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3906 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20cell | Chemical cell | A chemical cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Most batteries are chemical cells. A chemical reaction takes place inside the battery and causes electric current to flow.
There are two main types of batteries - those that are rechargeable and those that are not.
A battery that is not rechargeable will give electricity until the chemicals in it are used up. Then it is no longer useful. It can be rightly called 'use and throw'.
A rechargeable battery can be recharged by passing electric current backwards through the battery; it can then be used again to produce more electricity. It was Gaston Plante, a French scientist who invented these rechargeable batteries in 1859.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from very small ones used in toys and cameras, to those used in cars or even larger ones. Submarines require very large batteries.
Types of chemical cells
Simple cell
Dry cell
Wet cell
Fuel cell
Solar cell
Electric cell
Electrochemical cells
An extremely important class of oxidation and reduction reactions are used to provide useful electrical energy in batteries. A simple electrochemical cell can be made from copper and zinc metals with solutions of their sulphates. In the process of the reaction, electrons can be transferred from the zinc to the copper through an electrically conducting path as a useful electric current.
An electrochemical cell can be created by placing metallic electrodes into an electrolyte where a chemical reaction either uses or generates an electric current. Electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells, and common batteries consist of one or more such cells. In other electrochemical cells an externally supplied electric current is used to drive a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously. Such cells are called electrolytic cells.
Voltaic cells
An electrochemical cell which causes external electric current flow can be created using any two different metals since metals differ in their tendency to lose electrons. Zinc more readily loses electrons than copper, so placing zinc and copper metal in solutions of their salts can cause electrons to flow through an external wire which leads from the zinc to the copper. As a zinc atom provides the electrons, it becomes a positive ion and goes into aqueous solution, decreasing the mass of the zinc electrode. On the copper side, the two electrons received allow it to convert a copper ion from solution into an uncharged copper atom which deposits on the copper electrode, increasing its mass. The two reactions are typically writtenZn(s) --> Zn2+(aq) + 2e-Cu2+(aq) + 2e- --> Cu(s)The letters in parentheses are just reminders that the zinc goes from a solid (s) into a water solution (aq) and vice versa for the copper. It is typical in the language of electrochemistry to refer to these two processes as "half-reactions" which occur at the two electrodes.
In order for the voltaic cell to continue to produce an external electric current, there must be a movement of the sulfate ions in solution from the right to the left to balance the electron flow in the external circuit. The metal ions themselves must be prevented from moving between the electrodes, so some kind of porous membrane or other mechanism must provide for the selective movement of the negative ions in the electrolyte from the right to the left.
Energy is required to force the electrons to move from the zinc to the copper electrode, and the amount of energy per unit charge available from the voltaic cell is called the electromotive force (emf) of the cell. Energy per unit charge is expressed in volts (1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb).
Clearly, to get energy from the cell, you must get more energy released from the oxidation of the zinc than it takes to reduce the copper. The cell can yield a finite amount of energy from this process, the process being limited by the amount of material available either in the electrolyte or in the metal electrodes. For example, if there were one mole of the sulfate ions SO42- on the copper side, then the process is limited to transferring two moles of electrons through the external circuit. The amount of electric charge contained in a mole of electrons is called the Faraday constant, and is equal to Avogadro's number times the electron charge:Faraday constant = F = NAe = 6.022 x 1023 x 1.602 x 10-19 = 96,485 Coulombs/moleThe energy yield from a voltaic cell is given by the cell voltage times the number of moles of electrons transferred times the Faraday constant.Electrical energy output = nFEcellThe cell emf Ecell may be predicted from the standard electrode potentials for the two metals. For the zinc/copper cell under the standard conditions, the calculated cell potential is 1.1 volts.
Simple cell
A simple cell typically has plates of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in dilute sulphuric acid. The zinc dissolves and bubbles of hydrogen appear on the copper plate. These hydrogen bubbles interfere with the passage of current so a simple cell can only be used for a short time. To provide a steady current, a depolarizer (an oxidizing agent) is needed to oxidize the hydrogen. In the Daniel cell, the depolarizer is copper sulphate, which exchanges the hydrogen for copper. In the Leclanche battery, the depolarizer is manganese dioxide, which oxidizes the hydrogen to water.
Daniel cell
English chemist John Frederick Daniell developed a voltaic cell in 1836 which used zinc and copper and solutions of their ions.
Key
Zinc rod = negative terminal
H2SO4 = dilute sulphuric acid electrolyte
Porous pot separates the two liquids
CuSO4 = copper sulphate depolarizer
Copper pot = positive terminal
Physical chemistry
Energy
Batteries |
3907 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das%20Lied%20der%20Deutschen | Das Lied der Deutschen | Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the German people"), also known as Deutschlandlied, ("The Song of Germany"), is a song written by Joseph Haydn and Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Part of this song is the national anthem of Germany (German National Anthem).
A line from this song, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and justice and freedom") is the considered to be the unofficial motto of Germany.
History
The music was written by Haydn in 1797 as the anthem of Austria. It was called "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God protect our Emperor Franz"). The words which are used today were written by the poet August Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben in 1841.
Today, the first line "Germany, Germany above all" sounds too strong for some people, and is often misunderstood. Fallersleben wanted a united Germany when he wrote it. At that time, Germany was not one country, but many small countries. So "Germany above all" meant that the most important thing to do was to have a unified Germany. Also, the poet was in Heligoland, where people spoke German but were ruled by the British.
Fallersleben's music was very popular in Germany during the second part of the 19th century. This song was not a national anthem then, but a patriotic song supporting a united German state. In 1918, it replaced the anthem of the German Empire "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" ("Praise to the war-winner"), when the Emperor Wilhelm II lost power at the end of the First World War. In 1921, a "fourth stanza", a new part or verse, was written by poet Albert Matthai with words about the difficult life in Germany at that time. This verse was rarely used.
During the time of Hitler, only the first part of the song was used. This was often followed by a Nazi party song. This offended the international audience as the first stanza supports Germany holding colonial powers in non-consenting nations.
After the Second World War, Germany was divided into two countries. In 1949, the new Western Germany tried to get a new song for the national anthem. Another song was chosen, written by poet Rudolf Alexander Schröder. It was not very popular. Finally, the third part of the Fallersleben song was made into the national anthem.
In the other part of Germany, the Eastern Germany, the words of poet Johannes R. Becher ("Auferstanden aus Ruinen" - "Re-built from the Ruins") were used with a song written by Hanns Eisler. It was not very popular, and from the 1970s the words were not sung, because of the line "Germany, [our] unified fatherland".
After East and West Germany united again in 1990, the Fallersleben song again became the national anthem of Germany but only the third part is used. Today, the first part of the song is popular with nationalist extremists.
Related pages
German National Anthem
Germany
National anthems
Mottos |
3913 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity | Cavity | A cavity is a hole.
It can also mean:
Dental cavity, damage to teeth.
Another hollow area within the body. Such as a nasal cavity. |
3914 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence | Evidence | Evidence is something that is used to support an argument. It gives examples of why something is true.
For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk. If a witness saw the cat spilling the milk, her testimony would also be evidence.
References
Law
Criminal investigation |
3917 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyadic | Dyadic | A dyadic is a math function that needs two things in order to give something out. Addition and multiplication are dyadic. Powers are also dyadic. There are many more functions that are dyadic.
Dyadic may specifically refer to:
Dyad
Dyadic communication
Dyadic counterpoint, the voice-against-voice conception of polyphony
Dyadic fraction
Dyadic product
Dyadic rational (also known as Dyadic solenoid)
Dyadic Relation (usually known as a Binary relation)
Dyadic tensor
Dyadic transformation |
3919 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill | Hill | A hill is a landform that is higher than the surrounding terrain and that is smaller than a mountain. Hill is a highland of much lower elevation than a mountain. Normally it is not as steep as a mountain. By definition, a hill is often described as being lower than 600 meters (about 2,000 feet). However, some definitions say a hill is lower than 300 meters (about 1,000 feet). The surface of a hill is much more stable than that of a dune. Hill have long been used for hill forts
Pictures
Other websites
nds:Kommun Ås |
3922 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme | Enzyme | An enzyme is a protein molecule in cells which works as a biological catalyst. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body, but do not get used up in the process, therefore can be used over and over again.
Almost all biochemical reactions in living things need enzymes. With an enzyme, chemical reactions go much faster than they would without the enzyme.p39 Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes.
The substances at the start of a reaction are called substrates. The substances at the end of a reaction are the products. Enzymes work on the substrates, and turn them into products. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.
The first enzyme was found in 1833 by Anselme Payen.
Enzyme structure
There are thousands of different enzymes and each one is specific to the reaction which it catalyses. Enzymes have names which show what they do. Enzyme names usually end in –ase to show that they are enzymes. Examples of this include ATP synthase. It makes a chemical called ATP. Another example is DNA polymerase. It reads an intact DNA strand and uses it as a template to make a new strand.
One example of an enzyme is amylase, found in saliva. It breaks down starch molecules into smaller glucose and maltose molecules. Another kind of enzyme is lipase. It breaks down fats into smaller molecules, fatty acids and glycerol.
The proteases are a whole class of enzymes. They break down other enzymes and proteins back into amino acids. Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA or RNA, often in specific place in the molecule.
Enzymes are not only for breaking large chemicals into smaller chemicals. Other enzymes take smaller chemicals and build them up into bigger chemicals, and do many other chemical tasks. The classification below lists the main types.
Biochemists often draw a picture of an enzyme to use as a visual aid or map of the enzyme. This is hard to do because there may be hundreds or thousands of atoms in an enzyme. Biochemists can not draw all this detail. Instead, they use ribbon models as pictures of enzymes. Ribbon models can show the shape of an enzyme without having to draw every atom.
Most enzymes will not work unless the temperature and pH are just right. In mammals the right temperature is usually about 37oC degrees (body temperature). The correct pH can vary greatly. Pepsin is an example of an enzyme that works best when pH is about 1.5.
Heating an enzyme above a certain temperature will destroy the enzyme permanently. It will be broken down by protease and the chemicals will be used again.
Some chemicals can help an enzyme do its job even better. These are called activators. Sometimes, a chemical can slow down an enzyme or even make the enzyme not work at all. These are called inhibitors. Most drugs are chemicals that either speed up or slow down some enzyme in the human body.
Lock and key model
Enzymes are very specific. In 1894 Emil Fischer suggested that both the enzyme and the substrate have specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another. This is often referred to as "the lock and key" model. However, this model fails to explain what happens next.
In 1958, Daniel Koshland suggested a modification to the lock and key model. Since enzymes are rather flexible structures, the active site is reshaped by interactions with the substrate. As a result, the substrate does not simply bind to a rigid active site. The amino acid side-chains of the active site are bent into positions so the enzyme does its catalytic work. In some cases, such as glycosidases, the substrate molecule also changes shape slightly as it enters the active site.
Function
The general equation for an enzyme reaction is:
Substrate + Enzyme –> Substrate:Enzyme –> Product:Enzyme –> Product + Enzyme
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction by forming an intermediary complex with the substrate. This complex is called an enzyme-substrate complex.
For example, sucrase, 400 times the size of its substrate sucrose, splits the sucrose into its constituent sugars, which are glucose and fructose. The sucrase bends the sucrose, and strains the bond between the glucose and fructose. Water molecules join in and make the cleavage in a fraction of a second. Enzymes have these key features:
They are catalytic. They commonly increase the rate of reaction 10 billion-fold.p39 The enzyme itself is not changed by the reaction.
They are effective in tiny amounts. One enzyme molecule may convert 1000 molecules of substrate a minute, and some are known to convert 3 million in a minute.p39
They are highly specific. One enzyme will only carry out one of the many reactions of which a substrate is capable.
Control of enzyme activity
There are five main ways that enzyme activity is controlled in the cell.
Enzyme production (transcription and translation of enzyme genes) can be increased or reduced in response to changes in the cell's environment. This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction and inhibition. For example, in bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin, enzymes are induced which hydrolyse the penicillin molecule.
Enzymes can occur in different cellular compartments. For example, fatty acids are synthesized by one set of enzymes in the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Then they are used by a different set of enzymes as a source of energy in the mitochondria.
Enzymes can be regulated by their own products. For example, the end product(s) often inhibit one of the first enzymes of the pathway. Such a regulatory mechanism is called negative feedback, because the amount of the end product produced is regulated by its own concentration. This prevents the cells making too much enzyme. The control of enzyme action helps keep a stable internal environment in living organisms.
Enzymes can be regulated by being modified after their production. An example is the cleavage of the polypeptide chain. Chymotrypsin, a digestive protease, is produced in inactive form in the pancreas and transported in this form to the stomach where it is activated. This stops the enzyme from digesting the pancreas or other tissues before it enters the gut. This type of inactive precursor to an enzyme is known as a zymogen.
Some enzymes may become activated when they move to a different environment (e.g. from high pH to low pH). For example, haemagglutinin in the influenza virus is activated by a change in shape. This is caused by the acidic conditions which occur inside the host cell's lysosome.
Enzyme inhibitors
Inhibitors can be used to stop an enzyme from binding to a substrate. This may be done to slow down an enzyme-controlled reaction. The inhibitors fit loosely or partially into the enzyme's active site. This prevents or slows down an enzyme-substrate complex being formed.
Denaturation
Denaturation is the irreversible alteration of an enzyme's active site, caused by an extreme change in temperature or pH. It will decrease the rate of reaction because the substrate molecule will not be able to fit into the active site, so products cannot be formed.
Cofactors
Cofactors, or coenzymes, are helper molecules which are needed to make an enzyme work. They are not proteins, and may be organic or inorganic molecules. Both types of molecules sometimes contain a metal ion at the centre, such as Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ or iron-sulphur clusters. This is because such ions may act as electron donors, and this is important in many reactions. The need of enzymes for various little helpers is the basic reason why animals, including ourselves, need trace elements and vitamins.
Classification
Enzymes have been classified by the International Union of Biochemistry. Their Commission on Enzymes has grouped all known enzymes into six classes:
Oxido-reductases: catalyse transfer of electrons
Transferases: move functional group from one molecule to another
Hydrolases: add –OH (hydroxyl) group
Lyases: split chemical bonds, and often add double bond or ring structure
Isomerases: A –> B where B is an isomer of A
Ligases: join two large molecules: Ab + C –> A–C + b
The individual enzymes are given a four-figure number which classifies them in the database.p145
Uses of enzymes
Enzymes are used commercially for:
making baby food - pre-digesting food for babies
softening the centres of chocolates
biological washing powder - which contains protease enzymes to break down the grime and dirt. It breaks the large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules. It works at a lower temperature, so less energy is needed (thermostable)
Related pages
Burst kinetics
References
Biochemistry
Molecular biology |
3924 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain | Mountain | A mountain is a large natural rise of the Earth's surface that usually has a "summit" (the name for a mountain's top, which can also be called a peak). It is usually steeper and taller than a hill. By definition, mountains are often thought of as being a hill which is higher than 600 meters (about 2,000 feet). However, some definitions say a mountain is a hill higher than 300 meters (about 1,000 feet).
Definition of a mountain
The highest point of a mountain is called the peak. A mountain's summit is the highest area where an individual can reach. A mountain climber will not reach the peak of the mountain but can reach the summit.
Britannica Student Encyclopedia says that the term "mountain" usually means a rise of over 2,000 feet (610 m)".
Polytechnic Student Encyclopedia says that the term "mountain" usually means a rise of over 1,000 feet (300 m)".
The standard height for a mountain in England is 600 metres. In England, this is important because in English law people have the "Right to Roam" in mountains, but they do not have the same right to walk on someone-else's land.
Formation
The forming of a mountain is called orogeny. Mountains are formed when rock layers in the ground are pushed from opposite sides, and by being pushed, they push the crust up. A mountain range is a large group of mountains beside each other. There are three main ways a mountain may be made:
Fold mountains
Fold mountains occur when two plates collide. The less dense continental crust "floats" on the denser mantle rocks beneath. The continental crust is normally much thicker under mountains, compared to lower lying areas. Rock can fold either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The upfolds are anticlines and the downfolds are synclines. The Jura Mountains are an example of fold mountains.
Folded mountains make up some of the highest mountains in the world. Folded mountains commonly form along boundaries, where 2 continents meet. Some really complex folds are in parts of the Andes, Alps, Himalayas, Appalachians, and Russia's Ural Mountains. These long mountain chains also show lots of signs of folding.
Block mountains
Block mountains are caused by faults in the crust: a seam where rocks can move past each other. When rocks on one side of a fault rise relative to the other, it can form a mountain. The uplifted blocks are block mountains or horsts. The dropped blocks are called graben. They can form extensive rift valley systems. This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley. These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned.
Volcanic mountains
Volcanoes are formed in one of these ways:
When a tectonic plate is pushed below another tectonic plate,
at a mid-ocean ridge or hotspot. At a depth of around , melting occurs in rock above the slab (due to the addition of water), and forms magma that reaches the surface. When the magma reaches the surface, it often builds a volcanic mountain, such as a shield volcano or a stratovolcano.
Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. The magma does not have to reach the surface in order to create a mountain: magma that solidifies below ground can still form dome mountains, such as Navajo Mountain in the states of Utah and Arizona, in the United States.
Volcanic mountains form when molten rock erupts onto the Earth's surface. They can either form on land or in the ocean. The Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon and northern California is made of volcanoes. Some of the largest volcanoes are on divergent boundaries, which form the mid-ocean ridges. The mid-ocean ridges have big volcanic mountain chains that run through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. The mountains in the mid-ocean ridges can grow tall enough to create islands such as Iceland or the Azores.
Other volcanic mountains form over hot spots, pockets of magma beneath the crust which erupt onto Earth's surface. The Hawaiian Islands are the tops of really high volcanic islands that have formed over a hot spot on the sea floor. The main Hawaiian island is a volcano about above the ocean floor. Its base is about wide. Almost of this island is above sea level.
Other terms
Dome mountains
Dome mountains, like those in the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Adirondack Mountains of New York, are an unusual domish type of mountain that is formed when molten rock rises through the crust and push up the rock layers above it. This creates a circular dome on the Earth's surface. The molten rock later cools off and forms hardened rock. When the pushed up rocks are worn away, the hardened rock is shown. This hardened rock then wears away in places. When it wears away, it leaves mountains, and they are called dome mountains.
Plateau mountains
Plateau mountains are formed a bit like folded mountains. They are large areas of flat topped rocks that have been lifted high above the crust by continental plates. Most plateaus are near folded mountains.
Height
The height of a mountain is measured as distance above sea level.
Tallest mountains
The highest known mountain in the Solar System is the Olympus Mons (27 km high) on Mars. The highest mountain on earth is Mount Everest (8,848m) which is in Nepal and Tibet, in Asia.
The "tallest" mountain in the world is Mauna Loa, in Hawaii. The "height" of a mountain is measured from sea level, but the "tallness" of a mountain is measured from its base, even if under water. The highest mountain in North America is Mount McKinley (6,194m) in Alaska in the USA. The highest in South America is Aconcagua (6,962m) in Argentina. For Africa, it is Kilimanjaro (5,963m) of Tanzania. In Europe, the highest mountain is in Russia called Elbrus (5,633m). Antarctica's highest mountain is Vinsin Massiff (5,140m). In Oceania, a mountain called Puncak Jaya (5,030m) is the highest there. This particular mountain is in Papua New Guinea / Indonesia.
References
Basic English 850 words |
3925 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20code | Machine code | Machine code is a computer program written in machine language. It uses the instruction set of a particular computer architecture. It is usually written in binary. Machine code is the lowest level of software. Other programming languages are translated into machine code so the computer can execute them.
An instruction tells the process what operation to perform. Each instruction is made up of an opcode (operation code) and operand(s). The operands are usually memory addresses or data. An instruction set is a list of the opcodes available for a computer. Machine code is what assembly code and other programming languages are compiled to or interpreted as.
Program builders turn code into another language or machine code.
Machine code is sometimes called native code. This is used when talking about things that work on only some computers.
Writing machine code
Machine code can be written in different forms:
Using a number of switches. This generates a sequence of 1 and 0. This was used in the early days of computing. Since the 1970s, it is no longer used.
Using a Hex editor. This allows the use of opcodes instead of the number of the command.
Using an Assembler. Assembly languages are simpler than opcodes. Their syntax is easier to understand than machine language but harder than high level languages. The assembler will translate the source code into machine code on its own.
Using a High-level programming language allows programs that use code that is easier to read and write. These programs are translated into machine code. The translation can happen in many steps. Java programs are first optimized into bytecode. Then it is translated into machine language when it is used.
Typical instructions of machine code
There are many kinds of instructions usually found in an instruction set:
Arithmetical operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
Logical operations: Conjunction, disjunction, negation.
Operations acting on single bits: Shifting bits to the left or right.
Operations acting on memory: copying a value from one register to another.
Operations that compare two values: bigger than, smaller than, equal.
Operations that combine other operations: add, compare, and copy if equal to some value(as one operation), jump to some point in the program if a register is zero.
Operations that act on program flow: jump to some address.
Operations that convert data types: e.g. convert a 32-bit integer to a 64-bit integer, convert a floating point value to an integer (by truncating).
Many modern processors use microcode for some of the commands. More complex commands tend to use it. This is often done with CISC architectures.
Instructions
Every processor or processor family has its own instruction set. Instructions are patterns of bits that correspond to different commands that can be given to the machine. Thus, the instruction set is specific to a class of processors using (mostly) the same architecture.
Newer processor designs often include all the instructions of a predecessor and may add additional instructions. Sometimes, a newer design will discontinue or alter the meaning of an instruction code (typically because it is needed for new purposes), affecting code compatibility; even nearly completely compatible processors may show slightly different behavior for some instructions, but this is rarely a problem.
Systems may also differ in other details, such as memory arrangement, operating systems, or peripheral devices. Because a program normally relies on such factors, different systems will typically not run the same machine code, even when the same type of processor is used.
Most instructions have one or more opcode fields. They specify the basic instruction type. Other fields may give the type of the operands, the addressing mode, and so on. There may also be special instructions that are contained in the opcode itself. These instructions are called immediates.
Processor designs can be different in other ways. Different instructions can have different lengths. Also, they can have the same length. Having all instructions have the same length can simplify the design.
Example
The MIPS architecture has instructions which are 32 bits long. This section has examples of code. The general type of instruction is in the op (operation) field. It is the highest 6 bits. J-type (jump) and I-type (immediate) instructions are fully given by op. R-type (register) instructions include the field funct. It determines the exact operation of the code. The fields used in these types are:
6 5 5 5 5 6 bits
[ op | rs | rt | rd |shamt| funct] R-type
[ op | rs | rt | address/immediate] I-type
[ op | target address ] J-type
rs, rt, and rd indicate register operands. shamt gives a shift amount. The address or immediate fields contain an operand directly.
Example: add the registers 1 and 2. Place the result in register 6. It is encoded:
[ op | rs | rt | rd |shamt| funct]
0 1 2 6 0 32 decimal
000000 00001 00010 00110 00000 100000 binary
Load a value into register 8. Take it from the memory cell 68 cells after the location listed in register 3:
[ op | rs | rt | address/immediate]
35 3 8 68 decimal
100011 00011 01000 00000 00001 000100 binary
Jump to the address 1024:
[ op | target address ]
2 1024 decimal
000010 00000 00000 00000 10000 000000 binary
Related pages
Binary numeral system
Quantum computers
Instruction set
Reduced instruction set computer
References
Computer science |
3926 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area | Area | Area is the amount of space a two dimensional (flat) surface takes up. It is useful because it is how much of a material is needed to make a hollow container. Area is the amount of surface covered by a close object or shape.
Some units used to measure area are square foot, square mile, square metre and square kilometre. The area of a planar figure is often written as . Areas of regular shapes such as square, rectangle, triangle and circle can be calculated through formulas. The area of an irregular shape can be approximated through grid or graph paper.
One can use different formulas to find the area of different shapes. For example:
Area of a rectangle is the length of any two touching sides multiplied together. In other words, length times width.
Area of a triangle is half of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height. In other words, .
Area of a circle:
The area of a flat object is related to the surface area and volume of a three-dimensional object.
The area under a curve can be found using integration, a concept from calculus.
Related pages
Mu (unit of area)
References
Geometry |
3927 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20space | Air space | Air space is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation. You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane. The air traffic controllers make sure the planes go in the right place and do not hit each other or something else. Some countries are very protective of their air space.
Aviation
Geography |
3929 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp%20cooler | Swamp cooler | Swamp coolers are simple type of air conditioning device that can cool a room of a house or a car by using the cooling effect of the evaporation of water. Swamp coolers can cool the air temperature in a small space by drawing the air through wet pads (some are made of aspen wood) using an electric fan.
Swamp coolers work best in dry climates such as the American Southwest and the American South. They are usually much cheaper to buy and operate than refrigerated air-conditioning devices.
This type of air conditioner was first used thousands of years ago in ancient Iran
Home appliances |
3930 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon | Saskatoon | Saskatoon is a city in Saskatchewan, Canada. Saskatoon is the biggest city in Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, though, is not the capital of Saskatchewan. Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan. The South Saskatchewan River flows through the centre of the city and many people enjoy boating, biking and walking in this area. The University of Saskatchewan is also in Saskatoon.
The name Saskatoon [in Cree: sâskwatôn, "Saskatoon"] comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina "saskatoon berries", which refers to the sweet, violet-coloured berry that grows in the area.
Other websites
Saskatoon City Information
References |
3932 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20rod | Glass rod | Glass rods are sometimes used as stirrers in laboratory environments.
Glass rods are often used to spread liquids evenly onto something. An example would be to coat glass surfaces with liquids to look at them under a microscope.
Glass rods rubbed with silk or fur were used in early demonstrations of electrical energy.
Glass rods are commonly manufactured in diameters of 3 mm, 6 mm, and 10 mm.
Glass is used for these rods because it does not react with most laboratory chemicals.
laboratory equipment |
3933 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer | Thermometer | A thermometer is an instrument for measuring or showing temperature (how hot or cold something is). One type of thermometer is a narrow, concealed glass tube containing mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands. Another type is a digital thermometer, which uses electronics to measure temperature.
Early thermometers from the time of Galileo measured the expansion and contraction of air. After the middle 17th century many used alcohol or mercury. In the 19th century a mechanical thermometer was in invented that used a bimetallic strip to move a pointer. This kind is still popular where people like to read temperature from a distance.
Laboratory thermometers
A laboratory thermometer is a tool used in laboratories, places where scientists and science techs perform experiments and measure things. A laboratory thermometer can measure temperature very closely. A laboratory thermometer can be put into the liquid or other thing that the scientist wants to measure. A laboratory thermometer has a long stem with a silver bulb at the end. The silver color in the bulb usually means there is mercury in it. Mercury becomes bigger as the temperature becomes hotter. But mercury is a poison to humans. Mercury-in-glass thermometers are less used in the 21st century because people want digital, alcohol-filled, and organic-based thermometers instead.
Medical thermometers
In the 20th century, the traditional clinical thermometer was a mercury-in-glass thermometer. People put the end of this in their mouth (oral temperature), under their arm, or in their rectum (rectal temperature).
It is only possible to find oral temperatures on patients who can hold the thermometer correctly in their mouth. So small children cannot use this method. It is also a problem for people with a cough or people who are vomiting. In the past it was a big problem because mercury thermometers needed a long time to measure the temperature. Today's digital thermometers are faster. If a person drinks something hot or cold, one still needs to wait before testing their oral temperature.
When measuring a person's rectal temperature, it helps to use a cream on the thermometer. Rectal thermometers are usually more reliable since they aren't as much influenced by other factors. In some countries people think it is embarrassing to use them for people older than two or three. In other countries, it is considered normal for children and adults to use rectal thermometers.
In the 1990s, people in many countries thought mercury thermometers were too risky, as mercury is dangerous if it leaks out. Today we use electronic thermometers. Sometimes thermometers with liquids are used, but not with mercury.
There are other kinds of medical thermometers: tympanic thermometers test the temperature of the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) with infrared; band thermometers test a person's temperature on the front of their head.
Kinds of thermometers
Liquid-in-glass thermometer
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Alcohol-in-glass thermometer
Clinical thermometer
Digital thermometer
Rotary thermometer
Resistance thermometer
Liquid crystal thermometer
Infra-red thermometer
References
Laboratory equipment
Measuring tools
Temperature
Weather instruments
Thermometers |
3935 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Week | Week | A week is 7 days in connecting order. There are usually 52 weeks in a year.
In the English language, the days of the week are named after gods in Norse mythology, except for Saturday, which is named after a Roman god.
Depending on the law of a country, the week either starts on Monday and ends on Sunday, or starts on Sunday and ends on Saturday. In most countries, Saturday and Sunday are the weekend. Friday, Saturday, and Sunday is a religious day for Muslims, Jews, and Christians, respectively.
Other websites
The Mysterious 7-Day Cycle (history with Christian editorial)
The Week (part of Claus Tøndering's Calendar FAQ)
Units of time
Basic English 850 words |
3936 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix | Suffix | A suffix is a few letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning. It is a type of affix mostly used to show Inflection
Verb examples:
-ed
-er
-ing
-s
-ing
walk
walked
walker
walking
walks
Adjective examples:
-er
-est
easy
easier
easiest
Compare to prefix. Prefixes are letters put at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.
References
Grammar |
3937 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20language | Japanese language | The Japanese language () is the official language of Japan, in East Asia. Japanese belongs to the Japonic language family, which also includes the endangered Ryukyuan languages. One theory says Japanese and Korean are related, but most linguists no longer think so. Other theories about the origin of Japanese are that it is related to the Austronesian languages, the Dravidian languages, or the controversial Altaic language family. The term used for Japanese as a course of study by citizens is "kokugo" (国語), which means national language. Nonetheless, Japanese is still referred to as Nihon-go by the Japanese.
Japanese uses three separate writing systems: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. Hiragana and katakana are phonetic systems and show the pronunciation of Japanese words. Kanji is the Japanese variation of Chinese characters and shows the meaning of Japanese words. The three systems are used interchangeably, and all three systems can often be found in the same sentence. The three systems are each reserved for different purposes.
In English, the order of the words is very important. For example, the sentences "Is it?" and "It is." mean different things. In Japanese, differences are often made by adding or changing the ending of words (using the previous example, one would say them as そうですか sou desu ka and そうです sou desu, respectively). A Japanese word has a stem called a "body", and additional parts (called suffixes). Changing the suffix can change the meaning or the grammar of the word.
After World War II, many English words entered the Japanese language. An example of one would be “アイスクリーム, aisukurīmu”, meaning “ice cream”.
Sounds
Japanese has five vowel sounds that can have two different lengths. They are a, i, u, e, o. In IPA they are transliterated as /a/, /i/, /ɯ/, /e/, /o/; and they are pronounced in English as ah, ee, oo, eh, oh. Lengthening a vowel can change the meaning of the word: ojisan (おじさん, uncle) and ojiisan (おじいさん, grandfather). Japanese has a sound that is like the English l, but it is also like the English r. (That is why it can be difficult for many Japanese when to learn to make both sounds when they speak English.) Japanese has a sound that is not uncommon in English and is usually written Tsu (つ). This sound appears in "tsunami" (つなみ), the Japanese word for large ocean waves caused by earthquakes or extreme weather.
Grammar
When foreigners speak Japanese, it is important they know how formal they must be when they speak to people you may or may not know. In Japan, it could be considered quite impolite (rude) if you are not formal enough.
In Japanese, sentences use subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, so the verb is at the end of the sentence and the subject is at the beginning. Many sentences have no subject, and the listener can infer the subject based context and the form of a verb.
In Japanese, Japan is called Nihon (日本), and the language is called Nihongo (日本語) (-go means language). Sometimes, the words Nippon and Nippongo are also used, but both words are now thought of as more nationalist, and Nihon is a more neutral word. The kanji of the word mean "sun-origin." Since Japan is at the eastern edge of Asia, to observers in China, the sun rose from the direction of Japan. That is why Japan is called "The Land of Rising Sun."
Japanese is also agglutinative language, especially in its verbs. Its words has a short "body," and prefixes or suffixes are easily added to change or to redefine the meaning.
Japanese words come from three main sources. The first is wago (和語), which are native Japanese words and can also be called yamato kotoba (大和言葉). The second is kango (漢語), which are Chinese loanwords. The third is gairaigo (外来語), which are loanwords borrowed from languages other than Chinese (usually English since the Second World War).
Writing System
Japanese has three main writing systems:
Hiragana (ひらがな)
Katakana (カタカナ)
Kanji (漢字)
Hiragana is a Syllabary, meaning each character represents a syllable or vowel. Hiragana is the standard, phonetic writing system in Japanese and is used for grammatical words or particles e.g. は、を (wa - Subject particle, o - Object Particle); words that don't have Kanji characters e.g. こんにちは (kon'nichiwa - hello); or for beginners to write Kanji. The symbols were originally adopted from Kanji characters and have changed overtime into their distinct, rounded shapes (e.g. 以 →い).
Katakana is also a Syllabary, with each Hiragana character having a character in Katakana (e.g. あ = ア こ = コ). Katakana is used for impact (similar to italics in English) as well as gairaigo words and direct transliterations from English e.g. メニュー (Menyuu - Menu). Katakana was originally made by Buddhist Monks to teach Japanese people how to read Chinese.
Kanji is an adaptation of the Chinese logographic writing system, meaning each symbol was originally meant to look like the word it was describing. Each symbol can represent a word e.g. 音 (oto - sound) or a syllable in a larger word. There are multiple pronunciations for each Kanji character, categorised into On'yomi (音読み) or Kun'yomi (訓読み), depending on the word's origin.
References |
3939 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice | Spice | Spice is an ingredient that adds flavor to food. It is usually used to enrich or alter the quality of something. Spices can be used to give food an interesting and exciting taste.
Examples of a spice would be cinnamon, fenugreek and nutmeg.
Spices can also be used to hide or cover up bad tastes in the food, because it is rotten or affected by fungi, e.g. marzipan.
Indians and Pakistanis use a lot of spices like turmeric
Related pages
Spice trade |
3940 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor | Flavor | Flavour or flavor (US English) is the main quality of anything which affects the taste. When someone remarks on the flavor of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.
Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something. This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in processed food there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors.
Food and drink
Characteristics
hu:Aroma |
3942 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank | Bank | A bank is a financial institution where customers can save or borrow money. Banks also invest money to build up their reserve of money. What they do is regulated by laws. Those laws differ in different countries. The people who work at a bank are called bank employees. Certain banks deal directly with the public and they are the only ones which an ordinary person will deal with. Other banks deal with investments and international currency trading.
Customer's money may be placed in the bank for safe keeping. Banks may give loans to customers under an agreement to pay the money back to the bank at a later time, with interest. An example is getting a mortgage to buy a house or apartment. Banks also can use the money they have from deposit accounts to invest in businesses in order to make more money.
In most countries the rules for banks are made by the government acting through laws. A central bank (such as the Bank of England) adjusts how much money is issued at a particular time. This is a factor in the economy of a country, and the government takes the big decisions. These "banks of issue" take in, and issue out, coins and banknotes.
History
The word bank comes from an Italian word banco, meaning a bench, since Italian merchants in the Renaissance made deals to borrow and lend money beside a bench. They placed the money on that bench.
Elementary financial records are known from the beginning of history. Baked clay records were done before the invention of writing.
In the 17th century, merchants started storing their gold with goldsmiths in London. The goldsmiths had their own vaults, and charged a fee for storing the merchants' gold. The goldsmiths eventually started loaning money using the gold left to them, and also paid interest on the gold.
The Bank of England began issuing banknotes in 1695. The oldest bank still in existence is Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Siena, Italy, which started in 1472.
Banking activities
A bank usually provides the following services:
Checking account
Cheque books
Savings account
Money market account
Certificate of deposit (CD)
Individual retirement account (IRA)
Credit card
Debit card
Mortgage
Mutual fund
Personal loan
Time deposit
Automated teller machine
Transactional account
Types of banks
Community development bank: regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to under-served markets or populations.
Land development bank: The special banks providing long term loans are called land development banks, in the short, LDB. The history of LDB is quite old. The first LDB was started at Jhang in Punjab in 1920. The main objective of the LDBs are to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their branches.
Credit union or Co-operative bank: not-for-profit cooperatives owned by the depositors and often offering rates more favorable than for-profit banks. Typically, membership is restricted to employees of a particular company, residents of a defined area, members of a certain union or religious organizations, and their immediate families.
Postal savings: savings banks associated with national postal systems.
Offshore bank: banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation. Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.
Savings bank: focuses on accepting savings deposits and paying interest on deposists.
Building society and Landesbanks: institutions that conduct retail banking.
A Direct or internet-only bank is a banking operation without any physical bank branches, conceived and implemented wholly with networked computers.
References |
3943 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s%20Comet | Halley's Comet | Halley's Comet (Comet Halley) is a comet which comes round every 75 or 76 years. When it is near, it can be seen with the naked eye. It will return in 2061.
The comet is named after Edmond Halley (1656–1742), an English astronomer, who predicted the comet's return. Halley's Comet was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. (Periodic means that it comes by Earth regularly.)
When the comet came close to the Earth in 1986, it was visited by several space-probes. The probe Giotto from the European Space Agency managed the closest approach to the comet.
The number of years that the comet finishes its full cycle can vary depending on the effect of another planet's gravitational pull.
In 1986, Halley's Comet was the first to be observed in detail by spacecraft. It gave the first data on the structure of a comet nucleus and how the coma (nebulous envelope around the core or nucleus) and the tail formed. These observations supported Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" model. This correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices – such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, – and dust. The missions also adjusted these ideas. For example, it is now known that the surface of Halley is mostly dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.
Related pages
List of comets
References
Comets |
3944 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%20Space%20Telescope | Hubble Space Telescope | The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is the first big optical space observatory telescope. Being above the atmosphere means it can see the sky more clearly than a telescope on the ground. The atmosphere blurs starlight before it reaches Earth. Named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble, the Hubble Space Telescope can observe 24 hours a day. The main mirror is 94.5 inches (2.4 meters) across. The telescope can take pictures of things so far away it would be nearly impossible to see them from anywhere else.
It was made by both NASA and the ESA working together. It is 600 km in space and was launched on April 24, 1990. Like other things in low Earth orbit it travels at 5 miles (10 km) per second. If you were going this speed on Earth, you would be able to get from New York to San Francisco in 10 minutes. This speed creates difficulty in scheduling observations.
The Hubble itself is the size of a large school bus, but still small enough to fit inside the cargo bay of a Space Shuttle. It was repaired in 1993 due to problems in the picture quality.
Launch
The telescope was launched in 1990 by a space shuttle. When it entered orbit, everything seemed fine. But there was a problem with the telescope that was not discovered until it started taking pictures.
Problems
When the HST took its first pictures, astronomers were happy to see the images, but they were not as sharp and as crisp as expected. Telescopes in space can take better pictures than telescopes on Earth, but for some reason, the pictures were not better than the pictures taken on Earth. They found a problem with the telescope's mirror. The mirror was not curved right. It was only wrong by 2.2 microns (1/50th as thick as a piece of paper). Still, this was enough to cause the images to be blurred. Some said that Hubble was nearsighted.
Repair
Another space shuttle was soon sent up to repair the space telescope. The repair was not easy. The astronauts had to install some small mirrors to correct the light from the big mirror. The big mirror could still be used. It took five days of space walks. When an astronaut opened one of the doors on Hubble to install a new camera, the door would not close. The astronauts had to think of a creative way to get around the problem. Eventually, Hubble was fixed.
Repairs and servicing missions have been made to the Hubble Space Telescope five times to keep it in orbit and make it even better as technology improved. The space shuttle program was kept going longer than planned to send an extra trip up to the Hubble Space Telescope for a final fix.
Accomplishments
Early on, in 1994, Hubble stared at what was thought to be an empty area of space for ten days. It found there were actually many galaxies even there, but very faint and very far away. No other telescope could have seen that.
In 2004, Hubble looked back several billion years to the first galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
It was able to help settle the age of the universe at about 13.7 billion years. Before the Hubble, scientists only knew it was between 10 and 20 billion years old.
It took the first picture of a planet outside our solar system, and was able to find what type of atmosphere other planets might have.
Replacement
Hubble has been replaced by the James Webb Space Telescope which is located even further from Earth. There are now other telescopes in orbit, like the Herschel Space Observatory, the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Kepler Spacecraft, which was specially made for finding Earth-like planets around other stars.
References
Other websites
NASA Hubble Site
HubbleSite (STSI)
Space telescopes |
3945 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20sensor | Motion sensor | A motion sensor is a sensor device. It is used for studying motions. It is connected to a data-logger. The data-logger is connected to a computer. The computer runs a data-logging program. The computer is connected to power, and a security system. Motion sensors have many uses including security.
Applications for movement sensor technology include clinical, workplace safety & athletic sports.
References
Machines
Sensors |
3946 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm | Arm | An arm is a limb. Most humans have two arms each, coming out of their body at the shoulder, just below the neck. On the end of each arm is a hand. Humans use arms and hands to do things to other objects, this is called manipulation. The main purpose of the hand is to grasp objects. Some other primates have arms which they use to move around by holding onto trees or supporting themselves as they walk along the ground. Fingers and hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper arm and shoulder are parts of the arm.
Related pages
Leg
Trapezius muscle
Limbs and extremities
Basic English 850 words |
3947 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow | Arrow | An arrow is a projectile fired with a bow. A bow and arrow is a weapon used before medieval times and later. For thousands of years, people all over the world have used bows and arrows for hunting and for defense. Arrows have a sharp point at one end and usually a flight at the other end. The flight is usually made of feathers and helps the arrow go through the air straight. Someone who makes arrows is a fletcher.
A picture of an arrow is often used to point to something. Arrows look may like this: -->. "Double-headed" arrows look like this: <-->.
Archery
Weapons |
3950 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf | Golf | Golf is a game played in an open field where the golfer plays his golf ball into a hole by using different types of clubs (golf instruments). The book Rules of Golf reads "The Game of Golf consists in playing a ball from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."
Play of the game
In golf, a golfer plays a number of holes in a given order. 18 holes played in an order controlled by the golf course design, normally make up a game. On a nine-hole course, two nine-hole rounds make up a normal game.
Each hole starts from the teeing area. Golfers put the ball on a small stand called a tee and swing a club at it to try and hit it as straight and far as possible. Once each golfer in the group has done this, the person whose ball landed farthest from the hole hits his again, followed by everyone else, one person at a time, until everyone is on the green. The green is the area near the hole where the grass is cut very short.
Once on the green the players will try to "putt" the ball into the hole. Putting is similar to a regular swing except it is not as hard and the player does not want the ball to go in the air. Once each player has put their ball into the hole, the group moves on to the next hole.
Each time a player swings at his ball, it is considered a "stroke". Each hole is a certain number of strokes that golfers are expected to need to get their ball into the hole. This is known as the "par". If a player gets his ball in the hole in less than the par he gets a "birdie". If it takes him one more shot then the par it is known as a bogey. Most holes have a par between 3 and 5.
The two common forms of playing golf are match play and stroke play. In match play, two golfers (or two teams) play holes one at a time. The golfer with the lower number of strokes (number of times the golfer used to get his ball in the hole) wins that hole. If the two have the same number of strokes, the hole is "halved" (drawn). The golfer that has the greatest number of holes wins. In stroke play, the golfer (or team) with the smallest number of strokes all together wins. There are different forms of these rules, some given in the "Rules of Golf" making them "official".
Clubs
The four different types of clubs used in golf are woods, irons, putters and wedges. Woods are used to hit the ball very far, usually off the tee (but also on the fairway). The name of woods is different every number, for example, No.1 wood is called "driver", No.2 is "brassey", No.3 is "spoon" and so on. There are many types of irons, which can be used to hit varying distances. They are numbered 1-9 with a 1 iron hitting the ball farther than a 9. The 1 iron is no longer common in the game. Even the 2 iron is getting uncommon. Putters are used when on the green. The rules do not let the golfer use over 14 clubs in a game.
The Majors
Golfers call the four (or five) biggest tournaments in professional golf "majors", and they play them at nearly the same time every year. The four majors are:
Men's
The Masters
U.S. Open
The Open Championship (British Open)
PGA Championship
Women's
Kraft Nabisco Championship
LPGA Championship
U.S. Women's Open
Women's British Open
The Evian
In 2013, women's golf added the fifth major. The Evian Masters, held in France.
Vincent Clark won the first ever open championship which was held in St Andrews in 1860.
Other websites
Best Players
Rules of Golf
Golf Equipment Reviews
Golf ball aerodynamics
Golfers' Dictionary
A Nice Golf Tips Blog
Golf news
Golf history
Golf trivia
Golf Tips & More
Titleist Golf Clubs
Golf swing tips
Golf Reviews
Online Golf Tips & Biomechanics of the golf swing
Professional Golfers Guild
References
GDO |
3952 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality | Spirituality | Spirituality is a name given to matters of the spirit. These can be any kind of meaningful personal activity or peaceful experience. There is not one agreed upon way to explain what happens. It is a concept so people can see and understand it in different ways. Some people believe spirituality is a part of religion. Others who are not religious, still seek and have spiritual experiences.
Matters of the spirit
"Matters of the spirit" may include the meaning in a person's life (or in all life), and how to find and improve on it. They may also include someone's search for God, the supernatural, a divine influence in their lives, or information about the afterlife, and how to best deal with each. "Matters of the spirit" may also include how to live among others as a group, or in a certain environment.
"Spiritual, but not religious"
Some who do not believe in an organized religion may still be interested in the "spirits" of humanity or of nature and live a certain way, or worship ancestors or creation because it gives them a sense of happiness to do so. This is referred to as spiritual but not religious.
Another common usage refers to people who ascribe to ideals "greater than themselves." For many, this leads to a pursuit of some form of enlightenment, often through meditation, yoga, philosophy or, in some cases, a study of Metaphysics.
Many philosophers work to find answers to spiritual questions, although some may deny the existence of a 'god' or any supernatural influences. Throughout the world however, philosophers have often had ideas about spirituality. The following are a few 20th century examples:
Arne Naess - the founder of deep ecology
Gregory Bateson - philosopher
Jiddu Krishnamurti - renowned Indian thinker
Osho/Shri Rashneesh - Indian scholar who, while a critic of religion, worked to create a new spiritual movement
Felicitas Goodman- researched the subject of trance
Related pages
List of religions and spiritual traditions
Mysticism
Piety
References
Other websites
Religion
Spirituality |
3953 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002 | 2002 | 2002 (MMII) was .
Events
January 1 – The Treaty on Open Skies, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force.
January 1 – Euro notes and coins started to be used in France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Austria, the Republic of Ireland, and the Netherlands.
January 5 – A light aircraft crashes into a Tampa, Florida building, bringing fear of a repeat September 11, 2001 attacks.
January 10 – Enrique Bolaños became the President of the Republic of Nicaragua.
January 16 – The UN Security Council agreed to forbid selling arms to Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaida, and the Taliban and freezes their assets.
January 17 – Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo erupts, leaving about 400,000 people without a home.
January 23 – Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl is kidnapped in Pakistan, accused of being a CIA agent.
January 31 – A large section of the Antarctic Larsen Ice Shelf begins breaking up, eventually consuming about 3,250 km² (1,254 miles²) after 35 days.
February 8-24 – The 19th Olympic Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City, Utah.
April 28 – Green Party of Pakistan is formed
May 20 – Independence of East Timor.
Nobel prize winners
Chemistry – John B. Fenn
Chemistry – Koichi Tanaka
Chemistry – Kurt Wüthrich
Economics – Daniel Kahneman
Economics – Vernon L. Smith
Literature – Imre Kertész
Medicine – Sydney Brenner
Medicine – H. Robert Horvitz
Medicine – John E. Sulston
Peace – Jimmy Carter
Physics – Raymond Davis Jr.
Physics – Riccardo Giacconi
Physics – Masatoshi Koshiba
Deaths
January 8 – Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's fast food chain (b. 1932)
February 13 – Waylon Jennings, American country music singer (b. 1937)
April 5 – Layne Staley, American singer (Alice in Chains) (b. 1967)
May 18 – Davey Boy Smith, British professional wrestler (b. 1962)
June 27 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (b. 1944)
October 13 – Stephen E. Ambrose, American historian and biographer (b. 1936)
December 22 – Joe Strummer, British musician (The Clash) (b. 1952)
References |
3954 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003 | 2003 | 2003 (MMIII) was .
Events
January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
February 1 – Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed during re-entry. All seven astronauts on board died.
February 4 the Hindu minority of Bnagladesh declare the sovereign state of Bangabhumi, recognised by UNPO.
July 10 – Wikibooks, a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, was created.
October 30 – Wicked has its first show at the Gershwin Theatre in Broadway.
Nobel prize winners
Chemistry – Peter Agre
Chemistry – Roderick MacKinnon
Economics – Robert F. Engle III
Economics – Clive W.J. Granger
Literature – J. M. Coetzee
Medicine – Paul C. Lauterbur
Medicine – Sir Peter Mansfield
Peace – Shirin Ebadi
Physics – Alexei A. Abrikosov
Physics – Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Physics – Anthony J. Leggett
Deaths
January 12 – Maurice Gibb, British musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
January 17 - Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
February 1 – Crew of Space Shuttle Columbia: Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, Michael P. Anderson, Ilan Ramon, Kalpana Chawla, David M. Brown, Laurel Clark
February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
June 26 – Strom Thurmond, U.S. Senator (b. 1902)
June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
July 25 – John Schlesinger, English movie director (b. 1926)
August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator
September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
September 23 – Shawn Lane, American musician |
3955 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999 | 1999 | 1999 (MCMXCIX) was .
Events
January
January 1 – Euro is established.
January 2 – A snowstorm leaves 14 inches (359 mm) of snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and 21 inches (533.4 mm) in Chicago, Illinois, killing 68.
January 4 – Gunmen open fire on Shia Muslims worshiping in a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 16 and injuring 25.
January 6 – Dennis Hastert becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
January 8 – 3.4 million copies of the movie The Rescuers is recalled after a photo of a topless woman was discovered in two of the 110,000 slides in that scene of the movie.
January 10 – A large piece of the chalk cliff at Beachy Head collapses into the sea.
January 11 – Bülent Ecevit, of DSP forms the new government of Turkey (56th government, an interim government )
January 20 – The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafes.
January 21 – In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds (4.3 tons) of cocaine aboard, headed for Houston, Texas.
January 25 – A 6.1 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia, killing at least 1,000.
February
February 2 – Hugo Chávez becomes President of Venezuela.
February 4 – Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by NYC police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race relations in the city.
February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan dies from cancer, and his son Abdullah II inherits the throne.
February 10 – Avalanches in the French Alps near Geneva kill at least 10.
February 11 – Pluto moves along its eccentric orbit further from the Sun than Neptune. It had been nearer than Neptune since 1979, and will become again in 2231.
February 16 – In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islom Karimov takes place at government headquarters.
February 16 – Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrests one of their rebel leaders.
February 21 – The Albertinkatu shootings in Helsinki, Finland: Three men are killed and 1 wounded at a shooting range.
February 22 – Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated.
February 23 – Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
February 23 – White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr. by dragging him behind a truck for 2 miles (3 km).
February 23 – An avalanche destroys the village of Galtür, Austria, killing 31.
February 24 – LaGrand Case: The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery that led to a death. Karl's brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germany's legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him.
February 27 – While trying to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon, Colin Prescot and Andy Elson set a new endurance record after being aloft for 233 hours and 55 minutes.
March
March 1 – One of 4 bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, destroys the Angolan Embassy.
March 1 – Rwandan Hutu rebels kill and dismember 8 foreign tourists at the Buhoma homestead, Uganda.
March 1 – The Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines comes into force.
March 2 – The brand new Mandalay Bay hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas.
March 3 – Walter LaGrand is executed in the gas chamber in Arizona.
March 4 – In a military court, United States Marine Corps Captain Richard J. Ashby is acquitted of the charge of reckless flying which resulted in the deaths of 20 skiers in the Italian Alps, when his low-flying jet hit a gondola cable.
March 12 – Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic join NATO.
March 15 – In Brussels, Belgium, the Santer Commission resigns over allegations of corruption.
March 17 – The Roth IRA is introduced by U.S. Senator William V. Roth, Jr.
March 21 – Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.
March 21 – The 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with Shakespeare in Love winning Best Picture.
March 23 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña.
March 24 – NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which refused to sign a peace treaty. This marks the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country.
March 24 – Fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel kills 39 people, closing the tunnel for nearly 3 years.
March 25 – Enron energy traders allegedly route 2,900 megawatts of electricity destined for California to the town of Silver Peak, Nevada, population 200.
March 26 – The Melissa worm attacks the Internet.
March 26 – A Michigan jury finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man.
March 27 – Kosovo War: A U.S. F-117 Nighthawk is shot down by Serbian forces.
March 29 – For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 mark, at 10,006.78.
April
April 1 – Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, is created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory.
April 5 – Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 are handed over to Scottish authorities for eventual trial in the Netherlands. The United Nations suspends sanctions against Libya.
April 5 – In Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson pleads guilty to kidnapping and felony murder, in order to avoid a possible death penalty conviction for the apparent hate crime killing of Matthew Shepard.
April 7 – Kosovo War: Kosovo's main border crossings are closed by Serbian forces to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving.
April 7 – A bomb explodes at the Valley of the Fallen Church in Spain; GRAPO claims responsibility.
April 8 Bill Gates personal fortune exceeds $100 Billion dollars, due to the increased value of Microsoft stock.
April 9 – Ibrahim Baré Maînassara, president of Niger, is assassinated.
April 13 – Tercentenary celebrations of the creation of the Sikh Khalsa are held.
April 17 – A nail bomb explodes in the middle of a busy market in Brixton, South London.
April 20 – Columbine High School massacre: Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, open fire on their teachers and classmates, killing 12 students and 1 teacher, and then themselves.
April 25 – The term of Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman as the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
April 26 – Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, Sultan of Selangor, becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
April 26 – British T.V presenter Jill Dando, 37, is shot dead on the doorstep of her home in Fulham, London.
April 30 – Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), bringing the total members to 10.
April 30 – A third nail bomb (see April 17) explodes in the Admiral Duncan pub in Old Compton Street, Soho, London, killing a pregnant woman and two friends and injuring 70 others, including her husband. This is part of a hate campaign against ethnic minorities and gay people by David Copeland.
May
May 1 – Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).
May 1 – SpongeBob SquarePants made its debut on Nickelodeon (TV Channel) on this day with its first episode is Help Wanted/Reef Blower/Tea at the Treedome.
May 2 – Norman J. Sirnic and Karen Sirnic are murdered by serial killer Angel Maturino Resendiz in Weimar, Texas.
May 3 – 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak: An F5 tornado slams into Moore, Oklahoma, killing 38 people (the strongest tornado ever recorded in world history).
May 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 for the first time, at 11,014.70.
May 5 – Microsoft releases Windows 98 (Second Edition) (from 1998).
May 6 – Elections are held in Scotland and Wales for the new Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales.
May 7 – A jury finds The Jenny Jones Show and Warner Bros. liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure, after the show deceived Jonathan Schmitz into appearing on a secret same-sex crush episode.
May 7 – Kosovo War: In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 3 Chinese embassy workers are killed and 20 wounded, when a NATO aircraft mistakenly bombs the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.
May 7 – In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.
May 8 – Nancy Mace becomes the first female cadet to graduate from The Military College of South Carolina.
May 12 – David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.
May 13 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of Italy.
May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.
May 19 – Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace is released in theaters. It becomes the highest grossing Star Wars movie.
May 26 – The Indian Air Force launches an attack on intruding Pakistan Army troops and mujahadeen militants in Kashmir.
May 26 – The first Welsh Assembly in over 600 years opens in Cardiff.
May 26 – Manchester United wins the UEFA Champions League at the Nou Camp stadium, Barcelona, beating Bayern Munich.
May 27 – The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milošević and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.
May 28 – Bülent Ecevit, of DSP forms the new government of Turkey (57th government, coalition partners MHP and ANAP) This is Ecevit's fifth and last term.
May 28 – Swedish police officers Robert Karlström and Olov Borén are wounded by three bank robbers armed with automatic weapons, and later executed with their own service pistols in Malexander.
May 28 – After 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper is placed back on display in Milan, Italy.
May 29 – Cathy O'Dowd, a South African mountaineer, becomes the first woman to summit Mount Everest from both the north and south sides.
May 29 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Nigerian Fourth Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.
May 30 – Travel Midland Metro enters public service.
May 31 – Sean Elliott of the San Antonio Spurs hits the Memorial Day Miracle against the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1999 NBA Playoffs.
June
June 1 – Napster, a revolutionary music downloading service, debuts.
June 1 - American Airlines Flight 1420 overruns the runway in Little Rock, Arkansas killing 11 people.
June 2 – After decades of fighting off outside technological influences like television, the King of Bhutan allows television transmissions to commence in the Kingdom for the first time, coinciding with the King's Silver Jubilee (see Bhutan Broadcasting Service).
June 5 – The Islamic Salvation Army, the armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front, agrees in principle to disband in Algeria.
June 6 – In Brazil, 345 prisoners escape from Putim prison through the front gate.
June 8 – The government of Colombia announces it will include the estimated value of the country's illegal drug crops, exceeding half a billion US dollars, in its gross national product.
June 9 – Kosovo War: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.
June 10 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.
June 12 – Kosovo War – Operation Joint Guardian/Operation Agricola begins: NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping forces KFOR enter the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
June 12 – Texas Governor George W. Bush announces he will seek the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.
June 14 – Thabo Mbeki is elected President of South Africa.
June 18 – The J18 international anti-globalization protests are organized in dozens of cities around the world, some of which lead to riots.
June 19 – Turin, Italy is awarded the 2006 Winter Olympics.
June 19 – Horror writer Stephen King is hit in a car accident on Route 5 in North Lovell, Maine by Bryan Smith.
June 21 – Apple Computer releases the first iBook, a Laptop designed specifically for average consumers.
June 23 – The Phillips explosion of 1999 kills 2 and injures 3 in Pasadena, Texas.
July
1 July – The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.
July 2 – Benjamin Nathaniel Smith begins a 3-day killing spree targeting racial and ethnic minorities in Illinois and Indiana.
July 5 – U.S. Army Pfc. Barry Winchell is bludgeoned in his sleep at Fort Campbell, Kentucky by fellow soldiers; he dies the next day from his injuries.
July 7 – In Rome, Hicham El Guerrouj runs the fastest mile ever recorded, at 3:43.13.
July 8 – A major flash flood in Las Vegas swamps hundreds of cars, smashes mobile homes and kills 2 people.
July 10- USA soccer player Brandi Chastain scores the game winning penalty kick against China in the FIFA Women's World Cup.
July 11 – India recaptures Kargil, forcing the Pakistan Army to retreat. India announces victory, ending the 2-month conflict.
July 16 – Off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, a plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. crashes, killing him and his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy and her sister Lauren Bessette.
July 20 – Mercury program: Liberty Bell 7 is raised from the Atlantic Ocean.
July 20 – Falun Gong is banned in the People's Republic of China under Jiang Zemin.
July 22 – The first version of MSN Messenger is released by Microsoft.
July 23 – ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo.
July 23 – Mohammed VI of Morocco becomes king upon the death of his father Hassan II.
July 23–25 – The Woodstock 99 festival is held in New York.
July 25 – Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France.
July 26 – The last Checker taxi cab is retired in New York City and auctioned off for approximately $135,000.
July 27 – Twenty-one people die in a canyoning disaster near Interlaken, Switzerland.
July 31 – Mark O. Barton kills 9 in Atlanta, Georgia.
July 31 – NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the lunar surface.
August
August 7 – Hundreds of Chechen guerrillas invade the Russian republic of Dagestan, triggering a short war.
August 8 – The first Callatis Festival, the largest music & culture festival in Romania, is held.
August 9 – Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.
August 10 – Buford O. Furrow, Jr. wounds 5 and kills 1 during the August 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting.
August 10 – The Atlantique Incident occurs as an intruding Pakistan Navy plane is shot down in India. The incident sparks tensions between the 2 nations, coming just a month after the end of the Kargil War.
August 11 – A total solar eclipse is seen in Europe and Asia.
August 11 – Salt Lake City tornado: A very rare F2 tornado strikes Salt Lake City, killing 1.
August 17 – 1999 İzmit earthquake: A 7.6-magnitude earthquake strikes İzmit and levels much of northwestern Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000. This is the first of a long series of unrelated but frequent earthquakes throughout the world during the years 1999 and 2000.
August 19 – In Belgrade, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević.
August 22 – Mandarin Airlines Flight 642 crashes in Hong Kong.
August 22 – GPS Week Numbers Reset to 0
August 30 – East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia in a referendum.
August 31 – Apple Computer releases the Power Macintosh G4.
September
September 7 – A magnitude 5.9 earthquake hits Athens, killing 143 and injuring more than 2,000.
September 7 – Viacom and CBS merge.
September 8 – The first of a series of Russian apartment bombings occurs. Subsequent bombings occur on September 13 and 16, while a bombing on September 22 fails.
September 9 – Sega releases the Dreamcast.
September 12 – Under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that he would do so.
September 14 – Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.
September 21 – The 921 earthquake, also known as the Jiji earthquake,(magnitude 7.6 on the Richter scale) kills about 2,400 people in Taiwan.
October
October – NASA loses one of its probes, the Mars Climate Orbiter.
October 1 – Pudong International Airport opens in Shanghai, China, taking over all international flights to Hongqiao.
October 5 – Thirty-one people die in the Ladbroke Grove rail crash, west of London, England.
October 10 – Elections are held in Portugal.
October 12 – Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attempts to dismiss Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf and install ISI director Ziauddin Butt in his place. Senior Army generals refuse to accept the dismissal. Musharraf, who is out of the country, attempts to return in a commercial airliner. Sharif orders the Karachi airport to not allow the plane to land. The generals lead a coup d'état, ousting Sharif's administration and taking over the airport. The plane lands with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf takes control of the government.
October 12 – World population reaches 6 billion people, as the 6 billionth person (according to the UN) is born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
October 13 – The United States Senate rejects ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
October 15 – A National Geographic Society press conference reveals the fossil of Archaeoraptor (which is later found to be a forgery).
October 27 – Gunmen open fire in the Armenian Parliament, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Parliament Chairman Karen Demirchyan, and 6 other members.
October 31 – EgyptAir Flight 990, travelling from New York City to Cairo, crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on board. When the pilot leaves the cockpit, the co-pilot causes the Boeing 767 to enter a steep dive, resulting in impact with the Atlantic Ocean.
October 31 – Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church leaders sign the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, ending a centuries-old doctrinal dispute over the nature of faith and salvation.
November
November 6 – Australians defeat a referendum proposing the replacement of The Queen and The Governor General with a President to make Australia a republic.
November 9 – TAESA Flight 725, covering the route Tijuana–Guadalajara–Uruapan–Mexico City, crashes a few minutes after takeoff from Uruapan International Airport, killing 18 people on board. This event causes the bankruptcy of the Mexican airline a few months later.
November 12 – A 7.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Duzce and northwestern Turkey, killing 845 and injuring 4,948.
November 18 – The Aggie Bonfire collapses in College Station, TX, killing 12.
November 19 – Mikhail Gorbachev proposes that the UN create an International Men's Day, which is now commemorated every year on this same date.
November 19 – Every digit in this date is an odd number (19/11/1999). This hitherto common event will not happen again until the year 3111.
November 20 – The People's Republic of China launches the first Shenzhou spacecraft.
November 26 – An earthquake and tsunami strike Vanuatu.
November 27 – The left-wing Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand government, with leader Helen Clark becoming the second female Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.
November 30 – The ExxonMobil Corporation merger is completed, forming the largest company in the world.
December
December 3 – After rowing for 81 days and 2,962 nautical miles (5486 km), Tori Murden becomes the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone, when she reaches Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.
December 3 – NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Polar Lander, moments before the spacecraft enters the Martian atmosphere.
December 18 – NASA launches into orbit the Terra platform, carrying 5 Earth Observation instruments, including ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS and MOPITT.
December 20 – The sovereignty of Macau is transferred from the Portuguese Republic to the People's Republic of China after 422 years of Portuguese rule.
December 22 – Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509, a Boeing 747-200F crashes shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport due to pilot error. All 4 crew members were killed.
December 31 – The U.S. turns over complete administration of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian Government, as stipulated in the Torrijos-Carter Treaty of 1977.
December 31 – Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting president.
December 31 - Millennium celebration.
December 31 - To most people, it was the last day of the 20th century and 2nd millennium, however there are some people who argue that both distinctions happened a year later, on December 31, 2000.
Deaths
January
January 4 – Iron Eyes Cody, American actor (b. 1904)
January 11 – Fabrizio De André, Italian singer and songwriter (b. 1940)
January 11 – Brian Moore, Irish-born writer (b. 1921)
January 14 – Jerzy Grotowski, Polish theatre director (b. 1933)
January 21 – Susan Strasberg, American actress (b. 1938)
January 22 – Graham Staines, Australian missionary (b. 1941)
January 25 – Ted Mallie, American radio and television announcer (b. 1924)
January 25 – Robert Shaw, American conductor (b. 1916)
January 28 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (b. 1918)
January 30 – Huntz Hall, American actor (b. 1919)
January 31 – Norm Zauchin, American baseball player (b. 1929)
February
February 1 – Paul Mellon, American philanthropist (b. 1907)
February 1 – Barış Manço, Turkish singer and television personality (b. 1943)
February 5 – Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
February 6 – Jimmy Roberts, American singer (b. 1924)
February 6 – Don Dunstan, Australian politician (b. 1926)
February 6 - Danny Dayton, American actor (b. 1923)
February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan (b. 1935)
February 8 – Iris Murdoch, Irish writer (b. 1919)
February 12 – Toni Fisher, American pop singer (b. 1931)
February 14 – John Ehrlichman, American Watergate scandal figure (b. 1925)
February 14 – Buddy Knox, American singer (b. 1933)
February 15 – Henry Way Kendall, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1926)
February 15 – Big L, American rapper (b. 1974)
February 17 – Sunshine Parker, American actor (b. 1927)
February 18 – Noam Pitlik, American actor and director (b. 1932)
February 18 – Michael Larson, American game show celebrity (b. 1949)
February 20 – Sarah Kane, English playwright (b. 1971)
February 20 – Gene Siskel, American movie critic (b. 1946)
February 21 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1918)
February 22 – William Bronk, American poet (b. 1918)
February 24 – Andre Dubus, American short-story writer (b. 1936)
February 24 – Virginia Foster Durr, American civil rights activist (b. 1903)
February 24 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (b. 1916)
February 25 – Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
February 26 – José Quintero, Panamanian director (b. 1924)
February 28 – Bill Talbert, American tennis player (b. 1918)
March
March 1 – Ann Corio, American dancer and actress (b. 1914)
March 2 – Dusty Springfield, English singer (b. 1939)
March 3 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
March 4 – Harry Blackmun, American judge (b. 1908)
March 4 – Del Close, American actor, writer, and teacher (b. 1934)
March 5 – Richard Kiley, American actor (b. 1922)
March 7 – Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (b. 1918)
March 7 – Stanley Kubrick, American movie director and producer (b. 1928)
March 8 – Peggy Cass, American actress (b. 1924)
March 8 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (b. 1914)
March 12 – Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (b. 1916)
March 13 – Garson Kanin, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1912)
March 17 – Ernest Gold, Austrian-born composer (b. 1921)
March 18 – Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
March 18 – Rod Hull, British entertainer (b. 1935)
March 21 – Ernie Wise, British comedian (b. 1925)
March 24 – Birdie Tebbetts, American baseball player and manager (b. 1912)
March 25 – Cal Ripken, Sr., American baseball player and manager (b. 1935)
March 29 – Joe Williams, American singer (b. 1918)
March 31 – Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist and epigrapher (b. 1922)
April
April 3 – Lionel Bart, English composer (b. 1930)
April 4 – Faith Domergue, American actress (b. 1924)
April 10 – Jean Vander Pyl, American television actress (b. 1919)
April 12 – Boxcar Willie, American country music singer (b. 1931)
April 14 – Ellen Corby, American actress (b. 1911)
April 14 – Anthony Newley, English actor, singer and songwriter (b. 1931)
April 20 – Rick Rude, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
April 20 – Señor Wences, Spanish ventriloquist (b. 1896)
April 21 – Charles Rogers, American actor (b. 1904)
April 25 – Lord Killanin, Irish journalist and Olympic official (b. 1914)
April 25 – Herman Miller, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1919)
April 27 – Al Hirt, American trumpeter and bandleader (b. 1922)
April 27 – Cyril Washbrook, English cricketer (b. 1914)
April 28 – Rory Calhoun, American television and movie actor (b. 1922)
April 28 – Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1921)
April 30 – Alf Ramsey, English football manager (b. 1920)
May
May 2 – Oliver Reed, English actor (b. 1938)
May 8 – Dirk Bogarde, English actor (b. 1921)
May 10 – Shel Silverstein, American writer and poet (b. 1930)
May 10 – Eric Willis, Australian politician, former Premier of New South Wales (b. 1922)
May 12 – Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born cartoonist (b. 1914)
May 13 – Gene Sarazen, American golfer (b. 1902)
May 17 – Henry Jones, American actor (b. 1912)
May 18 – Betty Robinson, American athlete (b. 1911)
May 23 – Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1965)
May 26 – Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor (b. 1906)
June
June 5 – Mel Tormé, American singer (b. 1925)
June 6 – Anne Haddy, Australian actress (b. 1930)
June 8 – Christina Foyle, British bookshop owner (b. 1911)
June 9 – Maurice Journeau, French composer (b. 1898)
June 11 – DeForest Kelley, American actor (b. 1920)
June 16 – Screaming Lord Sutch, English politician (b. 1940)
June 27 – Jorgos Papadopoulos, military ruler of Greece (b. 1919)
June 29 – Allan Carr, American producer (b. 1937)
July
July 1 – Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-American movie director (b. 1908)
July 1 – Guy Mitchell, American singer (b. 1927)
July 1 – Sylvia Sidney, American actress (b. 1910)
July 2 – Mario Puzo, American writer (b. 1920)
July 6 – Carl Gunter Jr, American politician (b. 1938)
July 6 – Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (b. 1901)
July 8 – Charles Conrad, American astronaut (b. 1930)
July 11 – Helen Forrest, American jazz singer (b. 1917)
July 12 – Bill Owen, English actor (b. 1914)
July 16 – John F. Kennedy, Jr., American lawyer and son of John F. Kennedy (b. 1960)
July 18 – Meir Ariel, Israeli singer (b. 1942)
July 20 – Sandra Gould, American actress (b. 1916)
July 23 – King Hassan II of Morocco (b. 1929)
July 26 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
July 29 – Anita Carter, American singer (b. 1933)
July 29 – Rajendra Kumar, Indian movie actor, producer and director (b. 1929)
August
August 1 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali writer (b. 1897)
August 3 – Leroy Vinnegar, American musician (b. 1928)
August 4 – Victor Mature, American actor (b. 1913)
August 13 – Jaime Garzón, Colombian journalist and comedian (b. 1960)
August 14 – Lane Kirkland, American union leader (b. 1922)
August 14 – Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player (b. 1918)
August 23 – Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (b. 1926)
August 23 – James White, Irish writer (b. 1928)
August 24 – Mary Jane Croft, American actress (b. 1916)
September
September 5 – Allen Funt, American television personality (b. 1914)
September 5 – Alan Clark, English politician and diarist (b. 1928)
September 6 – Lagumot Harris, Nauruan politician and former President (b. 1938)
September 9 – Ruth Roman, American actress (b. 1922)
September 10 – Alfredo Kraus, Spanish tenor (b. 1927)
September 11 – Gonzalo Rodriguez, Uruguyan race car driver (b. 1972)
September 12 – Allen Stack, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1928)
September 14 – Charles Crichton, English movie director (b. 1910)
September 20 – Raisa Gorbachyova, Soviet first lady (b. 1932)
September 22 – George C. Scott, American actor (b. 1927)
September 23 – Ivan Goff, Australian screenwriter (b. 1910)
October
October 6 – Amália Rodrigues, Portuguese Fado legend (b. 1920)
October 6 – Gorilla Monsoon, American professional wrestler and announcer (b. 1937)
October 7 – Helen Vinson, American actress (b. 1907)
October 8 – John McLendon, American basketball coach (b. 1915)
October 9 – Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani pioneer in microcredit and microfinance (b. 1914)
October 9 – Milt Jackson, American musician (b. 1923)
October 11 – Rafi' Daham Al-Tikriti, Director of the Iraqi Intelligence Service (b. 1937)
October 12 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player (b. 1936)
October 14 – Julius Nyerere, President of Tanzania (b. 1922)
October 18 – Paddi Edwards, American actress (b. 1931)
October 19 – Harry Bannink, Dutch composer and musician (b. 1929)
October 19 – James C. Murray, American politician (b. 1917)
October 20 – Jack Lynch, Prime Minister of Ireland (b. 1917)
October 21 – Lars Bo, Danish artist and writer (b. 1924)
October 21 – John Bromwich, Australian tennis player (b. 1918)
October 24 – John Chafee, American politician (b. 1922)
October 25 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (b. 1957)
October 26 – Rex Gildo, German singer (b. 1939)
October 26 – Hoyt Axton, American actor and singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
October 26 – Abraham Polonsky, American screenwriter and director (b. 1910)
October 27 – Frank De Vol, American composer (b. 1911)
October 27 – Robert Mills, American physicist (b. 1927)
October 27 – Wes Berggren, American musician (b. 1971)
October 31 – Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (b. 1975)
November
November 1 – Theodore Hall, American physicist and spy (b. 1925)
November 3 – Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
November 9 – Mabel King, American actress (b. 1932)
November 11 – Mary Kay Bergman, American actress (b. 1961)
November 15 – Gene Levitt, American television writer, producer, and director (b. 1920)
November 16 – Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1928)
November 18 – Paul Bowles, American novelist (b. 1910)
November 18 – Horst P. Horst, German-American photographer (b. 1906)
November 18 – Doug Sahm, American musician (b. 1941)
November 21 – Quentin Crisp, English writer (b. 1908)
November 21 – Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia. (b. 1910)
November 24 – Hilary Minster, British Actor (b. 1944)
November 29 – Gene Rayburn, American television personality (b. 1917)
November 29 – Iwamoto Kaoru, Japanese professional Go player (b. 1902)
November 30 – Charlie Byrd, American Jazz musician and classical guitarist (b. 1925)
December
December 2 – Joey Adams, American comedian (b. 1911)
December 3 – Scatman John, American musician (b. 1942)
December 3 – Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (b. 1918)
December 3 – Madeline Kahn, American actress (b. 1942)
December 4 – Rose Bird, American judge (b. 1936)
December 8 – Péter Kuczka, Hungarian writer (b. 1923)
December 10 – Rick Danko, Canadian musician (b. 1943)
December 10 – Shirley Hemphill, American actress (b. 1947)
December 10 – Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia (b. 1922)
December 12 – Paul Cadmus, American artist (b. 1904)
December 12 – Joseph Heller, American novelist (b. 1923)
December 17 – Rex Allen, American actor, singer, and songwriter (b. 1920)
December 17 – Grover Washington, Jr., American saxophonist (b. 1943)
December 18 – Robert Bresson, French movie maker (b. 1901)
December 19 – Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (b. 1914)
December 19 – Robert Dougall, British newsreader (b. 1913)
December 20 – Irving Rapper, American movie director (b. 1898)
December 20 – Hank Snow, Canadian musician (b. 1914)
December 23 – John P. Davies, American diplomat (b. 1908)
December 24 – Tito Guízar, Mexican singer and movie actor (b. 1908)
December 26 – Curtis Mayfield, American musician and composer (b. 1942)
December 27 – Leonard Goldenson, American television executive (b. 1905)
December 28 – Clayton Moore, American actor (b. 1914)
December 30 – Fritz Leonhardt, German structural engineer (b. 1909)
December 30 – Sarah Knauss, American oldest living person (b. 1880)
December 31 – Elliot Richardson, American Attorney General under Richard Nixon (b. 1920)
Movies released
8mm
8 1/2 Women
End of Days
Eyes Wide Shut
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
The Green Mile
The Matrix
Tarzan
South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
The World is Not Enough
Wild Wild West
Office Space
The Sixth Sense
Notting Hill
American Beauty
Toy Story 2
Hit songs
...Baby One More Time – Britney Spears
Genie in a Bottle – Christina Aguilera
Livin' la Vida Loca – Ricky Martin
Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...) – Lou Bega
I Need To Know – Marc Anthony
Believe – Cher
No Scrubs - TLC
Angel – Sarah McLachlan
Kiss Me – Sixpence None The Richer
You'll Be in My Heart – Phil Collins
Steal My Sunshine - Len
New – No Doubt
Smooth – Santana featuring Rob Thomas
All Star – Smash Mouth
That Don't Impress Me Much – Shania Twain
Amazed - Lonestar
New books
All our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life – Winona LaDuke
Atomised – Michel Houellebecq
Battle Royale – Koushun Takami
Blind Eye – James B. Stewart
The Century – Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster
Le Chambre des Officiers (The Officers' Ward) – Marc Dugain
Charlotte Gray – Sebastian Faulks
Chocolat – Joanne Harris
Cunt – Stewart Home
Darwin's Radio – Greg Bear
A Deepness in the Sky – Vernor Vinge
Death du Jour – Kathy Reichs
Dining with Peggy Guggenheim – Jane Turner Rylands
Disgrace – J. M. Coetzee
The Fifth Elephant – Terry Pratchett
Florence Lawrence, the Biograph Girl: America's First Movie Star – Kelly R. Brown
The Fortune Catcher – Susanne Pari
The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon – Stephen King
Glamorama – Bret Easton Ellis
Hannibal – Thomas Harris
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban – J. K. Rowling
Hearts in Atlantis – Stephen King
High Time to Kill – Raymond Benson
Holes – Louis Sachar
In America – Susan Sontag
Invisible Monsters – Chuck Palahniuk
Irresistible Forces – Danielle Steel
A Lake Beyond the Wind – Yahya Yakhlif
The Mark of the Angel – Nancy Huston
Miss Wyoming – Douglas Coupland
One of the Guys – Robert Clark Young
Paradise – Toni Morrison
Prisoner in a Red-Rose Chain – Jeffrey Moore
Rulers Of Evil – F. Tupper Saussy
Sick Puppy – Carl Hiaasen
Single & Single – John le Carré
Speak – Laurie Halse Anderson
Star Wars: Episode 1, The Phantom Menace – Terry Brooks
Scattered Like Seeds – Shaw J. Dallal
Soul Harvest – Jerry B. Jenkins & Tim LaHaye
Survivor – Chuck Palahniuk
Suzanne Valadon: The Mistress of Montmartre – June Rose
Syrup – Max Barry
'Tis – Frank McCourt
Tara Road – Maeve Binchy
Temple – Matthew Reilly
The Testament – John Grisham
The World Is Not Enough – Raymond Benson
Through the Stones – Diana Gabaldon
Timeline – Michael Crichton
Video games released.
Final Fantasy VIII
Silent Hill
Superman
System Shock 2
References |
3956 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998 | 1998 | 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was .
Events
January
January 1 – Smoking is banned in all California bars and restaurants.
January 2 - Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence.
January 2 - A gunman shoots Antario Teodoro Filho, Brazilian politician and radio presenter, in the middle of his broadcast.
January 4-10 - A massive ice storm, caused by El Nino, strikes New England, southern Ontario and Quebec, resulting in widespread power failures, severe damage to forests, and a number of deaths.
January 4 – Wilaya of Relizane massacres of 4 January 1998 in Algeria; over 170 killed in three remote villages.
January 6 – The Lunar Prospector spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon and later found evidence for frozen water on the moon's surface.
January 8 - Ramzi Yousef is sentenced to life in prison for planning the World Trade Center bombing.
January 8 - Cosmologists announce that the expansion rate of the universe is increasing.
January 11 – Sidi-Hamed massacre in Algeria; over 100 people killed.
January 12 – 19 European nations agree to forbid 1998 like a 1999 one human cloning.
January 14 – Researchers in Dallas, Texas present findings about an enzyme that slows aging and cell death (apoptosis).
January 15 – The stalker of Howard Stern, Lance Carvin, is sentenced to 2 1/2 years for threatening to kill Stern and his family.
January 16 – NASA announces that John Glenn will return to space when Space Shuttle Discovery blasts off in October 1998.
January 17 – Paula Jones accuses President Bill Clinton of sexual harassment.
January 22 – Suspected "Unabomber" Theodore Kaczynski pleads guilty and accepts a sentence of life without the possibility of parole.
January 26 - Lewinsky scandal: On American television, Bill Clinton denies he had "sexual relations" with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky.
January 26 - Compaq buys Digital Equipment Corporation.
January 27 – American First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton appears on the Today show calling the attacks against her husband part of a "vast right-wing conspiracy."
January 28 - Ford Motor Company announces the buyout of Volvo Cars for $6.45 billion.
January 28 - Gunmen hold at least 400 children and teachers hostage for several hours at an elementary school in Manila, Philippines.
January 29 – In Birmingham, Alabama a bomb explodes at an abortion clinic killing one and severely wounding another. Serial bomber Eric Rudolph is suspected as the culprit.
February
February 3 - A low-flying US military airplane cuts the cable of a cable car near Trento, Italy, killing 20 people.
February 3 - President of Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosian resigns.
February 4 - A magnitude 6.1 earthquake kills more than 5,000 people in Northeastern Afghanistan.
February 7-22 - The 1998 Winter Olympics are held in 1998 like a 2000 one for Nagano, Japan.
February 16 - China Airlines Flight 676 crashes into a residential area near Chiang Kai-shek Airport in Taipei, killing 202 people, including 6 on the ground.
February 20 - Saddam Hussein negotiates a deal with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, allowing weapons inspectors to return to Baghdad, preventing military action by the US and the UK.
February 20-March 27 - The 1998 Auckland power crisis lasts five weeks.
February 22-23 - The 1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak strikes central Florida, including Orlando. Forty-two people are killed.
February 26 - A solar eclipse is seen over the Caribbean Sea.
March
March 2 - Data sent from the Galileo probe indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice.
March 2 - In Austria, Natascha Kampusch is kidnapped by Wolfgang Priklopil, being held in captivity until August 2006.
March 11 - Prime Minister of Denmark Poul Nyrup Rasmussen is re-elected.
March 24 - A cyclone hits Bangladesh.
March 26 - In Algeria, 52 people are killed in the Oued Bouaicha massacre.
April
April 5 - The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge is opened to traffic in Japan, connecting Honshu and Shikoku.
April 6 - Pakistan tests a medium-range missile.
April 10 - In Northern Ireland the Good Friday Agreement is signed by the British and Irish governments and most political parties in Northern Ireland.
April 29 - The Kyoto Protocol is signed.
May
May 11 - India conducts 3 underground nuclear tests.
May 21 - Suharto resigns as President of Indonesia, with Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie succeeding him.
May 26 - Bear Grylls becomes the youngest British person to climb Mount Everest.
May 28 – Pakistan explodes 5 nuclear devices.
May 30 - A magnitude 6.6 earthquake kills up to 5,000 people in Afghanistan.
June
June 3 - An ICE high speed train derails at Eschede between Hanover and Hamburg, killing 101 people.
June 7 - The Guinea-Bissau Civil War begins.
June 30 - Joseph Estrada becomes the 13th President of the Philippines.
July
July 5 - Japan launches a probe to Mars.
July 6 - Hong Kong International Airport opens.
July 12 - The France national football team wins the FIFA World Cup on home soil against the Brazil national football team, 3-0.
July 17 - At a conference in Rome 120 countries vote to create an International Criminal Court.
July 17 - A tsunami is triggered by an undersea earthquake off Papua New Guinea, destroying 10 villages and killing thousands of people.
July 17 - 80 years after being executed Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried at the St. Catherine chapel in Saint Petersburg.
August
August 2 - The Second Congo War begins.
August 7 - Andres Pastrana Arango becomes President of Colombia.
August 7 - During major flooding the Yangtze River breaks through the main bank, with the death toll exceeding 12,000 people.
August 7 - The US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania are bombed, killing 224 people. Al-Qaeda is believed to be responsible.
August 10 - Jamil Mahuad becomes President of Ecuador.
August 15 - The Omagh bombing is carried out by the IRA in Northern Ireland.
August 17 - Bill Clinton admits having an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.
August 24 - The first RFID human implantation is tested in the United Kingdom.
August 28 - Said Musa becomes Prime Minister of Belize.
September
September 2 - Swissair Flight 111, travelling from New York City to Geneva, crashes off the coast of Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada, killing all 229 people on board.
September 4 - Google Inc. is founded in California by Sergey Brin and Larry Page.
September 27 - After 16 years as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Helmut Kohl of the CDU is voted out, with the SPD's Gerhard Schroeder being elected to succeed him.
October
October 3 - John Howard is elected to a second term as Prime Minister of Australia.
October 8 - Oslo Gardermoen Airport opens.
October 14 - Eric Robert Rudolph is charged with four bombings in Atlanta, Georgia in 1996.
October 16 - While receiving medical treatment in the UK, Augusto Pinochet is put under house arrest under an arrest warrant from Spain.
October 17 - 1,082 people are killed when an oil pipeline in Nigeria explodes.
October 27 - Gerhard Schroeder becomes Chancellor of Germany, officially succeeding Helmut Kohl.
October 29 - Hurricane Mitch makes landfall in Central America, causing a large amount of destruction and killing over 18,000 people across Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador.
November
November 3 - Hurricane Mitch weakens after leaving a trail of destruction across Central America.
November 20 - A Russian Proton rocket is launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
November 26 - Tony Blair becomes the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to speak at the Irish Parliament.
December
December 6 - Hugo Chávez is elected President of Venezuela, taking office in February 1999.
December 16 - Bill Clinton orders air strikes on Iraq.
December 29 - Khmer Rouge leaders apologise for the genocide committed in Cambodia under Pol Pot's rule.
December 31 - An extra leap second is added onto the end of the year.
Births
January 28 - Ariel Winter, American actress
February 25 – Brendon Baerg, American actor
April 9 – Elle Fanning, American actress
April 24 - Ryan Newman, American actress
April 28 - Byron Ward, American Basketball Player
June 15 – Rachel Covey, American actress
July 1 - Hollie Steel, English singer
July 8 - Jaden Smith, American actor
July 24 – Bindi Irwin, Australian-American conservationist, singer & actress
August 8 - Ronan Parke, English singer
September 21 – Lorenzo Brino, American actor
September 21 – Myrinda Brino, American actress
September 21 – Nikolas Brino, American actor
September 21 – Zachary Brino, American actor
October 6 - Mia-Sophie Wellenbrink, German actress and singer
November 23 - Bradley Steven Perry, American actor and singer
Deaths
January
January 1 - Helen Wills Moody, American tennis player (born 1905)
January 5 - Sonny Bono, American singer, actor and politician (born 1935)
January 7 - Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist (born 1906)
January 8 - Michael Tippett, English composer (born 1905)
January 9 - Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist (born 1918)
January 11 - Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (born 1926)
January 19 - Carl Perkins, American guitarist (born 1932)
January 21 - Jack Lord, American actor (born 1920)
January 23 - Alfredo Ormando, Italian writer (born 1958)
January 28 - Shotari Ishinomari, Japanese manga artist (born 1938)
February
February 6 - Falco, Austrian singer and musician (born 1957)
February 6 - Carl Wilson, American musician (born 1946)
February 8 - Halldor Laxness, Icelandic writer (born 1902)
February 8 - Julian Lincoln Simon, American economist and writer (born 1932)
February 8 - Enoch Powell, British politician (born 1912)
February 17 - Ernst Juenger, German writer (born 1895)
February 26 - Theodore Schultz, American economist (born 1902)
February 27 - George H. Hitchings, American scientist (born 1905)
February 28 - Dermot Morgan, Irish actor and comedian (born 1952)
March
March 3 - Fred W. Friendly, American television journalist and executive (born 1915)
March 10 - Lloyd Bridges, American actor (born 1913)
March 12 - Judge Dread, English musician (born 1945)
March 12 - Beatrice Wood, American artist and ceramicist (born 1893)
March 12 - Jozef Kroner, Slovakian actor (born 1924)
March 15 - Benjamin Spock, American athlete, pediatrician and writer (born 1903)
March 16 - Derek Harold Richard Barton, British chemist (born 1918)
March 21 - Galina Ulanova, Russian ballerina (born 1910)
March 25 - Daniel Massey, British actor (born 1933)
March 27 - Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche, Austrian automobile designer and businessman (born 1909)
March 31 - Bella Abzug, American politician (born 1920)
April
April 1 - Gene Evans, American actor (born 1920)
April 2 - Rob Pilatus, member of the pop group Milli Vanilli (born 1965)
April 6 - Tammy Wynette, American singer (born 1942)
April 15 - Pol Pot, Cambodian dictator (born 1925)
April 16 - Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian supercentenarian (born 1880)
April 17 - Linda McCartney, American photographer and musician (born 1941)
April 19 - Octavio Paz, Mexican writer (born 1914)
April 23 - Constantine Karamanlis, Greek politician (born 1907)
April 23 - James Earl Ray, convicted assassin of Martin Luther King, Jr. (born 1928)
April 25 - Christian Mortensen, Danish-born American supercentenarian (born 1882)
April 27 - Carlos Castaneda, Peruvian-American anthropologist and writer (born 1925)
May
May 1 - Eldridge Cleaver, American activist (born 1935)
May 2 - Hide, Japanese musician (born 1964)
May 2 - Justin Fashanu, English footballer (born 1961)
May 2 - Kevin Lloyd, British actor (born 1949)
May 7 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South African-born physicist (born 1924)
May 14 - Frank Sinatra, American singer and entertainer (born 1915)
May 19 - Sosuke Uno, Prime Minister of Japan (born 1922)
May 22 - John Derek, American actor and movie director (born 1926)
May 28 - Phil Hartman, Canadian-born American artist, writer, actor and comedian (born 1948)
May 29 - Barry Goldwater, American politician (born 1909)
June
June 2 - Junkyard Dog, American professional wrestler (born 1952)
June 8 - Sani Abacha, President of Nigeria (born 1943)
June 11 - Catherine Cookson, British writer (born 1906)
June 13 - Birger Ruud, Norwegian athlete (born 1911)
June 23 - Maureen O'Sullivan, Irish actress (born 1911)
July
July 3 - Danielle Bunten Berry, American software developer (born 1949)
July 19 - Elmer Valo, Slovakian baseball player (born 1921)
July 21 - Alan Shepard, American astronaut (born 1923)
July 30 - Buffalo Bob Smith, American children's TV host (born 1917)
August
August 1 - Eva Bartok, Hungarian actress (born 1927)
August 3 - Alfred Schnittke, Russian-born composer (born 1934)
August 4 - Yuri Artyukhin, Soviet cosmonaut (born 1930)
August 5 - Todor Zivkov, Bulgarian Communist leader (born 1911)
August 6 - André Weil, French mathematician (born 1906)
August 9 - Frankie Ruiz, Puerto-Rican singer (born 1958)
August 26 - Frederick Reines, American physicist (born 1918)
September
September 2 - Allen Drury, American writer (born 1918)
September 5 - Leo Penn, American actor and director (born 1921)
September 6 - Akira Kurosawa, Japanese screenwriter, producer and director (born 1910)
September 13 - George Wallace, American politician (born 1919)
September 14 - Yang Shangkun, Chinese politician (born 1907)
September 21 - Florence Griffith-Joyner, American athlete (born 1959)
September 26 - Betty Carter, American singer (born 1929)
September 29 - Tom Bradley, American politician, Mayor of Los Angeles, California (born 1917)
October
October 3 - Roddy McDowall, British actor (born 1928)
October 14 - Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician (born 1915)
October 17 - Joan Hickson, British actress (born 1906)
October 28 - Ted Hughes, British poet (born 1930)
November
November 3 - Bob Kane, American cartoonist (born 1915)
November 8 - Jean Marais, French actor (born 1913)
November 10 - Mary Millar, British actress (born 1917)
November 25 - Nelson Goodman, American philosopher (born 1906)
December
December 2 - Brian Stonehouse, British painter and World War II secret agent (born 1918)
December 7 - Martin Rodbell, American scientist (born 1925)
December 16 - William Gaddis, American writer (born 1922)
December 17 - Claudia Benton, Peruvian-born child psychologist (born 1959)
December 20 - Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British scientist (born 1914)
December 28 - Robert Rosen, American biologist (born 1934)
December 30 - Keisuke Kinoshita, Japanese movie director (born 1912)
December 30 - George Webb, British actor (born 1911)
Nobel Prizes
Physics - Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Stroemer, Daniel Chee Tsui
Chemistry - Walter Kohn, John Pople
Physiology or Medicine - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
Literature - Jose Saramago
Nobel Peace Prize - John Hume, David Trimble
Economics - Amartya Sen
Movies released
Saving Private Ryan
Armageddon
There's Something About Mary
A Bug's Life
Doctor Dolittle
Rush Hour
Deep Impact
Godzilla
Patch Adams
Antz
The Big Lebowski
Blade
Chairman of the Board
Dark City
Elizabeth
Enemy of the State
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
Human Remains Hurlyburly Lethal Weapon 4 Lost in Space The Mask of Zorro Mulan The Negotiator Pi Pleasantville Rushmore Shakespeare in Love Six Days Seven Nights Small Soldiers The Thin Red Line Very Bad Things The Waterboy The Wedding Singer The Parent Trap''
Hit songs
"Never Ever" - All Saints
"Ray Of Light" – Madonna
"Cruel Summer" – Ace of Base
"Gettin' Jiggy Wit' It"- Will Smith
"The Boy Is Mine" - Brandy Norwood and Monica (entertainer)
"My Heart Will Go On" – Céline Dion
"Goodbye (song)" - Spice Girls
"Crush" – Jennifer Paige
"Pretty Fly (For A White Guy)" – The Offspring
"The Dope Show"-Marilyn Manson
"Dragula" - Rob Zombie
"Time of Your Life (Good Riddance)" – Green Day
"Iris" – Goo Goo Dolls
"I Don't Want To Miss A Thing" – Aerosmith
"One Week"-Barenaked Ladies
"The Way" – Fastball
"Uninvited" – Alanis Morissette
"You're Still The One" – Shania Twain
"This Kiss" - Faith Hill
"Nothin' But The Tailights" - Clint Black
New books
QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
References |
3957 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997 | 1997 | 1997 (MCMXCVII) was .
Births
February 13 - Prince Michael Jackson I, American actor, singer, songwriter, guitarist, pianist, record producer and voice actor
April 1 – Asa Butterfield, English actor
May 1 – Ariel Gade, American actress
September 8 – Matthew Josten, American actor
November 16 – Alex Polidori, Italian actress and younger sister of Gabriele Patriarca
November 19 – McCaughey septuplets, famous American set of septuplets
July 18 - Maria Nikka Feliselda, Filipina Bassist
August 10 – Kylie Jenner, American television personality and founder of Kylie Cosmetics
Deaths
January – March
January 9 – Edward Osobka-Morawski, Polish politician (b. 1909)
January 10 – Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist (b. 1907)
January 10 – Sheldon Leonard, American producer, actor, director (b. 1907)
January 12 – Charles Brenton Huggins, Canadian cancer researcher (b. 1901)
January 15 – Helenio Herrera, Argentine football manager (b. 1916)
January 17 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (b. 1906)
January 19 – James Dickey, American poet and novelist (b. 1923)
January 20 – Curt Flood, American baseball player (b. 1938)
January 21 – Colonel Tom Parker, Dutch-born American celebrity manager (b. 1909)
February 1 – Herb Caen, American newspaper columnist (b. 1916)
February 2 – Chico Science, Brazilian musician (automobile accident) (b. 1967)
February 5 – Pamela Harriman, U.S. Ambassador to France (b. 1920)
February 11 – Don Porter, American actor (b. 1912)
February 19 – Deng Xiaoping, leader of the People's Republic of China (b. 1904)
February 21 – Josef Posipal, German footballer (b. 1927)
March 6 – Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (b. 1918)
March 9 – The Notorious B.I.G., American rapper (b. 1972)
March 14 – Fred Zinnemann, American director (b. 1907)
March 19 – Willem de Kooning, Dutch artist (b. 1904)
April – June
April 5 – Allen Ginsberg, American poet (b. 1926)
April 7 – Georgi Shonin, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1935)
April 7 – Witto Aloma, Major League Baseball player (b. 1923)
April 11 – Wang Xiaobo, Chinese writer
April 12 – George Wald, American scientist (b. 1903)
April 17 – Chaim Herzog, President of Israel (b. 1918)
May 2 – John Eccles, Australian neuropsychologist (b. 1903)
May 16 – Giuseppe De Santis, Italian movie director (b. 1917)
May 22 – Alfred Hershey, American biochemist (b. 1908)
May 29 – Jeff Buckley, American musician (accidental drowning) (b. 1966)
June 2 – Helen Jacobs, American tennis player (b. 1908)
June 6 – Magda Gabor, American actress (b. 1914)
June 14 – Richard Jaeckel, American actor (b. 1926)
June 23 – Betty Shabazz, American widow of Malcolm X (b. 1936)
June 25 – Jacques-Yves Cousteau, French underwater explorer and movie maker (b. 1910)
June 26 – Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Hawaiian singer (b. 1959)
June 29 – William Hickey, American actor (b. 1927)
July – September
July 1 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (b. 1917)
July 2 – James Stewart, American actor (b. 1908)
July 15 – Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer (b. 1946)
July 18 – Eugene Shoemaker, American astronomer (b. 1928)
July 24 – Frank Parker, American tennis player (b. 1916)
August 2 – William S. Burroughs, American writer (b. 1914)
August 4 – Jeanne Calment, French supercentenarian, longest-lived human ever (b. 1875)
August 8 – Sviatoslav Richter, Ukrainian pianist (b. 1915)
August 12 – Luther Allison, American musician (b. 1939)
August 23 – John Kendrew, British molecular biologist (b. 1917)
August 30 – Ernst Willimowski, Polish footballer (b. 1931)
August 31 – Diana, Princess of Wales (b. 1961)
August 31 – Dodi al-Fayed, Egyptian businessman (b. 1955)
September 5 – Mother Teresa, Albanian nun and missionary (b. 1910)
September 7 – Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire (b. 1930)
September 9 – Burgess Meredith, American actor (b. 1907)
September 18 – Jimmy Witherspoon, American blues singer (b. 1920)
September 29 – Roy Lichtenstein, American artist (b. 1923)
October – December
October 5 – Brian Pillman, American professional wrestler (b. 1962)
October 12 – John Denver, American musician (b. 1943)
October 16 – James A. Michener, American writer (b. 1907)
October 22 – Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator (b. 1905)
October 30 – Samuel Fuller, American screenwriter and director (b. 1912)
November 22 – Michael Hutchence, Australian musician (b. 1960)
November 25 – Hastings Banda, 1st President of Malawi (b. 1907)
December 1 – Stephane Grappelli, French violinist (b. 1908)
December 7 – Billy Bremner, Scottish footballer (b. 1942)
December 18 – Chris Farley, American actor and comedian (b. 1964)
December 20 – Juzo Itami, Japanese movie director (b. 1933)
December 27 – Billy Wright, Northern Irish paramilitary leader (b. 1960)
Events
January
January 1 – Kofi Annan becomes Secretary-General of the UN.
January 8 – Mister Rogers receives a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
January 9 – Yachtsman Tony Bullimore is found alive five days after his boat capsized in the Southern Ocean.
January 18 – In north west Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 3 Spanish aid workers, 3 soldiers and seriously wound 1 other.
January 19 – Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city.
January 20 – Bill Clinton starts his second term as President of the United States.
January 21 – Newt Gingrich becomes the first leader of the United States House of Representatives to be internally disciplined for ethical misconduct.
January 22 – Madeleine Albright becomes the first female secretary of state after confirmation by the United States Senate.
January 23 – Mir Aimal Kasi receives the death sentence for a 1993 assault rifle attack outside CIA headquarters that killed 2 and wounded 3 others.
January 27 – It is revealed that French museums had nearly 2,000 pieces of art that were stolen by Nazis.
January 28 – Clive Davis receives a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
February
February 22 – Scientists in Scotland announce the cloning of Dolly, born on July 5, 1996.
February 23 – A small fire occurs on the Mir space station.
February 27 – Divorce becomes legal in the Republic of Ireland.
March
March 6 – Guyana's President Cheddi Jagan dies in office.
March 22 – At age 14, Tara Lipinski becomes the youngest figure skating world champion.
March 24 – The movie The English Patient wins an Academy Award for best picture.
April
April 29 – 126 people are killed in a train crash in Hunan, China.
May
May 1 – Tony Blair of the Labour Party is elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in a landslide victory over the Conservatives, who lose all of their seats in Scotland and Wales, and lose power after 18 years in Government.
May 3 – Katrina and the Waves win the Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom.
May 10 – An earthquake in northeastern Iran kills 2400 people.
May 16 – Mobutu Sese Seko leaves Zaire.
May 17 – Laurent Kabila's troops enter Kinshasa, as Zaire changes its name to Democratic Republic of the Congo.
May 23 – Mohammad Khatami is elected President of Iran.
June
June 13 – Timothy McVeigh is sentenced to death for the Oklahoma City bombing.
June 25 – The town of Plymouth on the Caribbean island of Montserrat is evacuated as the Soufriere Hills volcano erupts.
June 26 – Bertie Ahern becomes Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland.
July
July 1 – The United Kingdom hands control of Hong Kong back to the People's Republic of China.
July 15 – Fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot dead in Florida by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.
July 25 – K. R. Narayanan becomes President of India.
August
August 4 – Jeanne Calment dies after a record human lifespan of 122 years and 164 days.
August 6 – Korean Air Flight 801 crash lands on the island of Guam, killing 228 people.
August 31 – Diana, Princess of Wales, Dodi al-Fayed and their driver Henri Paul are killed in a car crash in Paris.
September
September 5 – The 2004 Summer Olympics are awarded to Athens, Greece.
September 6 – The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales takes place at Westminster Abbey in London. It is watched by over 2 billion people worldwide.
September 11 – Voters in Scotland approve the creation of their own regional parliament in a referendum.
September 18 – Voters in Wales approve the creation of their own Assembly in a referendum.
September 26 – The regions of Umbria and Marche in Italy are hit by a strong earthquake.
September 26 - An Airbus A300 of Garuda Indonesia Airlines crashes in Medan, Sumatra, killing all 234 people on board.
October
October 15 – NASA launches the Cassini-Huygens probe to Saturn.
October 16 – The New York Times' first colour photographs appear.
November
November 11 – Mary McAleese is chosen to succeed Mary Robinson as President of the Republic of Ireland, marking the first-ever woman to woman Presidential transfer.
November 17 – 62 people are killed by Islamist terrorists in Luxor, Egypt.
December
December 11 – The Kyoto protocol is approved by a UN committee.
December 19 – Janet Jagan becomes President of Guyana, succeeding her deceased husband, Cheddi Jagan.
December 19 – James Cameron's movie Titanic is released in the US.
Other significant events
Algerian Civil War: Hundreds of people are killed in massacres throughout the year.
Nobel Prizes
Chemistry: Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
Economics: Robert C. Merton, Myron C. Scholes
Literature: Dario Fo
Nobel Peace Prize: International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams
Physics: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips
Medicine: Stanley B. Prusiner
Movies Released
Air Force One
Amistad
As Good as It Gets
Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery
Batman & Robin
Breakdown
Cop Land
Con Air
Contact
Face/Off
Fire Down Below
Gattaca
Good Will Hunting
Hercules
Home Alone 3 Into Thin Air L.A. Confidential Liar Liar
Men in Black
Mononoke Hime My Best Friend's Wedding Suicide Kings The Fifth Element The Full Monty The Ice Storm The Lost World: Jurassic Park
The Rainmaker
The Sweet Hereafter
Titanic
Tomorrow Never Dies
U Turn
Power Rangers Turbo: The Movie
Volcano
New books
American Pastoral – Philip Roth
Are You Experienced? – William Sutcliffe
Barney's Version – Mordecai Richler
The Best Laid Plans – Sidney Sheldon
The Bible Code – Michael Drosnin
Budgie: The Little Helicopter – Sarah Ferguson
Cat & Mouse – James Patterson
Cold Mountain – Charles Frazier
Dave Barry's Book of Bad Songs – Dave Barry
Deja Dead – Kathy Reichs
Diana: Her True Story – Andrew Morton
Everyday Wicca – Gerina Dunwich
Fall On Your Knees – Ann-Marie MacDonald
The Ghost – Danielle Steel
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – J. K. Rowling
Hornet's Nest – Patricia Cornwell
I Am the Most Interesting Book of All (translation) – Marie Bashkirtseff
Instruments of Darkness – Nancy Huston
Jingo – Terry Pratchett
Larry's Party – Carol Shields
Last Standing Woman – Winona LaDuke
Moab Is My Washpot – Stephen Fry (autobiography)
Morisson of Peking – Cyril Pearl
Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet – Karen Armstrong
Night Train – Martin Amis
The Partner – John Grisham
Pretend You Don't See Her – Mary Higgins Clark
The Ranch – Danielle Steel
The Red Tent – Anita Diamant
Special Delivery – Danielle Steel
The Subtle Knife – Philip Pullman
Timequake – Kurt Vonnegut
Toulouse-Lautrec: The Soul of Montmartre – Reinhold Heller
Tuesdays With Morrie – Mitch Albom
Unnatural Exposure – Patricia Cornwell
A Walk in the Woods – Bill Bryson
A Wiccan's Guide to Prophecy and Divination – Gerina Dunwich
Hit songs
Candle in the Wind 1997 – Elton John
"MMMBop" – Hanson
"My Heart Will Go On" – Céline Dion
"Wannabe" – The Spice Girls
"A Long December" – Counting Crows
"All By Myself" – Céline Dion
"Bitch" – Meredith Brooks
"Don't Speak" – No Doubt
"Forty Six & 2" – Tool
"Longneck Bottle" – Garth Brooks
"Magdalene" – Lenny Kravitz
"Silver Springs" – Fleetwood Mac
"The Difference" – The Wallflowers
"Volcano" – Presidents of the United States of America
"You Were Meant For Me" – Jewel
References |
3958 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996 | 1996 | 1996 (MCMXCVI) was . It was also a common year starting on Tuesday of the obsolete Julian calendar.
The most important events
January 7 – The Eastern US is hit by a 1996. It was almost the same as the 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2002 blizzards. It killed more than 150 people.
January 11 – Ryutaro Hashimoto becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
January 15 – King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho dies in a car crash.
January 16 – Jamaican authorities open fire on Jimmy Buffett's seaplane, mistaking it for a drug trafficker's plane. U2 singer Bono was also on the plane, but neither singer was injured.
January 18 – Lisa Marie Presley files for divorce from Michael Jackson.
January 29 – Garth Brooks refuses to accept his American Music Award for "Favorite Overall Artist". Brooks says that Hootie and the Blowfish had done more for music that year than he did it.
January 29 – Jacques Chirac announces the end of French nuclear testing in the Pacific Ocean.
February 4 – An earthquake of magnitude 7 in southwestern China kills more than 240 people.
February 4 – Former Milli-Vanilli member Rob Pilatus is hospitalized when a man hits him over the head with a baseball bat in Hollywood, California. Pilatus was attempting to steal the man's car.
February 6 – Birgenair Flight 301 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near the Dominican Republic, killing 189 people.
February 10 – The computer Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in a chess match.
February 14 – The Artist Formerly Known As Prince marries backup singer Mayte Garcia.
February 20 – Snoop Doggy Dogg and his bodyguard acquitted of first degree murder. The jury deadlocks on voluntary manslaughter charges and a mistrial is declared.
March 2 – John Howard is elected Prime Minister of Australia, taking office on March 11.
March 4 – The Beatles' second reunion song is released, as part of their first reuinion since the band's breakup 26 years earlier. The song is simply a finished version of a John Lennon demo from 1980; a song called Real Love.
March 13 – Dunblane massacre: Thomas Hamilton kills 16 pupils and their teacher at Dunblane Primary School in Scotland.
March 13 – Ramones fans riot in Buenos Aires, Argentina after waiting all night for concert tickets only to find out that the show had been sold out.
March 16 – Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men ends its 16th consecutive week at No. 1 with "One Sweet Day". It is the longest consecutive week stay at No. 1 in Billboard Hot 100 history.
March 17 – Sri Lanka wins the cricket World Cup.
March 18 – The Sex Pistols announce that they are reuniting for a 20th anniversary tour.
March 28 – Phil Collins announces that he is leaving Genesis to focus on his solo career.
April 3 – M.C. Hammer files for bankruptcy.
April 4 – The Grateful Dead's Bob Weir and Jerry Garcia's widow, Deborah, scatter part of Garcia's ashes in the Ganges River in India. 1996 like a 1992 one.
April 15 – The remaining part of Jerry Garcia's ashes are scattered near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California.
April 24 – This Train, Rick Elias, Jimmy A, Phil Keaggy, Carolyn Arends, Third Day & Ashley Cleveland perform a tribute concert for Rich Mullins at Nashville's Cafe Milano. Speakers included Reunion Records executive Terry Hemmings, record producer Reed Arvin, disc jockey Jon Rivers, & writer Brennan Manning.
April 28 – Port Arthur massacre: Martin Bryant kills 35 people in Port Arthur, Tasmania.
May 8 – In Los Angeles, California, a judge rules against Tommy Lee and wife actress Pamela Anderson Lee in their attempt to keep Penthouse magazine from publishing still photos taken from an X-rated home movie which was stolen from their home.
May 11 – Everest disaster: A sudden storm kills 8 people on Mount Everest.
May 31 – The hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup is given to Japan and South Korea, marking the time that Asia gets to host the FIFA World Cup. SUPERMARKET SWEEP for Louise Anderson
June 1 – Deve Gowda becomes Prime Minister of India.
June 15 – An IRA bomb injures over 200 people in Manchester.
June 23 – The Nintendo 64 game system is released in Japan.
June 30 – Germany defeats the Czech Republic 2–1 to win UEFA Euro 96.
July – The Smashing Pumpkins drummer, Jimmy Chamberlin, is arrested for possession of a controlled substance. The other band members fire him because they said his "insidious battle with drugs and alcohol" had nearly ruined everything for the band.
July 5 – Dolly, a cloned sheep, is born.
July 19 – August 4 – The 1996 Summer Olympics are held in Atlanta, Georgia.
July 27 – One person is killed and 111 are injured in the Centennial Park bombing in Atlanta.
August 6 – The Ramones play their last ever show at Lollapalooza.
August 15 – Bob Dole is nominated as the Republican Party candidate for the US presidential election.
August 28 – Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales officially divorce.
September 7 – Rapper Tupac Shakur is shot 4 times in Las Vegas, Nevada while leaving the MGM Grand hotel, after seeing the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon boxing match, in what is apparently a drive-by shooting.
September 12 – Controversy follows The Eagles when the band dedicates "Peaceful Easy Feeling" to Saddam Hussein at a United States Democratic Party fundraiser held in Los Angeles.
September 13 – Tupac Shakur died in hospital after his wounds from the Las Vegas, Nevada MGM Grand shooting.
September 14 – Alija Izetbegovic is elected President of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
September 27 – The Taliban capture Kabul, to take control of Afghanistan. Former President Mohammad Najibullah is killed.
November 5 – A volcanic eruption under the Grimsvotn ice cap in Iceland causes a glacial flood.
November 5 – Bill Clinton is reelected as President of the United States, defeating Bob Dole.
November 7 – A category 4 cyclone hits Andhra Pradesh, India. Over 2000 people were killed and 95% of the crops were destroyed.
November 8 – After having first premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January, the movie Hype!, a documentary on the Seattle grunge scene, opens to general audiences.
November 12 – Saudi and Kazak airliners collide, killing 349 people.
December 13 – Kofi Annan is chosen to become UN Secretary-General, a position he takes up on January 1, 1997.
December 30 – A train is bombed by Bodo separatists in Assam, India, killing 26 people.
Larry Ewing creates Tux, the Linux mascot.
Sildenafil patented.
Wasi Muhammad Qureshi appointed as president of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam by its founder Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi.
Births
April 14 – Abigail Breslin, American actress
May 8 – 6ix9ine, American rapper
June 28 - Adam Dutschke, Australian basketball player
July 5 – Dolly, cloned sheep (d. 2003)
September 1 – Zendaya, American actress
September 6 – Lil Xan, American rapper
September 13 - Joseph Boyce, American actor, director, producer, and writer
December 11 – Hailee Steinfeld, American actress
Deaths
January – March
January 8 – Francois Mitterrand, President of France (b. 1916)
January 15 – King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (b. 1938)
January 17 – Barbara Jordan, American politician (b. 1936)
January 18 – N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, director and politician (b. 1923)
January 28 – Joseph Brodsky, Russian writer (b. 1940)
January 28 – Jerry Siegel, American cartoonist (b. 1914)
February 2 – Gene Kelly, American actor, dancer and singer (b. 1912)
February 11 – Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1946)
February 14 – McLean Stevenson, American actor (b. 1929)
February 16 – Pat Brown, 32nd Governor of California (b. 1905)
February 21 – Morton Gould, American musician and composer (b. 1913)
February 23 – Helmut Schoen, German football coach (b. 1915)
March 9 – George Burns, American actor and singer (b. 1896)
March 18 – Odysseas Elytis, Greek writer (b. 1911)
March 26 – Edmund Muskie, American politician (b. 1914)
April – June
April 6 – Greer Garson, British actress (b. 1904)
April 20 – Christopher Robin Milne, British writer and bookseller (b. 1920)
April 21 – Dzokhar Dudayov, Chechen politician (b. 1944)
April 22 – Erma Bombeck, American humorist and writer (b. 1927)
April 23 – P. L. Travers, Australian writer (b. 1899)
May 11 – Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1st President of Nigeria (b. 1904)
May 20 – Jon Pertwee, English actor (b. 1919)
May 31 – Timothy Leary, American writer and psychologist (b. 1904)
June 6 – George Davis Snell, American geneticist (b. 1923)
June 15 – Ella Fitzgerald, American singer (b. 1917)
June 23 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1919)
June 26 – Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist (b. 1958)
July – September
July 1 – Margaux Hemingway, American fashion model and actress (b. 1955)
July 15 – Dana Hill, American actress (b. 1964)
July 16 - John Panozzo, American drummer (Styx) (b. 1948)
July 30 – Claudette Colbert, French-born American actress (b. 1903)
August 1 – Tadeus Reichstein, Polish chemist (b. 1897)
August 2 – Obdulio Varelia, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1917)
August 8 – Nevill Francis Mott, British physicist (b. 1905)
August 27 – Greg Morris, American actor (b. 1933)
September 13 – Tupac Shakur, American rap singer/songwriter, actor (b. 1971)
September 17 – Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice President of the United States (b. 1918)
September 27 – Mohammad Najibullah, President of Afghanistan (b. 1947)
October – December
October 4 – Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (b. 1913)
October 4 – Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese movie director (b. 1916)
October 12 – Rene Lacoste, French tennis player (b. 1904)
October 24 – Sorley MacLean, Scottish poet (b. 1911)
October 27 – Morey Amsterdam, American actor and comedian (b. 1908)
November 1 – Junius Richard Jayewardene, former President of Sri Lanka (b. 1906)
November 2 – Eva Cassidy, American singer (b. 1963)
November 3 – Jean-Bedel Bokassa, President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921)
November 15 – Alger Hiss, US State Department official (b. 1904)
November 21 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist (b. 1926)
November 30 – Tiny Tim, American musician and singer (b. 1932)
December 3 – Babrak Karmal, President of Afghanistan (b. 1929)
December 9 – Mary Leakey, British archaeologist (b. 1913)
December 19 – Marcello Mastroianni, Italian actor (b. 1924)
December 20 – Carl Sagan, American astronomer (b. 1934)
December 30 – Lew Ayres, American actor (b. 1908)
Nobel Prizes
Physics: David M. Lee, Douglas Orsheroff, Robert C. Richardson
Chemistry: Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley
Medicine: Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Literature: Wislawa Szymborska
Nobel Peace Prize: Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Jose Ramos Horta
Economics: James Mirrlees, William Vickrey
Movies released
101 Dalmatians
12 Monkeys
A Time to Kill
Daylight
Eraser
Fargo
Island of Dr. Moreau
Independence Day
Jerry Maguire
Matilda
Mission: Impossible
Ransom
Romeo and Juliet
Sling Blade
Space Jam
The Birdcage
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
The Nutty Professor
The Rock
Trainspotting
Twister
Hit songs
"Angry Johnny" – Poe
"Macarena" – Los Del Rio
"Professional Widow (Star Trunk Funkin' Mix)" – Tori Amos
"Wonderwall" – Oasis
"6th Avenue Heartache" – The Wallflowers
"Aeroplane" – Red Hot Chili Peppers
"All Mixed Up" – 311
"California Love" – 2Pac
"Can't Get You Off My Mind" – Lenny Kravitz
"Change the World" – Eric Clapton
"Down" – 311
"Free As A Bird" – The Beatles
"Give Me One Reason" – Tracy Chapman
"Head Over Feet" – Alanis Morissette
"How Do U Want It" – 2Pac
"I Want To Come Over" – Melissa Etheridge
"If It Makes You Happy" – Sheryl Crow
"The Beautiful People" – Marilyn Manson
"Wash Away" – Vertical Horizon
"You Learn" – Alanis Morissette
New books
Absolute Power – David Baldacci
Alias Grace – Margaret Atwood
Bandarshah – Al-Tayyib Salih
By the Shores of Gitchee Gumee – Tama Janowitz
Excession – Iain M. Banks
Executive Orders – Tom Clancy
Feet of Clay – Terry Pratchett
Fight Club – Chuck Palahniuk
Fighting for Canada (Maîtres Chanteurs Chez Nous!) – Diane Francis
A Fine Balance – Rohinton Mistry
The Fourth Estate – Jeffrey Archer
Gods and Generals – Jeff Shaara
The Goldberg Variations – Nancy Huston
The Gun Seller – Hugh Laurie
Hackers – short story collection
Hogfather – Terry Pratchett
How Stella Got Her Groove Back – Terry McMillan
Intensity – Dean R. Koontz
Kiki's Memoirs – Kiki, (translation by Samuel Putnam)
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil – John Berendt
Moonlight Becomes You – Mary Higgins Clark
Polaroids From The Dead – Douglas Coupland
Primary Colors – Joe Klein as "Anonymous"
The Runaway Jury – John Grisham
Selected Stories – Mavis Gallant
Sofia; The Sultan's Daughter – Ann Chamberlin
The Tailor of Panama – John le Carré
The Tenth Insight – James Redfield
Undaunted Courage – Stephen Ambrose
A Vicious Circle – Amanda Craig
Other websites |
3959 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995 | 1995 | 1995 (MCMXCV) was .
Events
January 1 – Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the EU.
January 2 – Former President of Somalia, Siyad Barre died. He had been ousted in 1991.
January 6 to January 7 – A chemical fire happened in an apartment complex in Manila, Philippines. Policemen led by watch commander Aida Fariscal and investigators found a bomb factory and a laptop computer and disks that contain plans for Project Bojinka, a mass-terrorist attack. The mastermind, Ramzi Yousef, was arrested one month later
January 9 – Valeri Polyakov completed 366 days in space while aboard the Mir space station breaking a duration record.
January 16 – An avalanche hit the village of Sudavik in Iceland's West Fjords, killing 14 people.
January 17 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake called "the Great Hanshin earthquake" happened near Kōbe, Japan, causing great property damage and killing 6,433 people
January 24 – The prosecution delivered its opening statement in the O. J. Simpson murder trial.
January 30 – John Howard became leader of the Liberal Party of Australia.
January 31 – United States President Bill Clinton used emergency powers to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avoid financial collapse.
February 21 – Steve Fossett landed in Leader, Saskatchewan, having set a record for a solo balloon flight across the Pacific Ocean.
March 20 – Tokyo subway sarin attack: Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult release sarin gas on five subway trains in Tokyo, killing 12 people and injuring 5,510.
March 22 – Valeri Polyakov returned to Earth after 438 days in space.
March 26 — Eazy-E, an American rapper, died of AIDS.
March 31 – Selena, an American singer, was murdered by Yolanda Saldivar.
April 19 – Oklahoma City bombing: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols set off a bomb outside the Alfred P. Murrah building, killing 168 people.
April 28 – A gas explosion on the subway construction site in Daegu, South Korea, killed 101 people, mainly teenage boys.
May 16 – Japanese police raided the headquarters of the Aum Shinrikyo cult near Mt. Fuji, arresting its leader, Shoko Asahara.
May 17 – Jacques Chirac became President of France.
May 28 – A magnitude 7.6 earthquake hits Neftegorsk, Russia, killing at least 2000 people.
June 13 – Jacques Chirac announced the continuation of nuclear tests in French Polynesia.
June 16 – Salt Lake City announced as the host city of the 2002 Winter Olympics.
June 29 – The roof collapsed at the Sampoong shopping centre in Seoul, South Korea.
July 11 – Srebrenica massacre: Bosniak Serbs killed more than 8,000 people-most men and boys, in Europe's worst post-World War II massacre.
July 18 – The Soufriere Hills volcano began erupting on the Caribbean island of Montserrat.
July 21 – The People's Liberation Army fired missiles into waters north of Taiwan.
August 6 – The 50th anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing is commemorated.
August 24 – Microsoft released Windows 95.
August 29 – President of the Republic of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze survived an assassination attempt.
September 4 – eBay was founded.
September 27 – Bob Denard's mercenaries captured President Said Mohammad Djohor of the Comoros.
October – The stoner rock icon Kyuss announced they would take an indefinite hiatus. The group did not completely disband until 2 years later.
October 1 – Ten people are convicted of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
October 3 – The britpop band Oasis released their breakthrough album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?.
October 3 – O.J. Simpson was found not guilty of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
October 17 – At the age of 120 years, 238 days, Jeanne Calment was confirmed as the oldest human on record.
October 26 – An avalanche hit the village of Flateyri in Iceland's West Fjords.
October 28 – The Baku metro fire killed 289 people.
October 30 – Voters in Quebec narrowly rejected independence from Canada in a referendum.
November 4 – Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin was shot dead by Yigal Amir at a peace rally in Tel Aviv.
November 10 – Nigerian human rights activists, including the writer Ken Saro-Wiwa were executed.
November 21 – Dayton Peace Agreement, the end of the war in Bosnia and Croatia.
November 30 – Javier Solana became NATO Secretary-General.
December 20 – American Airlines Flight 965 crashed in Colombia, killing 159 people.
December 30 – The UK's coldest temperature was recorded at Altnaharra in the Highlands of Scotland at -27.2 degrees Celsius.
December 31 – After 10 years, Bill Watterson, ended his legendary Calvin and Hobbes comic strip.
Puzzle Bobble was created, a video game popular worldwide.
Births
July 4 – Post Malone, American rapper
July 9 – Georgie Henley, English actress
August 15 – Chief Keef, American rapper
August 22 – Dua Lipa, English singer
October 21 – Doja Cat, American singer and rapper
November 3 – Kendall Jenner, American model and television personality
November 16 – Noah Gray-Cabey, American actor and pianist
Deaths
January - March
January 1 – Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist (born 1902)
January 2 – Siad Barre, President of Somalia (born 1919)
January 2 – Nancy Kelly, American actress (born 1921)
January 6 - Karl Guttmann, Austrian-Dutch theater director (born 1913)
January 6 – Joe Slovo, ANC activist and South African minister of Housing (born 1926)
January 7 – Murray Rothbard, American economist (born 1926)
January 8 – Carlos Monzón, Argentine boxer (born 1942)
January 9 – Peter Cook, English comedian and writer (born 1937)
January 9 – Souphanouvong, Laotian politician (born 1909)
January 11 – Josef Gingold, Russian-American violinist (b. 1909)
January 12 - Kay Aldridge, American actress and model (born 1917)
January 12 - Marion Herbst, Dutch jewelery designer (born 1944)
January 15 - Jef Bruyninckx, Belgian actor and director (born 1919)
January 17 – Miguel Torga, Portuguese writer (born 1907)
January 18 – Adolf Butenandt, German physicist (born 1903)
January 20 – Mehdi Bazargan, Iranian politician (born 1907)
January 21 - Russ Bauers, American baseball player (born 1914)
January 21 - Edward Hidalgo, American politician (born 1912)
January 22 – Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, mother of John F. Kennedy (born 1890)
January 23 - Saul Rogovin, American baseball player (born 1922)
January 25 – John Smith, American Actor (born 1931)
January 26 - Vic Buckingham, English football manager and footballer (born 1915)
January 28 - Ferruccio Tagliavini, Italian tenor and actor (born 1913)
January 31 – George Abbott, American writer, director and producer (born 1887)
February 2 - Tikvah Alper, South African scientist (born 1909)
February 2 – Fred Perry, British tennis player (born 1909)
February 2 – Donald Pleasence, British actor (born 1919)
February 4 – Patricia Highsmith, American author (born 1921)
February 6 - James Merrill, American poet (born 1926)
February 9 - J. William Fulbright, American senator and congressman (born 1905)
February 13 – Alberto Burri, Italian artist (born 1915)
February 14 – Ogdo Aksyonova, Russian poet (born 1936)
February 14 – U Nu, Burmese politician (born 1907)
February 19 – John Howard, American actor (born 1913)
February 21 - István Bárány, Hungarian swimmer (born 1907)
February 23 – Melvin Franklin, American singer (born 1942)
February 24 – Hideko Maehata, Japanese swimmer (born 1914)
February 26 - Willie Johnson, American guitarist (born 1923)
February 27 - Ann Ayars, American soprano and actress (born 1918)
March 13 – Odette Hallowes, French intelligence officer (born 1912)
March 20 – Big John Studd, American professional wrestler and actor (born 1948)
March 26 – Eazy-E (Eric Wright), American rapper and record producer, N.W.A. (born 1963)
April - June
April 1 - Francisco Moncion, Dominican dancer (born 1918)
April 2 – Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist (born 1915)
April 2 - Julius Hemphill, American jazz saxophonist and composer (born 1938)
April 4 – Priscilla Lane, American actress (born 1915)
April 9 - Bob Allison, American baseball player (born 1934)
April 10 – Morarji Desai, former Prime Minister of India (born 1896)
April 14 – Burl Ives, American singer and actor (born 1909)
April 18 – Arturo Frondizi, former President of Argentina (born 1908)
April 20 – Milovan Đilas, Yugoslav politician and philosopher (born 1911)
April 21 - Amir Machmud, Indonesian military general (born 1923)
April 23 – John C. Stennis, American politician (born 1909)
April 25 – Ginger Rogers, American actress and singer (born 1911)
April 27 – Willem Frederik Hermans, Dutch writer (born 1921)
May 4 – Louis Krasner, Ukrainian-American violinist (born 1903)
May 5 - Josef Bek, Czech film and television actor (born 1918)
May 5 – Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian chess player (born 1911)
May 5 – Anthony Wagner, English officer (born 1908)
May 6 – Maria Pia de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragança, Portuguese writer and journalist (born 1907)
May 11 - David Avidan, Israeli poet (born 1934)
May 12 - Arthur Lubin, American film director (born 1898)
May 12 - Adolfo Pedernera, Argentinian footballer (born 1918)
May 12 - Mia Martini, Italian singer and songwriter (born 1947)
May 18 - Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (born 1933)
May 24 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1916)
May 29 – Margaret Chase Smith, American politician (born 1897)
June 6 - Jim Barnes, New Zealand Politician (born 1908)
June 7 - Sheikh Imam, Egyptian composer (born 1918)
June 7 – Hsuan Hua, Chinese Buddhist (born 1918)
June 7 - Wijnie Jabaaij, Dutch politician (born 1939)
June 8 – Juan Carlos Onganía, 35th President of Argentina (born 1914)
June 12 - Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Italian pianist (born 1920)
June 14 – Rory Gallagher, Irish blues and rock guitarist (born 1948)
June 20 – Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher and essayist (born 1911)
June 21 - Laurence McKinley Gould, American geologist (born 1896)
June 25 – Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States (born 1907)
June 29 – Lana Turner, American actress (born 1921)
June 29 – Sicco Mansholt, Dutch politician (born 1911)
June 30 - Phyllis Hyman, American singer and actress (born 1949)
July - September
July 4 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress (born 1919)
July 5 – Takeo Fukuda, Japanese politician (born 1905)
July 17 – Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentine racing driver (born 1911)
July 20 - Ernest Mandel, Belgian conomist (born 1923)
July 22 - Tami Ben Ami , Israeli model (born 1955)
July 31 - Genevieve Tobin, American actress (born 1899)
August 3 – Ida Lupino, British actress (born 1914)
August 9 – Jerry Garcia, American musician, The Grateful Dead (born 1942)
August 13 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (born 1931)
August 15 - John Cameron Swayze, American news commentator (born 1906)
August 21 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Indian astrophysicist (born 1910)
August 30 – Sterling Morrison, American musician (born 1942)
September 15 – Gunnar Nordahl, Swedish footballer (born 1921)
September 29 – Madalyn Murray O'Hair, American activist (born 1919)
October - December
October 9 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1903)
October 29 – Terry Southern, American screenwriter (born 1924)
November 4 – Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel (born 1922)
November 9 – Morley Baer , American Photographer (born 1916)
December 18 – Konrad Zuse, German engineer (born 1910)
December 25 – Dean Martin, American singer and actor (born 1917)
Nobel Prizes
Physics: Martin L. Prel, Frederick Reines
Chemistry: Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
Medicine: Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nuesslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
Literature: Seamus Heaney
Economics: Robert Lucas, Jr.
Nobel Peace Prize: Joseph Rotblat
Movies released
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls
Assassins
Apollo 13
Bad Boys
Babe
Batman Forever
Casino
Casper
Crimson Tide
Congo
Desperado
Die Hard with a Vengeance
GoldenEye
Gumby: The Movie
Judge Dredd
Jumanji
Major Payne
Mallrats
Mortal Kombat
Pocahontas
Se7en
Toy Story
Video games
Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island (August 15) (first copy 1989)
Hit songs
"Alright" – Supergrass
"California Love" – Dr. Dre
"Fantasy" – Mariah Carey
"Hey Man, Nice Shot" – Filter
"I'll Be There for You" – The Rembrandts
"Waterfalls" – TLC
"Wonderwall" – Oasis
"You Oughta Know" – Alanis Morissette
"All Over You" – Live
"As I Lay Me Down" – Sophie B. Hawkins
"Baby" – Brandy
"Beautiful Life" – Ace of Base
"Besame Mucho" – Dalida (remix)
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" – Deep Blue Something
"Buddy Holly" – Weezer
"Carnival" – Natalie Merchant
"Connection" – Elastica
"Don't Take It Personal" – Monica
"Good" – Better Than Ezra
"Hand in My Pocket" – Alanis Morissette
"Hook" – Blues Traveler
"Independent Love Song" - Scarlet
"It's Midnight Cinderella" – Garth Brooks
"J.A.R." – Green Day
"Jusqu'au boût du rêve" – Dalida (remix)
"Laissez-moi danser" – Dalida (remix)
"Life's a Bitch" – Nas
"Misery" – Soul Asylum
"Missing" – Everything But the Girl
"One of Us" – Joan Osborne
"Only Wanna Be with You" – Hootie & the Blowfish
"Rock and Roll Is Dead" – Lenny Kravitz
"Roll to Me" – Del Amitri
"Run-Around" – Blues Traveler
"She's Every Woman" – Garth Brooks
"Stutter" – Elastica
"Take a Bow" – Madonna
"Today" – The Smashing Pumpkins
"Tomorrow" – Silverchair
"When I Come Around" – Green Day
"You Are Not Alone" – Michael Jackson
"You Gotta Be" – Des'ree
"You'll See" – Madonna
"Dear Mama" – Tupac Shakur
New books
The Apocalypse Watch – Robert Ludlum
Blood Sport – James B. Stewart
The Diamond Age, or A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer – Neal Stephenson
The First Man (Le premier homme) – Albert Camus
Five Days In Paris – Danielle Steel
GoldenEye – John Gardner
The Horse Whisperer – Nicholas Evans
Independence Day – Richard Ford
The Information – Martin Amis
The Island of the Day Before – Umberto Eco
Landscape and Memory – Simon Schama
The Lost World – Michael Crichton
Man Ray, 1890-1976 – Man Ray, Andre Breton
Maskerade – Terry Pratchett
Microserfs – Douglas Coupland
Miracle in Seville – James A. Michener
Morning, Noon, & Night – Sidney Sheldon
Northern Lights (published in the US as The Golden Compass) – Philip Pullman
Our Game – John le Carré
Puerto Vallarta Squeeze – Robert James Waller
The Rainmaker – John Grisham
Rose Madder – Stephen King
Silent Night – Mary Higgins Clark
The Tortilla Curtain – T.C. Boyle |
3960 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994 | 1994 | 1994 (MCMXCIV) was .
Births
January 21 – Laura Robson, British tennis player
February 14 – Paul Butcher, American actor
February 14 – Allie Grant, American actress
February 23 – Dakota Fanning, American actress
February 27 – Hou Yifan, Chinese chess player
March 1 – Justin Bieber, Canadian singer
March 5 – Aislinn Paul, Canadian actress
March 8 – Dylan Tombides, Australian footballer (d. 2014)
March 12 – Christina Grimmie, American singer-songwriter
March 30 – Jetro Willems, Dutch footballer
April 11 – Dakota Blue Richards, British actress
April 12 – Saoirse Ronan, Irish actress
May 21 – Tom Daley, British diver
July 16 – Mark Indelicato, American actor
July 31 – Lil Uzi Vert, American rapper
September 1 – Bianca Ryan, American singer
October 9 – Jodelle Ferland, Canadian actress
November 17 – Raquel Castro, American singer and actress
December 6 – Giannis Antetokounmpo, Greek basketball player
December 8 – Raheem Sterling, English footballer
Deaths
January – March
January 1 – Cesar Romero, Cuban-American actor (b. 1907)
January 15 – Harry Nilsson, American musician (b. 1941)
January 20 – Matt Busby, Scottish football manager (b. 1909)
January 22 – Telly Savalas, American actor (b. 1922)
January 27 – Claude Akins, American actor (b. 1926)
January 28 – Hal Smith, American actor (b. 1916)
January 29 – Ulrike Meier, Austrian skier (b. 1967)
February 6 – Joseph Cotten, American actor (b. 1905)
February 9 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist (b. 1934)
February 11
Sorrell Booke, American actor (b. 1930)
William Conrad, American actor (b. 1920)
February 14 – Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer (b. 1936)
February 24 – Dinah Shore, American actress and singer (b. 1916)
February 26 – Bill Hicks, American comedian (b. 1961)
March 2 – Anita Morris, American actress and singer (b. 1943)
March 4 – John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor (b. 1950)
March 6 – Melina Mercouri, Greek singer, actress and politician (b. 1920)
March 13 – Danny Barker, American jazz musician (b. 1909)
March 17 – Mai Zetterling, Swedish actress and director (b. 1925)
March 23 – Giulietta Masina, Italian actress (b. 1921)
April – June
April 1 – Robert Doisneau, French photographer (b. 1912)
April 5 – Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (b. 1967)
April 6 – Juvenal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda (b. 1937)
April 6 – Cyprien Ntaryamira, President of Burundi (b. 1956)
April 15 – John Curry, British ice skater (b. 1949)
April 16 – Ralph Ellison, American writer (b. 1934)
April 22 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (b. 1913)
April 30 – Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian race car driver (b. 1960)
May 1 – Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (b. 1960)
May 8 – George Peppard, American actor (b. 1928)
May 10 – John Wayne Gacy, American serial killer (executed) (b. 1942)
May 12 – John Smith, British politician (b. 1938)
May 19 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the United States (b. 1929)
May 29 – Erich Honecker, East German leader (b. 1913)
June 2 – Henry Mancini, American composer (b. 1924)
June 9 – Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist (b. 1903)
June 12 – Nicole Brown Simpson, American murder victim (b. 1959)
June 29 – Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (b. 1908)
June 29 – Jack Unterweger, Austrian murderer (b. 1950)
July – September
July 2 – Andres Escobar, Colombian footballer (b. 1967)
July 7 – Cameron Mitchell, American actor (b. 1918)
July 8 – Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (b. 1912)
July 16 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist (b. 1918)
July 29 – Dorothy Hodgkin, British chemist (b. 1910)
August 11 – Peter Cushing, British actor (b. 1913)
August 14 – Elias Canetti, Bulgarian writer (b. 1905)
August 18 – Richard Laurence Millington Synge, British chemist (b. 1914)
August 19 – Linus Pauling, American scientist (b. 1901)
August 30 - Lindsay Anderson, British director (b. 1923)
September 7 – Dennis Morgan, American actor (b. 1908)
September 10 – Max Morlock, German footballer (b. 1924)
September 11 – Jessica Tandy, British actress (b. 1909)
September 12 – Boris Yegorov, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1937)
September 17 – Vitas Gerulaitis, American tennis player (b. 1954)
September 17 – Karl Popper, Austrian philosopher (b. 1902)
September 20 – Abioseh Nicol, Sierra Leonian diplomat (b. 1924)
September 26 – Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (b. 1907)
October – December
October 2 – Harriet Nelson, American actress (b. 1909)
October 7 – Niels Kaj Jerne, Danish immunologist (b. 1911)
October 19 – Martha Raye, American actress and comedian (b. 1916)
October 20 – Burt Lancaster, American actor (b. 1913)
October 24 – Raul Julia, Puerto Rican-American actor and singer (b. 1940)
October 25 – Mildred Natwick, American actress (b. 1905)
November 4 – Sam Francis, American painter (b. 1923)
November 11 – Pedro Zamora, American AIDS activist (b. 1972)
November 12 – Wilma Rudolph, American athlete (b. 1940)
November 13 – Motoo Kimura, Japanese geneticist (b. 1924)
November 18 – Cab Calloway, American jazz singer and bandleader (b. 1908)
November 28 – Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (b. 1960)
December 12 – Stuart Roosa, American astronaut (b. 1933)
December 20 – Dean Rusk, 54th United States Secretary of State (b. 1909)
December 27 – Fanny Craddock, British cookery writer and television presenter (b. 1909)
December 31 – Bruno Pezzey, Austrian footballer (b. 1955)
Events
January 1 – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect
January 6 – Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the right leg by an assailant under orders from figure skating rival Tonya Harding.
January 11 – Irish government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the IRA and its political arm Sinn Féin
January 14 – U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles to targets and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine.
January 17 – 1994 Northridge Earthquake, magnitude 6.7, hits the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles at 4:31 am.
January 20 – In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet to attend The Citadel but soon drops out.
January 26 – A man fires two blank shots at Charles, Prince of Wales in Sydney, Australia.
January 28 – The first trial of accused murderer Lyle Menendez ends in a mistrial. He and his brother Erik are later found guilty and sentenced to life in prison without parole.
January 31 – German luxury car manufacturer BMW announces the purchase of Rover from British Aerospace
February 6 — American pop rock band Maroon 5 formed (as Kara'a Flowers)
April 7 – The Rwandan Genocide begins.
April 8 – Kurt Cobain, lead singer of Nirvana, is found dead in Seattle, Washington. He had committed suicide three days earlier.
April 19 – The Offspring releases their third album, Smash, which would be one of the band's top selling albums sold in the entire world. It contains their best known hit singles, "Come Out and Play (Keep 'Em Separated)" and "Self Esteem".
April 27 – South Africa holds its first multiracial elections after the end of Apartheid.
April 30 – Racing driver Roland Ratzenberger is killed in a crash during practice for the San Marino Grand Prix.
May 1 – Racing driver Ayrton Senna is killed in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix.
May 6 – The Channel Tunnel, linking the United Kingdom and France, is opened.
May 10 – Nelson Mandela becomes President of South Africa.
June 12 – Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman are found dead. O.J. Simpson is found not guilty of their murders the following year.
mid-July – Jupiter is hit by fragments from the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.
August 12 – Woodstock '94 happens.
August 31 – The Russian army leaves Estonia.
September 28 – The Car Ferry Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea.
October 1 – Palau becomes an independent state in association with the USA.
October 14 – A popular Quentin Tarantino movie Pulp Fiction was released in theaters, starring Samuel L. Jackson, John Travolta, Uma Thurman, Harvey Keitel and Bruce Willis.
November 5 – President Ronald Reagan announces that he has Alzheimer's disease in order to raise public awareness of the disease.
November 13 – Swedish voters support entry into the EU.
November 28 – Norwegian voters reject membership of the EU.
December 1 – Ernesto Zedillo becomes President of Mexico.
December 26 – French anti-terrorist police storm a jet plane in Marseille, freeing all the hostages and killing 4 terrorists.
December 31 – This date is skipped in parts of Kiribati, as the International Date Line is shifted to the east of the Phoenix Islands and the Line Islands, in order to integrate the whole country.
Nobel Prizes
Physics – Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford Glenwood Shull
Chemistry – George Andrew Olah
Medicine – Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
Literature – Kenzaburo Oe
Nobel Peace Prize – Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
Economics – Reinhard Selten, John Forbes Nash, John Harsanyi
Movies released
Dumb and Dumber
Forrest Gump
Junior
Ed Wood
The Lion King
Pulp Fiction The Mask True Lies The Specialist The Seventh Brother The Shawshank Redemption Surviving the Game Speed Reality Bites Video games
Donkey Kong Country EarthBound (Japanese)
Kirby's Dream Course (Japanese)
Kirby's Avalanche Kirby's Dream Land 2 Wario Blast Wario Woods New books Accident – Danielle SteelThe Celestine Prophecy – James RedfieldThe Chamber – John GrishamCreatures of the Kingdom – James A. MichenerDark Rivers of the Heart – Dean R. KoontzDaughter of Damascus – Shiham TurjumanDead Right – David FrumThe Debt of Honor – Tom ClancyDisclosure – Michael CrichtonThe Ghosts of Sleath – James HerbertThe Gift – Danielle SteelHow Late It Was, How Late – James KelmanThe Ice Storm – Rick MoodyThe Informers – Bret Easton EllisIn Search of CHURCHILL – Martin GilbertInteresting Times – Terry PratchettIn the Lake of the Woods – Tim O'BrienInsomnia – Stephen KingJust Like That – Lily BrettLife After God – Douglas CouplandNothing Lasts Forever – Sidney SheldonPoint de côté – Judith GodrèchePolitically Correct Bedtime Stories – James Finn GarnerRecessional – James A. MichenerSongs of Earth and Power – Greg BearSoul Music – Terry PratchettThe Stone Diaries – Carol ShieldsTroubling a Star – Madeleine L'EngleLa Virevolte – Nancy HustonThe Wind in the Wheat, by Reed ArvinWings'' – Danielle Steel
Hit songs
"90's Girl" – BlackGirl
"All For Love" – Bryan Adams, Rod Stewart & Sting
"All I Wanna Do" – Sheryl Crow
"All That She Wants" – Ace of Base
"Always" – Erasure
"Another Night" – Real McCoy
"Any Time, Any Place" – Janet Jackson
"Backwater" – Meat Puppets
"Big Empty" – Stone Temple Pilots
"Black Hole Sun" – Soundgarden
"Come Out and Play" – The Offspring
"Closer" – Nine Inch Nails
"Cut Your Hair" – Pavement
"Don't Turn Around" – Ace of Base
"Everyday" – Phil Collins
"Found Out About You" – Gin Blossoms
"Gin & Juice" – Snoop Doggy Dogg
"I Alone" – Live
"I Stay Away" – Alice in Chains
"Longview" – Green Day
"Loser" – Beck
"Love Is All Around" – Wet, Wet, Wet
"Love is Strong" – Rolling Stones
"Mary Jane's Last Dance" – Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
"Mr. Jones" – Counting Crows
"Sabotage" – Beastie Boys
"Seether" – Veruca Salt
"She Don't Use Jelly" – The Flaming Lips
"The Most Beautiful Girl In The World" – Prince
"The Sign" – Ace of Base
"Until I Fall Away" – Gin Blossoms
"Waterfalls" – TLC
"Without You" – Mariah Carey
"You Want This" – Janet Jackson |
3961 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993 | 1993 | 1993 (MCMXCIII) was .
Events
January
January 1 – Czechoslovakia divides. Establishment of independent Slovakia and Czech Republic.
January 3 – In Moscow, George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).
January 5 – Washington State executes Westley Allan Dodd by hanging (the first legal hanging in America since 1965).
January 9 – Jean-Claude Romand kills his family and tries to burn himself with his home in France.
January 15 – Salvatore Riina, the Mafia boss known as 'The Beast', is arrested in Sicily after three-decades as a fugitive
January 18 – For the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. holiday is officially observed in all 50 United States states.
January 19
IBM announces a $4.97 billion loss for 1992 which is the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history.
Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM inspectors to use its own aircraft to fly into Iraq, and begins military operations in the demilitarized zone between Iraq and Kuwait, and the northern No-fly Zone. US forces fire approximately 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Baghdad factories linked to Iraq's illegal nuclear weapons program. Iraq then informs UNSCOM that it will be able to resume its flights.
January 20 – Bill Clinton succeeds George H. W. Bush as President of the United States of America.
January 25
Catherine Callbeck becomes Premier of Prince Edward Island, becoming the first woman to be elected a Premier (prime minister of a province) in Canada. (Rita Johnston was Canada's first female Premier)
A gunman kills two employees outside CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.
January 26 – Václav Havel is elected President of the Czech Republic.
February
February 11 – Janet Reno is selected as Attorney General of the United States.
February 17 – A ferry sinks in Haiti, killing about 1, 200 out of the 1, 500 passengers on board.
February 24 – Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney resigns amidst political and economic turmoil.
February 26 – World Trade Center Bombing: In New York City, a van parked below the North Tower of the World Trade Center explodes, killing 6 people and injuring more than 1, 000.
February 28 – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents raid the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas, with a warrant to arrest leader David Koresh on federal firearms violations. Four agents and five Davidians die in the raid, and a 51-day standoff begins.
March
March 5 – Macedonian Palair Flight 301 crashes after take-off in Skopje, killing 83 out of the 97 people on board.
March 12 – Several bombs explode in Bombay, India, killing 257 people.
March 24 – The Israeli Knesset elects Ezer Weizmann as President of Israel.
March 27 – Jiang Zemin becomes President of the People's Republic of China.
April
April 6 – A nuclear accident occurs at Tomsk 7 in Russia.
April 8 – The Republic of Macedonia is admitted to the United Nations.
April 16 – Bosnian War: Srebrenica falls.
April 19 – A 51-day standoff at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas, ends with a fire that kills 76 people, including David Koresh.
April 23 – Eritreans vote in favour of independence from Ethiopia.
April 27 – All members of the Zambian national football team die in a plane crash near Libreville, Gabon.
April 30 – Tennis star Monica Seles is stabbed in the back by an obsessed fan of rival Steffi Graf at a tournament in Hamburg, Germany.
May
May 1 – Former French Prime Minister Pierre Beregovoy commits suicide.
May 9 – Juan Carlos Wasmosy becomes Paraguay's first democratically elected president in almost 40 years.
May 24 – Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia.
May 28 – Eritrea and Monaco are admitted to the United Nations.
June
June 5 – 24 Pakistani UN peacekeeping troops are killed in Mogadishu, Somalia.
June 25 – Kim Campbell becomes Canada's first female Prime Minister.
July
July 2 – An integrist mob sets fire to a hotel where The Satanic Verses translator Aziz Nesin resides, in Sivas, Turkey, killing 37 people.
July 26 – Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashes into Mt. Ungeo in Haenam, South Korea, killing 68 people.
July 31 – King Baudouin I of Belgium dies aged 62.
August
August 9 – King Albert II of Belgium is officially sworn in.
August 13 – Over 130 people die in the collapse of the Royal Plaza Hotel in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
September
September 6 – The first reference to the Year 2000 problem is made.
September 13 – Gro Harlem Brundtland is reelected as Prime Minister of Norway.
September 13 – PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin sign a peace accord.
September 23 – Sydney, Australia is awarded the 2000 Summer Olympics.
September 24 – The Cambodian monarchy is restored, with Norodom Sihanouk as king.
September 30 – An Earthquake centred in Killari, Maharashtra, India kills more than 10, 000 people.
October
October 2 – The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 culminates with the Russian Military and security forces clearing the White House of Russia parliament building, squashing a mass uprising against President Boris Yeltsin.
October 3 – A large scale battle erupts between US forces and local militia in Mogadishu, Somalia, killing 18 Americans and over 1000 Somalis.
October 10 – The ferry Seohae capsizes off Pusan, South Korea, killing 292 people.
October 21 – A coup in Burundi results in the death of President Melchior Ndadaye.
October 25 – Jean Chretien of the Liberal Party is elected Prime Minister of Canada.
October 31 – movie director Federico Fellini dies aged 73.
November
November 1 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect formally establishing the EU.
November 9 – Bosnian Croat forces destroy the Stari most, or Old Bridge in the town of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina by tank fire.
November 22 – The NAFTA is passed.
December
December 2 – Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar is gunned down by police.
December 20 – The first corrected images from the Hubble Space Telescope are taken.
December 30 – Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations.
December 30 – The Congress Party gains a parliamentary majority in India.
December 31 – Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia dies aged 54.
Births
January 26 – Cameron Bright, Canadian actor
February 7 – David Dorfman, American actor
February 19 - Victoria Justice, American singer and actress
February 26 – Taylor Dooley, American actress
March 4 - Bobbi Kristina Brown, American singer and television personality (d. 2015)
May 14 - Miranda Cosgrove, American actress and singer
May 18 – Jessica Watson, Australian sailor
June 26 – Ariana Grande, American singer
July 26 – Taylor Momsen, American actress
July 28 – Cher Lloyd, English singer
August 11 – Alyson Stoner, American actress and dancer
August 26 – Keke Palmer, American actress and dancer
September 1 – Ilona Mitrecey, French singer
October 2 – Tara Lynne Barr, American actress
December 8 – AnnaSophia Robb, American actress
Deaths
January – March
January 6 – Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (b. 1917)
January 6 – Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer (b. 1938)
January 20 – Audrey Hepburn, Belgian-born actress (b. 1929)
January 24 – Thurgood Marshall, American jurist (b. 1908)
February 6 – Arthur Ashe, American tennis player (b. 1943)
February 24 – Bobby Moore, English footballer (b. 1941)
March 3 – Albert Sabin, American biologist (b. 1906)
March 20 – Polykarp Kusch, German-born physicist (b. 1911)
March 31 – Brandon Lee, American actor (b. 1965)
April – June
April 8 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897)
April 19 – David Koresh, American cult leader (b. 1959)
April 23 – Cesar Chavez, American labor union leader (b. 1927)
May 1 – Pierre Beregovoy, French Prime Minister (b. 1925)
June 5 – Conway Twitty, American musician (b. 1933)
June 9 – Alexis Smith, Canadian actress (b. 1921)
June 16 – Nicanor Zabaleta, Spanish harpist (b. 1907)
June 19 – William Golding, British writer (b. 1911)
June 22 – Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)
June 30 – George 'Spanky' McFarland, American actor (b. 1928)
July – September
July 2 – Masuji Ibusi, Japanese writer (b. 1898)
July 3 – Don Drysdale, American baseball player (b. 1936)
July 31 – King Baudouin I of Belgium (b. 1930)
August 21 – Ichiro Fujiyama, Japanese composer and singer (b. 1911)
September 12 – Raymond Burr, Canadian actor (b. 1917)
September 22 – Nina Berberova, Russian writer (b. 1901)
September 27 – Jimmy Doolittle, American general (b. 1896)
October – December
October 12 – Leon Ames, American actor (b. 1903)
October 12 – Tofik Bakhramov, Soviet linesman (b. 1926)
October 21 – Melchior Ndadaye, President of Burundi (b. 1953)
October 25 – Vincent Price, American actor (b. 1911)
October 31 – Federico Fellini, Italian movie director (b. 1920)
October 31 – River Phoenix, Musician and American actor (b. 1970)
November 1 – Severo Ochoa, Spanish-born biochemist (b. 1905)
November 22 – Anthony Burgess, British writer (b. 1917)
December 2 – Pablo Escobar, Colombian drug lord (shot) (b. 1949)
December 4 – Frank Zappa, American musician (b. 1940)
December 6 – Don Ameche, American actor (b. 1908)
December 7 – Felix Houphouet-Boigny, President of Ivory Coast (b. 1905)
December 7 – Wolfgang Paul, German physicist (b. 1913)
December 14 – Myrna Loy, American actress (b. 1905)
December 16 – Kakuei Tanaka, Japanese Prime Minister (b. 1918)
December 18 – Sam Wanamaker, American actor (b. 1919)
December 28 – William L. Shirer, American journalist and historian (b. 1904)
December 31 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia (b. 1939)
Nobel Prizes
Physics – Russell Alan Hulse, Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
Chemistry – Kary Mullis, Michael Smith
Medicine – Richard J. Roberts, Philip Allen Sharp
Literature – Toni Morrison
Peace – Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk
Economics Robert Fogel, Douglas North
Movies released
Alive
Cool Runnings
Cliffhanger
Demolition Man
Free Willy
The Fugituve
Groundhog Day
Joshua Tree
Jurassic Park
Mrs. Doubtfire
Nightmare Before Christmas
Philadelphia
The Piano
Sailor Moon R: The Movie
Schindler's List
Short Cuts
Sleepless in Seattle
The Three Musketeers
Hit songs
"Ain't Nothing But a G Thang" – Snoop Doggy Dogg / Dr Dre
"Award Tour" – A Tribe Called Quest
"Bombtrack" – Rage Against the Machine
"Both Sides Of The Story" – Phil Collins
"Bullet In The Head" – Rage Against the Machine
"Creep" – Radiohead
"Cryin'" – Aerosmith
"Deeper And Deeper" – Madonna
"Human Behavior" – Björk
"Heart Shaped Box" – Nirvana
"Hey Jealousy" – Gin Blossoms
"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" – The Proclaimers
"It Was a Good Day" – Ice Cube
"Man On The Moon" – R.E.M.
"On the Sea" – Vertical Horizon
"Passin' Me By" – The Pharcyde
"Pets" – Porno for Pyros
"Plush" – Stone Temple Pilots
"Rebirth of Slick (Cool Like Dat)" Digable Planets
"Return of the Crazy One" Digital Underground
"Rooster" – Alice in Chains
"Sober" – Tool
"Standing Outside The Fire" – Garth Brooks
"Two Princes" – The Spin Doctors
"The World Around Me" – King's X
New books
Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years – Sue Townsend
Band of Brothers – Stephen Ambrose
Barnyard Dance – Sandra Boynton
Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays – Stephen Hawking
The Christmas Box – Richard Paul Evans
The Client – John Grisham
Complicity – Iain Banks
The Emigrants – W.G. Sebald
The Giver – Lois Lowry
Honour Among Thieves – Jeffrey Archer
The Hope – Herman Wouk
In the Eye of the Sun – Ahdaf Soueif
Lasher – Anne Rice
Like Water for Chocolate – Laura Esquivel
Losing Eddie – Deborah Joy Corey
Men at Arms – Terry Pratchett
Moving Mars – Greg Bear
The Night Manager – John le Carré
Nightmares and Dreamscapes – Stephen King
Ottoline Morrell: Life on the Grand Scale – Miranda Seymour
Pleading Guilty – Scott Turow
Le Rocher de Tanios – Amin Maalouf
The Scorpio Illusion – Robert Ludlum
Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree – Tariq Ali
Slow Waltz at Cedar Bend – Robert James Waller
Too Big To Fail – Walter Stewart
Trainspotting – Irvine Welsh
The Traitor and the Jew: Anti-Semitism and the Delirium of Extremist Right-Wing Nationalism in French Canada from 1929-1939 (Antisémitisme et nationalisme d'extrême-droite dans la province de Québec 1929-1939) – Esther Delisle
Vanished – Danielle Steel
Visiting Mrs. Nabokov and Other Excursions – Martin Amis
The Wicca Spellbook – Gerina Dunwich
Without Remorse – Tom Clancy |
3962 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992 | 1992 | 1992 (MCMXCII) was .
Deaths
January – March
January 1 – Grace Hopper, American computer scientist (born 1906)
January 2 – Virginia Field, British actress (born 1917)
January 3 – Judith Anderson, Australian actress (born 1897)
January 9 – Bill Naughton, British playwright (born 1910)
January 18 – Aleksandr Almetov, Soviet ice hockey player (born 1940)
January 29 – Willie Dixon, American composer and musician (born 1915)
February 10 – Alex Haley, American writer (born 1921)
February 16 – Janio Quadros, former President of Brazil (born 1917)
February 29 – La Lupe, Cuban singer (born 1936)
March 9 – Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel (born 1913)
March 23 – Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist (born 1899)
March 31 – Alfredo De Angelis, Argentine musician (born 1912)
April – June
April 5 – Sam Walton, American businessman (born 1918)
April 6 – Isaac Asimov, Russian-born writer (born 1920)
April 7 – Ace Bailey, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1903)
April 8 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss-born pharmacologist (born 1907)
April 19 – Benny Hill, British comedian (born 1924)
April 21 – Vladimir Cyrillovich, Russian aristocrat (born 1917)
April 23 – Satyajit Ray, Indian movie maker (born 1921)
April 28 – Francis Bacon, Irish-born painter (born 1909)
May 6 – Marlene Dietrich, German actress (born 1901)
May 14 – Nie Rongzhen, Chinese military leader (born 1899)
May 17 – Lawrence Welk, American musician (born 1903)
May 23 – Giovanni Falcone, Italian judge (born 1939)
May 30 – Karl Carstens, former President of Germany (born 1914)
June 2 – Philip Dunne, American screenwriter and director (born 1908)
June 18 – Mordecai Ardon, Israeli painter (born 1896)
June 28 – Mikhail Tal, former World chess champion (born 1936)
June 29 – Mohamed Boudiaf, President of Algeria (born 1919)
July – September
July 13 – Albert Pierrepoint, British executioner (born 1905)
July 15 – Hammer DeRoburt, first President of Nauru (born 1922)
July 22 – John Meyendorff, Russian-born Orthodox scholar (born 1926)
July 24 – Arletty, French singer and actress (born 1898)
July 29 – Michel Larocque, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1952)
August 5 – Robert Muldoon, former Prime Minister of New Zealand (born 1921)
August 5 – Jeff Porcaro, American musician (born 1954)
August 12 – John Cage, American composer (born 1912)
August 29 – Teddy Turner, British comedian (born 1917)
September 2 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist (born 1902)
September 12 – Anthony Perkins, American actor (born 1932)
September 25 – Joseph Arthur Ankrah, Ghanaian politician (born 1947)
October – December
October 1 – Gert Bastian, German politician (born 1923)
October 1 – Petra Kelly, German politician (born 1947)
October 7 – Tevfik Esenc, last-known speaker of the Ubykh language (born 1904)
October 8 – Willy Brandt, former Chancellor of Germany (born 1913)
October 25 – Roger Miller, American singer (born 1936)
November 2 – Hal Roach, American director and producer (born 1892)
November 7 – Alexander Dubcek, Slovakian politician (born 1921)
November 19 – Diane Varsi, American actress (born 1938)
November 22 – Sterling Holloway, American actor (born 1905)
December 17 – Dana Andrews, American actor (born 1909)
December 21 – Stella Adler, American acting teacher (born 1901)
December 21 – Albert King, American musician (born 1923)
December 24 – Peyo, comic artist (born 1928)
December 26 – Eve Poole, New Zealand politician (born 1924)
December 28 – Elfie Mayerhofer, Austrian actress and singer (born 1917)
December 29 – Vivienne Segal, American actress (born 1897)
Births
January – March
January 1 – Oren Williams, American actor
January 1 – Jack Wilshere, English footballer
January 19 – Shawn Johnson, American gymnast
January 24 – Becky Downie, British artistic gymnast
February 6 – Cara McCollum, American journalist (d. 2016)
February 11 – Taylor Lautner, American actor
February 11 – Georgia Groome, British actress
February 21 – Phil Jones, British footballer
March 4 – Jazmine Grace Grimaldi, daughter of Albert II, Prince of Monaco
March 7 - Bel Powley, British actress
March 10 – Emily Osment, American actress and singer
April – June
April 4 – Alexa Nikolas, American actress
April 7 – Alexis Jordan, American singer
April 7 – Jessica Sara, American actress
April 15 – Amy Diamond, Swedish singer
May 3 – Melissa Wu, Australian diver
May 12 – Malcolm David Kelley, American actor
May 18 – Spencer Breslin, American actor
May 22 – Chinami Tokunaga, Japanese singer
May 23 – Nick Julian III, American Science
June 14 – Dary Sabara and Evan Sabara, American actors
June 26 – Jennette McCurdy, American actress
June 30 – Lynx and Lamb Gaede, American neo-nazi musicians
July – September
July 7 – Nathalia Ramos, Spanish actress
July 8 – Benjamin Grosvenor, pianist
July 12 – Eoghan Quigg, Irish singer
July 21 – Rachael Flatt, American figure skater
July 22 – Selena Gomez, American actress and singer
August 4 – Cole and Dylan Sprouse, American actors
August 4 – Tiffany Evans, American singer and actress
August 20 – Demi Lovato, American actress and singer
August 21 – Brad Kavanagh, British actor and singer
September 16 – Nick Jonas, American actor and singer
September 28 – Skye McCole Bartusiak, American actress
October – December
October 1 – Gauri Shankar, Indian chess player
October 22 – Sofia Vassilieva, American actress
November 18 – Nathan Kress, American actor
November 23 – Miley Cyrus, American actress and singer
November 28 – Adam Hicks, American actor, rapper, singer, and songwriter
December 18 – Bridgit Mendler, American actress and singer
November 27 – Tola Slagowska, Polish singer
December 23 – Spencer Daniels, American actor
December 24 – Melissa Suffield, British actress
Events
January
January 1 – Boutros Boutros-Ghali becomes Secretary General of the UN.
January 1 – George H. W. Bush becomes the first US President to address the Australian parliament.
January 8 – George H. W. Bush is filmed falling violently ill at a state dinner in Japan.
January 11 – Paul Simon is the first major artist to play in South Africa after the end of the cultural boycott.
January 16 – Mick Jagger attends the Hollywood opening of his new movie, Freejack, at Mann's Chinese Theatre.
January 26 – Boris Yeltsin announces that Russia will stop targeting US cities with Nuclear Weapons.
February
February 7 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, forming the EU.
February 8 – The Winter Olympics open in Albertville, France.
February 18 – Vince Neil leaves Mötley Crüe, after 11 years as the band's lead singer, to spend more time on his career as a race car driver.
February 23 – The Winter Olympics close in Albertville, France.
February 24 – Nirvana's Kurt Cobain marries Hole's Courtney Love.
February 24 – The U.S. Postal Service unveils two possible designs for an Elvis Presley stamp for fans to vote on. One design is of a "young" 1950s Elvis, and the other is of a much "older" 1970s Elvis. The "young" Elvis wins the vote, and is issued the following January.
March
March 3 – Turkey's worst mine disaster kills 263 people in Zonguldak.
March 10 – Prince wins the lifetime achievement award during the Soul Train Awards.
March 12 – Mauritius becomes a Republic.
March 13 – A 6.8 magnitude earthquake kills 500 people in Eastern Turkey.
March 14 – Farm Aid Five takes place in Irving, Texas, hosted by Willie Nelson. Artists performing at the event include John Mellencamp, Neil Young and Paul Simon. About 40,000 people attend the event.
March 18 – The Finnish parliament votes in favour of EU membership.
March 24 – A Chicago, Illinois judge approves cash rebates of up to $3 to anyone proving they bought Milli Vanilli prior to when the lip synching scandal began on November 27, 1990.
April
April 1 – Billy Idol, on trial for punching a woman in the face, pleads no contest. Idol is fined and ordered to make public service announcements against alcohol and drug use.
April 5 – Bosnia and Herzegovina declares independence. Serb troops besiege Sarajevo.
April 6 – The independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina is recognised by the EU and US.
April 6 – Microsoft releases Windows 3.1.
April 9 – Panama's former military leader Manuel Noriega is convicted of assisting Colombian cocaine cartels.
April 9 – In the UK, the Conservative Party of Prime Minister John Major, is reelected.
April 22 – Fuel that has leaked into a sewer, explodes in Guadalajara, Mexico, killing 215 people.
April 24 – David Bowie marries fashion model Iman.
April 27 – The British House of Commons elects Betty Boothroyd as its first female speaker.
April 28 – The last remaining constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, form a new state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It is renamed Serbia and Montenegro in 2003.
April 29 – LAPD Police Officers are acquitted of using force in the beating of Rodney King, with subsequent riots leading to 53 deaths.
April 29 - NBA player Michael Jordan scores 56 points in a playoff game against the Miami Heat in what is considered one of the greatest games of his career.
April 30 – In Los Angeles, California, Madonna's bustier is stolen from a display in Fredrick's Of Hollywood. A $1,000 reward is offered for its return.
May
May – The 1st EJCF was held in Basel. It is a great success and will be held every three years (the next time was in 1995).
May 10 – Sweden wins the Ice Hockey World Championship in Prague.
May 23 – A Mafia bomb kills Italian anti-Mafia judge Giovanni Falcone.
June
June 1 – Venezuelan revolutionary Carlos (the Jackal) is sentenced to life imprisonment.
June 2 – A referendum in Denmark narrowly rejects the Maastricht Treaty.
June 20 – The kroon replaces the Soviet ruble as Estonia's main monetary unit.
June 26 – In Sweden, Denmark wins Football's European championship, defeating Germany 2-0 in the final.
June 28 – Estonia holds a constitutional referendum.
June 29 – Algerian President Mohamed Boudiaf is killed by one of his bodyguards.
June 30 – Fidel V. Ramos becomes President of the Philippines.
July
July – Launch of the "Budafest" Summer Opera & Ballet Festival in Budapest.
July 10 – Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering offences.
July 13 – Yitzhak Rabin becomes Prime Minister of Israel.
July 23 – Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia.
July 25 – The Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, are opened.
July 28 – Mary J. Blige releases her first album What's the 411?. It is a pivotal album in the world of R&B.
July 31 – The Republic of Georgia joins the UN.
August
August – Rozalla becomes the first artist from Zimbabwe to chart on Billboard.
August 9 – The Summer Olympics in Barcelona close.
August 10 – The UK Government bans the Ulster Defence Association, a loyalist paramilitary group.
August 24 – Hurricane Andrew hits Florida.
August 27 – John Lennon's original handwritten lyrics to "A Day in the Life" are sold by auction for $87,000.
September
September 2 – An earthquake in Nicaragua kills at least 116 people.
September 11 – Hurricane Iniki hits Kaua'i and O'ahu, Hawaii.
October
October 2 – A riot in Carandiru Penitentiary, São Paulo, Brazil, results in a massacre.
October 3 – Sinéad O'Connor stirs up controversy when she rips up a picture of the Pope on Saturday Night Live
October 4 – An Israeli plane crashes in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, killing 43 people.
October 6 – Lennart Meri becomes Estonia's President.
October 15 – In Russia, Andrei Chikatilo is found guilty of 52 murders.
October 25 – Lithuania holds a constitutional referendum.
October 31 – Pope John Paul II issues an apology and lifts the edict of Inquisition on Galileo Galilei.
October 31 and November 7 – "End of the Road" by Boyz II Men posted its 12th and 13th consecutive weeks at #1, ending a 36-year record previously held by Elvis Presley. This record was ended on March 6 the next year by Whitney Houston's "I Will Always Love You".
November
November 3 – Bill Clinton is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush.
November 15 – Megan Jasper of Sub Pop creates the grunge speak hoax, tricking The New York Times into printing an article on a supposed slang used in the Seattle grunge scene.
November 20 – A fire breaks out at Windsor Castle, causing £50 million in damage.
November 24 – Queen Elizabeth II of the UK describes 1992 as an Annus Horribilis, due to scandals that have damaged the image of the Royal Family.
November 24 – In China, a China Southern Airlines Flight crashes, killing 141 people.
November 25 – Velvet Divorce: Czechoslovakia's Federal Assembly votes to split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993.
December
December 4 – US Military forces land in Somalia.
December 6 – A 16th century Mosque, the Babri Masjid, is destroyed by Hindu extremists in Ayodhya, India.
December 8 – The Copper mine in Falun, Sweden, closes after functioning for 1000 years.
December 9 – In the UK, Prince Charles and Princess Diana publicly announce their separation.
December 12 – An Earthquake hits Flores island, Indonesia, killing 2,500 people.
December 21 – A plane on a Dutch DC-10 Martinair MP495 flight, crashes at Faro Airport in Portugal, killing 56 people.
December 22 – In Tripoli, Libya a Boeing 727 Libyan Airlines plane and an MiG 23 aircraft collide, killing 157 people.
December 22 – Dr. Martin Almada discovers the Archives of Terror, which detail tortures and killings committed by Latin American dictatorships.
December 29 – Brazil's President Fernando Collor de Mello is found guilty on charges of stealing more than $32 million from the government, banning him from holding any elected office for 8 years.
Culture
Johnny Carson retires from his job as host of the "Tonight Show", Jay Leno takes his place.
The first in R.L. Stine's Goosebumps series published.
Nobel Prizes
Physics: Georges Charpak
Chemistry: Rudolph A. Marcus
Medicine: Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs
Literature: Derek Walcott
Nobel Peace Prize: Rigoberta Menchu
Economics: Gary Becker
Movies released
1991: The Year Punk Broke
A Few Good Men
A League of Their Own
Aladdin
Alien³
Basic Instinct
Batman Returns
Bebe's Kids
The Bodyguard
The Crying Game
Death Becomes Her
Enchanted April
Freejack
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle
Hero starring Dustin Hoffman
Honeymoon in Vegas
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York
Honey, I Blew Up The Kid
Howard's End
The Last of the Mohicans
The Lawnmower Man
Lethal Weapon 3
Malcolm X
My Cousin Vinny starring Joe Pesci
Of Mice and Men
Patriot Games
Pushing Hands
Passenger 57
The Player
Radio Flyer
Reservoir Dogs
A River Runs Through It
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot
Scent of a Woman
Single White Female
Sister Act
Strictly Ballroom
Universal Soldier
Under Siege
Unforgiven
Wayne's World
TV Shows
November 28 – Gumby is aired "Dolly for Minga", "The Lost Arrow" and "Clay Trix".
Video Games
August 3 – Kirby first appears in Kirby's Dreamland.
Hit songs
"Alive" – Pearl Jam
"All 4 Love" – Color Me Badd
"All I Want" – Toad the Wet Sprocket
"Baby Got Back" – Sir Mix-A-Lot
"Come As You Are" – Nirvana
"End of the Road" – Boyz II Men
"Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad?" – Def Leppard
"How Do You Talk To An Angel" – Whitney Houston
"I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
"Jimmy Olsen's Blues" – Spin Doctors
"Jump" – Kris Kross
"Layla" – Eric Clapton
"Little Miss Can't Be Wrong" – Spin Doctors
"Missing You Now" – Michael Bolton
"Mrs. Robinson" – Lemonheads
"Mysterious Ways" – U2
"One" – U2
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton
"To Be With You" – Mr. Big
"Two Princes" – Spin Doctors
"Under The Bridge" – Red Hot Chili Peppers
"We Shall Be Free" – Garth Brooks
"No One Else On Earth" - Wynonna Judd
New books
All Around the Town – Mary Higgins Clark
Anvil of Stars – Greg Bear
The Bridges of Madison County – Robert James Waller
The Children of Men – P.D. James
The Crow Road – Iain Banks
The Dark-thirty: Southern Tales of the Supernatural – Patricia McKissack
Dolores Claiborne – Stephen King
The English Patient – Michael Ondaatje
Flour Babies – Anne Fine
Frog in Winter – Max Velthujis
Gerald's Game – Stephen King
Hjärtans fröjd (Heart's Delight) – Per Nilsson
Jazz – Toni Morrison
Jewels – Danielle Steel
Les derniers Géants (The Last Giants) – François Place
Leviathan (Auster novel) – Paul Auster
Looking for Alibrandi – Melina Marchetta
Lords and Ladies – Terry Pratchett
Maisy Goes to Playschool – Lucy Cousins
Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus – John Gray
Missing May – Cynthia Rylant
Mixed Blessings – Danielle Steel
Monster Blood – R.L. Stine
Only You Can Save Mankind – Terry Pratchett
Owl Babies – Martin Waddell, illustrated by Patrick Benson
Paddy Clarke – Roddy Doyle
Pagan's Crusade – Catherine Jinks
The Pelican Brief – John Grisham
The Queen and I – Sue Townsend
Secrets of Love Magick – Gerina Dunwich
See Ya, Simon – David Hill
Shampoo Planet – Douglas Coupland
Silent Passage – Gail Sheehy
Small Gods – Terry Pratchett
Somewhere in the Darkness – Walter Dean Myers
The Stars Shine Down – Sidney Sheldon
Stay Out of the Basement – R.L. Stine
The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales – Jon Scieszka, illustrated by Lane Smith
The Tale of the Body Thief – Anne Rice
Tales from Firozsha Baag – Rohinton Mistry
T'choupi – Thierry Courtin
There Will Be Wolves – Karleen Bradford
The Thief of Always – Clive Barker
Transit – Ben Aaronovitch
The Trial of Madame Caillaux – Edward Berenson
The Valkyries – Paulo Coelho
Waiting to Exhale – Terry McMillan
Welcome to Dead House – R.L. Stine
What Hearts – Bruce BrooksWhere's My Teddy?'' – Jez Alborough |
3963 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991 | 1991 | 1991 (MCMXCI) was .
Events
January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia. This begins the 1991–92 South Ossetia War
February 11 – The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) forms in The Hague, Netherlands.
March 23 – The Sierra Leone Civil War begins.
April 29 – A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.
May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female premier.
June 12 – Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia.
June 25 – Slovenia and Croatia declare independence from Yugoslavia.
September 8 – The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.
September 26 – Brum – children's show.
October 4 – Carl Bildt becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden, replacing Ingvar Carlsson.
December 19 – Paul Keating replaces Bob Hawke as the prime minister of Australia.
Communism in U.S.S.R. ends; the Cold War ends.
Persian Gulf War – America goes to war with Iraq after Iraq invades Kuwait.
Births
January–March
January 2 – Steele Sidebottom, Australian Rules footballer
January 4 – Pascal Bodmer, German ski jumper
January 8 – Hinoi Asuka, Japanese singer
January 12 – Pixie Lott, British singer
January 15 – Rubab Raza, Pakistani swimmer
January 16 – Julie Dubela, American singer
January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress
January 21 – Brittany Tiplady, Canadian actress
January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician
February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress
February 10 – Ceng De Ping, Taiwanese singer
February 16 – Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg
February 17 – Bonnie Wright, English actress
February 18 – Malese Jow, American actress
February 18 – Henry Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2009)
February 25 – Gerran Howell, Welsh actor
February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress
March 4 – Diandra Newlin, American actress, singer, and model
March 8 – Devon Werkheiser, American actor
March 11 – Qian Lin, Chinese singer
March 15 – Kie Kitano, Japanese actress
March 23 – George William Carnegie, British noble
March 24 – Nate Vanderveen, American musician
March 26 – Brittney Wilson, Canadian actress
March 26 – Jack Watts, Australian rules footballer
March 28 – Amy Bruckner, American actress
April–June
April 4 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American actress
April 10 – Amanda Michalka, American singer and actress
April 10 – Sergiusz Żymełka, Polish actor
April 11 – Thiago Alcántara, Italian footballer
April 15 – Daiki Arioka, Japanese singer (Hey! Say! JUMP)
April 18 – Joey Gaydos, American actor and guitarist
April 20 – Thomas Curtis, American actor
April 27 – Rebecca Ryan, British actress
April 28 – Aleisha Allen, American actress
May 17 – Daniel Curtis Lee, American actor
May 19 – Jordan Pruitt, American singer
May 21 – Sarah Ramos, American actress
May 23 – Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer
May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer
May 26 – Julianna Rose Mauriello, American stage actress
May 29 – Kristen Alderson, American actress
June 4 – Jordan Hinson, American actress
June 4 – Megan Prescott and Kathryn Prescott, British actresses
June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress
June 19 – Pontus Ekhem, Swedish hockey player
June 27 – Madylin Sweeten, American actress
June 30 – Kaho, Japanese actress
July–September
July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor
July 6 – Victoire Thivisol, French actress
July 7 – Devon Alan, American actor
July 9 – Mitchel Musso, American actor
July 10 – Atsuko Maeda, Japanese singer
July 12 – Erik Per Sullivan, American actor
July 14 – Lewis McGibbon, British actor
July 20 – William Tomlin, British actor
July 28 – Rina Aizawa, Japanese actress
July 29 – Miki Ishikawa, American actress and singer
July 30 – Diana Vickers, Scottish singer
August 6 – Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer
August 16 – Evanna Lynch, Irish actress
August 16 – Sarah-Jeanne Labrosse, Canadian actress
August 17 – Qory Sandioriva, Putri Indonesia 2009
August 21 – Tess Gaerthé, Dutch singer and actress
August 28 – Kyle Massey, American actor
September 4 – Carter Jenkins, American actor
September 5 – Skandar Keynes, British actor
September 6 – Ashli Adams, American actress
September 9 – Kelsey Chow, American actress
September 12 – Kristin Klabunde, American actress
September 17 – Ryo Ishikawa, Japanese golfer
September 20 – Spencer Locke, American actress
September 21 – Zoe Weizenbaum, American actress
September 23 – Melanie Oudin, American tennis player
September 25 – Emmy Clarke, American actress
October–December
October 2 – Emma Maree Urquhart, Scottish novelist and artist
October 4 – Nicolai Kielstrup, Danish singer
October 14 – Shona McGarty, English actress
October 10 – Gabriella Cilmi, Australian singer-songwriter
October 19 – Christopher Gerse, American actor
October 23 – Sophie Tamiko Oda, Japanese American actress
October 31 – Jordan-Claire Green, American actress
November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model
November 11 – Christa B. Allen, American actress
November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress
November 22 – Saki Shimizu, Japanese singer
December 3 – Masahiro Usui, Japanese actor
December 9 – Prince Joachim, Archduke of Austria-Este, Belgian prince
December 12 – Daniel Magder, Canadian actor
December 13 – Jay Greenberg, American music composer
December 19 – Declan Galbraith, British singer
Deaths
January
January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1927)
January 3 – Luke Appling, American baseball player (b. 1907)
January 5 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922)
January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960)
January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
January 12 – Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (b. 1904)
January 12 – Vasco Pratolini, Italian writer (b. 1913)
January 14 – Salah Khalaf (aka Abu Iyad), Palestinian officer (b. 1933)
January 17 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942)
January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (b. 1903)
January 29 – Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907)
January 29 – John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907)
January 30 – John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
January 30 – Clifton C. Edom, American photojournalism educator (b. 1907)
February
February 1 – Carol Dempster, American actress (b. 1901)
February 2 – Pete Axthelm, sportswriter (b. 1943)
February 3 – Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921)
February 5 – Dean Jagger, American actor (b. 1903)
February 5 – Pedro Arrupe, Spanish Catholic priest, Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1907)
February 6 – María Zambrano, Spanish essayist and philosopher (b. 1904)
February 6 – Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1912)
February 6 – Danny Thomas, American singer, comedian, and actor (b. 1914)
February 7 – Amos Yarkoni, legendary Israeli soldier (b. 1920)
February 13 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (b. 1900)
February 14 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (b. 1902)
February 16 – Enrique Bermúdez, Nicaraguan Contras leader (b. 1932)
February 21 – John Sherman Cooper, American politician (b. 1901)
February 21 – Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (b. 1919)
February 24 – John Charles Daly, South African-born journalist and game show host (b. 1914)
February 24 – Héctor Rial, Argentinian footballer (b. 1928)
February 24 – George Gobel, American comedian (b. 1919)
February 24 – Jean Rogers, American actress (b. 1916)
March
March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909)
March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928)
March 3 – Arthur Murray, American dancer and dance instructor (b. 1895)
March 3 – William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909)
March 7 – Cool Papa Bell, American baseball player (b. 1903)
March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
March 13 – Jimmy McPartland, American jazz musician (b. 1907)
March 14 – Howard Ashman, American lyricist (b. 1950)
March 14 – Doc Pomus, American composer (b. 1925)
March 15 – George Sherman, American movie director (b. 1908)
March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1898)
March 21 – Leo Fender, Greek-American instrument maker (b. 1909)
March 25 – Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, Roman Catholic bishop who fought for Catholic Tradition (b. 1905)
March 27 – Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926)
March 29 – Lee Atwater, American presidential advisor (b. 1951)
April
April 1 – Paulo Muwanga, Ugandese military officer and statesman, former head of State and Prime Minister (b. 1924)
April 1 – Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
April 1 – Jaime Guzmán, Chilean right-wing politician (b. 1946)
April 3 – Charles Goren, American bridge player, writer, and columnist (b. 1901)
April 3 – Graham Greene, English writer (b. 1904)
April 4 – Max Frisch, Swiss writer (b. 1911)
April 4 – H. John Heinz III, American politician (b. 1938)
April 4 – Louis Guglielmi, French composer (b. 1916)
April 4 – Forrest Towns, American runner (b. 1914)
April 4 – Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (b. 1920)
April 5 – Sonny Carter, American astronaut (b. 1947)
April 5 – John Tower, American politician (b. 1929)
April 7 – Ruth Page, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1899)
April 8 – Per Yngve Ohlin, Swedish singer (b. 1969)
April 10 – Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955)
April 10 – Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900)
April 16 – David Lean, British movie director (b. 1908)
April 17 – Jack Yellen, American lyricist (b. 1892)
April 18 – Barry Rogers, American jazz and salsa trombonist (b. 1935)
April 19 – Stanley Hawes, British-born Australian movie producer, director and administrator (b. 1905)
April 20 – Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Mongolian Communist leader, former Party General Secretary, Prime Minister and Head of State (b. 1916)
April 20 – Steve Marriott, English musician (b. 1947)
April 20 – Don Siegel, American movie director (b. 1912)
April 26 – Carmine Coppola, American composer and conductor (b. 1910)
April 27 – Robert Velter, French cartoonist (b. 1909)
April 28 – Ken Curtis, American actor (b. 1916)
April 28 – Johnny Eck, American sideshow performer (b. 1911)
April 29 – Gonzaguinha, Brazilian singer and composer (b. 1945)
April 29 – Claude Gallimard, French editor
May
May 1 – Cesare Merzagora, Italian politician (b. 1898)
May 1 – Richard Thorpe, American movie director (b. 1896)
May 3 – Jerzy Kosinski, Polish-American writer (b. 1933)
May 3 – Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer and composer (b. 1907)
May 6 – Wilfrid Hyde-White, British actor (b. 1903)
May 7 – Dennis Crosby, American singer (b. 1934)
May 8 – Jean Langlais, French composer and organist (b. 1907)
May 8 – Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
May 14 – Jiang Qing, Chinese radical revolutionary, widow of Mao Zedong (b. 1914)
May 15 – Shintaro Abe, Japanese Politician (b. 1924)
May 15 – Andreas Floer, German mathematician (b. 1956)
May 18 – Edwina Booth, American actress (b. 1904)
May 21 – Lino Brocka, Filipino movie director (b. 1939)
May 21 – Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (b. 1944)
May 22 – Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (b. 1905)
May 23 – Jean Van Houtte, Belgian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1907)
May 23 – Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (b. 1895)
May 27 – Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (b. 1904)
May 29 – Coral Browne, Australian actress (b. 1913)
May 30 – Manolo Gómez Bur, Spanish actor (b. 1917)
June
June 1 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941)
June 2 – Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian politician, former Prime Minister
June 3 – Maurice Krafft, French volcanologist (b. 1946)
June 3 – Katia Krafft French volcanologist (b. 1942)
June 3 – Eva Le Gallienne, English-born actress (b. 1899)
June 5 – Larry Kert, American actor (b. 1930)
June 5 – Sylvia Porter, American economist and journalist (b. 1913)
June 6 – Stan Getz, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1927)
June 9 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
June 11 – Cromwell Everson, South African composer (b. 1925)
June 14 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (b. 1907)
June 15 – Arthur Lewis, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
June 17 – Pierre Jamet, French harpist (b. 1893)
June 18 – Joan Caulfield, American actress (b. 1922)
June 19 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900)
June 27 – Molly Geertsema, Dutch liberal politician, former leader of the VVD party (b. 1918)
June 28 – Hans Nüsslein, German tennis player (b. 1910)
June 29 – Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1901)
July
July 1 – Michael Landon, American actor (b. 1936)
July 2 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
July 4 – Victor Chang, Australian physician (b. 1936)
July 5 – Mildred Dunnock, American actress (b. 1901)
July 5 – Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)
July 6 – Anton Yugov, Bulgarian Communist politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1904)
July 8 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934)
July 15 – Bert Convy, American game show host, actor, and singer (b. 1933)
July 16 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915)
July 18 – André Cools, Belgian Socialist politician (b. 1927)
July 24 – Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
July 25 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, former member of the CPSU Politburo and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1893)
July 29 – Christian de Castries, French general (b. 1902)
August
August 1 – Chris Short, American baseball pitcher (b. 1937)
August 3 – Ali Sabri, Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)
August 4 – Yevgeny Dragunov, Russian weapons designer (b. 1920)
August 5 – Paul Brown, American football coach (b. 1908)
August 5 – Soichiro Honda, Japanese engineer and industrialist (b. 1917)
August 6 – Harry Reasoner, American journalist and newscaster (b. 1923)
August 6 – Shapour Bakhtiar, Iranian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1915)
August 8 – James Irwin, American astronaut (b. 1930)
August 11 – J. D. McDuffie, American race car driver (b. 1938)
August 13 – James Roosevelt, American businessman and politician (b. 1907)
August 14 – Richard A. Snelling, Governor of Vermont (b. 1927)
August 16 – Luigi Zampa, Italian movie-maker (b. 1905)
August 22 – Colleen Dewhurst, American actress (b. 1924)
August 22 – Boris Pugo, Latvian communist politician, Soviet minister of the Interior (b. 1937)
August 24 – Sergey Akhromeyev, Russian marshall, former Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (b. 1923)
August 25 – Niven Busch, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1903)
August 30 – Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
August 30 – Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944)
September
September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
September 3 – Dottie West, American singer (b. 1932)
September 3 – Frank Capra, Italian-born movie director (b. 1897)
September 4 – Charles Barnet, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1913)
September 4 – Tom Tryon, American actor (b. 1926)
September 6 - Pee Wee Gaskins, American serial killer (executed by electrocution; b. 1933)
September 7 – Edwin McMillan, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
September 8 – Brad Davis, American actor (b. 1949)
September 8 – Alex North, American movie composer (b. 1910)
September 10 – Jack Crawford, Australian tennis champion (b. 1908)
September 13 – Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born movie director (b. 1901)
September 14 – Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer, writer (b. 1910)
September 15 – John Hoyt, American actor (b. 1905)
September 17 – Zino Francescatti, French violinist (b. 1902)
September 24 – Dr. Seuss, American writer (b. 1904)
September 25 – Klaus Barbie, German Gestapo leader in Lyon (b. 1913)
September 25 – Viviane Romance, French actress (b. 1912)
September 28 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1926)
October
October 6 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer, poet and composer (b. 1956)
October 11 – Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
October 12 – Aline MacMahon, American actress (b. 1899)
October 12 – Regis Toomey, American actor (b. 1898)
October 17 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer (b. 1919)
October 24 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (b. 1921)
October 28 – Sylvia Fine, American lyricist (b. 1913)
October 31 – Joseph Papp, American theater producer (b. 1921)
November
November 2 – Irwin Allen, American movie and television producer (b. 1941)
November 5 – Fred MacMurray, American actor (b. 1908)
November 5 – Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (b. 1923)
November 6 – Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
November 9 – Yves Montand, French actor and singer (b. 1921)
November 14 – Tony Richardson, English movie and theater director (b. 1928)
November 18 – Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovakian president (b. 1913)
November 21 – Daniel Mann, American movie director (b. 1912)
November 23 – Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
November 24 – Eric Carr, American drummer (b. 1950)
November 24 – Anton Furst, American art director (b. 1944)
November 24 – Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer (b. 1946)
November 29 – Ralph Bellamy, American actor (b. 1904)
December
December 1 – George Stigler, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
December 6 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
December 9 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (b. 1898)
December 10 – Greta Kempton, American artist (b. 1901)
December 11 – Robert Q. Lewis, American radio and television personality (b. 1920)
December 12 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (b. 1898)
December 15 – Vasily Zaytsev, Russian World War II hero (b. 1915)
December 15 – Aad Mansveld, Dutch footballer (b. 1944)
December 18 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (b. 1913)
December 28 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (b. 1941)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics won by Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Richard R. Ernst, Swiss physical chemist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Nadine Gordimer, South African writer
Nobel Peace Prize won by Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese diplomat
Nobel Prize in Economics won by Ronald Coase, British economist
Movies released
The Addams Family
Beauty and the Beast, an animated movie by Walt Disney Pictures
Beethoven
Bill and Ted's Bogus Journey
Bugsy, the story of mobster Bugsy Siegel
Boyz n the Hood
Cape Fear (1991 movie)
City Slickers, winning Best Supporting Actor for Jack Palance
Double Impact
The Doors
Father of the Bride
Fried Green Tomatoes
The Fisher King, nominated for 9 Academy Awards
Hook
JFK, directed by Oliver Stone
New Jack City
Out for Justice
Oscar
Point Break
Thelma & Louise
The Last Boy Scout
The Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, winning a BAFTA Award for Alan Rickman
The Silence of the Lambs, based on the book by Thomas Harris
Sleeping with the Enemy
Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the highest-grossing movie of 1991
Hit songs
"Black" - Pearl Jam
"American Music" – The Violent Femmes
"Baby Baby" – Amy Grant
"Black Or White" – Michael Jackson
"Bring The Noise" – Public Enemy and Anthrax
"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" – Bryan Adams
"Close My Eyes" – Marillion
"Do You Remember" – Phil Collins
"Don't Cry" – Guns N' Roses
"Enter Sandman" – Metallica
"Every Heartbeat" – Amy Grant
"Everything I Do (I Do It For You)" – Bryan Adams
"Get The Funk Out" – Extreme
"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" – C&C Music Factory
"Good For Me" – Amy Grant
"Good Times" – INXS and Jimmy Barnes
"Higher + Higher" – Jimmy Barnes
"I Can't Make You Love Me" – Bonnie Raitt
"I Will Remember You" – Amy Grant
"Live And Let Die" – Guns N' Roses
"Live For Loving You" – Gloria Estefan
"Losing My Religion" – R.E.M.
"More Than Words" – Extreme
"Mysterious Ways" – U2
"One" – U2
"Poundcake" – Van Halen
"Right Here, Right Now" – Jesus Jones
"Rock The Casbah" – The Clash
"Rush Rush" – Paula Abdul
"Shameless" – Garth Brooks
"Shiny Happy People" – R.E.M.
"Sing Your Life" – Morrissey
"Smells Like Teen Spirit" – Nirvana
"Something To Talk About" – Bonnie Raitt
"That's What Love Is For" – Amy Grant
"Radio Song" – R.E.M.
"There'll Never Be Another Tonight" – Bryan Adams
"Top Of The World" – Van Halen
"Train In Vain(Stand By Me)" – The Clash
"Twist And Shout" – Deacon Blue
"Unbelievable" – EMF
"When Something's Wrong With My Baby" – John Farnham + Jimmy Barnes
"Who Said I Would" – Phil Collins
"When A Man Loves A Woman" – Michael Bolton
"Wicked Game" – Chris Isaak
"Violent Blue" – Chagall Guevara
"You Could Be Mine" – Guns N' Roses
New books
American Psycho – Bret Easton Ellis
As the Crow Flies – Jeffrey Archer
Damage – Josephine Hart
Dead Certainties – Simon Schama
Den of Thieves – James B. Stewart
Dirty Weekend – Helen Zahavi
The Doomsday Conspiracy – Sidney Sheldon
Druids – Morgan Llywelyn
The Firm – John Grisham
For Love of the Game – Michael Shaara (posthumous)
Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture – Douglas Coupland
Gojiro – Mark Jacobson
He, She and It – Marge Piercy
Heartbeat – Danielle Steel
Imajica – Clive Barker
Jernigan – David Gates
The Kitchen God's Wife – Amy Tan
A Life of Picasso – John Richardson
Loves Music, Loves to Dance – Mary Higgins Clark
The Man from Barbarossa – John Gardner
Mao II – Don DeLillo
Mexico – James A. Michener
Possession: A Romance – A. S. Byatt
Reaper Man – Terry Pratchett
Say It With Poison – Ann Granger
Scarlett – Alexandra Ripley
The Secret Pilgrim – John le Carré
SEX – Madonna
Star Wars: Heir to the Empire – Timothy Zahn
Such a Long Journey – Rohinton Mistry
The Sum of All Fears – Tom Clancy
A Thousand Acres – Jane Smiley
Through the Vast Halls of Memory – Haifa Zangana
Time's Arrow, or The Nature of the Offense – Martin Amis
The Van – Roddy Doyle
The Werewolf and the Wormlord – Hugh Cook
Wicca Craft – Gerina Dunwich
Witches Abroad – Terry Pratchett |
3964 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005 | 2005 | 2005 (MMV) was .
Events
January
January 3 – Assassination of the Governor of Baghdad, Ali Al-Haidri.
January 9 -
The same storm which pounded the United States earlier in the month hits England and Scandinavia. At least 13 are dead among hurricane force winds and the worst flooding in northwest England in 40 years.
Mahmoud Abbas is elected to succeed Yasser Arafat as Palestinian Authority president in the Palestinian election.
January 12 – Deep Impact (space mission) is launched from Cape Canaveral by a Delta 2 rocket.
January 14 – The Huygens probe lands on Titan, largest moon of planet Saturn.
January 16 – Adriana Iliescu gives birth at 66, the oldest woman in the world to do so.
January 20 – George W. Bush is inaugurated in Washington D.C. for his second term as the 43rd President of the United States.
January 21 – In Belize's capital city Belmopan, the unrest over the government's new taxes erupts into riots.
January 23 – Viktor Yushchenko is sworn in as the third President of Ukraine in Kiev, Ukraine.
January 25 – A stampede during a religious pilgrimage in India kills at least 215, mostly women and small children.
January 26 – A helicopter crash in eastern Iraq kills 31 United States soldiers.
January 30 -
The first Parliamentary elections in Iraq since the overthrow of the Ba'ath Party government led by Saddam Hussein take place.
A Royal Air Force C-130 Hercules transport plane crashes in Iraq, killing 10 British servicemen. Iraqi insurgents release a video claiming to have shot the aircraft down using a missile.
March
March 28 – A strong Earthquake strikes off the coast of Sumatra.
April
April 2 – Pope John Paul II dies.
April 6 – Prince Rainier III of Monaco dies aged 81. He is succeeded by his son, Albert II of Monaco.
April 8 – Prince Charles marries Camilla Parker Bowles.
April 19 – Cardinal Joseph Alois Ratzinger becomes Pope Benedict XVI.
May
May 8 – The 60th anniversary of VE Day is marked.
May 29 – French voters reject the proposed European Constitution.
June
June 1 – Dutch voters reject the proposed European Constitution.
July
July 1 – German chancellor Gerhard Schroeder loses a vote of confidence.
July 6 – July 9 – The G8 Summit takes place in Gleneagles, Scotland.
July 6 – London is awarded the 2012 Olympic Games.
July 7 – Four suicide bombers kill 56 people (including the bombers) on London's public transport system – three Tube trains and one bus. The attacks were carried out by Al Qaeda.
July 21 – Four attempted suicide bombers fail to detonate their bombs on London's public transport system. All four bombers escape, but are later captured.
July 22 – An innocent Brazilian, Jean Charles de Menezes is shot dead by officers of the London Metropolitan Police.
July 23 – Terrorist attacks occur at Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt.
August
August 1 – King Fahd of Saudi Arabia dies. He is succeeded by his half-brother, Abdullah.
August 29 – Hurricane Katrina devastates the southeastern United States.
September
September 30 – The controversial drawings of the Prophet Muhammad first appear in the Danish newspaper, Jyllands Posten.
October
October 1 – Terrorist bombings occur on the island of Bali.
October 8 – A devastating earthquake hits Kashmir.
October 27 – Widespread rioting erupts across France.
October 30 - Having been destroyed in the Firebombing of Dresden in World War II, the Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady), is reconsecrated.
November
November 8 – Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is elected as Liberia's, and Africa's first female President.
November 22 – Angela Merkel becomes Germany's first female chancellor.
December
December 11 – An explosion occurs at the Buncefield Oil Depot in Hertfordshire, England.
December 31 – An extra Leap Second is added onto the year.
January 23 – Johnny Carson, American actor, comedian and writer (b. 1925)
February 2 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (b. 1905)
February 10 – Arthur Miller, American playwright (b. 1915)
February 18 - Bonar Bain, Canadian actor (b. 1923)
February 20 – Hunter S. Thompson, American writer (b. 1937)
March 3 – Rinus Michels, Dutch footballer (b. 1928)
March 26 – James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the UK (b. 1912)
March 29 – Mitch Hedberg, American comedian (b. 1968)
March 31 – Terri Schiavio, American patient in right-to-die case (b. 1963)
April 2 – Pope John Paul II (b. 1920)
April 6 – Rainier III of Monaco (b. 1923)
April 11 – Lucien Laurent, French footballer (b. 1907)
April 22 – Eduardo Paolozzi, Scottish artist (b. 1924)
April 24 – Ezer Weizmann, Israeli President (b. 1924)
April 26 – Maria Schell, Austrian actress (b. 1926)
June 6 – Anne Bancroft, American actress (b. 1931)
July 1 – Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951)
July 6 – Evan Hunter, American writer (b. 1926)
July 17 – Edward Heath, former Prime Minister of the UK (b. 1916)
July 22 – Jean Charles de Menezes, Brazilian shooting victim (b. 1978).
July 31 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch economist (b. 1935)
August 1 – King Fahd of Saudi Arabia (b. 1924).
August 6 – Robin Cook, British politician (b. 1946)
August 13 – David Lange, New Zealand Prime Minister (b. 1942)
September 3 – William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1924)
October 10 – Milton Obote, Ugandan President (b. 1924)
October 24 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (b. 1913)
November 13 – Eddie Guerrero, Mexican-American professional wrestler (b. 1967)
November 25 – George Best, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1946)
December 10 – Richard Pryor, American actor (b. 1940)
December 25 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (b. 1918)
December 26 – Vincent Schiavelli, American actor (b. 1948)
Nobel prize winners
Chemistry – Yves Chauvin
Chemistry – Robert H. Grubbs
Chemistry – Richard R. Schrock
Economics – Robert J. Aumann
Economics – Thomas C. Schelling
Literature – Harold Pinter
Medicine – Barry J. Marshall
Medicine – J. Robin Warren
Peace – International Atomic Energy Agency
Peace – Mohamed ElBaradei
Physics – Roy J. Glauber
Physics – John L. Hall
Physics – Theodor W. Hänsch |
3965 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006 | 2006 | 2006 (MMVI) was .
In the Chinese calendar, 2006 was the Year of the Dog. Chinese New Year is January 29.
Events
January
January 1 – Sydney, Australia, has its warmest day on record, when the city reaches 45 °C (113 °F).
January 1 – Russia cuts natural gas to Ukraine over a price dispute.
January 2 – The Bad Reichenhall ice rink roof in Germany collapses after heavy snowfall in the Bavarian Alps, killing 15.
January 4 – Powers are transferred from Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to his deputy, Vice Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, after Sharon suffers a massive hemorrhagic stroke.
January 5 – A hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia collapses, killing 76 pilgrims visiting to perform hajj.
January 6 – The record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season officially draws to a close as Tropical Storm Zeta dissipates.
January 7 – Embroiled in multiple scandals, former U.S. House Majority Leader Tom DeLay announces he will not seek to reassume his former post.
January 7 – UK Liberal Democratic leader Charles Kennedy resigns after revelations that he has a drinking problem.
January 8 – A magnitude 6.9 earthquake, centered off the coast of the Greek island of Kythera, shakes much of Greece and is felt throughout the eastern Mediterranean basin.
January 9 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 (11,011.90) for the first time since June 7, 2001.
January 11 – The Augustine Volcano in Alaska erupts twice, marking its first major eruption since 1986.
January 12 – A stampede during the Stoning of the devil ritual on the last day at the Hajj in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills 362 pilgrims.
January 14 – A natural gas explosion in a coal mine kills seven and injures five in Romania.
January 15 – NASA's Stardust mission successfully ends, the first to return dust from a comet.
January 19 – A suicide bomber in Tel Aviv, Israel injures 20, seriously injuring one.
January 23 – Stephen Harper wins the federal election in Canada, forming a minority government.
January 25 – Hamas wins the majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council elections.
January 25 – Pope Benedict XVI issues his first encyclical, Deus Caritas Est.
January 27 – Celebrations are held in Salzburg and around the world, for the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
January 27 – Manuel Zelaya becomes President of Honduras.
January 28 – Trade hall roof collapses in Katowice, Poland, killing 66 people.
January 31 – Samuel Alito is sworn in as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
February
February 1 – UAL Corporation, United Airlines' parent company, emerges from bankruptcy after being in that position since December 9, 2002, the longest such filing in history.
February 3 – An Egyptian passenger ferry carrying more than 1,400 people, sinks in the Red Sea off the Saudi coast.
February 4 – The Wowowee stampede at the PhilSports Arena in Pasig City, Philippines kills 74 people and leaves 600 injured.
February 5 – Super Bowl XL: The Pittsburgh Steelers defeat the Seattle Seahawks 21–10
February 6 – Stephen Harper is sworn in as Canada's 22nd Prime Minister. He is the leader of the Conservative Party of Canada
February 8 – 2006 East Timor crisis: 404 soldiers desert their barracks in East Timor.
February 10–26 – The 2006 Winter Olympics are held in Turin, Italy.
February 17 – A massive mudslide occurs in Southern Leyte, Philippines; the official death toll is set at 1,126.
February 19 – Pasta de Conchos mine disaster: Sixty-five miners die after becoming trapped underground, following an explosion in Nueva Rosita, Mexico.
February 22 – A bomb heavily damages the Al Askari Mosque, a Shiite holy site in Samarra, Iraq.
February 22 – Over £53.1 million is stolen during the Securitas depot robbery, the largest ever cash robbery in the United Kingdom.
February 23 – A roof collapses on a Moscow market, killing 56 people.
February 24 – A state of emergency is declared in the Philippines, after an alleged coup d'état against President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is foiled.
February 25 – Police officers and protesters in Dublin, Ireland are injured when a protest prior to the Love Ulster parade turns into a major riot.
February 25 – Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni wins his second re-election, sparking riots in Kampala by opposition supporters.
March
March 4 – The final contact attempt with Pioneer 10 receives no response.
March 6–20 – The first World Baseball Classic is held in San Diego, California, U.S.A..
March 7 – 20 people die and many others are injured in 3 blasts throughout Varanasi, India.
March 9 – NASA's Cassini-Huygens spacecraft discovers geysers of a liquid substance shooting from Saturn's moon Enceladus, signaling a possible presence of water.
March 10 – NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter enters Mars orbit.
March 14 – Penumbral lunar eclipse
March 15–26 – The 2006 Commonwealth Games take place in Melbourne, Australia.
March 16 – The Blu-ray Disc format is released in the United States
March 17 – The United States strikes its 2 remaining Iowa-class battleships from the Naval Vessel Register, ending the age of the battleship.
March 22 – ETA declares a permanent ceasefire in their campaign for Basque independence from Spain.
March 22 – The Federal Reserve stops the publishing of M3 money supply data.
March 25 – A scramjet jet engine, Hyshot III, designed to fly at 7 times the speed of sound, is successfully tested at Woomera, South Australia.
March 25 – Seven die in the Capitol Hill Massacre in Seattle, Washington.
March 29 – Total solar eclipse
March 30 – The first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes, goes into space in a Russian Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz TMA-8, at 2:29:00 CET.
March 30 – The al-Dana capsizes off the coast of Bahrain, killing at least 56 people.
April
April 5 – A swan with Avian Flu is discovered in Cellardyke in Fife, Scotland (the first case in the United Kingdom).
April 8 – The bodies of 8 murdered men are found in Shedden, Elgin County, Ontario.
April 9 – Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon is removed from office after 4 months in a coma.
April 10 – The Brand India Fair Victoria Park fire at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India, kills at least 100.
April 11 – The European Space Agency's Venus Express spaceprobe enters Venus' orbit.
April 11 – President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad confirms that Iran has successfully produced a few grams of low-grade enriched uranium.
April 16 – Albert II, Prince of Monaco, reaches the North Pole, becoming the first reigning monarch ever to do so.
April 16 – Ireland commemorates the 90th anniversary of the Easter Rising, for the first time since 1971.
April 17 – An Islamic Jihad suicide bombing in Tel Aviv kills 9 people and injures dozens.
April 20 – Iran announces a deal with Russia, involving a joint uranium enrichment firm on Russian soil; 9 days later Iran announces that it will not move all activity to Russia, thus leading to a de facto termination of the deal.
April 22 – Four Canadian soldiers are killed 75 kilometers north of Kandahar, Afghanistan by a roadside bomb (the worst one-day combat loss for the Canadian army since the Korean War).
April 24 – Three explosions in a tourist section of Dahab, Egypt kill 30 and injure over 115.
April 25 – The Beaconsfield mine collapse occurs in Tasmania, Australia.
April 29 – Massive anti-war demonstrations and a march down Broadway in New York City mark the third year of war in Iraq.
April 29 – The Global Night Commute takes place in over 130 cities around the world, to promote the visibility of the Invisible Children in Uganda.
May
May 1 – Bolivian President Evo Morales nationalizes his nation's gas fields.
May 1 – The Great American Boycott takes place across the United States as marchers protest for immigration rights.
May 5 – Fiat chairman Sergio Marchionne announces that the Alfa Romeo automobile brand will return to the United States in 2008, after a 13-year hiatus.
May 9 – Beaconsfield mine collapse: After 14 days trapped underground, miners Todd Russell and Brant Webb are rescued in Beaconsfield, Tasmania, Australia.
May 20 – Lordi win the Eurovision Song Contest, the first win for Finland and the first hard rock song to win the contest.
May 24 – East Timor's Foreign Minister José Ramos-Horta officially requests military assistance from the governments of Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Portugal.
May 27 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes central Java in Indonesia, killing more than 6,000, injuring at least 36,000 and leaving some 1.5 million people homeless.
May 27 – The first demonstration for gay rights in Moscow is broken up by the police.
June
June 3 – Montenegro declares independence after a May 21 referendum. The state union of Serbia and Montenegro is dissolved on June 5, leaving Serbia as the successor state.
June 3 – Seventeen men are arrested in the Greater Toronto Area for alleged ties to a terrorist plot to blow up targets in the region.
June 6 – The Union of Islamic Courts gains control of Somalia's capital Mogadishu, ending warlord rule of the city.
June 7 – Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and 7 of his aides are killed in a U.S. air raid just north of the town of Baqouba, Iraq.
June 9 – An explosion kills 8 Palestinian civilians on a Gaza beach; Israel denies responsibility for the blast.
June 9 – Thailand begins celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the accession of Bhumibol Adulyadej to the throne.
June 9 – July 9 – The 2006 FIFA World Cup is held in Germany.
June 18 – The first Kazakh space satellite KazSat is launched.
June 22 – The Magen David Adom and Palestine Red Crescent Society are officially recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
June 23 – In Miami, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrests 7 men, accusing them of planning to bomb the Sears Tower (now Willis Tower) in Chicago and other attacks in Miami.
June 25 – Warren Buffett donates over US$30 billion to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
June 28 – Operation Summer Rains: Israel launches an offensive against militants in Gaza.
July
July 1 – The Qinghai-Tibet Railway launches a trial operation, connecting China proper and Tibet for the first time.
July 4 – STS-121: Space Shuttle Discovery is launched to the International Space Station. It returns safely on July 17. It is the second return to flight mission after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
July 5 – North Korea test fires missiles, timed with the liftoff of Discovery, preceding the fireworks celebrations that night in America. The long range Taepodong-2 reportedly fails shortly after takeoff.
July 6 – The Nathula Pass between India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opens for trade after 44 years.
July 9 – S7 Airlines Flight 778 crashes into a concrete barrier shortly after landing, killing at least 122 people and leaving many injured.
July 10 – Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688 crashes in Multan, Pakistan shortly after takeoff.
July 11 – A series of coordinated bomb attacks strikes several commuter trains in Mumbai, India during the evening rush hour.
July 12 – 2006 Lebanon War: Israeli troops invade Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers and killing 3. Hezbollah declares open war against Israel 2 days later.
July 18 – The SS Nomadic, the last floating link to Titanic, returns home to a large reception in Belfast.
July 31 – Cuban president Fidel Castro temporarily relinquishes power to his brother Raúl before surgery.
August
August 10 – London Metropolitan Police make 21 arrests in connection to an apparent terrorist plot that involved aircraft traveling from the United Kingdom to the United States. Liquids and gels are banned from checked and carry-on baggage.
August 11 – A resolution to end the 2006 Lebanon War is unanimously accepted by the United Nations Security Council.
August 14 – A UN cease fire takes effect in the 2006 Lebanon War.
August 22 – Pulkovo Airlines Flight 612 crashes near the Russian border in Ukraine, killing 171 people, including 45 children.
August 22 – The ICM awards Grigori Perelman the Fields Medal for proving the Poincaré conjecture, one of 7 Millennium Prize Problems; Perelman refuses the medal.
August 23 – In Austria, Natascha Kampusch manages to escape after being kidnapped 8 years ago by Wolfgang Priklopil, who locked her up in his cellar. Priklopil commits suicide by throwing himself in front of a train.
August 24 – The International Astronomical Union defines 'planet' at its 26th General Assembly, demoting Pluto to the status of 'dwarf planet' more than 70 years after its discovery.
August 27 – Comair Flight 5191, carrying 50 people, crashes shortly after takeoff from Blue Grass Airport in Lexington, Kentucky.
August 28 – A Greyhound Lines bus from New York City to Montreal, carrying 52 people, crashes at mile 115 on Interstate 87 near Elizabethtown, killing 5 people (including the driver) and seriously injuring others.
August 31 – Edvard Munch paintings The Scream and Madonna are recovered in a police raid in Oslo, Norway.
September
September 1 – A fire kills 29 of 148 aboard an Iran Air Tours Tu-154M aircraft after the plane lands in Mashhad, Iran.
September 2 – A Nimrod MR2 based at RAF Kinloss, Scotland, crashes in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, due to a technical fault. All 14 crew onboard are killed.
September 7 – Partial lunar eclipse
September 12 – A stampede at a rally in Yemen leaves 41 dead and injures 50.
September 12 – Pope Benedict XVI gives a lecture in Germany; he quotes a criticism of the Islamic faith, sparking mass protests.
September 13 – The solar system's largest dwarf planet, designated until now as 2003 UB313, is officially named "Eris"; its satellite is now known as "Dysnomia".
September 15 – Spinach contaminated with E. coli kills 2 and poisons over 100 others in 20 states of the United States.
September 16 – Five churches are attacked in Palestinian areas following the Pope's comments on Islam.
September 17 – Protests start near the Hungarian Parliament.
September 19 – Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra of Thailand declares a state of emergency in Bangkok as members of the Royal Thai Army stage a coup d'état. The army announces the removal of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra from power.
September 22 – A Transrapid Maglev train crashes into a maintenance vehicle on a test track in Germany, killing 23 and injuring 10; it is the first recorded fatal accident involving a Maglev.
September 22 – Annular solar eclipse
September 29 – Gol Flight 1907 (Boeing 737-800) collides with a business jet over the Amazon Rainforest, killing all 155 on board.
October
October 2 – Charles Carl Roberts IV, a 32-yr-old milk-truck driver, kills 5 girls at an Amish schoolhouse in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania before shooting himself.
October 6 – A hazardous waste plant near Apex, North Carolina explodes, releasing chlorine gas, and resulting in the evacuation of thousands and the hospitalization of over 100 residents.
October 9 - Actor Tommy Kirk becomes a Disney Legend
October 9 – North Korea claims to have conducted its first-ever nuclear test.
October 10 – Google buys YouTube for USD $1.65 billion.
October 12 – A freak snowstorm blows into Buffalo, New York, leaving over 400,000 without power and killing 13.
October 13 – South Korean Ban Ki-moon is elected as the new Secretary-General of the United Nations.
October 15 – The UN agrees to sanction North Korea over nuclear testing claims.
October 15 – The establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq is declared.
October 16 – A magnitude 6.7 earthquake rocks Hawaii, causing property damage, injuries, landslides, power outages, and the closure of Honolulu International Airport. see 2006 Hawaii Earthquake.
October 16 – The last American MASH is decommissioned.
October 16 – CBeebies 2006-2009 show of Numberjacks.
October 24 – NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its first flyby of Venus (it will be captured into Mercury's orbit on March 18, 2011).
October 29 – Aviation Development Company Flight 53 crashes shortly after takeoff in Nigeria killing 96 people.
October 30 – Former President of Chile Augusto Pinochet is placed under house arrest for crimes committed at the Villa Grimaldi detention centre.
October 30 – An airstrike on a madrasah in Bajaur, Pakistan kills dozens of suspected al-Qaeda and Taliban militants.
November
November 5 – Former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein and 2 of his senior allies are sentenced to death by hanging, after an Iraqi court finds them guilty of crimes against humanity.
November 8 – A transit of Mercury occurs.
November 9 – Margaret Chan is elected as the Director-General of the World Health Organization.
November 12 – The former Soviet republic of South Ossetia holds a referendum on independence from Georgia.
November 15 – Al Jazeera launches its English language news channel, Al Jazeera English.
November 16 – Rioting in Nukualofa, the capital of Tonga, destroys approx. 80% of the CBD; 8 bodies found and foreign forces requested.
November 17 – The PlayStation 3 is released in North America.
November 19 – The Wii is released in North America.
November 20 – Iran and Syria recognize the government of Iraq, restore diplomatic relations, and call for a peace conference.
November 21 – Pierre Amine Gemayel, Lebanon's Minister of Industry, is assassinated in Beirut.
November 21 – A gas explosion in the coal mine Halemba in Ruda Slaska, Poland, kills 23 miners approximately 1,000 meters below ground.
November 22 – The Kolkata leather factory fire traps and kills 9 in India.
November 23 – A series of car bombs and mortar attacks in Sadr City, Baghdad, kill at least 215 people and injure 257 other people.
November 30 – Typhoon Durian triggers a massive mudslide and kills at least 720 people in Albay province on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.
December
December 1 – Felipe Calderón takes office as President of Mexico.
December 1 – The 15th Asian Games start in Doha, Qatar; the closing ceremony takes place on December 15.
December 2 – In Rome, about 2 million people, led by opposition leader Silvio Berlusconi, demonstrate against Romano Prodi's government.
December 2 – Stéphane Dion is elected the new Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, on the fourth ballot.
December 2–19 – 2006 Ipswich murder investigation: The bodies of 5 murdered prostitutes are discovered at different locations near Ipswich in Suffolk, England.
December 3 – Ed Stelmach is elected the new Leader of the Progressive Conservatives, Alberta, after the second ballot results, and second choice votes for Ted Morton have been added up. Ed becomes the Premier-designate of Alberta.
December 3 – Hugo Chávez is re-elected President of Venezuela.
December 3 – Germany's tallest chimney is demolished by explosion at the former Westerholt Power Station.
December 5 – The military seizes power in Fiji, in a coup d'état led by Commodore Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama.
December 7 – Smoking is banned in all Ohio bars, restaurants, workplaces, and other public places.
December 9 – The Moscow hospital fire kills 45 people.
December 10 – Space Shuttle Mission STS-116: Space Shuttle Discovery lifts off from the Kennedy Space Center on the first night launch since the 2003 loss of Columbia.
December 10 – Christer Fuglesang becomes the first Swede in space.
December 11 – The Holocaust conference is opened in Tehran, Iran by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
December 12 – Peugeot produces their last car at the Ryton Plant, signalling the end of mass car production in a city that was once a major centre of the British motor industry; Coventry.
December 13 – The Chinese River Dolphin or Baiji becomes extinct.
December 13 – U.S. Senator Tim Johnson (D-SD) suffers a stroke during a radio interview.
December 14 – U.S. Spy Satellite USA 193, also known as NRO Launch 21 (NROL-21 or simply L-21), is launched and malfunctions soon after.
December 15 – Lockheed Martin's F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter successfully flies for the first time.
December 15 – An alleged assassination attempt on Palestinian prime minister Ismail Haniyeh sparks inter-Palestinian clashes.
December 15 – King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan abdicates in favour of his son Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, a year earlier than expected.
December 15 – The Japanese government passes a bill to upgrade the Japan Defense Agency to a Ministry.
December 19 – A Libyan court sentences 5 Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor to death, for knowingly infecting hundreds of Libyan children with HIV.
December 20 – Somalia: Islamic Courts Union fighters begin attacking the government-held town of Baidoa.
December 21 – The death of Saparmurat Niyazov sparks world concern over a possible power vacuum and instability in energy-rich Turkmenistan.
December 22 – The Space Shuttle Discovery lands at the Kennedy Space Center, concluding a 2-week mission to the International Space Station.
December 24 – Ethiopia admits its troops have intervened in Somalia.
December 26 – An oil pipeline explodes in Nigeria's commercial capital, Lagos, killing at least 200 people.
December 26 – The Hengchun earthquake in Taiwan kills 2 people, and damages about 15 historical buildings and several undersea cables, disrupting Internet and IDD telecommunication services in Asia.
December 29 – War in Somalia: Ethiopian and Transitional government troops capture Mogadishu without resistance.
December 30 – Saddam Hussein, former Iraq president, is executed in Baghdad.
December 30 – The M/V Senopati Nusantara sinks in Indonesia, causing several hundred casualties.
December 30 – The Free State Project completes its "First 1,000" pledge.
December 30 – The Basque separatist group ETA sets off a bomb in Madrid Barajas International Airport, killing 2 Ecuadorians.
December 31 – At least 11 bombs go off in Bangkok hours before the new year, leaving at least 30 injured.
December 31 – The Met Office announces that England has experienced its warmest year since records began in 1659, with an average temperature of .
Major religious holidays
January 6 – Feast of Epiphany or Día de los Reyes Magos (Day of the Magi Kings) or La Fête des Rois (Feast of the Kings).
January 7 – Christmas in the Russian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic and other Eastern Christian church calendars.
January 10 – Islamic festival of Eid ul-Adha begins (ends on January 12).
January 11 – Vaikunta Ekadashi is observed by Hindus.
January 14 – Mahayana Buddhist New Year.
January 14 – Pongal Harvest Festival in Tamil Nadu.
January 15 – Maatu Pongal, Festival of Cows in Tamil Nadu.
January 16 – Uzhavar Tirunaal, Farmer's Day in Tamil Nadu.
January 29 – Lunar New Year
January 31 – Muslim New Year.
February 1 – Imbolc Cross-quarter day (Celebrated on February 2 in some places).
February 9 – Day of Ashurah.
February 13 – Tu Bishvat.
February 28 – Mardi Gras.
March 13 – Jewish holiday of Purim begins at sunset.
March 14 – Sikh New Year.
March 21 – Iranian New Year's Day (Norouz).
March 30 – Hindu New Year.
April 5 – Qingming Festival.
April 11 – Birth anniversary of Muhammad.
April 12 – Pesach or Passover begins at sunset, continues for a week.
April 13 – Theravada Buddhist New Year.
April 13 – Punjabi New Year.
April 14 – Good Friday in the Western Church Calendar, Sikh Holiday of Vaisakhi.
April 14 – Puththaandu Tamil New Year in the Tamil Calendar, observed by people in Tamil Nadu.
April 16 – Easter in the Western Church Calendar.
April 21 – Good Friday in the Eastern Church Calendar.
April 23 – Easter in the Eastern Church Calendar.
May 1 – Beltane Cross-quarter day.
June 1 – Jewish holiday of Shavuot begins at sunset.
August 1 – Lammas Cross-quarter day.
August 2 – Jewish fast of Tisha B'Av begins at sundown; it extends until the night of August 3.
September 22 – Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah begins at sundown. Continues until nightfall of the 24th.
September 23 – First day of Ramadan.
October 1 – Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur begins at sundown. Ends at nightfall of the 2nd.
October 21 – Hindu festival of Diwali.
October 23 – Islamic festival of Eid ul-Fitr.
October 31 – Samhain Cross-quarter day.
December 15 – Hanukkah.
December 21 – Wiccans celebrate the festival of Yule.
December 25 – Christmas in the Western Church Calendar.
December 31 – Islamic festival of Eid ul-Adha begins (ends on January 2, 2007).
Births
for more information, see Category:2006 births.
27 February - Josephina Evie, English musician (d. 2021)
6 September - Prince Hisahito of Akishino, Japanese prince
Deaths
January
January 1 – Charles Steen, American geologist, The "Uranium King" (b. 1919)
January 2 – Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice (b. 1913)
January 3 – Steve Rogers, Australian rugby player (b. 1954)
January 3 – Bill Skate, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (b. 1954)
January 4 – Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (b. 1946)
January 4 – Robert Howard White, Mayor of Papatoetoe, New Zealand (b. 1914)
January 6 – Lou Rawls, American singer (b. 1933)
January 7 – Heinrich Harrer, mountaineer, explorer and writer (b. 1912)
January 8 – Tony Banks, Baron Stratford, British politician (b. 1943)
January 9 – Andy Caldecott, Australian motorcycle racer (b. 1964)
January 14 – Jim Gary, American sculptor (b. 1939)
January 14 – Shelley Winters, American actress (b. 1920)
January 15 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1926)
January 19 – Wilson Pickett, American singer (b. 1941)
January 19 – Geoff Rabone, New Zealand cricket player (b. 1921)
January 21 – Ibrahim Rugova, first President of Kosovo (b. 1944)
January 21 – Bedanand Jha, Nepalese politician
January 24 – Chris Penn, American actor (b. 1965)
January 25 – Anna Malle, American pornographic actress (b. 1967)
January 27 – Johannes Rau, President of Germany (b. 1931)
January 28 – Yitzchak Kadouri, Iraqi-born rabbi (b. 1900)
January 30 – Coretta Scott King, American civil rights activist and wife of Martin Luther King, Jr. (b. 1927)
February
February 1 – Dick Brooks, American auto racer (b. 1942)
February 1 – Bryce Harland, New Zealand diplomat (b. 1931)
February 3 – Al Lewis, American actor (b. 1923)
February 4 – Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist, and writer (b.1921)
February 8 – Ron Greenwood, English football manager (b. 1921)
February 8 – Akira Ifukube, Japanese classical music/movie composer (b. 1914)
February 9 – Sir Freddie Laker, British airline entrepreneur (b. 1922)
February 10 – J Dilla, American music producer (b. 1974)
February 12 – Ken Hart, American composer, journalist, and playwright (b. 1917)
February 13 – Andreas Katsulas, American actor (b. 1946)
February 13 – P. F. Strawson, English philosopher (b. 1919)
February 14 – Shoshana Damari, Israeli singer and actress (b. 1923)
February 15 – Sun Yun-suan, Premier of the Republic of China (b. 1913)
February 16 – Ernie Stautner, German-born American football player (b. 1925)
February 20 – Lucjan Wolanowski, Polish journalist, writer and traveler (b. 1920)
February 22 – Anthony Burger, American musician and singer (b. 1961)
February 22 – Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, Singapore politician (b. 1925)
February 23 – Mauri Favén, Finnish painter (b. 1920)
February 23 – Zarra, Spanish footballer (b. 1921)
February 24 – Don Knotts, American actor (b. 1924)
February 24 – Dennis Weaver, American actor (b. 1924)
February 25 – Darren McGavin, American actor (b. 1922)
February 25 – Florian ZaBach, American musician and TV personality (b. 1931)
February 27 – Linda Smith, English comedian (b. 1958)
March
March 1 – Harry Browne, American Libertarian Presidential candidate (b. 1933)
March 1 – Peter Osgood, English footballer (b. 1947)
March 1 – Peter Snow, New Zealand doctor (b. 1935)
March 2 – Jack Wild, English actor (b. 1952)
March 3 – William Herskovic, Hungarian Holocaust hero and philanthropist (b. 1914)
March 4 – Dave Rose, American artist (b. 1910)
March 4 – Edgar Valter, Estonian illustrator and cartoonist (b. 1929)
March 4 – John Reynolds Gardiner, American writer and engineer (b. 1944)
March 6 – Dana Reeve, American actress, wife of Christopher Reeve (b. 1961)
March 6 – Kirby Puckett, U.S. baseball player (b. 1960)
March 6 – King Floyd, American singer (b. 1945)
March 8 – Brian Barratt-Boyes, New Zealand heart surgeon (b. 1924)
March 9 – Hanka Bielicka, Polish actress (b. 1915)
March 9 – John Profumo, British politician (b. 1915)
March 11 – Bernie Geoffrion, Canadian hockey player (b. 1931)
March 11 – Slobodan Milošević, President of Serbia (b. 1941)
March 13 – Maureen Stapleton, American actress (b. 1925)
March 13 – Peter Tomarken, American game show host (b. 1942)
March 14 – Lennart Meri, President of Estonia (b. 1929)
March 15 – George Mackey, American mathematician (b. 1916)
March 22 – Lawrence Stephen, Nauruan politician (b. 1939)
March 23 – Cindy Walker, American songwriter (b. 1918)
March 24 – Lynne Perrie, English actress (b. 1931)
March 25 – Rocio Durcal, Spanish singer and actress (b. 1944)
March 25 – Buck Owens, American musician (b. 1929)
March 26 – Paul Dana, American race car driver (b. 1975)
March 27 – Stanislaw Lem, Polish writer (b. 1921)
March 28 – Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (b. 1917)
April
April 2 – Nina Schenk von Stauffenberg, German wife of soldier Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (b. 1913)
April 4 – Denis Donaldson, Irish Republican informer (b. 1950)
April 5 – Gene Pitney, American singer (b. 1941)
April 6 – Francis L. Kellogg, U.S. diplomat and prominent socialite (b. 1917)
April 8 – Gerard Reve, Dutch writer (b. 1923)
April 11 – Proof, American rapper (D12) (b. 1973)
April 11 – Les Foote, Australian footballer (b. 1924)
April 11 – June Pointer, American singer (b. 1953)
April 12 – Rajkumar, Indian actor (b. 1929)
April 12 – William Sloane Coffin, American university chaplain and activist (b. 1924)
April 13 – Muriel Spark, Scottish novelist (b. 1918)
April 15 – Louise Smith, American race car driver (b. 1916)
April 17 – Calum Kennedy, Scottish singer (b. 1928)
April 18 – John Lyall, British football player and manager (b. 1940)
April 19 – Scott Crossfield, American pilot (b. 1921)
April 21 – Telê Santana, Brazilian footballer and coach (b. 1931)
April 23 – Alida Valli, Italian actress (b. 1921)
April 23 – Johnny Checketts, New Zealand flying ace (b. 1912)
April 24 – Nasreen Huq, Bangladeshi social worker and human rights activist (b. 1958)
April 24 – Brian Labone, English footballer (b. 1940)
April 24 – Steve Stavro, Canadian businessman and sports team owner (b. 1927)
April 24 – Moshe Teitelbaum, Hungarian-born Hassidic rabbi (b. 1914)
April 25 – Jane Jacobs, American-born writer and activist (b. 1916)
April 25 – Peter Law, British politician (b. 1948)
April 28 – Steve Howe, American Baseball Player (b. 1958)
April 29 – John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian economist (b. 1908)
April 30 – Beatriz Sheridan, Mexican actress and director (b. 1934)
May
May 2 – Louis Rukeyser, American television host (b. 1933)
May 3 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter (b. 1921)
May 3 – Pramod Mahajan, Indian Bharatiya Janata Party politician and strategist (b. 1949)
May 3 – Earl Woods, American athlete and father of Tiger Woods (b. 1932)
May 6 – Lillian Asplund, last American survivor of the Titanic disaster (b. 1906)
May 6 – Shigeru Kayano, Japanese activist (b. 1926)
May 7 – Richard Carleton, Australian journalist (b. 1943)
May 7 – Steve Bender, German musician (Dschinghis Khan) (b. 1946)
May 8 – Iain Macmillan, British photographer (b. 1938)
May 10 – Val Guest, British movie director (b. 1911)
May 11 – Yossi Banai, Israeli singer and actor (b. 1932)
May 11 – Floyd Patterson, American boxer (b. 1935)
May 12 – Hussein Maziq, Former Libyan prime minister (b. 1918).
May 13 – Jaroslav Pelikan, American historian (b. 1923)
May 13 – Johnnie Wilder, Jr., American R&B singer (b. 1949)
May 16 – Jorge Porcel, Argentine actor (b. 1936)
May 19 – Freddie Garrity, English singer (Freddie and the Dreamers) (b. 1940)
May 21 – Katherine Dunham, American dancer, choreographer, and songwriter (b. 1909)
May 22 – Lee Jong-wook, Korean Director-General of the World Health Organisation (b. 1945)
May 23 – Lloyd Bentsen, American politician (b. 1921)
May 24 – Anderson Mazoka, Zambian politician (b. 1943)
May 24 – Michał Życzkowski, Polish technician (b. 1930)
May 25 – Desmond Dekker, Jamaican singer and songwriter (b. 1941)
May 25 – Tobías Lasser, Venezuelan botanist (b. 1911)
May 25 – Kari S. Tikka, Finnish professor (b. 1944)
May 26 – Édouard Michelin, French businessman (b. 1963)
May 27 – Alex Toth, American comic book artist and cartoonist (b. 1928)
May 29 – Masumi Okada, Japanese actor (b. 1935)
May 30 – Shohei Imamura, Japanese movie director (b. 1926)
May 30 – David Lloyd, New Zealand biologist (b. 1938)
June
June 1 – Rocio Jurado, Spanish singer and actress (b. 1944)
June 6 – Arnold Newman, American photographer (b. 1918)
June 6 – Billy Preston, American artist and musician (b. 1946)
June 6 – Hilton Ruiz, Puerto Rican jazz pianist (b. 1952)
June 7 – Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Jordanian militant (b. 1966)
June 7 – John Tenta, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1963)
June 11 – Neroli Fairhall, New Zealand archer (b. 1944)
June 12 – Chakufwa Chihana, Malawi politician (b. 1939)
June 12 – György Ligeti, Hungarian composer (b. 1923)
June 12 – Kenneth Thomson, Canadian businessman and art collector (b. 1923)
June 13 – Charles Haughey, Prime Minister of Ireland (b. 1925)
June 13 – Hiroyuki Iwaki, Japanese conductor and percussionist (b. 1932)
June 14 – Jean Roba, Belgian comics writer (b. 1930)
June 15 – Raymond Devos, French humorist (b. 1922)
June 18 – Gica Petrescu, Romanian musician (b. 1915)
June 23 – Aaron Spelling, American television producer (b. 1923)
June 25 – Arif Mardin, Turkish-born music producer (b. 1932)
June 25 – Jaap Penraat, Dutch architect and resistance fighter (b. 1918)
June 30 – Mohamed Haneef, Maldivian Politician and former Vice-President of Islamic Democratic Party of Maldives (b. 1946)
June 30 – Robert Gernhardt, German satirist (b. 1937)
July
July 1 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, 53rd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1937)
July 1 – Fred Trueman, English cricketer (b. 1931)
July 3 – Joseph Goguen, American computer scientist (b. 1941)
July 5 – Gert Fredriksson, Swedish kayaker (b. 1919)
July 5 – Kenneth Lay, American businessman (b. 1942)
July 6 – Kasey Rogers, American actress, writer, and biker (b. 1925)
July 7 – Tom Weir, Scottish climber, writer, and broadcaster (b. 1914)
July 7 – Rudi Carrell, Dutch entertainer (b. 1934)
July 7 – Syd Barrett, English singer, songwriter, and guitarist (b. 1946)
July 7 – John Money, Sexologist (b. 1921)
July 8 – June Allyson, American actress (b. 1917)
July 8 – Catherine Leroy, French photographer (b. 1945)
July 10 – Shamil Basayev, Chechen rebel (b. 1965)
July 11 – Ross M. Lence, American political scientist (b. 1943)
July 11 – John Spencer, British snooker player (b. 1935)
July 13 – Red Buttons, American actor and comedian (b. 1919)
July 16 – Bob Orton, American wrestler (b. 1929)
July 17 – Mickey Spillane, American writer (b. 1918)
July 18 – Raul Cortez, Brazilian actor (b. 1931)
July 19 – Jack Warden, American actor (b. 1920)
July 20 – Lim Kim San, Singapore politician (b. 1916)
July 20 – Ted Grant, British politician (b. 1913)
July 21 – Ta Mok, Cambodian military leader (b. 1926)
July 21 – Mako Iwamatsu, Japanese-born actor (b. 1933)
July 22 – José Antonio Delgado, Venezuelan mountain climber (b. 1965)
July 22 – Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Italian-born Brazilian actor and playwright (b.1934)
July 25 – Hani Mohsin, Malaysian actor (b. 1965)
July 28 – David Gemmell, British writer (b. 1948)
July 30 – Murray Bookchin, American libertarian socialist (b. 1921)
August
August 3 – Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German-born soprano (b. 1915)
August 3 – Arthur Lee, American musician (b. 1945)
August 6 – Hirotaka Suzuoki, Japanese Seiyu (b. 1950)
August 9 – James van Allen, American physicist (b. 1914)
August 11 – Mike Douglas, American entertainer (b. 1925)
August 13 – Tony Jay, English-born actor (b. 1933)
August 13 – Payao Poontarat, Thai boxer (b. 1957)
August 15 – Te Atairangi Kaahu, Maori queen (b. 1931)
August 15 – Faas Wilkes, former Dutch football player(b. 1923)
August 16 – Alfredo Stroessner, President of Paraguay (b. 1912)
August 20 – Joe Rosenthal, American photographer (b. 1911)
August 21 – Bismillah Khan, Indian musician (b. 1916)
August 21 – S. Yizhar, Israeli writer (b. 1916)
August 23 – Maynard Ferguson, Canadian musician and bandleader (b. 1928)
August 23 – Wolfgang Priklopil, Austrian kidnapper of Natascha Kampusch (b. 1962)
August 26 – Rainer Barzel, German politician (b. 1924)
August 26 – Clyde Walcott, Barbadian cricketer (b. 1926)
August 27 – Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Indian movie maker (b. 1922)
August 30 – Glenn Ford, Canadian actor (b. 1916)
August 30 – Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
August 30 – Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon, New Zealand jurist and member of the British House of Lords (b. 1926)
September
September 1 – György Faludy, Hungarian poet (b. 1910)
September 2 – Charlie Williams, British comedian (b. 1927)
September 2 – Bob Mathias, American athlete (b. 1930)
September 2 – Willi Ninja, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1961)
September 4 – Steve Irwin, Australian environmentalist and television personality (b. 1962)
September 4 – Giacinto Facchetti, Italian footballer (b. 1942)
September 4 – Colin Thiele, Australian writer and educator (b. 1920)
September 8 – Hilda Bernstein, English-born writer, artist, and activist (b. 1915)
September 9 – Richard Burmer, American composer and musician (b. 1955)
September 9 – William B. Ziff, Jr., American publishing executive (b. 1930)
September 10 – Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (b. 1918)
September 11 – Joachim Fest, German historian and journalist (b. 1926)
September 11 – Johannes Bob van Benthem, Dutch lawyer (b. 1921)
September 14 – Elizabeth Choy, Singaporean World War II hero (b. 1910)
September 14 – Mickey Hargitay, Hungarian-born actor and bodybuilder (b. 1926)
September 15 – Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist (b. 1929)
September 15 – Abe Saffron, Australian nightclub owner and property developer (b. 1920)
September 16 – Rob Levin, American computer programmer (b. 1955)
September 17 – Patricia Kennedy Lawford, American socialite, sister of John F. Kennedy (b. 1924)
September 17 – Dorothy C. Stratton, Director of the United States Coast Guard Women's Reserve (b. 1899)
September 19 – Roy Schuiten, Dutch cyclist (b. 1950)
September 19 – Hugh Kawharu, New Zealand academic and Māori chief (b. 1927)
September 20 – Armin Jordan, Swiss conductor (b. 1932)
September 20 – John W. Peterson, American composer (b. 1921)
September 23 – Malcolm Arnold, English composer (b. 1921)
September 23 – Aladár Pege, Hungarian musician (b. 1939)
September 24 – Tetsuro Tamba, Japanese actor (b. 1922)
September 26 – Byron Nelson, American golfer (b. 1912)
September 26 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American propagandist for Japan in World War II (b. 1916)
September 29 – Walter Hadlee, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1915)
October
October 6 – Buck O'Neil, American baseball player (b. 1911)
October 6 – Wilson Tucker, American writer (b. 1914)
October 7 – Anna Politkovskaya, American-born Russian journalist (b. 1958)
October 8 – Mark Porter, New Zealand race car driver (b. 1975)
October 9 – Paul Hunter, British snooker player (b. 1978)
October 10 – Michael John Rogers, English ornithologist (b. 1932)
October 11 – Cory Lidle, American baseball player (b. 1972)
October 13 – Mason Andrews, delivered America's first test tube baby; former mayor of Norfolk, Virginia (b. 1919)
October 14 – Freddy Fender, American singer (b. 1937)
October 16 – Lister Sinclair, Canadian broadcaster and playwright (b. 1921)
October 16 – Valentín Paniagua, President of Peru (b. 1936)
October 18 – Anna Russell, British-born comedian and music satirist (b. 1911)
October 20 – Jane Wyatt, American actress (b. 1910)
October 24 – Enolia McMillan, American first female president of the NAACP (b. 1904)
October 25 – Danny Rolling, American murderer (b. 1954) (executed)
October 28 – Red Auerbach, American basketball coach and official (b. 1917)
October 28 – Trevor Berbick, Jamaican boxer (b. 1955)
October 30 – Clifford Geertz, American anthropologist (b. 1926)
October 31 – Pieter Willem Botha, former State President of South Africa (b. 1916)
November
November 1 – Adrienne Shelly, American actress & director (b. 1966)
November 1 – William Styron, American writer (b. 1925)
November 2 – Adrien Douady, French mathematician (b. 1935)
November 2 – Wally Foreman, Australian sports commentator (b. 1948)
November 3 – Paul Mauriat, French musician (b. 1925)
November 3 – Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorian footballer (b. 1937)
November 4 – Frank Arthur Calder, Canadian politician (b. 1915)
November 4 – Sergi López Segú, Spanish footballer (b. 1967)
November 5 – Mustafa Bülent Ecevit, Turkish politician, poet, writer and journalist (b. 1925)
November 5 – Samuel Bowers, American Ku Klux Klansman and convicted killer (b. 1924)
November 8 – Basil Poledouris, American composer (b. 1945)
November 9 – Ed Bradley, American journalist (b. 1941)
November 10 – Gerald Levert, American singer (b. 1966)
November 10 – Jack Palance, American actor (b. 1919)
November 15 – Ana Carolina Reston, Brazilian fashion model (b. 1985)
November 16 – Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
November 17 – Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer (b. 1927)
November 17 – Bo Schembechler, American football coach (b. 1929)
November 17 – Ruth Brown, American singer (b. 1928)
November 20 – Robert Altman, American movie director (b. 1925)
November 20 – Andre Waters, American football player (b. 1962)
November 21 – Pierre Amine Gemayel, Lebanese politician (b. 1972)
November 22 – John Allan Cameron, Canadian musician (b. 1938)
November 23 – Alexander Litvinenko, Russian-born spy (b. 1962)
November 23 – Philippe Noiret, French actor (b. 1930)
November 23 – Anita O'Day, American singer (b. 1919)
November 23 – Willie Pep, American boxer (b. 1922)
November 24 – Walter Booker, American jazz bassist (b. 1933)
November 24 – Juice Leskinen, Finnish singer and songwriter (b. 1950)
November 25 – Leo Chiosso, Italian poet (b. 1920)
November 25 – Valentin Elizalde, Mexican singer (b. 1979)
November 25 – Phyllis Fraser Cerf Wagner, American actress, journalist and publisher (b. 1916)
November 26 – Dave Cockrum, American comic book artist (b. 1943)
November 27 – Alan Freeman, Australian-born broadcaster and disc jockey (b. 1927)
November 28 – Bernard Orchard, British biblical scholar (b. 1912)
December
December 3 – Craig Hinton, British novelist (b. 1964)
December 4 – Ross A. McGinnis, American soldier, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor (b. 1987)
December 5 – David Bronstein, Soviet Union chess grandmaster (b. 1924)
December 6 – John Feeney, New Zealand documentary movie director (b. 1922)
December 7 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, American political theorist and U.N. ambassador (b. 1926)
December 7 – J. B. Hunt, American trucking magnate (b. 1927)
December 8 – Jose Uribe, Dominican Major League Baseball player (b. 1959)
December 10 – Augusto Pinochet, Chilean dictator (b. 1915)
December 12 – Paul Arizin, American basketball player (b. 1928)
December 12 – Peter Boyle, American actor (b. 1935)
December 12 – Raymond P. Shafer, American politician (b. 1917)
December 13 – Lamar Hunt, American sports executive (b. 1932)
December 13 – "Homesick" James Williamson, American blues musician (b. 1910)
December 13 – Federico Crescentini, Sanmarinese football player (b. 1982)
December 14 – Ahmet Ertegün, Turkish record executive (b. 1923)
December 14 – Mike Evans, American actor (b. 1949)
December 15 – Clay Regazzoni, Swiss race car driver (b. 1939)
December 16 – Don Jardine, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1940)
December 18 – Joseph Barbera, American animator (b. 1911)
December 20 – Yukio Aoshima, Japanese politician, novelist and TV-actor (b. 1932)
December 20 – Ma Ji, Chinese actor (b. 1934)
December 21 – Saparmurat Niyazov, President of Turkmenistan (b. 1940)
December 22 – Elena Mukhina, Russian gymnast (b. 1960)
December 23 – Robert Stafford, American politician (b. 1913)
December 23 – Dutch Mason, Canadian blues musician (b. 1938)
December 23 – Marilyn Waltz, American actress, model, and Playboy Playmate (b. 1931)
December 24 – Braguinha, Brazilian songwriter (b. 1907)
December 24 – Charlie Drake, English comedian (b. 1925)
December 24 – Frank Stanton, American television executive (b. 1908)
December 24 – Kenneth Sivertsen, Norwegian musician, composer, poet and comedian (b. 1961)
December 25 – James Brown, American singer (b. 1933)
December 26 – Gerald R. Ford, 38th President of the United States (b. 1913)
December 29 – Charles Addo Odametey, Ghanaian football player (b. 1937)
December 30 – Saddam Hussein, 5th President of Iraq (b. 1937)
December 30 – Antony Lambton, Viscount Lambton, British politician (b. 1922)
Nobel Prizes
Chemistry – Roger D. Kornberg.
Economics – Edmund Phelps.
Literature – Orhan Pamuk.
Peace – Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank.
Physics – John C. Mather, George F. Smoot.
Physiology or Medicine – Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello.
References
Other websites |
3966 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007 | 2007 | 2007 (MMVII) was .
The year 2007 was called:
In the Chinese calendar, dates up to February 17 are in the Year of the Dog, while dates from February 18 onwards are in the Year of the Pig.
European Year of Equal Opportunities for All
Year of the Dolphin
UNESCO has formally recognized fifteen anniversaries for 2007.
Events
January
January 1 – Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.
January 1 – Bulgarian, Romanian, and Irish become official languages of the European Union, joining 20 other official languages.
January 1 – Slovenia adopted the Euro as its official currency, replacing the tolar.
January 1 – South Korea's Ban Ki-moon became the new UN Secretary-General, replacing Kofi Annan.
January 4 – Nancy Pelosi becomes the first woman Speaker of the House in the United States.
January 12 – The US embassy in Athens was attacked with a rocket propelled grenade, which caused minimal damage and no injuries.
January 13 – The Greek ship Server broke in half off the Norwegian coast, which released over 200 tons of crude oil.
January 18 – Comet McNaught, the brightest comet to have appeared in over forty years, became visible over the Southern Hemisphere.
January 25 – The President of Israel, Moshe Katsav, took a temporary leave of absence due to a sex scandal.
January 30 – Windows Vista, Microsoft's newest NT-based operating system, was released worldwide to consumers.
February
February 2 – An unseasonal tornado in central Florida killed at least 20 people.
February 2 – A policeman was killed in the Catania football clashes in Italy and 71 people are hospitalized.
February 2 – Chinese President Hu Jintao signed a series of economic deals with Sudan.
February 3 – Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi cancelled all football matches in Italy whilst an investigation into riots on February 2 began.
February 3 – Five people were killed and 40 were injured in a series of car bombs in the Iraqi city of Kirkuk.
February 3 – A truck bombing in a crowded Baghdad market killed at least 135 people and injured a further 339 others.
February 10 – U.S. Senator Barack Obama of Illinois announced a presidential bid in Springfield.
February 19 – North Korea agreed to give up its nuclear program, for oil.
February 27 – World stock markets plummeted after China and Europe released less-than-expected growth reports. The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 416.02 points, its largest single-day decline since the September 11, 2001 attacks.
March
March 4 – Parliamentary elections took place in Estonia and in Abkhazia.
March 6 – Mega Millions set a new world record for the highest jackpot of US$370 million.
March 7 – Garuda Indonesia Flight 200, a Boeing 737-400, crashed at Yogyakarta on the Indonesian island of Java killing many on board.
March 7 – Northern Ireland Assembly election, 2007, was held.
March 8 – Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert admitted that Israel had planned an attack on Lebanon in the event of kidnapped soldiers on the border, months before Hezbollah carried out its kidnapping.
March 11 – Daylight saving time in most of the United States and Canada began; three to four weeks earlier than previously.
March 13 – The Bank of England replaces the £20 note bearing the portrait of Edward Elgar with one featuring Adam Smith.
March 14 – Pi Day
March 15 – March 21 – CeBIT 2007 took place in Hannover, Germany.
March 17 – Chlorine bombs injured hundreds in Baghdad, Iraq.
March 17 – France won the 2007 Six Nations Championship on points difference after a controversial tri.
March 24 – A legislative election took place in the Australian state of New South Wales, with Morris Iemma's Labor government being returned to power with a reduced minority.
March 25 – In Berlin 27 European ministers celebrate 50 year Treaty of Rome.
March 25 – Daylight savings begins in Europe
March 25 – This day marked the 200th anniversary of the finalization of the 1807 Slave trade act, which abolished the slave trade in the British Empire.
March 31 – Sydney, Australia, turned off its lights for one hour between 7:30pm and 8:30pm as a political statement for Global Climate Change.
April
April 2 – Smoking in public and work places is banned in Wales.
April 2 – 25th Anniversary of the Falklands War.
April 3 – Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko dissolved the Ukrainian parliament in a historic act of anti-communism in Ukraine. It has been nicknamed the "Second Orange Revolution"
April 4 – Iran announces it will release the British sailors and marines that they captured on March 23.
April 4 – Apple Inc. releases Mac Pro with two Quad-Core Intel Xeon processors each running at a speed of 3.0 GHz.
April 5 – The British sailors and marines taken by Iran on March 23 arrive back in Britain.
April 16 – The worst mass shooting in US history occurs at Virginia Tech.
April 27 – Violence erupts in Estonia after the removal of a Soviet war memorial.
May
May 4 – Tornado strikes Greensburg, Kansas, killing at least twelve and destroying about 90% of the town.
May 5 – Kenya Airways Flight KQ 507 crashes in Cameroon.
May 6 – Manchester United wins the English Premier League after title rivals Chelsea draw against Arsenal.
May 9 – Subtropical Storm Andrea forms off the coast of Florida, the earliest subtropical storm since Subtropical Storm Ana in 2003.
May 10 – Tony Blair announces he will resign as British Prime Minister on June 27 triggering a Labour Party leadership election.
May 16 – Nicolas Sarkozy officially became President of the French Republic after taking over from Jacques Chirac.
May 31 – A calendar blue moon occurred in the Western Hemisphere and parts of the Eastern Hemisphere.
June
June 1 – A 2100 year old melon is found by archaeologists in western Japan
June 2 – Four people are charged with a terror plot to blow up JFK International Airport in New York City.
June 5 – NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft made its second fly-by of Venus en route to Mercury.
June 5 – A mass grave in southern Ukraine, found accidentally by workers in May, has been confirmed to be filled with thousands of victims of The Holocaust.
June 8 – The Space Shuttle Atlantis successfully launched on mission STS-117.
June 10 - Emma's Theatre got debuted.
June 18 – Nine Charleston, South Carolina firefighters are killed by a roof collapse while battling a furniture store fire.
June 27 – Tony Blair resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; New Labour Party leader Gordon Brown is appointed Prime Minister by Queen Elizabeth II.
June 29 – British police defuse a bomb in Haymarket, Central London.
June 30 – A calendar blue moon occurs in most of the Eastern Hemisphere.
July
July 1 – Smoking in public and work places is banned in England.
July 1 – The Concert For Diana is held at Wembley Stadium to commemorate Diana, Princess of Wales.
July 9 – Argentina's capital Buenos Aires is hit by its first snowfall in almost 90 years.
July 14 – Following a presidential decree, Russia withdraws from the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.
July 16 – Earthquake occurs in Japan, killing seven and causing a pipe at a nuclear power plant to break and released about 300 gallons of radioactive water.
July 21 – U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney serves as Acting President for two and a half hours, while President George W. Bush undergoes a colonoscopy procedure.
July 21 – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book in the Harry Potter series, is released.
July 27 – Two news helicopters collide in midair while covering a police chase in Phoenix, Arizona. This killed both pilots and two photojournalists.
July 29 – Iraq wins its first Asian Cup football championship, beating Saudi Arabia 1–0.
July 30 – New British Prime Minister Gordon Brown visits U.S. President George W. Bush for the first time as Prime Minister.
August
August 1 – The I-35W Mississippi River Bridge on I-35W in Minneapolis, Minnesota collapsed at 6:05 pm.
August 14 – Pakistan marks 60 years of independence.
August 15 – Peru is hit by a major Earthquake.
August 15 – India marks 60 years of independence.
August 31 – Malaysia marks 50 years of independence.
September
September 3 – Adventurer Steve Fossett goes missing.
September 6 – Operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti dies aged 71.
September 22 – Anti-government protests begin in Burma.
October
October 18 – Terrorists strike Karachi on the return of Benazir Bhutto.
October 28 – Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner is elected as Argentina's first female President.
November
November 3 – In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf suspends the constitution and declares a State of Emergency.
November 10 – American novelist Norman Mailer dies aged 84.
November 24 – Kevin Rudd is elected Prime Minister of Australia.
December
December 3 – Kevin Rudd takes office as Prime Minister of Australia.
December 10 – Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner takes office as President of Argentina.
December 11 - Car bombs in Algiers kill 41 people and injured 170 others.
December 19 – Marcus Stephen becomes President of Nauru after Ludwig Scotty loses a vote of confidence.
December 20 – Queen Elizabeth II surpasses Queen Victoria as the oldest monarch in British history.
December 27 – Pakistan's former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto is killed in a terrorist attack.
December 30 – Violence erupts in Kenya, after the disputed election victory of Mwai Kibaki.
Births
February 28 – Princess Lalla Khadija of Morocco, daughter of King Mohammed VI and Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco.
March 5- Eugenia Louis Alphonse-daughter of Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, and Venezuelen heiress Margarita Vargas Santaella.
March 17 – Prince Abdul Muntaqim son of Al-Muhtadee Billah Bolkiah and Sarah Pengiran Salleh, the Crown Prince and Princess of Brunei.
March 19 – Prince Abdullah bin Al Ali, son of Prince Ali bin Al Hussein and his wife, Rym Brahimi.
Deaths
January
January 1 – A. I. Bezzerides, Turkish-American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1908)
January 1 – Leonard Fraser, Australian serial killer (b. 1951)
January 1 – Del Reeves, American country music singer (b. 1932)
January 2 – Teddy Kollek, former Mayor of Jerusalem (b. 1911)
January 4 – Sandro Salvadore, Italian footballer (b. 1939)
January 4 – Marais Viljoen, South African politician (b. 1915)
January 5 – Momofuko Ando, Taiwanese businessman (b. 1910)
January 7 – Magnus Magnusson, Icelandic-Scottish television presenter (b. 1929)
January 8 – Iwao Takamoto, American animator (b. 1925)
January 8 – Yvonne De Carlo, Canadian-American actress (b. 1922)
January 9 – Carlo Ponti, Italian movie producer (b. 1912)
January 14 – Vassilis Fotopoulos, Greek art director (b. 1934)
January 19 – Bam Bam Bigelow, American wrestler (b. 1961)
January 19 – Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian journalist (b. 1954)
January 21 – Maria Cioncan, Romanian runner (b. 1977)
January 23 – Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist (b. 1932)
January 24 – Jean-Francois Deniau, French statesman, diplomat and novelist (b. 1928)
January 24 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican supercentenarian (b. 1891)
January 26 – Gump Worsley, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1929)
January 27 – Herbert Reinecker, German novelist, dramatist and screenwriter (b. 1914)
January 28 – Karel Svoboda, Czech composer (b. 1938)
January 29 – Robert Meier, German World War I veteran (b. 1897)
January 30 – Sidney Sheldon, American writer (b. 1917)
February
February 1 – Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian opera composer (b. 1911)
February 1 – Ahmed Abu Laban, Danish Muslim leader (b. 1946)
February 2 – Filippo Raciti, Italian police officer (b. 1967)
February 7 – Alan MacDiarmid, New Zealand chemist (b. 1927)
February 8 – Anna Nicole Smith, American model and television personality (b. 1967)
February 9 – Alejandro Finisterre, Spanish inventor of table football (b. 1919)
February 9 – Ian Richardson, Scottish actor (b. 1934)
February 12 – Georg Buschner, East German football coach (b. 1925)
February 13 – Johanna Sallstrom, Swedish actress (b. 1974)
February 16 – Sheridan Morley, British broadcaster and writer (b. 1941)
February 17 – Maurice Papon, French Nazi collaborator (b. 1910)
February 17 – Mike Awesome, American professional wrestler (b. 1965)
February 20 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist (b. 1913)
February 23 – Pascal Yoadimnadji, Prime Minister of Chad (b. 1950)
February 28 – Arthur Schlesinger Jr, American historian (b. 1917)
March
March 1 – Sydney Gun Munro, former Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (b. 1916)
March 2 – Henri Troyat, French writer (b. 1911)
March 6 – Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher and sociologist (b. 1929)
March 8 – John Inman, English actor (b. 1935)
March 9 – Brad Delp, American singer (b. 1951)
March 11 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (b. 1921)
March 13 – Arnold Skaaland, American wrestler (b. 1925)
March 17 – John Backus, American computer scientist (b. 1924)
March 17 – Ernst Haefliger, Swiss tenor (b. 1929)
March 18 – Bob Woolmer, English cricketer and coach (b. 1948)
March 19 – Luther Ingram, American singer and songwriter (b. 1937)
March 20 – Taha Yassin Ramadan, former Vice President of Iraq (b. 1937)
March 25 – Andranik Margaryan, Prime Minister of Armenia (b. 1951)
March 27 – Paul Lauterbur, American chemist (b. 1929)
March 29 – Tosiwo Nakayama, 1st President of the Federated States of Micronesia (b. 1931)
March 31 – Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (b. 1921)
April
April 4 – Bob Clark, American movie director (b. 1939)
April 5 – Mark St. John, American guitarist (b. 1956)
April 6 – Luigi Comencini, Italian movie director (b. 1916)
April 11 – Kurt Vonnegut, American writer (b. 1922)
April 16 – Jocelyne Couture-Nowak, Canadian instructor of French (b. 1957)
April 16 – Kevin Granata, American associate professor of engineering (b. 1961)
April 16 – Liviu Librescu, Romanian-born engineering professor (b. 1930)
April 16 – Seung-Hui Cho, Korean-born American perpetrator of the Virginia Tech massacre (b. 1984)
April 17 – Kitty Carlisle Hart, American actress and singer (b. 1910)
April 18 – Iccho Itoh, Japanese politician (b. 1945)
April 19 – Jean-Pierre Cassel, French actor (b. 1932)
April 23 – Boris Yeltsin, former President of Russia (b. 1931)
April 23 – David Halberstam, American writer and journalist (b. 1934)
April 24 – Bobby "Boris" Pickett, American singer (b. 1938)
April 25 – Alan Ball, English footballer (b. 1945)
April 26 – Jack Valenti, American movie executive (b. 1921)
April 27 – Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian musician (b. 1927)
April 28 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker, German philosopher (b. 1912)
April 29 – Ivica Racan, 7th Prime Minister of Croatia (b. 1944)
April 30 – Gregory Lemarchal, French singer (b. 1983)
May
May 3 – Wally Schirra, American astronaut (b. 1923)
May 5 – Theodore Maiman, American physicist (b. 1927)
May 6 – Bernard Weatherill, British politician (b. 1920)
May 11 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Sovereign Ruler of Samoa (b. 1913)
May 14 – Uli Jogi, Estonian anti-Communist (b. 1930)
May 15 – Yolanda King, American activist (b. 1955)
May 15 – Jerry Falwell, American televangelist (b. 1933)
May 17 – Lloyd Alexander, American writer (b. 1924)
May 18 – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist (b. 1932)
May 22 – Pemba Doma Sherpa, Nepali mountaineer (b. 1971)
May 25 – Bartholomew Ulufa'alu, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (b. 1950)
May 27 – Zard, Japanese singer (b. 1967)
May 27 – Ed Yost, American inventor (b. 1919)
May 27 – Gretchen Wyler, American actress (b. 1932)
May 30 – Jean-Claude Brialy, French actor and director (b. 1933)
June
June 2 – Huang Ju, Chinese politician (b. 1938)
June 4 – Craig L. Thomas, American politician (b. 1933)
June 5 – Povel Ramel, Swedish entertainer (b. 1922)
June 8 – Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, first President of Somalia (b. 1908)
June 10 – Laurence Mancuso, American religious leader (b. 1934)
June 13 – Nestor Rossi, Argentine footballer (b. 1925)
June 13 – Walid Eido, Lebanese politician (b. 1942)
June 14 – Ruth Graham, American poet, wife of Billy Graham (b. 1920)
June 14 – Robin Olds, American fighter pilot (b. 1922)
June 14 – Kurt Waldheim, 9th President of Austria, 4th Secretary-General of the United Nations (b. 1918)
June 15 – Sherri Martel, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
June 17 - Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan, early Pakistani social activist and woman leader (born 1913).
June 18 – Bernard Manning, English comedian (b. 1930)
June 21 – Georg Danzer, Austrian musician (b. 1946)
June 24 – Natasja Saad, Danish rapper (b. 1974)
June 24 – Chris Benoit, Canadian wrestler (b. 1967)
June 26 – Jupp Derwall, German footballer and coach (b. 1927)
June 26 – Liz Claiborne, Belgian-born fashion designer (b. 1929)
June 28 – Kiichi Miyazawa, former Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1919)
July
July 2 – Beverly Sills, American opera singer (b. 1929)
July 4 – Baris Akarsu, Turkish musician (b. 1979)
July 5 – George Melly, British musician (b. 1926)
July 8 – Chandra Shekhar, 8th Prime Minister of India (b. 1927)
July 9 – Charles Lane, American actor (b. 1905)
July 11 – Lady Bird Johnson, former First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)
July 11 – Alfonso Lopez Michelsen, 32nd President of Colombia (b. 1913)
July 12 – Kesha Wizzart, British singer (b. 1988)
July 17 – Julio Redecker, Brazilian politician (b. 1956)
July 18 – Kenji Miyamoto, Japanese Communist politician (b. 1908)
July 20 – Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist (b. 1918)
July 20 – Tammy Faye Messner, American televangelist (b. 1942)
July 22 – Andre Milongo, former Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo (b. 1935)
July 22 – Ulrich Muehe, German actor (b. 1953)
July 22 – Laszlo Kovacs, Hungarian cinematographer (b. 1933)
July 23 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, last King of Afghanistan (b. 1914)
July 23 – Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist (b. 1918)
July 23 – Tom Davis, former Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (b. 1917)
July 25 – Bernd Jakubowski, East German footballer (b. 1952)
July 27 – Abdullah Kurshumi, former Prime Minister of Yemen (b. 1932)
July 29 – Mike Reid, British actor (b. 1940)
July 29 – Tom Snyder, American television personality (b. 1936)
July 30 – Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian movie director (b. 1912)
July 30 – Ingmar Bergman, Swedish movie director (b. 1918)
July 30 – Bill Walsh, American football coach (b. 1931)
August
August 1 – Ryan Cox, South African cyclist (b. 1979)
August 2 – Franco Dalla Valle, Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1945)
August 4 – Lee Hazlewood, American singer (b. 1929)
August 5 – Jean-Marie Lustiger, French Roman Catholic Archbishop and cardinal (b. 1926)
August 5 – Oliver Hill, American lawyer (b. 1907)
August 6 – Heinz Barth, German Nazi war criminal (b. 1920)
August 12 – Merv Griffin, American television personality (b. 1925)
August 12 – Mike Wieringo, American comic book artist (b. 1963)
August 13 – Yone Minagawa, Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1893)
August 16 – Max Roach, American jazz drummer (b. 1924)
August 17 – Eddie Griffin, American basketball player (b. 1982)
August 24 – Abdul Rahman Arif, 3rd President of Iraq (b. 1916)
August 25 – Raymond Barre, former Prime Minister of France (b. 1924)
August 26 – Gaston Thorn, former Prime Minister of Luxembourg (b. 1928)
August 28 – Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese actress (b. 1929)
August 28 – Antonio Puerta, Spanish footballer (b. 1984)
August 29 – Pierre Messmer, former Prime Minister of France (b. 1916)
August 29 – Chaswe Nsofwa, Zambian footballer (b. 1978)
August 30 – Michael Jackson, British writer and journalist (b. 1942)
August 31 – Willie Cunningham, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1930)
September
September 3 – Steve Fossett, American adventurer (b. 1944)
September 5 – D. James Kennedy, American televangelist (b. 1930)
September 6 – Madeleine L'Engle, American writer (b. 1918)
September 6 – Luciano Pavarotti, Italian tenor (b. 1935)
September 7 – John Compton, former Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (b. 1925)
September 7 – Joseph W. Eschbach, American doctor and kidney specialist (b. 1933)
September 10 – Anita Roddick, British businesswoman (b. 1942)
September 10 – Jane Wyman, American actress (b. 1917)
September 11 – Ian Porterfield, British footballer (b. 1946)
September 15 – Colin McRae, Scottish racecar driver (b. 1968)
September 16 – Robert Jordan, American novelist (b. 1948)
September 21 – Hallgeir Brenden, Norwegian cross-country skier (b. 1929)
September 21 – Peter Stambolic, Serbian politician (b. 1912)
September 21 – Coral Watts, American serial killer (b. 1953)
September 22 – Marcel Marceau, French actor and mime (b. 1923)
September 29 – Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (b. 1927)
September 29 – Gyula Zsivotzky, Hungarian athlete (b. 1937)
September 30 – Milan Jelic, Bosnian Serb politician (b. 1956)
September 30 – Oswald Mathias Ungers, German architect (b. 1926)
October
October 1 – Al Oerter, American athlete (b. 1936)
October 2 – Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924)
October 2 – Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian singer and musician (b. 1924)
October 2 – Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (b. 1913)
October 5 – Walter Kempowski, German writer (b. 1929)
October 5 – Justin Tuveri, Italian-French World War I veteran (b. 1897)
October 7 – Norifumi Abe, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1975)
October 7 – Stephane Maurice Bongo-Nouarra, former Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo (b. 1937)
October 11 – Werner von Trapp, Austrian musician and singer (b. 1915)
October 12 – Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (b. 1934)
October 12 – Noe Win, Burmese politician (b. 1948)
October 13 – Bob Denard, French mercenary (b. 1929)
October 14 – Big Moe, American rapper (b. 1974)
October 15 – Bernard Scudder, British poet and translator of the Icelandic language (b. 1954)
October 16 – Tose Proeski, Macedonian singer (b. 1981)
October 16 – Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress and singer (b. 1921)
October 18 – Lucky Dube, South African musician (b. 1964)
October 22 – Eve Curie, French writer (b. 1905)
October 24 – Petr Eben, Czech composer (b. 1929)
October 25 – Puntsagiin Jasrai, former Prime Minister of Mongolia (b. 1933)
October 26 – Arthur Kornberg, American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1928)
October 28 – Evelyn Hamann, German actress (b. 1942)
October 28 – Porter Wagoner, American country music singer (b. 1927)
October 29 – La Sa Ra, Indian writer (b. 1916)
October 30 – Robert Goulet, American singer and actor (b. 1933)
November
November 1 – Paul Tibbets, American pilot (b. 1929)
November 2 – The Fabulous Moolah, American professional wrestler (b. 1923)
November 5 – Nils Liedholm, Swedish footballer (b. 1922)
November 6 – Hank Thompson, American country musician and entertainer (b. 1925)
November 6 – Enzo Biagi, Italian journalist (b. 1920)
November 8 – Chad Varah, British Anglican priest and founder of the Samaritans helpline (b. 1911)
November 9 – Luis Herrera Campins, former President of Venezuela (b. 1925)
November 10 – Norman Mailer, American writer (b. 1923)
November 10 – Laraine Day, American actress (b. 1920)
November 12 – Janlavyn Narantsralt, former Prime Minister of Mongolia (b. 1957)
November 12 – Ira Levin, American writer (b. 1929)
November 17 – Ambroise Noumazalaye, former Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo (b. 1933)
November 19 – Kevin DuBrow, American rock singer (b. 1955)
November 20 – Ian Smith, Rhodesian political leader (b. 1919)
November 23 – Oscar Carmelo Sanchez, Bolivian footballer (b. 1971)
November 24 – William O'Neill, American politician, former Governor of Connecticut (b. 1930)
November 27 – Sean Taylor, American football player (b. 1983)
November 28 – Elly Beinhorn, German pilot and writer (b. 1907)
November 28 – Gudrun Wagner, German festival organiser (b. 1944)
November 30 – Francois-Xavier Ortoli, French politician (b. 1925)
November 30 – Evel Knievel, American stuntman (b. 1938)
December
December 1 – Ken McGregor, Australian tennis player (b. 1929)
December 4 – Pimp C, American rapper (b. 1973)
December 5 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (b. 1928)
December 6 – Katy French, Irish model (b. 1983)
December 12 – Ike Turner, American musician (b. 1931)
December 16 – Dan Fogelberg, American musician (b. 1951)
December 19 – Inti Chauveau, French professor (b. 1925)
December 20 – Kazumi Tanaka, Japanese voice actor (b. 1951)
December 22 – Chrysostomos I, Archbishop of Cyprus (b. 1927)
December 23 – Oscar Peterson, Canadian jazz pianist (b. 1925)
December 27 – Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani opposition leader and former Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1953)
December 27 – Jan Kawalerowicz, Polish movie director (b. 1922)
December 27 – Jaan Kross, Estonian writer (b. 1920)
December 28 – Aidin Nikkah Bahrami, Iranian basketball player (b. 1982)
December 29 – Phil O'Donnell, Scottish footballer (b. 1972)
December 31 – Muhammad Osman Said, former Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1922)
December 31 – Ettore Sottsass, Italian architect and designer (b. 1917)
Nobel prize winners
Chemistry – Gerhard Ertl
Economics – Leonid Hurwicz
Economics – Eric S. Maskin
Economics – Roger B. Myerson
Literature – Doris Lessing
Medicine – Mario R. Capecchi
Medicine – Sir Martin J. Evans
Medicine – Oliver Smithies
Peace – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Peace – Al Gore
Physics – Albert Fert
Physics – Peter Grünberg
References
Other websites |
3967 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989 | 1989 | 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was . A wave of counter revolutions ended the Eastern Bloc and the Cold War during the year.
Events
January 7 – Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan following the death of Hirohito. The Heisei period begins.
January 8 – the Kegworth Air Disaster – A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport – 44 dead
January 10 – Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola
January 10 – Assistant Australian Federal Police commissioner Colin Winchester is shot dead in the driveway of his Canberra home.
January 17 – A gunman kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California.
January 20 – George Herbert Walker Bush succeeds Ronald Wilson Reagan as President of the United States of America
January 24 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair
January 30 – American Olympic medalist Bruce Kimball is sentenced to 17 years in prison for killing two teenagers in a drunk driving accident.
February 3 – Paraguayan leader Alfredo Stroessner is removed from office.
February 14 – Iran issues a fatwa (death warrant) against the writer Salman Rushdie for his novel, The Satanic Verses.
March 24 – The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurs at Prince William Sound in southern Alaska. Until 2010 it is the worst oil spill in United States history.
May - Tornadoes hit Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.
June 4 – Protests at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, are brutally crushed. An image of a lone protestor defying a tank is shown worldwide.
August – First sighting of the Aurora, a supposed hypersonic aircraft
September - Hurricane Hugo strikes the Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, South Carolina and North Carolina. The hurricane causes $8 billion in damage in the United States, about $10 billion in total. Many people die from this hurricane.
October 17 – A major earthquake strikes San Francisco, California.
October 18 – East Germany's leader Erich Honecker resigns.
November 2 – Bad Religion releases No Control, which is considered one of the band's best known works in the history of punk music, along with its predecessor Suffer, which came out in the previous year.
November 17 – The Berlin Wall in Germany starts to come down.
December 22 – The main crossing from East into West Berlin is officially reopened.
December 22 – In Romania, Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu is removed from office.
December 25 – Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena are executed by a firing squad.
Births
January 9 - Nina Dobrev, Canadian actress
January 23 – April Pearson, British actress
February 3 – Vania King, American tennis player
February 9 – Shunta Takahashi, Japanese footballer
February 18 – Zhang Li Yin, Chinese singer
February 21 – Corbin Bleu, American actor
March 12 – Holger Badstuber, German footballer
March 13 – Marko Marin, German footballer
March 14 – Ryohei Yamazaki, Japanese footballer
March 16 – Theo Walcott, English footballer
March 19 - James Richman, Latvian-born investor
March 20 – Keisuke Endo, Japanese footballer
March 28 – David Goodwillie, Scottish footballer
April 8 – Koki Otani, Japanese footballer
April 23 – Nicole Vaidisova, German tennis player
May 5 – Chris Brown, American singer
May 11 – Giovani dos Santos, Mexican footballer
May 17 – Tessa Virtue, Canadian ice dancer
June 2 – Freddy Adu, American footballer
June 10 - Alexandra Stan, Romanian singer and songwriter
June 11 – Shia LaBeouf, American actor
July 16 - Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer
June 28 - Markiplier, American YouTube personality
July 23 – Daniel Radcliffe, British actor
August 15 – Joe Jonas, American singer and actor
August 21 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress
August 30 - Bebe Rexha, American singer and songwriter
September 1 – Bill & Tom Kaulitz, German singers
September 10 – Sanjaya Malakar, American singer
September 13 – Thomas Mueller, German footballer
September 21 – Jason Derulo, American singer
September 21 - Emma Watkins, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
September 23 – Brandon Jennings, American basketball player
October 4 – Kimmie Meissner, American ice skater
October 13 – Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, American politician and activist
October 24 - Pewdiepie, Swedish YouTube personality
October 30 – Seth Adkins, American actor
October 30 – Nastia Liukin, American gymnast
November 11 - Patrick Starrr, American YouTube personality
December 13 – Taylor Swift, American singer who has an album titled 1989
December 22 – Jordin Sparks, American singer
December 28 – Mackenzie Rosman, American actress
Deaths
January 7 – Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1901)
January 23 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish painter (b. 1904)
January 24 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (b. 1946)
February 6 – Chris Gueffroy, last person to be shot at the Berlin Wall (b. 1968)
February 14 – Albert Hawke, Australian politician (b. 1900)
February 17 – Lefty Gomez, American baseball player (b. 1908)
February 26 – Roy Eldridge, American jazz musician (b. 1911)
February 27 – Konrad Lorenz, German scientist (b. 1903)
April 12 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (b. 1921)
April 26 – Lucille Ball, American actress (b. 1911)
April 30 – Sergio Leone, movie director (b. 1929)
June 3 – Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (b. 1900)
July 2 – Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician (b. 1909)
July 10 – Mel Blanc, American actor (b. 1908)
July 11 – Laurence Olivier, British actor (b. 1907)
July 16 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908)
September 4 – Georges Simenon, Belgian writer (b. 1903)
September 8 – Barry Sadler, American musician (b. 1940)
September 22 – Irving Berlin, Russian-born composer (b. 1888)
September 28 – Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (b. 1917)
October 4 – Graham Chapman, English comedian (b. 1941)
October 6 – Bette Davis, American actress (b. 1908)
November 5 – Vladimir Horowitz, Russian-born pianist (b. 1903)
December 14 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist and activist (b. 1921)
December 22 – Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright (b. 1906)
December 25 – Nicolae Ceausescu, dictator of Romania (b. 1918)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics won by Norman F. Ramsey, and shared by Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul
Nobel Prize in Chemistry shared by Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Camilo José Cela, Spanish novelist
Nobel Peace Prize won by Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences won by Trygve Haavelmo
Movies released
Batman
Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure
Born on the Fourth of July, nominated for eight Academy Awards
Dead Poets Society, winner of the BAFTA Award for Best Film
Do The Right Thing
Driving Miss Daisy, nominated for nine Academy Awards
Ghostbusters II
Great Balls of Fire! Honey, I Shrunk The KidsIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, the highest-grossing movie of 1989
Kickboxer Kiki's Delivery Service, an animated movie
Lethal Weapon II Tango & Cash The Little Mermaid, made by Walt Disney Pictures
Lock Up Look Who's Talking Next of Kin National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation Road House Roger & Me, directed by Michael Moore
Steel Magnolias, winning a Golden Globe Award for Julia Roberts
Turner & Hooch UHF Uncle Buck, directed by John Hughes
Hit songs
"All She Wants Is" – Duran Duran
"My Brave Face" – Paul McCartney
"Another Day in Paradise" – Phil Collins
"Batdance" – Prince
"Bat Attack '89 – Crime Fighters Inc
"Beds Are Burning" – Midnight Oil
"Blame It on the Rain" – Milli Vanilli
"Buffalo Stance" – Neneh Cherry
"Cartoon" – Soul Asylum
"Compulsory Hero – 1927
"Chained To The Wheel – Black Sorrows
"Cry In Shame Johnny Diesel + The Injectors
"Crying In The Chapel" – Peter Blakley
"Do You Believe In Shame?" – Duran Duran
"Dr. Feelgood" – Mötley Crüe
"Eternal Flame" – The Bangles
"Eyes Of A Stranger" – Queensrÿche
"Hangin' Tough" – New Kids On The Block
"Heavy Metal" – Judas Priest
"I Drove All Night – Cyndi Lauper
"I Feel The Earth Move – Martika
"If I Could" – 1927
"If I Could Turn Back Time" – Cher
"If Tomorrow Never Comes" – Garth Brooks
"Kickstart My Heart" – Mötley Crüe
"Killin' Time" – Clint Black
"Leave A Light On For Me – Belinda Carlisle
"Like a Prayer" – Madonna
"Listen To Your Heart" – Roxette
"Lost in Your Eyes" – Debbie Gibson
"Love Shack"- The B-52's
"Miss You Much" – Janet Jackson
"Monsters Of Rock" – Judas Priest
"Open Letter (To A Landlord)" – Living Colour
"Orange Crush" – R.E.M.
"Rendez-vous chaque soir" – Dalida (inédit)
"Right Here Waiting" – Richard Marx
"Ring My Bell – Collette
"She Drives Me Crazy" – Fine Young Cannibals
"She Has To Be Loved" – Jenny Morris
"Sometime To Return" – Soul Asylum
"Soul Revival" – Johnny Disel + The Injectors
"Stand" – R.E.M.
"Stop – Sam Brown
"Straight Up" – Paula Abdul
"Talk It Over" – Grayson Hugh
"The Crack-Up" – The Black Sorrows
"The Dance" – Garth Brooks
"The Look" – Roxette
"The World Seems Difficult" – Mentals
"Tucker's Daughter – Ian Moss
"Un soir qu'on oublie pas" – Dalida (inédit)
"Veronica" – Elvis Costello
"When I See You Smile" – Bad English
"We Didn't Start The Fire" – Billy Joel
"Wild Thing" – Tone Loc
"You Got It" – Roy Orbison
"You Got It (The Right Stuff)" – New Kids On The Block
"Young Years" – Dragon
"You'll Never Know" – 1927
New Books
Geek Love – Katherine Dunn
The Cardinal of the Kremlin – Tom Clancy
Chronicle of the French Revolution – Jean Favier et al.
Daddy – Danielle Steel
The Face of Battle – John Keegan
Foucault's Pendulum – Umberto Eco
The Great and Secret Show – Clive Barker
Guards! Guards! – Terry Pratchett
Hyperion – Dan Simmons
It's Always Something – Gilda Radner
Jasmine – Bharati Mukherjee
The Joy Luck Club – Amy Tan
The Legacy of Heorot – Larry Niven
Licence to Kill – John Gardner
London Fields – Martin Amis
Lot's Wife – Tom Wakefield
The Magick of Candleburning – Gerina Dunwich
The Negotiator – Frederick Forsyth
The Pillars of the Earth – Ken Follett
A Prayer For Owen Meany – John Irving
Pyramids – Terry Pratchett
Red Phoenix – Larry Bond
The Remains of the Day – Kazuo Ishiguro
The Russia House – John le Carré
The Sands of Time – Sidney Sheldon
The Satanic Verses – Salman Rushdie
Six Days in Havana – James A. Michener
Solomon Gursky Was Here – Mordecai Richler
Star – Danielle Steel
Stark – Ben Elton
The Temple of My Familiar – Alice Walker
A Time to Kill – John Grisham
Total Recall – Piers Anthony
While My Pretty One Sleeps – Mary Higgins Clark
The Wicked and the Witless – Hugh Cook
Win, Lose or Die – John Gardner
New Revised Standard Version of the Bible
Resident Aliens: Life in the Christian Colony by Stanley Hauerwas and William Willimon
Snot Stew'' by Bill Wallace
References
Other websites |
3974 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20year | Common year | A common year is a year that is not a leap year. In the Gregorian calendar, a common year has 365 days. This means a common year has 52 weeks and one day. So if a certain year started on a Monday, the following year will start on a Tuesday. Stated differently, a common year always begins and ends on the same day of the week. (For example, in 2021 (the previous year), both January 1 and December 31 falls on a Friday.)
In the Gregorian calendar, 303 out of every 400 years are common years. In the Julian calendar, 300 out of every 400 years were common years. All the other years are special and known as leap years.
2000, a leap year, began on a Saturday.
2001 began on a Monday.
2002 began on a Tuesday.
2003 began on a Wednesday.
2004, a leap year, began on a Thursday.
2005 began on a Saturday.
2006 began on a Sunday.
2007 began on a Monday.
2008, a leap year, began on a Tuesday.
2009 began on a Thursday.
2010 began on a Friday.
2011 began on a Saturday.
2012, a leap year, began on a Sunday.
2013 began on a Tuesday.
2014 began on a Wednesday.
2015 began on a Thursday.
2016, a leap year, began on a Friday.
2017 began on a Sunday.
2018 began on a Monday.
2019 began on a Tuesday.
2020, a leap year, began on a Wednesday.
2021 began on a Friday.
2022 began on a Saturday.
2023 will begin on a Sunday.
2024, a leap year, will begin on a Monday.
Months
These are the 12 months in a year.
January has 31 days.
February has 28 days.
March has 31 days.
April has 30 days.
May has 31 days.
June has 30 days.
July has 31 days.
August has 31 days.
September has 30 days.
October has 31 days.
November has 30 days.
December has 31 days.
There are 7 months with 31 days. There are 4 months with 30 days. There is 1 month with 28 days. In the Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, every 4 years there are 29 days in February, which is called a leap year. This happens because every year is 365 and 1/4 days but instead of us having a spare quarter of a day in each year we add them all up every 4 years and make an extra day to avoid confusion and make things easier for everyone.
In the Gregorian Calendar, which was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, because the Julian calendar added slightly too many years, three leap years were removed for every 400 years. These are those that are multiples of 100, but not multiples of 400. Thus, in the Gregorian calendar, 2020 is a leap year, but not 2019 and 2021, 1900 is not a leap year even though 1904 and 1896 are, and 2000 is a leap year even though 1900 and 2100 are not.
Years |
3977 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade | Decade | A decade (pronounce: DEK-aid) is a period of 10 years. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word for ten: "deka". 10 decades make a century, while 100 decades make a millennium. A decade is any 10 year period: There are different ways to refer to different groupings of ten years. For example, the period from 2001 to 2010 can be described as the 1st decade of the 21st century. An individual who has been alive two full decades is referred to as being in their 20s for the next decade of their life, from age 20 to 29. Decades are also considered specific groups of ten years sharing the same tens digit, identified by name, as in the nineteen-eighties (1980s) referring to the period from 1980 to 1989 and the nineteen-nineties (1990s) referring to the period from 1990 to 1999. This is the sense meant when someone refers to decades without other context, for example saying 'next decade' in any year between 2020 and 2029 would indicate the 2030s. Sometimes this is shortened to just the decade, where the context is clear, as in the eighties (80s) or the nineties (90s). No apostrophe is used before the s in the names of these decades.
Some decades also have nicknames, such as the Roaring Twenties (1920s), the Gangsta Rap Nineties (1990s) (US), the Naughty Nineties (1890s) (UK), and the Swinging Sixties (1960s).
Units of time |
3978 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th%20century | 19th century | The 19th century was the century from 1801 to 1900. Most of this century is normally called the Victorian period because Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom.
The Industrial Revolution started in this century in most western countries. George Burns was also born in the 19th century until he died at the age of 100 in 1996.
Featured characters at the 19th century
John Tenniel (February 28, 1820 - February 25, 1914) - the creators of Gary Manfield, first appearance in January 1, 1841.
Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910) - the creators of Rosie the Mouse, first appearance in January 1, 1855.
Thomas Edison (February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931) - the creators of Chowder, first appearance in January 1, 1878.
and many more.
Religion
1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on 6 April 1830.
1844: Persian Prophet the Báb announces his revelation on 23 May, founding Bábism. He announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith.
1848: The Christadelphians founded by John Thomas (Christadelphian).
1871–1878: In Germany, Otto von Bismarck challenged the Catholic Church in the Kulturkampf ("Culture War")
1879: Mary Baker Eddy founds the Church of Christ, Scientist.
1879: first issue of "The Watchtower", a religious magazine currently published and distributed by the Jehovah's Witnesses
1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a reform sect of Islam.
1891: Pope Leo XIII launches the encyclical Rerum novarum, the first major Catholic document on social justice
Culture
1808: Beethoven composes Fifth Symphony
1812: Brothers Grimm fairy tale edition writes his Snow White.
1812: Charles Perrault and Brothers Grimm - two characters including Snow White and Cinderella meet for the first time.
1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice
1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein.
1819: John Keats writes his odes of 1819.
1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.
1824: Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres.
1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist.
1841: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes Self-Reliance.
1845: Frederick Douglass publishes Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.
1847: The Brontë sisters publish Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey.
1849: Josiah Henson publishes The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself.
1851: Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.
1851: Sojourner Truth delivers the speech Ain't I a Woman?.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin.
1855: Walt Whitman publishes the first edition of Leaves of Grass.
1855: Frederick Douglass publishes the first edition of My Bondage and My Freedom.
1862: Victor Hugo publishes Les Misérables.
1865: Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
1869: Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace.
1875: Georges Bizet's opera Carmen premiers in Paris.
1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety.
1883: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published.
1884: Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
1886: "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet.
1889: Vincent van Gogh paints The Starry Night.
1889: Moulin Rouge opens in Paris.
1892: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite premières in St Petersberg.
1894: Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book is published
1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest.
1897: Bram Stoker writes Dracula.
1900: L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
Music
Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes:
Mily Balakirev
Ludwig van Beethoven - "Für Elise" - composed: April 27, 1810, version: 1822 and published: 1867 - (German: "Für Elise")
Hector Berlioz
Georges Bizet
Alexander Borodin
Johannes Brahms
Anton Bruckner
Frédéric Chopin
Claude Debussy
Antonín Dvořák
Mikhail Glinka
Edvard Grieg
Scott Joplin
Alexandre Levy
Franz Liszt
Gustav Mahler
Felix Mendelssohn
Modest Mussorgsky
Jacques Offenbach
Niccolò Paganini
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Gioachino Rossini
Gioachino Rossini is a Manxman music composers:
"Vom Elisa" - composed: January 10, 1817 - (Manxman: "Vom Elisa"). But now, is a then the Universal's theme song of The Merry Cartoon Co-Series Friends in 1955, and the Peter Howell's composed music BBC Video logo in 1984.
"Azbán mérk plervok" - composed: January 10, 1819 - (Manxman: "Azbán mérk plervok"). But now, is a TV show Five Minutes More theme song in 2006.
"Trópaton yekim" - composed: January 16, 1819 - (Manxman: "Trópaton yekim"). But now, is a video game Mario & Wario two music Lakeside and Game Over in 1993.
"Joszorka Daktan" (as Witch Doctor) - composed: January 15, 1820 - (Manxman: "Joszorka Daktan"). But now, Pep Doyle's Witch Doctor song, Ross Bagdasarian's Witch Doctor song in 1958 and Witch Doctor song by Cartoons in 1998.
"Yagjak Forz" - composed: January 8, 1822 - (Manxman: "Yagjak Forz") - But now, Rupert theme by Milan Kymlicka in 1991.
"Karnoz az Nassak" - composed: January 11, 1822 - (Manxman: "Karnoz az Nassak") - But now, Murder, She Wrote theme song in 1984 by John Addison.
"Blackbur Varazsa" - composed: January 22, 1822 - (Manxman: "Blackbur Varazsa") - But now, Miss Marple theme song in 1984.
"Kralaid dulk Varatai" - composed: April 27, 1835 - (Manxman: "Kralaid dulk Varatai") - But now, Babar theme song by Milan Kymlicka in 1989.
and more.
Anton Rubinstein
Camille Saint-Saëns
Antonio Salieri
Franz Schubert
Robert Schumann
Alexander Scriabin
Arthur Sullivan
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Giuseppe Verdi
Richard Wagner
Decades and years
Note: Years before or after the 19th century are in italics.
Significant People
Abraham Lincoln
Alban Berg
Albert Einstein
Alexander Graham Bell
Antonín Dvořák
Bela Bartok
Billy the Kid
Charles J. Guiteau
Clara Barton
Claude Debussy
David Livingstone
Empress Dowager Cixi
Felix Mendelssohn
Franz Liszt
Franz Schubert
Frederic Chopin
Frederick Douglass
Friedrich Engels
Giuseppe Verdi
Harriet Tubman
Jesse James
Johann Strauss II
Johannes Brahms
John Stuart Mill
John Wilkes Booth
Karl Marx
Leon Czolgosz
Ludwig van Beethoven
Luigi Cherubini
Muzio Clementi
Napoleon I
Otto von Bismarck
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Richard Strauss
Richard Wagner
Robert Ford
Robert Schumann
Simón Bolívar
Thomas Edison |
3979 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st%20century | 21st century | The 21st century started on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100. It is the current century.
Years
Note: movie years before or after the twenty-first century are in italics. |
3980 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad | Ijtihad | Ijtihad is the process of reaching a legal decision on the basis of one's own interpretation of Islamic law. The word is related to the better-known jihad.
Ijtihad appeared among the Muhammad's companions.
Islam |
3982 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20temperature%20and%20pressure | Standard temperature and pressure | In order to be able to reproduce experiments, standard conditions for temperature and pressure have been defined in different fields of science. Very often these are also called standard temperature and pressure. The table below gives some examples:
References
Measurement
Engineering
Chemistry
Standards
Thermodynamics |
3983 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/STP | STP | STP usually refers to:
Stone Temple Pilots, an American rock band
Standard Temperature and Pressure, definition
STP may also refer to:
Commercial
Straight Through Processing, banking term where a financial transaction is automatically completed without manual intervention
Segment, Target and Position, a marketing acronym
STP (motor oil company), a brand name and trade name for the automotive additives and performance division of Armored AutoGroup
STP, New York Stock Exchange symbol for Suntech Power Holdings, a Chinese manufacturer of photovoltaic cells
Geographical
STP, IATA airport code for St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota
STP, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code, IOC country code, and FIFA country code for São Tomé and Príncipe
STP, National Rail code for London St Pancras (Domestic) railway station
Medicine
Status post, sometimes abbreviated as st.p., used to discuss sequelae with reference to their cause
Sternal puncture, a form of bone marrow examination
Scientist Training Programme, the postgraduate training for Healthcare scientists in the UK introduced under Modernising Scientific Careers
Music
The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972, popularly referred to as the "STP Tour" for "Stones Touring Party"
"S.T.P.", a song on the album Robbin' the Hood by ska punk/reggae band Sublime
Science, math and technology
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, a scientific convention of designating standard conditions
Scalar triple product
Sewage treatment plant
Shielded twisted pair, a type of cable
Shovel test pit, method for archaeological survey
Signal Transfer Point, an SS7 packet switch
Sodium tripolyphosphate, a preservative
South Texas Nuclear Generating Station, aka South Texas Project, nuclear power station located southwest of Bay City, Texas
Space Test Program, a program conducted by the USAF Space Development and Test Wing at Kirtland Air Force Base
Spanning tree protocol, a network protocol providing a loop free topology for a LAN or bridged network
Steiner tree problem in graphs
Strategic Technology Plan
ISO 10303-21, the STEP CAD exchange format, uses the file extension .stp
Sports and recreation
25 metre standard pistol, a shooting sport
STP, a brand of bicycles marketed by Giant Bicycles
Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, an annual one- and two-day supported bicycle ride from Seattle, Washington to Portland, Oregon
Other uses
Sacrae Theologiae Professor, or Professor of Sacred Theology (possibly archaic)
Society for Threatened Peoples a human rights group based in Göttingen, Germany
STP, slang name for the psychedelic 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as DOM |
3986 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle | Jungle | The jungle is a place in a rain forest where the forest floor is crowded with plants. Like other rainy places, they have many rivers or streams. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. When people talk about jungles, they sometimes mean the whole rainforest.
The crowding in a jungle leaves little room to walk. This may make it dangerous to people.
Forests
Biomes |
3987 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light | Light | Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It has a wavelength which can be seen by the human eye. It is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum and radiation given off by stars like the sun. Animals can also see light. The study of light, known as optics. When light hits an opaque object it makes a shadow but when the light hits a transparent object, it passes through it almost completely without making a shadow
Light is electromagnetic radiation that shows properties of both waves and particles. Light is a form of energy. Light also keeps the Earth warm. Light exists in tiny energy packets called photons. Each wave has a wavelength or frequency. The human eye sees each wavelength as a different colour. Rainbows show the entire spectrum of visible light. The separate colors, moving in from the outer edges, are usually listed as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Other colors can be seen only with special cameras or instruments: Wavelengths below the frequency of red are called infrared, and higher than of violet are called ultraviolet.
The other main properties of light are intensity, polarization, phase and orbital angular momentum.
In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. This article is about visible light. Read the electromagnetic radiation article for the general concept.
The law of reflection is what allows us to see an object reflected in a mirror.
About light
In a vacuum, the speed of light is 299,792,458 meters per second (or about 186,282 miles per second). This means it takes about 8 minutes for light to reach Earth from the Sun. In glass it travels at about two-thirds as fast.
Light moves in a straight line. It makes shadows when the path of light is blocked. More opaque things will have a darker shadow, things that are more clear have a lighter shadow, and transparent things will have none or very little shadow. Light can easily move through transparent things. When light is not in a vacuum, it travels slower than the speed of light. The slowest light ever recorded moved at 39 miles per hour.
Our eyes react to light; when we see something we see the light it reflects, or the light it emits. For example, a lamp gives off light, and everything else in the same room as the lamp reflects its light.
Every color of light has a different wavelength. The shorter the wavelength, the more energy the light has. The speed of light does not depend on its energy. Going through partly clear objects can slow light down by a very small amount.
White light is made up of many different colors of light added together. When white light shines through a prism, it splits up into different colors, becoming a spectrum. The spectrum contains all of the wavelengths of light that we can see. Red light has the longest wavelength, and violet (purple) light has the shortest.
Light with a wavelength shorter than violet is called ultraviolet light. X-rays and gamma rays are also forms of light with even shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet. Light with a wavelength longer than red is called infrared light. Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength even longer than infrared light. The microwaves that are used to heat food in a microwave oven are also a form of electromagnetic radiation. Our eyes cannot see those kinds of energy, but there are some cameras that can see them. The various forms of light, both visible and invisible are the electromagnetic spectrum.
When light is refracted in raindrops, a rainbow is made. The raindrop acts like a prism and refracts the light until we can see the colors of the spectrum.
Color
Light and color are forms of analog information. However, electronic cameras and computer displays work with digital information. Electronic cameras or document scanners make a digital version of a color image by separating out the full color image into separate red, green, and blue images. Later, a digital display uses pixels of just those three colors. Computer screens use only these three colors in different brightness levels. The brain puts them together to see all of the other colors in the image.
People think of objects as having color. The color of objects is because the molecules that make up the object absorb certain light waves, leaving the other light waves to bounce off. The human eye sees the wavelengths of all of the light that was not absorbed. This gives the brain with the impression of a color.
References |
3989 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm | Stockholm | Stockholm is the capital city of Sweden. It is also the biggest city in Sweden. It is on the east coast of the country. The city is built on islands, with canals and open water in the inner city. Stockholm is found between Sweden's third largest lake, Mälaren, and the Baltic Sea.
Tyresta National Park is near Stockholm.
Geography
Central Stockholm has four different parts - Kungsholmen, Södermalm, Norrmalm and Östermalm. Kungsholmen and Södermalm are islands, while Norrmalm and Östermalm are parts of the mainland. Also, there are several smaller islands in the inner city - Gamla Stan, Riddarholmen, Djurgården and Skeppsholmen. Since Stockholm has so many islands, it is sometimes referred to as the "Venice of the North".
Gamla Stan is the oldest part of the city - the name means "Old Town", and is usually called that in English. Djurgården is mostly a large park, but there are buildings on the island. Most of these are museums that commemorate Sweden's and Stockholm's past - like Skansen, a zoo with a Swedish theme. Skeppsholmen is an island that used to be a training ground and military school, but most of the buildings are now used for museums and art galleries, such as the Modern Museum, or the East Asian museum. Riddarholmen is a part of Gamla Stan, but actually a different island.
All of the islands in Stockholm are connected by several bridges. The biggest one is Västerbron, going from Kungsholmen to Södermalm.
History
Birger Jarl is considered the founder of Stockholm. It is believed that he rebuilt a defense building in the 13th century on what is today the island of the Old town. Around the fortification, a town grew. The town grew mainly because of its sea and land trading.
Wikimania
The last Wikimania conference is hosted in this city in 2019.
References
Olympic cities
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Sweden |
3990 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain | Rain | Rain is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. It is measured by a rain gauge. Rain is part of the water cycle.
Clouds will often absorb smoke to create rain, commonly referred to as "nature's laundry" due to this process.
Some places have frequent rain. This makes rainforests. Some have little rain. This makes deserts.
A rainstorm is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause flash floods in valleys. Heavy rain for a long time may make floods that destroy houses and drown people. Also, landslides may happen.
Convectional rain
When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. Convection makes the air rise and cool. When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows.This usually occurs on flat land. This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.
Relief rain
Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapour condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain. On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. The rainiest places in the world are places that have relief rainfall.
Frontal rain/Cyclonic rain
Frontal rain happens when cooler air and warmer, humid air meet in a weather front. The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds grow and eventually create rain. In some places on the northern temperate zone the cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.
Collection
Some people collect rain in a rainwater tank. People use rainwater for watering plants, cleaning the house, bathing, or drinking. It is not always safe to drink rainwater. It can have bacteria, parasites, viruses, and chemicals that could make people sick.
Related pages
Water cycle
References
Other websites
BBC article on rain-making.
Basic English 850 words
Precipitation |
3992 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009 | 2009 | 2009 (MMIX) was .
2009 was called the:
International Year of Astronomy.
International Year of Natural Fibres.
International Year of Reconciliation.
2009 was the Chinese Year of Earth Ox based on the 12-year Chinese Zodiac cycle.
Events
January
January 1 – Austria, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, and Uganda assume their seats on the United Nations Security Council.
January 1 – The Czech Republic takes over the presidency of the Council of the European Union from France.
January 1 – Slovakia uses the Euro as its money, instead of the Slovak koruna.
January 3 – Israel invades Gaza with its army.
January 7 – Russia shuts off all gas to Europe through Ukraine. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin publicly supports the move and suggests that international observers be brought into the dispute.
January 12 – The Electronic System for Travel Authorization becomes necessary for travelers from Visa Waiver Program countries before travel to the United States.
January 13 – Ethiopian military forces start to go home from Somalia, where they have tried to keep order for nearly two years.
January 15 – US Airways Flight 1549, crash-lands in the Hudson River near Manhattan. All 155 people leave the airplane safely. The accident happened because the plane hit a flock of Canada Geese.
January 17 – Israel declares a cease-fire against Hamas, even though Hamas does not. This ends Israel's attacks after 22 days of fighting in Gaza.
January 20 – Inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States.
January 26 – The International Criminal Court has its first trial. Union of Congolese Patriots leader Thomas Lubanga is claimed to have used children to make war.
January 26 – The Icelandic government and banking system collapse. Prime Minister Geir Haarde resigns.
February
February 1 – Patriarch Kirill I of Moscow is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.
February 1 – Johanna Sigurdardottir becomes Prime Minister of Iceland.
February 2 – Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad announces that Iran has launched its own satellite, "Omid", into orbit on an Iranian-built rocket.
February 7 – The deadliest bushfires in Australian history begin; they kill 173, injure 500 more, and leave 7,500 homeless. The fires come after Melbourne records the hottest-ever temperature (46.4 °C, 115 °F) of any capital city in Australia. The majority of the fires are started by either fallen or clashing power lines or deliberately lit.
February 9 – Victoria (Australia) hottest day, 48.8 °C at Hopetoun.
February 10 – A Russian and an American satellite collide over Siberia, creating a large amount of space debris.
February 17 – The JEM rebel group in Darfur, Sudan sign a pact with the Sudanese government, planning a ceasefire within the next 3 months.
February 25 – Members of the Bangladesh Rifles paramilitary force begin mutinying. Over 80 are killed.
March
March 2 – The President of Guinea-Bissau, João Bernardo Vieira, is assassinated during an armed attack on his residence in Bissau.
March 3 – Gunmen attack a bus carrying Sri Lankan cricketers in Lahore, Pakistan, killing eight people and injuring several others.
March 17 – The President of Madagascar, Marc Ravalomanana, is overthrown in a coup d'état, following a month of rallies in Antananarivo. The military appoints opposition leader Andry Rajoelina as the new president.
April
April 1 – Albania and Croatia join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
April 5 – North Korea launches the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 rocket, prompting an emergency meeting of—but no official reaction from—the United Nations Security Council.
April 6 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila, Italy, killing nearly 300 and injuring more than 1,500.
May
May 4 – The President of Niger, Tandja Mamadou, holds peace talks with the Tuareg rebel groups in north Niger.
May 18 – The third C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group meets in Seoul.
May 18 -Following more than a quarter-century of fighting, the Sri Lankan Civil War ends with the total military defeat of the LTTE.\
June
June 1 – An Air France plane crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil, killing all of the 228 people on board.
June 12 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is reelected as the president of Iran. Over the following weeks, thousands of the opposition's supporters protest the results.
The end of analog television broadcast in United States.
June 25 – Music legend Michael Jackson dies in Los Angeles at the age of 50.
June 28 – Honduran President Manuel Zelaya is ousted in a coup.
July
July 1 – Sweden assumes the presidency of the European Union.
July 4 – The Organization of American States suspends Honduras due to the country's recent political crisis after its refusal to reinstate President Zelaya.
July 5 – Over 150 are killed when a few thousand ethnic Uyghurs target local Han Chinese during major rioting in Ürümqi, Xinjiang.
July 15 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes near Qazvin, Iran, killing all 168 on board.
July 16 – Iceland's parliament votes to pursue joining the EU.
July 22 – The longest total solar eclipse of the 21st century, lasting up to six minutes and 38.8 seconds, occurs over parts of Asia and the Pacific Ocean; it is figured to be the most widely observed total eclipse in human history.
August
August 4 – North Korean leader Kim Jong-il pardons two American journalists, who had been arrested and imprisoned, for illegal entry earlier in the year, after the old U.S. President Bill Clinton meets with Kim in North Korea.
September
September 26 – Typhoon Ketsana hits the Philippines.
October
October 1 – The Ohio Turnpike gets E-ZPass.
October 2 – Rio de Janeiro is awarded the 2016 Olympic Games.
October 9 – Barack Obama wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
November
November 20 – The Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland was restarted.
November 30 – The Large Hadron Collider set a new energy record for a particle accelerator.
December
December 1 – The EU's Lisbon Treaty enters effect.
December 25 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab unsuccessfully attempts a terrorist attack on the USA while aboard Northwest Airlines Flight 253.
Deaths
January 1 – Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (born 1924)
January 3 - Pat Hingle, American actor (born 1924)
January 12 – Claude Berry, French movie director (born 1934)
January 27 – John Updike, American writer (born 1932)
February 6 – James Whitmore, American actor (born 1921)
March 18 – Natasha Richardson, English actress (born 1963)
April 25 – Beatrice Arthur, American actress (born 1922)
May 19 – Robert Furchgott, American scientist (born 1916)
May 23 – Roh Moo-hyun, South Korean President (born 1946)
June 3 – David Carradine, American actor (born 1936)
June 7 - Kenny Rankin, pop and jazz singer and songwriter
June 8 – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (born 1935)
June 13 – Mitsuharu Misawa, Japanese professional wrestler (born 1962)
June 25 – Farrah Fawcett, American actress (born 1947)
June 25 – Michael Jackson, American singer and entertainer (born 1958)
July 1 – Karl Malden, American actor (born 1912)
July 17 – Walter Cronkite, American news anchor (born 1916)
July 19 – Frank McCourt, Irish-American writer (born 1930)
July 31 – Bobby Robson, English football manager (born 1933)
August 1 – Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (born 1933)
August 18 – Kim Dae-jung, South Korean President (born 1924)
August 25 – Ted Kennedy, US Senator (born 1932)
September 14 – Patrick Swayze, American actor (born 1952)
September 29 – Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut (born 1930)
October 4 – Shoichi Nakagawa, Japanese politician (born 1953)
October 31 – Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (born 1911)
November 10 – Robert Enke, German footballer (born 1977)
November 21 – Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (born 1926)
December 4 – Eddie Fatu, Samoan-American professional wrestler (born 1973)
December 5 – Otto Graf Lambsdorff, German politician (born 1926)
December 17 – Jennifer Jones, American actress (born 1919)
December 20 – Brittany Murphy, American actress (born 1977)
December 24 – Rafael Caldera, Venezuelan President (born 1916)
December 30 – Abdurrahman Wahid, Indonesian President (born 1940)
References |
3997 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling | Gambling | Gambling is a contest where a player bets on the result of an event. The bet is generally in the form of money. The rules and the amount of money bet have to be decided on before the event happens.
History
Playing cards appeared in the 9th century AD in China. Records trace gambling in Japan back at least as far as the 14th century.
Poker, the most popular U.S. card game associated with gambling, derives from the Persian game As-Nas, dating back to the 17th century.
The first known casino, the Ridotto, started operating in 1638 in Venice, Italy.
Types
There are three variables common to all gambling.
The amount of the bet.
The predictability, or probability, of something that would happen in the event.
The odds agreed upon by the players.
There are many types of gambling. Casino games, sports betting (especially horse racing), and state lotteries are some of the most common forms of gambling. Investments, such as stocks, bonds and real estate, are also sometimes considered forms of gambling. Generally, the odds are not in favor of the gambler.
Issues
Many people gamble for fun and entertainment. For others it becomes an addiction and a financial burden. Gambling addiction is a serious mental health issue that can become life-threatening. People with a gambling problem should seek help. Research shows that older people are more vulnerable and how the brain can get addicted to gambling.
Rules
Gambling regulation differs in different countries. Some have established specific legal institutions. However, some countries have only overseeing laws. A well-known executive institution is The Gambling Commission in the UK. Its main function is controlling commercial gambling in partnership with people in charge of licensing. An example of strict ruling is the Gambling Law in the USA. The law decides gaming rules for local, state, and federal businesses. In the United States, gambling is restricted almost everywhere, except in Las Vegas and in Atlantic City, New Jersey. New Jersey, legalised online gambling and poker in November 2013.In 2018, Swiss citizens voted that gambling should also be allowed on the Internet in the future. A convincing 73% voted in the referendum, in which 1.8 million Swiss people took part. The new Gaming Act was put into effect by the Federal Gaming Board on January 1, 2019. Since then, it has been completely legal for Swiss citizens to play games of chance on the Internet.
In some places, such as mainland China, gambling is illegal. Chinese people cannot do so inside their country, so they go outside of it, such as to Macau, which is known as the "gambling capital of the world" because of its many big casinos. Other countries and local governments, such as Hong Kong, have some kind of gambling control board to make sure people don't gamble too much while allowing them to gamble.
Gambling has been banned in Brazil since 1946.
References
Other websites
Gambling legislation and regulations |
3998 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty%20Python | Monty Python | Monty Python, also known as The Pythons, is a group of British comic actors. They have acted in several comedy movies (most famously, Monty Python and the Holy Grail). They had a television show, Monty Python's Flying Circus between 1969 and 1974, which is still well-known and watched around the world.
The members of Monty Python are: John Cleese, Eric Idle, Graham Chapman, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes regularly appeared in their movies.
Monty Python started with their first movie, And Now For Something Completely Different, and finished with their final movie, Monty Python's The Meaning of Life.
Movies
And Now For Something Completely Different (1971)
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Theatre
Monty Python's Flying Circus – Between 1974 and 1980
Monty Python's Spamalot
Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)
Monty Python Live (Mostly)
Other websites |
4003 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20zone | Time zone | Time zones give specific areas on the Earth a time of day that is earlier or later than the neighboring time zones. This is because when it is daytime on one side of the earth, it is night-time on the other side. There are 24 time zones dividing the earth into different times, each with its own name, like the North American Eastern Time Zone. The North American Eastern Time Zone contains large cities in North America like New York City and Miami.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) began in 1675. This was when the Royal Observatory, Greenwich was built to help ships find their longitude at sea. GMT was a standard reference for time keeping when each city kept a different local time. When railways began carrying many people quickly among cities keeping different time, they adopted time zones to simplify operations. By about 1900, almost all time on earth was in the form of standard time zones.
Greenwich Mean Time is now called UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). UTC is the time standard of the world. All other parts of the world are offset (plus or minus) according to their longitude. Most of the zones are offset by a full hour, but there are some offset by half an hour or 45 minutes.
In some parts of the world they follow the Daylight Saving Time (DST), and during this period of time in summer they add one hour to their normal solar hour.
In the poles, the time is UTC in the North Pole and UTC+12 in the South Pole.
The time zones are numbered in relation to the UTC, so in Los Angeles the time zone will be UTC−8, in London UTC+0, in Rome UTC+1, and in New Delhi UTC+5:30. |
4004 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market | Market | A market is a place where people go to buy or sell things. When people have products to sell, they set up a market place. There may be a special building for the market place, or the market may be held in an open space where the sellers can put up a stall (like a kind of tent) and then take the stall down at the end of the day.
The word market can also have a more general meaning in the economy. It can mean the way things are bought or sold. "There is a big market for dishwashers" means that lots of people want to buy dishwashers, so therefore a business that makes dishwashers is likely to be able to make a lot of money. When things are sold, people buy the product, and this "stimulates the economy" (helps people to spend and earn money). The market needs to balance supply and demand. There is no point in supplying (making) lots of dishwashers if people do not want them. In the market prices may change quickly if supply or demand changes.
Competition
If a seller of a good cannot supply what customers want or ask for too high of a price, other sellers may try to supply that good. If other sellers enter the market for that good, in competition, that will tend to fulfill demand and lower prices. Sellers who do not like competition may try to kill the competition. This would establish a monopoly, and many countries have laws to protect the free market against such practices.
Related pages
Market forms
Shop
Basic English 850 words |
4006 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron | Electron | An electron is a very small piece of matter. Its symbol is e−, it was discovered by J. J.Thomson in 1897.
The electron is a subatomic particle. Every atom is made of some electrons that surround the nucleus of the atom. An electron can also be separate from any atom. It is believed to be an elementary particle because it cannot be broken down into anything smaller. Its electric charge is negative. Electrons have very little mass (little weight) so very little energy is needed to move them fast. They may move almost at the speed of light, for instance, as beta particles, and in the inner electron shells of elements with a large atomic number.
Electrons take part in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. The electromagnetic force is strongest in common situations. Electrons repel (push apart) from each other because they have the same electric charge. Electrons are attracted to protons because they have opposite electric charge. An electron has an electric field, which describes these forces. The electricity that powers televisions, motors, mobile phones, and many other things is actually many electrons moving through wires or other conductors.
Description
Electrons have the smallest electrical charge. This electrical charge equals the charge of a proton, but has the opposite sign. For this reason, electrons are attracted towards the protons in atomic nuclei. This attraction makes electrons near a nucleus form an atom.
An electron has a mass of about 1/1836 times a proton.
One way to think about the location of electrons in an atom is to imagine that they orbit at fixed distances from the nucleus. This way, electrons in an atom exist in a number of electron shells surrounding the central nucleus. Each electron shell is given a number 1, 2, 3, and so on, starting from the one closest to the nucleus (the innermost shell). Each shell can hold up to a certain maximum number of electrons. The distribution of electrons in the various shells is called electronic arrangement (or electronic form or shape). Electronic arrangement can be shown by numbering or an electron diagram. (A different way to think about the location of electrons is to use quantum mechanics to calculate their atomic orbitals.)The electron is one of a type of subatomic particles called leptons. The electron has a negative electric charge. The electron has another property, called spin. Its spin value is 1/2, which makes it a fermion.
While most electrons are found in atoms, others move independently in matter, or together as cathode rays in a vacuum. In some superconductors, electrons move in pairs. When electrons flow, this flow is called electricity, or an electric current.
An object can be described as 'negatively charged' if there are more electrons than protons in an object, or 'positively charged' when there are more protons than electrons. Electrons can move from one object to another when touched. They may be attracted to another object with opposite charge, or repelled when they both have the same charge. When an object is 'grounded', electrons from the charged object go into the ground, making the object neutral. This is what lightning rods (lightning conductors) do.
Chemical reactions
Electrons in their shells round an atom are the basis of chemical reactions. Complete outer shells, with maximum electrons, are less reactive. Outer shells with less than maximum electrons are reactive. The number of electrons in atoms is the underlying basis of the chemical periodic table.
Measurement
Electric charge can be directly measured with a device called an electrometer. Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer. The measurement given off by a galvanometer is different from the measurement given off by an electrometer. Today laboratory instruments are capable of containing and observing individual electrons.
'Seeing' an electron
In laboratory conditions, the interactions of individual electrons can be observed by means of particle detectors, which allow measurement of specific properties such as energy, spin and charge. In one instance a Penning trap was used to contain a single electron for 10 months. The magnetic moment of the electron was measured to a precision of eleven digits, which, in 1980, was a greater accuracy than for any other physical constant.
The first video images of an electron's energy distribution were captured by a team at Lund University in Sweden, February 2008. The scientists used extremely short flashes of light, called attosecond pulses, which allowed an electron's motion to be observed for the first time. The distribution of the electrons in solid materials can also be visualized.
Anti-particle
The antiparticle of the electron is called a positron. This is identical to the electron, but carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign. When an electron collides with a positron, they may scatter off each other or be totally annihilated, producing a pair (or more) of gamma ray photons.
History of its discovery
The effects of electrons were known long before it could be explained. The Ancient Greeks knew that rubbing amber against fur attracted small objects. Now we know the rubbing strips off electrons, and that gives an electric charge to the amber.
Many physicists worked on the electron. J.J. Thomson proved it existed, in 1897, but another man gave it the name 'electron'.
The electron cloud model
The model views electrons as holding indeterminate positions in a diffuse cloud around the nucleus of the atom.
The uncertainty principle means a person cannot know an electron's position and energy level at the same time. These potential states form a cloud around the atom. The potential states of electrons in a single atom form a single, uniform cloud.
Related pages
Positron
Proton
Neutron
References
Other websites
Basic physics ideas
Elementary particles |
4008 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile | Chile | Chile (officially called Republic of Chile) is a country on the south-western side of South America. Most people there speak Spanish.
Chile, which claims a part of the Antarctic continent, is the longest country on earth. The Atacama Desert, in the north of the country, is the driest place on earth. The average rainfall there is less than per year. The center of Chile, with the two cities Santiago and Valparaíso, has a Mediterranean climate with an average temperatures of in January and in July. In the middle of Chile, the country is very good for growing things.
There are about 16.9 million people living in Chile in 2009. About 10 million people live in the center of Chile around Valparaíso and Santiago, on about 20% of the total land.
Chile is a well-educated country. Only 2.7% are not able to read or write. Some believe that Chile has one of the best school systems in South America.
About 95% of Chileans are people with a combination of European descent, mostly Spanish, but also German, English, Italian and Arab people. Around 2% of the population is Native American, but most people have native ancestors. Immigrants are 7% of the population. including Peruvians, Bolivians, Colombians, Haitians, Chinese and Europeans. The majority of people are Roman Catholic (62.8%), but many do not go to church. About 10% are Protestant, and there are some Jews and Muslims as well. The country's official language is Spanish. Chili peppers, first cultivated by Native Americans from other Latin American countries and the United States, did not come from this country, although it has a similar name.
Chile's currency is the Chilean peso.
Geography
Chile borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. It is over north to south, but only at its widest point east to west.
The northern Atacama Desert has great mineral wealth, mostly copper and nitrates. Chile is the largest producer of copper. The Andes Mountains are on the eastern border.
Chile controls Easter Island and Sala y Gómez Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia.
Animals and plants
Animals
Only a few of the many distinctive South American animals are found in Chile. Among the larger mammals are the puma or cougar, the llama-like guanaco and the fox-like chilla. In the forest region, several types of marsupials and a small deer known as the pudu are found.
There are many species of small birds, but not most of the larger common Latin American types. Few freshwater fish are from Chile, but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean lakes. The coast of Chile is close to the Humboldt Current, so ocean waters have many fish and other forms of marine life. This in turn supports a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. There are many whales, and six species of seals in the area.
Fungi
Just over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in Chile. This number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species in Chile is likely to be far higher. The generally accepted estimate is that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.
Plants
The northernmost coastal and central region is largely empty of vegetation. It is the most close to an absolute desert in the world. On the slopes of the Andes, besides the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central valley has several species of cacti, the hardy espinos (a kind of acacia tree), the Chilean pine, the southern beeches and the copihue, a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile's national flower.
In southern Chile, south of the Biobío River lots of rain has made dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.
The cold temperatures and winds of the extreme south make it impossible for heavy forestation. Grassland is found in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia).
Much of the Chilean plant life is different from that of neighboring Argentina. This shows that the Andean barrier existed during the formation of Chile.
Regions
Chile is divided into 16 regions. The regions are then divided into provinces. Each province is divided into communes.
Literature
Chileans call their country país de poetas-country of poets. Gabriela Mistral was the first Latin American to receive a Nobel Prize for Literature (1945). Chile's most famous poet, however, is Pablo Neruda. He also received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971).
Among the list of other Chilean poets are Lily Garafulic, Vicente Huidobro, Pablo Simonetti, and Paulo Coloane. Isabel Allende is the best-selling Chilean novelist, with 51 millions of her novels sold worldwide. Novelist José Donoso's novel The Obscene Bird of the Night is said by critic Harold Bloom to be one of the important works of 20th century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean novelist is Roberto Bolaño. His translations into English have had an excellent reception from the critics.
Food and drink
Chilean food shows the differences in the land across the country. There is an assortment of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include asado, cazuela, empanadas, humitas, pastel de choclo, pastel de papas, curanto and sopaipillas.
Crudos is an example of the mixture of culinary additions from the various ethnic groups in Chile. Onions were brought by the Spanish colonists, and the use of mayonnaise and yogurt was introduced by German immigrants, as was beer.
Sports
Chile's most popular sport is association football. Chile has been in eight FIFA World Cups which includes hosting the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Other results by the national football team include four finals at the Copa América, one silver and two bronze medals at the Pan American Games, a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics and two third places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top league in the Chilean football league system is the Chilean Primera División. It was named by the IFFHS in 2011 as the ninth strongest national football league in the world.
Tennis is Chile's most successful sport. Its national team won the World Team Cup clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004). They played the Davis Cup final against Italy in 1976. At the 2004 Summer Olympics the country took gold and bronze in men's singles and gold in men's doubles. Marcelo Ríos became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the ATP singles rankings in 1998. Anita Lizana won the US Open in 1937. She was the first woman from Latin America to win a grand slam tournament. Luis Ayala was twice a runner-up at the French Open and both Ríos, Nicolas Massu Friedt and Fernando González Ciuffardi reached the Australian Open men's singles finals. González also won a silver medal in singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
At the Summer Olympic Games Chile has a total of two gold medals (tennis), seven silver medals (athletics, equestrian, boxing, shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and football). In 2012 Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).
Rodeo is the country's national sport. It is practiced in the more rural areas of the country. A sport similar to hockey. Skiing and snowboarding are practiced at ski centers in the Central Andes. Surfing is popular at some coastal towns. Polo is professionally practiced in Chile. In 2008 Chile won top prize in the World Polo Championship.
Basketball is a popular sport. Chile earned a bronze medal in the first men's FIBA World Championship held in 1950. They won a second bronze medal when Chile hosted the 1959 FIBA World Championship. Chile hosted the first FIBA World Championship for Women in 1953 finishing the tournament with the silver medal. Other sports such as marathons and ultramarathons are also increasing in popularity. San Pedro de Atacama is host to the yearly "Atacama Crossing," a six-stage, 250-kilometer footrace which has about 150 competitors from 35 countries each year. The Dakar Rally off-road automobile race has been held in both Chile and Argentina since 2009.
Immigration to Chile
A few European immigrants settled in Chile during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, mainly from Spain. The general picture is as follows:
National symbols
The national flower is the copihue (Lapageria rosea, Chilean bellflower), which grows in the woods of southern Chile.
The coat of arms shows the two national animals: the condor (Vultur gryphus, a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus, an endangered white tail deer). It also has the saying Por la razón o la fuerza (By reason or by force).
The flag of Chile has two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red. There is a blue square the same height as the white band. The square has a white five-pointed star in the center. The star is a guide to progress and honor. Blue is for the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to get independence.
Gallery
Related pages
Chile at the Olympics
Chile national football team
List of rivers of Chile
References
Spanish-speaking countries |
4009 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador | Ambassador | An ambassador is a person sent by the government of a country to a different country. The ambassador is the official representative of their country. The ambassador speaks to officials of the other country about any problems and issues between the two countries.
In past years, communication between countries could take days or weeks. It was necessary to have a person in each foreign capital to have meetings and make negotiations between countries. Nowadays, communication is much faster, and often governments can be in direct contact with each other. However, it is still true that many problems need person-to-person meetings, so ambassadors are still needed.
Often an ambassador will live in the foreign country for a number of years. An embassy is where the ambassador lives. Embassies are most often in the capital of the foreign country. An ambassador may bring people with him to help him and work at the embassy. Some of the high ranking people may be called embassy officials.
It is both tradition and law that the ambassador and many embassy officials have diplomatic immunity. They cannot be arrested or prosecuted in the foreign country. The only possibility is to send a person back to their own country.
Government occupations |
4010 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday | Monday | Monday is a day of the week. In some countries, it is the second day of the week. In other parts of the world, including some countries in Europe, Monday is the first day of the week.
The International Standards Organization considers Monday the first day of the week.
Other websites
01 |
4012 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20war | Nuclear war | A nuclear war is a war in which countries fight with nuclear weapons. Because nuclear weapons are extremely powerful and could cause destruction throughout the world, the possibility of nuclear war has had a great effect on international politics.
So far, two nuclear weapons have been used during warfare. They were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and resulted in the deaths of approximately 120,000 people. Thousands of much more powerful bombs were made in later years. They have not yet been used in war.
History
Nuclear bombs were invented by the United States with Canadian and British help during World War II to help make that war stop. The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria caused Japan to surrender. They are still the only nuclear weapons that have ever been used in fighting a war. At that time only the United States had the technology needed to make the bomb, but within a few years the Soviet Union had developed it too. In the new Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union were enemies and each had many nuclear weapons, but they did not dare to use them against each other, either directly or by attacking the other country's allies. Since either country could be completely destroyed by the other's weapons, nuclear war could no longer be limited to the use of only one or two bombs; if they were used anywhere by one side, the other would attack with its own nuclear weapons, and the fighting would almost certainly become greater. This situation came to be known as the "balance of terror," or Mutually Assured Destruction, and stopped conflicts between the two superpowers from leading to a third world war.
Since the end of Communist rule in Russia and Eastern Europe, tensions between America and Russia have eased and war has become less likely. However, today there is more worry about nuclear proliferation. Countries around the world who already have their own bombs include Britain, France, China, Israel, India, Pakistan and North Korea; as all kinds of technology tend to become cheaper and easier to get and use, there is a fear that nuclear weapons could become available to countries with unstable governments. There is also the possibility that terrorists might be able to capture or build nuclear weapons and use them.
Nuclear war in fiction
Ever since the end of World War II, writers, film-makers, and artists have created works of fiction imagining how a nuclear war might happen and what life would be like afterwards. Most have pictured widespread death and destruction, and a grim post-armageddon world where a few survivors struggle to live without power, medicine, or food. Some have pictured civilization breaking down completely, and primitive societies developing; with the past world becoming forgotten.
Related pages
World War III
War
Nuclear weapons |
4013 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax | Tax | Tax is money that people have to pay to the government.
The government uses the money it gets from taxes to pay for things. For example, taxes are used to pay for people who work for the government, such as the military and police, provide services such as education and health care, and to maintain or build things like roads, bridges and sewers.
Types of taxes
There are many different kinds of taxes. They may be direct tax or indirect tax.
Taxes that are based on how much money a company earns are called corporate taxes
Taxes that are based on how much money a person earns are called income taxes.
Taxes that are based on how much a person buys are called sales taxes.
Taxes that are based on how much a person owns are called property taxes. Things like houses have a property tax on them.
Taxes that are paid when official documents are approved are called stamp duties (because in the past the document would have a stamp put on it). Changing who owns a house will often need a document approving.
Taxes that are paid when somebody dies are called inheritance or estate taxes.
Taxes can also be split into 3 groups:
Flat taxes: Everybody pays the same percentage. Russia has a flat income tax and everybody in Russia has to pay 13% of the income.
Progressive taxes: The more money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Most countries have progressive income taxes.
Regressive taxes: The less money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Sales taxes are usually called regressive as poor people spend a higher percentage of their money than rich people.
Paying lots of different taxes
Often because different parts of governments use taxes for different things, people end up paying lots of taxes.
In the United States, for example, the national government has an income tax; most states have an income tax or a sales tax, or both; and cities and towns may have a sales tax or a property tax. In some states such as Ohio, the sales tax is different in each county.
Before Taxes
In ancient times, people from one city or area would attack another place, and make the people there pay tribute. Tribute meant that the attacked people would pay money (or other things), and the attacker would stop attacking them. A famous tribute was the Danegeld, when people from Denmark conquered part of England and made the English pay thousands of silver coins.
Groups who are against taxes
Anarchists and Libertarians are against all taxes or against high taxes. As people are paying them unwillingly and under the threat of sanctions, they say that taxation is the same as robbery.
References
Basic English 850 words |
4015 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida | Florida | Florida (), officially the State of Florida, is a state in the southeast part of the United States. It is the 22nd largest US state by total area with 65,757.70 sq mi (170,312 km2) and the third most-populous with a 2015 population of more than 21 million. It is a peninsula, which means that water surrounds the state on three of four possible sides. To the west is the Gulf of Mexico, to the south is the Florida Straits, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean. The highest elevation in Florida is Britton Hill. Many Cubans, Haitians and other Caribbeans live in state.
History
Native Americans first settled in Florida before the arrival of the Europeans. Florida had many residents from many tribes and nations living in almost all parts of it for thousands of years. These include the Timucua, the Tequesta, the Calusa, the Seminole, the Miccosukee, and many more. Florida was first discovered by a European in 1513 by the Spanish Ponce De Leon, who called this peninsula "Tierra de la Pascua Florida" (Land of the Easter flowered) because it was discovered on Easter: in the next centuries only the last word remained.
Northern Florida contains hills because it is at the very end of the Appalachian Mountains. The highest hill in Florida is Britton Hill, in northern Walton County near the town of Lakewood, Florida. It is above sea level. It is the shortest of the highest points in all other states.
Florida has the longest coastline in the continental United States.The Gulf Stream ocean current goes through the Atlantic Ocean near the east coast of Florida, so the water is warmer than the Pacific Ocean. The Gulf of Mexico is on the west coast of Florida.
In the center of southern Florida is a lake called Lake Okeechobee. It is the seventh largest freshwater lake in the United States and the second largest freshwater lake entirely within the lower 48 states. Okeechobee is 730 square miles (1,890 km²), about half the size of the state of Rhode Island, and is very shallow for a lake of its size, with an average depth of only 9 feet (3 m).
A lot of south Florida used to be covered by a swamp called the Everglades. When Florida was first being settled, farmers found out the soil there was fertile, so they drained some of the wetlands in 1882 for farming. In 1947, the state constructed levees and canals to make more room for farming and houses. The Everglades is now about half the size it used to be. Most of what is left is now the Everglades National Park. Lots of animals live there, including alligators and Florida panthers. Recently, Florida has been trying to restore the Everglades.
At the southernmost tip of Florida is a chain of islands called the Florida Keys. There are 4500 islands in the Keys. The most famous one is Key West.
Weather
Florida is nicknamed the Sunshine State. During the summer, temperatures may rise up to as high as 109 degrees Fahrenheit (or 40.5 degrees Celsius). Its annual average temperature is much warmer than many of the other states, but during winter, temperatures occasionally fall below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. In Florida, a dozen palm tree species are native to the state. Florida has both a rainy season and dry season. Southern Florida does not have four separate seasons.
Florida's sunny climate attracts visitors. The summer is great for surfing the waves and enjoying the beaches. The most popular sport in Florida is fishing.
Florida is vulnerable to hurricanes due to its proximity to the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane season is from June 1 to November 30, but sometimes a hurricane will occur outside of this period. Hurricane Andrew was a destructive hurricane that hit Florida on August 23, 1992. Florida's most active recorded hurricane seasons were in 2004 and 2005, when it was hit by hurricanes Charley (August 13), Frances (September 4–5), Ivan (September 16), Jeanne (September 25), Katrina (August 25), and Wilma (October 24).
Animals
Florida has many types of wildlife including:
Marine Mammals: Bottlenose Dolphin, Short-finned Pilot Whale, North Atlantic Right Whale, West Indian Manatee
Reptiles: American Alligator and Crocodile, Eastern Diamondback and Pygmy Rattlesnakes, Gopher Tortoise, Green and Leatherback Sea Turtles, Eastern indigo snake
Mammals: Florida panther, Northern River Otter, Mink, Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, Marsh Rabbit, Raccoon, Striped Skunk, Squirrel, White-tailed deer, Key Deer, Bobcats, Gray Fox, Coyote, Wild Boar, Florida Black Bear, Nine-banded Armadillos
Birds: Bald Eagle, Northern Caracara, Snail Kite, Osprey, White and Brown Pelicans, Sea Gulls, Whooping and Sandhill Cranes, Roseate Spoonbill, Florida Scrub Jay (state endemic), and others. One subspecies of Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, namely subspecies osceola, is found only in the state of Florida. Many species of eastern North American birds go to Florida in the winter.
Invertebrates: carpenter ants, termites, and American cockroach.
In the 1930s, the Red imported fire ants were accidentally brought from South America to North America. Since then, they have spread to most of the Southern United States, including Florida. They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have a painful sting.
A lot of non-native snakes have been released in the wild. In 2010 the state created a hunting season for Burmese, Indian and African rock pythons, green anacondas, and Nile monitor lizards.
Cities
The capital of Florida is Tallahassee, and Jacksonville is the state's largest city. Tallahassee is in the part of Florida called the panhandle, or the narrow part in the northwest. There are other big cities in Florida, like Tampa, Orlando and Miami.
Orlando is home to many amusement and theme parks, like Walt Disney World Resort, Sea World, and Universal Studios. Millions of tourists visit Orlando each year. There is also Busch Gardens in Tampa, which is another tourist attraction.
The oldest city in Florida is St. Augustine, which was founded by the Spanish in 1565.
The Kennedy Space Center is on Merritt Island, near Cape Canaveral, on Florida's Space Coast.
Education
Florida has eleven state universities. They are Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. The University of Central Florida has the most students. There are 28 private universities in Florida.
Related pages
Colleges and universities in Florida
List of cities in Florida
List of counties in Florida
List of hurricanes in Florida
List of people from Florida
List of rivers of Florida
References
1845 establishments in the United States |
4016 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario | Mario | is a fictional Italian plumber who lives in the Mushroom Kingdom. The video game character was made by the Japanese game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. Mario is the main mascot of Nintendo. He has been in more than 200 games by the company.
In the Mario games, he tries to stop the evil Bowser from taking Princess Peach away. He is helped by his brother Luigi in most games. He has other enemies like Donkey Kong, Waluigi, and Wario, but they are friends in some spinoffs.
Mario is one of the most famous video game characters. Over 200 million Mario games have been sold.
Concept and creation
Mario first appeared in the arcade game Donkey Kong as a carpenter named Jumpman. In Japan, he had the name "Mr. Video." Later, he was named "Mario," after Mario Segale, who was a lot like Mario. Mario Segale owned the land where Nintendo of America's office was built.
Mario later appeared with his younger brother Luigi in an arcade game called Mario Bros. The game Super Mario Bros. was released at the same time as the Nintendo Entertainment System. Super Mario Bros. was a very well liked game, along with Super Mario Bros. 3 and Legend Of Zelda.
At that time, video games were hard to make and Nintendo could not make Mario move without making his arms "disappear". Changing his clothes fixed it. They also did not have the space to give him a mouth or ears. They also could not make hair on his head. To fix this, the makers of the game gave Mario a moustache, sideburns, and a cap so it would not look like he was bald. Mario's creator, Shigeru Miyamoto, said that he gave Mario a cap, because it is hard for him to draw hair. Mario is voiced by (his voice is made by) Charles Martinet, who also voices Luigi, Wario, Waluigi and other characters like Toadsworth.
Mario is Nintendo's mascot (the face of the company). Mario's rival was Sega's mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog. Sonic the Hedgehog first appeared in 1991. At first, Sega and Nintendo competed with each other. But then, in Sonic Adventure 2: BattleSega made a game for a Nintendo machine. Mario and Sonic appeared together in a sports game, Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games, and again in Super Smash Bros. Brawl as well as Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.
Playable appearances
Donkey Kong (series debut) (1981)
Mario's Cement Factory (1983)
Mario Bros. (1983)
Mario's Bombs Away (1983)
Golf (1984)
Donkey Kong Hockey (1984)
Wrecking Crew (1985)
Super Mario Bros. (1985)
Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels (Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan) (1986)
Famicom Grand Prix: F-1 Race (1987)
Super Mario Bros. 2 (Doki Doki Panic in Japan) (1988)
Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988)
Super Mario Land (1989)
Dr. Mario (1990)
Super Mario World (1990)
Mario Teaches Typing (1991)
Mario the Juggler (1991)
Yoshi (1991)
Mario Paint (1992)
Super Mario Kart (1992)
Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins (1992)
Yoshi's Cookie (1992)
Mario is Missing (1992)
Yoshi's Safari (1993)
Mario & Wario (1993) (Japan only)
Mario's Time Machine ( 1993)
Super Mario All-Stars (Super Mario Collection in Japan) (1993)
Hotel Mario (1994)
Donkey Kong (1994)
Mario's Early Years! Fun with Letters (1994)
Mario's Early Years! Fun with Numbers (1994)
Mario's Early Years! Preschool Fun (1994)
Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World (1994)
Mario's Early Years! CD-ROM Collection (1995)
Mario's Picross (1995)
Mario's Tennis (1995)
Mario Clash (1995)
Mario's Game Gallery (1995)
Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (1996)
Super Mario 64 (1996)
Mario Teaches Typing 2 (1996)
Mario Kart 64 (1996)
Excitebike: Bun Bun Mario Stadium (1997) (Japan only)
Game & Watch Gallery (1997)
Wrecking Crew '98 (1998) (Japan only)
Mario's FUNdamentals (1998)
Mario no Photopi (1998) (Japan only)
Mario Party (1998)
Super Smash Bros. (1999)
Super Mario Bros. Deluxe (1999)
Mario Golf (1999)
Mario Party 2 (1999)
Mario Tennis (2000)
Paper Mario (2000)
Mario Tennis (handheld) (2000)
Mario Party 3 (2000)
Super Mario Advance (2001)
Mobile Golf (2001)
Mario Kart: Super Circuit (2001)
Super Smash Bros. Melee (2001)
Super Mario Sunshine (2002)
Mario Party 4 (2002)
Mario Party-e (2003)
Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour (2003)
Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (2003)
Mario Party 5 (2003)
Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2003)
Mario vs. Donkey Kong (2004)
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door (2004)
Mario Pinball Land (2004)
Super Mario Fushigi no Korokoro Party (2004) (Japan only)
Mario Power Tennis (2004)
Mario Party 6 (2004)
Super Mario 64 DS (2004)
Mario Party Advance (2005)
Yakuman DS (2005) (Japan only)
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix (2005)
Mario Superstar Baseball (2005)
Mario Tennis: Power Tour (2005)
Mario Party 7 (2005)
Mario Kart DS (2005)
Dr. Mario & Puzzle League (2005)
Mario Kart Arcade GP (2005)
Super Mario Fushigi no Korokoro Party 2 (2005) (Japan only)
Super Mario Strikers (2005)
Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time (2005)
New Super Mario Bros. (2006)
Mario Hoops 3-on-3 (2006)
Super Paper Mario (2007)
Mario Strikers Charged (2007)
Mario Party 8 (2007)
Itadaki Street DS (2007) (Japan only)
Super Mario Galaxy (2007)
Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 (2007)
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (2007)
Mario Party DS (2007)
Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008)
Mario Kart Wii (2008)
Dr. Mario Online RX (2008)
Mario vs Donkey Kong: Minis March Again (2008)
Mario Super Sluggers (2008)
Dr. Mario Express (2008)
Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story (2009)
Mario Party Fushigi no Korokoro Catcher (2009) (Japan only)
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (2009)
New Super Mario Bros. Wii (2009)
Super Mario Galaxy 2 (2010)
Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition (2010)
Mario Sports Mix (2010)
Super Mario 3D Land (2011)
Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games (2011)
Mario Kart 7 (2011)
Fortune Street (2011)
Mario Party 9 (2012)
Mario Tennis Open (2012)
New Super Mario Bros. 2 (2012)
Paper Mario: Sticker Star (2012)
New Super Mario Bros. U (2012)
Mario & Luigi: Dream Team (2013)
New Super Luigi U (2013)
Super Mario 3D World (2013)
Mario Kart Arcade GP DX (2013)
Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Games (2013)
Mario Party: Island Tour (2013)
Mario Golf: World Tour (2014)
Mario Kart 8 (2014)
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (2014)
Mario vs Donkey Kong: Tipping Stars (2015)
Mario Party 10 (2015)
Super Mario Maker (2015)
Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash (2015)
Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure (2015)
Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam (2015)
Mini Mario and Friends Amiibo Challenge (2016)
Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games (2016)
Minecraft: Wii U Edition (2016)
Paper Mario: Color Splash (2016)
Mario Party: Star Rush (2016)
Super Mario Maker for Nintendo 3DS (2016)
Mario Kart 8 Deluxe (2017)
Super Mario Odyssey (2017)
Mario and Rabbids Kingdom Battle (2017)
Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions (2017)
Minecraft: Nintendo Switch Version (2017)
Mario Tennis Aces (2018)
Super Mario Party (2018)
Super Smash Brothers Ultimate (2018)
Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey (2019)
New Super Mario Bros U Deluxe (2019)
Super Mario Maker 2 (2019)
Mario Kart Tour (2019)
Luigi's Mansion 3 (2019)
Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 (2019)
Paper Mario: The Origami King (2020)
Super Mario Bros. 35 (2020)
Super Mario 3D All-Stars (2020)
Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury (2021)
Mario Golf: Super Rush (2021)
Appearances
Mario was first seen as "Jumpman" in Donkey Kong in 1981. He was first named "Mario" in the arcade game Donkey Kong Junior in 1982, the only game where he is a villain. His twin brother Luigi was first seen in 1983 in Mario Bros. He was next seen in Super Mario Bros. for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), which would quickly be one of the most famous games on the console.
By 2007, more than 200 million copies of Mario games had been sold all over the world. The game that was best sold was Super Mario Bros. 3. Mario was also seen in some Game & Watch games. Mario has appeared in almost every type of video game, like platform, puzzle, racing, sports, fighting, role-playing and educational games.
Mario has been seen in many games, and is seen in games that are not Mario games as well, like Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!! where he is a referee. He is also a character you can play as in the Super Smash Bros. series. Mario has even appeared as a secret character which any player can play as in GameCube version of NBA Street V3 and SSX on Tour, which are both from Electronic Arts. In some games, he only makes very small appearances: in both The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, a picture of Mario can be seen, and in Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes small Mario and Yoshi statues can be seen.
After the Game & Watch game Mario Bombs Away, the first Mario non-platformer game, Dr. Mario, was sold in 1990. There are two educational Mario games that have been made. They are called Mario Paint, was sold in 1992 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Mario Pinball Land for the Game Boy Advance. Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars was released in 1996 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It is the first Mario role-playing game. Since then, other Mario role-playing games have been released, such as Paper Mario for the Nintendo 64; and Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga for the Game Boy Advance. Both of these games were made into their own series later on.
There have been more series based on the original Mario series. The Mario Kart series' first game was Super Mario Kart for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The Mario Kart series is the most successful racing video game series of all time. The Mario Kart series is a type of Mario sports game. There have been other Mario sports games like Mario Golf and Mario Tennis, and the baseball and soccer games Mario Superstar Baseball and Super Mario Strikers. In 1999, the Mario Party series started on the Nintendo 64.
There has been a few TV shows and a movie for the Mario series. The name of the first TV show is The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! and the movie is called Super Mario Bros.. The TV show starred "Captain" Lou Albano as Mario, and the movie starred Bob Hoskins as Mario. There have also been Mario toys sold in some places.
Characteristics
Mario was first a 2D character but since technology has changed, Nintendo has remade Mario in 3D. He is a plumber who lives in the land of Mushroom Kingdom. He is the older, shorter brother of Luigi, and they are both plumbers. In the television series, Mario and Luigi are from Brooklyn, although Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island says he was born in the Mushroom Kingdom.
Physical appearance
Mario's looks have changed over the years although he has several staple features. He is a short, stubby man wearing a hat with an "M" on it, brown hair, black moustache, a very large nose, white gloves, and denim overalls. In most appearances, Mario wears a red hat and shirt with blue overalls. However, in the original Super Mario Bros. video game, Mario wears a brown shirt and red overalls.
Mario's clothes depend on the game he is in. For example, in the Super Mario Strikers soccer game, Mario wears a football kit instead of overalls, and in Super Mario Sunshine, a very sunshiny tropical game, the character wears a red T-shirt and can also put on sunglasses and a Hawaiian-style shirt. In some games, Mario can turn into different forms, each with different clothes.
Personality
Mario is a kind-hearted and brave hero, with a love of pasta and pizza. People know Mario has a great, happy, personality since he has a high pitched, funny voice. Since Mario's Game Gallery, Charles Martinet has been his voice actor. In the games, Mario speaks in English with a thick Italian accent. In other things like TV shows, he has a more Brooklyn-styled accent. Mario does not say many things. He usually says: "Okey dokey!", "Woohoo!", "Let's a-go!", "It's-a me! Mario!", "Here we go", "Mama mia!" and more, though in sports games, he says things relevant to the sport, in Mario Golf he says "Fore!" for example. Mario hardly ever speaks properly in any games, leaving the talking to other characters. He does speak normally in the DiC animated cartoons and the anime series.
Occupation and hobbies
Mario is a plumber (he was a carpenter). He only acts like a plumber in the games, Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga and the original Mario Bros., but pipes are always one way to get around. Mario was seen plumbing during the animated series. He knows a lot about tools and fixing pipes in the movie. In the first Donkey Kong games when Mario was called Jumpman, he was a carpenter.
In the Dr. Mario games first seen in 1990, Mario is a doctor. In 2001, Mario appeared in Dr. Mario 64, an updated version of the original puzzle game. Dr. Mario appeared as an secret character in the Nintendo GameCube game Super Smash Bros. Melee, and in another newer version, Dr. Mario Virus Buster, for WiiWare. In the Game Boy game Mario's Picross, Mario is an archaeologist.
Mario usually saves Princess Peach (AKA Princess Toadstool), Princess Daisy and Pauline. And he usually has to defeat villains, like Bowser(AKA King Koopa in Japan) Most characters in the games know who he is because he acts like a hero, as shown in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, where they are called "superstars", or celebrities.
In Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis, it is said that Mario has a toy-making company that earns him money.
Relationships
Since his first game, Mario has to save the "damsel in distress" of the game. Originally, he had to rescue his girlfriend Pauline in Donkey Kong. Pauline was soon replaced by a new damsel-in-distress, Princess Peach, in Super Mario Bros. (she was first named "Princess Toadstool" or simply "the Princess" in English-speaking places until 1993, when Yoshi's Safari was sold, even though the name was not widely used until Super Mario 64 was sold three years later). Pauline returned in the Game Boy remake of Donkey Kong in 1994, and later Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis in 2006, although the character is now said to be "Mario's friend".
Mario has rescued Princess Peach lots of times since Super Mario Bros.. In a role reversal, Peach rescues Mario in Super Princess Peach. Some people say the two could be a couple.
Luigi is Mario's younger brother. He is usually a companion on many of Mario's adventures and the character whom players play as in two-player sessions of many of the video games. He sometimes acts like a "scaredy cat" who sets off to help Mario but instead needs help himself, though he has also had to rescue Mario occasionally as displayed in Mario is Missing! and Luigi's Mansion. Yoshi is another one of Mario's friends.
Mario rescued Princess Daisy in Super Mario Land for the Game Boy. In Super Smash Bros. Melee, the text explaining Princess Daisy's trophy states that "after her appearance in Mario Golf, some gossips portrayed her as Luigi's answer to Mario's Peach", although Luigi and Daisy were previously paired as a romantic couple in the live-action Super Mario Bros movie.
Wario, Mario's evil counterpart was first seen in Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins. Though there is no clear relationship between the two, Wario was once referred to as Mario's cousin in Nintendo Power. Wario is designed to act, in a way, as an anti-Mario.
Baby Mario
Baby Mario is Mario when he was a child. He first appeared in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, released in 1995 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and has appeared in several titles since. Baby Mario has often appeared in Nintendo-sports titles, such as Mario Golf, Mario Tennis, Mario Superstar Baseball, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, Mario Super Sluggers, and Mario Kart Wii. These games imply Mario and Baby Mario are separate characters, but those games are considered to be outside the continuity of the main Mario series. More recently, he has appeared in Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time, in which Baby Mario appeared via time travel along with Baby Luigi, Baby Peach, and Baby Bowser, which could explain the separation of the two characters. Like the older Mario, Baby Mario is voiced by Charles Martinet.
Abilities
During the development of Donkey Kong, Mario was known as "Jumpman". Jumping—both to access places and as an offensive move—is a common gameplay element in Mario games, especially the Super Mario Bros. series.
Mario's most commonly portrayed form of attack is jumping to stomp on the heads of enemies, first used in Mario Bros.. This jump-stomp move may entirely crush smaller enemies on the stage, and usually deals damage to larger ones, sometimes also causing secondary effects. This attack often enables Mario to knock the turtle-like Koopa Troopas into their shells, which can slide into and damage other enemies or Mario.
Subsequent games have elaborated on Mario's jumping-related abilities. Super Mario World added the ability to spin-jump, which allows Mario to break blocks under him. Later, the Game Boy version of Donkey Kong allows Mario to jump higher with many jumps, and perform a back-flip. In Super Mario 64, Mario has several jumping abilities, such as a sideways somersault, a "ground pound", which makes Mario hit the ground under him hard, and the "Wall Kick", which propels him upwards by kicking off walls.
Power-ups
Mario uses many items, which give him various powers. The one that shows up the most often is the "Super Mushroom", which allows Mario to grow to twice his size, becoming "Super Mario" (after the name of the series), and can take a hit before shrinking back down to "regular" Mario. If "Super Mario" collects a "Fire Flower", he will transform into "Fire Mario", who can throw fireballs at enemies. Picking up a "Star" makes it so nothing can hurt Mario for several seconds.
A common theme in the Mario series' power-ups is the fact that many items give Mario a semi-animal appearance, sometimes related to the item itself, for example Super Mario Bros. 3s Frog Suit, which turns Mario into a frog, and Super Mario Land 2s Power Carrot, which turns Mario into a rabbit. Other times the item may not be related to the power; for example, the Raccoon Leaf gives him raccoon ears, a tail, and the power of flight. Other power-ups are overall more useful; in Super Mario World, the Cape allows Mario to fly and glide, and a balloon in a later game in the series allows similar effects. New Super Mario Bros. introduced other types of Mushroom power-ups, such as the "Mega Mushroom", which causes Mario to grow to a screen-filling size and the "Mini Mushroom" that makes him shrink to a very small size.
In Super Mario 64, Mario takes extra damage without when he is not wearing his hat. Different types of caps found in the game also give him powers of flight, invincibility, and invisibility. Along with these basic features, caps gave more practical abilities as well. For example, the Metal Cap allows Mario to sink to sea floors and the Invisibility cap allows him to walk through thin surfaces such as iron grates.
Super Mario Sunshine has several few power-ups with a water theme. He is granted a F.L.U.D.D. (Flash Liquidizing Ultra Dousing Device) pack that performs his main attack and squirts paint and enemies with water, named the Squirt Nozzle. He has three other expansion packs including the Hover Nozzle, which allows him to hover for short distances, the Turbo Nozzle, which allows him to move a lot faster and break through some barriers, and the Rocket Nozzle, which charges water up, then blasts Mario high into the air.
Super Mario Galaxy introduced several new power-ups along with a few older items re-done. These include the Bee Shroom, which allows him to float short distances and stick to certain surfaces; the Boo Shroom, which makes him capable of floating as well as traveling through walls; the Life Shroom, which gives him three more life wedges; the Rainbow Star, granting him brief invincibility; the Fire Flower, which appeared for the first time in a 3D game; and the Ice Flower, which allows him to turn water into solid ice so he can go to otherwise unreachable or deadly places. A hidden power-up is the Flight Star, which allows Mario to fly for a while.
Mario uses hammers in numerous games, such as Super Mario Bros. 3, the original Donkey Kong, and Super Mario RPG. Hammers are used to attack and for other things, like flicking switches and solving puzzles. He often picks up and throws various projectiles around him, however, starting in Super Mario Bros. 2. He tosses items such as vegetables, giant blocks and Bob-ombs.
In the Mario Kart series, there are a number of items to use. For example, a mushroom makes the characters go faster, and a Koopa shell knocks into other players to slow them down.
Reception and legacy
As Nintendo's mascot, many people think that Mario is the most famous video game character of all time. The Mario series of video games has sold more than 200 million copies, making it the best selling game series of all time. Mario was the first video game character to get a wax figure in the Hollywood Wax Museum in 2003. In 1990, a national survey showed that more kids knew Mario than Mickey Mouse.
Since he was created, Mario has become a very famous person having been in many television shows, comic books, and in a movie. He has been on lunch boxes, T-shirts, magazines, commercials, in candy form, on Shampoo bottles, cereal, badges, and as a stuffed toy. Nintendo of Japan made a 60-minute anime (Japanese cartoon) movie starring Mario and his friends in 1986, but this movie has never been shown or sold on DVD outside of Japan. The animated series The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! had a live-action series of episodes starring former WWF manager "Captain" Lou Albano as Mario and Danny Wells as Luigi. There was even a book series, the Nintendo Adventure Books. In 2005, Jonathan Mann even wrote an opera based on the character, and performed The Mario Opera at the California Institute of the Arts.
Bergsala, the distributor of Nintendo's products in the Nordic and the Baltic countries, is located at Marios Gata 21 (Mario's Street 21) in Kungsbacka, Sweden, named after Mario.
Mario's legacy is recognized by Guinness World Records, who awarded the Nintendo Mascot and his games seven records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include, "Best Selling Video Game Series of All Time", "First Movie Based on an Existing Video Game", and "Most Prolific Video Game Character", with Mario appearing in 116 distinct titles (not including remakes or re-releases).
In a poll conducted in 2008, Mario was voted as the most popular video game character in Japan.
In popular culture
Former NHL hockey player, Mario Lemieux was given the nickname "Super Mario" by the media during his career. Mario Williams, the #1 draft pick in the 2006 NFL Draft, was also given the nickname "Super Mario", as was pro-cyclist, Mario Cipollini. German international footballer Mario Basler was affectionately referred to as "Super Mario" by fans and the media. Another sportsman who received this nickname was the Brazilian soccer player Mário Jardel, famous for his jumps and headers.
References
Other websites
The official home of Mario (Nintendo of America official site.)
Super Mario Bros. Hub (Nintendo UK official site)
Fictional characters introduced in 1981
Fictional Italian people
Mario
Mascots
American culture |
4017 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | Video game | Video games are electronic games played on a video screen (normally a television, a built-in screen when played on a handheld machine, or a computer).
There are many types, or genres, of these games: role-playing games; shooters, first-person shooters, side-scrollers, and platformers are just a few.
Video games usually come on CDs, DVDs or digital download. Many games used to come on cartridges. A specialized device used to play a video game at home is called a console. There have been many types of consoles and home computers used to play video games. Some of the first were the Atari 2600, the Sega Master System and Nintendo Entertainment System in the 1980s. Newer video game consoles are the Xbox Series X, PlayStation 5 and Nintendo Switch. The best selling video game console of all time is the PlayStation 2, made by Sony.
People can also use computers to play games, which are sometimes called PC games. The older consoles do not have new games developed for them often, although console games are emulated for PCs (see emulator). This means that new computers can play many old console games along with games made just for new computers. Older games are often more popular emulated than when they were first on sale, because of the ease of download.
People can play portable video games anywhere. Mobile devices (running operating systems such as iOS or Android) also can download games, making them portable game machines. Mobile phones have many games, some of them using a mobile emulator for games from consoles. Not all PC or console Games are on mobile or iPad/ iPod/Tablet.
Competitions of video game players are called electronic sports.
Current generation consoles
The current Xbox models are the Xbox Series X and Series S, which came out in November 2020. The console before it, the Xbox One came out in November 2013 followed by the Xbox One S in November 2016, and then by the Xbox One X, originally named, in November 2017.The Xbox series is made by the American company Microsoft. It replaced the Xbox 360 and offers a similar online experience and controller, but with improved graphics. Like the original and 360 versions, it also allows people to put music from an MP3 player or other sources onto the system. It was the last of the 8th generation consoles to come out.
The PlayStation 5, which came out in November 2020, is currently the newest console from the PlayStation series of game consoles from Sony Computer Entertainment, a division of the Japanese company Sony. It has two versions, one that can play discs and one that cannot. It can play many of the games from the console that came before it, the PlayStation 4.
Nintendo, another Japanese company, has made many video game consoles over the years. The most recent is the Nintendo Switch, which came out in March 2017. The standard version of the console can be used as both a handheld console or can be connected to a television and used like a standard console. It is currently the only console from the eighth generation of video games. It is a lot more successful than Nintendo's earlier console, the Wii U, which it has no backward compatibility with.
Current handheld consoles
The only handheld console that is supported today is the Nintendo Switch, which looks like a tablet computer but can also be plugged into a TV. It is the first example of a "hybrid console" that can be used as both as a TV-based model and a handheld device. It was released in March 2017.
Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP) came out in 2004. A new version, the PlayStation Vita, first came out in 2012.
Also in 2004, Nintendo released the DS(Dual Screen), which has two separate screens, one of which is a touchscreen. New versions came out in later years, such as the Nintendo DSi in 2008 and the Nintendo DSi XL. The Nintendo 3DS, the first handheld console with 3D graphics, came out in 2011. The 2DS followed in 2013. The New 3DS XL, which is similar to the 3DS but with updated graphical capabilities, was released in 2015. The latest entry into the DS lineup is the "New 2DS XL", released on the 28th of July 2017.
History
The first video game ever is often said to be Tennis for Two, a rudimentary tennis game to be played with two people developed in 1958. Another early example is Spacewar!, developed in 1962.
In the 1950s, when the first computers began to be made, three people had some ideas to create the basis of actual video games. In 1951, Ralph Baer, an American engineer of Loral Electronics, tried to create "the best television", proposing to add a gaming module, but his employer did not like his idea. Even if his idea was never realized, he is the first man to have thought of the idea of video games, later creating the first video game console, the Odyssey. Later, in 1952, A.S Douglas, of the Cambridge University in the UK, made a video game on a computer in order to illustrate one of his speeches. The game, called OXO, was a tic-tac-toe game, with two players (the person itself and the opponent, the computer) .In 1953, Willy Higinbotham made a game called Tennis For Two, similar to the later Pong, to entertain visitors to Brookhaven National Laboratory. Another early video game is a version of checkers, but this is largely overlooked.
One of the most famous and one of the earliest video games ever is called Space Invaders. Space Invaders was made in 1978 as a coin operated arcade game but a version has been made for almost every game console and home computer ever available.
2D game
2D game is a game made by using two-dimentional computer graphic. The first platformers were Space Panic (1980) and Donkey Kong (1981). The first scrolling platformers were Jump Bug (1981), Jungle King (1982) and Jungle Hunt (1982). Namco took the scrolling platformer a step further with the 1984 release Pac-Land.
Related pages
Video game collecting
Video game journalism
References |
4018 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe | Oboe | An oboe is a woodwind instrument with a double reed. It looks very similar to the clarinet, and may be confused with it. While the clarinet's shape remains cylindrical, the oboe's body is conical. The sounds produced by clarinets and oboes are very different. An oboe's sound is produced by blowing air through the double reed at the upper end of the instrument which forces the two reeds to vibrate together which produces the sound. The oboe has four parts: the bell, lower joint, upper joint, and the reed. A person that plays the oboe is called an oboist. A typical orchestra may have two oboes but sometimes three. Sometimes there is also a cor anglais which sounds a fifth lower than the oboe. Very occasionally there is also a bass oboe, which sounds an octave below the oboe. Gustav Holst used one in his Suite "The Planets".
The oboe came from the shawm which was a medieval and Renaissance instrument. It became popular in the Baroque period. Bach and Handel both used it in most of their orchestral music. Many Italian composers such as Antonio Vivaldi wrote concertos for the instrument, and it is used in a lot of chamber music. At this time it hardly had any keys, but over time more keys were added which made it easier to play the sharps and flats.
Later composers to write for the oboe as a solo instrument include Mozart, Weber, Richard Strauss, Vaughan Williams and Francis Poulenc.
It is normal for the principal oboist in an orchestra to play the note A for the rest of the orchestra to tune their instruments to.
The name oboe comes from French language hautbois, meaning "high wood", a high-pitched woodwind instrument.
Double reed instruments |
4019 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS | GURPS | The Generic Universal RolePlaying System, or GURPS, is a role-playing game system created by Steve Jackson Games. It emphasizes a set of rules that can be used in any time or world. Characters are created using a point-based system. There have been four releases of the GURPS core rules and dozens of game supplements that extend the core rules with genre or setting-specific information.
In 1990, GURPS became the focus of a Secret Service investigation when an as yet unreleased GURPS Cyberpunk game supplement was misconstrued by the Secret service as being a handbook for computer crime.
Role-playing games |
4020 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Idle | Eric Idle | Eric Idle (born 29 March 1943) is an English actor, comedian, composer, musician, singer-songwriter and writer. He is one of the members of Monty Python. Monty Python is a British comedy team.
Eric Idle was born on 29 March 1943 in South Shields, County Durham, England. He studied English at Pembroke College, Cambridge.
Eric is known for his songwriting and singing skills. His songs were important parts of the Monty Python television programme and movies. He wrote the song "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life". This song was written as the closing song of the 1979 movie Life of Brian.
Eric lives in Studio City, California.
Other websites
1943 births
Living people
Actors from County Durham
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English comedians
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Grammy Award winners
Monty Python
Naturalized citizens of the United States |
4021 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy | Enemy | An enemy is a person or group of people who is against another person or group. In war, the enemy is anyone fighting for the other side of the war.
In the Bible, Saint Peter states that: ' your enemy, the Devil, roams around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour' (1 Peter 5:8)
War |
4022 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000 | 2000 | The year 2000 (MM) was . It was .
Events
January
January 1 - To most people, it was the first day of the 21st century and 3rd millennium. However, there are some people who argue that both distinctions happened a year later, on January 1, 2001.
January 3–10 – Israel and Syria hold inconclusive peace talks.
January 4 – Alan Greenspan is nominated for a fourth term as U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman.
January 5–8 – The 2000 al-Qaeda Summit of several high-level al-Qaeda members (including 2 9/11 American Airlines hijackers) is held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
January 6 – The last natural pyrenean ibex is found dead apparently killed by a falling tree.
January 10 – America Online announces an agreement to purchase Time Warner for $162 billion (the largest-ever corporate merger).
January 11 – The armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria
January 11 – The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
January 12 – 9/11 hijackers Mohammed Atta and Ziad Jarrah read their wills in the Martyrdom Video.
January 14 – A United Nations tribunal sentences 5 Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years in prison for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
January 14 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 11,722.98 (at the peak of the Dot-com bubble).
January 16 – In Sacramento, California, a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the State Capitol building, killing the driver.
January 18 – The Tagish Lake meteorite hits the Earth.
January 24 – God's Army, a Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, takes 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
January 26 – The rap-metal band Rage Against the Machine plays in front of Wall Street, prompting an early closing of trading due to the crowds.
January 30 – Super Bowl XXXIV: The St. Louis Rams win the NFL Championship for the first time since 1951, defeating the Tennessee Titans 23–16.
January 30 – Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169.
January 31 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.
January 31 – Dr. Harold Shipman is found guilty of murdering 15 patients between 1995 and 1998. He is sentenced to life imprisonment.
February
February 4 – German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion, in connection with the sabotage of German railway lines.
February 6 – Tarja Halonen is elected the first female president of Finland.
February 7 – Stipe Mesic is elected president of Croatia.
February 9 – Torrential rains in Africa lead to the worst flooding in Mozambique in 50 years, which lasts until March and kills 800 people.
February 11 – A blast from an improvised explosive device in front of a Barclay's Bank, across from the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, wounds dozens but kills none.
February 13 – The final original Peanuts comic strip is published, following the death of its creator, Charles Schulz.
February 21 – UNESCO holds the inaugural celebration of International Mother Language Day.
March
March 1 – The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.
March 2 – Hans Blix assumes the position of Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
March 7 – George W. Bush and Al Gore emerge victorious in the Republican and Democratic caucuses and primaries of the United States presidential election.
March 8 – Tokyo train disaster: A sideswipe collision of 2 Tokyo Metro trains kills 5 people.
March 9 – The FBI arrests art forgery suspect Ely Sakhai in New York City.
March 9 – Nupedia, predecessor to Wikipedia, is created.
March 10 – The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5,048.
March 12 – Pope John Paul II apologises for the wrongdoings by members of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the ages.
March 18 – Republic of China presidential election, 2000: Chen Shui-bian is elected President of the Republic of China (Taiwan); the Democratic Progressive Party ends Kuomintang rule for the first time.
March 20 – Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown), a former Black Panther, is captured after a gun battle in Atlanta, Georgia that leaves a sheriff's deputy dead.
March 21 – Pope John Paul II begins the first official visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
March 21 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the government lacks authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Bill Clinton administration's main anti-smoking initiative.
March 26 – Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.
March 27 – The Phillips explosion of 2000 kills 1 and injured 71 in Pasadena, Texas.
March 31 – Myra Hindley loses a High Court appeal against her life imprisonment sentence.
April
April 3 – United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
April 16 – Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, Sultan of Selangor, dies after a reign of 55 years. He was the longest-reigning monarch in the world since the death of Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein.
April 17 – Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.
April 22 – Brazil officially celebrates its 500th anniversary, with protests, especially from native and black populations.
April 22 – In a predawn raid, federal agents seize 6-year old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC, ending one of the most publicized custody battles in U.S. history.
April 25 – The State of Vermont passes HB847, legalizing civil unions for same-sex couples.
April 28 – Richard Baumhammers begins a 2-hour racially motivated shooting spree in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, leaving 5 dead and 1 paralyzed.
May
May 3 – A rare conjunction of 7 celestial bodies (Sun, Moon, planets Mercury–Saturn) occurs on the New Moon.
May 3 – In San Antonio, Texas, computer pioneer Datapoint files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
May 4 – After originating in The Philippines, the ILOVEYOU computer virus spreads quickly throughout the world.
May 11 – The billionth living person in India is born.
May 11 – Effective date of Canada's first modern-day treaty – The Nisga'a Final Agreement
May 12 – The Tate Modern Gallery opens in London.
May 13 – A fireworks factory disaster in Enschede Netherlands, kills 23.
May 16 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Ahmet Necdet Sezer as the tenth President of Turkey.
May 17 – A bomb in Glorietta Mall in Makati City, Philippines injures 13.
May 20 – Chinese (ROC) president Chen Shui-bian makes the Four Noes and One Without pledge to Taiwan.
May 25 – Israel withdraws IDF forces from southern Lebanon after 22 years.
May 28 - American actor Cameron Boyce is born
June
June 5 – 405 The Movie, the first short movie widely distributed on the Internet, is released.
June 13 – South Korean President Kim Dae Jung visits North Korea to participate in the first North–South presidential summit.
June 17 – A centennial earthquake (6.5 on Richter scale) hits Iceland on its national day.
June 21 – Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality, is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.
June 26 – A preliminary draft of genomes, as part of the Human Genome Project, is finished.
June 28 – Elian Gonzalez returns to Cuba with his father, Juan Miguel Gonzalez, ending a protracted custody battle.
June 30 – At the Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen, Denmark, 9 die and 26 are injured on a set while the rock group Pearl Jam performs.
July
July 2 – France beats Italy 2–1 to win Euro 2000 with a golden goal.
July 2 – Vicente Fox is elected President of Mexico, as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party), ending 71 years of PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) rule.
July 10 – In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline.
July 10 – Bashar al-Assad is confirmed as Syria's leader in a national referendum.
July 11–25 – Israel's prime minister Ehud Barak and PLO head Yasser Arafat meet at Camp David, but fail to reach an agreement.
July 14 – A powerful solar flare, later named the Bastille Day event, causes a geomagnetic storm on Earth.
July 18 – Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party.
July 18 – Sussex police launch a murder investigation after the body of a girl found near Pulborough is confirmed to be that of Sarah Payne, who was reported missing on July 1.
July 21–23 – 26th G8 summit; issues include AIDS, the 'digital divide', and halving world poverty by 2015.
July 22 – News of the World urges its readers to sign a petition for Sarah's Law, new legislation in response to the murder of Sarah Payne, which would give parents the right to know whether a convicted paedophile was living in their area.
July 25 – Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde aircraft, crashes into a hotel in Gonesse just after takeoff from Paris, killing all 109 aboard and 4 in the hotel.
July 30 – Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez is reelected with 59% of the vote.
July 31 – August 3 – The Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania nominates George W. Bush for U.S. president and Dick Cheney for vice president.
August
August 3 – Rioting erupts on the Paulsgrove estate in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, after more than 100 people besiege the home of a block of flats allegedly housing a convicted paedophile. This is the latest vigilante violence against suspected sex offenders since the beginning of the "naming and shaming" anti-paedophile campaign by the tabloid newspaper News of the World.
August 8 – The Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
August 12 – The Russian submarine K-141 Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.
August 14 – Tsar Nicholas II and his family are canonized by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.
August 14–17 – The Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles nominates U.S. Vice President Al Gore for president and Senator Joe Lieberman for vice president.
August 23 – John Anthony Kaiser a Roman Catholic priest was murdered in Morendat, Kenya.
August 27 – The Ostankino Tower fire in Moscow kills 3.
September
September 5 – Tuvalu joins the United Nations.
September 5 – The Haverstraw-Ossining Ferry makes its maiden voyage.
September 6 – In Paragould, Arkansas, Breanna Lynn Bartlett-Stewart is stillborn to Scott Stewart and Lisa Bartlett. Breanna Lynn's stillbirth is notable for being the first stillbirth to be resolved by means of the Kleihauer-Betke test.
September 6 – The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense.
September 6–8 – World leaders attend the Millennium Summit at UN Headquarters.
September 7–14 – The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.
September 8 – Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.
September 14 – Microsoft releases Windows Me.
September 15 – October 1 – The 2000 Summer Olympics are held in Sydney, Australia.
September 16 – Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.
September 16 – Peru's president Alberto Fujimori calls for new elections in which he will not run.
September 26 – The Greek ferry Express Samina sinks off the coast of the island of Paros; 80 out of more than 500 passengers die in one of Greece's worst sea disasters.
September 26 – Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.
September 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, protected by a several-hundred-strong Israeli police force. Palestinian riots erupt, leading to a full-fledged armed uprising (called the Al-Aqsa Intifada by sympathizers and the Oslo War by opponents).
September 29 – The Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland is closed.
October
October 1 – The 2000 Summer Olympics close in Sydney, Australia.
October 5 – President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia.
October 6 – The last Mini is produced in Longbridge.
October 11 – 250 million gallons of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky (considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill).
October 12 – In Aden, Yemen, the USS Cole is badly damaged by two Al-Qaeda suicide bombers, who place a small boat laden with explosives alongside the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
October 21 – Fifteen Arab leaders convene in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in 4 years; the Libyan delegation walks out, angry over signs the summit will stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.
October 22 – The Mainichi Shinbun newspaper exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises on his findings.
October 23 – Madeleine Albright holds talks with North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il.
October 26 – Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparently ancient mummy of a Persian princess in the province of Balochistan. Iran, Pakistan and the Taliban all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a forgery on April 17, 2001.
October 27 – Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).
October 30 – This is the final date during which there is no human presence in space; on October 31, Soyuz TM-31 launches, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been continuously crewed since.
October 31 – Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, resulting in 83 deaths.
November
November – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals.
November 2 – The first resident crew enters the International Space Station.
November 3 – Widespread flooding occurs throughout England and Wales after days of heavy rain.
November 7 – United States presidential election, 2000: Republican candidate Texas Governor George W. Bush defeats Democratic Vice President Al Gore in the closest election in history, but the final outcome is not known for over a month because of disputed votes in Florida.
November 7 – In London, a criminal gang raids the Millennium Dome to steal The Millennium Star diamond, but police surveillance catches them in the act.
November 7 – Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office.
November 11 – Kaprun disaster, Austria: A cable car fire in an Alpine tunnel kills 155 skiers and snowboarders.
November 15 – A new Indian state called Jharkhand is formed, carving out the South Chhota Nagpur area from Bihar in India.
November 16 – Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting U.S. president to visit Vietnam.
November 17 – A catastrophic landslide in Log pod Mangartom, Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophes in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
November 17 – Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.
November 25 – The Rugby League World Cup in England is ended, with Australia winning 40–12 over the New Zealand Kiwis.
November 27 – Jean Chrétien is re-elected as Prime Minister of Canada, as the Liberal Party increases its majority in the House of Commons.
November 28 – Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.
December
December 1 – Vicente Fox takes office as President of Mexico.
December 13 – Bush v. Gore: The U.S. Supreme Court stops the Florida presidential recount, effectively giving the state, and the Presidency, to George W. Bush.
December 13 – The Texas 7 escape from their prison unit in Kenedy, Texas, and start a crime spree.
December 15 – The third and final reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shut down and the station is shut down completely.
December 24 – The Texas 7 rob a sports store in Irving, Texas; police officer Aubrey Hawkins is shot dead.
December 24 – Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings: 18 people are killed in multiple Islamist bomb attacks on churches across Indonesia.
December 25 – A shopping center fire at Luoyang, Henan, China kills 309.
December 28 – U.S. retail giant Montgomery Ward announces it is going out of business after 128 years.
December 30 – Rizal Day bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines, within a span of a few hours, killing 22 and injuring about 100.
December 31 – The Millennium Dome closes its doors one year to the day of its opening.
December 31 – Strictly speaking, it was the last day of the 2nd millennium and 20th century in the Gregorian calendar, but according to Popular Culture, the last day of these two distinctions was December 31, 1999.
Births
January 8 – Noah Cyrus, American actress and singer
January 30 - Benee, New Zealand singer
June 1 – Willow Shields, American actress and dancer
November 10 – Mackenzie Foy, American model and actress
November 20 – Connie Talbot, British singer
Deaths
January
January 2 – Patrick O'Brian, English writer (b. 1914)
January 7 – Makhmud Esambayev, Chechen dancer (b. 1924)
January 15 – Željko Ražnatović, Serbian mobster and paramilitary leader (b. 1952)
January 18 – Frances Drake, American actress (b. 1912)
January 19 – Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1934)
January 19 – Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (b. 1913)
January 26 – Don Budge, American tennis champion (b. 1915)
January 26 – Don Ralke, American music arranger (b. 1920)
February
February 5 – Claude Autant-Lara, French movie director (b. 1901)
February 5 – Ward Cornell, Canadian radio/TV broadcaster & educator (b. 1924)
February 7 – Doug Henning, Canadian magician (b. 1947)
February 7 – Big Pun, American rapper (b. 1971)
February 9 – Beau Jack, American boxer (b. 1921)
February 10 – Jim Varney, American actor noted for his character, Ernest P. Worrell. (b. 1949)
February 12 – Tom Landry, American football coach (b. 1924)
February 12 – Charles M. Schulz, American comic strip artist (Peanuts) (b. 1922)
February 13 – Anders Aalborg, Canadian politician (b. 1914)
February 19 – Friedensreich Hundertwasser, artist (b. 1928)
February 23 – Sir Stanley Matthews, English footballer (b. 1915)
February 23 – Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (b. 1957)
March
March 3 – Toni Ortelli, Italian composer and alpinist (b. 1904)
March 7 – Charles Gray, English actor (b. 1928)
March 11 – Alfred Schwarzmann, German Olympic gymnast (b. 1912)
March 27 – Ian Dury, English singer, songwriter (b. 1942)
March 28 – Anthony Powell, British writer (b. 1905)
April
April 3 – Terence McKenna, Writer, Philosopher, Ethnobotanist and Shaman (b. 1946)
April 4 – Derek Allhusen, British equestrian (b. 1914)
April 5 – Lee Petty, American race car driver (b. 1914)
April 6 – Habib Bourguiba, Tunisian politician, 1st President of Tunisia (b. 1903)
April 11 – Diana Darvey, British actress, singer and dancer (b. 1945)
April 14 – Phil Katz, American computer programmer (b. 1962)
April 15 – Edward Gorey, American writer and illustrator (b. 1925)
April 25 – David Merrick, American stage producer (b. 1911)
April 29 – Phạm Văn Đồng, Vietnamese politician, Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1906)
May
May 1 – Steve Reeves, American actor and bodybuilder (b. 1926)
May 3 – John Cardinal O'Connor, Archbishop of New York (b. 1920)
May 7 – Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., American actor (b. 1909)
May 10 – Craig Stevens, American actor (b. 1918)
May 11 – René Muñoz, Cuban actor, screenwriter of telenovelas and the cinema of Mexico (b. 1938)
May 13 – Tomomi Tsuruta, Japanese professional wrestler, better known as Jumbo Tsuruta (b. 1951)
May 14 – Keizō Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1937)
May 20 – Edward Bernds, American director (b. 1905)
May 21 – Dame Barbara Cartland, English novelist (b. 1901)
May 21 – Sir John Gielgud, English actor (b. 1904)
May 25 – Francis Lederer, American actor (b. 1899)
May 27 – Maurice Richard, Canadian hockey player (b. 1921)
May 27 – Kazimierz Leski, Polish engineer, fighter pilot, and Home Army's intelligence and counter-intelligence officer (b. 1912)
May 30 – Doris Hare, English actress, well known for her role in the 1970s comedy, On the Buses (b. 1905)
May 31 – Tito Puente, American jazz musician (b. 1923)
June
June 10 – Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (b. 1930)
June 10 – Frank Patterson, Irish tenor (b. 1938)
June 14 – Robert Trent Jones, English-born golf course designer (b. 1906)
June 16 – Empress Kōjun of Japan (b. 1903)
June 17 – Ismail Mahomed, South African and Namibian Chief Justice (b. 1931)
June 21 – Alan Hovhaness, American composer (b. 1911)
June 24 – David Tomlinson, English actor (b. 1917)
June 29 – Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor (b. 1922)
July
July 1 – Walter Matthau, American actor (b. 1920)
July 7 – James C. Quayle, American newspaper publisher (b. 1921)
July 8 – FM-2030, Transhumanist philosopher (b. 1930)
July 10 – Vakkom Majeed, Indian Freedom fighter, Travancore-Cochin Legislative member (b. 1909)
July 10 – Denis O'Conor Don, hereditary chief of the O'Conor Don sept of Ireland (b. 1912)
July 11 – Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1921)
July 12 – Charles Merritt, Canadian Army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross during World War II (b. 1908)
July 28 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist (b. 1918)
July 29 – René Favaloro, Argentinian cardiologist who created the technique for coronary bypass surgery (b. 1923)
August
August 5 – Sir Alec Guinness, English actor and writer (b. 1914)
August 5 – Otto Buchsbaum, writer and ecological activist (b. 1920)
August 6 – Sir Robin Day, British political broadcaster (b. 1923)
August 9 – John Harsanyi, Hungarian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
August 12 – Loretta Young, American actress (b. 1913)
August 12 – Dave Edwards, American musician (b. 1941)
August 19 – Bineshwar Brahma, Bodo activist and leader (b. 1946)
August 21 – Daniel Lisulo, Zambian politician (b. 1930)
August 25 – Carl Barks, American cartoonist (b. 1901)
August 26 – Bunny Austin, English tennis player (b. 1906)
September
September 2 – Elvera Sanchez, American dancer (b. 1905)
September 2 – Curt Siodmak, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1902)
September 14 – Beah Richards, American actress (b. 1920)
September 16 – Georgiy Gongadze, Ukrainian journalist (b. 1969)
September 19 – Anthony Robert Klitz, British artist (b 1917)
September 25 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (b. 1913)
September 26 – Richard Mulligan, American actor (b. 1932)
September 27 – Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (b. 1916)
September 28 – Peter Gennaro, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1919)
September 28 – Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1919)
October
October 4 – Michael Smith, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1932)
October 6 – Richard Farnsworth, American actor (b. 1920)
October 8 – Sheila Holland (Sheila Coates, Charlotte Lamb, Sheila Lancaster, Victoria Wolf, Laura Hardy), English writer (b. 1937)
October 9 – Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1918)
October 13 – Jean Peters, American actress (b. 1926)
October 13 – Tony Roper, NASCAR driver (b. 1964)
October 15 – Konrad Emil Bloch, German-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1912)
October 18 – Julie London, American singer and actress (b. 1926)
October 21 – Reginald Kray, leading figure in organised crime in London, UK (b. 1933)
October 23 – Rodney Anoa'i, American wrestler known as Yokozuna (b. 1966)
October 27 – Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (b. 1929)
October 29 – Andújar Cedeño, Dominican Major League Baseball player for the Houston Astros (b. 1969)
October 30 – Steve Allen, American comedian, composer, talk show host, and writer (b. 1921)
October 31 – Ring Lardner, Jr., American screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten (b. 1915)
November
November 5 – David Brower, American environmental activist (b. 1912)
November 5 – Roger Peyrefitte, French writer and diplomat (b. 1907)
November 6 – L. Sprague de Camp, American writer (b. 1907)
November 7 – C Subramaniam, Indian politician (b. 1910)
November 7 – Ingrid of Sweden, Queen consort of Frederick IX of Denmark (b. 1910)
November 11 – Hugh Paddick, British actor (b. 1915)
November 22 – Sir Cyril Astley Clarke, British physician, geneticist and entomologist, former President of the Royal College of Physicians (b. 1907)
November 22 – Christian Marquand, French actor and director (b. 1927)
December
December 2 – Gail Fisher, American actress (b. 1935)
December 3 – Gwendolyn Brooks, African American writer (b. 1917)
December 10 – Paul Avery, American journalist (b. 1934)
December 10 – Marie Windsor, American actress (b. 1919)
December 12 – Gangodawila Soma Thero, Sri Lankan Buddhist Monk (b. 1948)
December 19 – Roebuck "Pops" Staples, patriarch of The Staple Singers (b. 1914)
December 23 – Billy Barty, American actor (b. 1924)
December 23 – Victor Borge, Danish-born comedian and pianist (b. 1909)
December 26 – Jason Robards, American actor (b. 1922)
December 30 – Julius J. Epstein, American screenwriter (b. 1909)
Nobel Prizes
Chemistry – Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa
Economics – James Heckman, Daniel McFadden
Literature – Gao Xingjian
Peace – Kim Dae Jung
Physics – Zhores Ivanovich Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack Kilby
Physiology or Medicine – Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel
References |
4025 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide | Adelaide | Adelaide is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and it has an approximate population of 1.2 million people.
It is the fifth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. Adelaide was founded in 1836 by Colonel William Light, who named it after Queen Adelaide.
Adelaide is near the Southern Ocean and is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula. It has a river going through it called the River Torrens. Many festivals are held there. Adelaide has a hot-summer and cool-wet-winter Mediterranean climate. Grapes for wine production are grown in the Barossa Valley about 50 kilometres (30 miles) northeast of Adelaide, in the McLaren Vale about 30 kilometres south of Adelaide and parts of the Mt Lofty Ranges to the east.
References
Other websites
Adelaide Airport
1836 establishments
1830s establishments in Australia |
4029 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshi | Yoshi | Yoshi is a fictional dinosaur who appears in the Mario series of video games made by Nintendo. The character was created by Shigeru Miyamoto.
Yoshi's best-known ability is his ability to eat enemies. He has a long tongue which he uses to grab enemies and eat them. In some games, after Yoshi eats enemies, they turn into eggs, which can be thrown. One of Yoshi's best friends is Mario who helps Yoshi throughout the dangerous situations. Sometimes, Mario can ride Yoshi.
Yoshi also can jump very high, and can also float in the air a little bit by kicking his legs. He can also ground pound enemies by quickly jumping on them.
Yoshis are usually green, but can come in many other colors. These other colors include green, red, cyan, blue, pink, yellow, brown, black, or white. Blue Yoshi is especially in Super Mario World. In Super Mario 64 DS, Rec Room there's a light blue color in one of Yoshi's minigames Tox Box. In Vs Mode. Multiplayer, it has a dark blue color and the third player can play him.
In some games, Yoshi gains powers, like flying or shooting fireballs, by eating the shells of enemies known as Koopalings, which look like turtles.
Yoshi first appeared in the game Super Mario World (SNES), which was released in 1990 in Japan and 1991 in the United States.
Main playable appearances
Mario Kart 64 (N64)
Mario Kart: Super Circuit (GBA)
Mario Kart DS (DS)
Mario Kart Wii (Wii)
Mario Kart 7 (3DS)
Mario Party series (N64, GCN, DS, and Wii)
Super Mario 64 DS (DS) (Vs Mode multiplayer only, the one with the game card is Green Yoshi, others are Red, Blue, and Yellow Yoshi.
Super Mario Kart (SNES)
Super Mario Sunshine (GCN)
Super Smash Bros. (N64)
Super Smash Bros. Melee (GCN)
Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (GCN)
Mario Power Tennis (GCN)
Super Mario Strikers (Wii)
Super Mario World (SNES)
Yoshi's Island (SNES), (GBA)
Yoshi's Island DS (DS)
Yoshi Touch & Go (DS)
Yoshi Topsy-Turvy (GBA)
Yoshi's Story (N64)
Mario Strikers Charged Football (Wii)
Super Smash Bros. Brawl (Wii)
Super Mario Galaxy 2 (Wii)
New Super Mario Bros. U (Wii U)
Reception
Yoshi is a very well-known character in the Mario series. Yoshi is also seen a lot in Mario toys, games, and shirts. Yoshi was in two of the Mcdonald's Happy Meal Mario toy promotions, which only starred Mario, Donkey Kong and Yoshi himself. In a 2008 poll, Yoshi was voted as the third favorite video game character in Japan. Cloud Strife and Mario were second and first place, in that order.
References
Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in 1990
Mario series characters
Fictional dinosaurs |
4031 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake | Lake | A lake (from Latin lacus) is a large body of water (larger and deeper than a pond) within a body of land. As a lake is separated from the ocean, it is not a sea. Some lakes are very big, and people in the past sometimes called them seas. Lakes do not flow like rivers, but many have rivers flowing into and out of them.
Most lakes on the surface of the Earth are fresh water and most are in the Northern Hemisphere. More than 60% of the lakes of the world are in Canada. Finland is known as The Land of the Thousand Lakes (there are 187,888 lakes in Finland, of which 60,000 are large).
Many lakes are man-made reservoirs built to produce electricity, for recreation, or to use the water for irrigation or industry, or in houses.
If there are not rivers flowing out of the lake (see Endorheic basin), or they are few and small, the lake loses water only by evaporation or because the water flows through the soil pores. Where the water evaporates rapidly and the soil around the lake has a high salt level, as in very dry places, the water of the lake has a high concentration of salt and the lake is called a salt lake. Examples of salt lakes are the Great Salt Lake, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and the Dead Sea.
Largest lakes by continent
Africa - Lake Victoria, also the second largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa.
Antarctica - Lake Vostok.
Asia - Lake Baikal is the largest lake that is completely in Asia. The Caspian Sea, the largest lake on Earth, is on the Europe-Asia border (an artificial border) and so both continents share this lake.
Australia - Lake Eyre, that most of the time is without water; it takes water when it rains a lot.
Europe - Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both in northwestern Russia.
North America - Lake Superior.
South America - Lake Maracaibo but it is like a bay because it has a wide opening to sea. The largest freshwater lake of South America is Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest body of water on Earth at 3,821 m (12,507 ft) above sea level where boats can travel.
Notable lakes
The largest lake in the world by area is the Caspian Sea, with 394,299 km². The largest freshwater lake by area is Lake Superior (82,414 km²), part of the Great Lakes.
The longest freshwater lake is Lake Tanganyika, with a length of about 660 km. Lake Baikal is the second longest (about 630 km from tip to tip).
The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia, with a bottom at 1,637 m (5,371 ft). Lake Tanganyika (1,470 m) is the second deepest lake.
The highest lake of the world is a small lake (pond) without a name on Ojos del Salado at 6,390 m (20,965 ft). But the highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,812 m (12,507 ft).
The lowest lake of the world is the Dead Sea, bordering Israel and Jordan at 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level. It is also one of the lakes with highest salt concentration.
Lake Enriquillo in Dominican Republic is the only saltwater lake in the world where crocodiles live.
Related pages
List of lakes
References
Biomes |
4032 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French | French | French can mean:
Something that is from or related to France
The French language
French people
French cuisine
French kiss |
4033 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East | East | East is one of the 4 main directions on a compass (called cardinal directions). East is normally to the right on most maps. For example: Japan is east of China, which is itself east of Pakistan. When “The East” is described: it usually refers to the countries of Asia (especially from Pakistan eastwards like China and India). The sun and moon are also seen to rise in the east.
Basic English 850 words
Compass directions |
4035 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire | Tire | A tire is a ring of material that covers the rim of a wheel. Most road vehicles and many other vehicles use rubber tires. Tires help vehicles to move smoothly. Some metro trains and trams also use rubber tires on their steel wheels to provide better traction than the steel tires of other trains.
Tires need to be changed after their treads wear away. Driving with worn tires is very dangerous. It can cause the tire to explode and the driver to lose control.
Tires were made of leather for thousands of years, and of iron or steel for hundreds. Pneumatic tires were invented in the 1840s and again in the 1880s. They became commonplace early in the 20th century.
Construction
Tires are made of different types of rubber. Softer rubber is used in summer or when the tires need better traction, for example, in auto racing. Tires made of harder rubber are made for long lasting performance, like long-distance truck carriers. There are many different types of tires. They come in different sizes and have different tread patterns.
There are many different sizes of tires. On car and truck tires, they are marked with 3 numbers and might look like: 225/60R16. The first number is the width in millimeters of the tire at the widest point when it is mounted and inflated. The second number is the sidewall (side of the tire) height as a ratio or percentage of the width. The last number is the wheel diameter in inches.
Example
Tire size: 225/60R16
Tire width = 225mm
Sidewall height = 135mm (225 * .60 = 135)
Wheel diameter = 16 inches
Very large tires (for example, tires on big mining trucks) use different units. For example: 59/80R63. The first number is the width in inches of the tire. The second number is the sidewall height as a ratio of the width. The last number is the wheel diameter in inches.
Tire damage
Most tires today do not have a tube inside of them. There are grooves in the wheel that let the tire be popped into place and hold a lot of air pressure. If there is a crack in the tire, it will not be able to hold its air. Tire leaks are very common. The most common cause is a hole from a nail or screw. This can usually be fixed by patching the inside of the tire so that it can hold air again. If the hole is close to or in the side of the tire, it can not be fixed. This is because the sides of the tire flexes to support the weight of the vehicle. A patch will not be able to handle the stress.
Mud and snow tires
Mud and Snow, (or M+S, or M&S), is a designation used by manufacturers for all-season and winter tires. Most are designed to provide improved performance under low temperature conditions, compared to summer tires. The tread compound is usually softer than that used in tires for summer conditions. This provides better grip on ice and snow, but wears more quickly at higher temperatures. Tires may have well above average numbers of sipes in the tread pattern to grip the ice. M&S relates to the percentage of tread void area. On four-wheel drive vehicles, M&S tires are often standard equipment.
References
Auto parts
Polymers |
4037 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population | Population | A population is the number of living people that live together in the same place. A city's population is the number of people living in that city. These people are called inhabitants or residents. The population includes all individuals that live in that certain area.The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in April 2017. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants being 60% of the world population. The most populous country is China with 1.4 billion people.
Population density is the average number of people in a place. Urban areas such as big cities have a high population density. People there live close to each other. In areas with a low population density, people usually live far away from each other, such as in rural areas out in the countryside.
Usually population refers to the number of humans in a certain area. The maximum population that can be supported in an area is called the carrying capacity.
Population trends
Global population is going up, but the population growth rate is declining all over the world. Growth in poor countries is faster than in rich ones; some rich countries have a population pyramid that is nearly square. Urbanization is also common, and urban areas usually have lower birth rates. In population growth, births exceed deaths. In the modern world this is due to reduction of infant deaths, control of infectious diseases, and improved agriculture so more people can eat.
The change in population from 2010 to 2015 was:
World: +420 million
Africa: +146 million
Asia: +223 million
Europe: +3 million
Latin America and Caribbean: +35 million
Northern America: +14 million
Oceania: +2.9 million
Human population control is the practice of altering the rate of growth of a human population. Concerns about overpopulation and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation, and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates.
Related pages
Population growth
Overpopulation
Census
References
Further reading
YAN Kun(2011). The tendency equation of the population and its limit value in the United Kingdom (Brief annotation of the connection equation(R)), Xi'an: Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute.
Social sciences |
4039 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow | Snow | Snow is a form of ice. Snow forms when water in the atmosphere becomes frozen. Snow comes in all different shapes and sizes.
At the freezing point of water (0° Celsius, 32° Fahrenheit), snow melts and becomes liquid water. Sometimes, the snow will melt very fast and become water vapor. This is called sublimation. The opposite, where water vapor becomes snow, is called deposition.
Snow is used for some winter sport activities like skiing and sledding. Sometimes people make artificial snow so they can ski. People also commonly build things out of snow for fun.
Snow can also be dangerous, as it can lower visibility and make driving very difficult. When it snows, the snow will melt a little during the daytime and freeze again at night. This makes ice which can make driving conditions very treacherous. Snow plows are used to remove snow from roads to make driving easier and safer. Also, sand or salt may be added to the road to help tires grip the road. When salt is mixed with snow, the snow will melt more easily. This is because salt water has a lower melting point than fresh water (water without salt).
A blizzard is a dangerous type of a snowstorm. A blizzard produces strong winds that keep the snow in the air, thus reducing visibility. Sometimes it produce thunder snow, which is snow with lightning and thunder.
References
Snow
Snow |
4040 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West | West | West is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. West is normally to the left on most maps. For example: (Germany is located to the west of Poland, which is itself located to the west of Lithuania). When “The West” is used in everyday speech: it usually refers to the nations of Europe (Especially from Croatia Westward) and its daughter states in the Americas and Australasia. The sun and moon also set in the west.
Basic English 850 words
Compass directions |
4043 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20physics%20topics | List of physics topics |
A
Air resistance
C
Compression --Critical angle -- Colour filter -- Concave lens -- Convex lens
D
Diffraction -- Density (distance)--(displacement)
E
Electromagnetic spectrum -- Energy --
F
Fluid friction -- Focus -- Force sensor -- Frequency -- Friction --
Flotation
G
Gamma ray -- Gravity
I
Inertia -- Interference
K
Kinetic energy
L
Lamp-housing -- Laser pointer -- Lens -- Longitudinal wave -- Longitudinal wave model (Crova's disc) --
M
Moment of inertia
N
Normal -- Normal force -- Newton's laws of motion
O
Oscilloscope - Overhead projector
P
Plane mirror -- Potential energy -- Prism
R
Rarefaction -- Ray box -- Reflection -- Refraction -- Ripple tank --
relative density refleaction of light through prism
S
Signal generator -- Slinky -- Slit plate -- Spring -- String theory -- Sound -- Statistical mechanics
T
Tension -- Translucent screen -- Transverse wave -- Transverse wave model --
V
Vibration -- Velocity
W
wave -- Wave speed -- Waveform -- Wavefront -- Wavelength --
Y
Young's double-slit experiment
Science-related lists |
4044 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President | President | A president is the leader of a country or a company or other group. A president is usually elected by the people in that group. Voting is one way to elect a president.
Electing a President
The President of the United States is elected by the electoral college. Some other countries choose a president this way. In some, the Parliament does it. Some countries have direct elections to choose a president. Many countries have a monarch instead of a president and some have neither.
Companies have presidents. They are elected by the people who own part of the company. In some companies, the people who are workers for the company elect (vote for) their company president.
Power of a President
The president of a country is not the same thing as a prime minister. A prime minister is part of a parliament, but a president is not. In some countries, (such as the United States or France), the president has more power and responsibility than anyone else. Such a president is often called the nation's chief executive. As chief executive, the president must take an active role in all phases of government. In other countries (such as India, Israel or the Republic of Ireland), to be president is more of an honor or a symbol, and the position has no real power. This kind of president is often called "head of state".
Most countries that have a King or Queen as their monarch have no president.
The American President is restricted by the written United States Constitution, which was written to make sure that the American executive never became as powerful as in the British system. The British Prime Minister is part of both the Legislature and Executive, whereas the American President is the head of the Executive. The American governmental system shows a clear separation of powers unlike the British system.
All the president's ministerial appointments have to be vetted by Congress (Parliament) and Congress may have an opposition majority.
The president does not have the ability to introduce and influence legislation in the same way as the British prime minister.
Congress has much greater control over the budget and foreign policy than the British Parliament.
There are broad areas of American life, such as education, crime and punishment, over which the president has virtually no influence at all.
The president even has very limited control over the economy.
So despite having a large nuclear arsenal, the American president can not carry out policy and introduce legislation as freely as the British prime minister.
Related pages
Head of state
Monarch
Other websites
Presidents of the United States
Titles |
4046 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colors | List of colors | This is a list of all the colours.
Related pages
Lime
Lists |
4047 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lakes | List of lakes | A list of lakes, ordered by continent:
Africa
International Lakes in Africa
Lake Albert (Mobuto-Sese-Seko)
Lake Chad
Lake Edward
Lake Kariba
Lake Kivu
Lake Mweru
Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Victoria
in Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)
Lake Mai-Ndombe (Lake Leopold II)
Lake Tshangalele
Lake Tumba
in Egypt
Lake Mariout
in Ethiopia
Lake Abaya
Lake Chew Bahir (Lake Stefanie)
Lake T'ana
in Ghana
Lake Volta
in Kenya
Lake Baringo
Lake Bogoria
Lake Elmenteita
Lake Magadi
Lake Naivasha
Lake Nakuru
Lake Turkana (Lake Rudolf or Rudolph)
in Malawi
Lake Chilwa
in Mozambique
Cabora Bassa Lake
in Nigeria
Kainji Lake
in Tanzania
Lake Burigi
Lake Eyasi
Lake Ikimba
Lake Jipe
Lake Kitangiri
Lake Manyara
Lake Mdutu
Lake Natron
Nyumba ya Mumgu Reservoir
Lake Rukwa
Lake Sagara
in Uganda
Lake Bisina
Lake George
Lake Kyoga
Lake Kwania
in Zambia
Lake Mweru Wantipa
Lake Bangweulu
Antarctica
Lake Vida
Asia
International Lakes in Asia
Aral Sea
Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
in Cambodia
Tonlé Sap Lake
in China ( See also Lakes in China)
Lake Daze Co
Lake Dongting
Poyang Lake
Lake Tianchi
Lake Dian
Lake Qinghai
Lake Taihu
West Lake
Xuanwu Lake
in Israel
Sea of Galilee (Lake Tiberias, Yam Kinneret)
Lake Agmon
Lake Ram
Swamps Cabara
in Kazakhstan
Lake Balkhash
Lake Zaysan
in Kyrgyzstan
Issyk Kul
in Nepal
Lake Rara
in Russia (see also "in Russia" under #Europe, List of lakes in Russia)
Lake Baikal (Lake Baykal)
Lake Teletskoye
in Taiwan
Sun Moon Lake
in Turkey
Lake Van
Eurasia
Azerbaijan
Europe
International Lakes in Europe
Lake Geneva (France, Switzerland; Lac Léman or Lac de Genève)
Lake Constance (Austria, Germany, Switzerland; Bodensee)
Lake Peipus (Estonia, Russia)
Lake Ohrid (Albania, Macedonia)
Lake of Lugano (Switzerland, Italy)
Lake Maggiore (Switzerland, Italy; Lago Maggiore)
Lake Ferto/Lake Neusiedler (Austria, Hungary; Neusiedlersee)
Lake Big Prespa (Albania, Macedonia, Greece)
Lake Small Prespa (Albania, Macedonia, Greece)
Lake Vistytis (Lithuania, Russia)
in Albania (see also: List of Albanian lakes)
Lake Shkodër
Lake Pogradec
Lakes of Lure
Lakes of Belsh
in Austria
Lake Attersee
Lake Klopeiner
Lake Wörther
in Finland
Lake Haukivesi
Lake Inarinjärvi
Lake Kallavesi
Lake Keitele
Lake Oulujärvi
Lake Pielinen
Lake Pihlajavesi
Lake Päijänne
Lake Saimaa
in France
Lake Annecy (lac d'Annecy)
Lac de Serre-Ponçon
Lake of Bourget
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Lac de Paladru
Lac d'Orient
in Germany
Ammersee
Arendsee
Aussenalster
Baldeneysee
Bederkesaer See
Binnenalster
Brahmsee
Bullensee
Chiemsee
Dümmer
Fleesensee
Gothensee
Halterner See
Kellersee
Kellersee
Lake Constance (Bodensee)
Maschsee
Müggelsee
Müritz
Odertalsperre
Okertalsperre
Pfaffenteich
Plauer See
Plöner See
Scharmützelsee
Schmollensee
Schweriner See
Starnberger See
Steinhuder Meer
Tegeler See
Wannsee
Wolgastsee
Zwischenahner Meer
in Hungary
Lake Balaton
in Ireland (see also List of Irish lochs and loughs)
Lough Allen
Lough Conn
Lough Derg (two lakes)
Lough Erne (two lakes)
Lough Mask
Lough Neagh
Lough Oughter
Lough Owel
Lough Ree
Lough Rynn
in Italy
Lake Bracciano (Lago di Bracciano)
Lake Bolsena (Lago di Bolsena)
Lake Como (Lago di Como)
Lake Garda (Lago di Garda)
Lake Trasimeno (Lago Trasimeno)
in Latvia
Lake Burtnieks
in Netherlands
IJsselmeer
Ketelmeer
Veluwemeer
in Poland
Lake Dabie (Jezioro Dabie in Szczecin)
Lake Mamry (Jezioro Mamry in Mazury lake district)
Lake Sniardwy (Jezioro Sniardwy in Mazury lake district)
in Romania
in Russia (see also "in Russia" under #Asia, List of lakes in Russia)
Lake Ladoga
Lake Onega (Onega, Onezhskoe ozero, Onezhskoe)
Lake Pskov
in Slovenia
Lake Bled (Blejsko jezero)
Lake Bohinj (Bohinjsko jezero)
Cerkni?ko jezero
?martinsko jezero
Lakes of Triglav (Triglavska jezera)
in Sweden
Lake Roxen
Vänern
Vättern
in Switzerland (see also List of lakes of Switzerland)
Lake Neuchâtel
Lake Lucerne
Lake Zürich
in the United Kingdom (see also List of Scottish lochs, List of lakes in the Lake District)
Bala Lake
Buttermere
Coniston Water
Derwentwater
Grasmere
Gwernan Lake
Kielder Water (Northumberland, England)
Loch Awe/Etive
Loch Lomond
Loch Maree
Loch Morar
Loch Ness
Loch Shin
Loch Tay
Tal-y-llyn
Thirlmere
Ullswater
Windermere
North America
International Lakes in North America
Lake Champlain
Lake Erie †
Lake Huron †
Lake Nicaragua (Lake Cocibolca)
Lake Ontario †
Lake St Clair
Lake Superior †
Lake of the Woods
in Canada
Lake Abitibi
Lake Athabasca
Berg Lake
Great Bear Lake
Great Slave Lake
Lake Louise
Manicouagan Reservoir
Lake Manitoba
Moraine Lake
Lake Nipigon
Reindeer Lake
Lac Saint-Jean
Lac Saint-Louis
Smallwood Reservoir
Lake Simcoe
Lake Winnipeg
Sproat Lake
Lake Winnipegosis
in the United States of America
Beaver Lake
Lake Bemidji
Caddo Lake
Canandaigua Lake
Cass Lake
Cayuga Lake
Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg
Crater Lake
Detroit Lake
East Okoboji Lake
Great Salt Lake
Indian Lake (Ohio)
Lake George
Lake Hopatcong
Lake Itasca
Keuka Lake
Lake Kickapoo
Lacamas Lake
Lake Mead
Lake Michigan †
Mono Lake
Lake Pontchartrain
Portage Lake
Salton Sea
Lake Sammamish
Seneca Lake
Spirit Lake
Lake Tahoe
Town Lake
Lake Travis
Tug Lake
Utah Lake
Lake Washington
West Okoboji Lake
Lake Winnipesaukee
Lake Winnebago
† = the North American Great Lakes
Oceania
in Australia
in Indonesia
Lake Toba (on Sumatra)
In New Zealand (minor lakes not listed)
In the North Island
Mount Ruapehu's Crater Lake on Mount Ruapehu
Lake Rotorua
Lake Taupo
Lake Waikaremoana
Lake Wairarapa
In the South Island
Lake Aviemore
Lake Benmore
Lake Brunner
Lake Coleridge
Lake Ellesmere
Lake Hauroko
Lake Hawea
Lake Manapouri
Lake Monowai
Lake Ohau
Lake Rotoiti
Lake Rotoroa
Lake Sumner
Lake Tekapo
Lake Waitaki
Lake Wakatipu
Lake Wanaka
Lake Te Anau
(Not yet classified by country:)
Dead Lake
South America
International Lakes in South America
Lake Titicaca
Former lakes
Tulare Lake
Lop Nur
Fictional lakes
Lake Evendim
Lake Mithrim
Lake Wobegon |
4052 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%20Galilei | Galileo Galilei | Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath. Galileo was originally going to be a doctor but became a tutor instead. He was a professor of mathematics and natural science in Padua and Pisa. People most remembered him today for his conflict with the Catholic Church of his day, which led to his trial for heresy by the Inquisition.
Life
Galileo was born on 15 February 1564 in Pisa, Duchy of Florence. He was the eldest of five siblings. His father was Vincenzo Galilei, who was a scholar and a musician. In 1574, the Galileo family moved to Florence and he started his formal education in the Camaldolese monastery.
Astronomy
Some people believe that Galileo was the first person to build a telescope. This is not true, but he was the first person to publish his observations of astronomical objects through a telescope. He discovered that the Milky Way is made of many stars. He discovered that the Moon has hills. He found four moons around Jupiter. Those moons are now called the Galilean moons. He discovered sunspots, which are dark areas of the Sun. He saw that the planet Venus has light and dark phases just like the Moon. This helped people to know that the Sun is at the centre of the Solar System, as Nicolaus Copernicus had said.
Physics
Galileo worked more at physics than at astronomy. He studied natural forces, and was one of the most important discoverers of the part of physics that is now called kinematics, including the discovery of the kinematic principle of relativity. However, he is often remembered now for things that either did not happen, or failed.
A legend says that he climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and dropped cannonballs of different weights, to see which would strike the ground first. Even though their weights were not the same, they hit the ground at the same time. Galileo found that objects fall to the ground at the same rate, unless things like wind resistance change the rate. This went against the views of Aristotle, an ancient philosopher whose theory was different. Galileo's findings were ignored by most people, and Aristotle's view was still accepted as correct until Isaac Newton proved Galileo was right. This also led to Newton creating his Law of Gravity.
Galileo also tried to determine the speed of light. He climbed a hill, and had an assistant climb another hill, both carrying lanterns with closed shutters. He then opened the shutter of his lantern. His assistant opened his own shutter when he saw Galileo's lantern. Galileo then measured the time it took for his assistant's shutter to open. Knowing the time difference, and the distance between the hills, he tried to estimate the speed of light. However, this did not work.
Publications
The most important are:
Siderius nuncius (starry messenger). Venice 1610. Discovery of 'new worlds' with the telescope.
Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, Tolemaico et Copernicano. Florence, 1632. The famous 'dialogue between two world systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican'.
Discorsi et demonstrazioni mathematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze. (discourses and mathematical demonstrations relating to two new sciences) Leiden 1638. This, on kinematics, a non controversial subject, was written when Galileo was under house arrest, and published in Holland, out of the Inquisition's territory.
Trial for heresy
Galileo came to accept the findings of Copernicus, that the Sun was the center of the then-known universe, and not the Earth. Because he promoted this and other ideas, he came to the notice of the Committee of Propaganda, the dreaded Inquisition. The Church taught that the Earth stood still, while everything in the sky moved around it. The Inquisition ruled in 1616 that other theories could only be discussed as possibilities, not facts. Galileo said he would obey. He played a major part in the scientific revolution through this argument.
Galileo later discussed the question in his most famous work, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, published in 1632 by permission of the Inquisition. His scientific writing was usually in Latin for hundreds of scientists around Europe, but this was one of the books he wrote in Italian so thousands of Italians could read it. The book was in the form of conversations between three men. The man representing the Church's point of view was called 'Simplicio'.
Church leaders who liked his earlier books were angry at this one. The Inquisition took action in 1633. He was arrested and put on trial. They found him "vehemently suspect of heresy". They reminded him of the fate of Giordano Bruno, who had been burnt at the stake for heresy on topics such as transubstantiation and the Trinity. Bruno also believed the Earth went round the Sun and stars had planets. The Inquisition forced Galileo to recant (say he was wrong) under the threat of execution, and to withdraw his works from publication. Galileo spent the last ten years of his life under house arrest. Galileo continued to write about physics and other topics, but not astronomy.
Galileo has become synonymous with a warrior for scientific truth. Although he had to retract his writings at his trial, it is widely believed that after the trial he insisted that Earth does move around the sun, saying the famous phrase "Eppur si muove''' – still it moves.'' The saying itself became a slogan for science.
Death
Galileo Galilei died on in Arcetri, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy.
Previously, he was buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor. Later, he was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been built there in his honour.
Related pages
Giordano Bruno
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
List of science books of 17th century
Speed of light
Michelson–Morley experiment
Notes
References
Bibliography
1564 births
1642 deaths
Italian astronomers
People from Pisa
Italian physicists |
4053 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement | Agreement | An agreement is writing down a promise made. Agreements are common in law and business. For example, when a person takes out a loan or hires someone to work, an agreement is usually signed so that everyone understands what and when things must be done.
References
Related pages
Treaty
Basic English 850 words |
4054 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise | Promise | When a person agrees to do something or to not do something, that person is making a promise. A promise can be made (by saying it), or it can be written down as a contract. Breaking a promise, or not keeping it, is often just bad manners, but it can sometimes be illegal, such as when a contract is not kept.
A vow is a special promise. It is mostly used in a religious sense or in ceremonies such as marriages when the couple who are being married make their "marriage vows", promising to be faithful to one another.
An oath is a promise in the legal sense. When someone has to give evidence in a court of law they "swear an oath". This means that they promise they will tell the truth.
Ethics
Law |
4055 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud | Cloud | A cloud is water vapour in the atmosphere (sky) that has condensed into very small water droplets or ice crystals that appear in visible shapes or formations above the ground.
Water on the Earth evaporates (turns into an invisible gas) and rises up into the sky. Higher up where the air is colder, the water condenses: it changes from a gas to drops of water or crystals of ice. We see these drops of water as clouds. The drops fall back down to earth as rain, and then the water evaporates again. This is called the "water cycle".
The atmosphere always has some water vapour. Clouds form when the atmosphere can no longer hold all the invisible air vapor. Any more water vapor condenses into very small water drops.
Warm air holds more water vapor than cool air. So if warm air with lots of water inside cools, it can form a cloud. These are ways air can cool enough to form clouds:
when air close to the ground is heated by the sun and rises to where the air is colder.
along weather fronts warmer air is cooled as it runs into colder air;
when air goes up the side of a mountain it cools as it goes higher;
when warm air goes over something colder such as cool water in a lake) or ground that is cooled at night it cools.
Clouds are heavy. The water in a cloud can have a mass of several million tons. Every cubic metre (m3) of the cloud has only about 5 grams of water in it. Cloud droplets are also about 1000 times heavier than evaporated water, so they are much heavier than air. They do not fall, but stay in the air, because there is warm air all round the heavier water droplets. When water changes from gas to droplets, this makes heat. Because the droplets are very small, they "stick" to the warm air.
Sometimes, clouds appear to be brilliant colors at sunrise or sunset. This is due to dust particles in the air.
Cloud classification
Clouds are classified according to how they look and how high the base of the cloud is in the sky. This system was suggested in 1803. There are different sorts of clouds because the air where they form can be still or moving forward or up and down at different speeds. Very thick clouds with large enough water droplets can make rain or snow, and the biggest clouds can make thunder and lightning.
There are five basic families of clouds based on how they look:
Cirrus clouds are high and thin. The air is very cold at high levels, so these clouds are made of ice crystals instead of water droplets. Cirrus clouds are sometimes called mares' tails because they look like the tails of a horse.
Stratus clouds are like flat sheets. They may be low-level clouds (stratus), medium-level (altostratus), high-level (cirrostratus), or thick multi-level clouds that make rain or snow (nimbostratus).
Stratocumulus clouds are in the form of rolls or ripples. They may be low-level clouds (stratocumulus), medium-level (altocumulus), or high-level (cirrocumulus).
Cumulus clouds are puffly and small when they first form. They may grow into heap clouds that have moderate vertical extent (nothing added to the name), or become towering vertical clouds (towering cumulus).
Cumulonimbus clouds are very large cumulus-type clouds that usually develop cirrus tops and sometimes other features that give them their own unique look.
The following is a summary of the main cloud types arranged by how high they form:
High-Level clouds
High clouds form from in cold places, in mild regions and in the very hot tropics. They are too high and thin to produce rain or snow.
High-level clouds include:
Cirrus (Ci)
Cirrocumulus (Cc)
Cirrostratus (Cs)
Medium-level clouds
Middle clouds usually form at in colder areas. However, they may form as high as in the tropics where it's very warm all year. Middle clouds are usually made of water droplets but may also have some ice crystals. They occasionally produce rain or snow that usually evaporates before reaching the ground.
Medium-level clouds include:
Altocumulus (Ac)
Altostratus (As)
Low-level clouds
Low-level clouds are usually seen from near ground level to as high as . Low clouds are usually made of water droplets and may occasionally produce very light rain, drizzle, or snow.
Low-level clouds include:
Stratocumulus (Sc)
Stratus (St)
When very low stratus cloud touches the ground, it is called fog.
Moderate-vertical clouds
These are clouds of medium thickness that can form anywhere from near ground level to as high as . Medium-level cumulus does not have alto added to its name. The tops of these clouds are usually not much higher than . Vertical clouds often create rain and snow. They are made mostly of water droplets, but when they push up through cold higher levels they may also have ice crystals.
Moderate-vertical clouds include:
Cumulus (Cu)
Nimbostratus (Ns)
Towering-vertical clouds
These clouds are very tall with tops usually higher than . They can create heavy rain and snow showers. Cumulonimbus, the biggest clouds of all, can also produce thunderstorms. These clouds are mostly made of water droplets, but the tops of very large cumulonimbus clouds are often made mostly of ice crystals.
Towering-vertical clouds include:
Towering cumulus (Tcu)
Cumulonimbus (Cb)
Gallery
As a sign
In the Bible, clouds are often a sign of God's presence.
References
Other websites
Basic English 850 words |
4056 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20cycle | Water cycle | The water cycle (or hydrological cycle) is the cycle that water goes through on Earth.
Water is essential for life as we know it. It is present throughout the Solar System, and was part of the Earth from its formation. The source of the water was the same as the source of the Earth's rock : the cloud particles which condensed in the origin of the solar system.
Processes
This is the process that water starts and ends in the water cycle.
The cycle starts when water on the surface of the Earth evaporates. Evaporation means the sun heats the water which turns into a gas.
Then, water collects as water vapour in the sky. This makes clouds.
Next, the water in the clouds gets cold. This makes it become liquid again. This process is called condensation.
Then, the water falls from the sky as rain, snow, sleet or hail. This is called precipitation.
The water sinks into the surface and also collects into lakes, oceans, or aquifers. It evaporates again and continues the cycle.
Humans activities that affect the water cycle
Human activities that change the water cycle include:
Agriculture
Industry
Building dams
Deforestation
Removing groundwater from wells
Water abstraction from rivers
Related pages
Carbon cycle
Rock cycle
Drought
Ecohydrology
Flood
Rain
Bioprecipitation
References
cycle
Weather
Earth sciences |
4057 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20vapor | Water vapor | Water vapor is water that is in the form of a vapor, or gas. It is a part of the water cycle. When liquid water is heated to boiling point, 100 degrees Celsius (212 F), it turns into vapor. Water vapor can also be produced directly from ice; this is called sublimation. Steam is water vapor, but clouds are liquid water. The amount of water vapor in air is called humidity and it affects weather conditions. In the cold, breathing out causes the water vapor in the breath to freeze.
Water vapor weighs less than air, thus slightly reduces the lift produced by an aircraft wing.
Water vapour is transparent. The small droplets that look white like mist are actually liquid.
Water vapour is a big cause of the greenhouse effect.
Water vapor is invisible but when it condenses it makes visible water.
Thermodynamics
Vapor |
4058 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid | Solid | Solid is one of the three common states of matter. The molecules in solids are closely bound together, they can only vibrate. This means solids have a definite shape that only changes when a force is applied. This is different to liquids and gases which move randomly, a process called flow.
When a solid becomes a liquid, this is called melting. Liquids become solid by freezing. Some solids, like dry ice, can turn into gas without turning liquid first. This is called sublimation.
Kinds of solids
The forces between the atoms in a solid can take many forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and make covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, like most organic compounds, are held together with "van der Waals forces" coming from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of solid come from the differences between their bonding.
Metals
Most metals are strong, dense, and good conductors of electricity and heat. The mass of the elements in the periodic table, those to the left of a diagonal line drawn from boron to polonium, are metals. Mixtures of two or more elements in which the big component is a metal are known as alloys.
People have been using metals for many purposes since prehistoric times.
The strength and relialbility of metals has led to their widespread use in making of buildings and other things, as well as in most vehicles, many tools, pipes, road signs and railroad tracks. Iron and aluminium are the two most commonly used metals. They are also the most common metals in the Earth's crust. Iron is most commonly used in the form of an alloy, steel, which has up to 2.1% carbon, making it much harder than pure iron.
Since metals are good conductors of electricity, they are valuable in electrical tools and for carrying an electric current over long distances with little energy loss. Because of this, electrical power grids rely on metal cables to get electricity. Home electrical systems, for example, are wired with copper for its good conducting uses. The high thermal conductivity of most metals also makes them useful for stovetop cooking utensils.
Minerals
Minerals are natural solids formed through many geological processes under high pressures. To be thought as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical things throughout. Minerals differ in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms. In contrast, a rock sample is a random aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids, and has no specific chemical composition. Most of the rocks of the Earth's crust have quartz (crystalline SiO2), feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolin, calcite, epidote, olivine, augite, hornblende, magnetite, hematite, limonite and a few other minerals. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only a few places in the world. The largest group of minerals by far is the silicates (most rocks are ≥95% silicates), which are made largely of silicon and oxygen, also with ions of aluminium, magnesium, iron, calcium and other metals.
Related pages
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Other websites
Basic English 850 words
States of matter |
4059 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation | Evaporation | Evaporation is when a liquid becomes a gas without forming bubbles inside the liquid volume. If bubbles are formed we are talking instead about "boiling".
For example, water left in a bowl will slowly disappear. The water evaporates into water vapor, the gas phase of water. The water vapor mixes with the air.
The opposite of evaporation is condensation.
When the molecules in a liquid are heated, they move faster. This makes them full of energy and so the particles collide with each other, and eventually they become so far apart that they become a gas.
Differences between evaporation and boiling
During evaporation only the molecules near the liquid surface are changing from liquid to vapor. During boiling the molecules inside the volume of the liquid are also changing to vapor. For this reason during evaporation no bubbles are formed, instead they are formed during boiling.
Evaporation can happen at any temperature, while boiling happens only at a specified temperature called the "boiling point". Evaporation happens slowly, but boiling happens quickly.
Rate of evaporation
Some liquids evaporate more quickly than others. There are many factors that affect the evaporation rate.
The rate of evaporation depends on the liquid's exposed surface area (faster when increased), the humidity of surroundings (slower when increased), the presence of wind (faster when increased) and the temperature (faster when increased).
Liquid with high boiling points (those that boil at very high temperatures) tend to evaporate more slowly than those with lower boiling temperatures.
Evaporation is a very essential part of the water cycle.
Related pages
Boiling
References
Materials science
Gases |
4060 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract | Contract | A contract is an agreement or promise that the law can enforce. The law will enforce some agreements but not others. For example, in most places, if a parent promises to take a child to get ice cream, the law will not enforce that promise as a legal contract.
The legal rules about which promises are enforced by the law can be different in different places (or jurisdictions), but a contract is usually enforced only if it is made by people or groups who want it to be enforced and who know what they are doing.
Sometimes, a contract is written down and signed by the people agreeing to it, but it does not always need to be. People usually sign a contract when something important or costly is being done. For example, when people take a job, they will sometimes sign a contract with their employers. The contract will show what the person must do as part of his job, how much they will be paid, and so on. The person and the employer will sign the contract, and it will become a legal promise.
If someone breaks a contract, another person might sue him or her. In a lawsuit about a contract, the court will look at the contract, listen to what the people who made the contract say about it, and then make a decision about what the contract means.
Related pages
Law
Oath
Law
Documents |
4061 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face | Face | The face is a part of the body at the front of the head.
It is the part of us that others interact with. On the face are organs of sight, smell, hearing. Especially in a four-legged animal, the face is the part which goes first into the world, and that is why the sense organs and the mouth are there.
In humans, the face includes the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelash, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, teeth, skin, and chin.
Basic English 850 words |
4062 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata | Kolkata | Kolkata (spelled Calcutta before 1 January 2001) is the capital city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the second largest city in India after Mumbai. It is on the east bank of the River Hooghly. When it is called Calcutta, it includes the suburbs. This makes it the third largest city of India. This also makes it the world's 8th largest metropolitan area as defined by the United Nations. Kolkata served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911. Kolkata was once the center of industry and education. However, it has witnessed political violence and economic problems since 1954. Since 2000, Kolkata has grown due to economic growth. Like other metropolitan cities in India, Kolkata struggles with poverty, pollution and traffic congestion.
History
The discovery of the nearby Chandraketugarh, an archaeological site has proved that people have lived there for over two millennia. The history of Kolkata begins when the English East India Company arrived in 1690. Job Charnock, an administrator with the Company is traditionally known as the founder of this city. However some academics say that Charnock is not the city's founder.
At that time Kolkata, ruled by the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah, had three villages. They were Kalikata, Govindapur and Sutanuti. The British in the late 17th century wanted to build a fort near Govindapur. This was to become more powerful than Dutch, the Portuguese, and the French. In 1702, the British completed the construction of old Fort William, which was used to station its troops and as a regional base. Calcutta was declared a Presidency City, and later became the headquarters of the Bengal Presidency. When regular fights with French forces started, in 1756 the British began to upgrade their fortifications. When this was protested, the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah attacked and captured Fort William. This led to the infamous Black Hole incident. A force of Company sepoys and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the next year. Calcutta became the capital of British India in 1772,. However, the capital shifted to the hilly town of Shimla during the summer months every year, starting from the year 1864. Richard Wellesley, the Governor General between 1797–1805, helped in the growth of the city and its public architecture. This led to the description of Calcutta as "The City of Palaces". The city was a centre of the British East India Company's opium trade during the 18th and 19th century; locally produced opium was sold at auction in Kolkata, to be shipped to China.
References
Other websites
Former national capitals |
4063 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil | Pencil | A pencil is a kind of writing equipment that is also used to draw, usually on paper. Most pencil cores are made of graphite powder mixed with a clay binder. So, a pencil is usually made with a piece of graphite mixed with clay that has a wood case around it. The shape is usually a hexagonal prism but some pencils are square or cylinder.
Colored pencils are a kind that do not use greyish silver graphite. Instead, the core is colorful. Colored pencils or crayons are usually meant for drawing rather than writing.
The difference between pens and pencils
The important difference between pens and pencils is that the tip of a pencil is made of solid graphite (or other material) which is rubbed off onto the paper. A pen has a tip, usually made of metal, with liquid ink coming out and onto the paper. Writing with a pen can smudge when it is still wet. Writing from a pencil can be erased, but writing from a pen usually cannot, unless it uses a special type of ink and eraser.
History
An early writing tool was the reed pen used by ancient Egyptians, who wrote with ink on sheets of papyrus paper.
Another early writing instrument was the stylus, which was a thin stick of wood or metal, often lead. It was used for scratching onto black wax that covered white wood, a method used by the Romans. The word pencil comes from the Latin word which means "little tail". It is an invention of the 16th century in England.
Discovery of graphite deposits
Some time before 1565 (it may have been as early as 1500), a large deposit of graphite was found in Borrowdale, Cumbria. The locals found that it was very useful for marking sheep. This deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. This is still the only large scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form. Chemistry was in its early stages and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Consequently, it was called plumbago (Latin for "lead ore"). The black core of pencils is still referred to as lead, even though it never had the element lead.
The value of graphite was soon realized, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for cannonballs. The mines were taken over by the Crown and guarded. When enough stocks of graphite had been added up, the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was needed. Graphite had to be sneakily moved out for use in pencils. Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of holder. Graphite sticks were at first wrapped in string or in sheepskin for stability. The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attention of artists all over the known world.
England continued to have a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found. The distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. The town of Keswick, near the original findings of block graphite, has a pencil museum.
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite, sulphur, and antimony.
Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous, and graphite is harmless if consumed.
Wood holders added
The Italians first thought of wooden holders. In 1560, an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti created the first blueprints for the modern carpentry pencil to mark their carpentry pieces. Their version was instead a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. They did this at first by hollowing out a stick of juniper wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the two halves then glued together–essentially the same method in use to this day.
English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic Wars. France was under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain and could not import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines – the only known source in the world for solid graphite. France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute. It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon's army to change this. In 1795, Nicholas Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth of Koh-I-Noor in 1790, remains in use.
In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite. Henry Bessemer's first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused.
American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729, and George Washington used a three-inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory in 1762. It is said that William Munroe, a cabinetmaker in Concord, Massachusetts, made the first American wood pencils in 1812. This was not the only pencil-making occurring in Concord. Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.
Eraser attached
On 30 March 1858, Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. In 1862 Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000, who went to sue the pencil manufacturer Faber-Castell for infringement. In 1875, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid.
The metal band used to mate the eraser with pencil is called a ferrule.
Other attempts
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany in 1662. They used a mixture of graphite, sulfur and antimony. Though usable, they were not as good as the English pencils.
English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic wars. It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon's army to change this. In 1795 Nicholas Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods which were then fired in a kiln. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied (the more clay, the harder the pencil, and the lighter the color of the mark). This method of making pencils is still used today.
Modern day pencils
Today, pencils are made industrially by mixing finely ground graphite and clay powders, adding water, forming long spaghetti-like strings, and firing them in a kiln. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax which seeps into the tiny holes of the material, resulting in smoother writing. A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to make something called a slate, and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole thing is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted.
A few common brands of colored pencils (among other items) are Crayola, RoseArt and Cra-Z-Art.
References
Writing tools |
4069 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic | Logic | Logic is the study of reasoning. The rules of logic let philosophers make valid logical deductions about the world. Logic helps people decide whether something is true or false.
Logic is often written in syllogisms, which are one type of logical proof. A syllogism is made from a collection of statements used to logically prove the final statement, called the conclusion. One popular example of a logical syllogism was written by the Classical Greek philosopher Aristotle:
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
The conclusion is the final statement. This syllogism connects the first two statements to make a logical deduction: Socrates is mortal.
The syllogism is made from three logical statements or propositions. These statements are short sentences describing a small step in a logical argument. The small statements make up the argument, the same way atoms make up molecules. When logic is correct, the statements are said to "follow" from each other.
Statements have a truth value, meaning they can be proved to be true or false, but not both. Illogical statements or mistakes in logic are called logical fallacies.
Symbolic logic
Logical statements can be written in a special type of short hand writing, which includes the symbols of the symbolic logic. These symbols are used to describe logical reasoning in an abstract way. For example:
is read like "and", meaning both statements apply.
is read like "or", meaning at least one of the statements applies.
is read like "implies", "are," or "If ... then ...". It represents the result of a logical statement.
is read like "not", or "it is not the case that ...".
is read like "therefore", which is used to mark the conclusion a logical argument.
is read like "parentheses". They group logical statements together. Statements in parentheses should always be considered first, following the order of logical operations.
Here is the previous syllogism written in symbolic logic.
By replacing the English words with letters, one can make the syllogism even simpler.
Similar to mathematical symbols for operations like addition and subtraction, symbolic logic separates abstract logic from the English-language meaning of the original statements. With these abstract symbols, people can study pure logic without the use of a specific written language.
The syllogism is now written in the most abstract and simple way possible. Any distracting elements, such as English language words, have been removed. Anyone who understands logical symbolism can understand this argument.
Logical proof
A logical proof is a list of statements put in a specific order to prove a logical point. Each statement in the proof is either an assumption made for the sake of argument, or has been proven to follow from earlier statements in the proof. All proofs must start with some assumptions, such as "humans exist" in the above syllogism. A proof shows that one statement, the conclusion, follows from the starting assumptions. With a proof, we can prove that "Aristotle is mortal" logically follows from "Aristotle is a man" and "All men are mortal".
Some statements are always true. That kind of statement is called tautology. One popular classical tautology, credited to the philosopher Parmenides of Elea, says "That which is, is. That which is not, is not." This essentially means that true statements are true and false statements are false. Due to their simple nature, tautologies may not always be helpful in building logical arguments.
A tautology is represented in symbolic logic as , meaning "Either a or not a." Assuming that there are no unmentioned possibilities, this covers every possible case. Another symbol used to represent a tautology is .
Uses
Because logic is a tool used to think more rationally, it can be used in countless ways. Symbolic logic is employed far and wide, from philosophical treatises to complicated mathematical equations. Computers use the rules of logic to run algorithms, which let computer programs make decisions based on data.
Logic is critical to pure mathematics, statistics, and data analysis. Logic is also studied in philosophy. People who study math create proofs that use logical rules to show that mathematical theorems are correct. There is an area of mathematics called mathematical logic that studies logic using mathematics.
Related pages
Predicate logic
Propositional logic
Proposition
Principia Mathematica
References |
4070 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism | Communism | Communism is a socio-economic political ideology and movement. It strives to set up a society where there are no states and where there is no money. Additionally, it wants the means of production (like factories, tools and farms) to be in the hands of the people (which is the definition of socialism).
This is the opposite to capitalism where there is money, a state and class. In capitalism, there is a working class (people who don't own the means of production) and the capitalist class (people who own the means of production). Communist thinkers believe this can happen if the working class take away the power of the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class, sometimes called the ruling class) and establish worker control of the means of production.
There are now only 5 communist countries. Four of these follow different forms of Marxism-Leninism (a theory of communism and Marxism) - Vietnam, China, Cuba and Laos. The fifth, North Korea, now officially follows Juche (which is a variant of Marxism). Most communist countries (like the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan) fell apart because of foreign intervention primarily from the United States. Some of the most well-known people that have been important in the development of communism include Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Vladimir Lenin, and Leon Trotsky.
History
In 1848, Karl H. Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. It was a short book with the basic ideas of communism. Most socialists and communists today still use this book to help them understand politics and economics. Many non-communists read it too, even if they do not agree with everything in it.
Karl Marx said that for society to change into a communist way of living, there would have to be a period of change. During this period, the workers would govern society. Marx was very interested in the experience of the Paris Commune of 1870, when the workers of Paris ran the city following the defeat of the French Army by the Prussian Army. He thought that this practical experience was more important than the theoretical views of the various radical groups.
Many groups and individuals liked Marx's ideas. By the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a worldwide socialist movement called Social Democracy. It was influenced by his ideas. They said that the workers in different countries had more in common with each other than the workers had in common with the bosses within their own countries. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led a Russian group called the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. They got rid of the temporary government of Russia, which was formed after the February Revolution against the Tsar (Emperor). They established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called the Soviet Union or USSR.
The Soviet Union was the first country claiming to have established a workers' state. In reality, the country never became communist in the way that Marx and Engels described.
During the 20th century, many people tried to establish workers' states. In the late 1940s, China also had a revolution and created a new government with Mao Zedong as its leader. In 1959, the island of Cuba had a revolution and created a new government with Fidel Castro as its leader. At one time, there were many such countries, and it seemed as though communism would overtake Capitalism. However, communist party governments didn't use democracy, which is a very important component of socialism and communism. Because of this, the governments became separated from the people, making communism difficult. This also led to disagreements and splits between countries.
By the 1960s, one-third of the world had overthrown capitalism and were trying to build communism. Most of these countries followed the model of the Soviet Union. Some followed the model of China. The other two-thirds of the world still lived in capitalism, and this led to a worldwide divide between capitalist countries and communist countries. This was called the "Cold War" because it was not fought with weapons or armies, but competing ideas. However, this could have turned into a large war. During the 1980s, the United States and the Soviet Union were competing to have the biggest army and having the most dangerous weapons. This was called the "Arms Race". President Ronald Reagan called communist countries like the Soviet Union the "Evil Empire" because he did not agree with communist ideas.
Since 1989, when the Berlin Wall was torn down, most countries that used to be communist have returned to capitalism. Communism now has much less influence around the world. In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. However, around a fifth of the world's people still live in states controlled by a communist party. Most of these people are in China. The other countries include Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, and North Korea. There are also communist movements in Latin America and South Africa.
Disputes
Many people have written their own ideas about communism. Vladimir Lenin of Russia thought that there had to be a group of hard-working revolutionaries (called a vanguard) to lead a socialist revolution worldwide and create a communist society everywhere. Leon Trotsky, also from Russia, argued that socialism had to be international, and it was not important to make it happen first in Russia. He also did not like Joseph Stalin, who became the leader of the USSR after Lenin's death in 1924. Trotsky was made to leave the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1928, and then killed in 1940. This scared many people, and lots of communists argued about whether this was right and whose ideas should be followed.
Mao Zedong of China thought that other classes would be important to the revolution in China and other developing countries because the working classes in these countries were small. Mao's ideas on communism are usually called Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought. After Stalin's death in 1953, Mao saw himself as the leader of worldwide communism until he died in 1976. Today the Chinese government is still ruled by the Communist Party, but they actually have what is called a mixed economy. They have borrowed many things from capitalism. The government in China today does not follow Maoism. However, few revolutionaries in other countries like India and Nepal still like his ideas and are trying to use them in their own countries.
Term usage
The word "communism" is not a very specific description of left-wing political organizations. Many political parties calling themselves "communist" may actually be more reformist (supportive of reforms and slow change instead of revolution) than some parties calling themselves "socialists". Many communist parties in Latin America have lost many members because these parties do different things than what they promised once they get into power. In Chile, between 1970-1973, under the left-wing Coalition (groups of parties) of Popular Unity, led by Salvador Allende, the Communist Party of Chile was to the right of the Socialist Party of Chile. This means it was more reformist than the socialist party.
Many communist parties will use a reformist strategy. They say working-class people are not organized enough to make big changes to their societies. They put forward candidates that will be elected democratically. Once communists become elected to parliament or the Senate, then they will fight for the working class. This will allow working-class people to change their capitalist society into a socialist one.
Symbols and culture
The color red is a symbol of communism around the world. A red five-pointed star sometimes also stands for communism. The hammer and sickle is a well-known symbol of communism. It was on the flags of many communist countries, like the Soviet Union (see top of article). Some communists also like to use pictures of famous communists from history, such as Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong, as symbols of the whole philosophy of communism.
A song called The Internationale is the international song of communism. It has the same music everywhere, but the words to the song are translated into many languages. The Russian version was the national anthem of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1944.
The sickle in the Soviet Union's flag shows the struggle of the peasants-farmers. The hammer in the flag represents the struggle for the workers. Both of them crossing shows their support for each other.
There is also a special kind of art and architecture found in many communist and former communist countries. Paintings done in the style of socialist realism are often done for propaganda to show a perfect version of a country's people and political leader. Art done in the socialist realism style, such as plays, movies, novels, and paintings show hard-working, happy, and well-fed factory workers and farmers. Movies, plays and novels in this style often tell stories about workers or soldiers who sacrifice themselves for the good of their country. Paintings often showed heroic portraits of the leader, or landscapes showing huge fields of wheat. Stalinist architecture was supposed to represent the power and glory of the state and its political leader. Some non-communists also enjoy this kind of art.
Related pages
Anti-capitalism
Stalinism
Karl Marx
Marxism
Trotskyism
Capitalism
Socialism
Leninism
References
Other websites |
Subsets and Splits