Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext-all · Datasets at Hugging Face

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L_0367	what are animals	T_1964	FIGURE 11.2 Human nerve cell	image	textbook_images/what_are_animals_21292.png
L_0367	what are animals	T_1966	FIGURE 11.3 Animal Life Cycle.	image	textbook_images/what_are_animals_21293.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1970	FIGURE 11.5 Some major events in animal evolution	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21295.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1972	FIGURE 11.6 Symmetry in invertebrates.	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21296.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1974	FIGURE 11.7 Three Cell Layers in a Flatworm. A flat- worm has three cell layers.	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21297.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1974	FIGURE 11.8 Two Types of Digestive Systems in Invertebrates. On the left is an incomplete digestive system, found in a jellyfish; on the right is the complete digestive system of a roundworm. Invertebrates may have either of these two types of digestive system.	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21298.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1975	FIGURE 11.9 Cross Section of an invertebrate with a coelom. The coelom forms within the mesoderm.	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21299.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1976	FIGURE 11.10 A segmented invertebrate: earthworm (annelid)	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21300.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1976	FIGURE 11.11 A segmented invertebrate: ant (arthropod)	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21301.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1977	FIGURE 11.12 Tunicates have a notochord. It appears here as a line running down the length of the body.	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21302.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1978	FIGURE 11.13 This hagfish is a simple vertebrate. It may resemble the earliest vertebrates.	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21303.png
L_0368	how animals evolved	T_1980	FIGURE 11.14 Exoskeleton shed by a dragonfly	image	textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21304.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	T_2010	FIGURE 12.20 Weevil: an insect in Phylum Arthropoda	image	textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21324.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	T_2012	FIGURE 12.21 Arthropods have three body segments.	image	textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21325.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	T_2014	FIGURE 12.22 Bee head appendages include jaws, eyes, and antennae.	image	textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21326.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	T_2014	FIGURE 12.23 Metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly	image	textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21327.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	T_2015	FIGURE 12.24 Incomplete metamorphosis in a grasshopper	image	textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21328.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	T_2016	FIGURE 12.25 Specialized mouthparts for eating in in- sects	image	textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21329.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	T_2017	FIGURE 12.26 Dragonfly wings	image	textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21330.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	DD_0120	The diagram shows the life cycle of an arthropod. The majority of arthropods are insects. The life cycle of an arthropod can be broken down into seven stages. The first stage is Egg Mass, which can take 6-9 days to hatch. Next, comes the five nymphal stages of growth. This can take 16-18 days to complete. In some arthropods, newly hatched offspring look like small adults. These arthropods don't go through larval stages. They just grow larger until they reach adult size. This type of life cycle is called incomplete metamorphosis. After this, the arthropod becomes an adult. The adult can now lay a new set of eggs, starting another life cycle.	image	teaching_images/life_cycles_883.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	DD_0121	The diagram shows the life cycle of organisms in the Animal kingdom called Arthropods. Arthropods are invertebrates in Phylum Arthropoda. There are more than a million known species of arthropods. In addition to insects, arthropods include animals such as spiders, centipedes, and lobsters. Arthropods reproduce sexually. Male and female adults produce gametes or eggs. If fertilization occurs, eggs hatch into offspring. After hatching, most arthropods go through one or more larval stages before reaching adulthood. The larvae may look very different from the adults. They change into the adult form in a process called metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, the arthropod is called a pupa. It may or may not spend this stage inside a special container called a cocoon. A familiar example of arthropod metamorphosis is the transformation of a caterpillar (larva) into a butterfly (adult). Each life stage can evolve adaptations to suit it for its specific functions without affecting the adaptations of the other stages. In some arthropods, newly hatched offspring look like small adults. These arthropods don't go through larval stages. They just grow larger until they reach adult size.	image	teaching_images/life_cycles_357.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	DD_0122	The diagram shows the life cycle of a Frog. Frogs belong to species of animals called amphibians, meaning they can live in land or in water. Adult frogs lay their eggs in water or wet places. A floating clump of eggs is called a frog spawn. The egg begins as a single cell. Several thousand are sometimes laid at once. It becomes surrounded by a jellylike covering, which protects the egg. The egg slowly develops for a period of about 21 days and becomes a tadpole, a baby frog. The tadpole has a long tail, and lives in the water. After about five weeks, the tadpole begins to transform. It starts to grow hind legs, which are soon followed with forelegs. Behind their heads bulges appear where their front legs are growing and their tails become smaller. The tadpole becomes a froglet. Froglets continue to live in water and continue to develop. Over time, the tadpole becomes even more frog-like. They shed their skin and lips. Its mouth widens, and it loses its horny jaws. The tail becomes much smaller, and the legs grow. As they become adult frogs, the life cycle then continues.	image	teaching_images/life_cycles_2331.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	DD_0123	The diagram illustrates the life cycle of a butterfly. It begins as adult butterflies lay their eggs. The egg is a tiny, round, oval, or cylindrical object, usually with fine ribs and other microscopic structures. The female attaches the egg to leaves, stems, or other objects, usually on or near the intended caterpillar food. After sometime the caterpillar hatches from the eggs. The caterpillar (or larva) is the long, worm-like stage of the butterfly. It often has a colorful pattern of stripes or patches, and it may have spine-like hairs. It feeds on plant leaves and as it grows, it sheds its skin four or more times to enclose its rapidly growing body. After the caterpillar has grown big enough, they form themselves into a Chrysalis (or pupa). It is the transformation stage within which the caterpillar transforms into an adult butterfly by a process called metamorphosis.	image	teaching_images/life_cycles_6221.png
L_0372	insects and other arthropods	DD_0124	This diagram shows the life cycle of a butterfly. A butterfly lays eggs on leaves or plants. Then, the eggs hatch into larva. These larva grow to full-sized caterpillars. The caterpillars form pupa, or cocoons. Within a few weeks, the pupa begins to unravel and a butterfly emerges. Later, the butterfly will lay eggs and the cycle will begin again. This cycle generally takes less than 4-6 weeks to complete.	image	teaching_images/life_cycles_39.png
L_0373	echinoderms and invertebrate chordates	T_2020	FIGURE 12.29 Adult sea starslike other adult echino- dermshave spiny skin, radial symmetry, and tube feet. This photo shows the underside of a sea star.	image	textbook_images/echinoderms_and_invertebrate_chordates_21333.png
L_0373	echinoderms and invertebrate chordates	T_2024	FIGURE 12.30 Typical chordate body plan	image	textbook_images/echinoderms_and_invertebrate_chordates_21334.png
L_0373	echinoderms and invertebrate chordates	T_2026	FIGURE 12.31 A colony of orange tunicates	image	textbook_images/echinoderms_and_invertebrate_chordates_21335.png
L_0373	echinoderms and invertebrate chordates	DD_0125	This diagram shows the anatomy of a Starfish. Starfish (properly called sea stars) are any echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea The cardiac stomach is the part of the stomach of a starfish used for pumping blood. Pyloric stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish connected to the duodenum. Water enters the starfish through the madreporite, a porous structure. There are two glands located in each arm called gonads. They are responsible for the production of gametes (spermatozoids or ovules) depending on the sex of the starfish. Starfish are composed of a central disc from which arms sprout. Most starfish have 5 arms.	image	teaching_images/parts_chordate_body_8146.png
L_0373	echinoderms and invertebrate chordates	DD_0126	This diagram shows the body structure of echinoderms. It has and digestive system: a mouth, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and an anus. It also contains a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, notochord and muscle segments	image	teaching_images/parts_chordate_body_7161.png
L_0376	amphibians	T_2048	FIGURE 13.12 Blue poison-dart frogs	image	textbook_images/amphibians_21347.png
L_0376	amphibians	T_2051	FIGURE 13.13 Frog eggs in a pond	image	textbook_images/amphibians_21348.png
L_0376	amphibians	T_2052	FIGURE 13.14 Tadpoles swimming in shallow water	image	textbook_images/amphibians_21349.png
L_0376	amphibians	T_2052	FIGURE 13.15 Metamorphosis of a frog larva	image	textbook_images/amphibians_21350.png
L_0377	reptiles	T_2057	FIGURE 13.16 Newly hatched loggerhead turtles start crossing the sand to the ocean.	image	textbook_images/reptiles_21351.png
L_0377	reptiles	T_2059	FIGURE 13.17 Like other reptiles, this tree viper snake is covered with overlapping, waterproof scales.	image	textbook_images/reptiles_21352.png
L_0377	reptiles	T_2059	FIGURE 13.18 This lizard, called a skink, is flicking out its blue tongue to sniff the air.	image	textbook_images/reptiles_21353.png
L_0377	reptiles	T_2060	FIGURE 13.19 This baby alligator, being held gently by a game warden, looks just like an adult alligator but on a much smaller scale.	image	textbook_images/reptiles_21354.png
L_0378	birds	T_2065	FIGURE 14.1 Diversity of birds: (from left to right) Macaw, Lorikeet, Hummingbird, and Os- trich.	image	textbook_images/birds_21355.png
L_0378	birds	T_2068	FIGURE 14.2 This gull depends on its feathered wings and large flight muscles to fly	image	textbook_images/birds_21356.png
L_0378	birds	T_2070	FIGURE 14.3 A white peacock spreads out his tail feath- ers to attract a mate.	image	textbook_images/birds_21357.png
L_0378	birds	T_2070	FIGURE 14.4 Variation in bird nests: Killdeer with eggs in nest on ground (left) and Weaver bird weaving elaborate nest in tree (right).	image	textbook_images/birds_21358.png
L_0378	birds	T_2074	FIGURE 14.5 Penguins are flightless birds that are strong swimmers and spend much of their time in the water.	image	textbook_images/birds_21359.png
L_0378	birds	T_2077	FIGURE 14.6 A red-winged blackbird is a generalist that eats a variety of plant and animal foods.	image	textbook_images/birds_21360.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2079	FIGURE 14.8 Like all young mammals, these young dogs like to play.	image	textbook_images/mammals_21362.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2079	FIGURE 14.9 Nursing colt and mother horse	image	textbook_images/mammals_21363.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2081	FIGURE 14.10 Some ways that mammals move: (left) the flying squirrel has webbed skin between its legs that allows it to glide from trees to the ground; (middle) the kangaroo rat has large lower limbs for jumping and can jump farther than any other mammal for its size; (right) the dolphin is well adapted for moving in the water - it has a streamlined body to reduce water resistance and fins to help it swim.	image	textbook_images/mammals_21364.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2083	FIGURE 14.11 Raised fur to conserve heat makes this squirrel look bigger than it actually is.	image	textbook_images/mammals_21365.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2086	FIGURE 14.12 Dogs pant to lose excess body heat.	image	textbook_images/mammals_21366.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2086	FIGURE 14.13 Manatee eating kelp	image	textbook_images/mammals_21367.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2087	FIGURE 14.14 This big-eared Townsend bat is an insect eater.	image	textbook_images/mammals_21368.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2088	FIGURE 14.15 These chimpanzees are omnivores that eat mainly fruit.	image	textbook_images/mammals_21369.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2090	FIGURE 14.16 Human placenta and fetus inside the uterus	image	textbook_images/mammals_21370.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2092	FIGURE 14.17 Koala mother and baby in pouch	image	textbook_images/mammals_21371.png
L_0379	mammals	T_2092	FIGURE 14.18 Monotremes: echidnas (left) and a platy- pus (right)	image	textbook_images/mammals_21372.png
L_0380	primates	T_2095	FIGURE 14.19 Primates: mouse lemur (left) and gorilla (right)	image	textbook_images/primates_21373.png
L_0380	primates	T_2095	FIGURE 14.20 Non-prosimian primates: right) Tarsier, (from left to Squirrel monkey (New World monkey), Vervet (Old World mon- key), Orangutan (ape).	image	textbook_images/primates_21374.png
L_0380	primates	T_2097	FIGURE 14.21 This gibbon is specialized for swinging through trees from branch to branch.	image	textbook_images/primates_21375.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2098	FIGURE 15.1 Examples of animal behavior: (clockwise from top left) flamingoes, frog, elephant seals, ducks.	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21376.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2100	FIGURE 15.2 This honeybee will do a waggle dance when it returns to the hive to let the other bees in the hive know where it found food.	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21377.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2100	FIGURE 15.3 Examples of innate behaviors in animals: (left to right) wasp building a nest, caterpillar making a cocoon, and baby birds gaping for food.	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21378.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2101	FIGURE 15.4 The grasp reflex in a human baby	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21379.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2104	FIGURE 15.5 These crows have learned through habituation that the scarecrow is harmless. They have become used to its being in this spot and learned that it is not dangerous.	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21380.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2104	FIGURE 15.6 Observational learning explains how wolves know how to hunt as a group.	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21381.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2105	FIGURE 15.7 Birds learn through conditioning to avoid eating monarch butterflies.	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21382.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2106	FIGURE 15.8 Bear cubs play fighting	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21383.png
L_0381	understanding animal behavior	T_2107	FIGURE 15.9 Monkey using a stone tool to crack oyster shells	image	textbook_images/understanding_animal_behavior_21384.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2108	FIGURE 15.10 A sign language interpreter mainly uses his hands to communicate.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21385.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2110	FIGURE 15.11 A cat uses body language and a hissing sound as a threat to potential predators.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21386.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2110	FIGURE 15.12 A dog urinates on a tree to mark its territory.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21387.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2110	FIGURE 15.13 Human facial expressions can communi- cate a range of emotions.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21388.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2112	FIGURE 15.14 Some of the worker bees in a honeybee colony	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21389.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2114	FIGURE 15.15 Mouth-to-mouth transfer of food is com- mon in some species of ants.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21390.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2116	FIGURE 15.16 A male sharp-tailed grouse does a courtship dance to attract a female for mating.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21391.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2116	FIGURE 15.17 An emperor penguin father feeds his chick.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21392.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2119	FIGURE 15.18 This ladybug is looking for a safe place to hibernate over the winter.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21393.png
L_0382	types of animal behavior	T_2120	FIGURE 15.19 By hunting at night, owls can avoid com- peting with other hunting birds such as hawks.	image	textbook_images/types_of_animal_behavior_21394.png
L_0388	choosing healthy foods	T_2164	FIGURE 17.6 MyPlate	image	textbook_images/choosing_healthy_foods_21422.png
L_0388	choosing healthy foods	T_2166	FIGURE 17.7 Reading nutrition facts labels can help you choose healthy foods. Look at the nutrition facts label shown here. Do you think this food is a good choice for a healthy eating plan? Why or why not?	image	textbook_images/choosing_healthy_foods_21423.png
L_0388	choosing healthy foods	T_2167	FIGURE 17.8 This food label includes the list of ingre- dients in the food. The main ingredient is enriched wheat flour, followed by high- fructose corn syrup. Why should you avoid foods with ingredients such as these at the top of the ingredients list?	image	textbook_images/choosing_healthy_foods_21424.png
L_0388	choosing healthy foods	T_2168	FIGURE 17.9 Walking the dog is a good way to add exercise to your daily routine.	image	textbook_images/choosing_healthy_foods_21425.png
L_0411	communities	T_2375	FIGURE 23.8 Pack of wolves preying on a moose	image	textbook_images/communities_21525.png
L_0411	communities	T_2376	FIGURE 23.9 Predator-Prey populations.	image	textbook_images/communities_21526.png
L_0411	communities	T_2378	FIGURE 23.10 Prairie dogs are a keystone species in their community.	image	textbook_images/communities_21527.png
L_0411	communities	T_2378	FIGURE 23.11 There is a well-camouflaged frog in this photo. Do you see it?	image	textbook_images/communities_21528.png
L_0411	communities	T_2379	FIGURE 23.12 These species of birds have evolved different types of beaks to exploit different food sources. This allows them to live in the same area without competing for food.	image	textbook_images/communities_21529.png
L_0411	communities	T_2381	FIGURE 23.13 A clownfish takes refuge among the tentacles of a sea anemone.	image	textbook_images/communities_21530.png
L_0411	communities	T_2382	FIGURE 23.14 Hookworm parasites inside their human hosts intestines	image	textbook_images/communities_21531.png
L_0411	communities	T_2383	FIGURE 23.15 A cattle egret hangs out near cattle to catch insects stirred up by the cattles feet.	image	textbook_images/communities_21532.png
L_0412	ecosystems	T_2386	FIGURE 23.16 The grass and deer fill two different niches in an ecosystem.	image	textbook_images/ecosystems_21533.png
L_0414	flow of energy	T_2398	FIGURE 24.1 The green streaks in this brilliant blue Guatemalan lake are billions of photosyn- thetic bacteria.	image	textbook_images/flow_of_energy_21540.png
L_0414	flow of energy	T_2400	FIGURE 24.2 Grizzly bears eat both plant and animal foods, including grasses, berries, fish, and clams.	image	textbook_images/flow_of_energy_21541.png
L_0414	flow of energy	T_2400	FIGURE 24.3 These dung beetles are detritivores. They are feasting on a pile of horse dung (feces).	image	textbook_images/flow_of_energy_21542.png
L_0414	flow of energy	T_2402	FIGURE 24.4 Terrestrial (left) and aquatic (right) food chains	image	textbook_images/flow_of_energy_21543.png
L_0414	flow of energy	T_2403	FIGURE 24.5 Food web showing trophic levels	image	textbook_images/flow_of_energy_21544.png
L_0414	flow of energy	T_2405	FIGURE 24.6 This ecological pyramid shows how en- ergy and biomass decrease from lower to higher trophic levels.	image	textbook_images/flow_of_energy_21545.png
L_0414	flow of energy	DD_0170	A food chain diagram shows the energy flow through ecosystems. It represents feeding relationships. Producers are living organisms that produce food for other species. The producer in this diagram is the plant. Consumers are organisms that depend on other living things for food. The primary consumers of the plant are the mice, caterpillars and aphids. They in turn are the food for the secondary consumers. The secondary consumers in this diagram are the owl, the kookaburra and the sparrow. The eagle is the tertiary consumer in this diagram. Most organisms consume and are consumed by more than one species so food chain diagrams are usually simpler than what happens in nature.	image	teaching_images/food_chains_webs_1779.png
L_0414	flow of energy	DD_0171	Energy is the ability to change or move matter. Every living thing needs energy to survive and grow. Food chains such as this one here have many intersecting pathways. Realistically in nature, many different plants and animals are eaten by a number of other such living things. As you can see in this diagram, rabbits, mice and grasshoppers all eat the grass. Additionally, hawks eat snakes, sparrows and frogs. This is all the natural way of life and exhibits the term survival of the fittest. This term means that the more dominant consumer will survive.	image	teaching_images/food_chains_webs_498.png
L_0414	flow of energy	DD_0172	The diagram we observe is that of a food web. A food web is nothing but a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains. In this food web, we observe 2 plants/fruits at the lowest level, namely Plantain and Berries. Plantain is consumed by Grasshoppers, Rabbits and Mouse. Berries on the other hand are consumed by Grasshoppers again, Titmouse, Butterflies and Greenflies. In the next level of the food web, the Grasshoppers are eaten by frogs, Rabbits and Mouse by Buzzard and Fox, Greenfly by Ladybird, Butterfly by Frogs and Titmouse by Snakes. The Ladybird is eaten by Dragonfly and the Dragonfly in turn is eaten by Frogs. The Frogs are consumed by Snakes and the Snake in turn is eaten by Buzzard. The Fox and Buzzard also feed on Titmouse, thus making them the topmost in the food web.	image	teaching_images/food_chains_webs_263.png
L_0414	flow of energy	DD_0173	This diagram exhibits the flow of energy concept. As seen the hawk eats the snake, mouse and decomposers. Additionally, the deer eat decomposers and trees to survive. The mouse is eaten by snakes, hawks and owls. The owl eats the frog which eats the cricket which eats decomposers. This is part of the cycle of life. Therefore, an ecosystem is depicted. An ecosystem is a group of living things living in their habitat.	image	teaching_images/food_chains_webs_863.png
L_0414	flow of energy	food_chains_webs_6060	The diagram shows an example of a food web. A food web shows the different pathways energy flows through an ecosystem. Because plants produce their own food as well as food for animals, they are called producers. Because animals eat other living things, they are called consumers. There are different kinds of animals based on what they consume. Animals that consume plants are called herbivores. Animals that consume other animals are called carnivores. Animals that consume both plants and animals are called omnivores. There are many different food chains in a food web. A food chain shows how energy flows from a producer, to a primary consumer, then to a secondary consumer, then to a tertiary consumer, and so on, until it reaches the top of the food chain. For example, the diagram shows that plants, the producers, are eaten by herbivorous insects, the primary consumers. The herbivorous insects are then eaten by insectivorous birds, the secondary consumers. Finally, the insectivorous birds are eaten by hawks and owls, the tertiary consumers.	image	teaching_images/food_chains_webs_6060.png

L_0367

what are animals

T_1964

FIGURE 11.2 Human nerve cell

image

textbook_images/what_are_animals_21292.png

L_0367

what are animals

T_1966

FIGURE 11.3 Animal Life Cycle.

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textbook_images/what_are_animals_21293.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1970

FIGURE 11.5 Some major events in animal evolution

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textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21295.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1972

FIGURE 11.6 Symmetry in invertebrates.

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textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21296.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1974

FIGURE 11.7 Three Cell Layers in a Flatworm. A flat- worm has three cell layers.

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textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21297.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1974

FIGURE 11.8 Two Types of Digestive Systems in Invertebrates. On the left is an incomplete digestive system, found in a jellyfish; on the right is the complete digestive system of a roundworm. Invertebrates may have either of these two types of digestive system.

image

textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21298.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1975

FIGURE 11.9 Cross Section of an invertebrate with a coelom. The coelom forms within the mesoderm.

image

textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21299.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1976

FIGURE 11.10 A segmented invertebrate: earthworm (annelid)

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textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21300.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1976

FIGURE 11.11 A segmented invertebrate: ant (arthropod)

image

textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21301.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1977

FIGURE 11.12 Tunicates have a notochord. It appears here as a line running down the length of the body.

image

textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21302.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1978

FIGURE 11.13 This hagfish is a simple vertebrate. It may resemble the earliest vertebrates.

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textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21303.png

L_0368

how animals evolved

T_1980

FIGURE 11.14 Exoskeleton shed by a dragonfly

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textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21304.png

L_0372

insects and other arthropods

T_2010

FIGURE 12.20 Weevil: an insect in Phylum Arthropoda

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textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21324.png

L_0372

insects and other arthropods

T_2012

FIGURE 12.21 Arthropods have three body segments.

image

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insects and other arthropods

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FIGURE 12.22 Bee head appendages include jaws, eyes, and antennae.

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insects and other arthropods

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FIGURE 12.23 Metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly

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insects and other arthropods

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FIGURE 12.24 Incomplete metamorphosis in a grasshopper

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insects and other arthropods

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FIGURE 12.25 Specialized mouthparts for eating in in- sects

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insects and other arthropods

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FIGURE 12.26 Dragonfly wings

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insects and other arthropods

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The diagram shows the life cycle of an arthropod. The majority of arthropods are insects. The life cycle of an arthropod can be broken down into seven stages. The first stage is Egg Mass, which can take 6-9 days to hatch. Next, comes the five nymphal stages of growth. This can take 16-18 days to complete. In some arthropods, newly hatched offspring look like small adults. These arthropods don't go through larval stages. They just grow larger until they reach adult size. This type of life cycle is called incomplete metamorphosis. After this, the arthropod becomes an adult. The adult can now lay a new set of eggs, starting another life cycle.

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insects and other arthropods

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The diagram shows the life cycle of organisms in the Animal kingdom called Arthropods. Arthropods are invertebrates in Phylum Arthropoda. There are more than a million known species of arthropods. In addition to insects, arthropods include animals such as spiders, centipedes, and lobsters. Arthropods reproduce sexually. Male and female adults produce gametes or eggs. If fertilization occurs, eggs hatch into offspring. After hatching, most arthropods go through one or more larval stages before reaching adulthood. The larvae may look very different from the adults. They change into the adult form in a process called metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, the arthropod is called a pupa. It may or may not spend this stage inside a special container called a cocoon. A familiar example of arthropod metamorphosis is the transformation of a caterpillar (larva) into a butterfly (adult). Each life stage can evolve adaptations to suit it for its specific functions without affecting the adaptations of the other stages. In some arthropods, newly hatched offspring look like small adults. These arthropods don't go through larval stages. They just grow larger until they reach adult size.

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insects and other arthropods

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The diagram shows the life cycle of a Frog. Frogs belong to species of animals called amphibians, meaning they can live in land or in water. Adult frogs lay their eggs in water or wet places. A floating clump of eggs is called a frog spawn. The egg begins as a single cell. Several thousand are sometimes laid at once. It becomes surrounded by a jellylike covering, which protects the egg. The egg slowly develops for a period of about 21 days and becomes a tadpole, a baby frog. The tadpole has a long tail, and lives in the water. After about five weeks, the tadpole begins to transform. It starts to grow hind legs, which are soon followed with forelegs. Behind their heads bulges appear where their front legs are growing and their tails become smaller. The tadpole becomes a froglet. Froglets continue to live in water and continue to develop. Over time, the tadpole becomes even more frog-like. They shed their skin and lips. Its mouth widens, and it loses its horny jaws. The tail becomes much smaller, and the legs grow. As they become adult frogs, the life cycle then continues.

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insects and other arthropods

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The diagram illustrates the life cycle of a butterfly. It begins as adult butterflies lay their eggs. The egg is a tiny, round, oval, or cylindrical object, usually with fine ribs and other microscopic structures. The female attaches the egg to leaves, stems, or other objects, usually on or near the intended caterpillar food. After sometime the caterpillar hatches from the eggs. The caterpillar (or larva) is the long, worm-like stage of the butterfly. It often has a colorful pattern of stripes or patches, and it may have spine-like hairs. It feeds on plant leaves and as it grows, it sheds its skin four or more times to enclose its rapidly growing body. After the caterpillar has grown big enough, they form themselves into a Chrysalis (or pupa). It is the transformation stage within which the caterpillar transforms into an adult butterfly by a process called metamorphosis.

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insects and other arthropods

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This diagram shows the life cycle of a butterfly. A butterfly lays eggs on leaves or plants. Then, the eggs hatch into larva. These larva grow to full-sized caterpillars. The caterpillars form pupa, or cocoons. Within a few weeks, the pupa begins to unravel and a butterfly emerges. Later, the butterfly will lay eggs and the cycle will begin again. This cycle generally takes less than 4-6 weeks to complete.

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