Jacqueline Scott Corley, in Oakland, Calif., said in her ruling that the documents requested by the veteran-plaintiffs were “squarely relevant” to their claim that the government, through the VA, did not adequately notify veterans of chemicals they were purposely exposed to during experimentation, and – perhaps more importantly – what effects that exposure might have had on their physical and mental health.
Details of this sad episode in our history were contained in a 2009 class action suit. Filed by the Vietnam Veterans of America and individual soldiers, the suit charges the U.S. Army and the Central Intelligence Agency, with the help of former Nazi scientists, of using at least 7,800 vets as guinea pigs to test the effects of as many as 400 different types of drugs and chemicals. They included mescaline (psychedelic alkaloid), LSD (psychedelic drug), amphetamines, barbiturates, nerve agents and mustard gas.
The suit also says the government worked to cover up the testing and the nature of its experiments, which began in the 1950s under such exotic code names as “Bluebird,” “Artichoke” and MKUltra.”
The government launched “Project Paperclip,” the suit alleges, an all-out effort by the Army and CIA to allegedly recruit former Nazi scientists to help test various psycho-chemicals, as well as develop a new truth serum using the nation’s own vets as test subjects, Courthouse News Service reported.
“Over half of these Nazi recruits had been members of the SS or Nazi Party,” said the class-action suit. “The ‘Paperclip’ name was chosen because so many of the employment applications were clipped to immigration papers.”
According to Colin A. Ross, a psychiatrist and author of “The CIA Doctors,” said he pored over more than 15,000 documents he received from the nation’s premier spy agency detailing the “mind control” operations which he said took place between 1950-1972 “at many leading universities including Harvard, Yale, Cornell,Johns Hopkins and Stanford.”
The goal, simply, is mind control
In a report posted on the Citizens Commission on Human Rights International’s Web site, Ross said “MKUltra and related programs had several over-lapping purposes.”
“One was to purchase mind control drugs from suppliers. Another was to form relationships with researchers who might later be used as consultants at the TOP SECRET level,” he wrote. “The core purpose of these programs was to learn how to enhance interrogations, erase and insert memories, and create and run Manchurian Candidates.”
Ross said all of that is documented “clearly and explicitly” in the declassified CIA documents he obtained, though he said it was merely “a glimpse into the tip of the iceberg of CIA and military mind control.”
“The experimental subjects were not told the real purpose of the experiments, did not give informed consent, were not afforded outside counsel and received no meaningful follow-up,” he wrote. “As described by the psychiatrists in published papers, experiments with LSD and other hallucinogens, combined with sensory deprivation, electroshock and other interrogation techniques, resulted in psychosis and death among other ‘side effects.’ The purpose of these experiments was to see how easily a person could be put into a psychotic state or controlled.”
In a review of the MKUltra program, which was launched in 1953, Wired.com said its goal was, simply, mind-control.
“1953: The agency launches one of its most dubious covert programs ever, turning unsuspecting humans into guinea pigs for its research into mind-altering drugs,” said the report, which said then-Central Intelligence Agency director Allen Dulles authorized the program.
“Dulles wanted to close the ‘brainwashing gap’ that arose after the United States learned that American prisoners of war in Korea were subjected to mind-control techniques by their captors,” said Wired.com.
“Loathe to be outdone by foreign enemies, the CIA sought, through its research, to devise a truth serum to enhance the interrogations of POWs and captured spies. The agency also wanted to develop techniques and drugs – such as ‘amnesia pills’ – to create CIA superagents (sic) who would be immune to the mind-control efforts of adversaries.”
The creation of so-called Manchurian Candidates – a programmable assassin, essentially – was also a goal of the program.
Besides drug and chemical experimentation, the program included the use of radiological implants, hypnosis and subliminal persuasion, electroshock therapy and isolation techniques, the report said.
In their suit, the vets level similar charges – that the government was attempting to develop and test substances capable of inducing mind control, euphoria, altered personalities, confusion, physical paralysis, mania, illogical thinking and other effects.
Many of the experiments, the suit says, were conducted at Army facilities at Edgewood Arsenal and Ft. Detrick, Md. Some left a number of veterans saddled with debilitating health problems for decades to follow. Worse, the veterans say the government has neglected to provide follow-up medical care to mitigate the damages.
Some soldiers died from the testing, while others suffered physical and mental ailments including seizures and paranoia, an earlier ruling in the case noted.
In this latest bid for full disclosure, the VVA sought documents from the government that reveal the VA’s processes of identifying and notifying soldiers who may have been exposed to the chemical and biological tests.
No relevant medical purposes
In arguing against releasing the documents, attorneys for the VA said the agency should be exempted from doing so by the deliberative process privilege, which aims to shield the decision-making processes of government agencies.
Judge Corley did not buy the argument, ruling instead that that veterans group and others “have demonstrated a sufficient, substantial need to overcome the qualified deliberative process privilege.”
“The Court agrees that considerable discovery has been provided on this subject; however, having reviewed the thousands of pages of documents submitted for in camera review, the Court notes that these processes are far from clear or consistent, and in fact, seem to have undergone numerous modifications over time,” she wrote.
Corley ordered the VA to release more than 40 documents, which she said were “both relevant and unavailable from other sources given that the documents reflect processes which have evolved over time.”
Writes Ross, “The purpose of mind control experiments is controlling human behavior: making enemy combatants open up during interrogation; protecting secret information by erasing memories; making spies more resistant to interrogation because secret information is held by hidden identities and making people more prone to influence, social control and suggestion.
“The mind control experiments and operational programs violate basic human rights and all codes of medical ethics,” he said.
The government should never use American citizens or others for any sort of experimentation, at least without first getting consent. Using those who protect and defend us for the same is unspeakable.
CIA MIND CONTROL TECHNIQUES
After the US came in from the West and the Russians from the East, Germany was split. Hitler’s top scientists were covertly brought back to the States under an operation known as Paperclip. The US government wanted abstract knowledge from Hitler’s scientists for the benefit of the US military and the security of the nation. Another major concern was to capture the Germans from the Soviets who would definitely make use of the German scientists. Many of these scientists studied brainwashing and torture and several were prosecuted as war criminals during the Nuremberg Trials.
The US government started a program called MK-ULTRA which originated with the Nazis in Germany during Hitler’s reign. MK-ULTRA would be the continuation of the Nazi’s work along with the Americans. This program was used for experiments on hundreds of American and Canadian citizens without approval.
The program began as early as the 1950s and continued through the late 1960s. Some of the goals of project MK-ULTRA were to utilize methodologies to manipulate individual mental states and alter brain functions, including the surreptitious administration of drugs and other chemicals, sensory deprivation, isolation, and verbal and sexual abuse. This was an illegal and inhumane CIA human research program in its essence.
Now with the torture cases turning up in Guantanamo Bay and other stories from the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, people may ask how the US could do such inhumane experiments of physical and psychological torture to human beings. Many would not know that more extreme types of torture were already being practiced back home in the States on US citizens in the 1950s and on. Many US government projects began from Operation Paperclip. As Paperclip was to recruit Nazi scientists and have them work for the US government.
In those days it was the time of the Cold War, and the US wanted to be able to respond to the Soviet, Chinese and North Korean use of mind control as a weapon. The CIA was particularly interested in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques. Furthermore, the CIA later invented several schemes to drug Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Many historians claim one of the main goals was to create a Manchurian Candidate who is one that is brainwashed into unknowingly becoming an assassin. At the time, much of the experiments were at a more primitive level without the modern implantable chips, which can now be used inside bodies.
Drugs played a large role in tinkering with the patients. Chemical, biological and radiological means were also investigated for mind control. LSD experiments began with a host of others in April, 1953. LSD was given without consent to CIA workers, military personnel, government agents, doctors, mentally ill patients and prostitutes. One experiment was to connect a barbiturate IV into one arm and an amphetamine IV into the other.
The barbiturates were injected first, and as soon as the person appeared sedated or almost asleep, the amphetamines were injected. The person would babble incoherently and it was at times possible to ask questions and get useful answers.
Other drugs used during experiments included heroin, morphine, MDMA, mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, sodium pentothal, and ergine. Some of the Canadian MK-ULTRA experiments left people with permanent damage. Psychiatrist Donald E. Cameron worked every week at the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University.
Many of the patients suffered from mild depression excluding some schizophrenic patients he had been interested in correcting by erasing existing memories and reprogramming the psyche. His techniques included using LSD, experimenting with paralytic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power.
Cameron was the inventor of the “psychic driving” psychiatric procedure, which was believed by Cameron to be able to break down the subject’s personality and create a new one. He would put patients into drug-induced comas for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing sampled loops of noise or simple statements in repetition.
The result of Cameron experiments for MK-ULTRA left patients who suffered from mild treatable depression with amnesia, incontinence, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents and also believing that their interrogators were their parents.
MK-ULTRA also used many American children, children from Mexico and South America over a period of about forty years starting in 1948. Doctors and agents who administered it wanted to obtain control over the minds of these children to create super-agents; thereafter, not even remembering the missions they were programmed to carry out because of hypnotically induced amnesia. This was somehow removed by their controllers and installed back at will.
The children were trained as sex agents with the purpose of blackmailing prominent politicians, businessmen and educators. A lot of films were made and some of the centers where children were used as sex agents got out of control and turned into CIA-operated sex rings. Some children were considered expendable and simply murdered.
A number of people who were abused by these experiments and made it out went to therapy and other professionals to share their stories. It was reported that the CIA controllers sometimes dressed up in satanic costumes to further traumatize the children, also providing a cover so the children would not be believed if they talked.
It appeared that some of the main objective of all the different projects that bloomed out of Paperclip was to completely annihilate a child or adult’s memory and self-identity in order to reprogram the patient to do the bidding of the CIA whether this meant creating a sex slave, an assassin or whatever. Many were exposed to physical and psychological torture, others went insane, and several even died.
Now moving into the 21st century, the CIA is still involved in mind control but they have technology to help them. Drugs, psychological and physical torture is not as necessary as it was in the past to mentally destroy an innocent person.
The Washington Post on 24 November 2010 reported, “If military veterans have their way in a California lawsuit, the spy agency’s quest to turn humans into robot-like assassins via electrodes planted in their brains will get far more exposure than the drugs the CIA tested on the subjects ranging from soldiers to unwitting bar patrons and the clients of prostitutes.”
It’s not just science fiction or the imaginings of the mentally ill. In 1961, a top CIA scientist reported in an internal memo that the feasibility of remote control of activities in several species of animals has been demonstrated, the article said.
The Signals Intelligence mission of the NSA (National Security Agency) has evolved into a program of decoding EMF waves in the environment for wirelessly tapping into computers and tracking persons with the electrical currents in their bodies. Signals Intelligence is based on the fact that everything in the environment with an electric current in it has a magnetic field around it which gives off EMF waves.
Digital Angel and VeriChip (verification) are two companies that sell implantable RFID (radio frequency identification) microchips which can be implanted in the body with a syringe.
This technology is primarily used for tracking children who are kidnapped or locating a person that is mentally ill. Many US soldiers in Iraq had RFID chips implanted in case they were taken hostage. Technology is a double-edged sword and can be used for good or bad.
With the increase of gunmen taking out civilians in malls and schools, we have to consider the possibility of mind control. The government is also toying with ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) transmissions. ELF development for military purposes has shown to cause at close range aberrations in the thought processes of human beings, such as hallucinations, disordered thought, confusion, aggression, depression, anger, and hopelessness.
As technology accelerates at exponential speeds, the mass public is being left in the dark regarding what type of capabilities the military and government have. Some of this technology is referred to as exotic technologies. It is technologies that we do not know exist. The most modern technologies being used for mind control by the CIA are of course classified. Years later, after people take out lawsuits for family members or friends’ deaths and psychological illnesses, we may have more information. In addition, if they were doing those experiments back in the 50′s, we can only imagine what monstrosities the CIA and their mad scientists are inflicting on humans now. | <urn:uuid:2234642b-3cd1-4608-89bb-43e2c71694c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://istihbaratalani.wordpress.com/2013/04/30/case-us-government-ran-chemical-and-mind-control-experiments-mkultra-bluebird-and-artichoke/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969369 | 3,528 | 2.4375 | 2 |
The annual St. Mungo Festival in Glasgow goes from strength to strength. This year, its theme is “Mungo’s Bairns” and it explores what it means to be a Glaswegian. It began, as in previous years, with a celebration of the Life of St. Kentigern (or Mungo) in word and music in the Mitchell Library. Despite the double challenges of flu (which affected St. Pat’s Primary school children) and snow on the day, a good crowd turned up to join in the event.
The celebration started with St. Pat’s children singing the St. Mungo Rhyme about “the tree that never grew….the fish never swam…the bird that never flew….the bell that never rang” . In her introduction, Baillie Cathy McMaster welcomed everyone and expressed her appreciation that they had braved the weather to come. She explained that in looking at St. Mungo – who and when he was and why he did what he did – it gave us the opportunity to reflect on where we come from, as a basis for looking forward to where we should be going.
The Russian choir, Russkaya Cappella, from the Russian Orthodox community in Glasgow then sang a trio of unaccompanied pieces in four part harmony, the first a liturgical hymn of praise in honour of St. Mungo, followed by two Russian carols in celebration of the Orthodox Christmas which is on 6/7 January.
The second of these, “This Holy Night (Eta Noch’ svyataya)” gave the St. Mungo Singers a chance to try their hand at singing the repeat of the chorus in Russian, as Russkaya had provided them with a phonetical transliteration of the Russian words as well as the music!
At the heart of the service is the reading of an excerpt from the mediaeval “Vita Kentigerni”. This was read in Latin by Fr. George Gillespie, Parish Priest of Our Lady of Perpetual Succour, with the English translation read by Dr. Laurence Whitley, the Minister of Glasgow Cathedral. In mediaeval times, the whole of the “Vita” would have been read at the Cathedral in presence of the Archbishop and the Canons.
On this occasion, the excerpt was one of the stories from St. Mungo’s childhood in St. Serf’s monastery in Fife when he was charged with lighting the candles for the first morning service. He discovered that all the lights and fires in the monastery had been extinguished by troublemaking fellow-students. At his earnest prayer, a dry tree branch burst into flame and he was able to carry out his duties.
The children of St. Pat’s then treated those present to a song from the “St. Mungo Cantata” , the chorus of which was so appropriate for the festival:
“Give thanks to God for St. Mungo’s life and work. Let Glasgow flourish in his name”
The service ended with the singing of what was described as almost Glasgow’s anthem “Let Glasgow Flourish”, led by the St. Mungo Singers. | <urn:uuid:8c106b1d-b789-4fe3-ba19-ab6a920e6ce6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stmungomusic.org.uk/st-mungo-festival-opening-event-at-the-mitchell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.97086 | 691 | 1.90625 | 2 |
December 29, 2000
Ethical Wills: Preserving Your Legacy of Values
Barry K. Baines, M.D.
About 10 years ago I visited my parents in Florida, soon after my father was diagnosed with lung cancer. I asked him two questions. "Dad, is there anything you haven't done that you'd like to do while you still are feeling OK?" He replied, "just to have another 15 or 20 years of retirement". We both smiled a half-smile hoping that this would be true while being realistic that this was unlikely to happen.
My second question: "Dad, at some point would you write a letter to me that talks about things that have been important to you in your life?" He thought that was a strange request. He was never much of a letter writer. He said he would think about it.
Eight months later, about a month before he died, he sent me the letter I had asked for. He wrote about the importance of working hard, being honest, his children getting the education he never had, helping others in need, and sticking by your family. The memories of my father come flooding back whenever I read this letter. Although it's only a couple of handwritten pages long, it's a precious gift whose value can't be quantified. I now know that what my father wrote to me, the legacy of his values, was his ethical will.
Many people have written a last will and testament to provide for the distribution of their material assets. Others have written a living will to provide instructions for how they want to be treated medically at the end of their days. Now, an increasing number of people are asking how they can preserve their most precious legacy...their values, beliefs, lessons learned from life, dreams, and hopes for future generations. Creating an ethical will provides a means for living on in the hearts and minds of family and friends after we are gone.
Ethical wills are not new. Hebrew scripture first described ethical wills, which were transmitted verbally. Later they were written as codicils to legal wills. Ethical wills were originally associated with someone's final days. Today, with the revival of this tradition, they are being written to mark family and life cycle events.
There are many people for whom writing an ethical will is appropriate. For example, soon to be married or expectant couples can use an ethical will as an opportunity to take pause and reflect on values important to them as they embark upon these new life challenges. For elders, an ethical will provides an opportunity to "harvest" life experiences, convert these experiences into wisdom, and preserve this wisdom for future generations. For those facing a life-limiting illness, creating an ethical will provides a sense of meaning, purpose, completion, and peace of mind.
- Here is a partial list of why to write an ethical will:
- When you write an ethical will, you learn a lot about yourself
It is a way to affirm the past and be positive about the future
If you don't write your stories, no one else will, and these stories will be lost forever
It allows for putting your personal signature on what universal values mean to you (e.g., love, truth)
It opens the door to forgiving others and being forgiven, which heals relationships
It helps coming to terms with our mortality
It can be a spiritual experience that provides a sense of completion in our lives
Every ethical will is as unique as the person writing it is. After reading a number of them, I was struck by the fact that whether simple or elegant, all conveyed the sense of coming from the heart. Writing an ethical will need not be difficult to do. It preserves the legacy of your spirit to your family and community. It may well be one of the most valuable gifts you can give.
I hope this information will provide the spark you need to consider taking on the challenge of writing your ethical will. For those interested in pursuing this idea, resources can be found at www.ethicalwill.com the only web site devoted to information on ethical wills.
Barry K. Baines, MD
www.ethicalwill.com February 21, 2000 | <urn:uuid:788fe426-90fb-4da7-b178-b007302320e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cancerlynx.com/ethicalwills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00070-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972539 | 854 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Types of Manufactured Fibers
Polyester fiber characteristics are that it's made from coal or petroleum, strong & often blended with other fabrics, resistant to wrinkling, shrink & stretch resistant, easy to care for, great washability, pills easily, and static buildup. The common uses for polyester are children's wear, shirts, and suits.
Acetate fiber characteristics are that it is very versatile, inexpensive & easy to dye, silky & luxurious, deep luster & soft, wrinkles easy, and special care needed in cleaning. The common uses for acetate are neckties, lingerie, blouses, and linings.
Rayon fiber characteristics are that it's soft & comfortable, absorbent, inexpensive, stretches & is weak when wet, and mildews & wrinkles easily. The common uses for rayon are linings, sport shirts, and jackets.
Nylon fiber characteristics are that it's the first fiber to be manufactured totally from chemicals, it's strong, durable & elastic, dries quickly, resists wrinkles & soil, washes easily, heat sensitive, and clings to the wearer. The common uses for nylon are hosiery, swimwear, and windbreakers.
Spandex fiber characteristics are that it is known for its ability to stretch, resistant to lotions, oils, sun, & perspiration, easily damaged by chlorine bleach, soft & lightweight, durable, and nonabsorbent. The common uses for spandex are swimwear, dance wear, and exercise wear.
Acrylic fiber characteristics are that it resembles wool, soft & warm, bulky yet lightweight, quick drying, strong, wrinkle resistant, static buildup, and pills easily. The common uses for acrylic are terrycloth, bathrobes, knitted garments, and outdoor furniture fabrics & awnings. | <urn:uuid:ffe42936-77ea-4e16-a86e-ade66f926351> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tackk.com/labt67 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00088-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948979 | 374 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Think the kitchen, with its sharp utensils and hot stove, cause the most household injuries? Wrong. It’s the bathroom, according to a new report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In 2008, nearly 22 million Americans age 15 and older were injured in the bathroom, with nearly 235,000 treated in emergency rooms.
Unfortunately, the bathroom was especially treacherous for Americans age 65 and older — they had the highest injury rate.
Many of these accidents could be prevented with the installation of grab bars to aid with balance.
An editorial accompanying the CDC report notes that while 63 percent of U.S. homes used bathtub mats or nonskid strips to help reduce bathtub falls, only 19 percent of homes had grab bars.
Some of the other CDC findings:
* Women were injured the most often, at a rate 72 percent higher than men.
* Injuries getting on or off the toilet were highest for Americans age 65 and older, followed by injuries occurring in or around the tub or shower.
“Injuries getting on and off the toilet are quite high in people 65 and older,” Judy A. Stevens, an epidemiologist with the C.D.C. and the lead author of the report, told the New York Times. “Having grab bars by the toilet would be helpful for people in their older years, and everyone would benefit from having grab bars both inside the tub or shower and where you get in and out.”
- Universal design can help people age in their homes
- Room makeover: A winning bath
- What you can do to prevent falls
- Tips for keeping your balance and avoiding falls | <urn:uuid:a4ab6566-c318-4c09-adf0-44d0d11a74fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.aarp.org/2011/08/16/beware-the-most-dangerous-room-in-the-house/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00549-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968344 | 344 | 2.625 | 3 |
A Masters degree gives you the opportunity to either further your understanding of a particular question or take off in a completely different way using skills you have gained from your previous undergraduate degree.
Psychology is a diverse field that involves knowledge of human behavior and the mind. Research psychology conducts experiments to better understand personality and social behavior. Applied psychology uses the results of research to solve social problems.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom and Britain, is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe.The two most famous (and oldest) universities are Oxford and Cambridge (often referred to as Oxbridge by many Britons) England also has several other world-class institutions, including several in London (notably Imperial College, the London School of Economics, University College London and King's College London, all are part of London University)
Request Information Master's Degrees in Psychology in Liverpool in United Kingdom 2017
or search for similar programs here | <urn:uuid:12793e4d-734c-482b-869a-baf43470d954> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.masterstudies.com/Masters-Degree/Psychology/United-Kingdom/England/North-West-England/Merseyside/Liverpool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00223-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951716 | 199 | 2.265625 | 2 |
There are dozens of energy bills awaiting enactment but whether they will be approved or vetoed by the governor--or become law by his inaction--remains in flux as the deadline approaches. The governor must act on bills that reached his desk by the last day of the legislative session before midnight October 11 or else they become law. The fate of other legislation--passed but not sent directly to the governor\u2019s desk--is uncertain. The state chief threatened to deep six all bills in front of him unless Democratic leaders agreed to pass a massive water bond measure. The water legislation is intended to bolster water supply reliability and the health of the San Francisco Bay-Delta--the heart of the state\u2019s water system. In response, the Senate withheld or pulled off the governor\u2019s desk stacks of Senate bills, said reliable capital sources. By October 8, however, all but about three dozen bills had been sent to the governor, according to a spokesperson for Senate President pro Tem Darrell Steinberg (D-Sacramento). Among those originally withheld was a measure to establish a 33 percent renewable energy mandate. (The governor executed an order to establish a mandate for public and private utilities to procure one-third of their power supplies from renewable resources after he threatened to veto the legislation that would raise the alternative power standard from 20 percent to 33 percent, [Circuit, Sept. 18, 2009].) Keeping a large number of bills out of the governor\u2019s reach for an extended period is unprecedented. The maneuver could leave affected energy legislation in legal limbo. Some believe that lawmakers\u2019 move to withhold bills extends the signing deadline. Others Circuit contacted disagree, insisting the cutoff date remains unchanged--the end of the day October 11. \u201cWe are plowing new ground and rules aren\u2019t real clear,\u201d said Steven Kelly, Independent Energy Producers policy director. Bills sent to the governor upon the Legislature\u2019s September 11 adjournment must be acted upon within 30 days under the state constitution. Legislation not acted upon by the cut off date automatically becomes law. A well-known example of bills not approved or vetoed that became law occurred during Governor Pete Wilson\u2019s administration in the 1990s. A half a dozen bills were accidently left on a copy machine and not put on the former governor\u2019s desk. Those measures became law much to the fury and chagrin of Wilson, according to a long time lobbyist. There is a different time frame, however, for legislation not sent to the governor\u2019s desk upon adjournment. According to the state constitution, \u201cAny other bill presented to the governor that is not returned within 12 days becomes a statute.\u201d The 12-day clock may start running at the time bills delayed by lawmakers arrive in the executive office. But how the California Constitution\u2019s language is interpreted and what may happen to the legislation remains to be seen. Many measures, including SB 14 that sets a one-third renewable power mandate for utility procurement, were cut loose by Senate leaders and carried down to the governor\u2019s office mid-week. The Senate measure is tied to AB 64, which sets renewable parameters, including how much imported power is eligible under the higher threshold. Since September, the governor has taken minimal action on the bill front. He vetoed bills (one that dealt with Vietnam War veterans and the other elections for labor representatives) and signed one which dealt with state cash deferrals. | <urn:uuid:d7f3afb5-320f-4413-99ee-a405d60408ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cacurrent.com/https-cacurrent-com-legislation-between-a-pen-and-hard-place/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.958854 | 720 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Photography, Fine Art, Wet Plate Collodion, Alternative photography
with 7 comments
DJ Borka, portraited for Mladina’s Stripitz rubric as a contrast to popular IPod fashion.
Written by Borut Peterlin
19 December, 2008 at 09:07
Posted in Mladina, Photography, Photojournalism, story behind theportrait, striptiz
Subscribe to comments with RSS.
Njegov komad Japanci totalno zmaga 🙂
19 December, 2008 at 14:25
Ful dobra slikca! Zmaga.
19 December, 2008 at 16:44
I forgot to publish the link
19 December, 2008 at 17:18
wooow! noro dobra fotka!:)) saj, kot vedno;)
19 December, 2008 at 21:28
Like his face expression. He looks like a child with a new toy.
20 December, 2008 at 01:04
škoda sam da ni bele barve gramofon 🙂 Drgač pa super fotkica..mi lajk a lot 🙂
20 December, 2008 at 01:31
ejjj, perfektna fotka! In najboljši človek!!!
6 October, 2010 at 12:43
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:
You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. ( Log Out / Change )
You are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out / Change )
You are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / Change )
You are commenting using your Google+ account. ( Log Out / Change )
Connecting to %s
Notify me of new comments via email.
Notify me of new posts via email.
Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.
Join 3,101 other followers
Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. | <urn:uuid:8550b1c1-d9ab-498d-b551-f1945f26f79e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://borutpeterlin.wordpress.com/2008/12/19/dj-borka-new-striptiz-portrait/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00078-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.717323 | 428 | 1.5625 | 2 |
There are plenty of gadgets out there for making music on your mobile device , but they’re relatively sedentary affairs. BeatMoovz turns things arounds with a music tool that gets you up and dancing: instead of moving with the music, you dance and create a soundtrack using your steps, spins and sashays. Developed by Daigo Kusunoki, a competitive dancer with a background in mechanical engineering, BeatMoovz is a pair of Bluetooth bands you wear on your wrist or ankles. You pair them up with the iOS or Android app, and then you’re ready to start making music. It’s attuned to how fast you go and how you move — a gentle rocking may produce a slow groove versus a faster beat you get from breakdancing. Multiple sets of bands can be hooked up to one app: the demo at Toy Fair involved Kusunoki and another dancer both wearing two sets of bands, with them bouncing, waving and kicking to produce a variety of techno and hip hop jams. Different sounds can be assigned to each bracelet for a fuller piece of music. It’s easy to imagine a street dancer using this to put on performances, as well as kids competing to create the most interesting compositions. The app isn’t limited to a small set of instruments — there are 400 different options from a whole variety of music genres, from rock to pop to jazz. There are even sounds inspired by science fiction, video games and action films. The BeatMoovz will recognize your movements and apply the appropriate audio effects — you can do the robot with all the appropriate mechanical shifting and clinking or, if you’re not into dancing, it’s also great for some physical humor as you pretend to shoot fireballs at your friends. Each set of bands will cost $70 when they’re released in August. They’ll come in blue, black, red, green, yellow or orange, so you’ll have no problem matching them to your favorite dance attire.
Continue reading here:
Dance moves turn into music with BeatMoovz | <urn:uuid:deaa104f-2b73-4212-88f4-f674c6d3e28c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://kenmay.net/dance-moves-turn-into-music-with-beatmoovz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.929696 | 434 | 1.890625 | 2 |
We are in the context of the global crisis of the capitalist system in imperialism, global crisis they pretend to solve using the high technological developments achieved nowadays in the IV industrial revolution, new imperialist facet commanded by the artificial intelligence with which they seek to boost their production to keep their current system in decomposition; at the same time that they create a great unemployment of the proletariat and the workers of the world.
Derived from the above, the imperialist contradictions sharpen and we are living a precursor of a rapine third world war for a new division of the world to conquer the hegemony and to maintain and impose the biggest exploitation and oppression the earth has seen and will see.
In these circumstances, the peoples of the world express themselves in massive and extensive struggles against the effects of the application of capitalist neoliberalism, against the capitalist system that imposes barbaric economic adjustments and denies them fundamental rights, precisely, to face the fair people’s struggles, imperialism and reactionaries make their states more reactionary denying rights, benefits, conquests and democratic freedoms. Imposing the Criminal Law for the Enemy to imprison and forever plunge in jail those who consider their enemies, people without rights who are considered non-people, in essence they are considered “things”. This is the fascist innocuousness, part of the imperialist policy that is being imposed in the world to fight against, mainly the communists, the revolutionaries, and the social fighters, whom are called “terrorists”.
Within this, we see with indignation what they apply against the members of Grup Yorum musical band in Turkey, who face a sinister political persecution that implies the imprisonment of several of its members, for the sole fact of developing art with social and political content that reality of the class struggle of their country demands from them. And by doing so consistently, taking art as an instrument of struggle, at the service of their people, they are harassed, persecuted, imprisoned and seek disappear them. A situation that we condemn strongly rejecting the repression of which they are subject. We stand in solidarity and support their fight, in that sense; we join the demand so that their just and reasonable demands are met.
DOWN WITH THE POLITICAL PERSECUTION AGAINST THE MEMBERS OF GRUP YORUM!
FREEDOM FOR THE MEMBERS OF GRUP YORUM!
MOVADEF, Peru, March 2020
We attach the demands:
- Respect for Art and freedom of expression.
- Remove the ban on Grup Yorum concerts, all of which have been banned for almost three years.
- Release all arrested members of Grup Yorum. No more persecution.
- End the police raids against the İdil Cultural Center, which is constantly assaulted and where the group is carrying out its artistic activities.
- Delete the names of the members of Grup Yorum from the wanted-list of the government Ministry.
- Close the lawsuits filed against the members of Grup Yorum. | <urn:uuid:0e44a23c-0816-46d2-92d9-f26f873ee620> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://anti-imperialistfront.org/2020/03/18/solidarity-and-support-to-the-members-of-grup-yorum-turkey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.952591 | 609 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Bridging the Disability Divide
Byon March 05, 2012 02:03 PM
At Reed's first-ever Working Weekend, it all came together for Gabriel Forsythe-Korzeniewicz '12, an economics senior. The career-focused event, which was held February 3-5, was designed to help students and newer alumni get a jump-start on internships, contacts, and careers. Alumni organized and led panels in 10 different subject areas and participated in a three-day StartUp Lab, where they served as entrepreneurs and led teams of students through the presentation and marketing of their original ideas to investors. On Sunday, the Lab culminated with final pitches to a live panel of Angel, Venture Capital, and Incubator investors.
Gabriel, whose brother has Down syndrome and is a self-advocate in their hometown in Maryland, has always been very active in the disability community. In high school, Gabriel mentored disabled kids and volunteered during his junior summer at Reed with the Northwest Down Syndrome Association in Portland. He also won the prestigious McGill Lawrence Internship award in 2011 and used it to work for the Autism Centre in Accra, Ghana. He has been focusing his academics on disability related themes besides doing other non-profit work related to disability outreach in Portland.
Gabriel, two other Reedies, Finn Terdal '13, Clemmie Wotherspoon '12, and two Oregon Episcopal School students, Matt Fernandez and Akash Krishnan, won the StartUp Lab for their product called Emotitron. Gabriel responded to Akash and Matt's blog post on the Reed StartUp page inviting Reedies to join their team for the Lab.
Emotitron is an algorithm that determines the emotion of a speaker by measuring 57 different features of an audio signal against a prerecorded signal that's already been defined by a human listener as "angry," "sad," or "happy." Currently pending a patent, its high school inventors have already won the prestigious 2010 Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology and have been featured in the New York Times. Emotitron may be a solution for helping autistic children and adults recognize and interpret emotion using voice recognition technology, which explains Gabriel's interest in the project.
The winning team meets regularly to strategize a business plan with the help of Portland Seed Fund, a for profit company that invests in startup companies and surrounds them with mentors, field experts and a peer group of entrepreneurs, who understand their challenges and help them become more successful.
Since last semester Gabriel, along with Alice Alsup '13, have been trying to set up Camp Aardvark, which is a disability advocacy and outreach program. The idea is to set up a weekend day camp for three weeks where volunteers would work with 8 to12-year-old children with developmental disabilities every Saturday. The program will team up with the Autistic Children Activities Program (ACAP) and the Autumn Society of Oregon (ASO) to host a one-day camp at ACAP later in the spring semester, which will serve as a template for a camp next year. Gabriel is hoping to find leaders to participate in this camp who might take it over next year.
"Intellectual disability isn't very present here at Reed and this camp has the potential to bridge Reedies with an outside community that is somewhat invisible," Gabriel explained.
The technology behind Emotitron presents endless possibilities, including using the children from Camp Aardvark as a focus group and then using the information to build a better prototype.
"We are looking to develop the software in the next few months; perhaps even have an app by then," said Gabriel. Because Emotitron understands what its user is feeling, perhaps it could be fused into making Siri, the Apple iPhone 4S feature that responds to requests to send messages, make phone calls and appointments, more sophisticated. It offers huge potential for the disability community, who do not have much inclusion in the technology world.
We wish Gabriel good luck with all his endeavors. | <urn:uuid:5b081533-806b-49a8-9782-6968a3ca5694> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.reed.edu/news_center/posts/2012/bridging-the-disability-divide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00255-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966141 | 828 | 1.554688 | 2 |
The Eternal Being reveals Himself in His triune existence even more richly and vitally than in His attributes. It is in this holy trinity that each attribute of His Being comes into its own, so to speak, gets its fullest content, and takes on its profoundest meaning. It is only when we contemplate this trinity that we know who and what God is. Only then do we know, moreover, who God is and what He is for lost man-kind. We can know this only when we know and confess Him as the Triune God of the Covenant, as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
In considering this part of our confession, it is particularly necessary that a tone of holy reverence and childlike awe be the characteristic of our approach and attitude. For Moses it was an awful and unforgettable hour when the Lord appeared to him in the desert in the flame of fire coming from the bramble bush. When Moses looked upon that burning fire, which burned but did not consume, from a distance, and when he wanted to hasten to the spot, the Lord restrained him and said: Draw not nigh hither: put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. And when Moses heard that he feared greatly, hid his face, and was afraid to look upon God (Ex. 3:1-6).
Such a holy respect suits us also as we witness God revealing Himself in His word as a Triune God. For we must always remember that as we study this fact, we are not dealing with a doctrine about God, with an abstract concept, or with a scientific proposition about the nature of Divinity. We are not dealing with a human construction which we ourselves or which others have put upon the facts, and which we now try to analyze and logically to dismember. Rather, in treating of the Trinity, we are dealing with God Himself, with the one and true God, who has revealed Himself as such in His Word. It is as He said to Moses: I am the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Ex. 3:6). So He reveals Himself to us also in His Word and manifests Himself to us as Father, Son, and Spirit.
It is thus that the Christian church has always confessed the revelation of God as the Triune God, and accepted it as such. We find it in the Twelve Articles of the Apostles’ Creed. The Christian is not in that creed saying just how he thinks about God. He is not there giving out a notion of God, nor saying that God has such and such attributes, and that He exists in this and that wise. Instead, he confesses: I believe in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His only-begotten Son, and in the Holy Spirit: I believe in the Triune God. In confessing this the Christian gives expression to the fact that God is the living and the true God, that He is God as Father, Son, and Spirit, the God of His confidence, to whom he has wholly surrendered himself, and upon whom he rests with his whole heart. God is the God of his life and his salvation. As Father, Son, and Spirit, God has created him, redeemed him, sanctified him, and glorified him. The Christian owes everything to Him. It is his joy and comfort that he may believe in that God, trust Him, and expect everything from Him.
What the Christian goes on to confess about that God is not summarized by him in a number of abstract terms, but is described, rather, as a series of deeds done by God in the past, in the present, and to be done in the future. It is the deeds, the miracles, of God which constitute the confession of the Christian. What the Christian confesses in his creed is a long, a broad, and a high history. It is a history which comprises the whole world in its length and breadth, in its beginning, process, and end, in its origin, development, and destination, from the point of creation to the fulfillment of the ages. The confession of the church is a declaration of the mighty deeds of God.
Those deeds are numerous and are characterized by great diversity. But they also constitute a strict unity. They are related to each other, prepare for each other, and are interdependent. There is order and pattern, development and upward movement in it. It proceeds from creation through redemption to sanctification and glorification. The end returns to the beginning and yet is at the same time the apex which is exalted high above the point of origin. The deeds of God form a circle which mounts upward in the form of a spiral; they represent a harmony of the horizontal and the vertical line; they move upwards and forwards at the same time.
God is the architect and builder of all those deeds, the source and the final end of them. Out of Him and through Him and to Him are all things. He is their Maker, Restorer, and Fulfiller. The unity and diversity in the works of God proceeds from and returns to the unity and diversity which exist in the Divine Being. That Being is one being, single and simple. At the same time that being is threefold in His person, in His revelation, and in His influence. The entire work of God is an unbroken whole, and nevertheless comprises the richest variety and change. The confession of the church comprehends the whole of world history. In that confession are included the moments of the creation and the fall, reconciliation and forgiveness, and of renewal and restoration. It is a confession which proceeds from the triune God and which leads everything back to Him.
Therefore the article of the holy trinity is the heart and core of our confession, the differentiating earmark of our religion, and the praise and comfort of all true believers of Christ.
It was this confession which was at stake in the warfare of the spirits throughout the centuries. The confession of the holy trinity is the precious pearl which was entrusted for safekeeping and defense to the Christian church.
* * * * *
If this confession of the trinity of God takes such a central position in the Christian faith, it is important to know on what ground it rests and from what source it has flowed into the church. They are not a few in our time who hold that it is the fruit of human argument and academic learning and who, accordingly, regard it as of no value for the religious life. According to them the original Gospel, as it was proclaimed by Jesus, knew nothing about any such doctrine of the trinity of God — that is, nothing about the term itself nor about the reality to which the term was intended to give expression. It was only — so the argument goes — when the original and simple Gospel of Jesus was brought into relationship with Greek philosophy and was falsified by it that the Christian church absorbed the person of Christ in His Divine nature, and eventually also the Holy Spirit into the Divine Being. And so it came about that the church confessed three persons in the one Divine being.
But the Christian church itself has always had quite a different idea about that. It saw in the doctrine of the trinity no discovery of subtle theologians, no product of the wedding of Gospel and Greek philosophy, but a confession rather which was materially concluded in the Gospel and in the whole Word of God — a doctrine, in short, which was inferred by Christian faith from the revelation of God. In answer to the question, Since there is but one Divine Being, why do you speak of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit? the Heidelberg Catechism gives a brief and conclusive answer: Because God has so revealed Himself in His Word (Question 25). The revelation of God is the firm ground on which this confession of the church also rests. It is the source out of which this doctrine of the one, holy, catholic, Christian church has grown and been built up. God has thus revealed Himself. And He has revealed Himself thus, that is, as a triune God, because He exists in that way; and He exists in this way because He has so revealed Himself.
The Trinity in the revelation of God points back to the Trinity in His existence.
This revelation did not happen in a single moment. It was not presented and perfected in a single point of time. Rather, this revelation has a long history, spread out over the centuries. It began at the creation, continued after the fall in the promises and deeds of grace which accrued to Israel, and reached its apex in the person and work of Christ, in the pouring out of the Holy Spirit, and the establishment of the church. It maintains itself now throughout the centuries, and over against all opposition, in the ineradicable witness of Scripture and in the rock-firm confession of the church. Because the revelation has had this long history, there is progress and development also in the confession of God’s triune existence. God undergoes no change, remaining always the same. But in the progress of revelation, He makes Himself always clearer and more glorious to people and to angels. As His revelation continues, our knowledge grows.
* * * * *
When, in the days of the Old Covenant, God begins to reveal Himself, the thing that stands in the foreground is certainly the unity, the oneness, of God.
For, due to the sin of man, the pure knowledge of God had been lost; the truth, as Paul profoundly says, was held in unrighteousness. Even that which can be known of God in the things that He has made was made vain by their imaginations and was darkened by the foolishness of their hearts. On every hand mankind fell into idolatry and the worship of images (Rom. 1:18-23).
Hence it was necessary that the revelation begin with an emphasis upon the unity of God. It seems to cry out to mankind: The gods before which ye bow are not the true God. There is but one true God, namely, the God who at the beginning made the heaven and the earth (Gen.1:1 and 2:1), the God who made Himself known to Abraham as God the Almighty (Gen. 17:1 and Ex. 6:3), the God who appeared to Moses as Jehovah, as the I-Am-that-I-Am (Ex. 3:14), and the God who, out of sovereign favor, chose the people of Israel, and called them, and accepted them in His covenant (Ex. 19:4ff.). First of all, therefore, the revelation had as its content: Jehovah alone is Elohim, the Lord alone is God, and there is no other God beside Him.1
For the people of Israel, too, the revelation of the oneness of God was desperately necessary. Israel was surrounded on all sides by heathen and by heathen who at all times tried to tempt it into apostacy and unfaithfulness to the Lord; moreover, right on up to the captivity a great part of the people of Israel felt themselves attracted to the pagan idolatry and image worship, and again and again fell into the practice of them despite the proscription of the law and the warning of the prophets. Therefore, God Himself placed the emphasis on the fact that He, the Lord, who was now appearing to Moses and who wanted to redeem His people through Moses, was the same God who had made Himself known to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as the Almighty God (Ex. 3:6 and 15). When He gave His law to Israel He wrote above it as its preamble: I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt. And in the first commandment, and the second, He strictly forbade all idolatry and worship of images (Ex. 20:2-5). Be’cause the Lord our God is one God, Israel must love Him with its whole heart, its whole soul, and all its strength (Deut. 6:4-5). The Lord alone is Israel’s God and therefore Israel may serve only Him.
Nevertheless, despite the fact that the oneness of God is so strongly emphasized, and, as it were, constitutes the first article of Israel’s basic law, the distinctions within that unity of the Godhead come to light also as in that revelation His fulness of Being progresses. The very name which is usually employed for designating God in the original Hebrew has a certain significance here. For this name Elohim, is in plural form, and therefore, although it does not, as was formerly generally supposed, designate the three persons of the divine Being, it does, in its character as an intensive plural, point to the fulness of life and of power which are present in God. It is, no doubt, in connection with this same fact, that God sometimes, in speaking of Himself, uses a plural referent, and by this means makes distinctions within Himself that bear a person’al character (Gen. 1:26-27; 3:22; and Isa. 6:8).
Of greater significance is the teaching of the Old Testament to the effect that God brings everything in His creation and providence into being by His Word and Spirit. He is not a human being, who, at the cost of great difficulty and exertion, makes something else out of the materials He has at hand. Instead, simply by the act of speaking, He calls everything into being out of nothing.
In the first chapter of Genesis we are taught this truth in the loftiest way possible, and elsewhere, too, it is expressed most gloriously in word and song. He speaks, and it is done; He commands, and it stands fast (Ps. 33:9). He sends out His word, and melts the morsels of ice (Ps. 147:18). His voice is upon the waters, shakes the wilderness, causes the hills to skip like a calf, and discovers the forests (Ps. 29:3-10). Two truths are contained in this exalted account of God’s works: the first is that God is the Almighty One who has but to speak and all things leap into being, whose word is law (Ps. 33:9) and whose voice is power (Ps. 29:4); and the second is that God works deliberately, and not with’out forethought, and carries out all His works with the highest wisdom. The word which God speaks is power, but it is also the vehicle of thought. He has made the earth by His power, He has established the world by His wisdom, and has stretched out the heavens by His discretion (Jer. 10:12 and 51:15). He has made all His works in wisdom: the earth is full of His riches (Ps. 104:24). This wisdom of God did not come to Him from outside Himself, but was with Him from the beginning. He possessed it as the principle of His way, before His works of old. When He prepared the heavens, set a compass upon the face of the deep, established the clouds above, strengthened the fountains of the deep, then wisdom was already there, brought up alongside of Him, daily his delight, and rejoicing always before Him (Prov. 8:22-31 and Job 20:20-28). God rejoiced in the wisdom with which He created the world.
Alongside of this word and wisdom the Spirit of God as the Mediator of the creation makes His appearance just as God at one and the same time is wisdom and possesses it, so that He can share it and can exhibit it in His works, so He Himself is Spirit in His being (Deut. 4:12, 15) and He possesses Spirit, that Spirit by which He can dwell in the world and be always and everywhere present in it (Ps. 139:7). Without any’one having been His counsellor, the Lord by His Spirit brought everything into being (Isa. 40:13ff.). At the beginning that Spirit moved upon the face of the waters (Gen. 1:2), and He remains active in all that was created. By that Spirit God garnishes the heavens (Job 26:13), renews the face of the earth (Ps. 104:30), gives life to man (Job 33:4), maintains the breath in man’s nostrils (Job 27:3), gives him understanding and wisdom (Job 32:8), and also causes the grass to wither and the flower to fade (Isa. 40:7). In short, by the Word of the Lord were the heavens made, and all the host of them by the Breath of His mouth (Ps. 33:6).
* * * * *
And this self-diversity of God comes out even more in the works of the re-creation. Then it is not Elohim, but Jehovah, not God in general, but the Lord, the God of the covenant, who reveals Himself and who makes Himself known in wonders of redemption and salvation. As such He redeems and leads His people, not by His word alone which He speaks or has conveyed to them, but also by means of the Angel of the covenant (the Angel of the Lord). This Angel appears already in the history of the patriarchs: to Hagar (Gen. 16:6ff.), to Abraham (Gen. 18ff.), and to Jacob (Gen. 28:13ff.). This Angel reveals His grace and power especially in the emancipation of Israel from the bond’age of Egypt.2 This Angel of the Lord does not stand on the same plane of importance as the created angels; rather, He is a special revelation and manifestation of God. On the one hand, He is clearly distinguished from God, who speaks of Him as of His Angel, and yet, on the other hand, is one in name with God Himself, and in power, in redemption and blessing, in worshipfulness and honor. He is called God in Genesis 16:13, the God of Bethel in Genesis 31:13, exchanges places with God or the Lord (Gen. 28:30, 32 and Ex. 3:4), and He bears the name of God within Him (Ex. 23:21). He redeems from all evil (Gen. 48:16), rescues Israel from the hand of the Egyptians (Ex. 3:8), cleaves the waters and dries up the sea (Ex. 14:21), preserves the people of God in the way, brings them safely into Canaan, causes them to triumph over their enemies (Ex. 3:8 and 23:20), is to be absolutely obeyed as though He were God Himself (Ex. 23:20). and always en’camps around those who fear the Lord (Ps. 34:7 and 35:5).
Just as in His re-creating work, Jehovah carries out His redemptive activities through this Angel of the covenant, so He by His Spirit gives out all kinds of energies and gifts to His people. In the Old Testament the Spirit of the Lord is the source of all life, all weal, and all ability. He grants courage and strength to the judges, to Othniel (Judges 3:10), Gideon (Judges 6:34), Jephthah (Judges 11:29), and to Samson (Judges 14:6 and 15:14). He grants artistic perception to the makers of the priests’ garments, the tabernacle, and the temple,3 and He gives wisdom and understanding to the judges who bear the burden of the people alongside of Moses (Num. 11:17, 25). He gives the spirit of prophecy to the prophets,4 and renewal and sanctification and guidance to all of God’s children (Ps. 51:12-13 and 143:10).
In short: the Word, the promise, the covenant, which the Lord gave to Israel at the exodus from Egypt, have existed throughout the ages, and still stood fast even after the Captivity in the days of Zerubbabel, so that the people had no need to fear (Haggai 2:4-5). When the Lord led Israel out of Egypt He became the Savior of Israel. And this disposition of God towards His people came to expression in the fact that in all their oppression He was oppressed (He regarded the affliction of His people as His own affliction), and that He therefore sent them His Angel to preserve them. He redeemed them by His love and grace and He took them up and carried them as His own throughout those days of old. He sent them the Spirit of His holiness in order to lead them in the ways of the Lord (Isa. 63:9-12). In the days of the Old Covenant, the Lord through the high priest laid His threefold blessing on the people of Israel: the blessing of vigil, the blessing of grace, and the blessing of peace (Num. 6:24-26).
Thus gradually, then, but ever more unmistakably, the threefold distinction within the Divine being comes to expression already in the history of God’s leading of Israel. However, the Old Testament includes the further promises that in the future there will be a higher and richer revelation. After all, Israel repudiated the Word of the Lord and vexed His Holy Spirit (Isa. 63:10 and Ps. 106). The revelation of God in the Angel of the covenant and in the Spirit of the Lord proved to be inadequate: if God wanted to confirm His covenant and fulfill His promise, another and higher revelation would be necessary.
Such a revelation was heralded by the prophets. In the future, in the last days, then the Lord will call up out of the midst of Israel such a prophet as Moses was, and the Lord will put His words in that prophet’s mouth (Deut. 18 :18). This one will be a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek (Ps. 110:4); He will be a king out of the house of David (2 Sam. 7:12-16), a rod out of the stem of Jesse (Isa. 11:1), a king, judging and seeking judgment (Isa. 16:5). A human being, a man He will be, and the son of a woman (Isa. 7:14), and He will be without form or comeliness (Isa. 53:2ff.); but, at the same time, He will be Immanuel (Isa. 7:14), the Lord our righteousness (Jer. 23:6), the Angel of the covenant (Mal. 3:1), the Lord Himself appearing to His people (Hos. 1:7 and Mal. 3:1). And He bears the name of Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace (Isa. 9:6).
This manifestation of the servant of the Lord is to be followed by a richer dispensation of the Holy Spirit. As the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, of counsel and strength, of the knowledge and fear of the Lord, this Spirit will rest upon the Messiah (Isa. 11:2; 42:1; and 61:1). He will be poured out upon all flesh, over sons and daughters, old men and young men, servants and handmaids,5 and He will give a new heart and a new spirit, so that His people may walk in His statutes, and keep His ordinances, and do them.6
Thus the Old Testament itself points out that the full revelation of God will consist of the revelation of His triune being.
* * * * *
This promise and announcement the fulfillment of the New Testament fully satisfies. In this respect also, the unity or oneness of God is the point of departure of all revelation.7 But out of this oneness the difference in the Divine being now, in the New Testament, comes into much clearer light. This happens first in the great redemptive events of incarnation, satisfaction, and outpouring, and next in the instruction of Jesus and His apostles. The work of salvation is one whole, a work of God from beginning to end. But there are three high moments in it, election, forgiveness, and renewal, and these three point to a threefold cause in the Divine being: that is, to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
The very conceiving of Christ already shows us the threefold activity of God. For while the Father gives the Son to the world (John 3:16), and while the Son Himself descends from heaven (John 6:38), that Son is conceived in Mary of the Holy Spirit (Matt. 1:20 and Luke 1:35). At His baptism Jesus is anointed by the Holy Spirit, and is there publicly declared to be the beloved Son of the Father, the Son in whom He is well pleased (Matt. 3:16-17). The works which Jesus did were shown Him by the Father (John 5:19 and 8:38), and they are fulfilled by Him in the strength of the Holy Spirit (Matt. 12:28). In His dying He offers Himself to God in the eternal Spirit (Heb. 9:14). The resurrection is a raising up by the Father (Acts 2:24) and is at the same time Jesus’ own act by which He is greatly proved to be the Son of the Father according to the Spirit of holiness (Rom. 1:3). And after his resurrection He, on the fortieth day, ascends in the Spirit which quickened Him on high in heaven and there He makes the angels and authorities and powers subject to Himself.
The teaching of Jesus and the apostles agrees fully with the lesson of those events themselves.
Jesus came to earth to declare the Father and to make His name known among men (John 1:18 and 17:6). The name of father applied to God as creator of all things was also used by the pagans. This meaning of the term is supported also by Scripture at various places.8 Besides, the Old Testament several times uses the designation Father to refer to God’s theocratic relationship to Israel because in His marvelous ability He has created and maintained that relationship (Deut. 32:6 and Isa. 63:16). But in the New Testament a gloriously new light is shed upon this name of father as applied to God. Jesus always indicates an essential difference between the relationship in which He Himself stands to God and that in which others, say the Jews or the disciples, stand to Him. When, for example, He teaches the disciples, at their request, the “Our Father. . .” He says expressly “When ye pray, say. . . .” And when, after the resurrection, He announces His forthcoming ascension to Mary Magdalene, He says: “I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God” (John 20:17). In other words, God is His own Father (John 5:18). He knows the Son and loves Him in such a way and to such an extent as, reciprocally, only the Son can know and love the Father.9 Among the apostles, accordingly, God is constantly referred to as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ (Eph. 1:3). This relationship between the Father and the Son did not develop in time but existed from eternity (John 1:1, 14; 17:24). God is therefore Father in the first place because in a very unique sense He is the Father of the Son. This is His original, special personal characteristic.
In a derived sense God is further called the Father of all creatures because He is their creator and sustainer (1 Cor. 8:6, and elsewhere). He is called the Father of Israel because Israel is His handiwork by virtue of election and calling (Deut. 32:6 and Isa. 64:8), and the Father of the church and all believers because the love of the Father for the Son accrues to them (John 16:27 and 17:24) and because they have been accepted as His children and are born of Him through the Spirit (John 1:12 and Rom. 8:15).
The Father is therefore always the Father, the first person, He from whom in the being of God, in the counsel of God, and in all the works of creation and providence, redemption and sanctification, the initiative proceeds. He gave the Son to have life in Himself (John 5:26), and He sends out the Spirit (John 15:26). His is the election and the good pleasure (Matt 11:26 and Eph. 1:4, 9, 11). From Him proceed the creation, providence, redemption, and renewal (Ps. 33:6 and John 3:16). To Him in a special sense the kingdom and the power and the glory accrue (Matt 6:13). He particularly bears the name of God in distinction from the Lord Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. Indeed, Christ Himself as Mediator calls Him His Father, not only, but also His God (Matt 27:46 and John 20:17) and Christ is Himself called the Christ of God.10 In a word, the first person of the Divine being is the Father because “of Him are all things” (1 Cor. 8:6).
If God is the Father, the inference is that there also is a Son who received life from Him and who shares His love. In the Old Testament the name of son of God was used for angels,11 for the people of Israel,12 and particularly too for the theocratic king of that people.13 But in the New Testament this name takes on a far profounder meaning. For Christ is the Son of God in a very peculiar sense; He is highly exalted above angels and prophets (Matt. 13:32; 21:27; and 22:2), and He Himself says that no one can know the Son except the Father, and no one can know the Father except the Son (Matt. 11:27). In distinction from angels and men, He is the Father’s own Son (Rom. 8:32), the beloved Son in whom the Father is well pleased (Matt 3:17), the only-begotten Son (John 1:18) whom the Father gave to have life in Himself (John 5:26).
This very special, this unique, relationship between Father and Son did not develop in time by way of the supernatural conception of the Holy Spirit, or of the anointing at baptism, or of the resurrection and ascension — though many have maintained this — but is a relationship which has existed from all eternity. The Son who in Christ assumed human nature was in the beginning with God as the Word (John 1:1). then already had the form of God (Phil. 2:6), was rich and clothed with glory (John 17:5, 24), was then already the brightness of God’s glory and the express image of His person (Heb. 1:3), and precisely therefore He could in the fulness of time be sent out, given, and brought into the world.14 Hence, too, the creation (John 1:3 and Col. 1:16) and providence (Heb 1:3) and the accomplishment of the whole of salvation (1 Cor. 1:30) are ascribed to Him. He is not, as creatures are made or created, but is instead, the first-born of all creatures that is the Son who has the rank and rights of the first-born over against all creatures (Col 1:15) Thus He is also the first-born of the dead, the first-born of many brethren, and therefore among all and in all He is the first (Rom 8:29 and Col 1:18) And even though in the fulness of time, He assumed the form of a servant, He was nevertheless in the form of God. He was in all things like unto God the Father (Phil. 2:6):. in life (John 5:26), in knowledge (Matt. 11:27), in strength (John 1:3 and 5:21, 26), in honor (John 5:23). He is Himself God, to be praised above all else into eternity.15 Just as all things are of the Father, so they are also all through the Son (1 Cor. 8:6).
* * * * *
Both, Father and Son, come together and are united in the Holy Spirit and by means of the Spirit dwell in all creatures. True, God is according to His nature a Spirit (John 4:24) and He is holy (Isa. 6:3); but the Holy Spirit is clearly distinguished from God as Spirit. Just as, in a comparative way of speaking, man is a spirit in his invisible nature and also possesses a spirit, by means of which he is aware of himself and is self-conscious, so God is a Spirit by nature and also possesses a Spirit, a Spirit which searches the depths of His being (1 Cor. 2:11). As such the latter is called the Spirit of God or the Holy Spirit (Ps. 51:12 and Isa. 63:10-11). And this is done in distinction from the spirit of an angel or of a human being or of any other creature. But, although He is distinguished from God, from the Father and the Son, He stands in the most intimate of relationships with both. He is called the breath of the Almighty (Job 33:4), the breath of His mouth (Ps. 33:6), is sent out by the Father and the Son (John 14:26 and 15:26), and He proceeds from both, not from the Father alone (John 15:26) but also from the Son, for He is also called the Spirit of Christ or the Spirit of the Father (Rom. 8:9).
Although the Holy Spirit is in that way given or sent or poured out by the Father and the Son, He often makes His appearance as a power or a gift which qualifies men for their calling or office. Thus, for example, the Holy Spirit is spoken of at various places in the Acts of the Apostles in connection with the gift of prophecy (8:15; 10:44; 11:15; 15:8; and 19:2). But it is not warranted to infer from that fact, as many do, that the Holy Spirit is nothing more or other than a gift or power of God. At other places He definitely makes His appearance as a person, one who bears personal names, has personal characteristics, and does personal deeds. Thus in John 15:26 and 16:13, 14 (although the Greek of the word translated Spirit in our language is of neuter gender) Christ uses the masculine referent: He shall testify of Me and glorify Me. At the same place Christ calls Him Comforter, using the same name that is used of Christ in 1 John 2:1, a name translated advocate in the English version.
Besides these personal names all sorts of personal characteristics are ascribed to the Holy Spirit: for example, selfhood (Acts 132), self-consciousness (Acts 15:28), self-determination or will (1 Cor. 12:11). Besides He is credited with all kinds of personal activities, such as investigating (1 Cor. 2:11), listening (John 16:13), speaking (Rev. 2:17), teaching (John 14:26), praying (Rom. 8:27), and the like. And all this comes out most clearly and sublimely in the fact that He is placed on one and the same level with the Father and the Son (Matt. 28:19 and 2 Cor. 13:14).
The last point is the most important and it indicates the fact that the Holy Spirit is a person not merely but also very God. And Scriptures provide all the data which are necessary to make this confession. We have only to note that despite the distinction between God and His Spirit which was pointed out above, the two frequently exchange places in Scripture, so that it is quite the same whether God or His Spirit says or does a thing. In Acts 5:3-4 the lying to the Holy Spirit is called a lying to God. In 1 Corinthians 3:16 the believers are called God’s temple, because the Spirit of God dwells in them. To these facts we must add that various Divine attributes, such as eternity (Heb. 9:14), omnipresence (Ps. 139:7), omniscience (1 Cor. 2:11), omnipotence (1 Cor. 12:4-6), and various Divine works, such as creation (Ps. 33:6), providence (Ps. 104:30), and redemption (John 3:3) are ascribed to the Holy Spirit quite as well as to the Father and the Son. Consequently He shares in the same glory with those two. He takes His place alongside of the Father and the Son as the cause of salvation (2 Cor. 13:14 and Rev. 1:4). It is in His name also that we are baptized (Matt. 28:19), and blessed (2 Cor. 13:14). Moreover, the blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is an unpardonable sin (Matt. 12:31-32). In other words, just as all things are of the Father and through the Son, they all exist and rest in the Holy Spirit.
All of these elements of the doctrine of the trinity, spread throughout the Scriptures, were gathered together, so to speak, by Jesus in His baptismal command and by the apostles in their benedictions. After His resurrection and before His ascension, Christ bids His apostles to go out and make all peoples His disciples and to baptize them in the one name in which, nevertheless, three different subjects are revealed. Father, Son, and Spirit are in their oneness and their distinction the fulness of the perfected revelation of God. Just so, too, according to the apostles the whole good and salvation of man is contained in the love of the Father, the grace of the Son, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit.16 The good pleasure, the foreknowledge, the power, the love, the kingdom, and the strength are the Father’s. The Mediatorship, the reconciliation, the grace, and the redemption are the Son’s. The regeneration, the renewal, the sanctification, the redemption are the Spirit’s.
The relationship in which Christ stands to the Father corresponds fully with the relationship in which the Spirit stands to Christ. Just as the Son speaks nothing and does nothing of Himself but receives everything from the Father (John 5:26 and 16:15), so the Holy Spirit takes everything from Christ (John 16:13-14). As the Son testifies of the Father and glorifies the Father (John 1:18 and 17:4, 6), so the Holy Spirit testifies of the Son and glorifies Him (John 15:26 and 16:14). Just as no one comes to the Father but through the Son (John 14:6), so no one can say that Jesus is the Lord except through the Holy Spirit (1 Cor. 12:3). Through the Spirit we have fellowship with the Father and the Son. It is in the Holy Spirit that God Himself through Christ dwells in our hearts. And if this all be so, then the Holy Spirit is, together with the Son and the Father, the one, true God, and is to be eternally lauded and praised as such.
* * * * *
To this instruction of the Holy Spirit the Christian church in its confession of the Trinity of God has said yea and amen. The church did not arrive at this rich and glorious confession without a hard and long struggle of the spirits. Centuries on end the profoundest experience of the spiritual life of the children of God and the doughtiest intellect of the fathers and teachers of the church went into the understanding of this point of the revelation of Scripture and to reproducing it purely in the confession of the church. No doubt the church would not have succeeded in this effort at the laying of foundations, if it had not been led into the truth by the Holy. Spirit, and if in Tertullian and Irenaeus, Athanasius and the three Cappadocians, Augustine, and Hillary, and so many others besides, it had not received the men who, endowed and equipped with unusual gifts of godliness and wisdom, kept to the straight course.
Nothing less than the peculiar essence of Christianity was at stake in this battle of the spirits. From two sides the church was exposed to the danger of permitting itself to be wrested from the firm foundation on which it was built and so to be submerged by the world.
On the one hand, there was the threat of Arianism, so called after the Alexandrian presbyter Arius who died in the year 336. Anus held that the Father alone was the eternal and true God, inasmuch as He alone in the full sense of the word was ungenerated. Concerning the Son, the Logos, who in Christ had become flesh, he taught that, inasmuch as this Christ was generated, He could not be God but had to be a creature — a creature, it is true, who had been made before other creatures, but nevertheless was made as they were made through the will of God. And, in the same way, Arius held that the Holy Spirit was a creature or else a quality or attribute of God.
On the other side the party of Sabellianism was at work, so called after a certain Sabellius who lived in Rome at the beginning of the third century. Sabellius held that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were but three names for one and the same God — a God who had made Himself known thus successively as His revelation progressed in various forms and manifestations. In the form of the Father, accordingly, God was operative as Creator and Lawgiver. Thereupon He worked as Redeemer in the form of the Son. And He now works in the form of the Holy Spirit as the Re-creator of the church.
While Arianism tries to maintain the oneness of God, by placing Son and Spirit outside the Divine being and reducing these to the level of creatures, Sabellianism tries to arrive at the same end by robbing the three persons of the Godhead of their independence. This it does by metamorphosing the persons into three successive modes of revelation of the same Divine Being. In the first tendency the Jewish, deistic, rationalistic mode of thinking comes to expression rather characteristically, and in the second the idea of Pagan pantheism and mysticism. The moment the church set about giving itself a fairly clear account of the truth which was later stated in the confession of the Trinity of God, these two other tendencies arose alongside at the right and left, and they accompany the confession of the church to this day. Always and again the church and each one of its members must be on guard against doing injustice on the one hand to the oneness of the Divine Being, and on the other to the three Persons within that Being. The oneness may not be sacrificed to the diversity, nor the diversity to the oneness. To maintain both in their inseparable connection and in their pure relationship, not only theoretically but also in practical life, is the calling of all believers.
In order to satisfy this requirement, the Christian church and Christian theology in the early period made use of various words and expressions which cannot be found literally in the Holy Scriptures. The church began to speak of the essence of God and of three persons in that essence of being. It spoke of the triune and the trinitarian, or of essential and personal characteristics, of the eternal generation of the Son and of the proceeding of the Holy Spirit from the Father and from the Son, and the like.
There is no reason at all why the church and the Christian theology should not use such terms and modes of expression. For the Holy Scripture was not given to the church by God to be thoughtlessly repeated but to be understood in all its fulness and riches, and to be restated in its own language in order that in this way it might proclaim the mighty works of God. Moreover, such terms and expressions are necessary in order to maintain the truth of Scripture over against its opponents and to secure it against misunderstanding and error. And history has taught throughout the centuries that a lighthearted disapproval and rejection of these names and modes of expression leads to various departures from the confession.
At the same time, we should, in the use of these terms, always remember that they are of human origin and therefore limited, defective, fallible. The church fathers always acknowledged this. For example, they held that the term persons which was used to designate the three ways of existence in the Divine Being did not do justice to the truth in the matter but served as an aid towards maintaining the truth and cutting off error. The word was chosen, not because it was accurate in every respect, but because no other and better was to be found. In this matter again the word is far behind the thought, and the thought is far behind the actuality. Although we cannot preserve the actuality in any but this inadequate form, we may never forget that it is the reality itself and not the word that counts. In the dispensation of glory other and better expressions will certainly be laid upon our lips.
* * * * *
The reality itself which is concerned in the confession of the holy trinity is of the highest importance, both for the mind and the heart.
For it is by that confession that the church maintains, in the first place, both the unity and the diversity in the being of God. The Divine Being is one: there is but one Being that is God and that may be called God. In creation and redemption, in nature and grace, in church and world, in state and society, everywhere and always we are concerned with one, same, living, and true God. The unity of the world, of mankind, of truth, of virtue, of justice, and of beauty depends upon the unity of God. The moment that unity of God is denied or under stressed, the door is open to polytheism.
But this unity or oneness of God is, according to Scripture and the confession of the church, not a contentless unity, nor a solitariness, but a fulness of life and strength. It comprises difference, or distinction, or diversity. It is that diversity which comes to expression in the three persons or modes of being of God. These three persons are not merely three modes of revelation. They are modes of being. Father, Son, and Spirit share one and the same Divine nature and characteristics. They are one being. Nevertheless each has His own name, His own particular characteristic, by which He is distinguished from the others. The Father alone has fatherhood, the Son alone has generation, and the Spirit alone possesses the quality of proceeding from both.
To that order of existence in the Divine Being the order of the three persons in all Divine work corresponds. The Father is He from whom, the Son is He through whom, and the Spirit is He in whom all things are. All things in the creation, and in the redemption, or re-creation, come from the Father, through the Son and the Spirit. And in the Spirit and through the Son they are come back to Him. It is to the Father that we are particularly indebted, therefore, for his electing love, to the Son for His redeeming grace, and to the Spirit for his regenerative and renewing power.
In the second place, the church in maintaining this confession, takes a strong position over against the heresies of deism (belief in God without revelation) and pantheism (polytheism) and of Judaism and Paganism. Always there is that dual tendency in the human heart: the tendency to think of God as distant and removed and to think of self and world as independent of God, and the tendency to draw God down into the world, to identify Him with the world, and so to deify the self and the world. When the first tendency prevails in us we come to the point of thinking that we can do without God in nature, in our calling, in our business, in our science and art, and also in the work of redemption. And, if the second tendency prevails in us, we change the glory of God into the image of some creature or other, deify the world, the sun, the moon and the stars, art, science, or the state, and in the creature, usually conceived in our image, we worship our own greatness. In the first instance God is only afar off; in the second He is only nearby. In the first, He is outside of the world, above it, free from it; in the second, He is inside it and identical with it.
But the church confesses both: God is above the world, distinguished from it in essence, and yet He is with His whole being present in it and at no point in space or time separated from it. He is both afar off and nearby. He is both highly exalted above all creatures and at the same time deeply condescending to them all. He is our Creator who brought us into being by His will as creatures distinct from Him in kind. He is our Redeemer who saves us, not by our works but by the riches of His grace. He is our Sanctifier who dwells in us as in His temple. As the triune God He is one God and is above us, for us, and in us.
Finally, in the third place, this confession of the church is also of the greatest importance for the spiritual life. Quite unjustifiably it is sometimes maintained that the doctrine of the trinity is merely a philosophically abstracted dogma and that it possesses no value for religion and life. The Reformed Confession of Faith takes an entirely different view of this. In Article XI of that Confession the church stated that God is one in essence and three in persons. This we know from the witness of Holy Scripture, and from the activities of the three persons, especially those which we sense within us. True, we do not base our faith in the trinity on feeling and experience; but when we believe it, we notice that the doctrine stands in intimate relationship with the spiritual experience of the children of God.
For the believers come to know the workings of the Father, the Creator of all things, He who gave them life, and breath, and all things. They learn to know Him as the Lawgiver who gave out His holy commandments in order that they should walk in them. They learn to know Him as the Judge who is provoked to terrible wrath by all the unrighteousness of men and who in no sense holds the guilty guiltless. And they learn to know Him, finally, as the Father who for Christ’s sake is their God and Father, on whom they trust so far that they do not doubt but that He will supply for every need of body and soul, and that He will convert all evil which accrues to them in this vale of tears into good. They know that He can do this as Almighty God and that He wants to do it as a faithful Father. Hence they confess: I believe in God, the Father, the Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth.
Thus, too, they learn to know in themselves the workings of the Son, He who is the only-begotten of the Father, conceived in Mary of the Holy Spirit. They learn to know Him as their highest Prophet and Teacher, He who has perfectly revealed to them the secret counsel and will of God in the matter of their redemption. They learn to know Him as their only High priest, who has redeemed them by the one sacrifice of His body, and who still constantly intercedes for them with the Father. They learn to know Him as their eternal King, who rules them with His Word and Spirit and who shelters and preserves them in their achieved redemption. Hence they confess: I believe in Jesus Christ, God’s only-begotten Son, our Lord.
And they also learn to recognize in themselves the workings of the Holy Spirit, He who regenerates them and leads them into all truth. They learn to know Him as the Operator of their faith, He who through that faith causes them to share in Christ and all His benefits. They learn to know Him as the Comforter, He who prays in them with unutterable longings and who testifies with their spirit that they are children of God. They learn to know Him as the pledge of their eternal inheritance, He who preserves them until the day of their redemption. And they therefore confess: I believe also in the Holy Spirit.
Thus the confession of the trinity is the sum of the Christian religion. Without it neither the creation nor the redemption nor the sanctification can be purely maintained.
Every departure from this confession leads to error in the other heads of doctrine, just as a mistaken representation of the articles of faith can be traced back to a misconception of the doctrine of the trinity. We can truly proclaim the mighty works of God only when we recognize and confess them as the one great work of Father, Son, and Spirit.
In the love of the Father, the grace of the Son, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit is contained the whole salvation of men.
Born on December 13, 1854, in Hoogeveen, Drenthe, Holland, Herman Bavinck was the son of the Reverend Jan Bavinck, a leading figure in the secession from the State Church of the Netherlands in 1834. After theological study in Kampen, and at the University of Leiden, he graduated in 1880, and served as the minister of the congregation at Franeker, Friesland, for a year. According to his biographers, large crowds gathered to hear his outstanding exposition of the Scriptures.
In 1882, he was appointed a Professor of theology at Kampen, and taught there from 1883 until his appointment, in 1902, to the chair of systematic Theology in the Free University of Amsterdam, where he succeeded the great Abraham Kuyper, then recently appointed Prime Minister of the Netherlands. In this capacity — an appointment he had twice before declined — Bavinck served until his death in 1921. | <urn:uuid:0ab07609-17ee-459e-abff-f2c3d80c2c68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.the-highway.com/trinity_Bavinck.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.968611 | 11,324 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Kissing the Blarney stone and seeing a fairy or two were on my wish-list when I visited Ireland last summer, but I never expected a West Virginia-style welcome.
My husband and I popped into a pub and upon venturing to our table, heard the live band singing John Denver’s, “West Virginia, mountain mamma, take me home, country roads.” Here I was 3,500 miles from home and feeling as welcome as I would at a tailgate party in the mountain state in which I’d grown up.
Ireland’s green pastures did remind me of West Virginia’s lush countrysides. Even the winding roads in the Celtic territory were similar to the ribbons of concrete wrapping the state that is referred to in Denver’s song as “Almost Heaven.”
One of those curvaceous, Irish roads carried us into the quaint town of Enniskerry, 17 miles south of Dublin, where we strolled the grounds of St. Patrick’s Church — not the famous cathedral, a small stone church a stone’s throw from the town square.
The saint who is credited for converting the pagan nation to Christianity must’ve had the gift of persuasive speech even though the Blarney stone tradition hadn’t yet begun. Legend has it he explained the Godhood of the trinity by comparing it to a shamrock. Although considered one plant, it has three leaves just as the one God is the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
The three are equally important, just as is our own mind, body and spirit. For us to thrive, all three aspects of ourselves need to be nourished.
As I ventured from The Cliffs of Moher to the Newgrange megaliths that are older than Stonehenge, I fed all three of mine. I hiked and laughed and ate. I developed an affinity for fresh figs and learned that I loved black pudding even though it isn’t pudding at all. It’s sausage with oats and pig’s blood.
I also learned that the reason that the color green is associated with St. Patrick’s Day has absolutely nothing to do with the lush green hills or with the green shamrock. Green is a bitter reminder of over 1 million Irishmen who died during the 1840’s potato famine. Those who were starving resorted to eating grass. They died with green mouths.
When I heard this, I silently thanked God that I didn’t need to eat grass. I had pig’s blood in my belly.
I stood absorbing the views of cattle and castles and wishing that those people who had perished, could enjoy the bounty that now rises high on the sheep-filled hills and wheat-strewn fields. I stood hoping that before they had laid their precious, lifeless heads on the ground, green mouths gaping wide, that they had reconciled the three pieces of divinity represented by the shamrock and allowed the oneness of truth to herald them to their heaven.
During my visit, the fairies, if there were any, remained sequestered in the glens. I did kiss the stone that bestows eloquence on the person whose lips touch it. Had I known that the locals get a kick out of peeing on it, I contend I would’ve still have dared to plant my kiss. Communication means the world to me.
I returned to the states, my mountain mamma heart singing. Both Ireland and West Virginia are almost heaven — and both conducive to balancing mind, body and spirit in the hills of green.
Michele Zirkle Marcum is a native of Meigs County and an author. Her column appears each Tuesday. | <urn:uuid:11b0af3f-9bda-43e0-b30e-da7457a55756> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mydailysentinel.com/opinion/4828/id-rather-eat-pigs-blood-than-irish-grass | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00041-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972792 | 780 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.