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If reaction to the announcement that negotiators have finally hammered out the text of a Canada-European Union trade pact sounded a touch cautious, that was to be expected. After all, in the more than five years since talks on the so-called Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) were launched, many confidently predicted breakthroughs had fizzled.
Even after Prime Minister Stephen Harper jetted off to Brussels last fall for the splashy signing of a CETA “agreement in principle” with European Commission President José Manuel Barroso, delays and setbacks at the bargaining table continued. Still, the Aug. 5 announcement that officials had signed off on a detailed text—even though it wasn’t yet ready to be released publicly—appeared to be the real deal at last.
Major work remains on the path to ratifying CETA, mainly in Europe, so it likely won’t be implemented, officials estimate, before mid-2016.
Yet Harper’s strategists have reason to be enthusiastic. Wrapping up negotiations allows them to put trade with Europe at the centre of a planned autumn push to buff up Harper’s image as an economic manager, as partisan jockeying on the key issue of job creation heats up in advance of the federal election slated for fall 2015. Along with Trade Minister Ed Fast, Harper will head a trade mission to the U.K. early next month, before hosting a trade summit in Canada in late September with European leaders.
“The CETA supports the narrative that he and the Conservatives are focused on creating jobs and economic opportunities for Canadian businesses, while the opposition leaders are risky, albeit for different reasons,” said pollster David Coletto, chief executive of the Ottawa firm Abacus Data.
Coletto sees the Tories painting Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau as not serious enough to be trusted with cutting international trade deals, and NDP Leader Thomas Mulcair as ideologically unwilling to pursue them. In fact, neither appears eager to battle Harper on trade, even though the issue once defined the left-right split in Canadian politics.
Last fall, Trudeau declared himself “broadly supportive of CETA.” The NDP greeted this week’s announcement by declaring they won’t decide whether to support the deal or not until the full text is released, analyzed and debated by “business, labour, local and provincial governments, Aboriginal peoples and others.” Opposing CETA would be risky. An Abacus poll last spring found that 58 per cent of Canadians expected it to be good for the economy, compared to just 15 per cent who anticipated ill effects. Breaking down those findings along partisan lines, 78 per cent of Conservative supporters were, unsurprisingly, upbeat about the deal, but so were 56 per cent of Liberal backers and 53 per cent of NDP voters.
Given those numbers, it’s easy to see why Harper is highlighting a trade agenda. His government is touting CETA as having the potential to boost Canada’s business with the EU and its more than 500 million consumers, enough to create the equivalent of 80,000 new Canadian jobs. The Tories badly need fodder for such optimistic projections. After the 2008 recession, Canadian job creation outpaced the U.S. recovery. But since the beginning of this year, U.S. employment growth has strengthened, while Canada’s has slumped. This week, the Conference Board of Canada projected that just 171,000 new jobs will be created in Canada in 2014, the weakest total since 2001.
Of course, CETA will not be in place soon enough to contribute directly to any rebound in Canadian employment before next year’s election.
Still, Harper is clearly banking on using the agreement to burnish his image as a prime minister who can secure Canada’s long-term prosperity. Considering all the political capital he’s patiently invested in it, any chance of the deal falling apart at this late stage must be deeply worrying to Tories. Opponents of the deal contend that some EU member states might well refuse to ratify CETA, which would sink the agreement. They were encouraged recently by news that a German official voiced reservations about its so-called “investor-state dispute settlement” provisions, which allow foreign companies to challenge government policies before special tribunals.
But Canadian officials stressed that the German official “was not cleared to make those kinds of statements,” and that the German government later pledged to “judge CETA on its merits.” Some experts don’t foresee much chance of Germany balking. Dane Rowlands, director of Carleton University’s Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, said Berlin must have been comfortable with this week’s text. “I doubt strongly that it would have been announced as a final draft if there wasn’t a pretty stable consensus,” he said. Stephen Harper is hoping he’s right. | <urn:uuid:1acd6dbe-0a62-40f1-b71d-4d213142c1a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.macleans.ca/economy/economicanalysis/why-stephen-harper-has-reason-to-celebrate-ceta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00234-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956114 | 1,015 | 1.53125 | 2 |
A solution architect understands the needs and goals of an organization. Often, solution architects work for the organization as part of a team. All stakeholders, processes, teams, and organization management affect solution architect roles and their work. In this chapter, you will learn and understand the solution architect role and how solution architects fit within the organization. Following that, you will learn about the various types of solution architect and how they coexist in an organization. You may need a generalist solution architect and other specialist solution architects, depending on your project's complexity.
This chapter will provide details on the solution architect's responsibility and how it can impact an organization's success. A solution architect wears multiple hats and business executives heavily depend on their experience and decision-making to understand their technical vision.
The solution-and-software development methodology has evolved over the last few decades, from waterfall to agile, which a solution architect needs to adopt. This chapter will provide details about the Agile methodology and the iterative approach that a solution architect should take for the continuous improvement of solution delivery. Overall, agile thinking is very important for a solution architect.
In addition to solution design, solution architects need to handle various constraints to evaluate risk and plan risk mitigation. Also, quality management plays a significant role, which shouldn't be overlooked. The solution architect plays an essential role throughout the solution's life cycle (from requirement collection, solution design, and solution implementation to testing and launch).
A solution architect needs to engage regularly post-launch to ensure the scalability, high availability, and maintainability of the solution. For broader consumer products, the solution architect also needs to work with the sales team as a technology evangelist of the product through content publishing and public speaking in various forums.
In this chapter, you will learn about the following topics:
- Types of solution architect role
- Solution architect responsibilities
- Solution architects in an agile organization
Types of solution architect role
In the previous chapter, you learned about solution architecture and how various stakeholders impact solution strategies. Now, let's understand the solution architect's role. The software solution can develop without a solution architect, depending on the project's size, but for a large project, it is a requirement to have a dedicated solution architect. The success and failure of the plan depends on the solution architect.
There is always a need for someone who can make architectural decisions for the team and drive team collaboration with stakeholders. Sometimes, it is required to have multiple solution architects in the team, depending on the size of the project.
The different types of solution architect are depicted in the following diagram, showing how they have different self-differentiating responsibilities in the organization:
As shown in the preceding diagram, an organization can have multiple types of solution architect. Solution architects can be categorized as generalists or specialists. Generalist solution architects have the breadth that comes from multiple technical domains. Specialist solution architects have very in-depth knowledge in their area of expertise, such as big data, security, or networking. A generalist solution architect needs to collaborate with a specialist solution architect, to align with the project's requirements and complexity.
The role of a solution architect varies from organization to organization and you may encounter a variety of job titles related to solution architect, the most common being generalist solution architect roles. Their focuses are as follows:
- Enterprise solution architect:
- Organization strategy
- Business architecture
- Solution architect:
- Solution design
- Solution integration
- Technical architect:
- Software design
- Software development
- Cloud architect:
- Cloud strategy
- Cloud migration
- Architect evangelist:
- Platform adoption
- Technical content
There may be other titles (such as application architect and software architect); however, this depends on the organization's structure.
Specialist solution architect roles are as follows:
- Infrastructure architect:
- IT infrastructure design
- Software standardization and patching
- Network architect:
- Network design
- IT network strategy and latency
- Data architect:
- Data engineering and analysis
- Data science and data intelligence
- Security architect:
- Cyber security
- IT compliance
- DevOps architect:
- IT automation
- Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD)
There may be other types of specialist solution architect, such as migration architect and storage architect. This, again, depends on the organization's structure. As per the project and organizational complexity, a solution architect can take on multiple roles or different solution architects can have overlapping responsibilities. You will learn more about each architect role in the subsequent sections.
Enterprise solution architect
Do you ever think about how products launch in the information technology industry? This is where the enterprise solution role comes into the picture – they define best practices, culture, and suitable technologies. An enterprise architect works closely with stakeholders, subject matter experts, and management to identify organizational strategies for information technology and make sure that their knowledge aligns with company business rules.
Enterprise architects handle solution design across the organization; they create long-term plans and solutions with stockholders and leadership. One of the most important aspects is to finalize which technologies should be used by the company and making sure the company is using these technologies with consistency and integrity.
Another important aspect of the enterprise architect is defining the business architecture. In some organizations, you may see a business architect as the job title. Business architecture fills the gap between organizational strategy and its successful execution. It helps convert a map strategy into executable action items and takes this to a tactical level for implementation.
Overall, enterprise architects are more aligned with company visions and responsibilities when it comes to defining organization-wide standards for the successful implementation of the business' vision.
In general, this book explores the role of a solution architect in a more generic way. Still, you often see solution architects with different titles, as per the organization's structure, for example, enterprise solution architect, software architect, or technical architect. In this section, you will find some distinct attributes related to the various titles. However, the responsibilities of the solution architect overlap, depending on an organization's structure.
If you wish to know how a solution should be organized and delivered, then a solution architect plays an essential role in this context. A solution architect designs the overall system and how different systems integrate across different groups. A solution architect defines the expected outcome by working with business stakeholders and providing a clear understanding of the delivery objective on the part of the technical team.
The solution architect connects the dots across the organization and ensures consistency within different teams to avoid any last-minute surprises. The solution architect engages throughout the project life cycle and also defines monitoring and alerting mechanisms to ensure smooth operations after a product's launch. The solution architect also plays an essential role in project management by providing advice regarding resource, cost, and timeline estimation.
Overall, the solution architect gets to engage on a more tactical level compared to the enterprise architect. Sometimes, the solution architect takes on the role of an enterprise architect if a more strategic involvement is required.
A technical architect can also be called application architect or software architect. A technical architect is responsible for software design and development. The technical architect works with the organization in terms of engineering and is more focused on defining technical details for software development by a team. They also work across the organization to understand how integration will work alongside other parts of the software module, which may be managed by other groups.
A technical architect can manage the details of API design and define API performance and scaling aspects. They make sure that the software is being developed consistently with the organization's standards and that they can easily integrate with another component.
The technical architect is a point of contact for any technical question related to the engineering team and will have the ability to troubleshoot the system as required. For a small software development project, you may not see a technical architect role, as a senior engineer may take up that role and work on software architecture design.
The technical architect mentors and supports the software engineering team by working closely with them and resolving any hindrance that arises from cross-team integration or business requirements.
The cloud architect role may not have been in existence within the last decade, but as cloud adoption is increasing among enterprises this is one role that is in high demand in the current scenario. The cloud architect plans and designs the cloud environment and is responsible for deploying and managing the company's cloud computing strategies. Cloud architects provide breadth and depth for cloud services and can define the cloud-native design.
As you learned in the Solution architecture in the public cloud section in Chapter 1, The Meaning of Solution Architecture, using the cloud is now the current trend and it has become the norm for organizations to move onto a public cloud. Major cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform are helping customers to adopt cloud platforms at exponential speed with Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offerings. You will learn more about cloud architectures in Chapter 5, Cloud Migration and Hybrid Cloud Architecture Design.
There are a large number of enterprises that have an existing workload that they want to migrate into the cloud to utilize scalability, ease of business, and price benefits. A cloud architect can prepare a cloud migration strategy and develop a hybrid cloud architecture. A cloud architect can advise how on-premise applications will connect to the cloud and how different traditional offerings fit into a cloud environment.
For startup businesses and enterprises starting in the cloud, a cloud architect can help to design a cloud-native architecture, which is more optimized for the cloud and uses the full capabilities it provides. The cloud-native architecture tends to be built on pay-as-you-go models to optimize cost and leverage automation available in the cloud.
Cloud is now an essential part of enterprise strategy, and a cloud architect is a must-have role if companies want to succeed in the modern era by increasing the pace of innovation and automation.
An architect evangelist is also known as a technology evangelist, and this is a comparatively new role. This is a new paradigm in marketing, especially when you want to increase the adoption of complex solution platforms. People will always want to hear from an expert who has in-depth knowledge and the ability to answer their queries so that they can make an informed decision. Here, architect evangelists come into the picture as they work as a subject matter expert in a competitive environment.
An architect evangelist can design the architecture based on customer requirements, which resolves the customer's pain points, and results in customer wins. The evangelist can be a trusted advisor for customers and partners. The architect evangelist has a deep understanding of architectural issues, concepts, and market trends to help secure platform adoption and show revenue growth through market capture.
To increase platform adoption for the overall target audience, the architect evangelist writes public content such as blogs, whitepapers, and articles. They speak on public platforms such as industry summits, technical talks, and conferences. They conduct technical workshops and publish tutorials to spread the word about the platform. This makes it very important for a solution architect to have excellent written and verbal communication skills, as you will often see solution architects taking technology evangelism as an additional responsibility.
An infrastructure architect is a specialist architect role heavily focused on enterprise IT infrastructure design, security, and data center operation. They work closely with solution architects to make sure that the organization's infrastructure strategy is aligned with its overall business requirements, and they plan an appropriate resource capacity to fulfill this need by analyzing system requirements and the existing environment. They help reduce capital expenditure that could be utilized for operational spending to increase organizational efficiency and ROI.
The infrastructure architect is the backbone of the organization since they define and plan overall IT resources, from storage servers to individual workspaces. The infrastructure architect creates detailed plans for procuring and setting up IT infrastructures. They define software standards, software patching, and software update plan systems across an organization. The infrastructure architect handles infrastructure security and makes sure all environments are protected from unwanted virus attacks. They also plan for disaster recovery and system backups to make sure business operations are always running.
In most e-commerce businesses, infrastructure architect jobs become challenging as they need to plan for the peak season such as Thanksgiving in USA, Boxing Day in Canada and UK, Diwali in India and so on, when most consumers start shopping. They need to prepare enough server and storage capacity to accommodate the peak season, whose workload may be 10 times higher than normal, thus increasing the cost. A system will be sitting idle for most of the year, outside of the peak season. They need to plan for cost optimization and better user experience at the same time, which is another reason they may use the cloud to fulfill additional capacity and scale on-demand to reduce the cost. They need to ensure that systems are occupied while supporting the growth of the new expertise.
Overall, an infrastructure architect needs to have a good understanding of data center operation and the components involved, such as heating, cooling, security, racking and stacking, server, storage, backup, software installation and patching, load balancers, and virtualization.
Have you ever wondered how giant enterprises with multiple locations for offices or stores are connected? Here, the network architect comes into the picture, as they orchestrate an organization's network communication strategy and establish communication between IT resources, giving life to the IT infrastructure.
A network architect is responsible for designing the computer network, Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), internet, intranet, and other communication systems. They manage organizational information and network systems. They ensure low network latency and high network performance is available for users to increase their productivity. They establish secure connectivity between user workspaces and the internal network using Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity.
The network architect works closely with the infrastructure architect and sometimes you see this as an overlapping role to ensure all IT infrastructures are connected. They work with the security team and design the organization's firewall to protect against unethical attacks. They are responsible for monitoring and protecting the network via packet monitoring, port scanning, and putting an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) into place. You will learn more about IDS/IPS systems in Chapter 8, Security Considerations.
Overall, a network architect needs to have a good understanding of network strategies, network operations, secure connections using VPN, firewall configuration, network topology, load balance configuration, DNS routing, IT infrastructure connectivity, and so on.
Any solution design revolves around data, and it is mostly about storing, updating, and accessing it regardless of whether it is about customers or products. As the adoption of the internet is increasing, so is data and the need for data architects. In the last decade, data growth has risen exponentially – not long ago, gigabytes of data were considered to be big data, but now even 100 terabytes of data are deemed to be normal. You can even get a 1-terabyte computer hard disk.
Traditionally, data used to be stored in a structured relational way. Now, most data is in an unstructured format generated from resources such as social media, Internet of Things (IoT), and application logs. There is a need to store, process, and analyze data to get useful insights, where the data architect role comes into the picture.
The data architect defines a set of rules, policies, standards, and models that govern the type of data that's used and collected in the organization database. They design, create, and manage the data architecture in an organization. A data architect develops data models and data lake designs to capture business's key performance indicators (KPIs) and enable data transformation. They ensure consistent data performance and data quality across the organization.
The primary customers for a data architect are as follows:
- Business executives using Business Intelligence (BI) tools for data visualization
- Business analysts using a data warehouse to get more data insight
- Data engineers performing data wrangling using Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) jobs
- Data scientists for machine learning
- Development teams for application data management
To fulfill organizational needs, the data architect is responsible for the following:
- Selection of database technology
- A relational database schema for application development
- Data warehousing for data analysis and BI tools
- Data lake as the centralized datastore
- Datamart design
- Machine learning tools
- Data security and encryption
- Data compliance
You will learn more about data architectures in Chapter 13, Data Engineering and Machine Learning. Overall, the data architect needs to be aware of different database technologies, BI tools, data security, and encryption to make the right selection.
Security should be the top priority for any organization. There are multiple instances when large and well-established organizations went out of business due to a security breach. Organizations not only lose customer trust but also experience legal complications due to security incidents. There are various industry compliance certifications, such as Organizational Security (SOC2), Finance Data (PCI), and HealthCare data (HIPPA), that are in place to ensure organization and customer data security, which a company needs to adhere to as per the nature of their application.
Looking at the critical nature of security, organizations need to research and design the most robust security architecture for their projects, and that's where a security architect is necessary. A security architect works closely with all groups and solution architects to make sure security is a high priority. A security architect's responsibilities include the following:
- Designing and deploying the implementation of the network and computer security in the organization.
- Understanding the company's technology, and information systems, and safeguarding the security of the computers in the organization.
- Working with a variety of settings, such as securing company networks and websites.
- Planning vulnerability testing, risk analysis, and security audits.
- Reviewing and approving the installation of a firewall, VPN, and router, and scanning the server.
- Testing final security processes and making sure they work as expected.
- Providing technical guidance to the security teams.
- Making sure applications comply with industry standards as required.
- Making sure data is secure with the required accessibility and encryption.
Security architects are expected to understand, design, and guide all aspects of security related to data, network, infrastructure, and applications with a variety of tools and techniques. You will learn more about security and compliance in Chapter 8, Security Considerations.
As a system gets complex, there are more chances of human error, which can lead to additional effort being needed, increased cost, and reduced quality. Automation is the best way to avoid failure and improve overall system efficiency. Now automation is not an optional choice—if you want to be agile and move faster, automation is a must.
Automation can be applied anywhere, whether it is testing and deploying applications, spinning up infrastructure, and even ensuring security. Automation plays a critical role, and a DevOps architect automates everything everywhere. DevOps is a combination of practices and tools that assist in delivering an application at a faster pace.
It allows the organization to serve its customers better and stay ahead of the competition. In DevOps, the development team and operational team work together in sync. For a software application, a DevOps architect defines continuous integration and continuous deployment(CI/CD). In CI, automated builds and test runs happen before the development team merges its code changes into a central repository. CD expands upon CI by deploying all code changes to a production environment after the build and test stage.
The DevOps architect automates infrastructure deployment, known as Infrastructure as Code, which is highly prevalent in the cloud environment. DevOps can utilize tools such as Chef and Puppet for instructed automation or use cloud-native tools if the workload is in a cloud environment. Infrastructure automation provides excellent flexibility for the development team for experimentation and enables the operations team to create replica environments.
For smooth operation, a DevOps architect plans monitoring and alerting with automated communication in the event of issues or any significant changes. Any security incidents, deployment failures, or infrastructure failures can be monitored automatically, and alerts can be sent via mobile or email to the respective team when required.
The DevOps architect also plans for disaster recovery different deployment methods. Organizational Recovery Point Objective (RPO) is the volume of data loss that an organization can tolerate. Recovery Time Objective (RTO) suggests how much time the application can take to recover and start functioning again. You will learn more about DevOps in Chapter 12, DevOps and Solution Architecture Framework.
Understanding a solution architect's responsibilities
In the previous section, you learned about the role of a solution architect, the different types of architect in an organization, and how they coexist. In this section, you will learn more details about the responsibilities of a solution architect. A solution architect is a technical leader, and a customer-facing role, which comes with many responsibilities. The primary responsibility of a solution architect is to convert organization business visions into a technical solution and work as a liaison between businesses and technical stakeholders. A solution architect uses broad technology expertise and business experience to ensure the success of the solution's delivery.
A solution architect's responsibilities may differ slightly based on the nature of the organization. Often, in a consulting organization, a solution architect may be dedicated to a particular project and customer, while in a product-based organization, a solution architect may be working with multiple customers to educate them on a product and review their solution design. Overall, a solution architect holds the following primary responsibilities:
As shown in the preceding diagram, there are various significant responsibilities for a solution architect. In upcoming sections, you will learn about the various aspects of the solution architect's responsibilities.
Analyzing user requirements
Business requirements are at the center of any solution design and they are defined in raw terms when a project starts. It is necessary to engage a diverse set of groups from the beginning, which includes the technical capability to identify requirements. The business stakeholder defines requirements, and it warrants multiple adjustments when it comes to technological evolution. To save effort, it is necessary to engage solution architects while defining the user requirement document.
The solution architect designs the application, which may impact the overall business outcome. This makes requirement analysis a critical skill that a solution architect should possess. A good solution architect needs to have the skills of a business analyst and the ability to work with a diverse set of stakeholders.
Solution architects bring a broad range of business experience with them. They are not only technical experts but also have a good knowledge of the business domain. They work closely with the product manager and other business stakeholders to understand all the aspects of requirements. A good solution architect helps the product team uncover hidden requirements, which a non-technical stakeholder may not have thought about from an overall solution perspective.
Defining non-functional requirements
Non-functional requirements (NFRs) may not be visible to users and customers directly, but their absence may impact the overall user experience in a negative way and hamper the business. NFRs include critical aspects of the system, such as performance, latency, scalability, high availability, and disaster recovery. The most common NFRs are shown in the following diagram:
The preceding diagram shows the following NFRs for consideration:
- What will be the application load time for users?
- How can we handle network latency?
- Security and compliance:
- How can we secure an application from unauthorized access?
- How can we protect an application from malicious attacks?
- How can we meet local laws and audit requirements?
- How can we recover an application from an outage?
- How can we minimize recovery time in the event of an outage?
- How can we recover lost data?
- How can we ensure application monitoring and alerts?
- How can we ensure application support?
- How can we make sure the application performs consistently?
- How can we inspect and correct glitches?
- How can we ensure the high availability of an application?
- How can we make an application fault-tolerant?
- How can we meet the increasing demand for resources?
- How can we achieve a good scale for a sudden spike in utilization?
- How can we simplify an application's use?
- How can we achieve a seamless user experience?
However, depending on the nature of the project, there may be an NFR that is suitable for that project only (for example, voice clarity for a call center solution). You will learn more about these attributes in Chapter 3, Attributes of the Solution Architecture.
The solution architect becomes engaged in a project from a very early stage, which means they need to design a solution by gauging requirements across groups in an organization. The solution architect needs to ensure consistency in solution design across system components and requirements. The solution architect is responsible for defining NFR across groups and different components since they make sure that the desired usability of a solution is achieved across the board.
NFRs are an integral and essential aspect of solution design, which tends to slip when teams are too focused on business requirements, and this can impact the user experience. A good solution architect has the primary responsibility of conveying the importance of NFR and making sure they are implemented as part of solution delivery.
Engaging and working with stakeholders
Stakeholders could be anyone who has a direct or indirect interest in the project. As well as the customer and user, it may also be the development team, sales, marketing, infrastructure, network, support team, or the project funding group.
Stakeholders could be internal or external to the project. Internal stakeholders include the project team, sponsors, employees, and senior management. External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, vendors, partners, shareholders, auditors, and the government.
Often, stakeholders have a different understanding of the same business problem as per their context; for example, a developer may look at a business requirement from a coding perspective, while an auditor may look at it from a compliance and security perspective. A solution architect needs to work with all technical and non-technical stakeholders.
They possess excellent communication skills and negotiation techniques, which help them to find out the optimal path for a solution while keeping everyone on board. A solution architect works as a liaison between technical and non-technical resources and fills the communication gap. Often, those communication gaps between a businessperson and the technical team become a reason for failure. The businessperson tries to look at things from more of a feature and functionality perspective, while the development team strives to build a more technically compatible solution, which may sometimes lean toward the non-functional side of the project.
The solution architect needs to make sure both teams are on the same page and that the suggested features are also technically compatible. They mentor and guide the technical team as required and put their perspective into simple language that everyone can understand.
Handling various architecture constraints
Architecture constraints are one of the most challenging attributes of solution design. A solution architect needs to manage architectural constraints carefully and be able to negotiate between them to find an optimal solution. Often, these constraints depend on each other, and emphasizing one limitation can inflate others.
The most common constraints are as following:
As shown in the preceding diagram, solution design helps us understand the following attributes of an application:
- How much funding is available for solution implementation?
- What is the expected Return on Investment (ROI)?
- How closely should outcomes match functional and non-functional requirements?
- How can we ensure and track the quality of the solution?
- When should the output be delivered?
- Is there any flexibility regarding time?
- What is the exact expectation?
- How does the requirement gap need to be handled and accommodated?
- What technology can be utilized?
- What flexibility does using legacy versus new technologies provide?
- Should we build in-house or source from a vendor?
- What can go wrong and how can we mitigate that?
- What is the risk tolerance of stakeholders?
- What is required to complete solution delivery?
- Who will work on the solution's implementation?
- What are the local law requirements that can impact the solution?
- What are the audit and certification requirements?
There could be more specific constraints related to a project, such as storing data in a country due to government regulation and opting for in-house development due to security concerns. Handling constraints could be very tricky. Saving costs by reducing resources may impact the delivery timeline.
Achieving a schedule with limited resources may affect quality, which in turn increases cost due to unwanted bug fixes. So, finding the balance between cost, quality, time, and scope is significant. Scope creep is one of the most challenging situations as it can negatively impact all other constraints and increase risks of solution delivery.
It is essential for a solution architect to understand all the aspects of every constraint and to be able to identify any resulting risk. They must put risk mitigation plans into place and find a balance between them. Handling any scope creep can help a lot in delivering the project on time.
Making technology selections
Technology selection is the key aspect and complexity of the solution architect's role. There is a broad range of technologies available, and a solution architect is required to identify the right ones for the solution. The solution architect needs to have a breadth and depth of technologies to make the right decision since the chosen technology stack can impact the overall delivery of the product.
Each problem can have multiple solutions and an available range of technologies. To make the right selection, a solution architect needs to keep functional requirements and NFRs in mind and define selection criteria while making a technology decision. The selected technology needs to consider different perspectives, whether the goal is the ability to integrate with other frameworks and APIs or to meeting performance requirements and security needs.
A solution architect should be able to choose the technology that not only satisfies current requirements but also scaling for future needs.
Developing a proof of concept and a prototype
Creating a prototype is probably the most fun part of being a solution architect. To choose a proven technology, a solution architect needs to develop a proof of concept (POC) in various technology stacks to analyze their fit for functional and non-functional requirements for the solution.
The idea of developing POC is to evaluate technology with a subset of critical functional implementations, which can help us to decide on a technology stack based on their capabilities. It has a short life cycle and is limited to being reviewed by experts within a team or organization. The solution design POC is when a solution architect is trying to figure out the building blocks of the solution.
After evaluating multiple platforms using POC, the solution architect may proceed with prototyping to a technology stack. A prototype is developed for demonstration purposes and given to the customer so that it can be used to secure funding. POCs and prototyping are by no means production-ready; solution architect builds have limited functionality, which can prove a challenging aspect of solution development.
Designing solutions and staying through delivery
Solution architects work on solution design after understanding different aspects of functional requirements, NFRs, solution constraints, and technology selection. In an agile environment, this is an iterative approach where the requirements may change over time and need to accommodate the solution design.
The solution architect needs to design a future-proof solution, which should have strong building blocks and be flexible enough to adjust to changes. However, the solution architect needs to be careful about drastic changes to the requirements and apply a risk mitigation plan.
For future-proof design, you can take the example of a loosely coupled microservice architecture based on RESTful APIs. These architectures can be extendable to new requirements and have the ability to integrate easily. You will learn more about different architecture designs in Chapter 6, Solution Architecture Design Patterns.
The following flow-chart shows the solution delivery life cycle. The solution architect is involved in all the phases of solution design and delivery:
As shown in the preceding diagram, the solution delivery life cycle includes the following:
- Business Requirement and Vision: A solution architect works with business stakeholders to understand their vision.
- Requirement Analysis and Technical Vision: A solution architect analyzes the requirements and defines a technical vision in order to execute the business strategy.
- Prototyping and Recommendation: A solution architect makes a technology selection by developing POC and showcase prototypes.
- Solution Design: A solution architect develops solution designs in line with an organization's standards and in collaboration with other impacted groups.
- Development: A solution architect works with the development team on solution development and works as a bridge between the business and technical team.
- Integration and Testing: A solution architect makes sure that the final solution is working as expected with all functional and non-functional requirements.
- Implementation: A solution architect works with the development and deployment team for smooth implementation and guides them through any hindrances.
- Operation and Maintenance: A solution architect makes sure logging and monitoring are in place and guides the team on scaling and disaster recovery as required.
However, the overall life cycle is an iterative process. Once the application goes into production and customers start using it, you may discover more requirements from customer feedback, which will drive the product vision for future enhancements.
The solution architect has major ownership during solution design in which they do the following:
- Document solution standards
- Define high-level design
- Define cross-system integration
- Define different solution phases
- Define an implementation approach
- Define a monitoring and alert approach
- Document the pros and cons of design choices
- Document audit and compliance requirement
Solution architects are not only responsible for solution design. They also help project managers with resource and cost estimation, defining the project's timeline and milestones, the project's release, and its support plan. The solution architect works through different phases of the solution life cycle, from design to delivery and launch. The solution architect helps the development team overcome obstacles and hurdles by providing expertise and a broad understanding.
Ensuring post-launch operability and maintenance
The solution architect plays an integral role after the solution's launch in respect of product operability. To handle the increasing user base and product utilization, a solution architect should know how to scale the product to meet demands and ensure high availability without impacting the user experience.
In unforeseen events such as outages, a solution architecture guides you to execute a disaster recovery plan for business process continuation. The solution architect satisfies organization Recovery Point Objectives (RPOs) and Recovery Point Objectives (RTOs). RPO is how much data loss an organization can tolerate in terms of the volume of data which is lost during the outage interval—for example, a loss of 15 minutes of data. RTO is how much time the system takes to get back up and running again. You will learn more about RTO and RPO in Chapter 12, DevOps and Solution Architecture Framework.
In the event of performance issues due to an increase in demand, the solution architect helps scale the system horizontally to mitigate application bottlenecks or vertically to alleviate database bottlenecks. You will learn more about different scaling mechanisms and self-healing in Chapter 9, Architectural Reliability Considerations.
The solution architect plans to accommodate any new requirements in an existing product that arise from usage patterns, or due to any other reason. They can make changes to non-functional requirements based on monitoring user behavior; for example, users bounce off the page if it takes more than 3 seconds to load. The solution architect works through this and guides the team in handling issues that may occur post-release.
Working as a technology evangelist
An evangelist is the most exciting part of the solution architect role. The solution architect increases product and platform adoption by spreading the word through public forums. They write blogs about solution implementation and conduct workshops to showcase potential benefits and the use of technology platforms.
They build mass support for technologies and help establish a standard. A solution architect should be passionate about technology. They should be an excellent public speaker and possess excellent writing skills to perform the technology evangelist role.
Solution architects in an agile organization
In the last half decade, you may have seen the rapid adoption of the Agile methodology. In this competitive market, an organization needs to be proactive toward rapid changes and bring output to the customer a very fast. Fast innovation and release can only be possible if organizations are adapting quickly and respond to change faster, which means there must be flexibility built into every part of the organization and solution architecture.
To be successful in an agile environment, a solution architect needs an agile mindset and must adopt the rapid delivery method by continuously working with stakeholders to fulfill their needs. First, let's understand a little bit more about the Agile methodology. This is a vast topic, and in this section, we will take a high-level overview of it.
Why the Agile methodology?
Agile can create and respond to changes to make a profit in a fast-moving business environment. Its agility comes from balancing flexibility and stability. In today's competitive environment, where technology is moving fast (which results in a high probability of changes and customer demand), agile is the answer to coping with the situation and gaining a competitive edge.
Nowadays, all successful organizations are customer driven. They take frequent feedback from end users on their products and use that feedback to expand their user base. Agile helps gather results from the development team to continuously adapt feedback into software releases, and most of the time everything has a high priority. To deal with this situation, you need agile.
Executive management provides funding and looks for transparency. They demand productive output to increase ROI, and you want to win their confidence by showing incremental development of the product. To create transparency for a project and keep track of its budget and delivery timeline, you need agile.
When you continuously want to engage your stakeholders by showing them a demonstration of the product, and when development and testing are part of the same cycle, you need Agile.
In the preceding scenarios, you looked at various situations where the Agile methodology is required to keep the organization ahead with robust delivery and customer feedback.
Agile is able to quickly move in a time box manner, which means you time box activities in a short cycle and take an iterative approach for product development instead of working on the entire product to develop and deliver it at once. The Agile methodology advocates seeking continuous feedback by keeping customers and stakeholders engaged closely, involving them in every phase of product development, adapting feedback into requirements, evaluating market trends, and working with them to prioritize the stakeholders. Then, the development team take up the prioritized requirements, conduct technical analyses, design, develop, test, and deliver.
Everyone works as one team toward one goal and breaks the silo mindset. Agile thinking helps the technical team understand the requirements from the customer's perspective and respond to changes quickly and efficiently. This is the reason why most companies want to go agile. The Agile methodology is fast and easy to adopt using many tools that are available on the market, such as JIRA, VersionOne, and Rally. You may face some initial challenges while developing agile thinking, but the benefits are very high compared to the challenges that every organization faces when moving toward adopting the Agile methodology.
Applying any agile method requires a clear understanding of the four values stated in the Agile manifesto. Let's understand these values:
- Individuals and interactions over processes and tools: Processes and tools always help complete the project. Project stakeholders, who are a part of the project, know how to implement the plan and how to deliver the successful result with the help of tools for project delivery. But the primary responsibility for project delivery is the people and their collaboration.
- Working software over comprehensive documentation: Documentation is always an essential process for any product's development. In the past, many teams only worked to collect and create a repository for documents such as high-level design, low-level design, and design change, which later help achieve qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the product.
With the Agile methodology, you focus on the deliverable. Therefore, according to this manifesto, you need documentation. However, you need to define how much documentation is vital to the continuous delivery of the product. Primarily, the team should focus on delivering software incrementally throughout the product's life cycle.
- Customer collaboration over contract negotiation: Earlier, when organizations worked on a fixed bid or time and material projects, the customer always came in the first and the last stages of the software life cycle. They were outsiders who were not involved in product development; by the time they finally got a chance to see the product after launch, the market trends had changed, and they lost the market.
Agile believes that customers share equal responsibility for the product's launch and that they should be involved in every step of development. They are part of demonstrating giving feedback based on new market trends or consumer demand. Since the business is now part of the development cycle, these changes can be attainable by being agile and having continuous customer collaboration.
- Responding to change when following a plan: In the current fast-paced market in which customers demand change with new market trends, businesses keep on changing. It is vital to make sure there's a balance between frequently changing the requirements and agilely welcoming the changes since sprint cycles vary from 1 to 3 weeks. Responding to change means that if anything changes in the specification, the development team will accept the change and show the deliverable in sprint demonstrations to keep winning the confidence of the customers. This manifesto helps the team understand the value of welcoming changes.
The Agile Manifesto is a tool that's used to establish basic guidelines for adopting an Agile methodology. These values are the core of all agile techniques. Let's understand the agile process in more detail.
Agile process and terminology
Let's get familiar with the most common agile terms and how they bind together. Here, you will learn about the agile scrum process, which is widely adopted. The agile scrum process has a small sprint cycle of 1 to 3 weeks, depending on the project's stability, but the most common is a 2-week sprint cycle, which you can call a development cycle.
These sprints are development cycles where the team will analyze, develop, test, and deliver a working feature. The team takes an iterative approach and creates a working building block of the product as the project progresses with each sprint. Each requirement is written as a user story that keeps a customer persona in mind, and makes the requirement clearly visible.
The agile scrum team has varied roles. Let's understand the most common roles and how the solution architect collaborates with them:
- Scrum Team: This consists of the Product Owner, Scrum Master, and development team. Analysts, technical architects, software engineers, software testers, and deployment engineers are part of the development team.
- Scrum Master: This facilitates all scrum ceremonies (which you will learn in next section), keeps the team motivated, and removes impediments for the team. The Scrum Master works with the solution architect to remove any technical blockers and get technical clarification for business requirements.
- Product owner: This is a businessperson who is a customer advocate. The product owner understands market trends and can define priorities within the business. The solution architect works with the product owner to understand the business' vision and keep it aligned with the technical view.
- Development team: They do product implementation and are responsible for the project's delivery. They are a cross-functional team that is committed to continuous and incremental delivery. The solution architect needs to work closely with the development team for smooth product implementation and delivery.
The sprint cycle includes multiple activities that are performed to manage development, which are often called scrum ceremonies. Those scrum ceremonies are as follows:
- Backlog grooming: Grooming is a time-box meeting in which the product owner, solution architect, and business connect to discuss backlog stories, prioritize them, and create a consensus for sprint deliverables.
- Sprint planning: In sprint planning, the Scrum Master facilitates groomed stories being assigned to the scrum team based on the team's capacity.
- Sprint Daily Standup: Daily Standup is a very efficient way of collaboration, where all team members meet in one place and all discuss their last day's workload, what plans they have for today, and whether they are facing any problems. This meeting is meant to be short and straightforward and around 15 minutes in length. Standup is the platform that the solution architect uses to collaborate with the development team.
- Sprint demonstration: During demonstrations, all stakeholders gather and review the team's work of what they have done in a sprint. Based on this, the stakeholder accepts and rejects the user stories. The solution architect makes sure that the functional and non-functional requirements have been met. During this meeting, teams collect feedback from the product owners and solution architect and look at what changes were made.
- Sprint retrospect: Retrospect is conducted at the end of each sprint cycle and is where the team inspects and adopts best practices. The team identifies things that went well and what they should continue to practice, as well as things that they can do better in the next sprint. Sprint retrospect helps the organization apply continuous improvement while working on their delivery.
Agile tools and terms
Let's learn about some agile tools that help drive team metrics and project progress:
- Planning poker: Planning poker is one of the most popular estimation techniques in Agile methodology, where the Scrum Master plays poker games to estimate user stories when a sprint starts. During this activity, each user story will be evaluated based on its complexity. Team members use comparative analysis to give story points for each user story, which helps the team understand how much effort is required to complete the user stories.
- Burndown chart: A burndown chart is used to monitor sprint progress and help the team understand how much work is pending. The Scrum Master and the team always follow the burndown chart to make sure there is no risk in the sprint and reuse that information to improve the estimation next time.
- Product backlog: The product backlog contains a collection of requirements in the form of user stories and epics. The product owner continuously updates the backlog and prioritizes requirements during sprint grooming. An epic is a high-level requirement, and product owners write a user story to refine them. The development team breaks down these user stories into a task, which is an executable action item.
- Sprint board: The sprint board contains a collection of user stories listed for the active sprint. The sprint board provides transparency as anyone can look at the project's progress for that particular sprint cycle. The team refers to the board on a daily standup to determine overall work progress and remove any obstructions.
- Definition of Done: This means all user stories should pass the Done criteria that have been set up by the solution architect and product owner in collaboration with stakeholders. Some of these criteria are as follows:
- The code must be peer reviewed
- The code should be unit tested
- Enough documentation
- Code quality
- Code writing standard
Agile versus waterfall
Waterfall is one of the oldest and most traditional software development methodologies that organizations used to follow. In this section, you will learn about the difference between waterfall and agile and why organizations need to move over to agile. We are not going to look at the details of the waterfall process; instead, we will point out the key differences:
- Agile methodologies help change the mindset from the traditional method to an agile mindset. The motivation for this is to move from the waterfall method to agile methods in order to achieve maximum business value and win customer confidence. This makes agile an advocate for customer collaboration at each step and provides transparency. The waterfall method tends to be more project-and document-centric, where customers were involved at the end phase.
- The waterfall method is more helpful for the project when all requirements are unambiguous, and the sequence of their deliverables also known, which helps remove any unpredictability as requirements are very straightforward. The Agile methodology is helpful for companies that want to keep up with the market trend and have increased pressure from the customer. They need early releases for their products and have to be adaptive to changes in the requirements.
- Agile projects are delivered in a small iterative manner with the highest quality and to achieve business value. Many agile teams work in parallel across the sprint to provide a shippable solution for the product at every end of the sprint cycle. As every sprint has a small deliverable and keeps building on top of that, the customer continuously gets to see the working model of the product. Waterfall has a long cycle and stakeholders get to see the final product at the end, which means there isn't much scope left to accommodate changes.
- The agile process makes sure the team is progressing toward the goal and that the project will be completed on time by putting checkpoints at every sprint cycle. In traditional waterfall methods, there is no frequent checkpoint that can ensure that the team is on the right path and verify whether the project will be completed on time, which may cause ambiguity.
- In the Agile methodology, the customer always collaborates with the product owner and the team. This collaboration makes sure they observe and review the small, shippable product. Agile also ensures that work is being done and shows progress to the stakeholder. However, in the waterfall method, there is no such customer interaction until the project ends.
Agile is the most adaptive methodology since fast-moving technologies and businesses are becoming so unpredictable and need high velocity. Agile supports inspecting and adapting cycles, which creates a balance between demand and control.
What comes into your mind when you think about the solution architect in an agile model? There are many myths, such as thinking that the solution architecture is a very complex activity, and with agile you will be asked to submit your design right away or in the next sprint cycle. Another myth is that the agile architecture will not be robust to such architecture design and development, that testing cannot be possible, and so on.
Agile architecture is about designing decoupled and extendable interfaces. A solution architect in an agile environment needs to follow an iterative re-architect concept by inspecting and adapting the approach. It's about choosing the right solution for enterprises, communicating well, taking continuous feedback, and modeling in an agile way. The development team needs a solid foundation and the ability to adapt to changing requirements; they need guidance and mentoring from a solution architecture.
The foundation of the agile architecture should be reducing the cost of changes, reducing unnecessary requirements by challenging them, and creating a framework to reverse incorrect requirements rapidly. The Agile architect builds prototypes to minimize risk and plans for change by understanding them. They design the prototype while balancing the needs of all stakeholders and creating a loosely coupled architecture that can easily integrate with other modules. You will learn more about various loosely coupled architecture patterns in Chapter 6, Solution Architecture Design Patterns.
In this chapter, you learned how the solution architect fits into the organization and how different kinds of solution architect roles coexist. There are generalist solution architect roles such as enterprise solution architect, solution architect, technical architect, cloud architect, and architect evangelist.
The generalist solution architect has a broad knowledge of technology and may develop in-depth expertise in a particular area. The specialist solution architect dives deep in other required areas of the project. The specialist solution architect possesses in-depth knowledge of their area of expertise, with some of the most common specialist solution architect roles being network architect, data architect, security architect, infrastructure architect, and DevOps architect.
You learned about solution architect responsibilities in great detail. Solution architects wear multiple hats; they work with stakeholders across the organization and analyze functional requirements and define non-functional requirements. The solution architect ensures consistency and standards across the organization, and they provide technology recommendations and solution prototypes. The solution architect handles various project constraints such as cost, quality, scope, and resources, and finds a balance between them.
The solution architect helps the project manager estimate cost and resources, and define a timeline, and stays throughout the project from design to launch. During the project's implementation, the solution architect makes sure that the stakeholder's expectations have been met and works as a liaison between the technical and business teams. The solution architect engages in post-launch application monitoring, alerts, security, disaster recovery, and scaling.
At the end of this chapter, you learned about the benefits of an agile process. We took a brief overview of the Agile methodology, roles, tools, terminology, and how agile differs from the traditional waterfall method. You learned about the traits of the agile architecture and how solution architects should make their architecture more flexible and agile.
In the next chapter, you will learn about the different attributes of the solution architecture that you should consider while designing a solution. These attributes include architecture security, scalability, availability, reliability, fault tolerance, extensibility, portability, interoperability, operational excellence, performance efficiency, cost optimization, and self-healing. | <urn:uuid:c7b48537-54dd-443e-9db0-642e7129a219> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.packtpub.com/product/solutions-architects-handbook/9781838645649 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.945802 | 11,048 | 1.84375 | 2 |
The life of Hsu Ming-chang (徐明彰) has dropped to a new low. He’s in Berlin, unable to appreciate its cultural riches, reeling from his divorce from a career woman for whom he had left Taiwan. His only source of income is freelancing for a Chinese-language publication. He speaks little German. Worse yet, his visa has expired, so he must make a trip to the waiting room of the Foreign Registration Office, where dreams are made and crushed with the same sterile detachment.
The Waiting Room (等候室), the Chinese-language debut novel of Tsou Yung-shan (鄒永珊), picks up at this juncture to follow Hsu as he navigates his visa troubles and the streets of Berlin.
Tsou, trained in mechanical engineering at National Taiwan University, is a new voice with an eye for fleeting detail. She picks out the tiny things that set Berlin apart, like how homeless men keep dogs, and renders them with a light and no-nonsense prose. She’s also expert at depicting the special miseries of the displaced person, such as the downgrade in social class, or how things that never cost a cent before are now painfully expensive — for instance, deep silences with a loved one over a pay phone. That’s Hsu calling his mother, of course — his ex-wife is back in Taiwan but doesn’t want to chat — and every expensive session leaves him feeling increasingly alienated from his home country.
Is his true home in Berlin? The question is open as Hsu struggles along in a foreign land, enrolling in a German class and cooking for himself for the first time. In another unprecedented move, he recoils from a series of bad housemates and springs for a little studio, the first personal apartment of his 32-year-old life.
The Waiting Room is clearly his bildungsroman, but he interacts with the locals, too, and eventually Tsou expands the stories of key auxiliary characters, all whom prove loosely connected to the Foreign Registration Office. Some, in their own ways, are alienated just like Hsu. There’s Mrs. Nesmeyanova, an immigrant from Minsk who becomes his landlady and housemate. She wants to leave Germany and go home, but can’t on account of an overbearing husband. Then there’s Ms. Meyer, an overweight and socially isolated German national who handles his visa request. Hsu feels put out because she treats him mechanistically like a number, as if that were a uniquely German thing. But it’s a people thing — unwittingly, he does the same thing to her, never learning her name and thinking of her, when the dreaded occasion requires it, simply as a fat German lady.
It’s with the cast of side characters that Tsou loses some of her gift for intimate details that build to match an absurd and unexpected reality. The weakest moments in the book are when Hsu meets, at separate times, a character named Christian and another named Christina and neither named Jesus, though they may as well have been for their weirdly wise dialogue and the tonic effect that it has on him.
Christian is a German who moves into the same building and listens to music turned up too loud, irritating all his neighbors except Hsu, who’s only intrigued. The two of them become friends and eventually lovers, and Christian teaches him that it’s not all right to let German phone companies scam him and that it is all right to ask for help.
Christina is a third-generation German Turk who meets Hsu by chance at her art exhibition at the Foreign Registration Office. She has thought a great deal about her identity as a German and as an ethnic Turk, which is believable, but her monologue — composed and grand like a personal statement for graduate school in sociology — is not. Despite that, their encounter is good for Hsu, who realizes that he is just like her, a thing caught between here and there. “Don’t be afraid. Chin up, back straight,” Christina concludes, unknowingly repeating Christian’s words of counsel, in one of the more aggressively placed coincidences of the novel.
At this point the plot is awkward, but it is an unusual disruption from a mostly elegant narrative. In a way, Christina performs a service, leading the reader to clumsily zoom out above the minutiae of Hsu’s life, so that his story is not exactly the story of a Taiwanese man, but a hopeful narrative about someone who learns to be comfortable with feeling uncomfortable. Perhaps, Christina/Tsou suggests, so long as people continue to grow, where home is will continue to be an open question.
The Waiting Room, a recommended title in this year’s Taipei International Book Exhibition, won a translation grant from the Taipei Book Fair Foundation and is being translated into English by professor Michelle Wu (吳敏嘉) of National Taiwan University’s Department of Foreign Languages and Literature. The work is scheduled for completion this year. | <urn:uuid:5f9275ee-abc2-40e2-86bb-04c969d738a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/print/2014/02/13/2003583379 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00089-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975749 | 1,074 | 1.617188 | 2 |
2 Answers | Add Yours
Piggy's biggest conflict in the Lord of the Flies comes from his struggle to form friendships and positive relationships with the other boys. The other boys view Piggy as a nuisance; his different physical characteristics like his use of glasses and overweight physique make him an outcast among the other boys and more importantly an easy target for their cruel jokes and teasing. Jack Merridew singles Piggy out in their first meeting by calling him "Fatty." Moreover, Piggy's intellect and propensity to make speeches make Piggy an undesirable companion; the other boys really do not appreciate listening to his long-winded ideas or lofty speeches, however correct he may be at times.
Piggy also struggles physically; his asthma and short-sightedness impair his ability to adapt to island life in the easy way that some of the other boys have. He is physically unable to keep up with many of their activities, from climbing the mountain to swimming in the lagoon. When his glasses break, Piggy is even more unable to cope, only being able to see out of one eye, and when Jack steals the glasses, he effectively renders Piggy blind.
Piggy is overweight, he can't swim, and he has asthma. So, he's not physically equipped to be a hunter or to do much physical work. And he's not able to defend himself in a fight. He also needs glasses to be able to see. At first, his glasses give him an indirect purpose because Ralph uses them to ignite the fire. But once Jack steals the glasses, Piggy is relatively helpless.
Piggy also has the disadvantage of being nicknamed "Piggy." Because of this, because of his size, and because he is more intellectual than the others, he is often mocked and dismissed as a nerd.
Despite all of this, Piggy is loyal to Ralph and brave enough to speak his mind and stand up to Jack. His loyalty and thoughtfulness are admirable qualities and they would be useful if the boys had remained loyal to Ralph and put his ideas into practice. But as most of the boys descended into less civilized ways by following Jack, the voices of reason (Ralph, Piggy, and Simon) essentially became unheard. In other words, as time went on, Piggy's fate grew more perilous because he was a thoughtful person in an increasingly thoughtless environment.
Piggy is well aware of how the others perceive him and he's aware that Jack and his followers see Piggy as an annoyance or a target, rather than a thoughtful kid who is only trying to establish order for their survival. Speaking to Ralph about Jack at the end of Chapter 5, Piggy says:
I been in bed so much I done some thinking. I know about people. I know about me. And him. He can't hurt you: but if you stand out of the way he'd hurt the next thing. And that's me.
We’ve answered 319,180 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:40b40833-8334-4434-9067-c409f074f541> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-some-major-conflicts-piggy-lord-flies-433681 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00120-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98446 | 625 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Cuba says it does not plan to allow a mass-exodus of illegal immigrants into the Florida Straits. The announcement follows rumors circulating in the U.S. Cuban community.
In a statement broadcast by state-run radio stations Wednesday, the Cuban Government said no citizen will be permitted to leave the island illegally, and that any foreigners entering Cuban waters to ferry would-be immigrants to the United States will face vigorous prosecution under Cuban law.
For days, rumors of a possible exodus have circulated throughout Florida's large Cuban exile community. Exiles took note of a recent speech by Cuban President Fidel Castro in which he threatened to close the U.S. Interests Section in Havana and dissolve bilateral migratory accords with the United States. Mr. Castro said provocative actions by the Bush Administration, including support for opposition groups on the island, were forcing him to consider such moves.
Many Cuban exiles took Mr. Castro's words to mean that Cuba was preparing to open the floodgates of illegal immigration, as Cuba has done in the past, most recently, in 1994. Then, some 30,000 Cubans took to the Florida Straits in hopes of reaching the United States. Most were intercepted by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Reports from Havana have noted a surge in demand for items that could be used to build makeshift rafts.
But, despite historical precedent for mass-departures, Cuban-American Miami Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen says she does not think the Cuban government has any interest in allowing a new exodus.
Ms. Ros-Lehtinen said Fidel Castro makes mistakes, but is not stupid. She said a mass-exodus would be a dangerous thing for the Cuban leader, something he could not control. The congresswoman also said it could provoke a U.S. naval blockade of Cuba, a cut-off of monetary remittances from the United States and a tightening of the U.S. economic embargo of the island.
Last month, during a visit to Miami, President Bush pledged to work tirelessly to foster democratic change in Cuba. Mr. Bush promised that U.S. economic sanctions will remain in effect until free elections are held on the island. Cuban officials have denounced what they regard as U.S. provocations and interference in their country's internal affairs. | <urn:uuid:9906af04-ab80-4b8c-839d-189e18be8534> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2002-07-04-7-castro/297015.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969202 | 477 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Master of Business Administration
CIU’s online MBA degree with a concentration in Finance can help you build a forward-thinking approach to accounting and economic strategy. By gaining a greater understanding of evolving technology, financial market operations and fundamental concepts of budgetary management, you can better position yourself to lead in the competitive corporate environment.
- Advance your knowledge of modern principles and techniques for corporate treasury management.
- Learn the principles of investment analysis and portfolio management.
- Study the techniques of multinational financial management, financial modeling, portfolio management and financial planning.
Other colleges and universities offer similar programs; however, CIU’s missional focus coupled with strong core values, a strong online study, student recruitment and support team, a robust yet intuitive Learning Management System, a commitment to meeting the unique needs of the working adult learner, a competitive price point and a compelling vision for the future give CIU a competitive advantage.
- Accepted into Columbia International University's MBA program.
- Financial Analyst
- Financial Manager
- Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
- Accounting Manager
- Corporate Controller
- Management Consultant
Management of Financial Institutions
This course studies the structure, operation and interaction of the entities that are stakeholders or otherwise engaged in the global financial services arena. Emphasis is placed on managing return and risk in these institutions. The risk management approach is explained through its contribution in assuming risk on behalf of their customers. The influence of term structure of interest rates and the regulation of financial markets on performance of these institutions is also examined. Different financial markets and the impact of its key players are also thoroughly investigated.
This course investigates the fundamental principles that govern financial markets and institutions. The approach is to gain an advanced understanding of the operations of the domestic and international banking industry, the United States Federal Reserve Bank, and the behavior of financial and institutional intermediaries.
This course examines the procedures and tools necessary to evaluate investment variables, determine value and analyze risk/return characteristics of equity, fixed income securities, and alternative investments, including individual investments. Emphasis is placed on ethical investment, responsible investing decisions, and the tools for portfolio analysis.
International Financial Management
Companies operating globally or in the global arena through supply chains, distribution or foreign investment are different from their domestic counterparts in part due to their exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations, political risks, etc. This course explores the characteristics of international financial markets and evaluates the associated risks and benefits involved in operating globally. The course will examine all issues through two lenses: that of a multinational enterprise, and that of an individual investor. | <urn:uuid:5f55d814-11d8-48a5-9633-c85f8d228dd6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ciu.edu/online-degrees/graduate/master-business-administration/mba-finance-concentration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.906053 | 539 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Den yderste dom
It is my understanding that icons are a big thing in the Eastern Orthodox church. Icons are special pictures of religious significance and one of the great painters of these was a man called Andrei Rublev who lived in Russia in the 15th century. This is supposedly a movie about this Andrei Rublev.
Andrei Tarkovsky is a legendary Russian director of whom I have watched… absolutely none of his movies. “Andrei Rublev” is the first. But his reputation precedes him, and I expected a movie that would be different and very philosophical. In that respect I was not disappointed. “Andrei Rublev” is not a biopic. In some, probably many, ways it is not even historically correct. Instead the character of Andrei Rublev is used as the focal point for a metaphysical and moral journey where Andrei meets with betrayal, ambition, doubt, despair, penance and restoration.
This sounds very good, but as it turned out, the movie has one fatal flaw: It was very difficult for it to hold my attention and help me understand what was going on. I would watch one of the many chapters in the movie, seemingly disconnected from the others, and have not idea what this was about. Often, I would even be in doubt which of the characters I was watching. I admit I am partly to blame, I should have approached this movie with more focus, but something about it seemed to repel my focus and draw it elsewhere. Instead I turned to Wikipedia which has an excellent synopsis of the movie and through that learned what I was actually watching.
One of the things I learned was that this movie was in fact rebelling against the Soviet system, or at least at odds with the ruling dogmas of the communists. There is the distaste for the informer who are betraying the dissidents to the police and the heavy-handed oppression of the population whenever the population does not follow the party line, but most of all the freedom of thought. Andrei Rublev cannot work in a system where the system tells him what to do. Painting is not a job, it is an art and art requires free thought.
These themes go a long way to explain why “Andrei Rublev” only achieved one screening in Russia in 1966 before it was shut down until it was rediscovered in Cannes in 1969 and only later, in a presumably edited version, released for the Russian public.
Yet, the communists must have liked the last chapter about the bell. This is a story about redemption where a young man, Boriska (Nikolai Burlyayev) claims to have inherited the secret of casting bronze bells and gets hired to manage the casting of a monstrous bell for the Grand Prince since there are nobody else around with that skill. The boy tries his hardest to be strong enough to lead this work, especially when he learns that all will be beheaded if it fails to ring. This project is a giant endeavor involving hundreds of people and coordination, one of those community achievements the communists were so fond of. Only when he, beyond all odds, succeeds does he collapse in the arms of Andrei Rublev (Anatoly Solonitsyn) and admits that he did not know the secret, that he was winging it all along. Andrei, who had been convinced that he is unworthy to paint and indeed to talk, takes heart from the example of Boriska and starts painting again and it is understood that he goes on to paint his best pieces.
I like the idea of what Tarkovsky was doing more than I like the result itself. The stories in the various chapter are worth less for their apparent narrative that their moral and symbolic meaning. Everything is drenched in symbolism, but unless you know what you are looking for it is difficult to see. It is a clever movie, but also a movie for making me feel stupid. I cannot parse this without help and the apparent stories are not interesting enough that I feel like watching it repeatedly to glean understanding from it. I am certain it would be rewarding, but I doubt I could do it.
As such, “Andrei Rublev” is a scholar’s movie and a valuable one at that. I am just not scholar enough to appreciate it. | <urn:uuid:697f2b3d-016e-473f-85b9-d753fa74de9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tsorensen1001.blogspot.com/2020/01/andrei-rublev-andrei-rublyov-1969.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.975759 | 884 | 1.8125 | 2 |
POSITIVE SAFETY CULTURES: Where to find "the right stuff"
But how do we know we are getting “the right stuff†when we hire or promote someone to a new level of responsibility? We all want the “very best†on our team. So how do we find it? Here are five strategies:
Determine critical skills1) Let’s begin with the so-called “competency study.†It’s essentially how you determine the skills deemed to be critical to a role. Competency data can be gathered various ways. One extraordinary resource is the O*NET — an up-to-date online resource that lists jobs and job families, and for each entry gives detailed information about the knowledge, skills, and abilities research has determined to be important to the role.
When I conduct a competency study (and I have done many) I also interview a sample of subject matter experts, which will include incumbents in the role, some of their managers and employees, and peers in their department and other departments. I use a structured-interview process to get their thoughts about the competencies critical to success in the job, and the typical work situations in which those competencies are used.
In my April column, I suggested that competency studies usually uncover some strong common denominator competencies. First and foremost, people skills — interpersonal effectiveness, relationship building, teamwork, communication with respect, conflict management — are a critical foundation of the right stuff.
Also, some personal cognitive/self-management skills — problem-solving, planning and prioritizing — are part of the puzzle. And, especially in leadership roles, a third skill set comprising vision, strategic thinking, flexibility and adaptability become extremely important.
Risky businessOK, let’s say you know what you need for a certain position — “the right stuff.†How does that understanding translate into hiring and promoting the right folks?
Let’s face it, a lot of folks have been hired, put “on the bus,†based on: 1) their resumé (“x years of experience in similar roles in the industry, the right educational credentials, etc.); and 2) the job interview (in which they are typically asked to talk about their work experience in similar roles, their educational background, etc.).
Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose with this traditional approach. So what other options do you have?
New approaches2) A step in the right direction is the increasingly popular “behavioral†or “behavior-based†interviewing approach. Interviewers use a structured set of “Tell me about a time when you…†kinds of questions. The blank might be filled in with “… and your team performed extremely well†or “…had to handle a tough conflict with a co-worker,†etc.
Bottom line: you want to avoid a re-hash of the resumé. Supplement action-oriented questions with something like, “What are your top three strengths as a manager and what are your top three weaknesses?†You want to get personal stories that might reveal more of the individual’s thought process, values and priorities, and so on.
3) The “situational interview†is a step beyond the behavioral interview, which I strongly endorse. Here you can explore the thought process of the interviewee even if the interviewee has never personally been in the behavioral scenario described. Also, “good†answers are not so transparently obvious, reducing what psychologists call “social desirability bias†— the tendency to give a nice-sounding answer that the interviewee thinks the interviewer wants to hear.
You might create a situational interview question something like this one I have used with supervisor candidates:
“You look out in the shipping/loading area of your plant, which is not the area you supervise, and notice a couple of contractors who are doing some repair/rebuilding work in the area. Employees working their jobs in the area are wearing required PPE. The contractors, in plain view, are not. What would you do?â€
Subject matter experts can quickly develop a scoring protocol for such questions, differentiating “excellent†from “satisfactory†from “poor†answers, in terms of the key competencies being sampled. They can also suggest follow-up probing questions interviewers can use to get at even more of the interviewee’s thought process.
Scoring protocol might focus on relationship management, prioritizing, communicating, etc. Probing questions might include: “Would you say anything to the company employees? How about to the shipping/loading supervisor? The plant manager? The safety pro? What other actions would you take? Why?†And so on….
4) A grander approach to ferret out the right stuff, is the venerable “assessment center.†Here scenarios might be realistically role-played in a high fidelity job simulation spread over several days. Indeed, for some purposes, the lengthier and costlier assessment center process is the fine-edged tool of choice. I have developed and helped to run many of them, with good results.
5) While it’s still a bit experimental, some elements of the right stuff can be predicted moderately well by personality variables. Several personality profiling instruments have been validated for a variety of work roles. They are not, in and of themselves, perfect predictors, but they can help improve the hit rate of a selection process.
Putting it all togetherPound for pound, a well-designed situational interview, based on a carefully done competency study, can be a highly effective way for you to increase your success rate in finding that all-important right stuff. It is a tool worth looking at. How about an interview question like this one:
“The top leaders in your organization have asked you to make specific recommendations to them as to how to create an effective and sustainable positive safety culture in the company. What would your advice be?†| <urn:uuid:563ee0b3-88bd-4231-af6e-328cb3be46fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ishn.com/articles/86021-positive-safety-cultures-where-to-find-the-right-stuff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937672 | 1,391 | 1.632813 | 2 |
A new report from the York University Schulich School of Business suggests drivers in Ontario “pay far too much” for car insurance.
Business professors Fred Lazar and Eli Prisman are set to release the report on Friday, which was commissioned by the Ontario Trial Lawyers Association.
Although drivers are aware of the high cost of insurance, the numbers in the report are staggering. According to the report, “in 2013 alone, consumers likely overpaid by $840 million.”
The professors are calling on the auditor-general to review the system.
In 2014, the Liberal government passed legislation aimed at reducing car insurance premiums by 15 per cent on average by August of this year.
At the time, the government said the new bill, the Fighting Fraud and Reducing Automobile Insurance Rates Act, will help reduce costs and uncertainty in the auto insurance industry and protect more than nine million licensed provincial drivers as well as fight fraud. | <urn:uuid:c06609dd-74ac-486e-bbc8-45b4354a4dd8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.moneysense.ca/spend/shopping/auto/ontarians-pay-too-much-for-car-insurance-report-finds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00075-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953994 | 192 | 2 | 2 |
Antimonium Arsenicicum - Modalities EtcArsenite Of Antimony, Antim, Antimonium, Arsenicicum, Antimonium Arsenicosum, Arsenicosum, Ant-a.
Below are the main rubriks (i.e strongest indications or symptoms) of Antimonium Arsenicicum in traditional homeopathic usage, not approved by the FDA.
Have you ever used Antimonium Arsenicicum? Yes No
(Forenoon), Head heavy, etc.; sticking in urethra; frequent urination; stretching and yawning; eyes close involuntarily, etc.; severe chill.
(Afternoon), Headache, etc.; coating on tongue thicker; on motion, surging toward neck upwards, etc.; on sitting crawling in abdomen; cramp in calves; constant heat.
(Toward evening), Hopeless, etc., etc.; fretfulness, etc.; catarrhal symptoms; sore feeling in chest, etc.
(Night), On waking, bad headache etc.; on waking, cracked lips; violent nausea and vomiting; stomach feels loathed, etc.; whirling, etc., of the heart; chill screams, etc.; chill.
(Before midnight), Cough; sleeplessness.
(Midnight), Wakes with thirst, etc.
(Morning till evening), Constantly chilly.
(Morning till 5 P.M.), Headache, etc.
(11 A.M. till evening), Stitches in head.
(2 P.M. till 3 A.M.), Sticking in forehead.
(2 to 3 A.M.), Cough, with expectoration.
(About 3 A.M.), Suffocated.
(1 P.M.), Headache etc.; cramp, etc., in bowels; pain above pubis, etc.
(3 P.M.). Head heavy, etc.; nose-bleed; chills all over, etc.
(4 P.M.), Feeling of heat in head.
(Toward 6 P.M.), Tension in abdomen.
(6 P.M.), Febrile chill.
(7 P.M.), Chill, etc.
(Towards 8 P.M.), Fever.
(Open air), Twitching on left thigh; from warm room, constantly chilly; chilly.
(Motion in open air), Tearing in left temple.
(Walking in open air), Canine hunger; head, etc., feel swollen.
(Bending head forward), Pain in upper chest.
(Sitting bent), Pressure in abdominal; pressure in abdomen, etc.
(Deep breathing), Pain in right side.
(Closing eyes), Vertigo.
(Coughing), Heat, etc., of forehead; dull pain in forehead; vomiting of food; heat, etc., of hands, etc.
(After dinner), Qualmishness in stomach; sensation as if overloaded in stomach, etc.; tearings in rectum; sleep.
(Drawing in the abdomen), Sticking from below pit of stomach; small spot in abdomen hurts.
(After drinking), nausea.
(After eating), Nausea; nausea and vomiting; rumbling in abdomen; pain in abdomen; cough; pain in the back; violent heat, etc.
(Expiration), Stitch in abdomen aches.
(Before each epileptic attack), Burning in chest.
(Taking hold of anything), Aching in neck.
(Trying to lift head from pillow), Dizziness.
(Looking at object a long time), Sight vanishes.
(After a meal), Creeping, etc., in abdomen.
(Motion), Heat in head; stitches in head; pressure in forehead; trembling of hands; chill, etc.
(Rapid and violent motion), Pain.
(Moving arm), Stitches in region of kidneys.
(Pressure), Pain in pimples on upper arm; burning in left breast; stitching in fingers; pimples on buttock pain.
(Before rising from bed), Pain in small of back; rheumatic, etc., sensation in limbs.
(On rising from bed), Pain in small of back; rheumatic, etc., sensation in limbs.
(Rising from sitting), Flickering before eyes, etc.
(In room), Raging, etc., in whole head; feeling of weight in region of stomach, etc.
(Rubbing), Burning in left breast.
(Scratching), Vesicles arise at the mouth; vesicles arise on shoulder; pimples on left forearm; itching on left forearm; itching below left lower jaw.
(Sitting), Immediately, pressure in abdomen; the attacks; pressure in abdomen, etc.; pain in back.
(After sitting down), Immediately, feet go to sleep.
(Sitting down after moving), The pain.
(During sleep), Profuse perspiration.
(After violent sneezing), Pain in chest, etc.
(Speaking), Tearing from left frontal eminence, etc.
(Standing), 8 A.M., stupefaction, etc.; stitching-tearing from parietal bone to vertex; right foot goes to sleep, etc.
(Stooping), Burning, etc., in right parietal bone; stitches in left parietal bone; sensation in occiput as if something fell forward; stitch in right lowest rib.
(During stool), Cold shivers through the skin.
(After stool), Burning in anus.
(After supper), Malaise.
(Swallowing), Pain behind root of tongue; saliva nausea.
(Talking), Pain in larynx, etc.; hoarseness.
(Touch), Eyeball pains; stitch in abdomen aches.
(Touching parts gently with hand), Pain in region of stomach.
(Touching the hairs of the part), Fine stitches.
(Turning neck over left scapula), Aching in neck.
(After urinating), Burning in urethra.
(After vomiting), Pains in abdomen; great weakness, etc.
(On waking), General fatigue.
(After waking), Pain in forehead.
(Walking), Totters; tension in perineum, etc.; drawings through right hand, etc.; tension on dorsum of foot.
(Open air), Head heavy, etc.; raging, etc., in head; feeling of weight in region of stomach.
(In bed), Twitching tearing in right concha.
(Eating bread), Soreness, etc., in palate.
(Cold water), Pain in forehead.
(After cough and expectoration), Feeling of suffocation.
(Eating), Sour taste on back of tongue; feels better; pressure in abdomen.
(Eructation), Nausea; pressure in stomach; cramp in abdomen.
(Lying on right side), Vomiting.
(Moving about), Pressure in abdomen.
(Pressure), Boring in right humerus; twingeing in left forearm.
(Passage of flatus), Nausea; aching in pit of stomach; distension, etc., in abdomen; rumbling in abdomen; rumbling, etc., in bowels; pressure in abdomen; griping in abdomen, etc.
(Rising after stooping), Burning, etc., in right parietal bone; tearing in right side of head; pain in upper chest.
(Scratching), Burning, etc., in right parietal bone; itching in right elbow; itching on upper arm.
(Standing), Pressure in abdomen.
(Touching part gently with hand), Pain in abdomen.
(Frequent urinating), Relief of symptoms.
(Walking about), Cramp in calves. | <urn:uuid:2e2900f0-9ef0-4936-a86d-be3b4aeaf0b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abchomeopathy.com/r.php/Ant-a/modalities+etc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.796792 | 1,672 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Where to begin your family history….
Like any project you begin at the end – What is the objective of your research. Do you want to find out where your ancestors originated from, the name of your great great grandfather, validate a family story or find out living descendants like yourself. Once you know what your goal is it’s easier to make a plan. Keep in mind that more than likely it will not be accomplished without some side trips.
Gather Data – Put to paper everything you do know. Names, dates, locations and even any vague family stories you may have heard
Interview – Ask your relatives if they would mind helping you build your family’s history. I was quite surprised that my own grandmother was initially not to keen on opening up about the past. Some memories can be painful so don’t push. I have never recorded an interview, but that would probably be a great way to capture the stories. When conducting the interview it is important to note the date, and location of the interview.
Begin with what you Know – Start with the facts that you know are true, and work your way backwards. Before jumping to the next generation, make sure you have the appropriate proofs to get there.
Internet Searches – While you can’t believe everything on the internet (or in printed books for that matter) there is a great information out there. Surname message boards, location message boards, Google Books, guides like Cyndi’s list, and mailing lists.
Set up a filing system – Start with a File for each Surname you investigate. As your collection grows, you will have sub-files. For example The DAY family I research I have the following files; Births, Marriages, Deaths, Census Somerset County, Census Morris County, Other Census, Bible Records, Vertical Files, Misc and the all important NEGATIVE.
Citations – Somewhere I came across a phrase – Genealogy without citation is mythology. Educate yourself on how to properly cite sources, and the difference in quality of sources (Primary vs Secondary)
Hit the Census Records, and off you go! | <urn:uuid:a431fa5e-83b2-471b-abb1-e8b4031be861> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://once-removed.com/2012/02/14/where-to-begin-your-family-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.932619 | 439 | 2.1875 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED386297
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1995-Jun
Reference Count: N/A
Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers. Technical Report, Public Report, and Executive Summary.
Helburn, Suzanne W., Ed.
Conducted at a time when increasing numbers of the nation's young children are in child care and when the American public is concerned about children's readiness for school, the Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes Study provides the first comprehensive econometric and psychometric analysis of child care and children's outcomes. The study was designed to examine the relationships among the costs of child care and the nature and effects of children's child care experiences. Cost and quality data were collected through visits to 50 non-profit and 50 for-profit centers in each of four states: California, Colorado, Connecticut, and North Carolina. Trained data collectors conducted interviews with and distributed questionnaires to center directors, teachers, and parents; they also observed two randomly chosen classrooms in each center. Data were then collected on 826 children from preschool classrooms visited earlier. The study found that while child care varies widely within and between states and sectors of this industry, most child care is mediocre in quality, sufficiently poor to interfere with children's emotional and intellectual development. Market forces constrain the cost of child care and at the same time depress the quality of care provided to children. It costs somewhat more to provide good quality care than to produce poor quality care; however, higher costs are not obviously reflected in parent fees, which are relatively similar in centers of different quality. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: (1) launch efforts to educate parents on identifying high quality programs; (2) implement higher state standards; (3) increase investments in child care staff; and (4) assure adequate financing and support of child care. (BGC)
Descriptors: Child Rearing, Costs, Day Care Centers, Day Care Effects, Early Childhood Education, Econometrics, Educational Economics, Educational Quality, Emotional Development, Intellectual Development, Organizational Effectiveness, Outcomes of Education, Program Effectiveness, School Readiness
Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes Study, Economics Department, Campus Box 159, P.O. Box 173364, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3364 (Technical Report, $40; Executive Summary, $8; Public Report, $15. Make check payable to "Cost & Quality Study").
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Practitioners; Parents
Sponsor: Pew Charitable Trusts, Philadelphia, PA.; U.S. West Foundation.; David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Los Altos, CA.; Carnegie Corp. of New York, NY.
Authoring Institution: Colorado Univ., Denver. Dept. of Economics.
IES Cited: ED555737 | <urn:uuid:d70b6dc3-ba2b-4412-93c3-afba2d539256> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED386297 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923767 | 610 | 2.21875 | 2 |
A day after an engine anomaly slowed its progress, India’s Mars Orbiter successfully raised its orbit to an apogee above 118,000 km (73,000 mi.) on Nov. 12.
The country’s first Mars orbiter suffered a setback on Nov. 11 as attempts were made to raise the spacecraft’s orbit around Earth to built momentum for its trip to Mars. A minor problem with the liquid fuel thruster caused the 1,350-kg (3,000-lb.) vehicle to fall short of the mark.
“The fourth supplementary orbit-raising maneuver of Mars Orbiter Spacecraft, starting at 05:03 local time, with a burn time of 303.8 seconds has been successfully completed,” Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) spokesman Deviprasad Karnik says. “The observed change in apogee is from 78,276 km to 118,642 km.”
The velocity added to the Mars Orbiter was 124.9 meters per second. “Everything is normal,” Karnik tells Aviation Week.
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) was boosted by a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C25) from the Sriharikota spaceport in south India on Nov. 5. Over the next 10 days, scientists at the ISRO are scheduled to raise the apogee of the orbiter to around 200,000 km (120,000 mi.) in preparation for leaving Earth orbit and reaching Mars by September 2014.
On Nov. 11 the maneuver to raise the apogee of the “Maangalyaan” probe from 71,623 km to 100,000 km could only achieve 78,276 km, since the incremental velocity imparted to the spacecraft was only 35 m/s against a targeted 130 m/s, the spokesman says. This was the first orbit-raising move to fall short of the objective after three successful burns in a series of five, known as “midnight maneuvers,” that began following the launch.
While conducting the orbit-raising operations since Nov. 7, ISRO scientists have been testing and exercising other functions essential for Trans-Mars Injection and Mars Orbit Insertion.
During the first three orbit-raising operations, mission controllers successfully exercised the spacecraft’s prime and redundant chains of gyros, accelerometers, 22-Newton attitude control thrusters, and attitude and orbit control electronics, as well as the associated logics for their fault detection isolation and reconfiguration, ISRO says.
“The prime and redundant star sensors have been functioning satisfactorily,” an ISRO official adds. “The primary coil of the solenoid flow control valve was used successfully for the first three orbit-raising operations.”
The probe will study the thin Martian atmosphere to determine the existence and sustainability of life and focus on the climate, geology, origin and evolution of the planet with its five solar-powered instruments. The mission will cost around 4.5 billion rupees ($80.7 million).
Rather than take a direct trajectory to the red planet, the orbiter is due to orbit around the Earth for nearly a month after launch, gaining the necessary speed to break free from Earth’s gravitational pull before embarking on a nine-month voyage to Mars. The current plan includes insertion of the satellite in an orbit around Mars on Sept. 22, 2014.
The mission is being supported by, which is providing communications and navigation support through its Deep Space Network facilities. This is the first time India has undertaken an interplanetary mission. If successful, the mission will mark a major step in the country’s space program, which has already launched a mission to the Moon. | <urn:uuid:55717916-6797-4d6b-8a55-d842866581ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://aviationweek.com/print/space/indian-mars-orbiter-back-track | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00198-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927945 | 774 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How to choose the right Math App for your kids in 2021
Mathematics has been a sore point for the majority of students. Nowadays, we have a plethora of math learning apps available. You can rightfully ask “Why is a math app required? Are books not sufficient?” Sure books provide students with the necessary material but as books lack an interactive feel, students are unable to grasp the information just by reading through them.
Most schools use conventional methods to teach math. Most times, this leads to low student interest and in extreme cases, math phobia. It is exactly in these cases where math learning apps can help students overcome these difficulties. These apps make learning fun and easy for your child. Some of these apps can also help your child move to more advanced level concepts early on.
So what are the features to look for in a math app for your kid? While most apps offer some form of game-based learning, one of the key features to look out for is adaptive learning, i.e. it should adapt the material presented to the current level of your kid. It should also be curriculum-based, i.e. its should cater to your child’s school board material, your child’s specific needs, etc. Keeping these parameters in mind, here are some recommendations for the top learning apps that can help your kid learn math.
1. Khan Academy Kids
Khan Academy has been one of the top learning apps. It has one of the biggest libraries of free online courses for K-12. Khan Academy Kids is an app dedicated to kids. This app has thousands of educational activities, songs, and games. These cater to kids at all levels, from toddlers to preschoolers to kindergartners, and to first graders. The app promotes a personalized learning experience where each child learns at their own pace.
Khan Academy has some amazing features specially designed for young kids such as:
- Special attention to developing skills such as counting, basic numerical operations, such as addition, subtraction, shape recognition measurement
- Extremely simple songs that teach kids basic math through music and animation
- Engaging characters such as the guide kids through activities
Prodigy is an app that offers an engaging math learning experience for young kids. In addition, Prodigy offers tools for parents as well as teachers. These tools allow parents and teachers to customize the game and track how the kid is faring with these games. In addition, kids can create custom characters and learn math with fun activities like rescuing pets and battling bosses. If your kid needs additional support, a remote tutoring option is also available on Prodigy.
SplashLearn is an extremely popular math app that aims at motivating kids to learn math with interactive games and enticing rewards. Your kid earns a coin for each correct answer which can be redeemed for virtual pets. One of the best things about the Splash math app is that it is designed for K-5. This ensures that your kid can keep using Splash as they move through elementary school.
Splash has 350+ mathematical skills that cover addition, subtraction, geometry, etc. With the Parent Connect app, you can monitor your kid’s activity. The app dashboard provides detailed progress reports which can be emailed weekly to your inbox.
All the above-mentioned learning apps are good supplementary material for children who struggle with Maths. We at LEAD, strive to make maths fun and easy to understand through the school curriculum itself. For the same, we use the progressive ‘Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract’ method, where children from an early age use concrete blocks and objects to understand and practice maths. This strategy has vastly impacted the way students approach sums in our 3000+ partner schools.
By enrolling your child in a LEAD Powered School, your child will find Maths to be fun and easy. Know More | <urn:uuid:2cd29ce6-d4a0-4eb2-8163-d1d9c1abebc2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://leadschool.in/blog/how-to-choose-the-right-math-app-for-your-kids-in-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.953591 | 801 | 2.65625 | 3 |
[Python-Dev] Replacement for print in Python 3.0
Stephen J. Turnbull
stephen at xemacs.org
Fri Sep 9 08:29:29 CEST 2005
>>>>> "Greg" == Greg Ewing <greg.ewing at canterbury.ac.nz> writes:
Greg> Stephen J. Turnbull wrote:
>> IMO strings that are being printf'd can probably be assumed to
>> be human readable, and therefore candidates for translation.
Greg> That's a dangerous assumption to make, I think.
Could be. For me, the name "print" is associated with a long history
of magical behavior that only a human could possibly feel comfortable
with. One of the great sins of Pascal was tarring the name "write"
with the same brush!
Greg> I'd be uncomfortable with having some strings in my program
Greg> translated automatically and others not. EIBTI here, I
If printf is going to be part of a magical family of print* functions
that do things like insert interword spacing and EOLs, I have no
problem with documenting that among the other magical things that
printf does, it translates strings. This is no less explicit than any
other function that bundles several more primitive functions.
If instead, we come up with a sufficiently excellent set of formatting
and interpolation notations that printf isn't magic at all, simply a
function that interprets a precisely defined set of explicit
notations, then i18n should have its own notation, too.
On reviewing the thread, the latter seems to be the direction things
are going. Although several people have defended print's magical
behaviors, most of them (and several others) seem at least as excited
about a printf with a more economical yet powerful set of operators.
School of Systems and Information Engineering http://turnbull.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp
University of Tsukuba Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba 305-8573 JAPAN
Ask not how you can "do" free software business;
ask what your business can "do for" free software.
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DIAGNOSING READING PROBLEMS: WHAT DO YOUR STUDENTS NEED? TRAINING OVERVIEW RTI model of reading Taking DIBELS to the next level Using new accuracy formula Pile protocol Using a diagnostic screener (DDS) Administering & scoring the DDS Using the data to diagnose specific areas of need Next steps LEARNING TARGETS I can say what RTI means. I can use the pile protocol to find students that need extra instruction. I can administer and score the DDS diagnostic screener I know what to do with the DDS diagnostic screener after I have my student’s scores. I know what my next steps are for administering an intervention model in my classroom or building. RTI MODEL RTI RTI is not a program, it’s a philosophy/tool/framework RTI stands for Response To Intervention (sometimes Response to Instruction) In the past, we’ve had a “wait to fail” model. RTI is Preventative Model RTI CORE PRINCIPLES Use all available resources to teach all students – minimize silos Universal screening for prevention instead of waiting for intervention Multi-tier model of service delivery Explicit & systematic instruction Data based decisions using a problem solving or standard protocol approach Monitor student progress frequently Multiple assessment measures Monitoring implementation fidelity 3 TIERED MODEL Tier 3: Students who need intensive or individualized support. 5% Tier 2: Students who do not make progress in Tier 1 are provided with more intensive interventions 15% Tier 1: All students receive high quality instruction as well as regular progress monitoring 80% 3 TIERED MODEL Tier 3: Tier 2: Tier 1: District Adopted Curriculum (Read Well or Reading Street) 90 minutes at Instructional Level Scientifically Based Practices Data Driven Decision Making (Progress Monitoring) Differentiated Instruction 3 TIERED MODEL Tier 3: Tier 2: Pull aside Added practice outside the 90 minutes 20-30 minute additional instruction Data Driven Decision Making (progress monitoring) Scientifically based practices District Adopted Intervention Materials Use data to make decisions Pull aside Tier 1: 3 TIERED MODEL Tier 3: Replacement “Core” Scientifically based practices Data Driven Decision Making (progress monitoring) Tier 2: Tier 1: RTI In an RTI/Intervention model, students do not stay in intervention groups forever. Every 4-6 weeks, use assessment to re-group. RTI is not for everyone, it’s for the kids who need it. The nature of the intervention changes at each tier, becoming more rigorous as the student moves through the tiers Students move up and down the tiers depending on need WHY WE’RE REALLY DOING THIS Students speak to us through their data. It is up to us to hear what they are telling us and do something about it! USING DIBELS TO HELP DETERMINE STUDENT NEEDS WHAT ARE THE SUBTESTS? Dibels Indicators 5 Essential Components Letter Naming Fluency (LNF) Tied to Alphabetic Principle Initial Sound Fluency (ISF) Phonemic Awareness Phoneme Segmentation Fluency (PSF) Phonemic Awareness Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) Phonics Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) Fluency Retell Fluency Comprehension** WHAT DO THE SCORES MEAN? Reading fluently with comprehension is the ultimate goal. DIBELS uses early skills (LNF, PSF, NWF, ORF) to predict how likely it is a child will be a strong reader later. Students must achieve or exceed goals on time to be on track for successful reading. WHAT DO THE SCORES MEAN? When you see a DIBELS report, you will see a raw score for each student as well as: Intensive At Risk Deficit Strategic Some Risk Emerging Benchmark Low Risk Established A child’s score will determine if they are Intensive, Strategic, or Benchmark. DIBELS MARKINGS IN TACOMA DIBELS Scoring Cheat Sheet Timing Hesitation Prompt Discontinue Scoring Tips* Letter Naming Fluency (LNF) Start timing after saying “Begin” and stop at 1 minute. (]) After 3 seconds, provide the correct letter name and point to the next letter and say, “What letter?” (prompt may be repeated) “Remember to tell me the letter name and not the sound.” (One time only) No letters correct in the first row (10 letters). Draw a line through a skipped row and do not count in scoring. Initial Sound Fluency (ISF) Start timing after question and stop when student responds. After 5 seconds, “Remember to tell score as 0 and present me the picture that next question. begins with the sound ___.” Score of 0 on first 5 questions. Record number of seconds and calculate the fluency score. Phoneme Segmentation Fluency Start timing when After 3 seconds, first word is provide next word. presented and stop at 1 minute. (]) (PSF) Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) Start timing after saying “Begin” and stop at 1 minute. (]) After 3 seconds, score the sound/word as incorrect and provide the correct sound/word. If necessary, point to the next sound/word, and say, “What sound/word?”* Depends on whether student is reading “sound by sound” or “word by word”. DIBELS Oral Start timing after After 3 seconds, provide the next Reading Fluency student says first word and stop at 1 word. (DORF) minute. (]) “Remember to tell me the sounds in the word.” Marking t L s u 0 1 No correct sound If student repeats the /t/ /r/ /i/ /k/ 4/4 segments in first 5 entire word with no /k/ /a/ /t/ 2/3 words. segmentation, circle the word and do not give any /t/ /r/ /i/ /k/ 0/3 points. No correct sounds in first 5 words. No words read correct in first row. Draw a line through a skipped row and do not count in scoring. Three passages administered and median (middle) score recorded. tob 3/3 tob 3/3 tob 2/3 It was a live fish. 4/5 tt It was a live fish. 4/5 THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURACY Accuracy is a piece/ one aspect used to determine instructional decisions. Why do we look at accuracy? Research and examples DIBELS ORF scores at the end of second grade. (Benchmark is 90 wcpm.) Billy reads 85 wcpm with no errors. Sally reads 112 wcpm with 8 errors. Which student is more likely to have strong comprehension? Which student is more likely to have decoding issues? ACCURACY PERCENTAGES 1st Grade 2nd Grade 3rd -5thGrade Winter Spring Fall Winter Spring Fall Winter Spring Frustration <75% <85% <87% <90% <90% <90% <90% <90% Instruction 75%-79% 85%-89% 87%-91% 90%-94% 90%-96% 90%-96% 90%-96% 90%-96% Independent 80%+ 90%+ 92%+ 95%+ 97%+ 97%+ 97%+ 97%+ WHAT DO SCREENING DATA TELL US? WCPM and accuracy scores below benchmark screening data indicate that a student may not be reading well enough to have strong comprehension. Screening data answer the question: Is the student reading with appropriate rate and accuracy to indicate adequate comprehension? The ‘Pile Protocol’ allows us to determine which students need further diagnostic assessment PILE PROTOCOL Using DIBELS ORF scores and accuracy, you can make piles of student books based on the following criteria: Strong Readers Slow Rate Readers Readers w/ Mild Decoding Issues Readers w/ Moderate Decoding Issues Readers w/ Significant Decoding Issues Rate score > ___WCPM Rate score < ___WCPM Rate score > ___WCPM Rate score < __WCPM Rate score <__WCPM Accuracy score > 97% Accuracy score > 97% Accuracy score of 90-96% Accuracy score < 90% Accuracy score of 90-96% Strong Readers Rate score > ____WCPM + Accuracy score > 97% Student Rate Slow Rate Readers Rate score < ____WCPM + Accuracy score > 97% Acc Student Rate Readers w/ Mild Decoding Issues Rate score > ____WCPM + Accuracy score 90- 96% Acc Student Rate Acc Readers w/ Moderate Decoding Issues Rate score < ____WCPM + Accuracy score of 90-96% Student Rate Acc Readers w/ Significant Decoding Issues Rate score < ____WCPM + Accuracy score < 90% Student Rate Acc PILE PROTOCOL: PRACTICE Student Name ORF/Rate Score Accuracy Jenn 45 81% Leo 40 87% Juan 63 80% Donald 68 89% Vicki 56 90% Luella 78 90% Diego 82 95% Eric 85 96% Samantha 75 99% Juanita 76 98% Miguel 90 99% Significant/Severe decoding issues Moderate Decoding Issues Mild Decoding Issues Slow Rate Readers Strong Readers FURTHER DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT Students who meet both WCPM and accuracy percentage benchmarks on the Oral Reading Fluency screening assessment (Strong Readers): Do not need diagnostic assessment Do not need intervention Students who do not meet BOTH WCPM and accuracy percentage benchmarks (Moderate Decoding Issues and Significant/Severe Decoding Issues) should receive diagnostic assessment to pinpoint area(s) of weaknesses. Areas of weakness will guide instructional planning and instruction. DECODING IS ESSENTIAL FOR READING COMPREHENSION AT ALL AGES Assess decoding abilities first If students cannot decode well and easily, reading fluency and comprehension will be hindered even if the students have strong vocabularies and comprehension WHAT DO YOUR STUDENTS DO WHEN THEY DON’T KNOW HOW TO DECODE? Skip words Add words Misread vowels (bench for bunch) Guess based on context (mom for mother) Misread multi-syllabic words Misread or skip articles (in, of, the, to, etc.) These errors will lead to comprehension mistakes…not always, but sometimes. WHY STUDENTS IN HIGHER GRADES HAVE DECODING PROBLEMS Problems often don’t show up until higher grades because students guessed successfully in the early grades when words are easy to guess. Older students experience less and less success with guessing as text becomes more difficult. BEGIN DIAGNOSIS OF READING DIFFICULTIES BY ASSESSING DECODING ABILITIES Even with WCPM and Accuracy Percentage scores, we don’t know why students are having difficulties. Comprehension Vocabulary Decoding STUDENTS NEED TO READ WORDS IN ISOLATION IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY DECODING WEAKNESSES Reading carefully selected real and nonsense words in isolation is an efficient diagnostic assessment. Examine error patterns to determine the specific confusions and the depth of the weaknesses. CHECK IN Turn to your partner and tell them how you’ve met these learning targets so far: I say what RTI means. I can use the accuracy formula and pile protocol to find students that need extra instruction. ADMINISTERING THE DIAGNOSTIC DECODING SURVEY DIAGNOSTIC DECODING SURVEYS Your Diagnostic Decoding Surveys includes: Beginning and Advanced Decoding Surveys Summary Directions for Administration and Scoring Blank Recording Forms Student Pages BEGINNING DECODING SURVEY Beginning Decoding Skills Beginning decoding skills include the ability to read words with: Short vowels Digraphs Blends The Beginning Decoding Survey also includes high frequency words that do not have short vowels. Beginning Decoding Survey 50 Very Easy, One-Syllable Words Words and Sentences to Read Set 1 see one they you are •5 real words with short vowels & 3 letters rag lid dot hum bet •5 real words with short vowels & 4 letters rich shop tack quit moth dust step trip pond brag •5 high frequency words (digraphs) •5 real words with short vowels & 4 letters _____________________________________________________ Set 2 1. The cat hid in a box. (blends) 2. The fresh fish is still on the wet grass. •22 one-syllable words in sentences: short vowels & high frequency words 3. Six flat shells were in my bath. _____________________________________________________ Set 3 •8 nonsense words with short vowels •4 with 3 letters •4 with 4 letters (digraphs) vop yud zin keb Shap thid chut weck Words and Sentences to Read Administering and Scoring The Beginning Decoding Survey (Summary directions are available in your DDS) Administering the Survey: 1. Ask the student to read the words and sentences on the Student Page. 2. Use the Recording Form to record student’s responses: • Put a check by words the student reads correctly. • Write exactly what the student says when reading a word incorrectly. Recording Form Scoring the Survey: 1. Total the number of words read correctly. 2. Complete the Error Grid by marking all columns that describe the student’s error when reading a word. You can complete the grid after the student reads the words and sentences. 3. Total the marks in each error column. Error Types - Error types are listed at the top and bottom of the columns on the Error Grid •No Try: Mark only when a student does not attempt to read a word. •Sight Word: Mark when a student misreads a sight word. •Sound Added or Omitted: Mark when a student attempts to read a word, but adds or omits a sound. This is a ‘guesser’ column because students only add or omit sounds when they are guessing. •Initial Consonant: Mark when a student misreads or omits the initial consonant. •Final Consonant: Mark when a student misreads or omits the final consonant. This is a ‘guesser’ column because students who are confused by the vowel often guess at the final consonant sounds. •Short Vowel: Mark when a student misreads a short vowel. •Consonant Digraph & qu: Mark when a student misreads or omits a digraph or qu. •Blend: Mark when a student misreads or omits reading any part of a blend. DIGRAPHS AND BLENDS REMINDERS Digraphs are two letters that spell one sound. Common consonant digraphs on the Surveys: sh – sh e ch – ch ap wh – wh ip th – th en OR th umb ck – ba ck Blends are two consonant letters together, each with its own sound. A few blends on the Surveys are: st – mu s t, s t op tr – t r ap nd – ba n d br – b r at SCORING RULES – SINGLE HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS •Check (√) words read correctly. •Write NT (for no try) if the student does not attempt the word. •Put ‘x’s in both the “No Try” and the “Sight Word” boxes on the grid. •If student misreads a word, write the response. •Put an ‘x’ in the “Sight Word” box on the grid, and do not put ‘x’s in any other boxes. •If the student responds twice, write both responses and put one ‘x’ in the “Sight Word” box on the grid. •Write ‘SC’ if the student self-corrects. •Self-corrections count as errors. •Put an ‘x’ in the “Sight Word” box on the grid. SCORING RULES – SINGLE DECODABLE WORDS •Check (√) words read correctly. •If students misread words, write all responses. •If the student responds twice, write both responses. •Put ‘x’s in Error Grid boxes for all errors in both words. •Write NT (for no try) if the students does not attempt the word. •Put an ‘x’ in the “No Try” box on the Error Grid. (No ‘x’ is in the Sound Added/Omitted box because that column is for Sounds Added/Omitted within a word.) •Put ‘x’s in all applicable boxes on the Error Grid. (These boxes have ‘x’s because the student did not read any part of the word. •Write SC if the student self-corrects. •Self-corrections count as errors when totaling number of Words Read Correctly. •Mark all errors in the misread words, even if the student self-corrects. SCORING RULES – PROMPT ONCE IF THE STUDENT DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO SAY THE WORD #1 •When a student does not attempt to read a word, prompt the student once to try to read the word. •If the student attempts to read the word, do not mark a NT and score as if that is the student’s first response. •If the student does not attempt to read “quit”, ask the student to try. If the student reads “quite”, write quite and mark the errors for quite. SCORING RULES – PROMPT ONCE IF THE STUDENT DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO SAY THE WORD #2 •When a student does not attempt to read a word, prompt the student once to try to read the word. •If the student still doesn’t read the word, mark NT and score as a no try. •If the student does not attempt to read ‘dust’, ask the student to try. If the student still makes no attempt, mark NT and core the errors for a No Try. SCORING RULES – PROMPT ONCE IF THE STUDENT DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO SAY THE WORD #2 •When a student does not attempt to read a word, prompt the student once to try to read the word. •If the student reads the word correctly after the prompt, mark the work as read correctly. •If the student does not attempt to read ‘step’, ask the student to try. If the student reads the word correctly, place a check next to the word and count it as correct. SCORING RULES – SENTENCES (DECODABLE WORDS) •Put a check (√) above words read correctly. •If the student misreads the word, put a slash through the word and write what the student says above the word. •If the student omits the word, put a slash through the word •Put an ‘x’ in the No Try box on the Error Grid. (no X goes in the Sounds Added/Omitted box because that column is for sounds added and/or omitted within a word.) •Put ‘x’s in all applicable boxes on the Error Grid. (These boxes have ‘x’s because the student did not read any part of the word.) SCORING RULES – SENTENCES (SIGHT WORDS) x NOTE –Sight Words are in italics on the Recording Form. •If the student misreads a Sight Word in italics, put a slash through the word and write what the student says. •Mark an ‘x’ in the Sight Word box on the Error Grid. •If the student omits a Sight Word, put a slash through the word. •Put ‘x’s in both the No Try and the Sight Word boxes on the Error Grid. OTHER SCORING RULES • • • • • • • Gray boxes (NA) on the grid are not applicable for scoring. If a student reads the word correctly, then reads it incorrectly, put a check (√) by the word, then write what the student says when he/she misreads. Mark errors in all words a student reads incorrectly. One error can cause more than one box on the grid to be marked. • brag read as rag warrants ‘x’s in 3 boxes: Sounds Added/Omitted, Initial Consonants, & Blends. Digraphs do not count as Initial or Final Consonants • A missed digraph is marked in the digraph column. When totaling the number correct, each word missed counts as one error –regardless of the number of times the student attempted the word. If students blend a word correctly, count it as one error for Words Read Correctly, but do not mark errors across the page. OBSERVATIONS •Certain characteristics that might be observed as the student reads are listed in the Observation section in the upper right hand corner of the Error Grid. •Check a box if you observe any of the characteristics. •For b/d or b/p errors, put a check every time you notice the error, which may indicate the severity of the issue. YOUR TURN Practice scoring Beginning Decoding Survey with presenter. With a partner, administer and score the Beginning Decoding Survey. Remember to make mistakes, so your partner can score. Each person should have a chance to be the scorer. Donald’s Beginning Decoding Survey Handout #1 What are Donald’s strengths & weaknesses? WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT DONALD? Strengths He reads beginning and ending consonants, blends, and digraphs well. He reads real words quite accurately. (Missed one vowel: read reach for rich.) Weaknesses Short vowels are his most basic difficulty. He guesses when he reads even very simple sentences. His lack of ability to read nonsense words tells us he does not understand basic letter-sound correspondences, especially with vowels. LOOKING AT READING DIFFICULTIES Look at the presenter’s Beginning Decoding Survey. What is your presenter’s reading difficulties? Look at your partner’s Beginning Decoding Survey. What is your partner’s reading difficulties? APPROPRIATE AGES FOR THE BEGINNING DECODING SURVEY Beginning Decoding Surveys are appropriate from the middle of first grade on. For all students, ALWAYS start with the Beginning Decoding Survey. Short vowels are a problem for many students of all ages who do not read proficiently. The Beginning Decoding Survey will identify almost all short vowel difficulties. ADVANCED DECODING SURVEY Survey K 1st 2nd 3rd-5th Beginning No Yes in the middle of year Yes Yes Advanced No No Yes in the middle of the year Yes CHANGE IN ADVANCED DECODING SURVEY COLUMN HEADERS •“Advanced Vowel” column added to mark when the student misreads an advanced vowel. •“Trigraphs” added to Digraphs column. •Multi-Syllable Words added: Real & Nonsense. TRIGRAPHS AND 3-SOUND BLENDS REMINDERS Trigraphs are three letters that spell one sound. Two consonant trigraphs on the Surveys: tch – m a tch dge – r i dge 3-sound blends are three consonant letters together, each with its own sound. The only 3-sound blend on the Survey: str – s t r eet SCORING THE ADVANCED DECODING SURVEY Single Syllable Words Mark just like the beginning decoding Survey. Multi-Syllable Words Do not analyze errors. Mark an ‘x’ in the box if the student did not read the word correctly. Advanced Decoding Survey 30 Harder Words •8 nonsense words with short vowels •12 nonsense words with advanced vowels •4 nonsense words with long vowels •5 nonsense words with other vowels •3 nonsense words with r-controlled vowels •10 multi-syllable words •5 nonsense multi-syllable words •5 real multi-syllable words WHEN TO USE THE ADVANCED DECODING SURVEY Administer the Advanced decoding Survey beginning in the middle of second grade. Always give every student the Beginning Decoding Survey before giving the Advanced Decoding Survey Looking at scores from both the Beginning and Advanced Decoding Survey will allow you to group students with similar needs for decoding instruction. Multi-Syllable Words No error analysis for multi-syllable words. Put an ‘x’ in the box if the word is read incorrectly or no attempt is made to read the word. JENNY – HANDOUT #3 PRACTICE SCORING THE ADVANCED DECODING SURVEY Jenny’s responses are filled in. You will: Total the number correct; Mark the errors on the Error Grid; Total the marks in each column. Together, we will check your answers. ADVANCED DECODING SURVEYS Students with scores lower than benchmark are likely to need intervention to become strong decoders USING SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC DATA TO GROUP STUDENTS BEN – CAN YOU PLAN INSTRUCTION BASED ON BEN’S SCORES? Without having access to Ben’s specific errors, work with a partner to identify Ben’s decoding weaknesses and determine what Ben’s intervention instruction will include. SLOW READERS DON’T ALWAYS NEED FLUENCY INSTRUCTION Slow readers can be accurate or inaccurate. Slow, inaccurate readers almost always have difficulty with decoding. Slow, but accurate, reading may be caused by: Taking time to figure out the word based on context because decoding skills are weak. Lack of vocabulary, which means the student has to sound out many words. Slow processing. STUDENTS ASSESSED WITH THE DIAGNOSTIC DECODING SURVEYS FALL INTO 6 INSTRUCTIONAL CATEGORIES 1. 2. Need help improving rate – read and decode accurately Need mild decoding help 3. Need moderate decoding help 4. groups of 6 maximum Have severe reading difficulties 6. groups of 8 maximum Need significant decoding help 5. groups of 12 maximum groups of 1-3 maximum Scores extremely low, need further diagnostic testing HOW TO GROUP STUDENTS AND DETERMINE INSTRUCTIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS? Look at similarities in decoding difficulties to form groups and develop instructional recommendations Form groups based on needs of students and staff resources FORMING GROUPS: A SCENARIO Mythical School’s 2nd grade team wants to start an intervention group. They have 2 classroom teachers ready to start. Ms. Sally’s class has 8 students who need short vowel decoding work (based on the DDS). Mr. Jones’ class has 7 students who need help with CVC and sight words. They decide to spend 25 minutes before lunch every day “walking to intervention”. Mr. Jones takes the 15 students who need decoding help and forms a small group. Ms. Sally takes her remaining students and Mr. Jones’ students and works on deeper comprehension and vocabulary skills using the Reading Street lessons she never gets to. FORMING GROUPS: A SCENARIO Storybook School’s 5th grade team consists of one classroom teacher, Ms. Blue. Ms. Blue’s class has 5 students who need advanced vowel decoding work (based on the DDS), 5 students who need work on multisyllabic words and the rest of her students are at benchmark. Ms. Blue asks one of her student’s grandma (who is a retired school bus driver) to come into class for 20 minutes every day. Grandma Green has the remaining 18 students read Advanced Leveled Reader books and discuss them using the Making Meaning format. During this time Ms. Blue pulls the 10 students to the back of the room and works on multisyllabic decoding, with an emphasis on the vowels in the multisyllabic words. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING Gather with your grade level team from your building. Discuss the following: What human-resources are available at your building to provide interventions? (Think of all of them: parents, volunteers, high school older brothers, grandparents, community members, lunch ladies, office staff with a “free” 20 minutes a day) What small bits of time do you have as a team if you wanted to “walk to intervention”? What small bits of time do you have if you need to do intervention on your own? What are some possible scenarios you can develop for your team? What needs to happen next at _________ in order for you to implement an RTI model that includes systematic Tier 2 instruction? INTERVENTION NEXT STEPS NOW THAT YOU HAVE SOME KNOWLEDGE, USE IT! Look at student’s scores and DIBELs booklets Use pile protocol Administer DDS diagnostic to those who need it Determine which areas your students need the most assistance. Vocabulary Makiing Meaning Strategies ELI Strategies and Reading Street ELI Strategies Reading Street Vocab Book Fluency Making Meaning strategies Skill Builders ELI Strategies and Reading Street Phonics 6 minute solution Templates Phonics for Reading ELI Strategies and Reading Street Syllaboards Phonemic Awareness SIPPS Road to the Code Templates ELI Strategies Road to the Code Phonemic Awareness in young Children SIPPS Beginning Template Reading Intervention Materials Training Matrix All Staff: Diagnosing and identifying Reading Problems Using the Diagnostic Tool/I've Dibeled Now What? Comprehension A FINAL THOUGHT… “You can have the results you say you want, or you can have the reasons why you can’t have them. But you can’t have both. Reasons or results. You get to choose.” -Susan Scott Fierce Conversations EXIT SLIP Please Reflect on the learning targets for tonight: I say what RTI means. I can use the pile protocol to find students that need extra instruction. I can administer and score the DDS diagnostic screener I know what to do with the DDS diagnostic screener after I have my student’s scores. I know what my next steps are for administering an intervention model in my classroom or building. | <urn:uuid:36a0c80d-f2b0-41d3-9de5-ab3473fbe93b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slidegur.com/doc/77597/diagnosing-reading-problems--what-do-your-students-need%3F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00518-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872373 | 6,380 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Fireball Whisky Recall
European standard for whisky is more restrictive than U.S. standard.
Fireball Whisky is being pulled from shelves in Europe because it contains too much propylene glycol – an additive that prevents evaporation and is a stabilizer in foods.Reportedly, Fireball Whisky is very popular.
But it’s not going anywhere in the United States.
Norway, Sweden and Finland have recalled the popular cinnamon-flavored drink after a batch of the North American recipe, which contains higher levels of propylene glycol, was shipped there, its manufacturer said on Tuesday.
Officials in Finland say Fireball liqueur is prepared according to North American food regulations but does not meet the requirements of the European Union’s tighter standards on propylene glycol. | <urn:uuid:73378aae-0973-4306-9bf6-2a8435d1c973> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://interested-participant.blogspot.com/2014/10/fireball-whisky-recall-fireball-whisky.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00406-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942423 | 167 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Superfund Site Profile
The 345-acre Northside Landfill site is located in northwestern Spokane, Washington. Established as a city landfill in 1931, the area was the largest refuse disposal operation in Spokane County. Waste disposal and open burning contaminated soil, sludge and groundwater with hazardous chemicals. Following cleanup, operation and maintenance activities are ongoing.
As part of the fifth Five-Year Review of the environmental cleanup at the Northside Landfill, the review team will be in Spokane on October 25, 2016.
If you have questions about the site or would like to participate in a community interview, please contact:
Piper Peterson, EPA Project Manager
(206) 553-4951 or [email protected]
Comments from the public are also being sought as part of the review process. If you know of or have observed things that can help our review team please submit your written comments by e-mail to: [email protected] or mail to:
Piper Peterson, ECL-122
U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 900
Seattle, WA 98101. | <urn:uuid:ba5a5fc9-98d3-4a37-a54b-23a4eb16d169> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=1000836 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00310-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927097 | 239 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Commentary On Things Present
Despite the obvious, the world is not flat and the sun does not revolve around the earth. This was all figured out thousands of years ago by the Greeks and Sumerians. But from observations even today - isn't it obvious that the sun rises every day in the east and isn't it clear that the earth is not round, it is flat...as far as we can see. The obvious sometimes is obviously wrong.
With the disgusting, despicable and devastating news on the front pages of all the NY newspapers these days over the corruption in Queens...quiet, comfortable, sensible, serene, hard-working Queens...there is great discussion on new and needed reforms to prevent this thievery on the part of our politicians.
The dumbest and worst of these suggestions is the public financing of campaigns. Let me get this straight: today, we pay these crooks to run for office; and once in, they steal blindly from us - and now the great pooh-bahs are saying what's needed is more public financing!!! Isn't that like the Beach 116th Street Cap One Bank not only dropping its security systems, but - worse! - unlocking the bank vault!
What am I missing here, and why do so many people think public financing is good...in full view of the facts that thievery and corruption among our local politicians are up, just as public financing is escalating. For every one dollar a local candidate raises, you give him $6...now, what's your return on those six dollars?
This insanity has three (at least three) startling drawbacks.
First, public financing means that 'just about anybody' around NYC can run for local office. Is that what we aspire to...'just about anybody' representing us in City Hall. Isn't that the problem - we get what we pay for...scheming nobodies with a resume bereft of accomplishment, accompanied by a warm smile, engaging personality and a commanding voice. Sure, anybody can run for office, but why should we finance their ambitions; and why should we unlock $65 billion yearly to these people. The $65 billion NYC budget is one of the largest in the world. Does anyone newly hired have access to the Apple budget, or the Xerox budget, or the General Motors budget, or the Estee Lauder budget... without awesome credentials? Yet that's what we've been doing...financing the campaigns of 'ethically challenged' people with limited experience and no record of accomplishment. That makes no sense to me...and I don't think that's what ole Tom Jefferson and James Madison had in mind either. They expected their neighbors... tradespeople, farmers, printers, attorneys, school teachers etc., etc...to take some time off to enter local politics for the greater good, then return to their professions.
Second, public financing, while reducing the financial burdens of the individual candidate, escalates campaign costs not incrementally, but exponentially. Anyone who wants to run has to compete with an opponent who can spend wantonly on their campaign because the city gives them $6 for every one dollar they raise. Election costs go up one year, then in the next election cycle they go up even more - and campaign costs wind up spiraling into the millions.
My third reason...the city and state spend sufficiently already. Our New York City budget is $65 billion (the largest by far in the nation), and our NY State budget is $143 billion (second only to California). NY spends more than $15,000 per person...California $12,500 per person. There are lots of sensible services the city and state should and must provide, but the feelgood financing of political campaigns, returning the city to the Tammany Hall days of public corruption, is counterproductive to good government and should never be one of them.
Stewardship for the politicians, not courtship of the politicians. | <urn:uuid:68816ef2-60f5-446b-9ae0-ef83d52a2196> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rockawave.com/news/2013-04-19/Columnists/Commentary_On_Things_Present.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00486-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959721 | 800 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Fort Clark (1852-1946) - Unlike many other
forts prominent in the
Indian Wars, this fort in south-central
remained an active post through World War II. It was founded in 1852 and
inactivated in the mid-1940's. The southern anchor of the
Texas defense line
in the 1850's, it guarded the San Antonio-El Paso Road and policed the
In 1849, when Lieutenant William H. C. Whiting was
surveying a practical route between San Antonio and El Paso, he recognized the
site of Las Moras Springs, at the head of Las Moras Creek, as an ideal location
for a fort.
The U.S. Army took his advice, and established Fort Clark on June 20, 1852 with an objective of protecting the
San Antonio-El Paso Road and protecting area settlements from both Indians
and threats from Mexico.
The land was leased for the
fort and Companies C and
E of the First Infantry under the command of Major Joseph H. LaMotte, who, along with
an advance and rear guard of U.S. Mounted Rifles, began to construct the
1853, the soldier's barracks were nearly completed and in 1854, three officers'
quarters were built. In 1855 a stone hospital and a two-story storehouse were
Within no time, a settlement sprang up around the
fort, beginning when Oscar B. Brackett
established a stage top and opened a dry-goods store. When the settlement was
first founded in 1852, it was called Brackett, but, was later renamed
Brackettville. Even though the
fort was just south of the community, the
town grew slowly because of the constant Indian threats.
In 1861, at the onset of the
Civil War and the secession
soldiers abandoned the
fort in March, 1861. The
Confederates moved in, and was occupied by the Second Texas Mounted
Rifles until August, 1862. It was then used briefly as a hospital for
Confederate troops and area civilians.
soldiers returned in December, 1866, next involved in numerous
In 1872, Fort Clark was home of numerous black
Indian Scouts, who
would serve the
fort from 1872
until 1914. Many infantry units and virtually all cavalry units, including
the 9th and 10th "Buffalo
Soldiers," were stationed at Fort Clark at various times. During these
Comanche and Apache Indians often swept through the area, raiding,
killing, stealing horses, mules and cattle before escaping across the Rio Grande
Mexico. At the same time, outlaws were busy working their dastardly deeds in the
area, before fleeing the border to safety of Mexico. During these violent
times, hundreds of pioneers were forced to abandon their homesteads.
In 1873, the
fort was the headquarters of Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie when he created an international incident by
crossing the border and attacking the Kickapoo and Lipan
Apache raiders who
were using Mexico as a sanctuary. The troops also played a small role in
the Red River War of 1874-75.
Indians in the region
were subdued, the
fort was threatened with closure, but, turmoil along the border due to the
Mexican Revolution revitalized the military need for the
fort. During the
Spanish-American War, Fort Clark was garrisoned by the Third Texas
Infantry in 1898.
The fort remained active as an infantry and
cavalry post, with troops serving in World War I. During the second World
War, the fort was a cavalry training center, manned by the 112th Cavalry and the
Texas National Guard Unit.
More than 12,000 troops of the second Cavalry
Division trained at Fort Clark until their deployment in February, 1944. During
the war, the post also served as a German POW camp. Soon, technological
advancements signaled the end of the horse cavalry. Fort Clark was one of the
last horse-cavalry posts in the country. The post was officially deactivated in
early 1946, and later that year was sold to the Brown and Root Company for
salvage and later used as a guest ranch. For the preservation of Fort Clark, its
use as a guest ranch, ensured its preservation. | <urn:uuid:a1340de2-522b-4bdf-9809-2e9376eb84d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.legendsofamerica.com/tx-fortclark.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00421-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97244 | 922 | 3.515625 | 4 |
British Ghurkas attend the multinational NATO exercise Saber Strike in Adazi, Latvia, June 11, 2015. Source: Reuters
The UK will send a military contingent to the Baltic republics to strengthen the defense of the NATO eastern borders in collaboration with U.S. and German units, and to help the Baltic republics deter a potential Russian aggression, The Financial Times reported on Oct. 8.
The deployment of British military servicemen is not conducive to stability on the European continent, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said at a news briefing on Oct. 8.
"What has been happening lately doesn't make the region more stable. On the contrary, in my view, this poses a threat to the region's stability," Zakharova said when asked to comment on reports on the deployment of British servicemen in the Baltic region.
At the same time, she said, "it's necessary to hear and understand the motives behind these steps."
"Naturally, any plans to bring the NATO military infrastructure closer to the Russian borders will be counteracted for the sake of restoring the necessary parity," the Kremlin press secretary said.
All rights reserved by Rossiyskaya Gazeta.
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Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox | <urn:uuid:511c282c-a31b-4f60-8a67-a8ce0f343ff7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rbth.com/international/2015/10/08/british_contingents_deployment_to_baltic_region_brings_nato_clo_49907.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.9414 | 259 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Generic Name: pertuzumab (per-TOOZ-ue-mab)
Brand Name: Perjeta
Perjeta may cause serious harm to the fetus if used during pregnancy. If you are able to become pregnant, you must use an effective form of birth control while you use Perjeta and for 6 months after you stop using it. If you have questions about effective birth control, talk with your doctor. If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor right away.
Perjeta is used for:
Treating certain types of breast cancer that have spread to other areas of the body. Perjeta is used in combination with other medicines. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Perjeta is a monoclonal antibody. It works by targeting certain tumor cells and stopping them from growing and reproducing.
Do NOT use Perjeta if:
- you are allergic to any ingredient in Perjeta
Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.
Before using Perjeta:
Some medical conditions may interact with Perjeta. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
- if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding
- if you are able to become pregnant
- if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement
- if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances
- if you have had a reaction (eg, rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; shortness of breath; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, throat, or tongue; wheezing) to a previous dose of Perjeta
- if you have a history of breathing or lung problems, heart problems (eg, heart failure, recent heart attack, irregular heartbeat), high blood pressure, kidney problems, chronic infections, or low white blood cell counts
- if you have had previous treatment with a certain type of chemotherapy called an anthracycline (eg, doxorubicin) or you have received radiation treatment
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Perjeta. However, no specific interactions with Perjeta are known at this time.
Ask your health care provider if Perjeta may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.
How to use Perjeta:
Use Perjeta as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
- Perjeta is given as an injection at your doctor's office, hospital, or clinic.
- Do not use Perjeta if it contains particles, is cloudy or discolored, or if the vial is cracked or damaged.
- Keep this product, as well as syringes and needles, out of the reach of children and pets. Do not reuse needles, syringes, or other materials. Ask your health care provider how to dispose of these materials after use. Follow all local rules for disposal.
- If you miss a dose of Perjeta, contact your doctor right away.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Perjeta.
Important safety information:
- Perjeta may cause dizziness. This effect may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Perjeta with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.
- Perjeta may lower the ability of your body to fight infection. Avoid contact with people who have colds or infections. Tell your doctor if you notice signs of infection like fever, sore throat, rash, or chills.
- Some patients may experience an infusion reaction with Perjeta. Symptoms may include chills, fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, taste changes, tiredness, vomiting, or weakness. Tell your doctor if you notice these or other unusual effects while you use Perjeta.
- A more severe infusion reaction may sometimes occur with Perjeta. Tell your doctor right away if you notice fainting; new or worsening shortness of breath; trouble breathing; rash; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat; severe dizziness or light-headedness; unusual hoarseness; or wheezing.
- Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Perjeta before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery.
- Do not receive a live vaccine (eg, measles, mumps) while you are taking Perjeta. Talk with your doctor before you receive any vaccine.
- Women who may become pregnant should have a negative pregnancy test before they start to take Perjeta. Discuss any questions or concerns with your doctor.
- If you are able to become pregnant, you must use an effective form of birth control while you use Perjeta and for 6 months after you stop using it. If you have questions about effective birth control, talk with your doctor.
- Lab tests, including heart function and HER2 protein testing, may be performed while you use Perjeta. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.
- Use Perjeta with caution in Asian patients; they may be at an increased risk for decreased ability to fight infection.
- Perjeta should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.
- PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: Perjeta may cause harm to the fetus. Do not become pregnant while you are using it and for 6 months after you stop using it. If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor right away. It is not known if this medicine is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while using Perjeta.
Possible side effects of Perjeta:
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:
Change in taste; diarrhea; dizziness; dry skin; fingernail or toenail changes; hair loss; headache; loss of appetite; mild muscle or joint pain; nausea; nose, sinus, or throat irritation; runny or stuffy nose; tiredness; trouble sleeping; vomiting; weakness.
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, throat, or tongue); burning, numbness, or tingling; fainting; new or worsening shortness of breath or trouble breathing; pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site; pain, swelling, or sores of the mouth or tongue; severe or persistent dizziness or light-headedness; skin or nail infection (eg, skin discharge, redness, swelling, or warmth); sudden, unexplained weight gain; swelling of the hands, ankles, or feet; symptoms of infection (eg, fever, chills, persistent sore throat); unusual tiredness or weakness; wheezing.
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.
If OVERDOSE is suspected:
Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately.Proper storage of Perjeta:
Perjeta is handled and stored by a health care provider. Keep Perjeta out of the reach of children and away from pets.
- If you have any questions about Perjeta, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
- Perjeta is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.
- If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.
- Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.
This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take Perjeta or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about Perjeta. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to Perjeta. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using Perjeta.
Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine. | <urn:uuid:d774d149-f57a-420d-85bf-2e8ef8d7031d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.drugs.com/cdi/perjeta.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00135-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896086 | 2,073 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities
16 faith groups to share £1.3 million ‘New Deal’ fund to help support communities
Projects work with police, schools, councils and other voluntary groups to tackle issues affecting the most vulnerable.
- ‘New Deal’ pilot fund to provide £1.3 million to faith-based organisations to deliver innovative projects
- Projects work with police, schools, councils and other voluntary groups to tackle issues affecting the most vulnerable
- Pilot will help establish principles for the government’s wider relationship with faith groups
Sixteen faith-based groups working with the most vulnerable people in local communities will receive a boost to support their work through the government’s £1.3 million Faith New Deal pilot scheme.
The groups, which include Christian, Jewish and interfaith organisations, will work in partnership with councils, schools, police, health providers and voluntary groups to develop innovative interventions to tackle social issues affecting those in most need of support.
Projects will include providing debt and employability advice, tackling food poverty, providing support for mental health issues and combatting loneliness and isolation.
The fund will also help faith groups to build on the collaboration with national and local government that happened during the pandemic.
Examples of this include supporting government’s effort to reach communities and administer the COVID-19 vaccine:
- A Voluntary, Community and Social Enterprise partner, Strengthening Faith Institutions, helped to transform the Greengate Mosque in Oldham into a temporary vaccination centre, where over 2,000 people from local communities received life-saving vaccines.
- Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara in Wolverhampton worked hand in hand with public health services to help the government better understand coronavirus detection by running testing pilots in partnership with faith groups across the city.
The Faith New Deal Fund will also inform the development of a Faith Compact that will set out key principles to aid engagement between faith groups and government.
Faith Minister Paul Scully recently said:
We saw the instrumental role that faith organisations played in supporting vulnerable people during the pandemic. Working closely with local partners, councils and government, they supported communities where they need it most.
This pilot scheme will build on that vital work, so that faith organisations and their partners can continue to support communities as they recover.
Minister Scully recently visited the Church Revitalisation Trust based in West London, one of the faith groups awarded funding. Through their nationwide Love Your Neighbour project, they work in partnership with volunteers and public services to provide debt advice, employment training and other community care.
Revd Tom Jackson MBE, Chief Executive, Love Your Neighbour recently said:
Love Your Neighbour is delighted to be a partner in the very significant and timely launch of the Faith New Deal.
We look forward to working with churches and local partners including statutory authorities across the United Kingdom to increase the impact of the crisis food support, debt advice, employment training and other wrap-around care this ground-breaking initiative will enable”.
Other projects the Faith New Deal fund will support include:
- Jewish Action for Mental Health (JAMH) based in Manchester will expand their work with other faith groups, councils and health services to deliver food to those in need and work in partnership with public services to tailor mental health provision and provide support to those in need.
- All Souls Serve the City, based in London, have partnered with local churches, Westminster Council, charities and the police force to improve mental wellbeing and combat loneliness for vulnerable women.
Faith New Deal Pilot Fund: funding allocations 2022/23
List of successful applicants receiving Faith New Deal Pilot Fund awards.
|Organisation||Name of Project||Amount of funding (£)|
|Jewish Action for Mental Health (JAMH)||Evidencing Faith Food and Mental Health Solutions||£93,900|
|The Cinnamon Network||Church Mental Wellbeing and Loneliness Project||£51,693|
|Trinity Safe Space||Partners||£113,862|
|Safe Families UK||Safe Families||£58,400|
|The Torbay Deanery||Torbay United for Safety and Food Security||£120,000|
|Church Revitalisation Trust||Love Your Neighbour||£200,000|
|Transforming Plymouth Together||Real Conversations||£99,950|
|Mission in the Economy||St Helens Mobile Community Food Pantry||£124,842|
|Interfaith Wolverhampton||Faith & Community Connected||£94,020|
|Edmonton Methodist Church||Enfield Pathways Integrated Consortium||£78,600|
|The Faith and Belief Forum||Multi-Faith Action Hub||£41,049|
|Hereford Diocesan Board of Finance||Hereford Diocese||£38,630|
|City Life Church Southampton||Love Southampton||£109,000|
|Zion Projects||As One Hampshire||£43,220|
|All Souls Serve the City||Tamar||£7,747|
|Caring for God’s Acre||Volunteer Nature Recovery||£7,586|
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Latest News from
Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities
£6 million funding to improve housing and support for vulnerable tenants04/08/2022 09:20:00
Vulnerable tenants living in supported housing with little support will see significant improvements as councils are given funding to drive up standards.
Levelling Up Secretary tightens council accounting rules03/08/2022 09:05:00
The Secretary of State has written to council leaders amending council accounting rules.
Ukrainian and UK governments thank public for ‘largest offer of help to people fleeing war since 1945’02/08/2022 10:10:10
Ukrainian and UK governments send letters of thanks to sponsors and families who have welcomed people from Ukraine into their homes.
Supply of accessible homes to receive vital boost01/08/2022 16:20:00
New homes will be more accessible for older and disabled people as the government recently (29 July 2022) confirmed plans to raise the accessibility standard.
Historic devolution deal to be signed with York and North Yorkshire01/08/2022 15:33:10
Levelling Up Secretary Greg Clark will today sign a deal to grant more power to communities in Yorkshire.
Over 100 new and revamped parks to level up towns and cities across the UK01/08/2022 14:20:00
The Levelling Up Parks Fund will create new and improved parks in urban areas, helping communities to come together and enjoy the outdoors.
Government takes further action to protect Slough taxpayers after council falls short29/07/2022 15:10:00
Levelling Up Secretary Greg Clark intends to expand intervention in Slough Borough Council to ensure delivery of essential key services.
15 million households have received £150 cost of living council tax rebate29/07/2022 12:10:00
Nearly 80% of eligible households received the government’s £150 council tax rebate in the first 3 months to help with the cost of living, figures published yesterday show. | <urn:uuid:c9b5274d-5ebb-4f4c-a719-3a9c2f2556eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/news.nsf/articles/16+faith+groups+to+share+1.3+million+New+Deal+fund+to+help+support+communities+01082022101010?open | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.905326 | 1,579 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Womanism and Afrocentrism are the two most influential currents in contemporary African American culture. They both heighten black cultural self-awareness, even as they deepen knowledge of its historical sources. As womanism mines the ways and wisdom of African American women for Christian theology, so Afrocentricity excavates an African past to liberate the oppressed from Eurocentric worldviews.
Yet are the two compatible? What does the mostly male Afrocentric scholarship contribute to the survival, wholeness, and liberation of black women? In this volume social ethicist Cheryl Sanders and other leading womanist thinkers take the measure of the Afrocentric idea and explore the intricate relationship between Afrocentric and womanist perspectives in their lives and commitments. Their strong, frank assessments form a creative engagement of these two momentous streams. | <urn:uuid:09fff6e7-738f-416b-a72c-c05eaca2d161> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cokesbury.com/forms/ProductDetail.aspx?pid=474140 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00051-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922144 | 165 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Japan's economic policies, which have driven down the yen's value and given local exporters a powerful boost, are expected to be in the firing line at a meeting of G-20 finance ministers. But perhaps it's time to cut Japan a little bit of slack, some analysts say.
Policymakers from Asia and Europe have stepped up criticism of Japan, where expectations for aggressive monetary easing have pushed the yen down 15 percent against the dollar over the past three months. The yen has shed 20 percent of its value against the euro and fallen 13 percent versus South Korea's won over the same time period.
While the yen has fallen sharply and quickly, its weakness should be seen in the context of a period of prolonged strength, said Vasu Menon, vice president for wealth management at OCBC Bank.
"The yen is weakening from a position of extreme strength," he told CNBC Asia's "Squawk Box." "So, I think the G-20 will cut Japan some slack."
The G-20, a forum of developed and emerging market nations for the most important global economic and financial issues, kicks off a meeting in Moscow on Friday.
"Japan is still the world's third largest economy – this is a point that the media and the markets are not talking enough about," Menon said. "Japan has been in the doldrums for the past two decades… If it's able to revive itself that's in everyone's interest.
Data released on Thursday showed Japan's economy remained in recession in the final three months of last year.
(Read More: Why You Should Look Past Japan's GDP Miss)
The yen may have fallen sharply in recent months, but it's a different story when viewed in the context of recent years. In the past five years, the yen is about 13 percent stronger against the greenback. Compare that with other major currencies: the euro has depreciated about 16 percent against the dollar over the past five years while sterling is down about 20 percent.
"In Japan's defense, what they (policymakers) are trying to do is fight deflation and revive economic growth, so if they do this by increasing their balance sheet (via monetary stimulus) a by-product of that will be a weaker yen," said Jonathan Cavenagh, senior FX strategist at Westpac Bank in Sydney, adding that the G-20 would probably shy away from making any accusations about "currency manipulation."
"Obviously, there will be some accusations thrown from the sidelines of the meeting," he said. | <urn:uuid:d7cdf368-78b6-4e12-80df-1135b9aff7a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cnbc.com/id/100462449 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00350-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967371 | 517 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Stars of Vaudeville #939: Harry Jolson
Today is the birthday of Harry Jolson (Hirsch Yoelson, 1882-1953). Born in Lithuania, the son of a cantor who would settle the family in Washington DC, Harry was the older brother of singer Al Jolson — who would go on to much greater fame in show business. But being older, it was Harry who ran away and went into vaudeville first.
Around the turn of the 20th century Al joined Harry in New York, where he was already beginning to take his first baby steps in show business. Harry and Al teamed up in burlesque as “The Joelson Bros.” in an act called “The Hebrew and the Cadet.” Al’s voice was still changing and this is the point of his career where he whistled rather than sang (whistling would always be one of his distinctive trademarks). In 1901 the boys teamed team up with one Joe Palmer as Jolson, Palmer and Jolson in a sketch called “A Little Bit of Everything”. Palmer was a former headliner who had written the lyrics to “In the Good Old Summertime”. He now had multiple sclerosis and was in a wheelchair. They boys dropped the “e” from their name because it wouldn’t fit on the business cards. Harry played a doctor, Al, a bellhop, and Palmer…the guy in the wheelchair. Al started using blackface at this time, and found that it liberated him so that he could really cut loose as a performer. The act was very successful. In 1905, they were contracted to play Tony Pastor’s but the act split up before the engagement started. Part of the boys’ obligation in the act was to clean, dress and otherwise babysit the infirm Palmer in their offstage moments. The boys had a falling out over who would take care of Palmer on a certain night. They never quite fully made up after this spat.
Now both Jolson brothers were working solo. By accident or by design the Jolson Brothers now cut up the continental U.S. into spheres of influence. While Harry worked the Keith and William Morris circuits in the east as “The Operatic Blackface Comedian”, Al worked Sullivan and Considine in the West as “the Blackface with the Grand Opera Voice”. Within a couple of years, Al became a major superstar, and after that the brothers’ rivalry became something of a joke. Harry was deemed to be no competition for Al, and what small crumbs he enjoyed tended to be crumbs from his brother’s table. While Al starred in Broadway shows and, later Hollywood films, Harry struggled on in vaudeville, often humiliatingly billed as “Al Jolson’s brother”. Here he is in a rare 1929 film clip with Lola Lane:
When vaudeville died, Harry became an agent for a while, representing Al and his wife Ruby Keeler for about seven years. When Al left him, his agency folded and he sold insurance and worked at an aircraft plant during World War Two. He was not mentioned at all in the Hollywood films The Al Jolson Story (1946) and Jolson Sings Again (1949). When Al died in 1950, Harry made a spoken word tribute record called “One More Song”, and also enjoyed some last limelight on radio and television (a show called You Asked for It, on which he sang Al’s “You Made Me Love You”). By these years though, he was failing. He passed away in 1953, three years after the brother who was a thorn in his side all those years.
To find out more about the history of show business, consult No Applause, Just Throw Money: The Book That Made Vaudeville Famous, available at Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and wherever nutty books are sold. | <urn:uuid:964c4ad0-9b24-4b20-8c32-eb7432d72f9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://travsd.wordpress.com/2016/01/12/stars-of-vaudeville-939-harry-jolson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984008 | 828 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Overlooking Water Leaks in Your Home- A Mold Threat
DO NOT overlook water leaks in your home. Beware of mold.
A Chubb survey revealed the majority of homeowners do not view internal water leak damage as the most concerning home threat.
Chubb North America Personal Risk Services Division President, Fran O'Brien, said "the time between when a leak occurs and when it's discovered is the single greatest factor in determining the amount of damage."
Nearly 80 percent of homeowners overlook the threat of costly water leaks while on vacation, Chubb survey found. Something to consider as families leave for Spring vacation.
And on top of the drip, drip, drip of what could start as a minor leak, depending on the duration of your Spring vacation, the drip, drip, drip could result in not only water damage to your home, but mold damage as well. For information on how that works, refer to our blog post, 5 Levels of Mold Remediation.
If you'd like to know more about Chubb's survey, click here to visit their site.
Mold Damage ? Water Damage ? Call SERVPRO of Northern Summit Conuty's 24/7 Emergency Service Line at 330-650-4486, or Request Help Online. | <urn:uuid:16c5a984-064e-4463-ba24-94f65daa51f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.servpronorthernsummitcounty.com/blog/post/75385/mold-removal-remediation/overlooking-water-leaks-in-your-home--a-mold-threat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.934012 | 264 | 1.617188 | 2 |
CC Madhya 4.130 (1975)
- svapna dekhi' pūjārī uṭhi' karilā vicāra
- snāna kari' kapāṭa khuli, mukta kaila dvāra
svapna dekhi'-after seeing the dream; pūjārī—the priest; uṭhi'-getting up; karilā—made; vicāra—considerations; snāna kari'-taking his bath before entering the Deity room; kapāṭa—the door; khuli—opening; mukta—opened; kaila—made; dvāra—the doors.
Awaking from the dream, the priest immediately rose from bed and thought it wise to take a bath before entering the Deity's room. He then opened the temple door. | <urn:uuid:63e7aced-32ee-4a88-b2fc-eda880e3b9ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vanisource.org/wiki/CC_Madhya_4.130_(1975) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.792797 | 209 | 1.734375 | 2 |
The amount of a chemical or substance present in a particular quantity of
soil, water, air, food, blood, hair, urine, breath, or any other media.
Concentration is often expressed in milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m3), parts per million
(ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or as a
percentage (%). More information can be found in the GreenFacts weight | <urn:uuid:08af22b8-b92b-46e4-ace0-a96fb15a6d71> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/abc/concentration.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.666463 | 91 | 2.421875 | 2 |
NASA physicist Henning Leidecker has now voiced his concerns about the increased risk of unintended acceleration in '02-'06 Camrys due to the ongoing growth of "tin whiskers," comparing the risk to a game of Russian roulette. Toyota redesigned the pedal sensors in '07 and '08 for the express purpose of eliminating the tin whisker risk, and Dr. Leidecker questions why Toyota would have done this if tin whiskers aren't a problem. Instead of Toyota, the Department of Justice, and NHTSA trying to keep the electronics issue quiet, a recall should be issued to update the sensors in the models Dr. Leidecker is concerned about.
Sorry, Steam Kid, but my description of what the ECU is doing was meant to show that it's taking into account all manner of variables and acting on them constantly. That's what drivers do when they drive a car, but they often make huge mistakes, are slow at reacting, or freeze at the wrong time.
No question that this will take some new communications schemes, between cars and between the roadway and cars. And sensors on cars too.
Driving is just not as phenominal of a chore as some seem to think.
"I recently had a car that during the night would decide to open the windows, initially part way then fully even when it had been raining! and I was told that there was no problem, but got a re-call a year later for a software upgrade."
There you go. A software upgrade fixed the problem. Instead, if you get hit by some moron who was too busy texting, a software upgrade won't prevent that from happening again.
1. Autonomous driving has to rely on V2V as well as V2I communications. The intentions of the dump truck, as well as its mechanical health, are part of V2V. Much more reliable than something a human driver "thinks" he notices.
2. Construction zones and lane merging are part of V2I. Way more reliable than what some "old lady" in front of you may or may not decide to do.
3. Optical sensors on cars, another necessary ingredient, can detect odd motions in the vehicle in front a lot better than some idiot who is busy texting on his cell phone.
4. Obviously, drunk drivers are part of the reason you want self driving cars. Initially, in the driver assist-only mode, where a mix of human and autonomously driven vehicles share the same roads, the solution won't be as good. Mostly, in this intermediate phase, you'll have V2V comms warning that the other guy is doing unpredictable things.
5. Vision algotirthms can *easily* tell apart a floating plastic bag from a brick. And if a floating platic bag gets stuck on your windshield, it wouldn't matter.
And so forth. You simply haven't appreciated what sensors and what comms are needed for autonomous driving. For most repetitive work, and driving is a prime example, properly programmed computers can do a far better job than the majority of humans. Even playing chess, for instance. For purely creative work, perhaps that's different.
You write: "...it should be taught more widely how to use gear shift to neutral in emergency".
Yes agreed, but this has to be in the context of where shifting to neutral would be appropriate. Those preparing training material and instructions to be put in owners manuals would have to qualify the kinds of emergencies in which shifting to neutral would be appropriate . For example, hypothetically:
"in the unlikely event of a sudden uncommanded acceleration, put the vehicle into neutral, then brake etc."
This in turn would mean that automobile manufacturers would have to admit in public the possibility that some UAs are NOT caused by driver error.
In other words, they would have to admit what they, with NHTSA's tacit support, have consistently denied for three decades: namely, that intermittent electronic and software malfunctions in electronic throttles may be causing sudden accelerations.
Brake shift interlock is an electro-mechanical interlock that prevents the driver from moving the gear stick from PARK unless they have their foot on the brake. It comes in various different flavours, see Shift Interlock system.
When it comes to getting the car into neutral from DRIVE or REVERSE with the vehicle moving at speed this is an entirely different matter, not connected in any way with the brake shift interlock. You can certainly put the gear stick into NEUTRAL, but whether this actually puts the transmission into neutral will depend on the transmission control strategy implemented by the manufacturer - remember that the automatic transmission is also now largely under electronic control. As to what the situation is in Toyota cars, I do not know. Perhaps someone else can answer this question.
@Bert22306 @grg9999. Sorry Bert, you seem to think I was commenting on the ECU complexity whereas I was replying on your comment that driving is easy. The post by grg9999 is similar to what I was thinking, in that anticipation can not be computed. Humans are prepared to accept a less optimum solution to avoid a potential poor or disastrous situation.
When automobiles were first built the driver was also the engine ECU with various levers to move to keep the engine running as well as driving, then mechanical systems took that over. As enviromental concerns arose then ECU's have come to the fore, but even then they are far from perfect, I recently had a car that during the night would decide to open the windows, initially part way then fully even when it had been raining! and I was told that there was no problem, but got a re-call a year later for a software upgrade.
I think many, including myself, still are not quite sure, the whole story regarding which gear shifts require brake action. As mentioned earlier, I fault inadequate driver instruction, as well as education by the car manufacturers themselves.
Otherwise, it should be taught more widely how to use gear shift to neutral in emergency. Because a current common teaching is to avoid switching gears without brake action. Drive to neutral is sometimes even a discouraged gear shift, there is so much confusion about this. A dangerous shame.
Reading between the lines Toyota found that in this instance they could not blame the incident on the absence of a guardian angel, or on the presence of loose all-weather flying floormats (which allegedly become active in the absence of a guardian angel), or sticky pedals, or loose beer cans, or backseat drivers. They could not blame it on the age of the driver, nor on their youth, nor on the width of their feet, They could not blame it on driver pedal error because there were too many witnesses of the driver braking and the vehicle flying through the air. They could not blame it on a malfunctioning electronic throttle control system because that would damage the public perception of Toyota's perfection in all things electronic.
Replacing the car and presumably getting the driver to sign a non-disclosure agreement would cost less for Toyota than having driver and passengers telling friends and acquaintances that the car "ran away and tried to kill the whole ruddy lot of us." thereby rubbishing the pedal error hypothesis.
In commercial aircraft the pilots are given about 120 hours per month of non-flying time some of which they use for practicing fault conditions in a simulator - I wonder if driving simulators are needed due to the increasing complexity of cars and the addition of steer by wire and brake by wire, and throttle by wire -- The issue is that these change the way the car can react under some fault conditions and result in issues.
What are the engineering and design challenges in creating successful IoT devices? These devices are usually small, resource-constrained electronics designed to sense, collect, send, and/or interpret data. Some of the devices need to be smart enough to act upon data in real time, 24/7. Specifically the guests will discuss sensors, security, and lessons from IoT deployments. | <urn:uuid:ab00e3f6-576b-456e-b238-087a3678d990> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.eetimes.com/messages.asp?piddl_msgthreadid=43329&piddl_msgid=296697 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00046-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973677 | 1,648 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Ontario has made at least one, big move on climate change. Unfortunately, the big move amounted to jogging on a treadmill — running to stay in the same place.
The province is one of the few jurisdictions in the world to abandon coal completely for electricity generation. Ontario experienced a 6 per cent decline in carbon emissions between 1990 to 2013 — mostly due to a reduction at a big industrial emitter in the late 1990s. Unfortunately, the big 8 per cent additional drop the coal plant closures produced was completely offset by a spike in emissions from cars and trucks over the same period.
Certainly, had Ontario kept its coal-fired plants it would be worse off on the emissions front right now. It’s still hard to describe the province’s emissions record as a success; between 2012 and 2014, Ontario’s emission growth essentially flatlined.
Queen’s Park has set itself the goal of cutting emissions 15 per cent over 1990 levels by 2020, and 37 per cent by 2030. So ‘flatline’ isn’t going to be good enough, and cutting coal — while expensive — was the relatively easy part.
Based on 2013 numbers, about 36 per cent of Ontario’s emissions come from transportation, another 19 per cent from buildings. Getting those numbers to come down is going to be a lot harder than throwing up some windmills.
What to do? Ontario means to introduce next year a cap-and-trade system to begin pricing carbon. Like Quebec — which let its big emitters (oil refining and aluminium smelting) off the hook — Ontario has provided dispensation to 100 companies to ease the transition. So don’t expect big industrial reductions in the near term. Gasoline demand is notoriously immune to shifts in price, as is demand for the fuel that heats our offices and homes — don’t expect much movement in those sectors, either.
What cap-and-trade does do is give Ontario access to an estimated $2 billion per year, through the auction of emissions permits — money it can invest in things like renewable energy, energy efficiency and pollution-free transportation. Simply putting a price on carbon won’t achieve the emissions reductions the province needs — as B.C. has learned through the experience of its revenue-neutral carbon tax. You have to make sure there are options and incentives available to businesses and consumers that allow them to cut emissions on their own.
We’re seeing encouraging signs that the Ontario government gets this — that it understands that more of the same is going to end up giving us … more of the same.
A recently-leaked draft document outlining the government’s long term emissions strategy looks to be ambitious and aligned with the 100-per-cent-renewables vision put forward by people like Dr. Mark Jacobson of Stanford University.
If the final report ends up more or less like the draft, massive changes are being planned. The draft plan puts a lot of emphasis on emissions from buildings and transportation. That means a focus on the end use — the people driving the cars and dialling the thermostats.
If everything goes according to the government’s plan, by 2050, 80 per cent of commuter trips will be by transit, cycling and walking, with the rest being fuelled by low- to zero-carbon energy sources like electric, biofuels and hydrogen. To get there, it plans a large subsidy program to shift the passenger vehicle fleet to electric and plug-in hybrid, with a goal of 1.7 million electric vehicles in driveways by 2025 and over 7 million gasoline vehicles off the road by 2030. On the building front, the plan is to get every single building to zero emissions by 2050, through the large-scale use of solar panels, conservation and geothermal.
What about industrial emissions? Well, cap-and-trade will help drive industrial use. But sunset industries will disappear, while sunrise industries grow; Dr. Jacoboson’s report predicts there will be a net gain in employment, but many old-style industry jobs will disappear for good. Ontario’s plan anticipates that by 2050 there will be no oil refineries left in the province because there will be little demand for gasoline, no natural gas being used for heating.
The auto industry will have to adapt, of course. It must. Ontario needs to be a player in the new green economy to retain its footprint in the auto industry, and the jobs that go with it. Environment Minister Glen Murray got himself in trouble when he accused the Canadian auto industry of “lacking courageous leadership” and suggested it was doomed to see tech-forward firms like BMW and Tesla Motors “start eating (its) lunch.” (He has since changed his message, calling on Canada’s tech entrepreneurs to “kick Elon Musk’s ass”.)
You can argue that all of this is unrealistic, pie-in-the-sky — too vast a change to make in such a short period of time. You might agree with the Ontario Progressive Conservatives when they accuse the government of picking winners and losers.
But if Canada is to actually meet the commitments made in Paris — commitments the best science tells us must be met to avoid catastrophic climate change — we’ll have to risk these sorts of big-step changes. Carbon taxes alone won’t get us there. And if we don’t make the leap out of the fossil fuel economy — and our international competitors do — we’ll end up paying a far higher price.
Ontario says it wants to be counted among the winners. This draft report — assuming it survives the political process — rings an early warning bell for the oil and gas industry in Canada. Change is coming, fast. Those who stand still will be run over.
The views, opinions and positions expressed by all iPolitics columnists and contributors are the author’s alone. They do not inherently or expressly reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of iPolitics. | <urn:uuid:f0e364b2-c47d-4592-b72e-7a082bded6f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ipolitics.ca/2016/05/12/does-ontario-have-the-nerve-to-get-serious-about-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94237 | 1,242 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Pokemon Legends: Arceus Player Finds Musical Trick For Catching Alpha Pokemon
A Pokemon Legends: Arceus player discovered a niche detail in the game's music that may help other trainers catch Alpha Pokemon much faster!
Have trouble catching Alpha Pokemon in Pokemon Legends: Arceus? Well, you’re in luck! A Pokemon fan has discovered a neat little trick that focuses on the game’s audio cues to help you figure out where Alpha Pokemon may be hiding.
Pokemon Legends: Arceus released just at the beginning of this year, meaning there are still many secrets and techniques for fans to uncover. The game’s open world provides a wealth of new things to discover, from new shiny hunting strategies to hidden areas to finding new Alpha Pokemon in the wild.
Though shiny hunting presents more of a technical challenge, there there may be an easier way to find Alpha Pokemon. As it turns out, the Alpha Pokemon music will initiate if you approach a tree with an Alpha Pokemon in it – even if you can’t see the Pokemon itself.
Pokemon Legends: Arceus Alpha Pokemon
Introduced in Pokemon Legends: Arceus, Alpha Pokemon are a unique type of Pokemon players can encounter. True to their name, these Pokemon are particularly formidable. Their sizes are as tall as possible, and they have 3 stats guaranteed to have an Effort Level of 3.
Players will usually encounter these Pokemon like any other – by traveling around Hisui. Their special form means they’re rarer than normal Pokemon, but not quite as rare as shinies are. Nonetheless, Pokemon fans have attempted to cheese better ways to hunt these Alphas down.
Luckily, when it comes to hunting Alpha Pokemon in trees, there’s a bit of an easier method out there. Spotted by Redditor u/zeroexev29, Alpha music will play when you approach a tree with an Alpha Pokemon in it.
u/zeroexev29 comes across a shaking tree to then toss a Pokemon ball. The moment they do, the Alpha music kicks into gear. An Alpha Wild Burmy pops out, confirming that the tree-shaking Pokemon is one worth catching.
This means that players can rely on audio cues to let them know where Alpha Pokemon may be hiding. Even if the Pokemon itself isn’t visible, the Alpha music is a dead giveaway to its location. Players can now run around through the trees and ignore any without Alpha music playing. u/zeroexev29 also confirms that this trick works for rocks as well, meaning players will immediately know which fights should be run from.
This subtle music change makes a significant difference for those hunting for Alpha Pokemon. Both a fun musical cue and an incredibly helpful design tactic, Pokemon shows its player that all they have to do is listen to the music. | <urn:uuid:ebc4d238-3de2-4fc5-90c1-ca08f26fc193> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dualshockers.com/pokemon-legends-arceus-musical-trick-catching-alpha-pokemon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.918725 | 580 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Officials Warn Oregonians Of Scammers
Oregon taxpayers have been receiving phone calls from scammers pretending to be with the IRS or Internal Revenue Service. KLCC’s Briana Friden has the story.
“Hello this call is officially a final notice from IRS.”
The computer voice tries to create a false sense of urgency to persuade people into revealing personal and financial information that can be used for fraud.
“You had tried to do a fraud with the IRS internal revenue service and we are taking a legal action and we are issuing an arrest warrant on your name.”
Oregon Department of Revenue’s spokesman, Bob Estabrook, says the agency will always send a letter to a taxpayer before making a phone call, and will never threaten a taxpayer over the phone.
“If you feel uncomfortable in the call, if it seems like there is something that is not right about that call, get out of that conversation," Estabrook tells KLCC. "Don’t feel that you have to make a bad decision or make a decision in the moment.”
Estabrook says the people who perpetrate these calls have sophisticated methods to trick people, such as Washington DC area codes, but they are still not legitimate calls. He advises contacting the IRS’s published phone number if concerned or threatened.
Scam phone calls should also be reported to the Department of Justice’s Consumer protection hotline.
Copyright 2017, KLCC. | <urn:uuid:6fbf1a8e-5b03-47b0-95b9-99c2e2d76e77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.klcc.org/crime-law-justice/2017-11-09/officials-warn-oregonians-of-scammers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.94035 | 308 | 1.671875 | 2 |
The Samas Ransomware Group reportedly raked in an incredible amount of money this year using a different method than most malware authors.
$450,000. That’s how much money the Samas Group made spreading ransomware this year according to a report from Bleeping Computer. There are several well-known ransomware groups now that are making hundreds of thousands of dollars a year using the usual mass infection method, however Samas group took a different approach. In almost all cases, malware authors are looking to spread their ransomware to as many people as possible which gives them a greater chance of encryption and payout, which is the end goal. In the case of Locky, there are some days where millions of emails are sent out with malicious payloads. The greater the target area, the greater the payout in the end.
Samas group uses a different method that should scare companies using typical blacklist based antivirus. They use highly focused attacks on businesses and request large ransoms. This means they may be putting a lot of work into one attack to get a higher pay-day per infection. While taking this approach they would often adapt the ransomware for each target they were going to infect. Typical blacklist antivirus protection just can’t keep up with this approach because malware is only being used once.
PC Matic customers will be protected from this ransomware as it will not be on our whitelist. No matter how many times they tweak the ransomware it will remain unknown and thus blocked by our default deny approach. If you would like to learn more about PC Matic and our global whitelist protection click here. We also offer PC Matic Pro for business and government use, which you can read more about here.
Read the full report on Bleeping Computer’s website here.
1,019 total views, 1 views today | <urn:uuid:497cb983-5be7-4ebb-88ee-25788a0984a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pcmatic.com/blog/2016/12/13/ransomware-authors-continue-raking-in-cash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.954705 | 373 | 1.648438 | 2 |
In 1940, after 11 years of the Depression grinding the laissez-faire beliefs of the ‘20s into a distant memory, Hollywood found itself in a semi-radicalized position. The Hollywood Anti-Nazi League was formed in 1936. The Motion Picture Artists Committee for Loyalist Spain was founded in 1937, and the Motion Picture Artists Committee, which endorsed liberal political candidates, in 1938. The most radical union, the Screen Writers Union, was recognized by the National Labor Relations Board in 1938. Studio executives now had to seriously address the writers’ four demands: 1) proper screen credit allotment; 2) amalgamation with other writing unions to close down studios in case of strike; 3) ownership of all story material; and 4) a closed shop.
Conditions were ripe for the emergence of The Grapes of Wrath from the recently founded studio Twentieth-Century Fox. Producer Darryl Zanuck had always been considered sympathetic to progressive film content. While at Warner Bros. he championed the production of I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang (1933), which chronicles the real-life exploits of Robert Burns who had been mercilessly imprisoned and punished by the Georgia penal system. In 1933 he left Warners to found his own studio, Twentieth-Century Films, which purchased the bankrupt Fox Studios in 1935 to finally become Twentieth-Century Fox.
The Grapes of Wrath
Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell, John Caradine, and Charley Grapewin
US theatrical: Apr 2004
The Grapes of Wrath
US: Mar 2006
Similarly, John Ford had proven his progressive credentials with his pro-I.R.A., expressionist-inflected 1935 film The Informer. It won Best Actor, Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best Music during the 1936 Oscars. Ford’s frequent screenwriter, Dudley Nichols, held well-known Left sympathies and consistently pushed Ford’s filmmaking into even more populist directions as their 1939 collaboration Stagecoach reveals, where bankers are exposed as scoundrels, and prostitutes and outlaws represent the true legacy of American democracy and frontier fortitude.
The Grapes of Wrath remains a foundational example of Popular Front culture. The Popular Front refers to a change in Communist Party ideology in 1935. Instead of opposing other Left groups like socialists, democrats, and anarchists, as had been previously done, the party initiated a coalition among them in order to collectively combat the rising threat of international fascism. Many cultural workers joined in the three primary efforts initiated by the Popular Front: anti-fascism, pro-union, and racial equality. Langston Hughes, Ernest Hemingway, James Cagney, John Howard Lawson, Billie Holiday, Orson Welles, Fritz Lang, Jean Renoir, John Steinbeck, John Ford, and Dudley Nichols, to only name a few, all allied themselves with a Popular Front outlook. Because of the diverse Left political philosophies influencing Popular Front culture, the products tend to emphasize a populist outlook with opaque gestures towards systemic analysis of capitalism and oppression.
Along similar lines, The Grapes of Wrath, both novel and film, focus more on the plight of the people than offer a direct critique of monopoly capitalism. As Michael Denning notes in The Cultural Front, the novel’s “overwhelming [reliance upon] biological metaphors seemed to reduce political struggles to elements of natural history” (266). This attitude carries over into the film. In the scene when Tom Joad (Henry Fonda) encounters his family’s abandoned shack, a dispossessed, slightly insane neighbor informs him that “the dusters done it [evicted the family],” not the companies. He continues: “After the dusters come, the tenant-system doesn’t make much sense anymore.” Likewise, in a later scene, a tenant questions who he has to shoot to stop a bulldozer from razing his shack. The company man responds, “There is no one to blame.” But, of course, we know otherwise.
Carey McWilliams’ book Factories in the Field appeared the same year as Steinbeck’s novel. Based upon reports he had been filing with The Nation, McWilliams offered a much more radical and systemic analysis of the factory farming system that the Joads eventually confront in California. The book stretches back into the 19th century and across races to narrate “a story of nearly seventy years’ exploitation of minority racial and other groups by a powerful clique of landowners whose power is based upon an anachronistic system of landownership dating from the creation, during Spanish rule, of feudalistic patterns of ownership and control” (7). McWilliams concludes: “the real solution involves the substitution of collective agriculture for the present monopolistically owned and controlled system” (324). This conclusion quite drastically contrasts Steinbeck’s ending where the Joads remain trapped in an abandoned boxcar as floodwaters rise. The only moment of hope emerges when Rose of Sharon offers her breast milk to a stranger, hinting at the ways in which a clannish attitude must extend to a wider community if the poor are to endure.
However, in spite of the book’s and film’s limits, one must not underplay the film’s significance in undermining the conservative tenor of much Hollywood filmmaking. Edwin Locke wrote in the 1940 issue of Films: A Quarterly: “By touching on some of the results of land speculation, submarginal farming, agricultural mechanization, and the California latifundia, The Grapes of Wrath has set a precedent for contemporary and historical honesty in movie-making” (321). Similarly, Pare Lorentz observed how the film “is the first picture made in Hollywood since 1929 that deals with a current social problem, that has faithfully kept the intent of an author who stirred the country, [and] that had reproduced the bloody violence that has accompanied economic upheaval.”
Not surprisingly, the film’s best moments offer visual metaphors that condense socio-economic issues into a particularized moment. Ford has always been a master of filming space, and cinematographer Gregg Toland, who will later work on Citizen Kane (1941), enabled Ford to enact his vision with the film. In one scene we watch a bulldozer plow past a family futilely attempting to defend its shack. The camera follows the bulldozer’s tracks, revealing the cast shadows of the three family members across them. The camera continues to pan left over the debris of the shack and the busted fencing the tractor has ridden over. We watch the tractor continue indomitably chewing over the barren plains towards its next victim. Dispossession pervades the scene—the family’s shadows representing their ghostlike existence—without home and cast off their land in the matter of an instance, while industry pursues ever-increasing profits and indifferently shucks the human collateral to the side that stands in the way.
// Short Ends and Leader
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Institutional review boards (IRBs) are the linchpins of the protection systems that govern human participation in research. In recent years, high-profile cases have focused attention on the weaknesses of the procedures for protecting participants in medical research. The issues surrounding participants protection in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences may be less visible to the public eye, but they are no less important in ensuring ethical and responsible research. This report examines three key issues related to human participation in social, behavioral, and economic sciences research: (1) obtaining informed, voluntary consent from prospective participants: (2) guaranteeing the confidentiality of information collected from participants, which is a particularly challenging problem in social sciences research; and (3) using appropriate review procedures for minimal-risk research. Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Sciences Research will be important to policy makers, research administrators, research sponsors, IRB members, and investigators. More generally, it contains important information for all who want to unsure the best protectionfor participants and researchers alikein the social, behavioral, and economic sciences. | <urn:uuid:ad0fd11f-8e61-4d33-8df7-8322fffbe0d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ronnieciago.com/books/how-to-do-research-15-labs-for-the-social-behavioral-sciences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864913 | 229 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Rywka Lipszyc’s hometown of Lodz, Poland was the site of the most isolated and oppressed ghetto in all of Nazi-occupied Europe. Yet before World War II, and even more so during the half-century before World War I, the metropolis had a well-deserved reputation for cultural pluralism and economic dynamism. From 1865 to 1914, four ethnic groups coexisted side by side and the population grew an astounding 17-fold.
By 1900, Jews constituted nearly a third of the population and half of the businessmen in Lodz. They interacted with the Poles, of course, but also with the two other large minority groups: ethnic Germans, known as Volksdeutsche, and Russians. Inter-ethnic relations were relatively good for East Central Europe, for no single group had majority status. The Poles were the largest group, but the Jews, Germans, and Russians collectively outnumbered them. The communities usually did not mix socially, but tolerance generally prevailed and four languages—Polish, Yiddish, German, and Russian—were heard on the streets and in the stores.
After World War I, Lodz became part of the new Polish Republic. With the flight of the Russians and the emigration of many Volksdeutsche, the demographic balance shifted in favor of the Poles. After 1918, they were unquestionably the majority and—after more than a century of foreign rule—finally the masters in their own house. Still, Lodz’s diverse Jewish population of more than a quarter of a million souls continued to comprise almost a third of the city. With its Chasidim and Orthodox, Bundists and Folkists, every manner of Zionist, and assimilationists, Lodz was home to the second largest Jewish community in the new Poland and smaller in size only than Warsaw.
Especially after the death in 1935 of Poland’s chief of state, Josef Pilsudski, who during a nine-year rule had sought to protect the national minorities, antisemitism intensified in Lodz, as in the rest of Poland. It emanated from the government, the Church, and chauvinistic pressure groups. But Rywka Lipszyc, born in 1929, and enrolled in a traditional Jewish day school for girls, was no doubt buffered from most of the hatred and discrimination. Her childhood revolved around her respected rabbinic family, her friends, and her studies. She likely felt fairly secure.
Yet with Hitler’s invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, the world as Rywka knew it came to an end. In the first week of World War II, the Wehrmacht overran Lodz, less than 100 miles from the German border. Poles and Volksdeutsche immediately took advantage of the New Order by beating and otherwise humiliating Jews in the streets. Within a day or two of the German occupation, Jewish homes and businesses were looted as well. Religious Jews in particular came in for abuse, and hooligans often delighted in cutting the beards of Orthodox men, such as Rywka’s distinguished uncle Yochanan Lipszyc, head of Lodz’s rabbinical court, and his eminent father-in-law, Rabbi Moshe Menachem Segal.
Others endured much worse. Rywka’s father, Yankel, was badly beaten by Germans. It remains unclear if these were soldiers or Volksdeutsche, but the injuries he sustained contributed to his death a year and a half later.
The jubilant Volksdeutsche, perhaps 10% of Lodz’s population in 1939, proved their loyalty to the Reich by giving the Nazi salute and displaying the swastika on banners and flags throughout the city. They received special privileges, while the rights of Jews were quickly stripped away. The occupiers froze Jewish bank accounts and seized Jewish factories and stores. They closed all the synagogues and banned Jews from parks, theaters, and public transportation. Jews weren’t even allowed to walk on Piotrkowska Street, Lodz’s most fashionable boulevard, where before the war a good number of businesses had been Jewish-owned. Of course, the Germans required Jews to wear the infamous yellow Stars of David, front and back, which helped the new rulers enforce the strict curfew. Any Jew on the streets from 5 pm to 8 am was arrested.
In the wartime state of emergency, food-distribution centers were hurriedly set up throughout the city, and residents were forced to wait in long lines for the most basic provisions. Here, too, prejudice and malice prevailed: even after waiting for hours, Jews were often kicked out of the queues by Poles or Volksdeutsche and frequently roughed up as well.
Facing such enmity from their fellow citizens, as well as the peril posed by the Nazi invaders, tens of thousands of Lodz Jews fled east. Many hoped to reach eastern Poland, invaded by the Red Army on September 17 and annexed by the USSR as the result of a secret protocol in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-aggression Treaty signed by the two totalitarian powers the month before. With public transportation disrupted, the Jewish fugitives packed their belongings on horse-drawn carts or left by foot, their bundles on their backs. Some made it to the USSR only to be caught in the Nazi net in the summer of 1941.
The majority of Lodz Jews, including Rywka’s family, stayed in their homes, but the situation deteriorated even further. While most of the rest of German-occupied Poland was designated a protectorate, ruled by military force but nevertheless a “home for Poles,” Lodz’s fate would be different. Because of its strategic significance, the significant presence of ethnic Germans, and the fact that it had once been part of the Kingdom of Prussia, Lodz, and most of the area to its west, was annexed by the Reich and incorporated into Germany proper.
A key part of the plan, which was hardly kept secret, was to alter the demographic balance, for the second time in a generation, by moving in Volksdeutche from other parts of prewar Poland with the goal of creating a German majority. Four new German provinces were carved out of western Poland, and Lodz was awarded to one of them, Wartheland, named for the Warthe River. The new rulers banned Polish from the schools and theaters and also changed the names of all of the streets from Polish to German. Upscale Piotrkowska Street now became Adolf-Hitler-Strasse. The name of the city itself was changed to Litzmannstadt, in honor of Karl Litzmann, the German general who had captured Lodz from the Russians during World War I. Even Jews quickly adopted the new name, and Rywka begins each entry of her diary with Litzmannstadt followed by the date.
Formal annexation meant that Lodz would be subjugated not only by the SS, but also by the Gestapo and the Kripo, the internal criminal police. The headquarters of the latter, in a brick parish house, was benignly dubbed the Little Red House, but was in fact infamous among Lodz Jews as a site of torture and murder.
Yet the tight control did not usually come directly from the German authorities. For almost half a decade, Lodz Jews would be accountable to a Jewish dictator, a kind of “King of the Jews,” as an historical novel about him is entitled. Chaim Rumkowski, the former head of a Jewish orphanage who was in his mid-60s, with a mane of white hair, often appeared like a fatherly figure, but in reality was power-hungry and egotistical. He was chauffeured around in a fancy, black-lacquered droshky and received glowing tributes from groups ranging from school children to factory workers. His portrait hung in almost every public building.
But if the Jews were all answerable to Rumkowski, he was answerable to the Germans. No doubt he tried to ease the plight of the Jews—he believed he had great leadership qualities that were desperately needed in this crisis—but the savagery of the Nazis took him by surprise again and again. In mid-November 1939, barely two months after the beginning of the New Order, Lodz’s two most beautiful synagogues, one Reform and one Orthodox, were burned to the ground. But before setting fire to the latter, the Germans forced Rabbi Segal, a distant relation of Rywka, to don a tallis and tefillin and desecrate the Torah scrolls. A host of smaller synagogues, chapels, and study halls were set aflame as well. The horrendous destruction of the holy sites occurred just after the one-year anniversary of Kristallnacht, when 1,000 synagogues were put to the torch in Germany in a single night. For Lodz Jews, these events were an excruciating indication of what it meant to be living in the Reich, and they learned something, too, about their chairman’s ultimate weakness in the face of the Germans.
As early as October 13, 1939, Rumkowski had been appointed chairman (technically his title was Aelteste, meaning senior in rank) of a 30-man Judenrat, similar to the Jewish governing councils the Germans would set up to carry out their decrees across all of East-Central Europe. But in Lodz as virtually nowhere else, all the other Judenrat members—representing the very broad spectrum of the Jewish community’s political and religious life—were soon purged, deported, or shot. Rumkowski alone remained in charge. He oversaw an enormous ghetto bureaucracy, employing over 10,000 people at its peak, which for a while printed its own postage stamps featuring the chairman’s portrait. He also ordered the printing of currency—known as Rumkis and worthless anywhere else. He supervised the fire department, court system, prison, and even a Jewish police department of more than 1,000 men, armed with rubber clubs. Later, he would compile the lists of the deportees, thus holding the power of life and death over every Jew in Lodz.
In the following month, a far greater shock came in the decree that created ghettoization and affected every Jew in Lodz. Posters announced that within two months, February 8, 1940, all the Jews—they still numbered 175,000 even though many had already fled—would be required to live in an area of barely one and a half square miles. The segregation was even worse than the confinement imposed on European Jews half a millennium earlier. The medieval and Renaissance ghettos were closed at night, but open during the day for business and other contacts between Jew and non-Jew. The Nazi ghettos would be sealed at all times.
Lodz was one of the very first of the 200 ghettos set up by the invaders, and it would be the longest lasting. As the only major one “on German ‘soil,’” it would also be the most impenetrable. The Germans demolished all of the houses around the boundary, creating a kind of no-man’s land between the barbed wire fence and the Aryan side. A special German police guard, the Schutzpolizei, known as the Schupo, patrolled the perimeter with orders to shoot any Jew for merely approaching the fence. As a result, hundreds were killed whether they were trying to escape or not.
The ghetto in Warsaw, established the following year, would be better known, largely because of its heroic uprising in May 1943. But in the Lodz ghetto, which lacked even a sewer system, it was almost impossible to smuggle in weapons or food, or for anyone to escape. Sealed on April 30, 1940, the Lodz ghetto received no mail, newspapers, or packages from the outside world. There was neither telephone nor telegraph contact, and from the beginning, the possession of a radio was a capital crime.
But the Lodz ghetto was not only completely isolated. It was physically revolting. The Germans had chosen to concentrate the Jews in one of Europe’s worst slums. Baluty, a neighborhood on the northern edge of the city that had only recently been incorporated, even lacked streetlights. Flimsy tenements sat alongside warehouses and factories on crooked, unpaved alleys with no concern for sanitation, ventilation, or fire hazard. The quarter was filled with vermin, disease, and crime; it was a nest of drug-dealers, prostitutes, and thieves. Before the war, the term “being from Baluty” was synonymous with being a degenerate.
Early on, Rumkowski concluded that the sole chance of survival—that is, avoiding slow starvation or deportation to the east—was for the Jewish population to make itself useful to the Germans. “Our only path is work,” he declared repeatedly. He would take advantage of the extensive industrial infrastructure in Baluty and Lodz’s many skilled Jewish artisans to make the ghetto an essential manufacturing center for Germany. In a sense, he succeeded: in more than 100 factories, Lodz Jews produced needed goods that in turn allowed the ghetto to survive well after the liquidation of most of its counterparts, including the ghettos of Warsaw and Krakow. The Chairman worked under the chief German ghetto administrator, Hans Biebow, a calloused, corrupt businessman in his late 30s. He shipped the finished products at cut-rate prices to the Wehrmacht and private German companies, making an illicit profit for himself and his cronies in the process. If Rumkowski raised any objections to Biebow’s demands, he was beaten by the much younger man.
Rywka originally worked in an accounting office for the ghetto administration. But soon after beginning her diary in October 1943, she writes of using her personal connections (known by the Hebrew word protectzia and often invaluable in the ghetto) to transfer to the large Clothing and Linen Workshop on Dworska Street. It was under the direction of a benevolent employer, Leon Glazer. At least a bit of good fortune had finally come the way of the orphan girl who had been so traumatized in the past two years.
Most schools were closed in the Lodz ghetto after 1941, but Glazer’s workshop offered an alternative. As Alexandra Zapruder indicates in the introduction to The Diary of Rywka Lipszyc, the hundreds of child laborers, among a total workforce of about 1,500, were provided vocational education in the use of sewing machines and the manufacture of clothing. At first, the young workers were also offered classes in Hebrew and mathematics. There were school assemblies and plays, and students set up a lending library. The teenagers even produced a remarkable album entitled the Legend of the Prince. It’s a long poem, lavishly illustrated in color, in which the oppressiveness of daily life in the Lodz ghetto is masked in the form of a child’s fable.
But in this regard Rywka’s experience was an anomaly. Few of the exploited workers in Lodz were able to be so creative, much less receive any educational training. Overall, the laborers were exhausted, malnourished, and often sick. Working conditions were generally atrocious, and the Lodz ghetto may be thought of as an urban slave-labor camp. Rywka was grateful to be learning a trade at Glazer’s workshop, but even she complained that the academic subjects were no longer being taught by February 1944. The 14-year-old was unhappy, too, about the endless tedium of turning out garments, and she especially chafed at being made to labor on the Sabbath.
Rywka greatly benefited from the mid-day soup, served in Glazer’s workshop as in most factories, but food was a paramount problem from the outset. In 1941 alone, over 2,000 Lodz Jews died of starvation. Nevertheless, the ghetto actually had more mouths to feed by the fall of 1941 due to the influx of tens of thousands more Jews: well-educated professionals from big cities like Berlin, Vienna, and Prague whom the Reich removed to Lodz. Because they often carried jewelry or other valuables, the arrival of the western Jews sharply drove up the price of food on the black market. Ration coupons were distributed to workers, but the average caloric intake in the ghetto was only two thirds of what was needed for a human being to function, let alone perform manual labor. In 1942, the rate of starvation more than doubled from the year before, and, except for heart disease, was the ghetto’s leading cause of death.
The food was of the lowest quality, but the shortage of edibles of any kind created a new social hierarchy. Supplemental rations were awarded for overtime and night work and to those with special skills or occupying the top posts. Sometimes extra coupons went to those from leading families, like Rywka’s, whose uncles were prominent rabbis and whose great-grandfather, Rabbi Chaim Eliyahu Meisel, had been chief rabbi of Lodz in the nineteenth century. But with or without extra coupons, malnourishment was prevalent and often pitted family members against one another. The tension in this regard between Rywka and her cousins was all too common.
Disease, too, was widespread. Tuberculosis, to which Rywka alludes, was rife, but dysentery, typhus, and pneumonia plagued the ghetto as well. Needless to say, medication for any illness was very difficult to obtain, and Lodz Jews often put their faith in remedies ranging from potato peels to a synthetic vitamin known as Vigantol, both thought to have wondrous healing powers. Yet during the life of the ghetto, almost a quarter of its residents died from hunger or disease.
The greatest danger was deportation. In the winter of 1942, tens of thousands of Jews deemed unfit for labor by Rumkowski’s administration were issued summonses—”wedding invitations” in ghetto slang—to report to the authorities. No one knew what the deportees were facing, but most assumed it was something even worse than the ghetto, such as hard labor in the mines. Others harbored fears that it meant execution, and death was in fact the fate of the large majority of those expelled by Rumkowski and the Jewish police. Most of them were murdered in Chelmno, less than 40 miles from Lodz and a prototype of the more elaborate death camps to come. They were asphyxiated in large, paneled trucks with carbon monoxide pumped through a tube from the exhaust pipe.
In September 1942 came the cruelest deportation, when many thousands more Jews, including the elderly, were taken from their homes, the sick dragged from their hospital beds, and, most appalling of all, children under 10 sometimes ripped from their mothers’ arms. As Alexandra Zapruder writes, this szpera, or general curfew (shpere in Yiddish; Gehsperre in German) devastated Rywka for the rest of her life, because two of her three siblings, her younger brother Abramek, aged 10, and sister Tamarcia, 5 years old, were among those seized. As the oldest child in the family, Rywka had been a surrogate mother to them. Not yet 13 years old herself, she was helpless in preventing their deportation. Her diary, begun more than a year after the szpera, repeatedly evokes feelings of guilt, loss, and anger about her profound loss. Her sister Cipka, 9 years old, somehow avoided capture; she would become all the more precious to Rywka, who shared a tiny dwelling with her and their three older cousins on Wolborska Street near the ghetto’s southern border.
At the outset of the szpera, Rumkowski, himself a widower and childless, delivered a speech to more than 1,000 ghetto residents in a central public square, famously imploring them to “Give me your children!” Even in extremis, he felt his course was correct: “I must cut off limbs to save the body itself. … Give into my hands the victims so that we can avoid further victims.” The typically arrogant chairman, now openly weeping, declared himself a “broken Jew,” recalled that he had headed an orphanage, and admitted that he didn’t know how he’d survive or where he’d “find the strength.” But when a man in the crowd shouted that each family ought to be left with at least one child, Rumkowski was unmoved. “Brothers and sisters, hand them over to me,” he demanded.
Some parents tried to hide their children while others sought to bribe the authorities. But those who simply refused to part with their offspring were shot on the spot. The roundup was carried out by the Jewish police, but needed to be supplemented by other ghetto public service workers, all Jews. Their children and parents received exemptions from the deportation. According to the authoritative historian Isaiah Trunk, the weeklong “orgy of murder,” which commenced on September 5, 1942, resulted in 15,859 deportations to the Chelmno killing center as well as a minimum of 600 shot to death in the ghetto. At the conclusion of the operation, about 90,000 Jews remained in Lodz. Nearly every one of them had a child or parent among the victims of the szpera.
While gloom and deprivation pervaded the ghetto, it remained a major manufacturing center for the Germans for almost two more years. But by the spring of 1944, with the Red Army only 90 miles away on the east bank of the Vistula, Berlin made the decision to liquidate Lodz Jewry while it still had the opportunity. From mid-June through mid-July, over 7,000 more Jews were sent by train to Chelmno and gassed to death there. But the full-scale annihilation of the remainder of the community took place in the month of August. Over 67,000 Jews, including Rumkowski himself, were put on the trains to Auschwitz, where most were killed within hours of their arrival. In Lodz, many Jews at first went into hiding, carefully venturing out at night to scavenge for food, but the Jewish police, augmented by the fire department, was assigned the task of apprehending them.
The authorities were overwhelmingly successful, and by the end of August, only 1,500 Jews remained in the ghetto. Some labored in a tailor workshop that was still functioning, but most of them worked directly under the Germans to sort the possessions which the deportees had left behind. Over a five-year period, a community of nearly a quarter million had been almost entirely eradicated. The Soviets finally entered Lodz in January 1945, almost half a year too late. They could identify only 877 survivors.
Rywka, her sister and her three cousins left Lodz together in early August 1944 in a cattle car bound for Auschwitz. Each deportee was allowed to take items weighing a total of 20 kilograms. Among Rywka’s belongings was her diary.
Subscribe to our newsletter. | <urn:uuid:b207c30b-7eb6-40f2-bc8f-8c11aae11962> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://holocaustcenter.jfcs.org/diary-rywka-lipszyc/lodz-ghetto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.979076 | 4,860 | 3.328125 | 3 |
House of Europe is an EU-funded programme fostering professional and creative exchange between Ukrainians and their colleagues in EU countries. Toma Mironenko wrote an impression of the multiannual project's impact so far.
House of Europe was launched in Ukraine to support professional and creative exchanges between Ukrainians and their counterparts in EU countries. By now, House of Europe has processed more than 2,500 applications in the last six months. Ukrainians are applying for support for programmes in media, health, social work, education and culture.
How does House of Europe work from within, what are the challenges for the team and how did the first set of programmes go? And most importantly, is there really a benefit?
Tetyana Shulga, sector manager of the EU Delegation, says that plans to create a project similar to House of Europe have been around for a long time – at least since 2016. Back then the development of cultural cooperation between Ukraine and the EU countries was not progressing. When the idea of House of Europe first surfaced it was meant to be a platform to encourage both professional and cultural exchange between Ukrainians and their EU colleagues.
It’s about creating an environment to exchange ideas and knowledge between individuals and organisations all around the world.
However, with time its essence has changed. Now one of the main goals is to establish meaningful contact between people. It’s not only about culture anymore but also about connecting teachers, scientists, media, doctors, social enterprises. The accent now is on creating an environment to exchange ideas and knowledge between individuals and organisations all around the world rather than sticking exclusively to the cultural exchange.
As it turned out it was the right call. For instance, the initiators were really impressed by the response to the offer of infrastructure support. “The amount of money we were able to grant was about 1,000 euros, and yet the demand was great. If I’m not mistaken, there were 900 applications to 6 available slots. They were mostly people looking for financial support for their regional library or a small museum.”
Before the pandemic started and when the borders were still open, Roman Mykhailyshyn, a PhD candidate at Department of Automation of Technological Professions and Manufacturing at Ternopil National Technical University, became one of the participants in the programme and interned at the National Centre of Robotics, Slovakia. Not only did it let Roman do necessary research, it also helped him to establish a collaboration with the Institute of Robotics and Cybernetics in the same city.
“After the programme two things were clear to me. First, international companies are extremely interested in Ukrainian scientific products. Second, sadly, Ukraine has much fewer capabilities for conducting scientific research.” He is now initiating talks with different companies to equip a robotics laboratory at his university. When asked about difficulties in any of the stages of the cooperation with House of Europe, Roman smiles. “Probably the biggest problem with the project for me is that I can only participate once. It really expanded the boundaries – not only physical but also psychological”.
In an optimistic scenario, projects like House of Europe would no longer be necessary.
For Tetyana Shulga, the House of Europe team is now facing a complicated question: who is to manage the exchange? “You see, the thing is, there’s no such thing as the culture of the European Union. We have Austrian, Czech, French – well, national cultures. If we invite all the 27 countries of the EU to participate, it’ll be incredibly hard to organise. But if we don’t, we won’t be able to say that House of Europe is a comprehensive and omnidirectional project – as we dreamt”. For now, the most active international organisations presented in Ukraine are Goethe-Institut, British Council, Institut français and Czech Centre.
For Tetyana, the signal that House of Europe is fulfilling its role would be a reduction in the demand for grants. She says that in an optimistic scenario, this would mean that everything had gone so well domestically that projects like House of Europe would no longer be necessary.
“For now, our main goal is just to facilitate more contacts and bonds between people. Not even on the institutional or organizational level, just on the human level.” This will benefit all the participants in this process, and lead to cultural exchange and important connections. | <urn:uuid:c6a07ea9-1045-43f2-aee3-32c4f752efa9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eunicglobal.eu/projects/how-ukrainians-are-establishing-cultural-and-professional-links-with-the-european-union | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.968303 | 918 | 1.835938 | 2 |
The following club members will remove swarms of bees. Check the list of beekeepers below and find one close to where the bee swam is located.
The 2012 swarm season has started early this year with three swarms reported by our beekeepers on May first.
Thanks to Mary L for providing this image. Last year's swarm pictures follow below.
This is the first swarm reported to me in Dunn County. It is in a small apple tree about 200 feet from the other bee hives. The bees were successfully captured and installed in a new hive on Wednesday 6-22-2011. Before landing, they were buzzing around the tree and caught my attention 50 feet away and in the house.
This slideshow is pictures of Paul Will's removal of bees from a garage wall. The comb filled 2 deep brood boxes and a 30 gallon trash can of comb and honey. The extraction took 5 hours.
Here are two pictures of the hive removed from the New Hope Pine Creek Church during the week of June 26, 2011. The picture on the right shows a foot of the 5 feet of comb removed. The left photo shows a bit of the second-floor joist space filled with comb. The bees were relocated along with 9 frames of brood and honey comb and seem to be doing well in their new location. | <urn:uuid:a949d1fb-d6d2-4eb7-a767-6ca801d7ff85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dunncountybeekeepers.org/swarm-removal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.966343 | 270 | 1.648438 | 2 |
There may be a plus side to melting polar ice caps: British scientists suggest they could hold the key to stemming global warming.
According to research published in the journal Nature Communications, summer meltwaters from polar ice sheets are rich in iron, which is critical for phytoplankton growth. And what do phytoplankton do? They capture carbon dioxide emissions that scientists say are contributing to global warming.
“This study shows that glacier meltwater can contain iron concentrations that are high enough to significantly stimulate biological productivity in oceans that otherwise are oftentimes limited in the element iron that is essential to most living organisms,” wrote a team of U.K. scientists led by John Hawkings of the University of Bristol.
Researchers collected meltwater discharged from Greenland’s Leverett Glacier during the summer of 2012, which was then tested for bioavailable iron content. Scientists found that water being discharged beneath the melting ice sheet was rich in iron — iron that was previously unavailable to plankton populations. As more ice sheets melt, plankton populations could boom.
The ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica cover about 10 percent of the globe’s land surface and their coastlines harbor active ecosystems that are limited in iron, according to scientists. But as more ice begins to melt with rising global temperatures, more iron will be released from the ice sheets, fueling phytoplankton growth and leading to the capturing of more carbon dioxide.
“Iron exported in icebergs from these ice sheets have been recognised as a source of iron to the oceans for some time,” wrote Hawkings and his fellow researchers. “Our finding that there is also significant iron discharged in runoff from large ice sheet catchments is new.”
“This means that relatively high iron concentrations are released from the ice sheet all summer, providing a continuous source of iron to the coastal ocean,” the researchers added.
Previous research has established that bioavailable iron boosts phytoplankton in other oceans. Melting ice could fuel more phytoplankton, which would absorb more carbon dioxide and stem some of the effects of global warming. Scientists noted that phytoplankton also feed on the bottom of the ocean, which would provide more food sources for other marine animals.
Hawkings found that the amount iron from glacier runoff is 400,000 and 2.5 million metric tons per year in Greenland and between 60,000 and 100,000 metric tons in Antarctica — the combined average of these estimates weighs the same as 125 Eiffel Towers and about 3,000 fully-laden Boeing 747s.
“This is a substantial release of iron from the ice sheet, similar in size to that supplied to the oceans by atmospheric dust, another major iron source to the world’s oceans,” the researchers wrote. “At the moment it is just too early to estimate how much additional iron will be carried down from ice sheets into the sea. Of course, the iron release from ice sheet will be localized to the Polar Regions around the ice sheets, so the importance of glacial iron there will be significantly higher.”
“Researchers have already noted that glacial meltwater run-off is associated with large phytoplankton blooms – this may help to explain why,” they added.
Content created by The Daily Caller News Foundation is available without charge to any eligible news publisher that can provide a large audience. For licensing opportunities of our original content, please contact [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:1db7182f-c6c5-4328-bbd4-0c7bfc8a1d81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dailycaller.com/2014/05/21/melting-ice-caps-may-help-stem-global-warming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947986 | 726 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Distance from Banur to Reykjavik
Distance from Banūr to Reykjavík is 7,393 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 4,594 miles.
The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Banūr and Reykjavík is 7,393 km= 4,594 miles.
If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Banur to Reykjavik, It takes 8.2 hours to arrive.
Banur is located in India.
|GPS Coordinates (DMS)||30° 33´ 13.5000'' N |
76° 43´ 7.2120'' E
Banūr Distances to Cities
|Distance from Banur to Reykjavik||7,393 km|
|Distance from Banur to Akureyri||7,165 km|
|Distance from Banur to Kopavogur||7,394 km| | <urn:uuid:d1ef3262-63d1-4ec7-b2c0-3bdb00381885> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.distancefromto.net/distance-from-banur-in-to-reykjavik-is | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00459-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.806928 | 203 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Fredericksburg, Texas – Fredericksburg, Texas – Have you ever thought about what you would do if a stranger came after you while you were walking to your car or a class alone? What about if you are jogging alone? Would you have time to call 911 or run away? No one wants to think it will happen to them, but if it does are you prepared? The time has come to use cell phone technologies to help keep people safe. The myGuardianAngel 1.0 iPhone App from DS Apps LLC is doing just that.
The concept of the myGuardianAngel App is to get a person the most help possible with the push of one button. The app allows a person, with the push of one button, to send an emergency alert to several contacts, capture video evidence, be tracked by GPS and through streaming audio from the phone update ALL emergency contacts, at the same time, as to exactly what the situation is and exactly what type of help is needed.
How many of the countless news stories about someone disappearing without a trace could have ended differently if the victim could have, in a few seconds time, pushed the “Help” button on this app? In a dating, party or domestic violence situation one push of a button on this app can alert friends or family to come to the aid of a potential victim without anyone knowing they called for help.
The myGuardianAngel iphone app also gives a person the ability to call 911 with the push of one button while simultaneously sending a message to each emergency contact stating that 911 was just called along with the location of the event. This is a huge time saver in an emergency.
No longer does a person have to wait for something bad to happen before they call for help. At the first sign of danger the “HELP” button can be pushed. Should it be a false alarm simply saying “everything is ok” into the phone lets ALL emergency contacts know that everything is ok. If something bad happens then there are people who care, with the app user’s location, ready to provide the help that is needed. The app sends all information to a secure web site for viewing so destroying the victim’s phone does not destroy the evidence. All of this technology is available with the push of one button and it only costs 99 cents. The myGuardianAngel app is presently hosting a iPad3 Giveaway to help promote the app.
The myGuardianAngel App is available in the iTunes App Store. A short video about the app can be viewed on the myGuardianAngel YouTube page.
* iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch
* Requires iOS 4.3 or later
* 4.3 MB
Pricing and Availability:
myGuardianAngel 1.0 is only $0.99 USD (or equivalent amount in other currencies) and available worldwide exclusively through the App Store in the Utilities category.
Based in Fredericksburg, Texas, DS Apps is a privately held development company dedicated to personal safety. Copyright (C) 2012 DS Apps LLC. All Rights Reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, iPhone, iPod and iPad are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. in the U.S. and/or other countries. | <urn:uuid:57cb8ecf-9ba8-41c9-b808-2dd470f70b6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.appshrink.com/application-press-releases/myguardianangel-1-0-for-ios-takes-personal-security-to-a-whole-new-level-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00192-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946355 | 668 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The Voyager Golden Record is a phonograph record included in the two Voyager spacecraftextraterrestrial life form, or far future humans, that may find it. The Voyager spacecrafts are not heading towards any particular star, but in about 40,000 years Voyager 1 will be within 1.6 light years of the star AC+79 3888 in the Ophiuchus constellation. launched in 1977. It contains sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth. It is intended for any intelligent
As the probes are extremely small compared to the vastness of interstellar space, it is extraordinarily unlikely that they will ever be accidentally encountered. If they are ever found by an alien species, it will most likely be far in the future, and thus the record is best seen as a time capsule or a symbolic statement rather than an attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial life.
Found Here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record | <urn:uuid:9b6efc0f-77e4-4216-96ec-e17a7d877aaa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://miscellaneous-pics.blogspot.com/2009/06/voyager-golden-record.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00552-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902251 | 201 | 3.28125 | 3 |
from our four-day tour from Lemberg/Lwów and Galicia, organized by us together with the Hungarian Jewish Cultural Association. We have roamed about the old town of Lwów, we have followed the path of the hidden relics of the former Jewish quarter, we have witnessed in the cemetery of Lyczaków – the Polish pantheon – the rivalry of the various monuments to define the identity of the city, and at the forced labor camp of Janowska, in front of the almost imperceptible plaque on the wall of the Kleparów railway station the men said kaddish for the five hundred thousand Galician victims deported from here to the death camp of Belżec. Setting out towards Tarnopol, we tracked down the two decaying synagogues in Chortkov, from where the community of the important Budapest synagogue at Teleki square – the former Chortkover Kloyz – comes, and the virtually unknown large Jewish cemetery in Buchach, the intellectual center of the former South Eastern Galicia, from where such figures come as Sigmund Freud and Simon Wiesenthal, the greatest early 20th-century Russian book publisher Josif Knebel and the first Nobel Prize of Hebrew literature Shmuel Yosef Agnon, whose birthplace – today with a memorial plaque – is perhaps the only house that survived the breakdown of the Jewish quarter and its synagogues accomplished in Soviet times. And on the last day we ran down in a partisan action a hundred kilometers to south to photograph the several hundred beautiful tombstones of the three Hasidic cemeteries laying at the border of Galicia and Bukovina. We will report in detail on all this in the following days.
A – Lemberg/Lwów; B – Czortków/Chortkiv; C – Buczacz/Buchach; D – Stanislawów/Ivano-Frankivsk; E – Kosev; F – Kuty; G – Vizhnitsa. See it full screen.
On the way home I asked our fellow travelers what touched them the most during the journey. Many of them told about the still almost palpable past time on the houses and squares and in the inner courtyards of Lwów, the Polish and Yiddish shop labels unfolding from below the peeling plaster (which we will soon present on a map), and at the same time the still pulsating liveliness of the city. The picturesque solitude of the several thousand gravestones of the cemetery of Buchach stretching along the white dirt road outside the town. The discovery of the roots, from which so many strands of modern Jewish cultural life rise, and to which usually only unlocalizable and exotic names refer, and now they are here, visibly and palpably, in their own reality.
This inscription happens to be scraped out from below the plaster by ourselves… but more about this later.
Many people have suggested how willingly they would visit other places of the Eastern European region’s Jewish heritage with me as a guide. And I would willingly take other people to the places which I have been researching and visiting for years, either alone or in the company of Két Sheng, our Hebrew expert and Wang Wei, the great connoisseur of Spanish Jews. Considering the possibilities, the following ways have been outlined for the next months:
- Two more travels to Lemberg/Lwów: one at the weekend of 25 July, at the usual time of the yearly Klezmer festival of the city, and the other in September, when several people have time for it. Both would be four-day journeys, and in contrast to the present large Galician tour we would only visit the city in detail. If only a few people go, I will organize railroad sleeping cars, and if more, then an autobus from Budapest: of course whoever wants can come with his/her own car, too. I will try to find a cheap hotel in the center so that everyone could move freely without the bus as well.
- The renowned “way of the Jewish wine” from the Hungarian Tokaj to Southern Poland could be visited in two parts. The first one, the Hasidic settlements in the Tokaj wine region with their beautiful wooden synagogues and cemeteries can be visited in one or two days, while the way to the North through the Slovakian Košice, Prešov and Bardejov to Nowy Sącz in Poland – an important center of Polish Hasidism, which gave rabbis to several communities along the road – and the surrounding little towns in three more days: in case of a few participants with a small bus, and if much more come, then with a large one. The first such way would be organized around mid-July, and it could be repeated one or more times until the end of the autumn.
- Galician shtetl tours: the Jewish small towns from Lesko to Brody and the fortress synagogue of Lutsk to the Hasid cemeteries in Bukovina. This is a minimum of four-five day tour, by bus or by car, adjusted to the time and interest of the participants.
- Odessa and the Crimea: the great dream which everyone speaks with awe about, but the question is how many would actually undertake it. To do it all one needs at least a week, but what we would see worths the fee: the Jewish quarter of the city, the Moldavanka, the scene of Isaac Babel’s stories, the Karaite towns and cemeteries of the Crimea, on which we will write soon, the Orthodox and Armenian monasteries, the Khan’s palace in Bakhchisaray…
If you are interested in any of the above, write us in this week at [email protected], suggesting a date as well. On the basis of the previous discussions and the proposals to be expected we will announce in the next week the final dates, routes and the expected costs. Of course, if you organize a group or a way for yourself, I willingly undertake to guide it as well. And in the meantime I continue publishing the reports on Lemberg/Lwów, Galicia and the region’s Jewish heritage, for which I will soon open a separate collective post. Keep with us.
All our posts on the Eastern European Jewish cultural heritage | <urn:uuid:6b315750-b5d6-43c2-8064-a4e590679bb6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://riowang.blogspot.com/2012/05/we-have-come.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00485-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948796 | 1,350 | 2.140625 | 2 |
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TORONTO – As the cost of gasoline continues to rise in Ontario, so may the price of the gas tax.
A recent advisory panel report has recommended the province to implement a five-cent-per-litre hike in the gas tax to help fund public transit in the Toronto-Hamilton area.
According to the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, Ontario’s combined gasoline price includes federal and provincial taxes, in additional to the actual crude oil cost.
The percentage breakdown for a litre of gasoline in Ontario in 2012 is as follows:
- Crude Costs – 41 per cent
- Refiner Operating Margin – 23 per cent
- Marketing Operating Margin – 5 per cent
- Provincial Excise Tax – 11 per cent
- Federal Excise Tax – 8 per cent
- Provincial HST – 7 per cent
- Federal GST/HST – 5 per cent
A recent study by Gasbuddy.com indicates people in British Columbia pay the highest gas prices in North America.
Gas taxes in B.C. make up 29 per cent of the overall pump price and 23.5 per cent for diesel.
Alberta has the lowest gas tax, along with the lowest pump price, and B.C. and Quebec have the highest pump prices. Ontario drops in the middle of the pack.
Drivers in the Vancouver area for example pay about 49 cents of tax per litre. It includes the 17 cents from Translink, the local transit authority, as well a 6.7-cent carbon tax, 8.5 cents in provincial taxes, 10 cents in federal gas taxes, and the 5 per cent GST on top of that.
A comparison of the 12 month average price of gas this year between Toronto, Calgary and Vancouver shows the west coast city posting higher numbers than that of Ontario’s largest city. | <urn:uuid:e84d1485-e52f-468c-86b6-576eccc8eb01> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://credit-help.biz/taxes/41612 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898315 | 382 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of manufactured shoes specially designed for diabetic patients (Podiabetes by Buratto Italy) to prevent relapses of foot ulcerations.
Research design and methods: A prospective multicenter randomized follow-up study of patients with previous foot ulcerations was conducted. Patients were alternatively assigned to wear either their own shoes (control group, C; n = 36) or therapeutic shoes (Podiabetes group, P; n = 33). The number of ulcer relapses was recorded during 1-year follow-up.
Results: Both C and P groups had similar risk factors for foot ulceration (i.e., previous foot ulceration, mean vibratory perception threshold > 25 mV). After 1 year, the foot ulcer relapses were significantly lower in P than in C (27.7 vs. 58.3%; P = 0.009; odds ratio 0.26 [0.2-1.54]). In a multiple regression analysis, the use of therapeutic shoes was negatively associated with foot ulcer relapses (coefficient of variation = -0.315; 95% confidence interval = -0.54 to -0.08; P = 0.009).
Conclusions: The use of specially designed shoes is effective in preventing relapses in diabetic patients with previous ulceration. | <urn:uuid:7bc1e20e-90d9-445f-8d24-7d7c914da029> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8721941/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.951697 | 275 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Elizabeth Burchenal was born in Richmond, Indiana, in 1876, the second of six children, to Judge Charles Burchenal and his wife, Mary. She was educated in the Richmond public schools and attended Earlham College in Richmond as a "Day Dodger," received her A.B. degree in English Literature in 1896, studied at the Sargent Normal School of Physical Education (later affiliated with Boston University), and graduated in 1898. She taught in Chicago and New York and studied at the Gilbert Normal School of dancing.
In 1903, she became an instructor of physical education at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she introduced folk dance into the curriculum. While there, her childhood interests in people from other countries took her into the many foreign settlements in New York City, which she found to be rich sources of folklore. Through her friendships with people from other countries, she constantly added to her store of knowledge about their lives, their music, and their dances. She left Teachers College to become Executive Secretary to the Girls' Branch of the Public School Athletic League.
She established certain principles regarding folk dancing: 1) there should be no solo dances; 2) no love dances were to be used, and 3) the exhibition element was to be avoided. A policy was adopted to offer free instruction in folk dancing after school. The work was successfully carried on by Elizabeth, and by 1907, 250 teachers were teaching folk dancing to 7,219 girls in 128 schools.
In 1909, Elizabeth was appointed inspector of Athletics for the New York City Department of Education, introducing folk dancing into the public school curricula as part of the physical education program. The folk dances themselves were those in which large groups took part; were easy to learn and pass on to others; provided vigorous action, forgetfulness of self, keen interest; and provided pleasure, team work, and the social element.
Elizabeth organized folk dance festivals, held annually in the borough parks, hosting as many as 10,000 girls of the Athletic League. The festivals attracted thousands of people from near and far, stimulating the folk dance movement throughout the country. It was during this time that Elizabeth began research in folk dance that became her life's work.
Aware of the need for reference material in folk dance, she published her first book, Folk Dance Tunes, in 1908. This was followed by Folk Dance and Singing Games, in 1909. She journeyed to Europe to research material for her next book, Dances of the People, which was published in 1913. Her sister Emma accompanied her and did the musical notation for many of the dances. During the succeeding six years, the sisters visited Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, and Sweden. Other books followed, 15 in all, with dances collected, described, and sometimes translated by Elizabeth.
In 1916, Elizabeth formed and headed The American Folk Dance Society, a national folk dance organization. The society was established to study, encourage, and preserve the folk dances, music, and related arts of the United States. A secondary goal was to teach and popularize those wheich were especially adapted for general use, and to serve as a source of authentic information on folk culture, music, and dance. By means of lectures, demonstrations, and workshops, Elizabeth promoted folk dance as never before.
In 1929, the society became the Division of Folk Dance and Music of the National Committee of Folk Arts of the United States, with Elizabeth as director and national chairman. She and her sister Ruth developed the Folk Arts Center in New York. The center contained exhibition galleries, a reference library, a museum of American folk arts, a national information bureau, loan exhibitions, and an Archive on American folk dance.
Elizabeth represented the United States as an official delegate at several international congresses, including the Folk Arts Meeting of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. She was recognized in Who's Who in America and International Who's Who. She received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Boston University on May 24, 1943, the first academic recognition of its kind to the domain of Folk Arts as a field of study and research. In 1950, she received physical education's highest honor, the Gulic Award.
Elizabeth Burchenal died on November 21, 1959, in Brooklyn, New York. The legacy Elizabeth left to the world is many faceted. She was a teacher, researcher, writer, and founder of the American Folk Dance Society. Her contributions to the cultural life of America and to the poeple of the world are immeasurable and a tribute to the woman herself.
Elizabeths's publications include
Some of the dances Elizabeth taught are Ace of Diamonds, Aland Girl, All Black Brothers, Alle Schwarzen Bruder, America's Polka, Angelin, Arkansas Traveler, Arm Hook, Artlander Contra Dance (Artlander konter), Augoneli, Bean-pot (Rose polka, Rosenpolka, Bohnenpott), Beaus of Albany, Berlin Contra, Besentanz, Big Hamburger, Bitte Mand i Knibe, Bjorko Polka, Black Nag, Blackberry Blossom, Bleking, Blue Flag, Bluff King Hal, Bobbing Joe, Bonjour Belle Rosine, Boston Fancy, Bowing Dance, Boyne Water, Bridge of Athlone, Bridge of Avignon, Broom Dance, Buffalo Girls, Bummel Schottische, Camptown Hornpipe, Captain Jinks, Carrousel, Catch Dance, Chase the Squirrel, Chorus Jig, Cincinnati Hornpipe, Circle, City Dance, Clap Dance, Clapping Dance, Clapping Quadrille, College Hornpipe, Come Let Us Be Happy (Freut euch des lebens), Come Let Us Be Joyful, Contra-Dance, Contra-eight, Contra-March, Contra-Swing, Cor Na Sideog, Cor Seisir, Court Dance, Cousin Michel (Vetter Michel), Creep Through the Fence (Kup dor'n tun), Crested Hen, Cross Four Dance, Csárdás No. 1, Csárdás No. 2, Dal Dance, Dance of Greeting, Daniel, Den Toppede Hone, Devil's Dream, Die Schone Wulka, Dominion Reel, Drops of Brandy, Durang's Hornpipe, Eight Men's Dance, Eight Men's Reel, Eight-Dance, Every Boy's Polka, Fairy Reel, Fandango, Farandole, Favorites, Favorites Change, Feder Mikkel (Father Michel, Island of Rugen, Vatter Michel), Feiar, Fifteen Pretty Girls, Figure-Eight Dance, Fine Hems, Firetur, First of May, Fisher's Hornpipe, Fist Polka, Five Geese in the Straw (Fief gans in hawerstrow), Five-Dance, Fjällnäspolska, Fohr Contra Dance (Fohringer Contra), Forward, Four Corners, Four Dance, Four-and-a-Half Dance, Four-Dance, Foursome Reel, Free Choice, French Reel, Freut Euch des Lebens, Gah von Mi, Gallopad, Gardener, Gemutlichkeit (Kirmess dance), Girl's Pleasure, Go from Me (Gah von mi), Gossiping Ulla, Gotlands Quadrille, Grandmoter's Dance, Granma's Old Sparrow, Green Mountain Volunteers, Grossmutter Will Tanzen, Gustaf's Skoal, Halbmond, Half-Moon, Halihja, Handkerschief Dance, Hand-Organ Hornpipe, Harvest Dance, Haste to the Wedding, Hattemageren, Hatter, Haymakers' Jig, Heart of My Heart (Harten min harten), Heidilit Turn Around!, Herman Bosses, Highland Fling, Hollola Polka, Hopgesvejs, Hornpipe, Hukgestok, Hull's Victory, I See You, Im Sommer, In the Shade (Dunkelschatten), Irish Washerwoman, Jefferson and Liberty, Jew Dance, JIbi-di Jibi-da, Jig, John Brown, Joice's Hornpipe, Joiner's Bench (Hobelbank), Jydsk Paa Naesen, Kakkunassi, Kamarinskaya, Kanafaska, Kerry Dance, Kikkinaes Girls' Polka, Klappdans, Knurrifas, Kolomeyka, Komarno, Kontra, Krakoviak, Kristen Gad's Four-Dance, Kull-Dansen, Kydholm Dance, La Jota, Lady of the Lake, Lady Washington's Reel, Lamplighter's Hornpipe, Lanes, Langenhager, Lassie-Dance, Laudnum Bunches, Limber Reel, Linen Dance, Listening Game, Little Hamburger, Little Jutlander, Little Man in a Fix, Long Polka, Lovely Wulka, Lumparland's Trot, Magnolia Reel, Maid in the Pump Room, Maike, Mallebrok, Mands Reel, Marleborough, Martin Wappu, Ma's Little Pigs, Matadora, May-pole Dance, Merry Dance, Merry Haymakers, Merry-Go-Round, Mie Katoen, Mikael's Day, Mine Persons' Posts, Miss McCloud's Reel, Miss Mountan's Hornpipe, Money Musk, Morning Star, Morris Dance, Mother Wittsch (Bummel schottische, Mudder wittsch), Mountain March, Mountain Polka, Mr. Schmidt (Herr Schmidt), Mrs. Monroe's Jig, My Man Is Away in the Hay (Mein mann ist gefahren ins heu), Net Dragging, Nikunakua, Noriu Miego, Norwegian Mountain March, Noutan Refianen, Oh Susanna, Old Berlin, Old Cartman, Old Dan Tucker, Old Maid's Song, Old Man Loikka, Old One from Laucka, Old Zip Coon, On the Bridge of Avignon, One Two Three Four and Five, Osterbottnisk Four Corners, Our Little Girls, Oxcow, Oxdansen, Palpanilli, Parikkala Dance, Parisian Polka, Pear Waltz (Dreiseitig Kontra), Peat Dance, Pellinge Quadrille, Plane Quadrille, Ploughman's Waltz, Polonaise, Pop Goes the Weasel, Poppy, Portland Fancy, Post Dance, Potato Peelings, Pretty Sister-in-Law, Puttjenter, Quadrille, Quinardo Hornpipe, Raisala Sappo, Rakes of Mallow, Reap the Flax, Red Cap, Reinlendar, Ribbon Dance, Right Hand, Rinnce Fada, Rocking Waltz (Wirgewaltzer), Roman Soldiers, Sa Pater, Safbon, Sailor's Waltz, Saint Patrick's Day, Sappo, Sateček, Saw Quadrille, Seven Jumps, Seven Pretty Girls, Seven-Step Polka, Shoemaker's Dance, Sieben Sprunge, Siege of Ennis, Sir Roger de Coverley, Six Hand Reel, Six-Dance, Sjalaskuttan, Small Herrings, Soldier's Joy, Sønderho Dance, Speed the Plow, Spitfire, St. Petersburger, Stamping Dance, Staten Island, Stick Dance, Stigare, Strašák, Strip the Willow, Suktinus, Sur le Pont d'Avignon, Sweet Kate, Sword Dance, Syvspring, Tailor's dance (Schneidertanz), Tantoli, Tarantella, Tea-Dance, Ten Persons' Polka, Texarkana, The Chimney Sweep (Broom Dance, Schornsteinfeger, Besentanz), Three Dance, Three Men's Polka, Three Men's Reel, Three Step Hopsa, Thrush's Nest (Drosselnest), Tinkers' Dance, Tippan, Treading Dance, Trekarlpolska, Trenderup, Tretur, Triangle, Tribi Dansin, Trip to Nahant, Turn Around Me, Turning Dance, Twin Sisters, Two Jumps, Two Steps Polka, Uncle Steve, Uncle Steve's Favorite, Uncle Steve's Quadrille, Vackra Svagerskan, Vanha Laukaalainen, Vanha Loikka, Vira, Virginia Reel, Vrt sa Divca, Wagging dance, Walls of Limerick, Washing the Clothes, Waves of Tory, We're on the Road to Boston, White and Nice, White Cockade, Wind That Shakes the Barley, Wolgaster (Der Wolgaster), Young America Hornpipe, and Zaradniček. | <urn:uuid:d918a621-8084-4346-a57f-f9699d761545> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.phantomranch.net/folkdanc/teachers/burchenal_e.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874669 | 2,705 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Being homeless is scary, but it made me stronger
By Vang Thao
Long before we moved into Mary’s Place, a shelter in Minneapolis, in January 2011, my family and I knew that we were going to lose our house in St. Paul.
Our house was a duplex on the east side of the city, with a little balcony on the back. There was always a warm glow in the living room from sunlight. My little siblings would make forts out of the living room couch and race around the room in a frenzy of play.
In our bathroom with its broken door, we put on make-up and became monsters to scare our cousins.
In the basement, I was fearless. Nothing down there was scary. It was the one place that I spent the most time as a kid. I remember playing games down there with my cousins. We ran around in the dark, playing Mouse Trap and Hide and Go Seek.
My family is large – two parents and five kids – and it was hard for my parents to manage the bills and still take care of our everyday needs because only one of them had a job.
Living in a basement
When the time finally came and we lost our house due to foreclosure, we packed everything up and moved in with my grandparents, aunts and uncles. There were five bedrooms in the house but because so many people already lived there, my whole family had to sleep in the drafty basement.
We squeezed in our beds and put our personal belongings in a corner. We had to discard many of our possessions because they wouldn’t fit in the house.
Although we had a wonderfully close relationship with our relatives, our stay there was not in the least bit comfortable. There were so many people in the house that there was never a time when the bathroom wasn’t being used.
I was sad to have left the freedom and space of my own room behind, but I was grateful to my grandparents for providing a temporary shelter for us. We knew that we couldn’t stay there with them forever, no matter how much we enjoyed their company, because we had to find our own place.
We had only stayed there for a couple weeks – not even a month – when it was finally decided by my parents that we would leave. It was mid-January when, one day after school, we grabbed our things and left for Minneapolis. We arrived at Sharing and Caring Hands Center, where we were introduced to Mary’s Place.
Five kids in one room
At first, I refused to go and live in a shelter. I didn’t want to give up the small life we had created at my grandparent’s house, but deep down I knew that we couldn’t go back.
After a couple days, I found that it wasn’t so bad. It was like an apartment, only bigger. There were two bedrooms, one bathroom, a living room and a kitchen. My parents took one room and the other room was for us five kids.
Mary’s Place required us to clean our rooms daily and that rule was especially tough for us because there were seven of us in one room and it seemed like messes popped back up in the same spot that we had just cleaned.
One of the most frustrating things about living in a shelter was having a curfew. We had to be in our rooms by 9 p.m. The restriction made me feel as if I was living in a cage. It made me frustrated and angry because I couldn’t do anything about it. I couldn’t change the rules at Mary’s Place, and I couldn’t change the fact that we’d lost our house either.
Scared and ashamed
I was scared to tell my friends I was living in a shelter. But I was also afraid to not tell them. I felt that since they were my friends, they might feel betrayed if I didn’t tell them, like I couldn’t trust them enough to understand me.
I also felt shame. I felt like if I told other people then they would pity me and think I was a poor person who was unlucky enough to have to live in a shelter.
For a while, whenever someone asked where I’d moved to, I evaded the question and vaguely answered that I lived in Minneapolis.
But guilt gnawed at me and I felt that I didn’t have to fear my friends’ reactions. I mean, come on! They are my friends! So when one of my friends asked me where I lived, I answered that I lived in a shelter in Minneapolis. He didn’t react negatively. He just asked how we lost the house and I told him we lost it to foreclosure. His reaction made me feel much closer to him.
Then I thought, “It’s okay. It’s okay to feel scared, but it feels so much better to tell the whole story.” Besides, my family and I weren’t the only ones who lost our home to foreclosure. Anyone paying attention to the news knew many other families were going through the same situation.
We made good friends with other people living in the shelter. One of the friends I made was a sweet and energetic girl. She was older than me by one year and, despite living in a shelter, she enjoyed her life to the fullest. I really enjoyed how she told me her life stories and made me feel closer to her. She reminded me to value my friends, family and everything that I did have. We’re still friends.
Getting back on our feet
Living in a shelter meant we didn’t have pay electricity, heating or water bills. We were required by the shelter to save 30 percent of our income for new housing.
Why was Vang’s family asked to leave? Mary Jo Copeland responds
Without discussing the family’s specific and confidential information it is difficult to respond accurately. Please know that we do our very best to give every family a chance to save some money and get on their feet.
Our average stay is 3-6 months; families are given more or less time depending on the family’s unique situation. It was our pleasure to work with this family for 10 months without charging any money so they were able to save.
As with every family we work with, we hope that this time helped them become stable. — Mary Jo Copeland
Our time at Mary’s Place was running out. The contract we signed allowed us to live there for 30 days, but every month, we renewed our contract. We stayed there for about 10 months, but finally, Mary Jo Copeland, the founder of Mary’s Place, wanted us to find our own place and she gave us a deadline of one week to find a house, or we would have to leave. We were outraged!
We saw families at the shelter who didn’t really make any effort, and felt the staff treated us differently. My mom was especially stressed about it because she had so much to do now that she’d found a job again.
Mary’s Place had assigned us a family advocate and they regularly checked in with us about housing opportunities. It seemed like it would be easy to find a house to live in. All you have to do is look at the house, sign a contract, pay the money, and bam! You have your very own house to live in. But I was so wrong!
Being homeless made me more confident
When we were feeling hopeless, two of our wonderful family friends came to us and started to give us ideas. They found other websites that listed homes for rent. They made calls to owners and set up appointments to see the houses.
Finally, a little light had broken through the dark clouds and with their help we were able to rent a house back in our old neighborhood in East St. Paul just one day before the end of the deadline.
When I found out that we had already signed the deal for renting the house, I became indignant. I didn’t want to leave Mary’s Place.
I’d grown attached to the shelter. I didn’t want to move in the shelter and then I didn’t really want to move out. I think I really just didn’t want to accept changes in general, by this point. And I was also scared of the same thing happening again and having to feel the loss and stress of moving.
But I knew that this move was a step forward into a better future for my family. After moving in, I immediately felt like I was home.
There was more space for everyone and because we moved so close to our school, there were more opportunities for me. I became more involved with after school activities like Peace Club, with which I participated in the Martin Luther King Jr. Day march, and the YWCA, where I’m developing new life skills like how to build good relationships, leadership and communication skills.
Our new home feels right. Losing our home and living in a shelter didn’t make me feel unstable, instead, I have learned to be confident in who I am.
I feel like I’ve matured a lot and I know I still have so much more to experience! | <urn:uuid:aa3861ad-5443-473d-b5b1-b4738824fb7c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://threesixtyjournalism.org/Shelter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989398 | 1,941 | 1.664063 | 2 |
A lattice is a partial ordering with a single unique "top element" (least upper bound) and a single unique "bottom element" (greatest lower bound). Every node in the lattice is reachable by following some directed path from the single least upper bound, and there is a directed path from every node in the lattice to the single least lower bound.
A lattice is a poset where binary joins and meets exist. You define a bounded poset not a lattice. In general a lattice need not have either a top element or a bottom element, although all finite lattices are complete and thus do have top and bottom elements. The second sentence is also redundant, because for any element x of a lattice x ≤ ⊤, so why talk about paths?
The second sentence is intended to be redundant, it gives further explanation as to the implications of the first sentence. (This doc was never intended to be a tight mathematical definition, only to give a quick introduction to the concepts, with links to the strict mathematical definitions.)
The reality is that the lattice or bounded poset formulation is only needed to understand that the specific language constraints described ensure that the dependency graph of any valid program can be statically determined to be a partial ordering. The compiler doesn't even need to build a DAG internally, it just needs to ensure the specific language constraints described are in place, and as a result, the language will be able to be parallelized in any manner consistent with the partial ordering of data dependencies.
Yes obviously, but nowhere is it clear that you actually have a lattice of any kind. Specifically, I see no reason why pruning DAGs of unused computations would yield a lattice, and this is a result you seem to rely on. Program lattice does indeed sound nicer than program bounded poset, but I would be more wary about misusing terminology than having a nice name! :)
Please understand that I'm not trying to be mean here. You mention you've been applying for grants to work on this, but if you don't explain the mathematics adequately or demonstrate how it differs from existing formalisms then I imagine people are just going to reject you instantly. I would suggest seriously trying to formalise some of this stuff in a proof assistant like Coq. That'll quickly tell you if your theory works or not. | <urn:uuid:27cd554a-90dc-453d-9b4c-5732695f294c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4650343 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00067-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958971 | 484 | 2.609375 | 3 |
United Nations World Crime Surveys: First Survey, 1970-1975 and Second Survey, 1975-1980 (ICPSR 9571)
Principal Investigator(s): Newman, Graeme; DiCristina, Bruce
The United Nations began its World Crime Surveys in 1978. The first survey collected statistics on a small range of offenses and on the criminal justice process for the years 1970-1975. The second survey collected data on a wide range of offenses, offenders, and criminal justice process data for the years 1975-1980. Several factors make these two collections difficult to use in combination. Some 25 percent of those countries responding to the first survey did not respond to the second and, similarly, some 30 percent of those responding to the second survey did not respond to the first. In addition, many questions asked in the second survey were not asked in the first survey. This data collection represents the efforts of the investigators to combine, revise, and recheck the data of the first two surveys. The data are divided into two parts. Part 1 comprises all data on offenses and on some criminal justice personnel. Crime data are entered for 1970 through 1980. In most cases 1975 is entered twice, since both surveys collected data for this year. Part 2 includes data on offenders, prosecutions, convictions, and prisons. Data are entered for 1970 through 1980, for every even year.
One or more data files in this study are set up in a non-standard format, such as card image format. Users may need help converting these files before they can be used for analysis.
The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.
Newman, Graeme, and Bruce DiCristina. UNITED NATIONS WORLD CRIME SURVEYS: FIRST SURVEY, 1970-1975 AND SECOND SURVEY, 1975-1980. Albany, NY: State University of New York, School of Criminal Justice [producer], 1991. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1991. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR09571.v1
Persistent URL: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR09571.v1
This study was funded by:
- United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Scope of Study
Subject Terms: convictions (law), correctional facilities, crime, crime patterns, crime prevention, crime reporting, criminal justice policy, criminal justice system, international crime statistics, nations, offenders, offenses, persecution, trends, United Nations
Universe: Member countries of the United Nations.
Data Types: survey data, and aggregate data
Data Collection Notes:
The documentation for Part 1 indicates a total of 91 cases (countries). The data, however, indicate a total of 101 cases. (countries). These ten additional countries are Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Honduras, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Vanuatu. Similarly, the documentation for Part 2 indicates a total of 91 cases (countries), but there are actually 96. The five additional countries are Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Honduras, and Vanuatu. The original documentation further indicates 30 records per case. Two countries in Part 1, however, fall short of 30 records per case: Algeria and Mauritius. Algeria is missing one record and Mauritius is missing 2 records. For both parts, where substantial discrepancies occurred between the validation data collected through the questionnaire, the questionnaire data were entered, unless they appeared to deviate substantially from the overall pattern of the data. This occurred in only a few instances. The following crime categories could not be made comparable between the first and second surveys: rape, drugs, judges, and totals. The term "rape" was not used in the first survey. Instead, the phrase "sex offenses" was used. In the first survey, the phrase "substance abuse" was used, and the responses broken down into "drugs" and "alcohol." The data recorded for the first survey are for "substance abuse" with alcohol excluded. The nearest equivalent to substance abuse in the second survey was the category "drug crimes." However, the first survey also requested data on "illegal traffic in drugs." This was not requested in the second survey, although the variables are included in this data set, and some data were entered into them from the validation questionnaires. The first survey did not define "judges." Consequently, no distinction was made between professional and lay judges. The data of the second survey report only professional judges. Total crimes was a separate category in both surveys. It does not necessarily equal the sum of the other crime categories collected in the survey. In some developing countries, for example, often the gross total of all crimes was the only information available.
These data represent the official statistics of member countries of the United Nations and are drawn from the following sources: (1) FIRST AND SECOND UNITED NATIONS WORLD CRIME SURVEYS, (2) UNITED NATIONS QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF VIOLENCE, (3) UNITED NATIONS WORLD CRIME SURVEY VALIDATION QUESTIONNAIRE, (4) Yearbooks, Annual Reports, and Statistical Abstracts
Original ICPSR Release: 1991-10-23
- 2006-01-12 All files were removed from dataset 3 and flagged as study-level files, so that they will accompany all downloads.
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If you're looking for collection-level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our Metadata Records page. | <urn:uuid:3292682b-e7d9-4148-9723-8fe87efb8e3c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/9571?keyword=crime+patterns&permit%5B0%5D=AVAILABLE&fundingAgency%5B0%5D=United+States+Department+of+Justice.+Office+of+Justice+Programs.+Bureau+of+Justice+Statistics&paging.startRow=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00077-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906243 | 1,207 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Architecture does not only serve the purpose of design and art but it also serves as the primary shelter for the humankind from the beginning of civilization, the great wall of china is possibly one of finest defensive architecture ever made in the history of man
There’s a famous saying “ Rome can’t build in a day ”, the same can be applied to the great wall of china as it is merely built for hundreds of centuries, with the available resources and researches we can say that the great wall of china build from 3rd century BC to 17th century AD.
The entire miracle started when king Qin Shi Huang ordered to build a defense against the Mongols, but the construction process continued for hundreds of years until the ming dynasty finished it during the 14th century.
Design of great wall of china:
As it is a defensive architecture to protect the Chinese from the outside of their territory they build it in accordance with the military purpose, the great wall of china can be categorized as Walls, passes and signal towers.
While the walls with a height of 20-30 feet and length of up to 21 feet, passes were used for the trade purposes with secured architecture methodology and finally the signal tower is for the monitoring purposes of intruding.
The entire wall constructed with the single purpose of not letting the outsiders come in so they made it strong as possible.
As we can say in the ancient time, the time when the great wall of china started constructing there wasn’t much construction material available, they used whatever we call as raw material today like rocks, earth’s core sands, as the year passes the change in their construction also used, today the great wall of china even have tiles and bricks to make it further strong.
They used lime and rectangular-shaped bricks to make it strong and sustainable, The usage of bricks and tiles were dated in the 14th century, but if we are about to say the material which used to build then we can say that the Chinese used all the available material for hundreds of years to build it.
The Chinese architectural philosophy is one of the very old methods in architecture they followed the same architectural technique for centuries, the world witnesses the impact of Chinese architecture in many parts of the world especially in the middle eastern.
But when it comes to the architecture philosophy of the great wall of china we can ensure that their organic architecture style to build the towers in between and offices in the middle, the Chinese architecture have one major advantage as it is strong enough to stand for years because of the pattern they use in their architecture, it’s like the skin of the dragon hard and un-penetrable.
Architecture serves many purposes in the part of civilization here it serves as the defensive one but still, it is one of the most admirable giant architecture ever built in human history and architecture has many such forms to serve its purpose. | <urn:uuid:04ba54ed-c05d-4ffe-bb91-dcd7a66c6610> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://builtarchi.com/great-wall-of-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.959843 | 609 | 3.140625 | 3 |
National Crime Prevention Framework
- National Crime Prevention Framework—Overview
- National Crime Prevention Framework (PDF 175kb)
- National Crime Prevention Framework—Overview (PDF 100kb)
- National Crime Prevention Strategy Framework: Bibliography (PDF 284kb)
Prepared by the Australian Institute of Criminology on behalf of the Australian and New Zealand Crime Prevention Senior Officers’ Group
Australian and New Zealand Crime Prevention Senior Officers’ Group
The Australian and New Zealand Crime Prevention Senior Officers’ Group (ANZCP SOG) provides a national forum for senior crime prevention staff from each State and Territory as well as Commonwealth and New Zealand government to exchange and share information about crime prevention practices. The ANZCP SOG aims to:
- support strategic thinking and policy development on crime prevention issues;
- promote inter-jurisdictional collaboration;
- promote and encourage strategic research in crime prevention; and
- share information on matters to be discussed at relevant Ministerial and Senior Officer forums
Australian Institute of Criminology
The Australian Institute of Criminology is Australia’s national research and knowledge centre on crime and justice. We seek to promote justice and reduce crime by undertaking and communicating evidence-based research to inform policy and practice.
Crime prevention is an effective approach to reducing crime. It is internationally recognised as an important component of a national approach to building viable communities. Evidence from several countries1 shows that implementing and sustaining effective and efficient crime prevention programs can contribute significantly to the achievement of safe and secure societies by reducing the level of crime. Well-planned interventions can prevent crime and victimisation, promote community safety and make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of vibrant communities.
Crime prevention can reduce the long term costs associated with the criminal justice system and the costs of crime, both economic and social, and can achieve a significant return on investment in terms of savings in justice, welfare, health care, and the protection of social and human capital. A safe and secure society is an important foundation for the delivery of other key services. Community safety and security is a prerequisite for sound economic growth through continuing business investment as well as community well-being and cohesion. International experience has shown that effective crime prevention can both maintain and reinforce the social cohesion of communities and assist them to act collectively to improve their quality of life.
The techniques and effectiveness of crime prevention continue to improve. The international trend is towards a comprehensive approach to crime prevention, and there is a growing recognition of the characteristics of effective programs that must be adapted to specific circumstances. The use of a knowledge-based approach to developing policies and programs, particularly in terms of using reliable evidence about both crime problems and effective responses, has markedly improved, but there is still room to do better.
The prevention of crime requires individuals, communities, businesses, non-government organisations and all levels of government to work together in a coordinated way to develop and implement effective strategies to address the short and longer-term causes of crime.
The National Crime Prevention Framework has been developed by the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) on behalf of the Australia and New Zealand Crime Prevention Senior Officers’ Group (ANZCP SOG) as a resource which outlines the most effective approaches to the prevention of crime. It also describes a range of possible roles and functions for state/territory and national governments for the effective delivery of crime prevention activity in Australia. The purpose of this Framework is to:
- support a coordinated approach to addressing crime and safety issues of national importance, including new and emerging crime problems;
- promote an improved level of collaboration between crime prevention agencies operating in each jurisdiction;
- improve the effectiveness of crime prevention across Australia by promoting principles of good practice and successful strategies;
- encourage increased commitment to crime prevention at all levels of government and across different sectors; and
- assist in guiding the allocation of crime prevention resources to achieve the greatest impact.
This Framework does not aim to prescribe specific actions that must be implemented by stakeholders involved in the delivery of crime prevention. Rather, it provides guidance by way of information on best practice to assist with the development of appropriate policies, strategies and programs to address crime problems.
3. CRIME PREVENTION
Crime prevention includes ‘strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes' 2. These measures can be implemented by individuals, communities, businesses, non-government organisations and all levels of government, to target the various individual, social and environmental factors that increase the risk of crime, disorder and victimisation. Strategies include those that modify the physical environment to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur (environmental approaches), and those that address the underlying social and economic causes of crime and limit the supply of motivated offenders (social and structural approaches).
Crime prevention may have a universal focus—strengthening institutions that support civil society or addressing aspects of the broader physical or social environment that may lead to crime (primary prevention). It can be targeted at high risk settings or be directed at the early identification and subsequent intervention in the lives of people or groups at risk of engaging in criminal activity or becoming victims of crime (secondary prevention). It can also be targeted at the prevention of recidivism among those people who have already engaged in offending behaviour (tertiary prevention). A comprehensive crime prevention strategy will incorporate all three approaches.
Other sectors – for example health, education, housing and human services—can deliver a range of actions which may not have the prevention of crime as their primary goal, but will have an impact on crime levels, especially in the long term. While this activity does not necessarily fall within a strict definition of crime prevention, it is important that the potential crime prevention benefits of the policies and programs delivered in these sectors are identified, acknowledged and, wherever possible, enhanced.
This Framework is focused on those strategies that have, as a primary goal, the elimination or reduction of crime and antisocial behaviour or improvements in community safety.
This Framework will assist in the achievement of the following outcomes:
- a reduction in crime and disorder problems that are of greatest harm and concern to the community;
- increased community safety, security and cohesion, including a reduction in the actual and perceived risk of victimisation;
- increased support for people to cope with the impact of victimisation; and
- a reduction in reoffending among those people who have already engaged in criminal or antisocial behaviour.
5. PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICE
A number of important principles underpin good crime prevention policy and practice. The principles outlined in this Framework are consistent with international standards for crime prevention, including the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime (Box 1). These principles also reflect recognised best practice in crime prevention policy and practice from Australia and overseas.
Commonwealth and State and Territory Governments will adopt the following principles, recognising that adherence to these standards is important for crime prevention work to deliver optimum results. Effective crime prevention involves:
- strong and committed leadership at all levels;
- collaboration between multiple stakeholders to address the wide-ranging causes of crime and to draw upon the skills, expertise, resources and responsibilities necessary to address those causes;
- the practical application of research and evaluation findings in the development and implementation of measures to reduce crime, targeted to areas of the greatest need and adapted to suit local conditions;
- a focus on outcomes and a commitment to demonstrating measurable results through evaluation and performance measurement, with clear lines of accountability;
- building and maintaining the capacity to implement effective crime prevention policies and interventions;
- promoting an active and engaged community, and being responsive to the diversity and changing nature of communities;
- long-term commitment to achieving sustainable reductions in crime and savings to the criminal justice system and the community; and
- coordination across sectors to embed crime prevention into relevant social and economic policies, including education, employment, health, and housing policies, particularly those directed towards at-risk communities, children, families and youth.
Box 1: United Nations (UN) Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime
The 2002 UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime outline eight principles on which prevention should be based:
- Government leadership: at all levels to create and maintain an institutional framework for effective crime prevention.
- Socio-economic development and inclusion: integration of crime prevention into relevant social and economic policies, focus on integration of at risk communities, children, families and youth.
- Cooperation and partnerships: between government organisations, civil society, business sector.
- Sustainability and accountability: adequate funding to establish and sustain programs and evaluation, and clear accountability for funding.
- Use of a knowledge base: using evidence of proven practices as the basis for policies and programs.
- Human rights/rule of law/culture of lawfulness: respect for human rights and promotion of a culture of lawfulness.
- Interdependency: take account of links between local crime problems and international organised crime.
- Differentiation: respecting different needs of men and women and vulnerable members of society.
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE CRIME PREVENTION
There is an accumulated body of knowledge regarding proven and promising practices to inform crime prevention policy and practice. Proven interventions are those initiatives which have been subjected to rigorous evaluation and have demonstrated results.
Promising programs are those that adhere to principles of good practice, are based on sound crime prevention theory, and are targeted at the causes of crime. They may have already shown some evidence of success but are not yet evaluated or, where they have been evaluated, the evidence regarding their effectiveness is not yet clear.
Effective crime prevention requires careful consideration of the evidence base with regard to identifying possible interventions, the circumstances in which these interventions will be delivered and how they will be adapted to suit local conditions. It also requires an understanding of what needs to be done and the factors that are integral to successful implementation. Initiatives should be supported on the basis that they are shown to target factors known to influence crime, are consistent with proven or promising practice, and adhere to best practice in implementation.
6.1. Approaches to preventing crime
There are a variety of different approaches to preventing crime, and programs frequently involve multiple interventions delivered at once. Strategies may be directed towards:
- addressing the environmental conditions that promote and sustain crime;
- eliminating risk factors and enhancing protective factors to reduce the likelihood that individuals will engage in offending behaviour;
- strengthening communities by addressing social exclusion and promoting community cohesiveness; and
- enhancing the capacity of criminal justice agencies to prevent crime and reoffending.
6.1.1. Addressing the environmental conditions that promote and sustain crime
Environmental approaches to crime prevention include both situational approaches and broader planning initiatives where the aim is to reduce crime by designing and/or modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur.
Situational crime prevention is based upon the premise that crime is frequently opportunistic, and aims to modify contextual factors to limit the opportunities for offenders to engage in criminal behaviour. It comprises a range of measures geared towards reducing the opportunities for crime to occur, and highlights the importance of targeting very specific forms of crime in certain circumstances (e.g. targeting hardening in service stations to prevent armed robbery). This involves identifying, manipulating and controlling the situational or environmental factors associated with certain types of crime.
Communities and individuals can assist situational approaches by implementing personal, household and vehicle security measures (such as ensuring their house and car is securely locked and their property appropriately marked), participating in the delivery of crime prevention strategies directed at the physical environment (e.g. strategies that encourage the reporting of suspicious activity), and providing input into identifying and understanding the nature of local crime problems and identifying local priorities. Similarly, by adopting business practices (e.g. responsible service of alcohol training for bar and security staff) and designing business premises and products that minimise the opportunities for crime to occur, businesses can help to reduce crime. Businesses can also ensure that their financial and commercial practices are not conducive to the promotion of crime by systematically identifying potential risk opportunities and acting to reduce those risks. These can range from the way stock is displayed and financial transactions are managed, to securing organisation-wide information systems.
Broader planning initiatives include Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and urban renewal projects, and seek to reduce the opportunities for crime through the design and management of the built and landscaped environment. Strategies include modifying the built environment to create safer places that are less crime prone or can make people feel safer (such as by designing public spaces that encourage large numbers of users and provide greater natural surveillance, or by designing pedestrian thoroughfares that are well lit and do not create places for potential offenders to hide). CPTED has a major influence on crime prevention policy and practice in Australia as in other parts of the world, and a number of state, territory and local governments now have specific planning policies that incorporate CPTED principles or guidelines.
There is considerable evidence of the effectiveness of situational crime prevention in reducing crime, both in Australia and overseas. There is also a growing body of evaluated strategies, which can help to inform the selection and design of situational crime prevention interventions, and a well-developed methodology for their application. The evidence in support of CPTED is growing. There is sufficient evidence to support the application of CPTED principles, as well as environmental safety assessments more broadly, as a key consideration in the development of the built environment, including new development proposals and urban regeneration initiatives. This should be supported by further research into the effectiveness of CPTED as a crime prevention measure.
The use of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) has become an increasingly popular approach to dealing with crime in public spaces. There has been tremendous growth in the use of CCTV to prevent crime in public space, particularly among local governments. Research indicates that CCTV may be effective in reducing some forms of property crime in certain circumstances (e.g. in car parks). However, it is most effective when used in conjunction with other initiatives as part of an integrated approach. There is also an increasing range of emerging crime and safety surveillance methods available (e.g. number plate recognition software) which may assist in deterring and apprehending offenders, as well as advancements in tools such as crime mapping technology which can help inform place-based interventions.
State and territory and local government play a key role in environmental design, through the development and management of safe public spaces. Governments can address factors that influence the opportunities for crime to occur through its various responsibilities in areas such as managing public space and building design, providing community recreational services and developing policies that affect local businesses and urban development processes. As both users and managers of public spaces, business operators have a role in contributing to the design of safe, attractive and inclusive environments.
6.1.2. Eliminating risk factors and enhancing protective factors to reduce the likelihood that individuals will engage in offending behaviour
Developmental crime prevention, which involves intervening early in critical transition points in a person’s development to address those factors that may lead them on a pathway to future involvement in crime, is an important crime prevention measure. There are positive outcomes for young people, their families and the broader community. Intervening early in a young person’s development, particularly in disadvantaged communities, can produce significant long-term social and economic benefits. Eliminating risk factors and enhancing protective factors associated with offending can impact upon the likelihood that a young person will engage in future offending behaviour. These factors can be related to the individual or their family, school, peers, life events and community and cultural factors.
The approach is based on studies that have identified that the pathways to antisocial behaviour involve persistent conduct problems, oppositional behaviour and physical aggression in the preschool and early primary school years as among the strongest predictors of adolescent aggression, delinquent behaviour and a range of negative long-term outcomes. More broadly, impulsivity, low school achievement, poor parental child-rearing practices (including in extreme cases, child abuse and neglect), and poverty, have been identified as key predictors of involvement in juvenile crime.
Long-term reductions in offending can be achieved by providing basic services or resources to individuals, families, schools or communities to minimise the impact of these factors on the development of offending behaviours. These resources and services are best directed towards disadvantaged families with young children – where there is an identified need. There is growing evidence that developmental prevention programs can open up opportunities for children and young people and reduce their likelihood of involvement in crime, especially if they live in disadvantaged communities.
To generate sustainable reductions in crime, the management and delivery of crime prevention programs and initiatives needs to support the implementation of long-term early intervention programs, which requires moving from specific short-term projects to embedded, long-term programs. The effectiveness of developmental crime prevention strategies can be improved through long-term initiatives that are integrated into broader social policy, as opposed to discrete geographically focused and short-term demonstration projects.
Many of the risk and protective factors related to crime are the responsibility of state and territory and Commonwealth government agencies. Various sections of government that can make a significant contribution to a reduction in crime include (but are not limited to) education, employment, health, housing and human service agencies. These agencies develop and implement a range of social policies that need to take into consideration the potential implications for preventing or facilitating crime and the factors that may contribute to the development of offending behaviour.
For example, responsibility for the development of strategies to reduce school truancy rates rests largely with schools and the education sector. However, improving school attendance rates can reduce the number of young people who are left unsupervised during school hours and can also improve long term educational outcomes, which can in turn reduce the short and long term risk that individuals will engage in crime.
Community-based and non-government organisations also provide a range of important services that can address many of the individual and community level factors associated with crime and antisocial behaviour. Community-based and non-government organisations are frequently a focus for promoting community mobilisation around local problems and are well placed to quickly deliver appropriate preventive action when empowered to do so.
6.1.3. Strengthening communities by addressing social exclusion and promoting community cohesiveness
The risk of becoming involved in crime, or being victimised, is greater in those communities that experience high levels of social exclusion or a lack of social cohesion. Experience from both Australia and overseas has shown how quickly social disorganisation and crime can develop to serious levels within otherwise “normal” communities, to the point that it becomes necessary for governments to expend significant resources attempting to restore order and economic viability.
There is also growing recognition of the importance of addressing social exclusion (deprivation, disadvantage and limited access to services) and assisting disadvantaged groups to reduce their risk of involvement in crime. Aspects of social exclusion, including neighbourhood disadvantage, unemployment, intergenerational disadvantage, limited education prospects, poor child health and wellbeing and homelessness are important risk factors for criminal behaviour. Victimisation and fear of crime can lead to further social isolation and exclusion. The social exclusion of vulnerable individuals based on factors such as culture, religion, national origin and language is an area of concern, particularly given Australia’s significant migrant population.
There is some evidence from overseas that neighbourhood-level interventions in deprived areas designed to address issues related to economic and social regeneration can result in reductions in crime and fear and increased satisfaction with the local area. Community development programs that focus on strengthening informal networks and enhancing community structures have the potential to build community capacity, which can in turn provide opportunities to mobilise communities to address local crime problems.
Further research into the effectiveness of these programs in achieving long-term reductions in crime is required. However, programs that aim to address social exclusion and cohesion are likely to be more successful when they:
- identify communities at need based on evidence and community consultation and analyse factors that may contribute to social disadvantage or exclusion;
- take into consideration a community’s capacity to implement change and level of social disorganisation;
- increase opportunities to participate and promote community involvement and consultation in program design and decision-making, as well as in the management of activities that impact on, either directly or indirectly, those social conditions believed to sustain crime in residential settings;
- encourage representation from diverse groups, particularly those community members most at risk of being marginalised;
- coordinate efforts between agencies across government and non government sectors to target multiple areas of disadvantage, supported by neighbourhood regeneration;
- are provided with ongoing support (including human, financial and physical resources); and
- regularly review progress to ensure that initiatives remain on track.
A focus on strengthening communities recognises that crime is strongly associated with the coincidence of a series of structural determinants present within particular communities (e.g. differential rates of access to housing, employment, education, and health services, among other factors). It is therefore important that policies in these areas are considerate of, and responsive to, the implications for crime prevention, as part of a whole of government approach. This includes the need for crime prevention to be embedded into the national and state/territory strategic plans, and the framework and policy documents of other government bodies, where appropriate. For example, crime prevention initiatives need to be supported by broader social policy initiatives that are designed to reduce the supply of potential offenders by reducing economic stress and preventing geographic concentrations of disadvantage.
Local government can also deliver both crime prevention and community development strategies that focus on providing important infrastructure to meet the needs of communities, as well as hosting a range of community events to build a sense of community. The active participation of civil society in these strategies is an important factor in their success.
6.1.4. Enhancing the capacity of criminal justice agencies to prevent crime and reoffending
Criminal justice agencies make a valuable contribution to effective crime prevention strategies. There is strong evidence that effective criminal justice processes can contribute to reductions in offending behaviour.
The definition of crime prevention adopted by this Framework includes the range of proactive strategies delivered by law enforcement agencies that aim to prevent crime (e.g. intelligence-led policing of licensed premises). There is a considerable body of knowledge surrounding the impact of policing strategies in terms of their capacity to prevent crime, including strong support for problem-oriented policing and for some aspects of community policing.
Police provide a strong presence in most communities across Australia, comprise a large and highly skilled workforce and represent the juncture between primary prevention and the criminal justice system. They can perform a number of important functions relevant to crime prevention, such as:
- providing a visible presence in communities;
- deterrence through the threat of apprehension and prosecution;
- intelligence-led and proactive policing of crime hot spots;
- diversionary programs that change the course of individuals away from the criminal justice system and, in some cases, into treatment;
- providing assistance in the planning, implementation and review of community-driven crime prevention initiatives;
- problem-oriented policing strategies, often involving police led partnerships with other stakeholders; and
- disseminating crime prevention information and advice and conducting safety audits;
- community policing initiatives that engage the community in the development and implementation of crime prevention strategies.
This requires police to work in partnership with a range of stakeholders (including government and non-government agencies, businesses, community groups and the wider community) to identify local crime problems, possible solutions, and design and implement appropriate responses. The importance of these partnerships is highlighted in the national strategy Directions in Australia New Zealand Policing 2008–2011.
This Framework also acknowledges the ability of criminal justice processes (e.g. correctional rehabilitation programs, specialty court programs) to prevent future offending. Courts work in partnership with a range of stakeholders to implement a variety of court-based diversion programs and specialty court programs that target specific offender types and modify the criminal justice process to meet the needs of offenders and address those factors that increase the likelihood that they will reoffend. Correctional agencies deliver a range of rehabilitative programs to offenders in custody and in the community that can make a significant contribution to a reduction in reoffending. They can also provide support to offenders post-sentence that facilitates their successful reintegration into the community.
Effective criminal justice approaches to reoffending require:
- adoption of an holistic approach that incorporates evidence-based interventions at all stages of the criminal justice system and for both adult and juvenile offenders, including police diversionary programs, court-based diversion, programs for offenders serving custodial and non-custodial sentences, and re-entry programs and support post-release for prisoners;
- a focus on improving the delivery of evidence based programs that target individual and lifestyle risk factors for reoffending, particularly among young offenders, both in the custodial environment and community settings;
- programs delivered both pre and post-release targeted at the difficulties encountered by offenders following their release for custody and factors that inhibit successful reintegration to encourage their active and productive community participation;
- continued support of those programs that are demonstrated as being effective in reducing the rate of reoffending and successful in addressing those factors related to offending behaviour;
- support for expanding and maintaining the integrity of those programs that have been trialled successfully in discrete locations (i.e. pilot or demonstration projects) to ensure that the demonstrated impact of the program is sustained; and
- the provision of greater support to victims who come into contact with police and the courts, including information and assistance to prevent repeat victimisation.
Programs that have been shown to be effective in reducing recidivism depend upon the close cooperation between agencies within the criminal justice system and those agencies outside it, including a range of government agencies responsible for housing, health and education, non government service providers, local industry and the community. Improving interagency collaboration between criminal justice agencies and between criminal justice and other government agencies is an important feature of strategies that aim to reduce the likelihood that individuals will reoffend.
It is important that crime prevention programs are consistent with national and state and territory strategies to improve the criminal justice response to prevent reoffending.
6.2. Key features of effective strategies
Effective crime prevention not only requires an understanding of what needs to be done, but also the features that are integral to successful implementation. This includes features that are specific to crime prevention, as well as aspects of good governance more broadly.
6.2.1. Problem solving
Effective crime prevention is underpinned by a problem-solving approach. This involves a systematic analysis of current and emerging crime problems, their causes and risk factors. Once these problems are identified and understood, an appropriate response can then be identified and developed based on evidence regarding the effectiveness of different approaches and a consideration of the circumstances to which it will be adapted. The process then involves identifying the key parties that need to participate and mobilising them for action. The next step is implementing the response, which is subjected to ongoing monitoring and review, and the process is repeated throughout the life of the project or program.
Effective problem-solving is a systematic and continuous process. Several problem-solving models have been formulated, but all highlight the importance of ongoing analysis and review processes and access to the best available high quality, reliable information about the causes of crime and possible solutions. It also requires an understanding of crime prevention theory and the causal mechanisms that underpin the different approaches to preventing crime.
6.2.2. Community engagement
Community engagement is a key feature of effective crime prevention. A clear strategy for engaging the most vulnerable sections of the community (in terms of their risk of offending, becoming a victim of crime, or feeling unsafe) is important in the development and implementation of crime prevention programs and projects. This can include representatives of the community targeted by a particular strategy as well as those who may be otherwise considered marginal or potentially excluded (e.g. culturally or linguistically diverse (CALD) communities). It is also important for those involved in the development of crime prevention policies and programs to tailor crime prevention initiatives according to the context in which they are delivered and the community with whom they are attempting to engage.
6.2.3. Partnerships and good governance
Crime prevention is a shared responsibility involving government and civil society. There are a range of stakeholders who make a valuable contribution to the development, implementation and evaluation of crime prevention initiatives. In Australia, contemporary crime prevention has generally embraced the value of partnerships, collaborative policy development and program delivery, in recognition that the causes of crime are wide ranging, complex and frequently require a coordinated response.
Central to good governance in successful crime prevention partnerships are the development of:
- appropriate mechanisms for promoting and steering a whole of government approach to the prevention of crime, and ensuring that key stakeholders are involved in crime prevention planning at all levels;
- forums for bringing together government, non-government, communities and businesses that promote open communication and allow all partners to contribute;
- clearly defined roles and responsibilities for these stakeholders;
- a shared goal and common purpose, and an understanding of how each partner contributes to this goal;
- partnerships for the delivery of integrated solutions, comprising closely linked and coordinated interventions that can achieve shared outcomes;
- an understanding and acceptance of the different interests, philosophies and contexts in which each partner works;
- clear lines of accountability for the partnership, both to each other and their respective organisation;
- a joint framework for performance measuring and reporting, with an agreed understanding of what constitutes success; and
- clear benefits to the partnership that are evident to all those involved.
6.2.4. Monitoring and evaluation
Effective crime prevention involves ongoing monitoring and evaluation of strategies and programs, and the dissemination of findings to the broader sector. There are two basic approaches for measuring the effectiveness of crime prevention:
- performance measurement, which involves the development of systems to regularly monitor performance information, review program performance and to inform decisions as to how to improve the operation and effectiveness of a strategy; and
- evaluation, which helps to determine how well a program has been implemented or whether a chosen strategy has achieved its stated objectives in order to build an understanding of what works in crime prevention, identify good practice, and determine what can be done, and in what circumstances, to prevent crime.
Experience shows that both approaches need to be considered during the initial planning and development stages of a project. Measuring and improving the effectiveness of crime prevention involves a combination of performance measurement and evaluation. Selecting an appropriate evaluation model involves a consideration of the characteristics of a program, the purpose of the evaluation, the available options, and determining methods to gather the views of key stakeholders. Evaluation can be directed towards:
- the program as a whole, which will include the assessment of the overall impact of the program (i.e. the aggregate impact of the various initiatives delivered as part of the program) and the appropriateness, efficacy and efficiency of mechanisms used to support the delivery of crime prevention;
- individual projects or initiatives, providing evidence as to their effectiveness in achieving desired outcomes, including explanations as to the reasons for the observed effect, as well as identifying practical challenges and lessons for implementing similar projects; or
- clustered groups of projects (classified according to location, intervention type, target groups etc.) to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of specific interventions, and the relative contribution of certain contexts and project characteristics.
Decisions regarding which interventions should be subjected to more rigorous evaluation can be based on an assessment of the potential practical and policy significance of the findings, and of the ability of the intervention to be effectively evaluated. By focusing evaluation on clusters of projects that are identified as being important and/or of interest, individual projects can be freed to focus on performance managing their work and the knowledge base on effective crime prevention practice can be developed in a strategic and systematic way.
Determining the most effective approach to supporting evaluation work will be based on an assessment of the existing capacity and potential needs of those likely to be entrusted with the responsibility for evaluation. Experience has shown that the actual work of evaluation needs to be supported by appropriate mechanisms to ensure that regular and timely feedback on findings from evaluations can be passed back to program managers to support continued program improvement. Similarly, research and evaluation findings need to be disseminated in a format that is accessible to policy makers and to non-experts working in the sector.
7. PRIORITY AREAS
7.1. Concentrate efforts on addressing crime problems that present the greatest threat to the safety, security and cohesiveness of communities
While each jurisdiction experiences different types and levels of criminal offending and victimisation, a number of issues currently affect communities across Australia and warrant particular attention. The following issues have been identified as requiring a concerted and coordinated response:
- reducing alcohol-related violence;
- improving the safety of young people;
- improving the safety of Indigenous people;
- preventing child abuse and neglect; and
- reducing violence against women.
7.1.1. Reducing alcohol-related violence
Criminal justice, health and survey data shows that there is a significant level of alcohol-related violence. While the majority of people who consume alcohol do not engage in violent behaviour, there is evidence of a relationship between the excessive consumption of alcohol and an increased risk of being a victim or perpetrator of assault. Comprehensive strategies to reduce alcohol-related violence are more likely to be effective if they:
- include interventions that aim to reduce the short term harmful consumption of alcohol (binge drinking);
- target the problems associated with alcohol in a range of settings, including entertainment precincts and residential areas;
- promote responsible attitudes to alcohol and drinking behaviour in a range of settings (e.g. universities, work places and sporting clubs) and address cultural attitudes towards alcohol to influence behavioural change through well-designed social marketing and education campaigns;
- create a positive physical and social environment in and around licensed premises to attract and encourage patrons to be well behaved by setting and maintaining high standards for venue operators and clientele;
- maintain effective regulatory controls over the supply and availability of alcohol, supported by the proactive enforcement of relevant legislation;
- are informed by the growing body of evidence from both Australia and overseas outlining effective interventions to reduce alcohol related problems; and
- are consistent with the responses outlined in relevant national strategies, including the National Alcohol Strategy 2006–2011, National Binge Drinking Strategy and priorities outlined by the National Health Preventative Taskforce to reduce alcohol-related social harms, as well as relevant state and territory strategies.
7.1.2. Improving the safety of young people
There is significant evidence to show that young people are disproportionately affected by crime. While the majority of young people are not involved in crime, people under the age of 25 are overrepresented as both offenders and victims. Young people who have experienced or witnessed violence are at increased risk of becoming violent offenders themselves. Males comprise the majority of young people involved in crime, although rates of female delinquency appear to be increasing.
While the rate of overall offending by young people has declined in recent years, there is evidence of a growth in violent offending. The National Strategy for Young Australians has highlighted the importance of ensuring young people feel safe in their communities.
There is already a considerable amount of crime prevention activity directed at young people. Further research is required into the effectiveness of current strategies, such as education and awareness raising programs delivered in schools and the range of diversionary activities that attempt to move young people away from engaging in criminal or antisocial behaviour by providing alternative activities.
Crime prevention strategies targeting children, youths and young adults are more effective when they are:
- inclusive and engage young people in the development and implementation of interventions wherever possible;
- supported by effective interagency collaboration between stakeholders such as police, youth workers, service providers, community groups and young people;
- age, gender, culturally and developmentally appropriate, as well as being tailored to the needs of different groups and the context in which they are being delivered (e.g. rural communities);
- considerate of the peer, family, school and community factors which may exert some level of influence over the young person’s behaviour;
- targeted at areas of the greatest need and focused on those communities that exhibit indicators of risk, including evidence of high rates of offending or involvement in antisocial behaviour among young people, early school leaving, unemployment and substance abuse and a lack of structured or supervised youth activities;
- part of a broader strategy that incorporates multiple interventions to address both social and environmental factors associated with young people’s involvement in crime, including a balance between proactive crime prevention strategies and ensuring timely responses to offending behaviour when it occurs;
- consistent with developmental approaches to crime prevention and intervene early and at key transition points to target both risk and protective factors to generate long term, sustainable reductions in offending behaviour;
- based on an understanding of the reasons or factors that drive young people to engage in certain offending or antisocial behaviours;
- supported by strong and consistent messages regarding appropriate behaviour and the consequences associated with involvement in criminal behaviour;
- delivered in a range of settings, including (but not limited to) schools and in the community; and
- are supported by intensive case management to high risk or prolific young offenders who have frequent contact with the criminal justice system, to reduce reoffending.
The evidence relating to young people’s involvement in crime highlights the need for crime prevention to target a number of key areas. These include:
- intervening early to help young people to deal with drug and alcohol issues, preventing those at risk from developing alcohol or substance use problems, and ensuring that treatment and support is available to those people who need it;
- providing support to parents with young children, particularly in high risk communities;
- building trust and encouraging positive interactions between young people and police, particularly within those communities where there may be mistrust, suspicion or a lack of respect for police;
- improving young peoples’ access to important support services, particularly for those young people who find themselves in unstable living arrangements;
- addressing low levels of school retention and attendance in those areas that experience difficulties engaging young people in school;
- providing vocational training and increasing employment opportunities for those young people looking for work;
- school-based programs that aim to address attitudes that may support violence by enhancing the social and emotional wellbeing of young people, providing them with conflict management skills and helping to build empathy;
- creating youth-friendly public spaces that are safe and engaging, and which minimise conflict between different activities and users; and
- promoting safe internet use to increase online safety.
7.1.3. Improving the safety of Indigenous people
Indigenous people (i.e. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people) come into contact with police, the courts and corrections at a higher rate than the rest of the community. They are overrepresented as both offenders and victims of crime. Serious social and economic disadvantage within Indigenous communities is a significant contributor to high rates of offending.
Effective crime prevention strategies can address the underlying reasons for Indigenous offending, which can in-turn reduce the risk that Indigenous people will come into contact with the criminal justice system. To prevent crime in Indigenous communities it is important to develop strategies that aim to:
- reduce the rates of drug and alcohol abuse;
- improve school performance and retention;
- strengthen social support and increase participation in social activities;
- increase the level of employment and employment skills;
- increase access to adequate housing and reduce financial stress;
- improve the quality of family life, in particular provide support to parents with young children; and
- increase the level of support for victims of crime and those people exposed to violence in the home.
Interventions should comprise a number of different strategies to address multiple risk factors, be community driven, involve Indigenous communities in program design, decision making and delivery, and be culturally appropriate. It is important that initiatives directed at Indigenous people encourage a sense of community ownership and responsibility, supported by professional mentoring, training and development and ongoing assistance. More specifically, crime prevention programs are more likely to be effective where they:
- meet the specific needs of Indigenous offenders, include Indigenous specific content and, where practical, are Indigenous specific;
- involve Indigenous personnel in the delivery of the program and, where this isn’t possible, ensure staff are provided with appropriate and adequate cultural awareness and sensitivity training;
- implement an holistic approach to Indigenous health and well being that takes into consideration the range of societal, cultural, community, family and individual factors which may impact upon a person’s behaviour;
- involve local Indigenous persons (including Elders and respected persons) in the development and delivery of programs;
- attempt to engage the participant’s family and community in programs and services;
- incorporate an understanding of Indigenous society and emphasise Indigenous heritage, culture and law;
- develop strategies to overcome language and literacy barriers;
- consider eligibility criteria where programs are open to both Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants to ensure Indigenous people can access the program; and
- assist in establishing and strengthening relationships with Indigenous persons who are able to mentor others.
There is a need for further evaluation into the effectiveness of crime prevention programs targeting Indigenous communities to build a better understanding of effective interventions. Crime prevention policies and programs need to continue to support the implementation of national and state and territory initiatives to improve safety in Indigenous communities, including the actions outlined in the National Indigenous Law and Justice Framework 2009–2015 to increase safety and reduce offending in Indigenous communities.
7.1.4. Preventing child abuse and neglect
The number of children substantiated by child protection services as having suffered child abuse or neglect has increased in Australia over the past 20 years, leading to significant social and economic costs due to an increased need for child protection and out-of-home care services, as well as the short and long term costs to the child in terms of psychological and physical trauma and damage to family cohesion. Poor parenting practices, and child abuse and neglect, are among the strongest predictors of juvenile involvement of crime.
Priority areas for reducing child abuse and neglect are outline in the National Framework for Protecting Australia’s Children 2009–2020. A whole of government approach to child abuse and neglect will incorporate interventions to address known risk factors for child abuse and neglect as well as universal approaches to prevent child maltreatment. Effective crime prevention involves developing and implementing evidence-based strategies to support families and promote positive parenting practices among those people are at risk of child abuse and neglect (including parents with drug or alcohol problems, adolescent parents, families with parents or children with special needs, mental illness, and intimate partner violence), and among those individuals who come into contact with the criminal justice system.
There is evidence for the effectiveness of crime prevention programs that involve:
- early intervention to address risk and protective factors for child abuse and neglect, particularly in at-risk communities that experience high levels of social and economic disadvantage;
- parental education focused on building existing skills and promoting positive interactions and behaviour toward children, combined with other programs to address factors which may be impacting on their parenting;
- providing support to parents and families and ensuring that important support services are available, such as through tailored home visitation programs delivered by skilled staff;
- personal safety programs that address a range of issues delivered in school settings and incorporate role play to encourage reporting and dealing with high risk situations; and
- improving coordination between criminal justice agencies, domestic violence and child protection services to assist in the prevention of children’s early exposure to domestic violence, deal with physical, emotional and sexual abuse and neglect, and prevent the intergenerational transmission of violent attitudes and behaviours and/or subsequent victimisation.
A balance must be achieved between investment in health, education and welfare universal support services available to all children and families, those specifically targeted towards at-risk or vulnerable children and families, and strategies to prevent repeat victimisation where abuse or neglect occurs.
7.1.5. Reducing violence against women
Research has shown the majority of family and domestic violence events in Australia are committed by men against women. There is considerable evidence surrounding the negative impact of domestic violence on victims and their families. The National Council’s Plan for Australia to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children 2009–2021 highlights a number of areas that can be addressed through future domestic violence initiatives, including:
- overcoming barriers to effective implementation of collaborative strategies and monitoring the effectiveness of partnerships in reducing domestic violence;
- supporting primary prevention strategies, including social marketing strategies that aim to promote cultural and behavioural change;
- ensuring that domestic violence services are accessible to victims and their children, and that service systems are sufficiently integrated to address the complex needs of victims;
- ensuring programs are targeted towards and tailored to the needs of those women at an increased risk of domestic violence or who may be less likely to access support services, including Indigenous women, women from CALD backgrounds, younger women and women living in rural and remote communities;
- increasing the involvement of men and boys in the development of programs designed to prevent violence against women by changing male attitudes and behaviours; and
- improving the evidence base with respect to effective interventions to reduce domestic violence, particularly in relation to primary prevention, victim support services, perpetrator programs, criminal justice interventions and risk assessment and management.
Increasing coordination and collaboration across sectors and across all levels of government and non-government is an important principle underpinning any approach to the prevention of domestic violence. Programs should also be supported by ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
In addition to being consistent with other national strategies, including the National Council’s Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2009–2021, effective responses to violence against women should be comprehensive and focus on a number of key areas. These areas include:
- continuing efforts to improve community attitudes towards violence against women and address prevailing misconceptions regarding the prevalence, nature and acceptability of violence against women, through social marketing and communication and community development initiatives;
- implementing early intervention and education programs targeted at young people, including school-based programs that aim to shape appropriate attitudes towards women and violence;
- addressing alcohol and other substance use problems among both perpetrators and victims of domestic violence, including through the development of partnerships between treatment services and domestic violence programs;
- assisting agencies such as police to implement effective processes and risk assessment tools to identify early signs or risk factors for violence and implement secondary prevention programs that target families that have been identified as being at risk of domestic violence;
- continuing to build upon the considerable work undertaken to improve the criminal justice response to domestic violence and an integrated response from criminal justice agencies, such as better linkages between criminal justice processes, support services and prevention programs, introduction of pro-arrest police policies, specialist courts and support services for victims; and
- increasing the availability and awareness of services for victims (such as advocacy, support, accommodation, skill development and counselling) and perpetrators, enhancing referral mechanisms and improving collaboration between service providers.
7.2. Continuing to monitor local crime problems, identify local priorities and develop strategies to reduce their impact on the community
Each Australian jurisdiction faces a range of local crime problems that will be identified through systematic analysis of local data on key indicators, as well as in response to political or community interest or concern. Furthermore, these problems vary across communities and locations within each jurisdiction. An important feature of this Framework is that it supports the development of different priorities and targeted responses in individual jurisdictions and communities.
This requires the development of appropriate mechanisms to:
- identify and prioritise local issues of concern based on evidence of need, develop practical responses to these issues and evaluate and measure the effectiveness of each response;
- consult and engage with the local community to help understand crime priorities, exchange information and to identify opportunities to engage the community in local problem solving;
- improve the quality and availability of information for local stakeholders required to appropriately target interventions to address local crime problems; and
- integrate crime prevention within other services and preventative strategies delivered at the state/territory and local government level.
At the local level, police and local government can perform an important role in providing leadership and coordinating local crime prevention activity through the development of a local crime prevention plan that clearly defines agreed actions for all relevant stakeholders to address local crime problems.
7.3. Addressing new and emerging crime problems
Crime prevention operates in a complex and ever changing global environment. While many factors influence the level and nature of crime in a community, new crime problems continue to emerge as changes in the global economy and advances in technology create new opportunities for offenders.
Further, new threats to security are likely to continue to emerge with the ongoing development of technologies and the changing nature of business operation. The development of new technologies has been identified as a key factor in the expansion of consumer fraud and can also be exploited to commit identity related crimes, scams targeting vulnerable people, cyber stalking and bullying, computer vandalism, theft of information and the dissemination of objectionable material online. New technologies also have the potential to increase the risk of organised crime and terrorism.
There is evidence of increasing levels of concern in the community regarding identify theft and credit card fraud via the internet. The growing use of personal computers and mobile devices by young people is increasing the risk of online scams, and harassment and bullying targeting young people. The increased use of high speed internet, and growth in social networking sites and online chat rooms, presents potential opportunities for both criminal activity and crime prevention. At the same time, individuals can take a range of actions designed to make electronic crime more difficult through securing domestic Internet facilities and protecting the security of personal information as far as possible.
Inadequate security measures and limited awareness of risk increase the probability of victimisation. Some of the areas to focus on include:
- establishing mechanisms to continually reassess the risk from new and emerging technologies;
- increasing awareness among both individuals and businesses through education and the development of appropriate resources of the risks posed by technology enabled crime;
- embracing those developments in technology that provide a new medium through which crime prevention strategies can be implemented, and opportunities for the development and utilisation of new crime prevention technologies; and
- addressing the lack of skills, knowledge and capacity to prevent information and communication technology enabled crime, and to develop cost effective solutions;
There is growing recognition of the potential harm from organised crime to individuals, businesses and the community more broadly through impacts such as:
- economic instability, community fear and risks to personal wellbeing and safety;
- loss to businesses and individuals through organised fraud; and
- social and economic cost of drug related harms associated with organised criminal activity.
The development of new technologies, changes to law enforcement practices and the changing economy have all been identified as potential risk factors for organised crime. The UK experience with organised crime suggests that harms associated with organised crime are concentrated in the most deprived communities.
Further research is needed into the potential impact of community-based prevention strategies as opposed to national agency-based strategies in addressing organised crime. However, there is evidence that collaboration between law enforcement, government, industry and the community is vital to Australia’s response to organised crime.
Such responses need to be flexible, innovative and forward-looking; at the community level, they should include strategies to increase public awareness of the indicators or signs of organised criminal activity. Partnerships with business can be used to increase awareness of the risks from organised crime, to share information on emerging threats and to develop strategies to reduce the risk posed by new technologies. Finally, it is important to develop strategies to protect socially marginalised and vulnerable groups at risk of being targeted by organised criminal groups.
7.4. Improving the evidence base for crime prevention
There is a considerable body of knowledge about successful approaches to crime prevention, and understanding of the conditions that must be in place to implement effective interventions. Nevertheless, it is important that this evidence base continues to be developed and refined, and that the ongoing effectiveness of interventions is assessed on a regular basis.
Researchers, including universities and agencies such as the AIC, make a significant contribution to evidence-based crime prevention by undertaking policy-relevant research into new and emerging crime problems, and by evaluating the effectiveness of crime prevention strategies. They can also help inform crime prevention strategies by facilitating access to relevant data and research on crime problems, trends and effective solutions. Collaborative arrangements which encourage the involvement of researchers in crime prevention evaluation, and which support the integration of research into practice, are therefore important.
Despite advances in understanding crime, its precursors and in determining effective interventions to prevent or reduce crime, a concentrated effort is required to address gaps in the existing evidence base, particularly as it relates to new and innovative crime prevention strategies and in understanding emerging crime problems. This Framework will assist in the development of research and evaluation priorities and the development of a program of research and evaluation work directed towards improving the evidence base for effective crime prevention interventions.
Further research into the effectiveness of the following crime prevention strategies is required, particularly as they operate within the Australian context. This includes areas such as:
- the use of CCTV in public spaces;
- integration of principles relating to restorative justice (e.g. young offender programs) and therapeutic jurisprudence (e.g. the blending of justice and health objectives) into the legal process, in particular the growing number of specialty courts (e.g. drug courts) that now operate in a range of formats in each jurisdiction;
- the efficacy of changes to legislation in terms of their preventive or deterrent effect (e.g. liquor licensing legislation), and legislation that aims to improve the criminal justice response and prevent reoffending;
- community-based crime prevention initiatives in which police are the principal or lead agency; and
- education and awareness campaigns to promote attitudinal and behavioural change.
In addition to these specific areas, there is also the need to undertake cost benefit analyses as part of evaluations of program outcomes in order to determine the cost effectiveness of crime prevention policies, programs and projects. The development of a national model to enable reliable forecasts of crime trends would help overcome some of the challenges associated with determining and demonstrating the extent to which any observed reduction in crime at an aggregate level (i.e. at a state or national level) resulted from specific crime prevention policies and programs.
7.5. An ongoing program of capacity building and technical assistance to ensure new knowledge and good practice are actively disseminated and adopted in practice
A key feature of effective crime prevention programs is the support provided to crime prevention practitioners to assist them to design, deliver and evaluate initiatives through regular communication, technical advice and assistance. This involves a commitment to developing the knowledge, skills and practices of individuals and organisations engaged in crime prevention action, and to actively disseminate good practice knowledge to enhance effective program implementation.
Recent experience has highlighted the need to direct more focused attention and resources to the task of improving the skills base and access to appropriate resources for those engaged in crime prevention action. This should include:
- the active dissemination of crime prevention knowledge, including research findings, evaluation and effective interventions;
- the development of physical and online resources, toolkits and other materials to assist in improving the skills and capacity of those engaged in crime prevention work;
- identifying and working with key training providers to assist in the development of appropriate content for training and workforce development relevant to the wide variety of crime prevention practitioners; and
- the development of a model performance measurement and evaluation framework to be used as a tool for assessing progress and emerging priorities for the provision of technical support to the crime prevention field.
The objective of crime prevention can best be achieved in close cooperation with other areas of prevention. Crime prevention strategies and programs therefore need to create professional interfaces, promote reciprocal understanding and acceptance of different prevention objectives, methods, technical expertise and standards, including in the areas of health, education and environmental protection.
The AIC is currently in the process of designing and implementing a technical assistance program that would provide education, training and support to stakeholders working in crime prevention. The objective will be to develop an ongoing program of work to improve knowledge and skills in crime prevention and to help overcome many of the practical barriers to the effective implementation of crime prevention strategies.
8. IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND REVIEW
Each jurisdiction already has a number of actions in place that are consistent with the priorities and principles outlined in this Framework. Implementation of this Framework will involve jurisdictions referring to the approaches, principles and priorities supported by the Framework when developing or reviewing crime prevention strategies, and modifying existing strategies (where necessary) to reflect this Framework.
Responsibility for overseeing the implementation of this Framework will rest with the ANZCP SOG and its member agencies. Reporting on progress in implementing the Framework will be consistent with the current jurisdictional biannual reporting by ANZCP SOG member agencies. Reporting will focus on the delivery of crime prevention activity that is consistent with the principles and addresses the priorities highlighted in this Framework. Issues of high importance will be communicated to the Standing Council on Police and Emergency Management (SCPEM).
This Framework is a working document. The priority areas (in section 7) will be subject to annual review so new and emerging issues can be highlighted and incorporated over time.
Individual jurisdictions will be responsible for evaluating the effectiveness of strategies implemented as part of this Framework. A longer term review will be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the Framework in achieving the purpose (section 2) and to determine its contribution to crime prevention and achieving the outcomes outlined in section 4.
1 Including Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and United States (Homel P 2009. Lessons for Canadian crime prevention from recent international experience. IPC Review 3:13-39)
2 United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 2002. Guidelines for the prevention of crime. 11th Commission on the prevention of crime and criminal justice. Resolution 2002/13, Annex. New York: UN ECOSOC | <urn:uuid:2b6af534-f4c4-47d1-8b41-9e545c6cbf4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.aic.gov.au/crime_community/crimeprevention/ncpf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00304-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94104 | 11,863 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Dogs love liver! Baked chopped liver mixed with flour and cornmeal would be delectable treats that would entice the pooch to respond well to training. A dog would devour every last piece of liver steak on its feeding bowl. In the wild, dogs purposely look for the liver and other organs when eating the body of the prey. It must be noted that the liver is the organ in the body that manages toxic substances so that when it gets overloaded and when the body weakens, the liver is one of the very first organs that breaks down. The liver of an unhealthy animal becomes the repository of the impurities of the body. Interestingly, some dogs would not touch raw or cooked liver. These dogs probably know that they stand to get parasites from unhealthy dogs. These dogs are probably aware that eating large portions of liver would do them no good.
A responsible owner would always ensure that the pet is given every chance to have good health. Dogs have many similarities with humans but a dogs systems and its digestive capabilities are far different from ours. Dogs have a different metabolism. What is edible and safe for humans can pose dangers to the health of the dog. Thus it would not always be wise to give the pet human food. One of these human foods is liver. Can a dog eat liver? Certainly! Liver, raw or cooked, is rich in vitamins and minerals. However, feeding our canine friends with liver must be done in moderation. Liver contains large levels of vitamin A. Dogs should never be feed large amounts of liver as it can poison the pet and result to vitamin A toxicity.
For humans, liver is considered to be a super food as it is known to boost energy, brain power and muscle growth. Liver is one of the food sources that help in maintaining humans general health. This nutrient packed food is a good source of vitamins A and B, DHA and arachidonic acid. Vitamin A has always been widely acknowledged to promote healthy vision. Vitamin A also promotes fertility in males and females. Dogs receive similar benefits from vitamin A. This vitamin is of prime importance to the growth of puppies as deficiency of vitamin A would retard the growth, result to poor vision, weak muscles and poor quality of skin and coat. Mature dogs deficient in vitamin A may fail to reproduce. Females may not ovulate properly and males may become sterile.
Liver is a good source of vitamin A. However, feeding the dog large amounts of liver can result to toxicity given that vitamin A is one of the 2 vitamins that when over supplemented can give negative results. Three or more servings of liver a week will result to vitamin A toxicity that would cause deformed or excessive bone growth especially on the elbows and the spine. Other symptoms of toxicity are weight loss and anemia resulting from the dogs refusal to eat, constipation or diarrhea. Because of the deformed bones, dogs with vitamin A toxicity would limp.
Good health is the greatest gift a dog owner can give to the pet. However, well meaning owners may inadvertently cause the dog harm. An owner must always know what is being fed to the dog. Labels of canned food must be carefully examined to ensure that it does not contain liver if the dog is already given home cooked liver.
What to do if your dog eats chocolate? | <urn:uuid:c4c1d0a6-9cc0-403f-a37d-e3278f15491a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://safehounds.com/can-dogs-eat-liver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.961166 | 667 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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The near record-breaking Midwestern drought of 2012 shriveled corn crops and toasted pasture land. But it did have one positive side effect. The drought significantly reduced the size of the seasonal Gulf of Mexico dead zone. Less rain led to less fertilizer runoff—the dead zone is fed by a buildup of nitrogen-based fertilizer in the Gulf—which meant that the 2012 summer dead zone measured just 2,889 sq. miles. That’s still a zone the size of the state of Delaware, but it was the fourth-smallest dead zone on record, and less than half the size of the average between 1995 and 2012.
This year will be different. Heavy rainfall in the Midwest this spring has led to flood conditions, with states like Minnesota and Illinois experiencing some of the wettest spring seasons on record. And all that flooding means a lot more nitrogen-based fertilizer running off into the Gulf. | <urn:uuid:cde76343-1a45-43b3-8b31-e8682eb53117> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread959266/pg1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00251-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93953 | 236 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The pot is boiling in Macedonia. After recent elections, the parties in power are unable to form a government, with George Soros affiliated NGOs, along with the socialist party, pushing for the Albanian minority to gain power in parliament, and the American State Department and EU jumping in on their side.
Russia is also keen to keep Macedonia away from the West and seems to be heavily involved in local politics as well.
Johannes Hahn, commissioner in charge of enlargement, visited the country Tuesday and tweeted: “EU path open for Skopje after last (EU summit) but clock ticking. Need statesmanship instead of tactics. Economy hurting,” reported Reuters.
“We are the hosts the guests should listen to, we are the ones that care for this country,” said Bogdan Ilievski, founder of the “For Joint Macedonia” movement that organized a rally in the capital streets during Hahn’s arrival.
Social Democrat leader Zoran Zaev attempted to bring in the 3 Albanian minority parties and form a government; however, President Gjorge Ivanov refused. The furthered use of the Albanian language caused massive protests in the streets.
Zaev met with Hahn and said, “Every day that is lost is lost for Macedonia, for all its citizens.”
Ali Ahmeti, leader of the ethnic Albanian Democratic Union for Integration (DUI) added, “The crisis should be solved by political means, and this political crisis should not be turned into an inter-ethnic crisis.”
“Everyone should be careful and invest in setting up the institutions so they can function.” | <urn:uuid:6dfbce45-85ff-455d-a706-8fa0120a3e1d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tsarizm.com/amp/column-2/2017/03/22/eu-tells-macedonian-politicians-stop-fighting-join-eu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.955455 | 348 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Easy metrics like 'it takes a gallon of gas to make a pound of beef' or 'it takes 140 liters of water to make a cup of coffee' get mainstream media because they are outrageous. They are outrageous because they are completely wrong.
What is the 'real' cost of eating beef? Are the other animal or animal-derived foods better or worse?
A new method attempts to compare the environmental costs of various foods and the authors believe they came up with some surprisingly clear results. The team looked at the five main sources of protein in the American diet: dairy, beef, poultry, pork and eggs. Their idea was to calculate the environmental inputs – the costs – per nutritional unit: a calorie or gram of protein. The main challenge the team faced was to devise accurate, faithful input values.
For example, cattle grazing on arid land in the western half of the US use enormous amounts of land, but relatively little irrigation water. Cattle in feedlots, on the other hand, eat mostly corn, which requires less land, but much more irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. The researchers needed to account for these differences, but determine aggregate figures that reflect current practices and thus approximate the true environmental cost for each food item.
The inputs the researchers employed came from the US Department of Agriculture databases, among other resources. Using the US for this study is ideal, says Milo, because much of the data quality is high, enabling them to include, for example, figures on import-export imbalances that add to the cost.
The environmental inputs the team considered included land use, irrigation water, greenhouse gas emissions, and nitrogen fertilizer use. Each of these costs is a complex environmental system. For example, land use, in addition to tying up this valuable resource in agriculture, is the main cause of biodiversity loss. Nitrogen fertilizer creates water pollution in natural waters.
When the numbers were in, including those for the environmental costs of different kinds of feed (pasture, roughage such as hay, and concentrates such as corn), the team developed equations that yielded values for the environmental cost – per calorie and then per unit of protein, for each food.
The calculations showed that the biggest culprit is beef. The surprise, and therefore the skepticism, comes from the size of the gap: In total, they found that eating beef is more costly by an order of magnitude – about ten times on average – to the environment than other animal-derived foods, including pork and poultry. Cattle require on average 28 times more land and 11 times more irrigation water, are responsible for releasing 5 times more greenhouse gases, and consume 6 times as much nitrogen, as eggs or poultry.
Poultry, pork, eggs and dairy all came out fairly similar. That was also surprising, because dairy production is often thought to be relatively environmentally benign. But the research shows that the price of irrigating and fertilizing the crops fed to milk cows – as well as the relative inefficiency of cows in comparison to other livestock – jacks up the cost significantly.
Dr. Ron Milo of the Weizmann Institute of Science's Plant Sciences Department believes that this study could have a number of implications. In addition to helping individuals make better choices about their diet, it should hopefully help inform agricultural policy. And the tool the team has created for analyzing the environmental costs of agriculture can be expanded and refined to be applied, for example, to understanding the relative cost of plant-based diets, or those of other nations.
In addition to comparisons, it can point to areas that might be improved. Models based on this study can help policy makers decide how to better ensure food security through sustainable practices. | <urn:uuid:2c1d6f72-3eee-468f-b78e-e122a73b8340> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.science20.com/news_articles/virtual_steak_beef_is_10x_more_environmentally_costly_than_other_meat_says_study-140974 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00181-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946522 | 746 | 3.453125 | 3 |
THERE ARE FIVE TYPES OF THE 'POSITION OF'
1. THE UNIVERSE OR BRAMHAND : The Universe is a combined form of place, circumstances, atmosphere and all the Nature including merits and demerits. This world or this earth is just a fractional part of the Universe.
2. THE BODY : Body whom we know as a man or as a woman, is a machine of the 'Self'. Body with all its organs is dead if it is without the Self. Body is alive till it is with the Self. Without the Self, body which is a soily form with many organs, is a dead body. It means that, in fact, a dead body is a real body which is also called Shareer in Sanskrit or Hindi and Jism in Arabi or Urdu.
3. THE SELF : Self is a form of his body and action of the Soul. It is between the body and the Soul. Self is sceptal and is unlike the body which is soily. This is also called Jeeva in Sanskrit or Hindi and Rooh in Arabi or Urdu. It is Self who thinks, knows, understands, decides, talks and so on and acts through various organs of the body.
4. THE SOUL : Soul is a Light or Divine Light or Noor or Divya Jyoti or Chaandana or Param Prakash or Sahaj Prakash. Soul is also called Aatma, Eeshwar, Barmha or So'Han-Han'So Jyoti in Sanskrit or Hindi and Noor in Arabi or Urdu. Soul is a detaching light from GOD or the SUPREME ALMIGHTY LORD.
5. THE GOD : GOD is PARAMTATTVAM-like-AATMATATTVAM or ALM. GOD is all over the SUPREME and is also called Parmatma-Parmeshwar-Parambramha or Khuda-Allahtaala or Bhagwan or Yahoa or Arihant-Bodhisattva or ParamPurush or AkaalPurush or SatPurush.
सब भगवत कृपा से ।
तत्त्ववेत्ता परमपूज्य सन्त ज्ञानेश्वर स्वामी सदानन्द जी परमहंस
'पुरुषोत्तम धाम आश्रम'
पुरुषोत्तम नगर- सिध्दौर, बाराबंकी-225 413 उ0 प्र0 | <urn:uuid:4af4485c-ebf6-42d8-bdad-567f85f630eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://santgyaneshwarji.org/pageview.php?pname=Five%20Entities%20-%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.863424 | 690 | 2.765625 | 3 |
LAST DAYS AT
ABOUT THE FILM
After the most destructive fire in California history destroys the town of Paradise, the end of the school year takes on added meaning for two seniors, Harmony and Kody, and their beloved teacher, Mrs. Partain. As the end of school approaches, these displaced teens grapple with their fading youth like their peers across the country — struggling to stay motivated in class, fighting to be heard, capriciously asserting newfound independence, and deciding what to do next, after graduation. But these moments of classic teenage drama are routinely ruptured by jarring reminders that they have lived through one of the greatest disasters in their country’s history.
Told from the perspective of America's youngest climate refugees, Last Days at Paradise High is an intimate portrait of fading youth and the search for home after it's gone.
On November 8, 2018 the largest wildfire in California history destroyed the town of Paradise. The fire left 85 people dead and displaced nearly 30,000 survivors from their homes in a day. Many moved to the nearby town of Chico into temporary homes as they awaited looming decisions about what came next and where they would go.
Although the original Paradise High building survived the fire — flanked by burned houses, streams of melted metal, and miles of ash— it was deemed too dangerous to use for regular classes. Students were forced to finish the school year in an airport office building hastily converted into a makeshift camp of classrooms, called “The Fortress.”
Increasing traumatic events around the nation and world—from school shootings to COVID-19—are bringing a new generation of young adults into adulthood with inherited trauma. These events are creating a generation of survivors with a shared understanding of the impermanence of our world, anxiety about impending disaster, and a resolve to embark upon radical change. As filmmakers we hope to honor and highlight their stories so that they not be forgotten
The ultimate aim with this film is to include the good with the bad, the familiar with the unexpected, to broaden the perception and deepen the understanding of a disaster and its unforeseen impacts. We want to show both young and old generations how they might live beyond the grim issues of the day, to remind them of the complications and joys of youth, and to demonstrate, through the examples of our subjects, the opportunity for collective healing
EMILY THOMAS, DIRECTOR
Emily is a documentary filmmaker based in Oakland, CA. She seeks out stories around the globe and in her own backyard that connect cultures, embolden the voiceless and spark curiosity. Her work as a videographer has taken her around the world from Palestine to Guatemala to Detroit. Her most recent short documentary, “Blessings of Liberty,” was nominated for Best Short at the 2019 Big Sky Documentary Film Festival and screened at festivals around the country and will air on PBS stations across the midwest this summer. She is a proud graduate of UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism's documentary film program.
DEREK KNOWLES, DIRECTOR
Derek is a documentary filmmaker whose work has been featured as a Vimeo Staff pick and on outlets like The Atlantic, National Geographic, and PBS. He sees documentary filmmaking as a wonderful excuse to tell local stories about the people and places that aren’t often seen onscreen - letter carriers, Oakland skateboarders, squid fishers, and plant lovers, among others. His most recent film, "After the Fire," winner of the Tribeca Film Institute's "If/Then" Shorts Award - follows three residents of his hometown in the months following 2017’s historic northern California wildfires and premiered at the Big Sky Documentary Film Festival in February 2019.
PETER RICHARDSON, EP
Peter’s thoughtful and compelling documentary work has gained widespread recognition, including the Sundance Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary and an Emmy Nomination for Best Documentary for “How to Die in Oregon”, his second feature, which broadcast on HBO. He has worked extensively on premium documentary series, most recently showrunning two seasons of “QB1: Beyond the Lights”, a 10-part documentary series about high school football, Executive Produced by Peter Berg. Prior to his work on QB1, Richardson was Series Director of “Dark Net” and co-Executive Producer of “The Circus: The Greatest Political Show on Earth”, both for Showtime Networks. | <urn:uuid:8c2b2315-6965-4963-8290-b575190094d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lastdaysatparadisehigh.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.95816 | 930 | 2.140625 | 2 |
March , 2014
The gaming trend is gaining more and more ground within the educational landscape. Online games are being integrated into students learning strategies and while they are not a game changer, they do seem to have a promising potential in education. As Dr Jackie argued , the use of games for educational purposes have undergone three main phases and in each phase games have been repurposed in such a way as to align with the ethos of that phase. In education 1.0, online games which are nothing else but electronic worksheets were played in one unidirectional way and there was only way correct way for players to win ; in education 2.0 commercial games have made it into the educational scene and teachers and students started using them, examples of these games include: SIMs, World of Warcraft, Portal. However, in education 3.0, learners are not only using these commercial games in unique ways but they are also using several platforms to create their own games.
Below are some of the popular platforms students can use to create educational games. Check them out:
With Scratch, you can program your own interactive stories, games, and animations — and share your creations with others in the online community. Scratch helps young people learn to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively — essential skills for life in the 21st century. Scratch is a project of the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. It is provided free of charge.
Watch this video to learn more about Scratch
2- Jeopardy Labs
JeopardyLabs allows you to create a customized jeopardy template without PowerPoint. The games you make can be played online from anywhere in the world. Building your own jeopardy template is a piece of cake. Just use our simple editor to get your game up and running.
3- Game Maker Studio
GameMaker: Studio caters to entry-level novices and seasoned game development professionals equally, allowing them to create cross-platform games in record time and at a fraction of the cost! In addition to making games development 80 percent faster than coding for native languages, developers can create fully functional prototypes in just a few hours, and a full game in just a matter of weeks.
Minecraft is a game about breaking and placing blocks. At first, people built structures to protect against nocturnal monsters, but as the game grew players worked together to create wonderful, imaginative things. It can also be about adventuring with friends or watching the sun rise over a blocky ocean. It’s pretty. Brave players battle terrible things in The Nether, which is more scary than pretty. You can also visit a land of mushrooms if it sounds more like your cup of tea. | <urn:uuid:740dd02f-dba8-45ef-9aa3-a965c7e51578> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/03/5-important-web-tools-students-can-use.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959984 | 555 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Management Degree in South Carolina
Online management schools in South Carolina can help you enhance your leadership skills. On-campus and online management degrees in South Carolina include certificates, associate's degrees, bachelor's degree, and the master of business administration with concentrations in fields such as tourism, human resources, information systems, project management, and more. Management classes in South Carolina tackle strategic, marketing, and operations management as well as topics from entrepreneurship and innovation to human resource management. Online management schools in South Carolina allow you to continue working as you learn the latest techniques to handle global, technological, and ethical management challenges. Skilled managers are needed in a wide range of industries, and the growing manufacturing, retail, wholesale, education, and health sectors should offer exciting opportunities to professionals with management degrees in South Carolina. Professional and business services as well as transportation and warehousing businesses could also present attractive opportunities for managers, as all of these sectors showed signs of employment growth in 2010, reports the South Carolina Department of Employment and Workforce. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the top earning fields for graduates from management schools in South Carolina are chief executives, with a mean annual wage of $165,630 in 2009, engineering managers ($107,450), and sales managers ($100,230). | <urn:uuid:705c00f7-af69-4c5d-b337-138eb1d4c10a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.getdegrees.com/p/south-carolina_management-degree | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949802 | 256 | 1.882813 | 2 |
A lukewarm reception to Target’s first expansion outside the United States contributed to a nearly $1-billion loss for the Canadian operations of the discount retailer last year.
In the fourth quarter alone, Target Corp. said its Canadian segment suffered a US$329-million loss before interest and taxes. The retailer generated US$623 million of sales in Canada but said it struggled with gross margins of 4.4 per cent, reflecting efforts to lower prices to clear excess inventory.
Overall, the Minneapolis-based retailer said Wednesday that it earned US$520 million, or 81 cents per share in the quarter, down from $961 million, or $1.47 per share a year earlier.
Revenue fell to US$21.5 billion from $22.7 billion as revenue at stores open at least a year, an important retail measurement, fell 2.5 per cent. Analysts had expected a profit of 80 cents on revenue of $21.5 billion, according to FactSet estimates.
It said the costs associated with moving to Canada reduced the company’s quarter’s net income by 40 cents per share and full-year net income by US$1.13 per share.
Gregg Steinhafel, chairman, president and CEO of Target, told analysts that markdowns during the holiday period helped the retailer reduce average inventory rates at Canadian stores by 30 per cent in the quarter.
“While 2013 was a disappointing year financially, we’ve entered the new year with the right plans in place to grow profitably and generate meaningful improved financial performance in 2014 and beyond,” he said in a conference call.
For the full year, the Canadian segment lost US$941 million before excluded items on US$1.3 billion of sales, with its annual gross margin at 14.9 per cent.
Hopes had been high when Target opened its first stores in Canada last year after buying some of the properties from the now-defunct Canadian discounter Zellers.
But since its entry last March, the retailer has faced high expansion costs and disappointing sales as shoppers complained about near-empty shelves and notably higher prices than at U.S. Target stores.
Retail consultant Maureen Atkinson said competition for consumers’ dollars is fierce in Canada, as other retailers like Walmart and Shoppers Drug Mart ramped up their expansion plans in preparation for Target’s arrival.
“There have been fundamental issues here (with Target),” said Atkinson, who is with the Toronto-based firm J.C. Williams Group. “They have to do better.”
Atkinson said a more intense marketing campaign in Canada could work if Target is successful at portraying itself as a go-to value destination for “frequency categories” such as groceries, cosmetics and health products.
“Canadians aren’t used to coming frequently to a store like Target because they treat it more like a department store, whereas Target wants to be seen as a grocery store or drug store,” she said.
“Obviously it would help if people came to the store more times because there will be more opportunities for them to buy things.”
The company’s chief financial officer, John Mulligan, attributed the disappointing earnings to growing pains the company experienced with its rapid Canadian expansion.
Looking ahead, he expects Canadian sales to nearly double to $2.6 billion in 2014, with stores approaching a higher annual gross margin rate of approximately 30 per cent.
“But clearly, we will see some near-term volatility until the Canadian business matures,” said Mulligan, who is also the retailer’s executive vice-president.
Despite the rocky start, the retailer, the second-largest U.S. discount department store operator after Walmart, announced last month that it will open nine more stores in Canada this year. Two locations will be in Mississauga, Ont., with one store each in Toronto, Ottawa and Barrie, Ont. Stores will also be added in Edmonton, Victoria, Winnipeg and Candiac, Que.
By the end of 2014, Target said it would have 133 locations in Canada.
Meanwhile, the company also said a massive data breach over the holidays contributed to a 46 per cent drop in its overall fourth-quarter profit, and drove down sales at all of its stores by 5.3 per cent.
The breach resulted in US$17 million of net expenses in the fourth quarter, Target said, with US$61 million of total expenses partially offset by the recognition of a US$44 million insurance receivables.
It said it could not categorize how much the breach will cost the company in the future.
Target said as many as 40 million credit and debit card accounts at its U.S. stores were compromised between Nov. 27 and Dec. 15. It later revealed that hackers also stole personal information — including names, phone numbers as well as email and mailing addresses — from as many as 70 million customers.
Canadians who visited U.S. Target stores during this period could’ve also been victimized, but unlike the affected U.S. customers, who had payment data from their debit and credit cards taken, the Canadian information was limited to contact information, according to the company.
The number of Canadians affected is estimated to less than 700,000 customers.
Since the discovery of the breach, Target has committed to providing a year’s worth of credit monitoring in Canada and the U.S.
It also said it will invest US$100 million into equipping its U.S. stores with Target branded chip credit and debit cards, and put $5 million towards a coalition with the Better Business Bureau that will help educate consumers about retail fraud prevention.
— With files from The Associated Press
Note to readers: This is a corrected version. An earlier story said the Canadian segment of Target lost US$941 billion instead of million. | <urn:uuid:f1e7854b-4716-4b58-9ed2-5abadbbb5c96> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/targets-canadian-arm-loses-nearly-us1-billion-since-opening-last-march/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.963953 | 1,229 | 1.523438 | 2 |
GRAY School (1) proposes itself as a centre for education around creative and intellectual exchange, the contextualization of a publication as well as a referent to the formative years of pedagogy: grade school.
GRAY School (1) will be a space for an exhibition, lectures and workshops while also acting as the catalyst for GRAY Publications’ third issue. Since GRAY is a publication that documents fashion, garment and agency we will be working with artists, writers and lecturers who do not necessarily deal with fashion through form, but engage with the field through its many tensions. GRAY School (1) will include contributions from Tobin Gibson, Holly Goldsmith-Jones, KT Kilgour, Zoë Kreye, Willem Jan Smit, and Brent Wadden.
CLOSING RECEPTION MAY 15, 2013 8PM
GRAY School (1) will also inaugurate a new addition to UNIT/PITT Projects’ public program – On Economy: A Sunday Service. Each Sunday this three-hour event will provide an opportunity for anyone to engage with the texts of others. Starting with a workshop of editing texts brought into the space – On Economy: A Sunday Service will move on to a discussion surrounding a piece of literature selected from GRAY’s curriculum.
Each service will be held with a discussion wherein exchange or economy is implicit. GRAY will be sourcing texts around the topics of: “social spheres”, “attitudes”, “objects”, “monetary values”, “written language”, “the potluck”, “the gift” and “the sacred object” throughout its weeks of operation. On Economy: A Sunday Service will bring together guest speakers to engage with texts such as:
Education. London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2011.
Aranda, Julieta, Brian Kuan. Wood, and Anton Vidokle. What Is Contemporary Art? Berlin: Sternberg, 2010.
Baudelaire, Charles. The Painter of Modern Life. London: Penguin, 2010.
Bishop, Claire, Artificial Hells. 2012.
Castellane, Victoire De., and Louise Neri. Victoire De Castellane: Fleurs D’excès. Paris: Gagosian Gallery, 2011.
Eisenstein, Charles. Sacred Economics: Money, Gift, and Society in the Age of Transition.
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Schumacher, E.F. Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered.
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Tanizaki, Jun’ichirō. In Praise of Shadows. London: Vintage, 2001.
Wessels, Walter J Economics, Barron’s Business Review Books 5th Ed.
Westwood, Vivienne. 100 Days of Active Resistance Bologna: Damiani Editore, 2011.
Whistler, James Abbott McNeil, The Gentle Art of Making Enemies.
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Tobin Gibson is a recent BFA graduate from Emily Carr University of Art + Design and is an MA candidate for the Critical Writing in Art and Design program at the Royal College of Art. He has contributed texts to Robin Seir’s solo exhibition at studio1.1 (London, UK) and Anatomize Obfuscation at The Commons (Vancouver, BC). Gibson engages with event and publication-based projects that discuss art, design, anthropology and philosophy through topics of dirt, agency, painting and product design.
Holly Goldsmith-Jones, born and raised on the North Shore, graduated with a BFA from Emily Carr University of Art + Design with a focus in Critical and Cultural Practice. She has spent time studying at the School of the Art Institute, Chicago. She is interested in economies, dress, teamwork and all that is local as a place of motivation.
KT Kilgour was born in Aberystwyth, Wales and immigrated to Canada as a young child. In 2009, KT graduated from the Textile Arts program at Capilano University where she studied traditional textiles. To develop her ideas she moved on to study at Emily Carr University of Art + Design with a focus in textile sculpture. Her current practice bridges theories of craft, fashion and feminism through labour, process, perception, embodiment and technology.
Zoë Kreye ‘s artwork looks to engage the public in relations beyond aesthetics, with the goal of building inclusive, bottom-up associations that have the potential to be catalysts for change within dominant social systems. Often looking outside the realm of art, her projects take the form of clubs, rituals, workshops, adventures, discussions and social sculpture. In 2009, she completed a MFA in Public Art & New Artistic Strategies at the Bauhaus University Weimar, and in 2010 she cofounded the Berlin artist collective Process Institute. She produces collaborative community arts projects, independently, collectively, and within institutional structures in Berlin, Montreal, Vancouver, New York and Istanbul. Currently she teaches Studio Arts and Social Practice at Emily Carr University of Art & Design.
Willem Jan Smit was born in Eindhoven, Netherlands and traveled to Vancouver to study at Emily Carr University of Art + Design. His work is a mash-up of contemporary icons, graphics and sensations pared down to realize the monochrome inside or a single geometric form. Pixels, fibres, light, physical space, subtle intervention and digital technology are considered to produce what is minimal and energized. Willem will be moving back to the Netherlands this spring to pursue his practice.
Brent Wadden graduated from the Nova Scotia School of Art & Design in 2003 and is currently based in Berlin and Vancouver. He has upcoming solo exhibitions at Peres Projects (Berlin) and Sorry We’re Closed (Brussels) and most recently exhibited at Independent (New York), NADA (Miami) and FIAC (Paris). Wadden’s work connotes rhythm and chance of daily life through painting, textile, and the slippage between two and three dimensionality. | <urn:uuid:d1af5cb8-45c4-4d76-b5eb-295b06e73925> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.unitpitt.ca/exhibitions/past/archived-events/gray-school-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.901842 | 1,536 | 1.632813 | 2 |
The short film “Natkhat“, starring and co-produced by Vidya Balan, depicts how toxic masculinity and patriarchy are instilled in kids right from the start through various small and big instances.
Speaking about the concept, the film’s director Shaan Vyas said: “‘Natkhat‘ is a film that addresses the fact that no matter how many reforms and institutions we set up to address female oppression, fundamental deep-rooted change can only be brought about by proper parenting and teaching children the values of equality at an early age.”
“When me and my co-creator Annukampa Harsh went out to research for the film, we realised that every sensory cue available to a child is representative of a power-difference between men and women. He looks around and finds policemen, army men, male politicians, male principals in school, and even in entertainment, male heroes,” he added.
Continuing on external forces that influence kids, Vyas said: “These social forces are too strong and parents can’t control this. The kids assimilate this and form belief systems that men may just be the more superior gender. The one thing that parents can change though is the way that their own children see this and perceive this inequality.”
The narrative of the 33-minute film revolves around a mother educating her son about gender equality. The film is co-produced by Vidya Balan along with Ronnie Screwvala. | <urn:uuid:6389953d-dc42-4105-840b-792463f4a4ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/natkhat-vidya-balans-short-film-is-an-attempt-to-address-female-oppression-in-the-society-shares-director-shaan-vyas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.959521 | 320 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Iran and Turkey are the most popular destinations for cosmetic surgery and medical tourism procedures such as rhinoplasty in the West of Asia and the Middle East region, but these two countries have traveled different paths to reach this place.
Iran started to boom from 30 years ago and the last three decades have seen them go forward with persistent slow growth rates, whilst Turkey started actively promoting medical tourism around 2012 and have had amazing progress since then, causing them to eventually surpass Iran last year regarding the popularity of rhinoplasty on Google search engine results. As you can see in the diagram. the words “rhinoplasty in Turkey” has gotten more viral than “rhinoplasty in Iran” from 2018. Iran had a long history of rhinoplasty in the world but just in 6 years have been defeated by Turkish colleagues.
So why has this happened?
I would believe the several factors contributed towards this:
Turkey has introduced itself as popular tourist destination in the last decade so patients can enjoy the sights alongside surgery, but Iran has not been as popular in this field.
The media has a very important role in this success. Turkish surgeons capitalized on social media heavily to absorb more patients but Iranian colleagues couldn’t compete with them due to financial sanctions.
Infrastructure like hotels, airports and transportation is way better in Turkey than Iran which could be another factor.
Attractive package deals in Turkey could be another factor to attract patients
Finally I could mention that if Iran is going to progress in medical tourism they should invest in infrastructure and advertisement on social media more too. | <urn:uuid:0ef77c21-bd93-479e-9c28-2ebf48ebee0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dramirsajadian.com/en/why-you-should-prefer-rhinoplasty-in-iran-over-turkey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.970254 | 326 | 1.546875 | 2 |
WeMove Europe is an independent and values-based organisation that seeks to build people power to transform Europe in the name of our community, future generations and the planet.
To the Region of South Tyrol and Arnold Schuler, provincial agricultural minister of Bolzano
In a well-functioning democracy, civil society needs to be able to openly criticise those in power and speak out on social issues. When environmentalists criticise the massive use of pesticides in South Tyrol they should not be intimidated, but listened to carefully.
We therefore urge you to immediately drop the criminal charges against Karl Bär and board members of the Munich Environmental Institute, as well as author Alexander Schiebel and his publisher Jacob Radloff.
Why is this important?
This is the story of Karl Bär and Alexander Schiebel, their mission to stop the use of pesticides in our food, and how the local government of South Tyrol is doing everything in its power to silence them.
Karl and his organization, the Munich Environmental Institute, displayed a billboard to draw attention to the massive use of pesticides in the apple plantations in South Tyrol.
Alexander wrote a book called “The Miracle of Mals” about the story of the small village of Mals in South Tyrol whose citizens voted to ban pesticides in their community while the local government subsequently tried to stop them.
Now, they’re being sued by South Tyrol’s local government in an attempt to censor them until they abandon their activism. The trial starts next week, in mid-September.
We know the local government in the quiet mountain and prosperous region of South Tyrol isn’t used to being targeted. They rely heavily on tourism and absolutely hate bad publicity.
Karl and Alexander have a plan to spread their story across Europe. But it would be so much more powerful if this isn’t just their struggle, but all of ours. All it takes is your signature to stand with them.
If we let South Tyrol’s government get away with this, the impact will go much further than Karl and Alexander.
Outrageously, these kinds of intimidating and baseless lawsuits are increasingly used across the European Union by companies, powerful individuals and governments in an attempt to silence activists and journalists by burdening them with huge legal costs. They are often called Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation (SLAPP). In this case, more and more people will be scared of speaking up against the use of pesticides.
Karl and Alexander have dedicated their livelihood to stopping pesticides. But right now they need our help – let’s join them!
In partnership with:
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To stay independent, we are very careful about who we accept money from - but impactful campaigns need funding, so we need your help!
Can you donate just a few euros a month to help our community continue to support activists fighting to stop the use of pesticides in Europe?
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Thank you for signing our petition to stand with Karl and Alexander and let the Italian region of South Tyrol know Europeans don’t respond well to bullies. It is only together that we can truly be a force to be reckoned with. | <urn:uuid:bd6c6005-1053-4263-b3ea-5b7e703ab913> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://act.wemove.eu/campaigns/support-pesticide-rebels?action=sign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.932103 | 924 | 1.648438 | 2 |
By Ana Martinez-Ortiz
In times of great turmoil and great triumph, we often find ourselves looking back on our past for guidance. As the cliché saying goes, history has a way of repeating itself and can act as a guide when it comes to making a decision about the next step.
Given today’s current climate, it is not unusual to hear people invoking Martin Luther King, Jr.’s name in the name of social justice, civil rights and democracy. After all, King was a prolific speaker and a prominent figure whose words and actions, which implored peaceful and nonviolent measures, had a global impact that went beyond America’s borders.
If King were alive today, he would be 92 years old. He first became a prominent Civil Rights figure in his twenties and would remain so until his death in 1968.
As the country prepares to celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day, which will take place this year on Monday, Jan. 18, many find themselves asking what King would think of the world today.
Would he be disappointed that civil equity has yet to be achieved? Angry that Black men, women and children continue to be killed at disproportionate rates compared to their white counterparts. Committed to keeping up the fight for racial equity? Hopeful that change would soon be coming?
No one can say for certain, but his actions and words speak for themselves and many would hedge a guess that he’d be all those things and more.
King’s wish was to live in an equitable world, a world where all people are granted their basic human rights. As expressed in his best-known speech, “I Have A Dream,” King famously said, “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”
It’s likely that King would look at the world today and see a dream unfulfilled.
The world that exists today continues to be ripe with injustices. Some injustices such as police brutality are old, but some such as the disproportionate number of Black people dying from COVID-19 are new.
During the Civil Rights Movement, the leaders and activists and protestors demanded not only change but a better world. They marched for it. They were arrested for it. They died for it. They hoped for it. Change and improvement don’t happen overnight, but that doesn’t mean they are not worth fighting for.
The world today is better than it was before, but it can be better, it must be better.
King’s most famous speech is “I Have A Dream” and the thing about dreams is, there is no time limit on when they can be manifested. | <urn:uuid:865f3e05-682f-45cf-abbe-f7d822ba6f9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://milwaukeecourieronline.com/index.php/2021/01/15/what-would-martin-luther-king-jr-say-about-the-world-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.978459 | 580 | 3.453125 | 3 |
April 18, 1912: Statute fixing number of lifeboats ancient
Here is the complete text of this article from page 2 of The Denver Post, April 18, 1912:
STATUTE FIXING NUMBER OF LIFEBOATS ANCIENT
Did Not Contemplate Mammoth Liner of Capacity Like Titanic.
Only Sixteen Are Required, With Room for 880 People, Which Is About the Number Rescued.
London, April 18.–The Standard in an editorial says:
“The fierce outcries in America against the board of trade, which acts the standard for all the world in these matters, reveals the fact that leading shipping companies, parliament and navy department here have not yet awakened to the advent of the mammoth liner. It seems incredible, but it is true, that regulations at present in force do not contemplate the existence of a ship more than 10,000 tons which is not a quarter of the Titanic’s register.
“According to these regulations the minimum number of boats of an approved type which must be carried under the davits and ready for instant launching by vessels of 10,000 tons and upwards is sixteen and the total minimum cubic feet, that is to say, 10 cubic feet for each person.
“This provides for the reception of 880 people which is just about the number that are believed to have been saved and is barely one-third of those on board the Titanic last Sunday.
“How many passengers who go aboard these huge modern liners have known that if anything happens two out of three or three out of four of them are doomed to perish unless another ship happens to be standing by. They know it now and one result must be a new merchant shipping act with board of trade rules requiring that every ship shall carry sufficient means of taking off the whole of her passengers and crew. It may be said that a steamer like the Titanic cannot be expected to put to sea without at least sixty or seventy rowing boats.
“In that case she will have to carry steam launches and barges like a man-of-war or better still, some portions of her mile long decks must be pontoons which can be detached and used as rafts in emergency.”
Berlin, April 18.–The German regulations in regard to providing boat accommodations for passengers and crew in case of an emergency like the sudden floundering of the Titanic do no call for a seat in a boat for everybody. The largest ships carry about twenty boats.
The newspapers in referring to the Titanic disaster make less criticism in regard to the shortage of boats than in speed craze, to which many ascribe the accident.
It is claimed that if a daily service each way across the Atlantic be adopted the danger of disaster will be lessened as ships will always be in the neighborhood of each other. It is stated that the North German Lloyd, Hamburg-American, Cunard, White Star and French lines are discussing such an arrangement. | <urn:uuid:61c89fc9-a6a6-4cdb-8dfe-8390e4fdca91> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.denverpost.com/titanic/2012/04/08/april-18-1912-statute-fixing-number-lifeboats-ancient/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95551 | 609 | 2.828125 | 3 |
By resorting to special methods of warfare, the army of Ukraine, for the most part, did not allow Russia to be drawn into the confrontationwhich the Russian command wanted to impose.
As writes Focus, Retired Australian Armed Forces General Mick Ryan explained that the Ukrainian military is using “corrosion” tactics to make it impossible for the enemy to fight the way they want. At the beginning of the war against Ukraine, Vladimir Putin and his entourage apparently hoped to win a quick victory. As you know, nothing came of it. More than five months have passed since the start of the Russian invasion. And the Ukrainian army continues to put up stubborn resistance. Ryan explained why the Ukrainian “corrosion” tactic didn’t work when it came to stopping the Russian offensive in the Donbas.
“Ukraine strikes at the weak points of the Russians, using parts of its forces to slow down the advance of the Russian army and demoralize its soldiers‘ General Ryan explained.
This means that Ukrainian forces destroyed enemy communication networks, supply lines and rear areas, as well as artillery and command posts. At the same time, the Australian military emphasized that this Ukrainian strategy was “embodied with discipline and courage.” He notes that in the battle for Kyiv and Kharkov, the defenders were able to stop the advance of the Russian army forward by blowing up the rear of the enemy, as well as destroying part of Russian logistics. According to Ryan, this greatly undermined Russian morality.
But in the Donbass the situation was very different. Instead of a quick counterattack, the Ukrainian army found itself in a protracted battle of attrition. According to General Ryan, the reason is that the front line in Donbas is very long. Moscow, on the other hand, has concentrated its offensive on the agglomerations of large cities, such as Severodonetsk and Lisichansk. Ukraine avoids protracted battles that cost the lives of many soldiers. Therefore, this type of battle meets Russian interests.
However, thanks to Western support, Ukraine was able to turn the tide of the fighting. The so-called depth struggle has now become an important part of the corrosion strategy. By using long-range systems such as HIMARS, the Ukrainian military was able to destroy strategically important targets, in particular, Russian ammunition depots and command centers. General Ryan notes that the destruction of command posts with high-ranking Russian commanders is very important. He explains that without the coordination of commanders, Russian forces are not as cohesive and their ability to resist the Ukrainian offensive is deteriorating.
Due to the corrosion of Russian morale, soldiers will fight less disciplined, and sometimes even refuse to go on the attack. According to the Australian military, the Russian army is under great pressure due to previous defeats in southern Ukraine. Therefore, it will take greater tactical and operational risks. As an example, he points out that Russia is trying to make up for losses with volunteer battalions. But these forces have neither proper training nor support. Therefore, they will not be able to sustain sustained attacks.
“By exhausting the Russian army physically, intellectually and morally, the Ukrainians have advanced even further in the art of war. They are waging war for the 21st century. Ukrainians are masters in it“, – said General Ryan, adding that the defenders of Ukraine refuse to fight on Russia’s terms. | <urn:uuid:25fce32d-cccb-4689-bdd4-9c361e417d5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dailybanner.co.uk/content/focus-the-military-of-ukraine-are-the-masters-of-war-of-the-21st-century-but-why-did-their-methods-not-work-in-the-donbass | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.96632 | 692 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Background: With the burden of HIV and AIDS still very high, South Africa has seen an increase in commercial traditional medicines claiming to have immune-enhancing effects. Because of lack of regulation of the traditional medicine sector, these products have proliferated. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of uMakhonya®, a commercial traditional immune booster, using various models of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
Methods: Immunosuppressed, mitogen-, and peptidoglycan (PG)-stimulated PBMCs were treated with various doses of uMakhonya® and incubated for 24 h. The treated and control samples were analyzed for cytotoxicity, secretion of 12 different inflammatory cytokines, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels, and nitric oxide (NO) secretion.
Results: In cytotoxicity assays, uMakhonya® induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in all three models, with IC50 values of 512.08, 500, and 487.91 μg/mL for immunosuppressed, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-, and PG from Staphylococcus. aureus (PG-S. aureus)-stimulated PBMCs, respectively. UMakhonya® at 100 and 10 μg/mL induced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the secretion of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in cyclosporine-, immunosuppressed, and PHA-stimulated PBMCs. In the same samples, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in sIL-2R concentration, which correlated with an increase in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In PBMCs stimulated with PG-S. aureus, uMakhonya® at doses of 100 and 10 μg/mL significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1β and TNF-α. PG-S. aureus-stimulated PBMCs also showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in sIL-2R concentration when compared to control samples. UMakhonya® insignificantly (p > 0.05) decreased NO levels in PBMCs after PG-S. aureus stimulation.
Conclusions: These results showed that uMakhonya® can induce both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects depending on the initial stimuli applied to immune cells.
Keywords: Cytokines; Cytotoxicity; Immune booster; Soluble receptors; Traditional medicines. | <urn:uuid:2c8f4fe2-ec96-4d38-9eb8-bed73951d4f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27550057/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.862716 | 595 | 1.625 | 2 |
The field of smart wearable systems has just gotten a boost thanks to researchers from Tufts University. A team of engineers has developed a novel 3-dimensional thread-based diagnostic platform that, when sutured into tissue, collects a range of real-time diagnostic data wirelessly, including pH, glucose levels, temperature, stress, strain, and pressure. Physical and chemical nanosensors, microfluidics, and electronics integrated into various types of conductive threads, including cotton and synthetic fibers, are connected to a wireless electronic circuit. The result is a suture that can penetrate tissue, sense various factors in the interstitial fluid, and relay information to a wireless transmitter affixed to the the skin, which then transfers data to a computer or smartphone.
In contrast to existing flexible 2-dimensional diagnostic platforms, this 3D system enables intimate association of the thread-based diagnostic device with complex organ and tissue microenvironments. The applications for these novel thread-based devices include integration into smart bandages to track wound healing and infection, as well as smart sutures to monitor the biophysical integration of surgical implants, such as orthopedics and organs. Although the initial feasibility studies are promising, future work is required to investigate long-term biocompatibility and efficacy of this novel system.
Study in Microsystems & Nanoengineering: A toolkit of thread-based microfluidics, sensors, and electronics for 3D tissue embedding for medical diagnostics | <urn:uuid:db3faf21-87f6-416d-9c4e-1c6eac1d2304> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medgadget.com/2016/07/novel-3-dimensional-smart-sutures-wireless-collection-biological-data.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.938965 | 304 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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January 07, 2021 @ 15:17 +03:00
China on Thursday tried to draw parallels between the U.S. riot on Capitol Hill and pro-democracy unrest in Hong Kong that took place two years ago.
Chinese state media avoided sharing too much opinion on the news, though state-backed tabloid Global Times showed photos of the chaos in both riots and highlighted what it said was a discrepancy in media coverage for both.
In response to the U.S. riots, China’s Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying compared the mobs on Capitol Hill with protests in Hong Kong in 2019, which saw large crowds storm and vandalize the legislative building in the Chinese city.
At the daily media briefing, she pointed to U.S. media descriptions of the D.C. riots as “violence” and a “disgrace,” and compared them to remarks made by U.S. Speaker Nancy Pelosi who once called the Hong Kong protests a “beautiful sight to behold.”
China’s Foreign Ministry urged “people to reflect on why some people and media in US gave different narrative on social turmoil in Hong Kong in 2019,” Global Times said in an English-language tweet.
Chinese-language state media downplayed the U.S. Capitol riots, reporting the news but stopping short of significant political commentary.
Four people died Wednesday when mobs stormed the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C., as angry supporters of President Donald Trump tried to delay the confirmation of President-elect Joe Biden by Congress.
After hours of delay in the proceedings, Congress finally confirmed Biden’s victory early Thursday morning.
China compares U.S. Capitol riots with Hong Kong protests, CNBC, Jan 7 | <urn:uuid:8039ea12-1512-41a2-ae35-8430a76ac27e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fxpro.news/market-overview/china-compares-u-s-capitol-riots-with-hong-kong-protests-20210107/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.945715 | 370 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Services and Treatments
Aortic Valve Surgery
Valve repair and replacement are performed to improve the blood flow through a faulty valve. It is important to note that the aortic valve can be repaired, in addition to the more commonly performed replacement.
Valve Disease: The Problem
In healthy patients, blood returning from the lungs is pumped into the left atrium (the left upper chamber of the heart) and through the mitral valve into the left ventricle (the left lower chamber of the heart). From the left ventricle, the blood is then pumped through the aortic valve and out to the rest of the body, via the aorta.
In the hearts of patients with aortic valvular disease, the aortic valve does not open or close properly. Patients with valves that interfere with adequate blood flow may notice a number of symptoms that compromise the quality of their daily lives, including:
- Shortness of breath
- Trouble breathing during heavy exercise
Valve disease compromises blood flow in one of two ways:
In stenotic valves, the leaflets that make up the valve stiffen. This narrows the valve opening and prevents smooth blood flow. This can cause dangerous increases in pressure within the heart and lungs. The left ventricle will try to accommodate this narrowing by thickening. With time, this will lead to detrimental enlarging of the heart.
Regurgitation occurs when one or more of the leaflets enlarges to the point the valve can no longer close with a tight seal, allowing blood to flow back through the valve once it's been pumped through.
There are a number of causes for this kind of wear and tear on the valve, including enlargement of the aorta (which acts as a scaffold for the valve), valve infections and myxomatous degeneration.
How Are Valve Repairs Performed?
The procedure for valve repair depends on the particulars of a patient's case. For example, a patient with an aneurysm of the ascending aorta may develop insufficiency, which could be treated with repair of the aneurysm itself. Insufficiency associated with dilated aortic roots can sometimes be fixed with a valve-sparing root replacement.
In all cases, surgeons at the Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care offer patients the most minimally invasive approach available. Depending on the circumstances, our surgeons will use breast bone incisions that are up to two-thirds smaller than the traditional cut.
Repair Versus Replacement
Although the Heart and Vascular Center offers cutting-edge procedures for the full spectrum of mechanical and biological valve replacement, our surgeons are dedicated to valve repair when appropriate.
When the valve is repaired, patients maintain their own tissue and don't need to take blood thinners. This is an attractive option for young women planning to become pregnant. The Heart and Vascular Center is currently participating in a national clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of valve-sparing procedures in patients with Marfan Syndrome.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
If conventional valve repair or replacement is not an option for a patient, a procedure called TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement ) was approved by federal regulators last November and is now available at Montefiore. During TAVR, a bioprosthetic valve is threaded through the femoral artery via a catheter and then into the heart. Once in position, balloon valvuloplasty is performed to deploy the replacement valve and its frame within the diseased native aortic valve. The procedure is performed in a hybrid catheterization lab and, once perfected, often takes less than an hour. Montefiore Medical Center is among the first wave of sites selected nationwide to launch a TAVR program in 2012. Patients are actively being evaluated for inclusion in Montefiore’s TAVR program. For additional information about the program, visit www.montefiore.org/tavr or call 718-920-7000.
Protecting Your Valves During Routine Medical Procedures
Infections that affect valve function cross every social and economic line-they can happen to anyone. Patients who have existing valve conditions are at risk for contracting an infection during routine dental, obestetrics, gynecology and urology procedures, in which there is a risk of bacterial release into the bloodstream.
Patients with existing valve conditions should talk to their doctors about taking antibiotics before undergoing these routine procedures. For example, a doctor may prescribe an oral antibiotic to be taken by a patient prior to dental work. | <urn:uuid:00c91106-2272-47ec-b579-c4046fb2cd23> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.montefiore.org/aortic-valve-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00498-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923671 | 951 | 3.25 | 3 |
Wednesday, 1 August 2012
Family Education Trust bulletin
The Family Education Trust produces one of the most helpful pro-family resources in Britain. I just received the latest Family Bulletin by post (the last one on the website is from May 2012 and also worth looking at.) the latest issue has articles on same sex marriage, the sex education debate, the distribution of the pill by chemists to under-16s, and a piece by Tony Sewell on practical strategies in the education of children from deprived backgrounds, stressing Rule, Rites and Rituals.
You can join Family Education Trust here. £10 will get you the Bulletin four times a year.
Unfortunately, the website is rather in need of a revamp and there is no blog or rss feed, so it tends not to get picked up on the radar of many blogs. This is a pity because the content is first rate. | <urn:uuid:9b1f33e0-b27e-4887-aaa6-99f4c7e006bf> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://the-hermeneutic-of-continuity.blogspot.com/2012/08/family-education-trust-bulletin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720962.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00385-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949989 | 181 | 1.765625 | 2 |
This article is being highlighted as one of Gamasutra's top stories of 2013.
A reprint from the April 2013 issue of Gamaustra's sister publication Game Developer magazine, this article, aimed at programmers, explores ways to help you take your work back from distraction.
I'm writing this article in a dull state: low sleep, busy, disorientated, and interrupted. I try all the remedies: using the Pomodoro Technique, working in coffee shops, wearing headphones, and avoiding work until being distraction-free in the late night. But it is only so long before interruption finds a way to pierce my protective bubble.
Like you, I am "programmer, interrupted." Unfortunately, our understanding of interruption and remedies for restoring focus are not too far from homeopathic cures and bloodletting leeches. But what is the evidence, and what can we do about it?
The cost of interruption
Every few months I see another programmer asked to not use headphones during work hours or interrupted by meetings too frequently to do any work, who has little defense against these demands. I also fear our declining ability to handle these mental workloads and interruptions as we age.
Researchers who have studied the costs of interruptions in office environments estimate that interrupted tasks take twice as long and contain twice as many errors as uninterrupted tasks. They also found that workers have to work in a fragmented state, because 57 percent of tasks are interrupted (see References for citations).
For programmers, there is less evidence of the effects and prevalence of interruptions; typically, the number that gets tossed around for getting back into the "zone" is at least 15 minutes after an interruption. Interviews with programmers produce a similar number. Nevertheless, numerous figures in software development have weighed in: Y Combinator founder Paul Graham stresses the differences between a maker's schedule and a manager's schedule, and 37signals founder Jason Fried says the office is where we go to get interrupted.
Studying programmer interruption
Based on an analysis of 10,000 programming sessions recorded from 86 programmers using Eclipse and Visual Studio, and a survey of 414 programmers, we found:
We also looked at some of the ways programmers coped with interruption:
The worst time to interrupt a programmer
Research shows that the worst time to interrupt anyone is when they have the highest memory load. Using neural correlates for memory load (by measuring pupil diameter, for example), studies have shown that interruptions during peak loads cause the biggest disruption (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Tracking the change in pupil diameter over time for individuals given tasks of varying difficulty.
In our study, we looked at subvocal utterances during a programming task to find different levels of memory load during programming tasks (see Figure 2). When people perform complex tasks, subvocal utterances (electrical signals set to the tongue, lips, or vocal cords) can be detected. This phenomenon has long intrigued researchers, some likening subvocal signals to the conduits of our thoughts. Recently, researchers have even been able to decode these signals into words.
Figure 2: Electromyogram (EMG) signals correlated with a 13-minute programming task for modifying a Tetris game. | <urn:uuid:1f36d94e-65ba-45f4-b8e7-15ab27acf077> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/190891/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00305-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941453 | 656 | 1.960938 | 2 |
This is a very interesting short video on Darwin’s Tree. Stephen Meyer is a gifted scientist with excellent explanatory skills on complicated subjects. We suggest that you watch this video and share it with friends, family, and your Church community. Christians have been bullied into evolutionary theories for over a century when science tends to point toward intelligent design. We should not be afraid to confront these issues with truth and love. Do not allow the secular academic community brainwash your children into believing that science and faith are contradictory. Do not be naive in what you believe! | <urn:uuid:78b05925-2036-4f69-98d5-6d89dade22ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rratedreligion.wordpress.com/2021/12/23/watch-stephen-meyer-takes-on-darwins-tree-on-youtube/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.952082 | 111 | 1.515625 | 2 |
At a Glance
McSurely v. McClellan is a case that challenged congressional immunity for wrongdoing with regards to the illegal seizure and copying of written documents from the home of voting rights activists Alan and Margaret McSurely.
This case began in 1967 when Alan and Margaret McSurely and three other political activists were arrested and charged with violating Kentucky sedition laws. As a result of their case, the sedition statute was declared unconstitutional. The court also ordered the return of books, documents and personal papers which had been seized from the McSurelys by arresting officers. This order was not followed.
The Kentucky prosecutor permitted Senator John McClellan’s congressional committee to copy many of the seized papers, and the committee issued a subpoena to the McSurelys for the originals. After refusing to comply, the McSurelys were eventually tried and convicted of contempt of Congress. The convictions were reversed in 1972 on the ground that the subpoena was based on the illegal 1967 seizure.
In 1968, while the contempt charges were pending, the McSurelys filed a damage action against McClellan, other government officials, and the Kentucky prosecutor. Seven years later, a Court of Appeals ruled that the Senator and his aide were not protected by congressional immunity. The complaint was then sustained by the U.S. Supreme Court.
After a five-week trial in 1982, a jury found that McClellan had conspired with Senate aides and Kentucky law enforcement authorities to deprive the McSurelys of their fundamental liberties. The McSurelys were awarded $1.6 million in compensatory and punitive damages.
The defendants appealed. While the appeal was pending, the Kentucky prosecutor agreed to settle. In January 1985, a Court of Appeals reversed the judgments as to the First and Fourth Amendment violations, while it sustained the judgment for breach of privacy against one of the defendants to the extent of $20,000. The Supreme Court refused to review this decision.
Early in 1986, the U.S. Senate adopted a resolution to pay the McSurelys the amount due on the judgment. | <urn:uuid:268bca75-018c-47dd-832d-cfc01631adbf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ccrjustice.org/home/what-we-do/our-cases/mcsurely-v-mcclellan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977454 | 423 | 2.875 | 3 |
Popple (1996) argues that the inverted Turing test should be seen as a replicable scientific experiment. I suggest that while the research method this implies may be appropriate, the Turing test itself should not be seen as a scientific test.
2. I am grateful to Popple for a chance to clarify the legal analogy (Watt, 1996, par. 6; see also Dennett, 1985, p. 122). She suggests that the Turing test might be better read "as a scientific experiment requiring replication" (Popple, 1996, par. 5). Her criticism of the "one-shot" test I accept. A single failure should not necessarily lead to rejecting the general hypothesis that the system is intelligent, although by definition, failing the Turing test means that in one specific case that hypothesis has indeed been rejected. Unfortunately, failing the test only means that this one specific hypothesis has been rejected; no further scientific conclusions about the system can be drawn (Dennett, 1985). That is: the hypothesis "X can think" is an element of a theory of mind, not of a theory of a science such as psychology, and the two are different kinds of theory (Clark, 1987).
3. The same goes for replication: scientific replication is usually intended to confirm or reject scientific hypotheses, and for this the Turing test is inappropriate. Interpreting replication in a weaker sense, and using many test trials (rather than just one) to gather more inductive evidence, is probably a much better way to run the test, as Popple suggests. I therefore accept the scientific experiment analogy, but not the scientific interpretation that usually accompanies it.
4. I did not want to claim that the inverted Turing test is more exclusive than the Turing test. If there is any difference at all, I'd expect it to be slightly weaker. The reason I proposed the inverted Turing test is to suggest that in many runs of the test, different judges and sets of questions might systematically change the outcome, so by studying and modelling the judge we can indirectly study how people actually ascribe intelligence. This, then, is targeted as a key weakness of the original Turing test, that "as a practical matter the test is of little value in guiding research" (Moor, 1976, p. 256).
5. Popple's last point (1996, par. 6) is about the "alien intelligence hypothesis" at the heart of the paper. Separating fact from science fiction here is difficult. I am suggesting that what we know about the origin and structure of a system affects our ascription of intelligence. Even if a system's intelligence is judged without evaluating its naive psychology, our naive psychology is used in that judgement. Human naive psychology, then, is still implicated in our recognition of alien intelligence. We cannot be objective about intelligence.
6. So while I am happy to accept that the scientific experiment analogy might be more meaningful than the legal one, especially regarding replication, I am not convinced that the Turing test is, or could be, in any sense a scientific test "for" intelligence.
Clark, A. (1987) From Folk Psychology to Naive Psychology. Cognitive Science 11:139-154.
Dennett, D.C. (1985) Can Machines Think? In: How we know, ed. M. Shafto, Harper and Row.
Moor, J.H. (1976) An Analysis of the Turing test. Philosophical Studies 30:249-257.
Popple, A.V. (1996) The Turing Test as a Scientific Experiment. PSYCOLOQUY 7(15) turing-test.2.popple.
Watt, S.N.K. (1996) Naive Psychology and the Inverted Turing Test. PSYCOLOQUY 7(14) turing-test.1.watt. | <urn:uuid:93a08f02-a04c-44ca-bb5f-5a351cf7a3d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?turing-test.3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.914841 | 796 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Describe the major factors distinguishing market structures.
Answer to relevant QuestionsExplain why an economist and a zoologist, look ing at horses, cows, and automobiles, would not choose the same two out of three as belonging to a set. The following demand schedules are given for Todd Fletcher's T-Shirt Company. What market structures is Todd Fletcher not in? Calculate the firm's market share at $9 and at $6 with 0, 10, and 20 competitors. Why is the perfectly competitive firm's long-run supply curve identical to its marginal cost curve lying above its ATC? Inevitably, a firm in monopolistic competition ends up producing where its ATC curve is tangent to its demand curve. Explain. Suppose you were managing a firm in unbal anced oligopoly and your market share was less than 5 percent. Describe how your price and output levels would be determined.
Post your question | <urn:uuid:72cdab51-d537-4248-b726-424c34caedf5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.solutioninn.com/describe-the-major-factors-distinguishing-market-structures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00117-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963368 | 188 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO); Interstate Transportation in Aid of Racketeering; Conspiracy to Murder Persons in a Foreign Country
Ramadan Shallah, Rashad, Mohamad El-Fatih, Mahmoud, Radwan, Al-Shaer, Abu Abdullah, Ramadan Abdullah
|Date(s) of Birth Used
||January 1, 1958
|Place of Birth
||Sajaya, Gaza Strip
|Scars and Marks
The Rewards For Justice Program, United States Department of State, is offering a reward of up to $5 million for information leading directly to the apprehension or conviction of Ramadan Abdullah Mohammad Shallah.
Ramadan Abdullah Mohammad Shallah is wanted for conspiracy to conduct the affairs of the designated international terrorist organization known as the "Palestinian Islamic Jihad" (PIJ) through a pattern of racketeering activities such as bombings, murders, extortions, and money laundering. Shallah was one of the original founding members of the PIJ and is presently the Secretary-General and leader of the organization, which has its headquarters located in Damascus, Syria. He was listed as a "Specially Designated Terrorist" under United States law on November 27, 1995. Shallah was indicted in a 53 count indictment in the United States District Court, Middle District of Florida, Tampa, Florida.
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED ARMED AND DANGEROUS | <urn:uuid:a659b028-f6a9-4994-981f-711b5074d19b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/ramadan-abdullah-mohammad-shallah/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893806 | 287 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Grant Opportunities for Wetlands Restoration Now Available
Concord, NH - The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services is pleased to announce that grant opportunities are now available. The Aquatic Resource Mitigation (ARM) Fund grants are available for eligible wetland restoration, land protection or habitat improvement projects. Any of New Hampshire's communities that lie wholly or partially within the service areas are eligible to apply for ARM Fund grants.
ARM Fund payments are collected according to nine service areas and are available for the purpose of replacing or protecting wetlands and other aquatic resource functions and values that were impacted by development projects in the watershed areas. In 2013, the grant funded the preservation of 2,200 acres in 9 communities including wetland and stream restoration and enhancement and stream passage restoration.
Pre-Proposal Submission: Applicants are required to submit a one- to two-page summary detailing their watershed proposal to the DES Wetlands Bureau office by 4 PM April 28, 2014. The ARM Fund Program pre-proposal form can be found at des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wetlands/wmp/categories/forms.htm Please submit one hard copy and one electronic (pdf) copy.
An ideal project would provide resource restoration within the context of a proposed conservation proposal. The key to success is the long-term protection of those wetland functions that are restored or enhanced. Reviewers will favor proposals that clearly demonstrate how the project's wetland protection, restoration, enhancement and/or creation will be sustainable over the long-term. Where project scores are comparable, preference will be given to those projects that provide long term protection of the project area and its buffer or provide long term management to ensure the greatest environmental benefit from funds available. Details of the mitigation program and towns included in the service area can be found at des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wetlands/wmp/index.htm
Prior to filing an application, it is strongly suggested to discuss the proposal with DES Mitigation Coordinator, Lori Sommer, at [email protected] or (603) 271-4059. | <urn:uuid:6d4bbdda-56d9-49af-a99c-58d90688e40f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.des.nh.gov/media/pr/2014/20140319-wetlands-grants.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00461-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906244 | 437 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Introduction to Minot, North Dakota
Minot was founded in 1886. It was named in honor of H.D. Minot, a railroad investor. Minot was incorporated on June 28, 1887. The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad reached the city in 1893. In 1888, it became the county seat of Ward County, which was established on November 23, 1885.
Minot and nearby Attractions
- Oak Park Shopping Center
- Souris Valley Golf Course
- Railroad Museum
- Northwest Art Center
- Ward County Historical Village
- Roosevelt Park Zoo
Things To Do In Minot
While in Minot, visitors can plan a day trip to the Roosevelt Park Zoo. The Town and Country Shopping Center, Oak Park Shopping Center and Arrowhead Shopping Center are some of the local shopping centers. Souris Valley Golf Course is a great place for golfers to play a round. Some of the local celebrations include the North Dakota State Fair, Souris Valley Garlic and Grape Festival, the North Dakota Horse Fest, Northern Neighbors Day and Norsk Hostfest.
Minot International Airport is nearby.
Minot Higher Education
The city is home to Minot State University. Bismarck State College, Northern State University and the University of Mary also provide higher education in the area. | <urn:uuid:064e60f0-4b46-4266-921f-34d73622bd62> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.citytowninfo.com/places/north-dakota/minot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00293-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934052 | 275 | 2.421875 | 2 |
The Laser is a single-handed racing dinghy. The biggest attraction of the Laser dinghy is that it is protected by strict one-design class rules, which means that no changes are allowed to the boat unless they are specifically permitted in the rules. The result is that all Laser boats are virtually identical whether they are brand new or 10 years old, making it the sailor that wins the race, not the boat. The Laser is a challenging boat that rewards athleticism, subtle steering and trimming techniques, as well as tactical excellence. It is a singlehanded Olympic class boat for both men and women and is sailed at the club, national and international levels. With over 200,000 boats in 140 countries, it is the world’s most popular adult and youth racing sailboat.
One of the reasons the Laser is so popular is the boat’s sheer simplicity. The two-part free-standing mast and sleeved sail make the boat easy to rig and its lightweight hull make it easy to carry and cartop.
The Laser Formula combines one hull with three different rigs: Standard, Radial and 4.7. Young sailors starting out in the 4.7 can move up in rig sizes as they grow physically and develop tactically without the need to buy a complete new boat every few years. The one-design protection also means that your Laser will never be outdated, which explains why Lasers have such a high resale values.
Finally, a strong class association that actively promotes and drives forward Laser sailing around the globe makes mass production of the Laser viable, keeping the cost of the boats and spares relatively low. | <urn:uuid:5bcfdb11-362b-4b08-b9d9-573214005aab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vrsport.tv/laser-4-7-radial/season:3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.958643 | 331 | 1.632813 | 2 |
You may have read my post last week about sugar, its addictive qualities, and its effects on metabolism, entitled, “Spike, Crash and Burn: How Even a Little Sugar Could Be Sabotaging Your Weight Loss and Workouts”. Blood sugar and its effect on metabolism is an extremely important piece of the weight loss and fitness puzzle. As I explained, the spikes and crashes that sugar creates in our bodies can cause our metabolism to go into survival mode. These energy ups and downs send signals to our body that we don’t have a consistent source of energy to keep us moving. The body interprets this is a need to conserve energy, so it begins storing fat instead of burning it. In this survival mode, we may find ourselves working out regularly and not losing weight at all.
You may be thinking, “No problem, I’ll just replace sugar with artificial sweeteners!” But, do these products have consequences for our health? What about our weight loss goals?
Are you confusing your body?
There is some research that shows that using artificial sweeteners instead of sugar may actually ‘trick’ our bodies into thinking we’re eating sugar, and cause similar physiological effects! Your body has its own automatic responses to signals from the brain as you take in the very first taste of a food. According to Dr. Mark Hyman on his blog, just a taste of something sweet, even if it isn’t real sugar, signals to your body that calories are on the way and triggers a set of metabolic responses to prepare the body for these incoming calories.
A 2008 study in the Journal of Behavioral Neuroscience showed that these physiological cues can actually make you gain weight, just as if you were eating real sugar. In a study comparing two groups of mice, one group was given yogurt sweetened with sugar and the other group received saccharin-sweetened yogurt. The mice receiving the saccharin had significant increases in appetite, ate more, gained more weight and experienced a slowing in their metabolism! The saccharin acted on the mice’s bodies in an unexpected way – rather than causing them to take in less calories over time, it caused them to eat more and gain weight.
Other studies have shown an increase in weight gain in human beings who drank Diet Coke, which is sweetened with another common artificial sweetener, aspartame. According to two studies conducted by the School of Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, people who drank two Diet Cokes per day experienced 500% greater increases in waist circumference than those of non-drinkers!
According to interpretations of these studies, it seems that when the body experiences the sweet taste, it receives the cue that calories and a dose of sugar will be coming. When we eat the artificial sweetener and our body doesn’t receive the calories and sugar we ‘promised’ it, the body reacts by making us hungrier – it’s attempting to get the calories it expected to get in the first place. The sweet taste of artificial sweeteners may also stimulate an endocrinological response, such as insulin production from your pancreas, which can cause a spike and crash effect similar to sugar.
For a couple of decades, artificial sweeteners have been notorious for having concerning side effects and causing health problems. In case weight loss isn’t a big concern for you, here are a host of other reasons you might want to avoid daily long-term consumption of some of the most popular artificial sweeteners. Let’s have a brief look at some of the most common artificial sweeteners found in grocery store products:
Aspartame (NutriSweet and Equal)
You may have heard about the studies over the past few decades that have linked aspartame to cancer. It’s had the most complaints of any food additive available to the public and has possible side effects like headaches, migraines, panic attacks, dizziness, irritability, nausea, intestinal discomfort, skin rash, and nervousness. Aspartame is also on an EPA list of potentially dangerous chemicals for causing problems with neurotoxicity (it can result in an accumulation of formaldehyde in the brain), as well as being linked to problems with anxiety, depression and bipolar disorder. Aspartame is still the most commonly used sweetener in diet colas, including Diet Coke. If you still need that extra motivation to kick a Diet Coke habit, check out this article by Well + Good NYC for a few more reasons to avoid Diet Coke.
Saccharin (Sweet N’ Low and Sugar Twin)
While saccharin isn’t the most popular sweetener anymore, it can still be found in some sugar free gums and as a food additive. It got a lot of bad press for being linked to cancer a few decades ago, but most of the carcinogen warnings were removed from products because food industry testing ultimately concluded that it only caused bladder cancer in rodents and that these results didn’t translate to humans. However, further research needs to be conducted to determine the effect of saccharin on human cells. Saccharin is also a strong allergen for some people causing headache, difficulty breathing, the sudden appearance of a skin rash or hives and diarrhea. See a doctor immediately if you experience any of these side effects.
Sucralose is a synthetic compound derived from sugar and chlorine molecules. While the Splenda company goes to great lengths to assure consumers of the safety of the product, some studies and anecdotal evidence have linked it to headaches and migraines, as well as digestive problems. GI problems include gas, bloating, stomach cramping, diarrhea and constipation.
What about natural alternatives like Sorbitol or Stevia?
Sorbitol is a polyalcohol sugar which is used in many sugar-free gums. This more natural sugar substitute doesn’t cause an insulin reaction, has half the calories of sugar and is actually not digested by the small intestine. However, it is a natural laxative and can cause diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, bloating and flatulence, especially in high-doses.
If you have to use a non-sugar sweetener, stevia may be the safest alternative. Stevia is a sweet herb from South America that has been used for 400 years without ill effect. It’s 200 – 300 times sweeter than sugar, so you only need a tiny bit to sweeten your tea or coffee. However, it’s possible that even this very natural sweetener, much like it’s artificial counterparts, has effects on our hunger levels, causing us to crave more sweets.
Overall, the occasional artificially-sweetened treat may not be a problem, but if you’re consuming Diet Coke or other sources of artificial sweetener on a daily basis, you may want to think about cutting back. Over time these sweeteners can create some serious health problems, and they may also lead you to be hungrier, crave more sweets and eat more.
Did you know that eating more regularly throughout the day can help to cut back on sweets cravings, improve your metabolism and increase your body’s ability to burn fat? Eating 6x per day is a key premise of the Athlean-XX for Women Nutrition plan. The plan is super flexible – you can follow our set meal plan for 90 days OR choose and combine foods from our food lists to create your own meals. Designed to fit into a woman’s busy schedule, this plan is also easy – there’s nothing to measure or track. There is also no separate cooking and eating – the whole family can eat the same foods you do! Once you try eating this way, you’ll find that fueling your body throughout the day will give you much more energy to live your busy life and feel great during your workouts! Did I mention that the Athlean-XX for Women workouts are only 30 minutes a day? To give your metabolism and weight loss the boost you need now, give the Athlean-XX for Women Nutrition and Training Program a try. | <urn:uuid:7f64502f-ad23-4b47-98f9-813d3477d0af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://athleanx.com/for-women/how-artificial-sweeteners-can-hinder-weight-loss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.945553 | 1,683 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Concept of Offering AartiThe concept of offering Aarti is said to have originated from the fire rituals or homa of Vedic period in India.Aarti is mainly offered for deities where wicks are kept soaked in purified butter and then lighted. The custom of Aarti is not only performed to God and other forms of life but also to other inanimate forms like vehicles or electronic gadgets so that it excels in its performance and help the performer to do his best. This is another way of worshipping and respecting the object. It can be noticed that when aarti is offered to God at the end it is waved to all the viewers present there which is mainly to show that each one belongs to God and they are an indispensible part of God and thus they show their respect by taking the aarti and bowing down to it. According to Sanskrit the word "Aarti" means complete love where the word "Aa" stands for complete and "rati" means love. Thus Aarti is defined more precisely as a steady and a complete love of a person extended to God. The term Aarti also means the devotional Hindu song which is sung during the performance of Aarti to God.
Aarti is Done with Total Dedication-When Aarti is sung the pooja or the offering of aarti is done with total dedication of esteem, feeling of profound love and admiration and contemplation of thought towards God. Thus, one's entire subsistence and all facets of material creation are symbolically offered to the Lord through the aarti ceremony. Aarti is mostly performed at least twice or thrice a day especially towards the end of the bhajan session. The reason or the purpose behind the performance of Aarti is with an intention of respecting the deities in humbleness and gratefulness and thus the devotees become deeply immersed in God's divine form. Aarti is not only performed in the temples but also at home. Aarti generally signifies the five elements of the universe namely the ether (akash), wind (vayu), fire (agni), water (jal), and earth (pruthvi).
The process of doing the Aarti
-Aarti is usually performed more than two to three times a day which may be either at the end of a puja or a bhajan session. Almost all the Hindu ceremonies and occasions are accompanied by the performance of Aarti. Aarti is offered with the help of a plate made of metal which may be either silver, bronze or copper on top of which a mud or a metal lamp filed with oil or ghee and a thick wick is placed. The wick is always kept in odd numbers for there is a custom behind it. Sometimes instead of a lamp Aarti is also offered by burning camphor. The plate in which Aarti is done also carries items like flowers, incense and akshata. Sometimes the plate is also replaced by a ghee lamp and aarti is offered.Aarti is offered to a person or a deity by circulating the plate in a circular motion and thus by doing so it is believed that the plate or the lamp absorbs the power of the Lord. Once Aarti is done to the deity then the priest offers it to the public and then the people turn their hands only to cup over the flame or the plate and then take it to their forehead thereby getting the blessings which is been passed down from the God to the flame or the Aarti.
Aarti is clubbed with Singing
-As and when Aarti is performed it is a customary practice of singing of hymns and songs in praise of the particular deity. In case of a person, songs are sung in praise of that particular individual. When the Aarti is performed to the deity the performer and the devotees fix or concentrate by looking deep into the eyes of the deity for it is believed that the eyes are the windows to the soul and to get immersed with the God. When Aarti is offered to the deity the flame illuminates the different parts of the God or Goddess only to give the viewers a better sight of the deity.
Aarti is first done in the clockwise direction and after every second or third circle it is waved back and again continued to be waved in the clockwise direction. The main idea behind this motion of Aarti is that it signifies our daily activities which whirl round the God, a center of our life. It can also be taken that aarti is offered to keep God in focus on all the activities we do and strengthen the relation or the belief that everything is secondary only to God for he is the supreme being. Once each individual realize this they get the power to face any unexpected sorrow in their life.
The meaning behind doing Aarti- There are various understanding for Aarti- like it also represents that all of us come only under the divine control of God, which helps in maintaining one's ego down and keep up humility in spite of how high he or she is placed. The custom of Aarti acts as a reminder to be alert so that no worldly pleasure and wishes can overcome the person. This is highlighted by the lighted wicks or the flames during Aarti which removes darkness and keep the person in a bright real world.Performance of aarti is one of the sixteen steps which have to be performed in shodasha upachaara or the pooja of ritual. It is not only accompanied by singing of Aarti songs but also most of time accompanied by playing of musical instruments and clapping which is more of bhajan form. Aarti is also referred to as Mangala Niraajanam and during this process the devotees get engrossed by either a silent or a loud chanting of prayer and keep their eyes fixed on the illuminated deity of the Lord. We get a feeling of additional power in our prayers and the Lord seems to exhibit a special beauty at that time. Apart from lighting a wick for Aarti it is also done with the help of lighting camphor which has spiritual significance related to it. Camphor burns out completely without leaving any trace of it and also at the same time emanates a lovely fragrance. This is compared to an individual's life where the person's knowledge is lit by fire and the truth or the Lord in us is revealed to the world vanishing away our ego and creates a sense of individuality that keeps us separate from the Lord.
Aarti brings us in communion with the God
-Also as the camphor sacrifices itself completely but it still keeps emanating a pleasant fragrance so is our spiritual knowledge where we should be ready to sacrifice ourselves willingly spreading the love to all. Without our knowledge at the time of Aarti we get affined to the Lord on his beauty. The actions of singing, clapping and ringing the bell express our joy and auspiciousness to the almighty.
After waiting for all the rituals to happen and once when the Aarti is shown and the deity gets illumined we close our eyes involuntarily which will take us deep inside the God. This action mainly denotes that each of us is a temple of the Lord and we hold the divinity within. Towards the end of Aarti when it is offered to us we take the offering and put it back on our eyes and head only to ensure that the light which has illumined the lord may also open up our divine vision so that our thoughts become noble and beautiful.
Aartis in the Hindu Temples are Performed by the PriestThe philosophical extension for Aarti is that it states the natural sources of light includes the sun, moon, stars and fire and the God is the creator of all these and it is only because of him all these extraordinary phenomenon exists. The Sun is supposed to be the presiding deity of the intellect; the moon, that of the mind; and fire, that of speech and in turn the Lord has the supreme power of ruling all these heavenly bodies. Thus as we light up the Lord with flame of the aarati, we turn our attention to the very source of a light, which symbolizes knowledge and life. The Aartis in the Hindu temples are performed by the priest and the first one which is performed in the morning is known as 'mangala-arati', this is followed by another aarti in the later morning and one at noon time and the final one is performed at sunset.
The common Aarti hymn which is sung or chanted at the time of performing aarti is as follows, "Na tatra suryo bhaati na chandra taarakam Nemaa vidyuto bhaanti kutoyamagnih Tameva bhaantam anubhaati sarvam Tasya bhaasa sarvam idam vibhaati" He is there where the sun does not shine, nor the moon, stars and lightning. Then what to talk of this small flame (in my hand) ! Everything (in the universe) shines only after the Lord, and by his light alone are we all illuminated. | <urn:uuid:56d19f19-24a9-4a7e-ba8d-7b73ff9a1ffa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/indian-folklore/Performing-Aarti.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00476-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964287 | 1,895 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A meta-analysis finds that postmenopausal bleeding occurs in approximately 90% of women with endometrial cancer.
Evaluation of women with postmenopausal bleeding has the potential to capture as many as 90% of endometrial cancers, according to the results of a meta-analysis published recently in JAMA Internal Medicine.
However, researchers led by Megan A. Clarke, PhD, MHS, of the National Cancer Institute, cautioned that most women with postmenopausal bleeding will not be diagnosed with endometrial cancer.
“Current practice guidelines recommend workup to rule out endometrial cancer among all women with postmenopausal bleeding,” Clarke and colleagues wrote. “Our findings support this recommendation by providing reassurance that targeting this high-risk group of women for early detection and prevention strategies will capture most endometrial cancers.”
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in developed countries, and the incidence of the disease has increased in recent years. Postmenopausal bleeding is a common symptom of endometrial cancer. With this study, Clarke and colleagues wanted to evaluate the prevalence of postmenopausal bleeding in women with endometrial cancer and the risk for this cancer among women with postmenopausal bleeding.
The researchers reviewed literature on endometrial cancer and postmenopausal bleeding from English-language studies published between 1977 through 2017. The analysis included data from 129 studies that included 34,432 women with postmenopausal bleeding and 6,358 women with endometrial cancer.
Ninety-one percent of women with endometrial cancer had postmenopausal bleeding. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of postmenopausal bleeding by cancer stage. Looking at different geographic regions, the researchers found that the prevalence of postmenopausal bleeding was 94% in North America, and 90% in Western Asia and Eastern Asia.
The overall pooled risk of endometrial cancer among women with postmenopausal bleeding was 9%, according to the study. This risk increased to 12% when the data were limited to those studies that excluded women using hormone therapy.
“Use of hormone therapy affects this association at multiple levels,” the researchers explained. “Certain combined formulations of estrogen plus progestin therapy are established to have a protective effect on the endometrium. Furthermore, irregular uterine bleeding is a common adverse effect of hormone therapy, particularly within the first 6 months of use.”
Risk for cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding was lowest in North America (5%) and highest in Western Europe (13%).
“The widespread practice of referring all women with postmenopausal bleeding for transvaginal ultrasound and/or endometrial biopsy carries a considerable burden and cost,” the researchers wrote. “Given the rise in endometrial cancer incidence and mortality, our findings raise the important question of how to best manage postmenopausal bleeding to optimize the benefit of early detection approaches while avoiding unnecessary harms.”
In an editorial published with the study, Kristen A. Matteson, MD, MPH, of Women and Infants Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island, and colleagues applauded the study authors for conducting a study that should “inform both research and clinical care delivery.”
Maurie Markman, MD, president of the Cancer Treatment Centers of America in Boca Raton, Florida, believes the results of this meta-analysis are important.
“This analysis is relevant as it provides a relatively simple summary for physicians seeing women with postmenopausal bleeding with the potential for the underlying condition to be endometrial cancer. In the diagnostic decision process it is relevant to appreciate that approximately 90% of women with endometrial cancer will experience postmenopausal bleeding, but that conversely only about 10% of women with postmenopausal bleeding are ultimately found to have endometrial cancer,” he told Cancer Network. | <urn:uuid:dac34780-96ad-45f4-a724-04fa4404d19f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/postmenopausal-bleeding-common-women-endometrial-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.943242 | 801 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Home Destruction & Rubble
Sharafat - شرفات, Jerusalem: On the morning of February 7, 1951, Zionist Terrorists blew up this home in the village of Sharafat. This is an actual photo of the dreadful scene of the damaged house with its rubble piled on top of its murdered occupants. Barfiliya - برفيلية, al-Ramla: A deep cistern on the hilltop.
احصل على السعر | <urn:uuid:b3192455-9166-4b06-858e-6b68e88e23a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://na-miare-mozliwosci.pl/1611684207/31638.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.792157 | 112 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Sri Lanka refutes UN casualty figures(Read article summary)
Sri Lanka might be gaining the upper hand against the Tamil Tigers, but it now faces a diplomatic dispute.
BANGKOK, THAILAND – A diplomatic row is escalating over civilian casualties in Sri Lanka’s war with the Tamil Tigers. The two sides are in the midst of a military showdown in a coastal strip of jungle in the island's northeast corner.
Western nations are calling for a pause in the fighting to allow for the evacuation of up to 180,000 trapped people, but Sri Lanka is pushing back. In particular, the government is challenging the United Nation's assessment of suffering among this cornered population. The government was angered following a senior UN official's recent warning that both sides in the conflict may have committed war crimes.
Last week, the Monitor reported that UN documents attributed escalating deaths and injuries to Army shelling in a no-fire zone (see the Monitor's story here).
On an official visit to Thailand, Sri Lankan foreign minister Rohitha Bogollagama wasted no time in refuting these claims. He said that he had called in the UN’s country coordinator in Sri Lanka to ask him to retract “unauthenticated, unreliable figures” on civilian casualties. The UN had been “misled on the figures,” Mr. Bogollagama told reporters.
“Here is where the UN coordinator agrees with me, that he can’t vouch for the reliability of the figures,” he said Thursday.
The United States has expressed concern over the actions of both sides in the conflict. A US envoy to the UN said the Sri Lankan government “must pay more attention to protecting the civilians in the conflict,” the Associated Press reported from New York (see the story here).
Bogollagama, who met Thursday with Thailand’s prime minister, Abhisit Vejjajiva, to discuss security and economic ties, argues that government troops are doing everything possible to minimize casualties. He denied that long-range artillery was used against targets inside the no-fire zone, as the UN claimed.
“We have to look after the civilians because they are our civilians at the end of the day. The LTTE [Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam] are on the way out. But our people will remain part of the process, so why should we target them?” he said.
More than 52,000 civilians have now fled the fighting and are being housing in government camps. Bogollagama said international agencies were present in the camps and were able to gather first-hand accounts from the war zone. The Red Cross has evacuated thousands of wounded by boat from the zone and delivered food and drugs.
Bangkok has a walk-on role in the conflict. The LTTE have long bought and sold arms here and once built a rudimentary submarine in the Thai resort island of Phuket. A Sri Lankan diplomat said a key LTTE arms dealer in Thailand is believed to have escaped arrest in 2007 and may now be in Malaysia. Bogollagama said Thailand had agreed to keep an eye out for LTTE cadre. | <urn:uuid:798d5a79-df5e-4e26-bddf-e0739c886597> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://m.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/0327/sri-lanka-refutes-un-casualty-figures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00498-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953948 | 662 | 1.742188 | 2 |
(French volonté générale)
Term used by Rousseau to denote the will of society as manifested through its political institutions, as opposed to the ‘will of all’, which is the preference of members on this or that occasion. The distinction applies when a constitution to which all have contracted enacts legislation to which not all consent (see democracy, paradox of). The citizen is ‘forced to be free’ by being constrained to follow the general will.
Subjects: Social Sciences — Philosophy. | <urn:uuid:beb227c7-f2a4-4f89-911b-50a5565134d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095847241 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719908.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00158-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956758 | 108 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A New Look at an Old Technology
This month, gardens across the United States are bursting with color. Many flowers are hybrid varieties, a popular process pioneered by a French botanist in the mid-19th century. By experimenting with hybridization, Jean-Baptiste Guillot developed entirely new varieties of roses.
Today, manufacturing engineers are experimenting with hybrid joining processes to assemble dissimilar materials. By combining the best of both worlds, such as adhesive bonding and self-piercing rivets, hybrid riveting offers new opportunities.
Although hybrid riveting is not as widespread as other joining techniques, it is gaining popularity. The technology has existed for more than 10 years, but it has only been taken seriously the last few years as real-world applications slowly emerge. European manufacturers, such as German automakers, have been more receptive to hybrid techniques, especially when it comes to joining aluminium.
Two for One
Hybrid riveting is becoming a more common joining process for assembling structural components. "Improved efficiency and durability can be achieved without compromising the joint integrity," claims Scott Tremblay, application engineering manager at Henkel Loctite Corp. (Rocky Hill, CT). "Traditional fastening methods, such as riveting and welding, are often inappropriate for joining dissimilar materials. The use of hybrid-joining, combining the use of two or more joining methods, such as a riveted joint and adhesive, takes advantage of both methods while reducing the stress concentration and propagation within the joint."
Hybrid joining comes in many different forms, but it typically is defined as "the combination of two or more joining techniques to produce joints with properties additional to those obtained from a single technique," says Ewen Kellar, principal project leader of the polymers group at The Welding Institute (TWI, Cambridge, England).
"The most common types of hybrid joints are used for joining sheet materials and involve an adhesive in conjunction with a single-point joint technique, such as a rivet," explains Kellar. Techniques such as riv-bonding have been successfully used to join aluminum sheet in aerospace and automotive applications. Typically, adhesive is applied to the surfaces to be joined prior to assembly. Then the parts are joined with rivets.
Compared to joints made only with rivets, riv-bonding offers additional benefits, such as:
• Continuous, leak-tight joints.
• Higher-strength joints.
• Increased joint stiffness.
• Improved peel and impact resistance, because crack growth away from the joint is arrested by the adhesive bond.
Engineers who want to harness the benefits of hybrid riveting must have an open mind and adopt a new way of thinking. "Although purists may argue that a high quality, all-bonded structure is aesthetically and structurally superior, or that a bolted structure is the simplest and most effective solution, both approaches have their shortcomings," notes Kellar.
"The hybrid joint offers the benefits of both systems in that the number of fasteners can be reduced significantly, thereby reducing the effect of hole damage and increasing the fatigue resistance of the structure," adds Kellar. "The fasteners that remain can act as a backup mechanism in the event of significant adhesive failure."
Whenever two different joining technologies are used, engineers must carefully consider how the processes will react with or against each other. "When using welding in combination with an adhesive, the generation of fumes from locally burnt adhesive, as well as inclusions into the weld, can be problematic," notes Michael LaPensee, vice president of applications and marketing at Henrob Corp. (Novi, MI).
"Rivets combined with adhesive removes these issues. However, the adhesive can have a lubricating effect on the riveting process. This variable needs to be taken into account during rivet and die selection."
Hybrid riveting is typically used when the required joint properties cannot be achieved from a single joining technology. Most applications involve dissimilar structures, such as joining steel to aluminum or composites to magnesium.
"Riv-bonding is not a high-volume, mainstream process," LaPensee points out. "It is usually applied on a case-by-case basis, often using existing rivets and existing adhesives."
Adhesive and rivet combination bonding is primarily used in aircraft assembly and automotive body panel fabrication, where the bonds are subjected to a wide range of dynamic and impact loads. It is often used for attaching dampening materials to structural members.
"[Most riv-bonding applications attempt to] capitalize on the load-spreading nature of an adhesive joint and its ability to maintain a smooth, seamless finish," says Henkel Loctite's Tremblay. "In some applications, the adhesive itself is the primary joining agent."
Mechanical techniques, such as rivets, act as a "tool" in the fixturing process and relieve the adhesive interface from stress and impact caused by peel, cleavage and long-term static and dynamic loads. The rivet acts as a fixture applying uniform clamp load while the adhesive cures. Another benefit of using adhesives is that they serve as a sealant-a protective boundary against corrosion-or damping material.
Self-drilling screws are also used with adhesive bonding. "The extruded aluminum frames on several European sports cars are assembled by this method," says Martin Schnurr, executive vice president of Textron Fastening Systems (Troy, MI). "Aluminum panels and extrusions are assembled with adhesives in fixtures, and then supported by drill screws that form their own holes and self tap. These types of screws avoid swarf, thus preventing debris that can inhibit bond strength."
Rivets also are applied in bonded joints in the aluminum frames of these vehicles, and break-stem fasteners are bonded in steel and aluminum joints. Schnurr says rivet bonding is used to assemble heavy-duty truck cabs where two-sided bonding tape joins the aluminum I-beam to its fiberglass cap. Rivets locate, reinforce and provide fail-safe backup. Similar processes are used to assemble recreational vehicles, buses and truck trailers.
Internal aerospace structures are another common application for riv-bonding. However, rivet bonding processes are not generally used on exterior structural assemblies of business jets and commercial aircraft.
With riv-bonding, an adhesive in film or paste form is applied to the joint and then the rivet is set. The presence of adhesive does not change the basic setting operation, although it may have some influence on the setting parameters required and the load-displacement characteristics monitored during setting. Curing of the adhesive normally follows setting of the rivet.
"The rivet maintains the assembly location prior to adhesive cure, and later serves as a fail-safe backup to prevent catastrophic failure should debonding occur during service," says Schnurr. "The adhesive is the belt and the rivet is the suspenders."
Schnurr sees riv-bonding increasingly used in the automotive industry. Because it is a cold joining technology, riv-bonding can be applied to a wide range of substrates, including prepainted materials.
"The chief advantages of rivet bonding are control and flexibility," claims Schnurr. "Control is achieved by precisely fixturing and locating the component with the rivets prior to curing or during final assembly. Flexibility comes from the ability to create a joint clamp without costly, complex clamping fixtures."
The rivet-bonding combination reduces stress concentration in high-strength joints. The goal is synergy: Exceeding the individual properties of two processes by combining them in a single joining system.
"One of the key attributes of combining adhesives and mechanical assembly technologies is that a variety of benefits can be achieved which exceed the sum of the individual properties of the components in the holding process," adds Henkel Loctite's Tremblay. "The use of hybrid joining takes advantage of the individual components, resulting in improved joint quality and durability while minimizing production costs."
Most riv-bonding applications use self-piercing rivets. They do not require predrilled holes or hole alignment, and have high fatigue properties. However, blind rivets or clinching can also be used with adhesive.
"Self-pierce riveting is the best mechanical joining method to be combined with adhesive bonding," says Joe Butvin, director of sales and marketing at Bollhoff-Rivnut Inc. (Kendallville, IN). "It gives the best all-around ease of use and strength as a hybrid joint. The rivet pierces the top sheet and forms within the lower sheet and does not penetrate it. Therefore, the adhesive cannot leak through the joint."
If adhesive is used with solid rivets that are installed into drilled holes, it creates extra work for assemblers. For instance, the holes need to be made and cleaned before the adhesive can be placed in the joint. "On most structures, this would require fitting up of the parts, drilling the holes, then separating the parts again to clean the joint area before the adhesive can be applied," notes Henrob's LaPensee.
In most cases, it is relatively easy to combine riveting with adhesive bonding. "As long as the self-piercing operation occurs while the adhesive is in a liquid form, there should not be any problems," notes Tremblay. He says two-part epoxies and two-part acrylics work best for riv-bonding.
According to LaPensee, the most appropriate adhesives to use with self-piercing rivets are pumpable, heat-cured products. "These adhesives move relatively easy under the clamping and rivet insertion forces, allowing the joint to be brought fully together," explains LaPensee. "The heat cure prevents the adhesive characteristics changing over time, between the first and last joint, for example, or if production should pause for some reason part way through assembly.
"However, heat needs to be applied to the finished assembly to make the cure," adds LaPensee. "This, of course, can add cost if a paint bake or similar facility is not already in place."
There are other potential drawbacks to adding an adhesive to rivets that engineers may need to take into consideration. For instance:
• There are longer processing times compared with self-piercing riveting alone.
• There can be problems with contamination of the riveting tooling, such as blocking the die.
• Component surface preparation procedures may be required to ensure consistently acceptable bond quality and durability.
• Anisotropic adhesive distribution results from localized pressure caused by the riveting operation.
"I would not say there are distinct disadvantages [to riv-bonding], but there are challenges and considerations," says Mike Shirkey, president of Orbitform Inc. (Jackson, MI). "For example, when combining riveting with adhesive bonding, typically the adhesive bonding is done first.
"Therefore, there tends to be less alignment forgiveness when designing machines and fixtures to do the riveting," warns Shirkey. "Once parts are placed together with adhesive, there is little opportunity to move or adjust. This requires a little different thinking process when designing the tools."
Another obvious disadvantage to a hybrid joint is cost. "You are typically buying two separate joints for each location," says LaPensee. "There is also a cycle time and assembly complexity penalty in having two processes in place on the assembly line. Therefore, riv-bonding is normally only used where the benefits can justify the added costs."
New and Improved Process
To address some of those shortcomings, engineers at TWI have developed a new hybrid riveting process called AdhFAST. "This system is unique in that components can be assembled dry, checked for tolerance and then injected with adhesive at the final stage," says Steve Westgate, technical specialist in TWI's laser and sheet processes group. "This ensures a simplified process with increased quality control, maximizing the benefits of hybrid joint technology. Adhesive dispensing can be metered, with minimal wastage, making the process cleaner, with resultant health, safety and economic benefits."
According to Westgate, AdhFAST differs from traditional riv-bonding in that the adhesive is introduced into the joint after the structure has been assembled using fasteners. Adhesive is injected into the joint through specially designed fasteners.
The fasteners incorporate a means of controlling the spacing between the top and bottom substrates. "This gives greater control of bond-line thickness and, therefore, improved process reliability and joint quality," claims TWI's Kellar. "The AdhFAST fastener can be either in the form of a specially designed component or, in some cases, a standard commercial fastener to which some modification has been made."
Kellar says AdhFAST is a three-in-one fastening system "that allows adhesive to be injected through the middle of the device while retaining the joint and controlling the gap between the substrates or the bond-line thickness."
The AdhFAST system was developed to improve the performance and cost savings of traditional riv-bonding. "The use of such fasteners enables the advantages of adhesives to be combined with the benefits and confidence associated with fastener technology," Kellar points out.
Prototype AdhFAST fasteners have been made in aluminium alloy and a commercial rivet system has been adapted to work using a modified washer as the spacing element. But, Kellar claims that any material with appropriate structural properties, including other metals, plastics and composites, could be used.
The fastener design is very flexible and enables the three functions of retention, spacing and injection to be achieved. Injection of the adhesive can be carried out manually or by an automated process, making it ideal for high-volume production.
Automakers are constantly looking for new ways to reduce the weight and improve the performance of their vehicles. Aluminum offers tremendous potential, but also raises numerous challenges when it comes to cost-effective production processes. For instance, aluminum is typically more difficult to weld than steel and behaves differently when stressed.
As automakers continue to experiment with lightweight materials, most observers predict that hybrid riveting applications will grow. "The concept and use of hybrid bonding of dissimilar substrates is fairly recent," says Henkel Loctite's Tremblay. "It is becoming more popular in manufacturing body panels where [engineers] are looking for improved quality, reliability and long-term structural durability."
"Automobiles have historically been assembled using multiple spot welds and, in more recent years, self-piercing rivets," adds Henrob's LaPensee. "However, as the requirements for stiffer and quieter vehicles become more demanding, the use of adhesives is becoming more widespread. [But], adhesives typically have very poor peel strength, which compromises vehicle crash performance.
"The solution is to use a hybrid riv-bonded joint where the adhesive is the primary joining mechanism providing the stiffness and noise, vibration and harshness characteristics," adds LaPensee. "The rivets get free ride, but become the primary mechanism during a crash event when the adhesive would normally peel."
As automakers seek new ways to build aluminum vehicles economically, especially sports coupes and sports sedans, they're experimenting with new alloys and assembly technologies. Aluminum applications range from side-impact beams, bumper beams and crash boxes to structural modules and complete car bodies. And, there have been significant efforts to develop better adhesives, surface preparations and application systems to give engineers another assembly option.
"In automotive assembly, rivet bonding is used most frequently on extruded aluminum parts, where adhesives eliminate the need to weld," says Textron Fastening Systems' Schnurr. "Welding in aluminum can create significant stress by increasing the rigidity of a joint section and by reducing mechanical properties baked in by heat-treating processes. Bonding tends to be more specific in process controls, and it maintains consistent joint spacing."
Several European manufacturers have demonstrated that aluminum bodies assembled using riv-bonding technology can equal or exceed chassis stiffness requirements. Successful aluminum-intensive vehicles that use riv-bonding technology include the Audi A8, the BMW 5 Series and the Jaguar XJ.
"The new BMW 5 Series uses aluminum and steel from A pillar to A pillar," says Bollhoff-Rivnut's Butvin. "[BMW uses] 600 self-piercing rivets to assemble the components and most have adhesive involved."
The Jaguar XJ features an aluminum-sheet-intensive monocoque construction. It is assembled using lightweight aluminum joined by self-piercing rivets and epoxy adhesive. Jaguar engineers claim they adopted state-of-the-art techniques from the aerospace industry.
"The XJ's body is 60 percent stiffer yet 40 percent lighter than before," boasts Mike Richardson, research manager at Jaguar Cars Ltd. (Coventry, England). "In the XJ8, that translates into an overall weight savings of almost 200 pounds."
The new XJ's body structure comprises pressings of sheet aluminum combined with aluminum alloy extrusions and aluminum castings. "[It] represents an industry-first use of rivet-bonding construction for an aluminum-intensive monocoque body," says David Scholes, XJ chief program engineer. "Rivet-bonding uses self-piercing rivets and epoxy adhesives for strength, robustness and durability when joining aluminum pressings."
At Jaguar, adhesive is applied robotically during assembly. It heat-cures to optimal strength during the vehicle painting process. Approximately 3,200 rivets are used in the construction of the new body.
Sidebar: When Rivets Don't Fly, Hybrid Joints Do
Traditional aircraft assembly is based on structures of riveted aluminum and composites. Riveted structures typically have good peel and shear resistance, but they have limited fatigue strength, are labor-intensive and degrade the exterior appearance of aircraft. Composites are gaining popularity, but they can be several times more expensive than aluminum.
To address those issues, some aerospace manufacturers are experimenting with weld-bond processes. Weld-bond joints are a desirable alternative to rivets because welds overcome the shortcomings of bonds, and vice versa. Weld bonding combines the best properties of adhesives and welding, and is much faster than riveting.
"A paste adhesive is normally applied to one sheet and the joint closed," explains Steve Westgate, technical specialist for resistance welding in the laser and sheet processes group at The Welding Institute (TWI, Cambridge, England). "A spot weld is then made through the adhesive. The electrode force displaces the adhesive to obtain electrical contact between the sheets and a weld is made in the normal way.
"As the heating of the weld is very localized, little damage occurs in the adhesive around the weld," adds Westgate. "The adhesive is cured to complete the assembly. Heat curing paste-type adhesives are normally used as these are stable and have a consistent viscosity at room temperature. Typically, such adhesives are cured in an oven at up to 180 C for 30 minutes."
Although welds can replace rivets with good peel and good shear resistance, they show poor fatigue resistance. "Adhesive bonds, unlike welds, provide exceptionally good fatigue resistance," notes George Ritter, principal research engineer at the Edison Welding Institute (EWI, Columbus, OH). "Their lower peel strength makes them questionable for terminal joints, yet they perform well on intermediate joints."
Ritter and his colleagues have been experimenting with laser welding. They claim that the laser weld-bond process could reduce airframe manufacturing costs by 25 percent.
"One important advantage of laser welding is that the weld could be made on the inside of the structure under construction, using fiber optic delivery from the outside," says Ritter. "Conductive heat resistance welding [tests] did not provide the surface finish that laser welding did."
According to TWI's Westgate, resistance spot welding in combination with adhesives is one of the most common hybrid joining technologies used in automotive applications. "Use with structural adhesives, rather than low-strength adhesives or sealants, is on the increase," Westgate points out. "The weld bonding process is often fully automated and utilizes robotic dispensing systems." | <urn:uuid:dcb12f57-d939-4fa4-be81-5055c6b16556> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.assemblymag.com/articles/84037-a-new-look-at-an-old-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00235-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944849 | 4,243 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Citizen & Youth Education
The Anne Arundel Bar Association is committed to helping the citizens of Anne Arundel County gain an understanding of the law and its impact on their lives. Each year, our members plan and participate in activities that allow citizens and students to learn more about the law and the judicial system.
Each year, the bar association plans activities to celebrate Law Day (May 1), a nationwide event to commemorate the rule of law, the judiciary and its place in American society. Law Day activities are based on the Law Day theme determined by the American Bar Association. In the past, AABA members have offered information sessions at senior centers and delivered presentations to local students. In 2014, the AABA visited 20 different Anne Arundel public schools as part of its Law Day celebration.
High School Essay Contest
The Anne Arundel County Bar Foundation encourages local youth to expand their interest in and knowledge of the law by sponsoring an annual Essay Contest, which is open to public and private high school students. Over the past 20 years, more than 3,000 students from 11 county high schools have submitted essays.
Mock Trial Competition
Each year, the Maryland State Bar Association sponsors the statewide Mock Trial competition in partnership with the Citizenship Law Related Education Program. Public and priviate schools may enter a team of 8-12 students in the competition. Each team receives a casebook with a common fact pattern and then presents either the defense case or the prosecution case using three lawyers and three witnesses. The competition is supported by the Anne Arundel Bar Association, which schedules and coordinates the volunteer judges for the trials in this county. Members of the bar association also serve as team coaches, teaming up with faculty at public and private high schools throughout the county. The volunteer coaches and judges enjoy the rewards of working with students who are enthusiastic about the law and helping them build skills in areas such as reasoning and public speaking. | <urn:uuid:a66801db-9edf-4822-983a-40afa38af145> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aabar.org/content.asp?contentid=156 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.963337 | 399 | 2.0625 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED431216
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1998
Reference Count: N/A
Targeting Student Learning: The School Board's Role as Policymaker. Effective Policy Development in an Education Reform Environment.
California School Boards Association, Sacramento.; Illinois Association of School Boards, Springfield.; Maine School Boards Association, Augusta.; Pennsylvania School Boards Association, New Cumberland.; Washington State School Directors' Association, Seattle.
This book identifies a targeted set of policy topics related to student learning. It includes some key concepts and provides a set of policy categories and issues designed to serve as the basis for board/superintendent leadership and any resulting staff-implementation of a district's educational program. The categories and topics, which are directed at the education program and student learning, are based on the underlying principle that it is the board's and superintendent's responsibility to ensure that all students have an opportunity to succeed at learning. The program begins with a framework for school-district policymaking, emphasizing the key components in policy development. The framework includes: the legal role of policy; the purposes of policies; the relationship between boards and superintendents in policymaking; policy development, adoption, and maintenance; the various roles of staff and community in policy development; governance and planning; academic standards and assessment; education programs; curriculum; instruction; learning environments; professional standards; and parent/community engagement. The material identifies key policy components for each topic: those that target student learning and fundamental policy considerations related to that topic. An example of a topical policy in each category is included in an appendix. (RJM)
Descriptors: Administrative Policy, Board of Education Policy, Core Curriculum, Educational Policy, Elementary Secondary Education, Policy Formation, School Policy, School Role
Illinois Association of School Boards, 430 East Vine Street, Springfield, IL 62703-2236 ($12).
Publication Type: Books; Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: California School Boards Association, Sacramento.; Illinois Association of School Boards, Springfield.; Maine School Boards Association, Augusta.; Pennsylvania School Boards Association, New Cumberland.; Washington State School Directors' Association, Seattle. | <urn:uuid:4aa84cf2-3499-42af-8e6c-7074ce80a01d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED431216 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00352-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898916 | 454 | 2.25 | 2 |
- Talent 100 Mentor
- Harry Peters
- School Attended
- Marist College Eastwood
- Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Advanced Studies (Honours) majoring in English &
Philosophy at the University of Sydney, Dalyell Scholar
My top 5 study tips
1Sleep! Try to get eight hours every night, I suggest that you maintain a relatively strict sleeping routine e.g. 10pm-6am.
2Exercise! You should be doing strenuous exercise at least five times a week, the time you invest in taking care of your body will help keep you sane and grounded.
3Recognise the actual stakes of your assignments and exams, particularly in the HSC. While doing well may help you get into your dream uni course straight out of high school, your value or likability as a person has absolutely nothing to do with your marks.
4In my discipline (English) the real learning comes from building deep and genuine connections with texts. Making sure that you’re engaging with your readings is a precondition for enjoying or doing well in English.
5Particularly in high school I think we often view learning purely in terms of its instrumental value i.e. getting good marks will help me get into uni. But learning doesn’t just have to be necessary or virtuous, it can incredibly fun and rewarding in ways you won’t anticipate. | <urn:uuid:9b2fb98e-79d9-465f-89a3-c76f90ddf892> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.talent-100.com.au/mentors/profile/harry-peters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.931976 | 306 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Acne is a chronic and inflammatory skin problem. It generates spots and pimples on the face, shoulders, back, chest, etc. Acne happens due to many reasons, such as genetics, fluctuating hormone levels, stress, and more. Also, this skin condition affects people at any age. It is not harmful, but it can leave spots on the skin. If home remedies and over-the-counter medicines are not working for your acne treatment, you need to try something else. Nowadays, the use of tretinoin is increasing for treating acne. It is retinoic acid that is synthetic vitamin A. It is different from retinol which is a natural form of vitamin A.
Tretinoin enables quick exfoliation and stimulation of collagen and elastin. You can find this medicine under different brand names. Also, people need a prescription for purchasing tretinoin for acne treatment. This retinoid medicine is best for short and long-term acne treatment. Also, people use tretinoin for treating signs of aging skin. It is famous as an anti-aging medication. It is crucial to consult your dermatologist before using this medicine on your skin. Tretinoin cream provides many benefits in acne treatment. Below, you can check all details about this acne medicine; so keep reading:
Benefits Of Tretinoin Cream
If you use tretinoin cream correctly, your skin will get many benefits. You have to use this medicine as per guided by your dermatologist. People can start slowly to use this cream as per their skin tolerates. Below, you can check the different benefits of using tretinoin cream 0.025
- Tretinoin cream is best for acne treatment as it boosts cell turnover on your skin. It will help to replace dead cells with healthy cells in your skin. It also helps in opening skin pores and removing bacteria or irritants.
- You can use tretinoin cream on your skin to regulate the oil levels. It will help you to stop future breakouts. If your glands produce too much sebum, tretinoin cream is best for regulating it. You can manage your oily skin with this medicine.
- Tretinoin cream also helps to treat acne scarring. You can reduce the appearance of the scars using this medication on your skin. Tretinoin helps in generating new cells on the site of acne scarring.
- If your skin has dark spots, you can also use tretinoin cream. This prescribed medicine helps to decrease hyperpigmentation. You can improve your skin condition using the tretinoin cream.
- Tretinoin cream is best for treating skin aging signs. It aids to diminish fine lines and wrinkles on the skin. This medication replaces the dead cells with new cells to reveal the healthy skin underneath. It is also responsible for boosting collagen production in the skin.
Things To Consider Before Using Tretinoin
You have to consider some things before using tretinoin for acne or other skin problems. There are conditions in which you cannot use tretinoin cream for treating your skin. Below, you can check the things to consider before using this medication:
- Tretinoin cream is not secure to use during pregnancy. You must not use this retinoid medicine as it is associated with damage to the fetus. So, if you are pregnant or attempting to become pregnant, avoid tretinoin cream for acne treatment.
- You can stay out of the sun after using tretinoin cream. This medication makes the skin more sensitive to sunburn. Sun decreases the power of the tretinoin. So, it is better to use tretinoin at night before you go to the bed.
- You cannot use the skincare products that react with tretinoin. You should not use the product that makes your skin dry while using tretinoin cream. You can avoid products having spices, sulfur, lime, resorcinol, astringents, etc. People can discuss with their dermatologists about using other skincare products with tretinoin or not.
- People should protect their faces from intense cold or wind while using tretinoin cream. This medication makes people extra sensitive to extreme weather. So, cover your face during much cold weather to avoid any reaction. | <urn:uuid:2aed2718-4457-4694-a4ba-d9e970db7752> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pyvows.org/how-is-tretinoin-cream-beneficial-for-acne-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.893903 | 904 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Coloring sign mobile phone
Coloring bitmap sign mobile phone
When you need to draw a thumbnail, many specific details disappear from view, leaving only, pronounced objects and paths. The smaller the image, the less detail preserved, while the proportion can change their dimensions, for best performance video. Here you see the one with blank thumbnails on a mobile phone. It, I did not use as an icon in the menu directory site, for the simple reason for this is a complex, many of the buttons. Though a very simple circuit and for the image, but this is its advantage. This simple picture is suitable for applications, a simple image of the mark or pointer of the mobile phone, game, or to continue drawing on the finished circuit. Image in the public domain, it does. For coloring in the graphic editors to screen you can put a picture. Patterns suitable for housing the phone, and the buttons can apply filters or different visual effects. Good luck to you!
Coloring in a raster (pixel) format. If you use a graphics editor such as adobe Photoshop, then using the fill can easily paint a picture. Outlines for coloring perfect to spend some time coloring on the computer. For children this can be fun and not an obsessive study of the work in the graphic editors, and knowledge of the world in different shades and colors.
Coloring can be printed, and then paint. | <urn:uuid:b912b0a5-c14e-46c5-95d6-55caa19a6ede> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.abc-color.com/color/phones/001/sign-mobile-phone/sign-mobile-phone-bitmap-coloring.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00113-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904456 | 287 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Eliot Asinof's book, "Eight Men Out" ("8MO"), released in 1963, was considered a ground-breaking piece of work, once and for all painting a definitive picture of the scandal that rocked professional baseball and abruptly ended the careers of the players who were involved.
"8MO"'s release - and its widespread acceptance as the previously untold, true story of the Black Sox scandal of 1919 - were likely the last nails in the coffin of "Shoeless" Joe Jackson's prospects of obtaining reinstatement in the league and, more importantly, posthumous admission into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Asinof's files containing research and interviews that played an integral part in his creation of "8MO" have only now come to light, and they suggest that Asinof inaccurately accused "Shoeless" Joe and others of being involved in, or having caused, the World Series fix.
This article examines the research and interviews that played an integral part in Asinof's creation of "8MO," as well as factual information to make a case for "Shoeless" Joe's rightful place in American history. The history books have, for years, erroneously reported the story that "Shoeless" Joe was among eight players who actually threw the 1919 World Series and forever condemned the team to be known as the "Black Sox." Two Chicago-based attorneys want to correct this dark mark on Chicago's sports history.
They discuss various accounts of the scandal that rocked the Windy City, and provide a strong argument for "Shoeless" Joe's recognition as a baseball legend, as well as the belief that his innocence puts him in the running for a seat in the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Newly available material - Asinof's notes of his writing of "8MO" and materials that have come to light following his death in 2008 - along with skepticism of his thesis, suggest that his portrayal of events in "8MO" may not be accurate and, indeed, was more than slightly fictional.
"8MO" details how, in one fell swoop, one of the finest baseball teams of all time, the 1919 Chicago White Sox - three lesser-known, but clearly innocent, members of the team, catcher Ray Schalk, second baseman Eddie Collins, and pitcher Urban "Red" Faber, were inducted into the Hall of Fame - became known as the Black Sox!
At the time, the three questions on everyone's mind were: 1) Who was involved? 2)Why would they do it? and 3) Would professional baseball survive?
Asinof's "8MO" portrays eight White Sox players, who history now records as having thrown the 1919 World Series, as sympathetic characters who were driven to cheat by the greed of Charles Comiskey, the wealthy White Sox owner and supposed skinflint.
Notwithstanding the lack of a single footnote, Asinof alluded that only through painstaking research was he able to delve "into the scandal's causes and morality," and "explode its myths and distortions" to arrive at the "real truth."
Asinof provided a partial memoir of the making of "8MO" in his 1979 publication of "Bleeding Between The Lines" ("BBL"), an account of his tribulations in defending a series of lawsuits concerning "8MO" and his rights to the book.
Buried within its pages, however, Asinof admits to giving fictional names to at least two characters. According to Asinof, on the advice of counsel, and apparently seeing a movie deal in the future, "[t]wo fictitious characters were inserted [into "8MO"] that existed nowhere but from my typewriter, designed to prevent screenwriters from stealing the story and claiming their material was from the public domain."
The fiction did not end with Asinof 's resort to fictional characters, as at least one dramatic event in "8MO" was also fabricated.
In a private conversation on Aug. 31, 2003, with baseball historian Dr. David J. Fletcher of the Chicago Baseball Museum, Asinof clarified that "Harry F.," the thug featured in "8MO," was a fictional character, not merely a pseudonym, and that a crucial incident involving him never occurred.
In "8MO," "Harry F." was hired by the East Coast gambler-fixers to threaten White Sox star pitcher, Claude "Lefty" Williams, before the eighth game of the Series. As depicted in the book, "Harry F." threatens Williams, who was supposedly getting cold feet about throwing the Series to the Cincinnati Reds, with the death of his beloved wife.
Over the years, other authors and film-makers, telling their own versions of the 1919 scandal, have unwittingly incorporated "Harry F." into their plots.
Asinof refused to disclose the name of the second fictional character in "8MO," and although his identity remains a mystery, there is little doubt that he too has been incorporated into other retellings of the Black Sox scandal.
Baseball historians have begun to question the accuracy of "8MO"'s explanation of the reason the players would be so willing to throw the World Series.
A recent study by baseball historian Bob Hoie suggests that the 1919 Chicago White Sox were one of the highest-paid teams in the league. Similarly, the story that Comiskey advertently negated a promise to pay Eddie Cicotte (his other star pitcher) a $10,000 bonus if he won 30 games during the 1917 season, by benching him after his 27th win, has also been shown by historians to be likely false.
The same fate must come to the claims that to save a few "bits" for laundering costs, Comiskey made his ballplayers play in dirty uniforms, and that their $3 per diem for meals (a steak cost 50 cents in 1919) was tantamount to cruel and unusual punishment.
It is important to note that club owners expected 1919 to be a difficult year (much like 1917 and 1918 had been) due to the end of World War I. Without a modern-day economic stimulus package to fall back on, the owners agreed to pinch pennies.
Asinof's portrayal of Comiskey as a skinflint - at least in comparison to other professional club owners at that time - may not have been accurate and does not provide a realistic motive for the "fix."
In "8MO," Asinof admits that he relied on newspaper accounts of the 1920 grand jury proceedings in Chicago, rather than the actual transcripts.
Although he characterizes the coverage of the proceedings as "adequate," the proceedings were closed to the press and the public. Therefore, anything reported by the press about those proceedings would have been second- or third-hand and not reliable.
In "8MO," Asinof explains that he never read, or had access to, the transcripts of the grand jury proceedings that led to the indictments against the "Chicago Eight." Asinof says that "[n]o one with whom I came in contact had ever seen the transcripts nor had they any idea where they might be found."
In "BBL," however, Asinof admits that, while researching "8MO," Judge Hugo Friend, who presided over the 1921 criminal trial against the ballplayers, gave Asinof "the name of a clerk [in Milwaukee] who might help me find the records [of the 1920 grand jury proceedings]."
But in a 1924 lawsuit in Milwaukee (brought by Jackson against Comiskey to recover two years of back-pay for the 1920 and 1921 seasons), the attorneys for Comiskey (employed by a law firm still in existence) had possession of the missing transcripts from the 1920 grand jury proceedings, from which they had quoted at length.
The 1924 trial, unlike the grand jury proceedings, was open to the press as well as the public.
Asinof thus had ample access to accurate information on both the 1924 trial and the 1920 grand jury proceedings, yet he failed to incorporate these facts into his story.
A superb storyteller and author of several novels, Asinof died June 10, 2008, at the age of 88.
His estate recently sold his notes and research of his writing of "8MO" to the Chicago History Museum for an undisclosed amount. These materials only add to the questions about the historical accuracy of "8MO."
The lack of supporting information in Asinof 's meticulously indexed notes suggests that the book may not be much more than fiction, or, at the very most, a summary of inflated press accounts.
In fact, the bulk of Asinof's notes appear to be handwritten transcriptions of old newspaper accounts and conversations with retired and current sportswriters.
Arnold "Chick" Gandil and Cicotte were the two White Sox players who were the most clearly implicated in the "fix."
Asinof claimed that Gandil had been a "source" for "8MO."
In the book, he writes that in a private meeting between Gandil and Jackson, "the big Southerner [Jackson] insisted on getting $20,000 for his participation."
In "BBL," however, Asinof admits that "when it came to talking about the 1919 World Series, Gandil had nothing to contribute." Consistent with this revelation, no notes of conversations between Asinof and Gandil are found in the museum's collection.
But in his notes, Asinof identifies "Harry F.," who was almost certainly a fictional character, as a "source" for "8MO."
On the other hand, in Asinof's files there is a note from an interview with the Sox pitcher, Faber, that the Sox shortstop, Charles "Swede" Risberg, "threatened to kill anyone who talked and he was the type that might!"
Asinof also claimed that he talked to Risberg, but there are no notes to prove it. He also claimed to have spoken with Dickie Kerr, one of the Sox players who was not involved in the "fix," but no notes of any conversation between Asinof and Kerr are to be found.
Moreover, while Asinof identified two members of the 1919 team as his sources for "8MO" (banned player Oscar "Happy" Felsch and Faber, who was never implicated in the "fix"), his file only contains a few pages of notes of conversations with these men, and none suggests first-hand knowledge of the "fix."
Indeed, the only reference to the scandal in the notes of the Felsch interview is that he viewed himself as a "victim." Faber's secondhand account (he was ill with the Spanish Flu during the 1919 World Series and had no prior knowledge of the "fix") contradicts Asinof's account in "8MO."
The notes from Asinof's interview reflect Faber's belief that "[w]hat seems likely is that the players agreed to lose, then did as well as they could ." to avoid defeat. Faber's comments are in stark contrast to Asinof 's account that the players took money and then deliberately lost.
Other than Gandil, Cicotte would have no doubt been the most important person for Asinof to interview when researching "8MO." A Sept. 15, 1961, letter from Asinof to Cicotte, which is also part of the museum's collection, shows that Cicotte gave no information to Asinof.
He was the team's star pitcher, yet he lost two of the games in the Series and is commonly portrayed as one of the Black Sox players at the heart of the "fix." Asinof tried to enlist Cicotte's cooperation by offering to tell a sympathetic story, presumably to portray the purportedly greedy Comiskey as the one who precipitated the betrayal.
In a penciled autograph (of no small value) written on Asinof's typed letter to him, Cicotte declined, stating, "I am not interested, thanks for remembering me."
In "8MO" Asinof reports that ". Joe Jackson had been a disappointment to himself, playing ball with only part of himself working. He tried to hit, he didn't try to hit."
It is revealing, however, that Asinof 's notes do not contain any previously unknown material regarding "Shoeless" Joe. Asinof never spoke to Jackson.
The baseball legend died of heart failure in 1951 - long before Asinof began researching and writing "8MO."
The book's portrayal of "Shoeless" Joe as having helped to throw the Series ignores the very real possibility that he may have been guilty only of taking $5,000 from a teammate after the Series (as he testified in the 1924 civil trial), and not of deliberately botching a single play, much less a game or the entire Series.
Asinof also apparently did not believe "Lefty" Williams, who stated publicly that "Shoeless" Joe never attended any meetings with the gambler-fixers and that the ballplayers used his name only to gain credibility and bargain for more money.
In the 1921 criminal trial against him, "Shoeless" Joe, who had testified to the grand jury that he had not made any intentional errors during the "whole Series," had "batted to win," "run the bases to win," "fielded the balls in the outfield to win," and "tried to win all the time," was found not guilty by a unanimous 12-member jury.
"Shoeless" Joe was again vindicated when, in 1924, after being examined on the witness stand for the better part of two days, he won a jury verdict of $16,711.04 in his suit against Comiskey.
Although the 1924 verdict was later thrown out by the Milwaukee judge, Jackson, who could barely write his name, let alone read, convinced 23 people in two separate trials of his innocence. More importantly, he never confessed to throwing the Series, as Asinof claimed in both "8MO" and "BBL."
Asinof no doubt rode the coattails of the media's dramatic portrayal of the proceedings in 1920 to give "8MO" more appeal to the public and to increase the chances of his book being made into a movie.
Beginning in 1963, he worked diligently to see "8MO" made into a movie. Released in 1988, the film, also titled "Eight Men Out," was described by USA Today as "The Best Baseball Movie Ever."
Even today, almost a century later, there is no scene more often associated with the dark side of professional sports than that of a young boy pulling on the trousers of "Shoeless" Joe as he left the grand jury proceedings in Chicago. Captured in a headline by the Chicago Daily News on Sept. 29, 1920, a young, nameless lad is reported as saying, "Say it ain't so, Joe, say it ain't so."
What is now verifiably true is that if historians, including Asinof, had shown more fairness to "Shoeless" Joe, his answer to the child would have been more accurately reported as, "It ain't so, kid, it just ain't so."
Indeed, in a published interview in the October 1949 issue of Sport Magazine (given to columnist Furman Bisher), Jackson denied that the brief conversation between him and the kid ever occurred.
In this interview, "Shoeless" Joe claimed that he tried to report his suspicions of a "fix" to Comiskey, that he never met any of the gambler-fixers, that he never agreed to throw the Series, and that his performance in the Series supports his innocence.
Asinof vaguely alludes to this interview in "8MO" when he claims, erroneously, that Jackson's "denials took on an increased fervor - and, perhaps, exaggeration - as the years went by." Asinof, in fact, possessed the full article in which Jackson denied making the statement, but he failed to include this information in "8MO."
The public's broad-based acceptance of Asinof's retelling of the 1919 scandal is reflected by the fact that few people are aware that "Shoeless" Joe's performance during the 1919 World Series was superb, with a .375 batting average (better than his lifetime average of .356 over 13 seasons), six runs batted in, the only home run in the Series, five runs scored, 12 hits, and not a single error.
"Shoeless" Joe, who still holds the third-highest lifetime batting average, had a batting average in the 1919 World Series greater than his batting average during each of the regular seasons between 1914 and 1919. If he really did try to lose games, he failed miserably, as he led both the White Sox and the Reds regulars in batting during the 1919 Series.
There is nothing new in Asinof's notes and research of the writing of "8MO" that can directly implicate Jackson or any other player in contributing to the White Sox loss of the 1919 World Series.
The primary support for Asinof's claim that they deliberately threw games is in contemporaneous press accounts of the grand jury proceedings, which were based on second- or third-hand, and, in some cases, clearly false information.
Asinof, who writes in great detail about the gambler-fixers, may have, himself, been playing the ultimate bluff. He did not release his research during his lifetime and also suggested in "8MO" that his story was based upon exclusive, never-before-seen evidence.
In reality, the lack of any solid, direct evidence in his notes, as well as the lack of a single footnote in "8MO," strongly suggests that his story was largely fiction.
Direct evidence, such as "Shoeless" Joe's performance during the 1919 Series and his repeated denials of wrongdoing, suggest nothing more than Joe's bad judgment in taking money from his teammate and roommate, Williams, and not being more aggressive and timely in reporting his suspicion of the "fix" to Comiskey, White Sox Secretary (General Manager) Harry Grabiner, or William "Kid" Gleason, the White Sox manager in 1919.
The prominence of "Shoeless" Joe in American culture - such as his depiction in "Field of Dreams" as a symbol of "a part of our past [that] reminds of all that once was good, and it could be again" - suggests that the public intuitively questions whether history was fair to the "big Southerner."
The same can be said for the other Black Sox players. While Asinof paints all eight with the same brush of guilt, his notes are woefully lacking evidence that they actually did wrong.
History is a collection of commonly accepted facts written by the winners, and experience teaches that once accepted, a certain perception of history is difficult, if not impossible, to correct.
"Shoeless" Joe, a baseball great, is consistently snubbed for admittance into the Baseball Hall of Fame as a result of these long-standing misconceptions.
History must be corrected to reflect that Joseph Jefferson Jackson consistently expressed his innocence, and that there is no basis to blame the scandal on Comiskey as a consequence of his miserliness.
"Shoeless" Joe deserves recognition for his contribution to the sport, and vindication of his name.
And Comiskey deserves recognition for his accomplishments as an owner, manager, and player during the formative years of baseball, rather than as the cause of the 1919 scandal. At the very least, baseball historians and fans owe "Shoeless" Joe Jackson, Charles Comiskey, and Chicago's Black Sox an apology. | <urn:uuid:f2c8f740-8342-4235-9046-93e4908af924> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chicagolawyermagazine.com/Archives/2009/09/01/092009sox.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00002-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983499 | 4,108 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Resilient by Design Youth Challenge
"Many of the [young people] experience… these challenges in our communities firsthand, and they bring such great insights and knowledge to how we need to address some of these bigger climate challenges that we have before us." / Allison Brooks, Executive Director, Bay Area Regional Collaborative
Over 800 Bay Area students, ages 8 to 18, brought big ideas and unbounded energy to the Bay Area’s first-ever Y-PLAN Resilient by Design Youth Challenge. The Youth Challenge was a unique opportunity to engage over 1000 young people, community members, civic leaders, parents, and local schools in reimagining and redesigning communities most vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise. The Youth Challenge also prepared elementary and high school teachers to engage students in these issues in partnership with local leaders and RbD Design Teams.
The young participants demonstrated the important role they play in their communities’ efforts to effectively respond to inevitable challenges like rising seas, flooding, earthquakes and man-made disasters while confronting daily stresses like food insecurity and homelessness. In all, students from 32 schools in low income communities of color in Oakland, San Rafael, San Francisco, Richmond, and East Palo Alto were involved in planning for a climate resilient future for themselves and their communities.
During the Youth Challenge, Y-PLAN student scholars pushed the envelope within the field of climate resilience, arguing that their lived experience and existing resilience within their communities must be an essential starting point for adapting to climate change.
- In Richmond, 3 high schools addressed issues ranging from sea level rise to accessing healthy food, affordable housing, and open space, highlighting the intersecting needs of residents in the city.
- In San Rafael, elementary students tackled flooding, developing models and plans for their community to adapt to sea level rise. They presented their work and interviewed attendees at the Flood Fair, a Resilient by Design Bionic Team community event.
- In East Palo Alto, high school students grappled with the relationship between rising sea levels and housing costs and the closure of their school, developing proposals that fostered community resilience and centered cultural identities.
- In Oakland and San Francisco, as in other cities, students considered issues from food insecurity and floating houses to bus routes and school quality in proposing recommendations for equitable community resilience in the face of rising sea levels.
The Youth Challenge culminated in a regional summit at UC Berkeley where over 100 student representatives shared their proposals for a resilient Bay Area with their peers around the region and an equal number of regional civic leaders. Proposals included floating homes; electric buses rerouted to reach all communities; educational boardwalks installed above newly appearing marshes; exercise bikes powering a gym; and a college-bound culture with food, housing and educational opportunities available to everyone. In each case, Y-PLAN student scholars described how their lived experience contributed to the development of their final proposals, highlighting the important relationship between lived experience and professional practice when planning a resilient and inclusive region for and with young people.
Resilient by Design: 1 Year
"It’s important to realize and understand where you are, and that you’re not the first person to be there. There’s people, creatures, living organisms that have been there before you. And to move in and just start taking over land, it’s doing to them what you feel is unjustly being done to you." / Y-PLAN Student Scholar, East Palo Alto
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Links & Resources | <urn:uuid:7606d99a-ab81-499c-988c-b9ef101113d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://y-plan.berkeley.edu/rbd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.948971 | 740 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Coagulation: Current Research and Clinical Applications presents the proceedings of a symposium on Current Topics in Coagulation, held in Seattle, Washington on May 18-19, 1972. This book discusses the advances in basic and applied science, with a focus on molecular biology and artificial organs.
Organized into four parts encompassing 13 chapters, this book examines the clinical laboratory problems related to coagulation. This text then reviews the significant developments in the field of blood coagulation, with a focus on soluble protein and other components of the coagulation process. Other chapters explore the threat of consumption coagulopathy, diagnosis, and management. This text also discusses the significant contributions of clinical medicine in unifying the concept of consumption coagulopathy or disseminated intravascular coagulation. The final chapter deals with affinity chromatography, which has been used extensively in biochemical research and the most specific purification procedure.
This book is a valuable resource to bioengineers, pathologists, and hematologists. | <urn:uuid:cd0e1cfe-b0bf-4b9f-bd40-97cdeff7cb6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/coagulation-current-research-and-clinical/9780323159043-item.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00045-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911805 | 207 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The septic tank that is located in your home is among the most vital features. They treat the wastewater when it flows out of the house.
Cleaning the septic tank usually requires the need of a professional. But sometimes, there is not enough time to call one. This article will provide information on how to keep a septic tank in good condition. There is also a product that is able to be used by the name of Septifix. Let’s go! Durham Septic Tank Cleaning
For those of you who prefer a more visual experience, here is a video review by Kate from Kate’s Journey’s YouTube channel. Do check out our article below, however, because it has a comprehensive overview of Septifix.
What You Should Know About Septic Tank Cleaning Durham Septic Tank Cleaning
Cleaning a septic tank is not an easy job. Most tanks are made of plastic, fiberglass, or concrete. After years of constant use there is an accumulation of sludge and bacteria. This is where septic tank maintenance is required.
It is recommended to wash your septic tank every year or two. By doing this, you can make the tank’s system efficient. There are four points you need to think about:
- Check frequency and frequency of pump inspection
- Utilizing water effectively
- Proper waste disposal
- Maintaining the drain field is
Inspection and Pump Frequency
This process usually requires the assistance of a professional, but you are able to check the process yourself. The tank must be pumped at intervals of 3-5 years. If the septic tank has damaged parts, such as mechanical components, electrical switches, or pumps, they need to be inspected. There are four aspects to consider to consider when it is inspected:
- Your home’s size home
- The quantity of solids present in the wastewater
- How big is your tank for septic?
- The amount of wastewater that’s produced by your home.
When You Should Consult a Professional
If your septic tank is creating more issues within the family, it’s best to contact the experts. They know when and where to construct new pipes for your house. This includes the septic tank itself. They will examine the layer of sludge and scum as well as look for leaks at the same time. Make sure that this will be recorded to be used in the future. Even if cleaning isn’t required, you will need to make sure you check it each time.
Septic Tank Cleaning and Septifix Tablets
The septic tank’s pump has a T-shaped outlet that prevents the sludge from leaving the tank. If the lowest layers of the tank has sludge within 12-inches of its outlet it’s a must to flush out the scum. If there’s no time to contact a professional, one alternative is possible and that is The Septifix tablet.
Septifix tablets are able to address the majority of problems with septic tanks. Each dose can remove bad odor from the sludge. In addition, the formulation can break down the bacteria.
Three tablets down the toilet must be used before the effects take effect in just one session. As soon as the tablets enter the tank, they disintegrate the sludge. It may take between 3-5 days for any odor changes. The bulk of tanks are made up of sodium carbonate that acts as a barrier against water. In turn, corrosion will be prevented in the house’s pumps. The same Septifix tablet can combat oil, toilet paper, soap and grease to reduce the tank from pumping scum.
Pros and Cons of Septifix
- Thorough cleansing of the Septic tank
- Odor reduction
- Growth of live bacteria
- 60-day money-back guarantee
- Only available through their official website
- The tablet could itch hands, so wash hands frequently with soap and water
Septifix Tablets Usage
Septifix tablets, when used using your hands only, won’t do any harm. Only clean your hands immediately after using. It is not advised to ingest or take tablets to your body. Why? The tablet is made up of sodium carbonate, which is a powerful ingredient against sludge.
The tablet’s importance will allow live bacteria to flourish within the tank. These bacteria will degrade the sludge to increase oxygen levels and the septic tank sludge being less. Who wouldn’t want a a smelly septic tank at all? It will cost you less over the long term instead of relying on a professional.
If necessary, you can get more assistance from plumbers who are actually working. All it depends on is the quality of the pipes and the septic tank you have.
Septifix Tablet Formulation
Septifix tablets weigh 55 grams. Inside, it has 14 types of aerobic bacteria and pH-regulating elements that help healthy bacteria. The effect will be felt once it is placed inside the tank for septic. The same live bacteria will stop pipes from leaks or corroding. They will also neutralize the acid.
Pricing of Septifix
The price of Septifix tablets is packaged in 6 month supply. While you will only be able to find the Septifix product on their official website, you can save $300 each year. In addition, there are 3 packages to choose from:
- A 6-month supply costs $69
- A supply of 12 months for $59
- An 18-month supply costs $49
Note: The first package has an additional shipping cost. Following packages offer the option of free delivery instead. It is possible to save money by purchasing more supplies, but it depends on your needs. All offers come with a 60-day money-back guarantee.
In short, the Septifix tablet will alleviate your septic tank problems.
Say goodbye to bad smells with the expertise of honest plumbers. Although it may take time, you can see your home’s plumbing system results. It will boost the oxygen levels, allowing for the growth of healthy bacteria. One additional benefit is less in the process of oxidizing pipes. You will not even need to invest more money!
The only drawback is that it is available on their official website. While maintaining, make sure that you maintain your pipes regularly. pipes is the key to an effective septic tank.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Durham Septic Tank Cleaning
How do you clean a septic tank?
A professional is required to clean the system of septic tanks every year or every two years. After cleaning the pumping system, it must be examined too. Cracks or leaks in the pipe that lead towards the tank should be repaired or replaced in order to prevent foul odors from emanating.
What is Septifix exactly?
Septifix is a solution for plumbing tablet designed by Richard V. He owns the plumbing company. He assists customers with their plumbing. The tablet came to be in the course of three years study with his team of scientists.
How does Septifix work?
Utilizing three tablets, put them on the toilet and then flush them down. When the tablets have reached their septic tanks, they will do its magic. It will take 3 to 5 days for any changes to take place. You do not need to examine the tank yourself since the tablet is a source of chemicals.
Is Septifix suitable for use?
Yes. Septifix tablet are suitable for use, but it is advised to wash one’s hands after using them. The properties of the tablets comprise sodium carbonate and oxygen which could cause irritation to the skin.
What are the advantages that come with Septifix tablets?
Septifix tablets dissolve the sludges inside the tank using its tried and tested formula. As the process progresses the smell of the tank will be improved which makes the smell more pleasant to breathe in. In the case of the surrounding environment, it disperses oxygen, which makes wastes change into nutrients. The most important benefit is to reduce the rate of corrosion on pipes.
What happens if I’m unhappy by Septifix tablets?
The company offers 60 days of money-back-guarantee. If you’re not happy with the outcome the money will be returned. You can reach out to the company to inquire about further information. | <urn:uuid:572c4a03-8065-4ef6-9820-5ef85546fb90> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ecobugdoctor.com/durham-septic-tank-cleaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.937522 | 1,746 | 1.84375 | 2 |
by Jean Marzolla Illustrated by Blanche Sims
Reviewed by David C. (age 7) and Patrick D. (age 7)
David C. and Patrick D. are students in Ms. Salmon's 2nd Grade Class
In the beginning of the story Sam was going to meet his cousin Marco for the first time, who came from Mexico . At school Marco does not know how to play kickball, basketball and football right. He does know one sport. Soccer! Marco teaches his second grade friends how to play soccer. Read this book to find out if they can beat the third graders.
We like this book because we like soccer and other sports. We like the pictures because they are colorful and the pictures look like they are really moving. We like the author?s writing. We thought the book was outstanding.
We think people who like sports should read this book. All ages would enjoy it. | <urn:uuid:2f0e2153-dc08-44d9-8d49-b3a25bf989d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://spaghettibookclub.org/review.php?review_id=858 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976916 | 187 | 2.390625 | 2 |
By: Amb. Salahuddin Choudhry
S systemic they say habits die hard we say
A assuage everything to rinse an old habit
Y yester years of dereliction we pay
N nearly as heavily as no one has a writ
O over any men women youth kids if free
T to do what they should whenever and anywhere
O or as raison d’etre of life not to see
T tobacco as poison relish as fair
O ominous it will surely be if no amends
B be order and leads to annihilation
A abiding no rules no empathy but intents
C crossing limits of human affliction
C call what ye will for habit good or bad
O o’ we must vow quit smoking it’s a fad.
World No Tobacco Day, established by WHO through a Resolution in 1987, is observed every year on 31 May to raise awareness about the dangers of using tobacco, the business practices of tobacco companies, the need to fight the tobacco epidemic, and what can be done to claim the right to health and healthy living especially for protection of coming generations.
For decades, the tobacco industry has deliberately employed strategic, aggressive and well-resourced tactics to attract youth to tobacco and nicotine products which are designed to attract a new generation of tobacco users.
In response, World No Tobacco Day 2020 envisages to provide a counter-marketing campaign and empower young people to engage in the fight against Big Tobacco. | <urn:uuid:bc61149c-f48d-43f5-b343-eb99b68944a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thedayspring.com.pk/say-no-to-tobacco-and-smoking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.907486 | 303 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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