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Elite Model Look Chile is an annual fashion modeling event held by Elite Model Chile Management since 1997. The winner of the title takes it for one year, taking part later in Elite Model Look international contest. The first runner-up goes to Elite Model Look Latino. The selection of the delegates is realized in "scoutings" in different cities of Chile.
Titleholders
EML Chile for Elite Model Look International
EML Chile for Elite Model Look Latino
Notable past contestants
Ana Luisa König
Constanza Silva
Bernardita Zúñiga
Gabriela Fuentes
Sofía Stitchkin
Inna Moll
Ignacia Walton
Carolina de Moras
Javiera Díaz de Valdés
Lucy Cominetti
Angela Prieto
Josefina Montane
Fernanda Figueroa
Isidora de Solminihac
Carolina Lopez Fortuño
Tutu Vidaurre
References
External links
Elite Chile
Elite Model Look 27th World Final / Shanghai, China
Modeling competitions
Fashion events in Chile
Recurring events established in 1997
1997 establishments in Chile
Chilean awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite%20Model%20Look%20Chile
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The Confederate Memorial in Mayfield is a commemorative monument and fountain located on the courthouse lawn in downtown Mayfield, Kentucky.
Mayfield
Mayfield during the Civil War was very supportive of the Confederate States of America. Representatives from seven western Kentucky counties and twenty western Tennessee counties met at Mayfield in May 1861 to discuss forming a new state that would join the Confederacy. The secession of Tennessee on June 8, 1861, caused the proposal to be abandoned, In 1864 Union forces occupied the town and forced the townspeople to help fortify the courthouse, which was destroyed later that year. The courthouse behind the memorial fountain was built in 1889.
Description
Mayfield's United Daughters of the Confederacy obtained the fountain in 1917 from the McNeal Marble Company in Marietta, Georgia at the cost of $1,650. (). The fountain, which no longer emits water, is a obelisk with wings that double as benches. On the end of the wings are light posts that are eight feet away from the center obelisk; the northern post is inscribed 1861, and the southern post 1865. The center obelisk has three different Confederate flags in copper relief on its top.
National Register of Historic Places
On July 17, 1997, it was one of sixty-one different monuments to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. One other monument on the list, the Confederate Memorial Gates in Mayfield, is nearby in Maplewood Cemetery, north of downtown Mayfield. Other monuments on the list that are also fountains are the Confederate Monument of Cadiz and the Confederate Memorial Fountain in Hopkinsville.
References
1920 sculptures
Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS
Fountains in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Graves County, Kentucky
Obelisks in the United States
United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials in Kentucky
1920 establishments in Kentucky
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate%20Memorial%20in%20Mayfield
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Wales Institute for Research in Art and Design (WIRAD) is a collaborative venture founded by the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC) and University of Wales, Newport (UWN).
WIRAD seeks to support research excellence in Art & Design within Wales by sharing expertise across institutions. The Institute will create a significant body of research related to the fields of art, design and media which would be competitive with the research quality and intensity achieved by institutions in Scotland, England & Ireland.
Cardiff School of Art and Design and Newport School of Art, Media and Design have been (in various guises) major contributors to the cultural and creative life of Wales for very many years. Both have been home to a number of significant artists and designers and, more recently, nationally and internationally recognised centres of research.
WIRAD operates an "open door" policy because the institute's success is in many ways predicated on the creation of a critical mass of expertise, experience and capacity that does not currently exist. All Welsh Universities and Colleges are invited to apply for membership.
Lecture programmes and research days are held as open events to facilitate dissemination and the development of a wider research community in art and design in Wales.
Associate membership of the Institute will be developed for academics, HEIs and other research bodies with established interests in this level of research.
External links
Wirad.ac.uk
Newport.ac.uk
Uwic.ac.uk
University of Wales, Newport
Cardiff Metropolitan University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales%20Institute%20for%20Research%20in%20Art%20and%20Design
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Papillifera papillaris, also known as Papillifera bidens, is a species of small, air-breathing land snail with a clausilium, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails. This is a Mediterranean species.
In Britain this species is now sometimes called the "Cliveden snail", as in 2004 a very small colony was found to have been living on the estate at Cliveden House, a large stately home in Buckinghamshire, England. Individuals of the species had been living on an Italian balustrade which was imported to Britain in the late 19th century, and have survived at the estate for over a century before they were discovered there. Other introduced populations of P. papillaris can be found across South East England.
There is a complicated nomenclatural problem with the name of this species. Some argued that the name should be Papillifera bidens. See further discussion under "Nomenclature".
Nomenclature
The ICZN opinion, number 2176, preserved the name Turbo bidens Linnaeus, 1758, and indicated implicitly that the name Helix papillaris Müller, 1774 was a junior synonym of the same species. However, at this time the meaning of the name Turbo bidens was not fixed with a valid type specimen designation. In 2009 Kadolsky reviewed the nomenclatural history of the name Turbo bidens and concluded that a neotype designation proposed by Falkner et al. (2002) was invalid because it was not based on an existing specimen but on a figure of Papillifera papillaris published by Gualtierus (1742), which did not agree with Linnaeus' description of Turbo bidens, and which Linnaeus did not quote.
Kadolsky (2009) argued that Linnaeus' brief description was consistent with a figure in Gualtierius' (1742) work that Linnaeus (1758) quoted, and so Kadolsky fixed the meaning of the nominal species Turbo bidens Linnaeus, 1758 with the designation of a neotype. This neotype is a specimen from Florence (where Gualtierius lived and where he might conceivably have collected) of the clausiliid species hitherto known as Cochlodina incisa (Küster, 1876). However, the malacologist Hartmut Nordsieck and others did not accept Kadolsky's interpretation.
One reason for this opinion was Linnaeus' description of the shell suture of Turbo bidens as "subcrenata". This does not apply to Cochlodina incisa, except for minute crenellations which hardly deserve the name, but Gualtierius' figure does actually show these crenellations. Kadolsky argued that Linnaeus accepted the figure as correct and described his species accordingly. Nordsieck and others instead argued that Linnaeus accidentally referred to the wrong figure, but that his verbal description was an accurate description of the Papillifera species.
Kadolsky's neotype designation for Turbo bidens claims to fix the meaning of this name conclusively. In this case the valid name for the Papillifera species would be Papillifera papillaris (Müller, 1774). Others did not accept that the designation of a neotype was valid, in which case the correct name is Papillifera bidens (Linnaeus, 1758).
The issue was raised with the ICZN and their ruling (Opinion 2355) was not to set aside Kadolsky's neotype; hence the name to use is Papillifera papillaris (Müller, 1774).
Subspecies
Papillifera papillaris affinis (Philippi, 1836)
Papillifera papillaris circinata (Paulucci, 1878)
Papillifera papillaris papillaris (O. F. Müller, 1774)
Papillifera papillaris peculiaris (Monterosato, 1892)
Papillifera papillaris rudicosta (O. Boettger, 1878)
Papillifera papillaris tinei (Westerlund, 1878)
Papillifera papillaris transitans (Paulucci, 1878)
Shell description
The shells of Papillifera papillaris are coiled sinistrally and, like other clausilids, extremely high-spired, with 10–11 whorls.
The width of the shell is 3.2–3.8 mm, and the height of the shell is 12–15 mm.
The genus name Papillifera means "bearing papules", in other words having pimples, a reference to the small white shell structures along the suture line. The papules are very noticeable.
Habitat
In most of its range, this species lives in rocky limestone habitats, and can often be found near the seashore.
Distribution
The native range of this species is Mediterranean; it is originally native only to Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily.
This species has been introduced and has become established throughout the Mediterranean region, including
Malta, Spain (Catalonia and Balearic Islands), Gibraltar, the south coast of France, Great Britain, Croatia (Susak), Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey (since 330 AD or before), Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. At least some of these introductions appear to have been accidental, on imported stonework, and may in some cases date back to the Roman occupation of these areas. But the process is continuing: in 2009–2010, Papillifera papillaris imported on Italian limestone blocks were found to have survived overwinter in a stonemason's yard near Stuttgart, Germany.
In Great Britain
This snail was also accidentally introduced to southern England, more than once, and became established there.
In 2004, the species was found in Buckinghamshire, southeastern England, in the crevices of a travertine marble and brick balustrade. This balustrade was originally constructed in Italy in about 1816, and had stood in the grounds of the Villa Borghese, in Rome. In the late 19th century the balustrade was taken from there, and was installed in the formal gardens of the country house Cliveden in 1896. These small snails shelter in the many nooks and crannies of the travertine marble stonework; presumably they feed on lichens that grow on the surfaces of the stone.
The snails at Cliveden were noticed by a specialist volunteer who was cleaning the stonework and statuary; the identity of the snail was recognized by Janet Ridout-Sharpe. The snails have spread from the balustrade to a red brick terrace and a stone fountain, but apparently no further than that. Although this is certainly an introduced species, it is not an invasive species.
Subsequent to the publicity surrounding this find, it was pointed out that the same species had already been recorded in 1993 from Brownsea Island, Dorset in southwest England. At Brownsea Island, as at Cliveden, the snails live on stonework and statuary imported from Italy a century or more earlier. There are even indications of a Dorset occurrence of this snail, perhaps from the Brownsea Island locality, 250 years earlier.
References
External links
Paul Eccleston. 21 August 2008. Italian immigrant snail was hiding in marble balustrade for 100 years. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/
Snails pace discovery reveals amazing find. The National Trust website. (archived December 2011)
Richard Black. 21 August 2008. Snail hides from march of history. BBC News website.
Clausiliidae
Gastropods described in 1774
Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillifera%20papillaris
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William "Bill" Donald Ross (born July 6, 1928) is an American water polo player who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in Toronto, Canada. Ross was a member of the American water polo team which finished fifth in the 1956 tournament. He played all six matches. In 1983, he was inducted into the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame.
References
External links
1928 births
Living people
American male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for the United States
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Toronto
Canadian male water polo players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ross%20%28water%20polo%29
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"You're Better Off Dead!" is the first single from the album Hate Crew Deathroll by Children of Bodom. Released in 2002, the single track is the same recording but with a different mix from the album version. The lyrics for the "Somebody Put Something in My Drink" Ramones cover were slightly altered. This cover appeared as the North America bonus track for Are You Dead Yet?, and also appeared as a Japanese bonus track for Hate Crew Deathroll. The single spent two weeks as the best-seller in Finland and was awarded a gold disc.
References
2002 singles
2002 songs
Children of Bodom songs
Spinefarm Records singles
Songs written by Alexi Laiho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re%20Better%20Off%20Dead%21
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Zgornje Duplje ( or ; ) is a village in the Municipality of Naklo in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
Church
The local church is dedicated to Archangel Michael.
References
External links
Zgornje Duplje on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Naklo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgornje%20Duplje
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The North Sea Region (NSR) of Europe refers to European countries and regions that have access to the North Sea. Cultural and economic co-operation has a strong tradition in the area, dating back to the Vikings and the Hanseatic League.
Although not a formally established entity, in political terms the North Sea Region is consolidated through international organisations like the North Sea Commission and transnational co-operation programmes like the North Sea Region Programme of the European Union.
Geographic area
North Sea Commission
The partnership of the CPMR North Sea Commission consists of most Norwegian county councils (Trondelag, More og Romsdal, Vestland, Rogaland, Agder, Vestfold og Telemark and Viken), the regions Halland, Västra Götaland and Örebro in Sweden, the three Danish regions of Nordjylland, Midtjylland and Syddanmark, the German Länder Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony and Bremen, all coastal provinces of the Netherlands (Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Flevoland, North Holland, South Holland and Zeeland) and the Province of West Flanders in Belgium as well as counties and authorities from eastern England (Southend-on-Sea) and Scotland (Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, Fife and Highland).
North Sea Region Programme – Cooperation Area
The North Sea Region, as defined in the Operational Programme of the Interreg North Sea Programme 2021-2027, covers an area of approximately . The programme covers all of Denmark and the Netherlands, the southern part of Norway, the Flemish Region of Belgium, northwestern regions of Germany, southwestern parts of Sweden and northwestern regions of France.
Geographically, the region is connected by the large sea basin of the North Sea.
Population
Based on the co-operation area of the North Sea Region Programme, about 61 million inhabitants (2023) live in the North Sea Region. The population density of the region varies widely, ranging from sparsely populated areas like Finnmark () in Norway to densely inhabited urban centres like the German city of Hamburg ().
Economy
The North Sea Region belongs to the most prosperous parts of the European Union. The average level of GDP across the region was €28,516 per capita in 2002 ($ in 2002 conversion rate). The unemployment rate is below the EU average in most areas. However, there are notable differences concerning economic performance and employment between the areas in the North Sea Region.
Currently, the economic structure of the regions bordering the North Sea is undergoing considerable changes, such as shrinking labour markets in the agriculture and fisheries sector and a decline in old industrialised areas.
See also
North Sea
North Sea Commission (NSC)
North Sea Region Programme (NSRP)
References
External links
North Sea Region Programme VIB 2021–2027
North Sea Region Programme VB 2014–2020
North Sea Region Programme IVB 2007-2013
North Sea Region Programme IIIB 2000-2006
Region
Euroregions
Transnationalism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Sea%20Region
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José Manuel Ramos Delgado (25 August 1935 – 3 December 2010) was an Argentine footballer and manager. He played for the Argentina national football team in two World Cups and had a successful tenure in Brazilian football with Santos. He went on to become a football manager, working in Argentina and Peru.
Early life
Ramos Delgado was born in the city of Quilmes, Argentina. He belonged to the Cape Verdean community in Argentina, as his father was a native of the islands, born in São Vicente.
Playing career
Club
Ramos Delgado started his playing career in 1956 with Lanús. He soon earned a move to River Plate where he played 172 games in seven seasons with the club.
In 1966, Ramos Delgado joined Banfield. After a short spell with the club, he moved to Brazil to play for Santos, where he played alongside Pelé, Coutinho and José Macia in the club's golden years. He continued playing for Santos until the age of 38, making a total of 324 appearances and scoring one goal.
In the last year of his playing career, Delgado played for Portuguesa Santista. He retired at the age of 39.
National team
Between 1958 and 1965, Ramos Delgado played 25 times for the Argentina national football team. He was included in the squads for the 1958 and 1962 FIFA World Cups, and played in the qualifiers for the 1966 World Cup.
Coaching career
After retiring as a player, Ramos Delgado had a spell as manager of Santos, before returning to Argentina where he worked as the manager of several football clubs including Belgrano, Deportivo Maipú, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata, Estudiantes de La Plata, River Plate, Talleres de Córdoba, Platense, All Boys and his home town club Quilmes. He also worked as the manager of Peruvian club Universitario.
He returned to Santos to work as a youth team coach helping to develop young players such as Robinho and Diego.
Death
Ramos Delgado died in a hospital in Villa Elisa on 3 December 2010, of Alzheimer's disease.
Honours
As a player
River Plate
Primera División runner-up(4): 1960, 1962, 1963, 1965
Santos
Campeonato Paulista (4): 1967, 1968, 1969, 1973
Campeonato Brasileiro (1): 1968
Recopa Intercontinental (1): 1968
Argentina
Taça das Nações: 1964
References
External links
1935 births
2010 deaths
Footballers from Quilmes
Afro-Argentine sportspeople
Argentine people of Cape Verdean descent
Sportspeople of Cape Verdean descent
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Men's association football defenders
Argentine Primera División players
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
São Paulo state football team players
Santos FC players
Santos FC managers
Associação Atlética Portuguesa (Santos) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Argentine football managers
Club Atlético Belgrano managers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata managers
Estudiantes de La Plata managers
Club Atlético River Plate managers
Club Universitario de Deportes managers
Talleres de Córdoba managers
Club Atlético Platense managers
All Boys managers
Quilmes Atlético Club managers
Deaths from dementia in Argentina
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Ramos%20Delgado
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Ronald "Ron" Duane Severa (born August 13, 1936) is an American water polo player who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1960 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Munden, Kansas.
Severa was a member of the American water polo team which finished fifth in the 1956 tournament. He played three matches.
Severa attended Compton College and the University of Southern California. He was on the water polo team at the later institution.
Four years later he finished seventh with the American team in the 1960 tournament. He played all seven matches and scored four goals.
Severa was also a member of two USA Pan American teams. He won a gold medal in the 1959 games in Chicago, IL, and a silver medal in the 1963 games in São Paulo, Brazil.
In 1977, Severa was inducted into the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the USC Hall of Fame in 2007.
References
External links
1936 births
Living people
American male water polo players
El Camino College Compton Center alumni
USC Trojans men's water polo players
Olympic water polo players for the United States
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
People from Republic County, Kansas
American water polo coaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Severa
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Leslie Mynard (19 December 1925 – 25 July 2008) was an English footballer who appeared in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Derby County and Scunthorpe United.
Mynard joined Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1945, from non-league side Bewdley. He made his debut on 7 February 1948 in a 2–1 win over Huddersfield, the first of three consecutive starts for the winger. However, these proved his only taste of first team action at Molineux and he moved to Derby County in May 1949.
He found playing time equally scare at his new club though and made just 14 appearances in three years. He moved to Third Division Scunthorpe and Lindsey United for the 1952-53 season before dropping into the non-league. He finished his playing career with spells at Worcester City, Halesowen Town, Bromsgrove Rovers and Kidderminster Harriers, respectively.
He died on 25 July 2008, aged 82.
References
1925 births
2008 deaths
People from Bewdley
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Worcester City F.C. players
Halesowen Town F.C. players
Bromsgrove Rovers F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Men's association football wingers
Footballers from Worcestershire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Mynard
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Rıdvan Bolatlı (2 December 1928 – 31 March 2022) was a Turkish professional footballer who played in Turkey for Ankaragücü. He was born in Ankara.
International career
Bolatlı made six appearances for the full Turkey national team, including appearing in three matches at the 1954 FIFA World Cup finals and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.
References
External links
1928 births
2022 deaths
Turkish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Turkey men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Turkey
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
1954 FIFA World Cup players
MKE Ankaragücü footballers
Footballers from Ankara
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%B1dvan%20Bolatl%C4%B1
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Cry Tough is a 1993 collection of Alton Ellis recordings from the rocksteady era of 1966-1968. It was released in 1993 by Heartbeat Records, and features the pick of Ellis' work for Arthur "Duke" Reid, plus some tracks produced by Sonia Pottinger. The album contains most of Ellis' original Mr. Soul of Jamaica album, and contains the same tracks as the 1973 Greatest Hits compilation on Count Shelly Records, plus eight additional tracks. Several of the tracks are alternate takes of some of his biggest hits from the era. The backing band is the Treasure Isle studio band of the time, Tommy McCook and the Supersonics. The album was included in the Rough Guides book Reggae: 100 Essential CDs.
Track listing
"Breaking Up"
"Why Birds Follow Spring"
"I Can't Stop Now"
"Ain't That Loving You"
"You Make Me So Very Happy"
"Remember That Sunday (Alternate Take)"
"All My Tears Come Rolling"
"Baby I Love You"
"Chatty Chatty People"
"Willow Tree"
"If I Could Rule This World"
"What Does It Take (Take Two)"
"Cry Tough (Take Six)"
"Girl I've Got A Date (Soul Style)"
"Can't Stand It (Extended Mix)"
"I'm Just A Guy (Soul Style)"
"La Means I Love You"
"Why Did You Leave Me To Cry"
"The Same Song"
"Black Man, White Man (Take Two)"
References
Alton Ellis albums
1993 compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry%20Tough%20%28Alton%20Ellis%20album%29
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Cry Tough may refer to:
Cry Tough (Alton Ellis album), a 1993 album of Alton Ellis' work from 1966 to 1968
Cry Tough (Nils Lofgren album), a 1976 album by Nils Lofgren
"Cry Tough" (song), a 1986 single by the band Poison
"Cry Tough", a 1966 single by Alton Ellis
Cry Tough (film), a 1959 crime drama film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry%20Tough
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"Likable" is Toshinori Yonekura's 29th single. Released as a limited print CD single coupled with a DVD, it is Yonekura's final single released under Warner Music Group. It is the lead single to his album, Samurai Quality (2007).
Overview
In 2007, Yonekura celebrated his 15th anniversary since his debut in 1992 with a special concert tour, album and the single, "Likable." Aside from the lead track, the single featured three "self-covers" as b-sides all of which were written for and released by other artist. "Faith" was originally recorded by the rock idol group, TOKIO, who released the song on their 2003 album, Glider. "Natural Thang" a Latin influenced pop song was originally recorded by KinKi Kids and was released on the duo's C Album (1999). A live rendition of "Michi ~Walk With You~" is the final original track on the single. It was originally recorded by Takashi Utsunomiya who released the song as a single in 2003 as well. A studio recording by Yonekura himself appears on the album, Samurai Quality (2007).
The DVD content contains two exclusive performances cut from the DVD release of his concert tour for his last album, Fall Back (2006).
Track list
CD
DVD
Charts
Album - Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
References
2007 singles
2007 songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likable%20%28song%29
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Žeje ( or ; ) is a village in the Municipality of Naklo in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
References
External links
Žeje on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Naklo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeje%2C%20Naklo
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The 2009 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was held from November 9 to 16, 2008 at the Arniatok Arena in Iqaluit, Nunavut. It was the first national championships of any sport to be held in Nunavut.
Team Manitoba, consisting of Sean Grassie, Allison Nimik, Ross Derksen and Krendra Green won its eighth national mixed title. Two members of the winning team (Grassie and Nimik) represented Canada at the 2009 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship, where they won a bronze medal.
Teams
The teams are as follows:
Round-robin standings
Final round-robin standings
Results
Draw 1
Draw 2
Draw 3
Draw 4
Draw 5
Draw 6
Draw 7
Draw 8
Draw 9
Draw 10
Draw 11
Draw 12
Draw 13
Draw 14
Draw 15
Draw 16
Draw 17
Tiebreaker
Playoffs
Semifinal
Final
External links
Event website
References
2008 in Canadian curling
Canadian Mixed Curling Championship
Iqaluit
2008 in Nunavut
Curling in Nunavut
November 2008 sports events in Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Canadian%20Mixed%20Curling%20Championship
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Astley was a railway station on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway on Chat Moss to the south of Astley village in what was then the county of Lancashire, England.
History
Opened in the 1840s by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the station became part of the Grand Junction Railway on 8 August 1845. The GJR merged to form the London and North Western Railway on 16 July 1846. The LNWR became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the grouping of 1923. The station then passed to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948 and was closed by the British Railways Board on 7 May 1956. It was subsequently demolished.
From 1914 to 1970 a triangular junction east of the station linked the mineral line from Astley Green Colliery north of the Bridgewater Canal to the main line.
The site today
Trains on the now electrified, more northerly of the two Liverpool to Manchester Lines still pass through the station site. The buildings have been demolished and a signal box built since the station's closure occupies part of the site. An electrical switching site is being constructed in the vicinity as part of the Manchester - Liverpool (via Earlestown) section of the NW electrification schemes. The level crossing is locked and unlocked by the signaller, but is operated manually by road users.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
The station on a 1948 OS Map via npe maps
The station on an 1849 OS map via National Library of Scotland
The line and mileages via railwaycodes
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1844
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
1844 establishments in England
1956 disestablishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astley%20railway%20station
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Walter B. "Kandor" Kahn (April 9, 1948 – June 15, 2013) was an American DJ and record producer.
Born in Philadelphia, Kahn graduated from Harriton High School in 1966 and earned a degree in radio, television and film from Temple University in 1970. He has lived in Merion Station, Society Hill and Queen Village, Philadelphia, as well as Los Angeles and Clearwater, Florida. Kahn began his music career as a Top 40 radio DJ/announcer and recording engineer. His early music productions include "Loves Me Like A Rock", written by Paul Simon, performed by The Dixie Hummingbirds, and released on ABC Records. In 1974, he was awarded a Grammy for producing that recording. In 1978, he was executive producer of "Hot Shot" by Karen Young, which reached #1 on Billboard Magazine's Top Dance Singles chart. He produced for artists at ABC, Atlantic, CBS, Casablanca, MGM, PolyGram, RCA and Warner Bros.
In 1992, Kahn produced The Movement's single "Jump!", which was released on his L.A.-based Sunshine Records. It reached #1 on the Billboard Top Dance Singles chart and #53 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart. The song also went Top 10 in Australia, where it spent more than six months on the chart. Kahn entered into a deal with Arista Records in New York to distribute the single and the subsequent album, which he also produced. Kahn's music is heard in more than twenty films and TV shows.
In 1995, Kahn produced "I Wish" by rapper Skee-Lo, along with a follow-up album of the same name. Kahn was nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Rap Album" for I Wish.
Kahn died in his home at Clearwater, Florida in June 2013, of kidney failure.
References
2013 deaths
1948 births
American dance musicians
American record producers
Deaths from kidney failure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Kahn
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Žeje may refer to a number of settlements in Slovenia:
Žeje, Domžale, a settlement in the Municipality of Domžale central Slovenia
Žeje, Naklo, a settlement in the Municipality of Naklo, northwestern Slovenia
Žeje, Postojna, a settlement in the Municipality of Postojna, southwestern Slovenia
Žeje pri Komendi, a settlement in the Municipality of Komenda, central Slovenia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeje
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The 41st Flying Training Squadron is part of the 14th Flying Training Wing based at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi. It operates Beechcraft T-6 Texan II aircraft conducting flight training.
The squadron's mission is to train future Air Force military aviators in Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training Phase 2 in the T-6A. Additionally, the 41st trains several foreign military pilots each year in the T-6, through both Foreign Military Sales program and the international Aviation Leadership Program. To accomplish its mission, the squadron annually flies over 17,200 sorties and 22,000 flight hours. The squadron also qualifies and sustains 80–90 mission-ready T-6 instructor pilots. The "Flying Buzzsaws" are currently commanded by Lt Col Timothy "Bogey" Thoren.
History
The squadron flew antisubmarine patrols off the coast of Washington from 14 December 1941 – 21 January 1942.
Transferred to the Southwest Pacific theater in early 1942, the 41st converted to the Bell P-39 Airacobra at Sydney, Australia. Scrambled in response to an attack on Sydney Harbour by Japanese submarines, 1/Lt George Cantello died when his P-39 crashed, soon after takeoff.
On 23 July 1942, the squadron commenced frontline combat sorties in New Guinea, including air patrols, bomber escort, and close air support. It later converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. Combat sorties continued until 14 August 1945.
During the Korean War, the squadron flew air defense sorties over Japan. It had been re-designated the 41st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. It conducted academic training for pilots and managed the accelerated copilot enrichment training program from, 1990–1991 and has conducted student flight training since 1998.
Lineage
Constituted as the 41st Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 22 December 1939
Activated on 1 February 1940
Redesignated 41st Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942
Redesignated 41st Fighter Squadron, Single-Engine on 14 February 1944
Redesignated 41st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 20 January 1950
Discontinued and inactivated on 8 March 1960
Redesignated 41st Flying Training Squadron on 1 January 1990
Activated on 10 January 1990
Inactivated on 15 May 1991
Activated on 1 October 1998
Assignments
31st Pursuit Group, 1 February 1940
35th Pursuit Group (later 35th Fighter Group, 35th Fighter-Interceptor Group), 15 January 1942 (attached to 6162d Air Base Wing, 1 December 1950 – 25 June 1951)
327th Air Division, 1 October 1957 – 8 March 1960
64th Flying Training Wing, 10 January 1990 – 15 May 1991
14th Operations Group, 1 October 1998 – present
Stations
Bolling Field, District of Columbia, 1 February 1940
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 21 October 1940
Baer Field, Indiana, 6 December 1941
Paine Field, Washington, c. 15 December 1941 – 21 January 1942
Archerfield Airport, Australia, 25 February 1942
Ballarat Airport, Ballarat, Australia, 8 March 1942
Mount Gambier Airport, Australia, 17 March 1942
Bankstown Airfield, Australia, 7 April 1942
Rogers Airfield (30 Mile Drome), Port Moresby, New Guinea, c. 20 July 1942
Tsili Tsili Airfield, New Guinea, 16 August 1943
Nadzab Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 22 October 1943
Gusap Airfield, New Guinea, 15 February 1944
Nadzab Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 9 June 1944
Kornasoren Airfield Noemfoor, Schouten Islands, New Guinea, 16 August 1944
Owi Airfield, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 17 September 1944
Wama Airfield, Morotai, Netherlands East Indies, 17 October 1944
Mangaldan Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 21 January 1945
Lingayen Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 16 April 1945
Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 20 April 1945
Yontan Airfield, Okinawa, 30 June 1945
Irumagawa Air Base, Japan, 10 October 1945
Yokota Air Base, Japan, c. 25 March 1950
Johnson Air Base, Japan, 14 August 1950
Detachments operated from Misawa Air Base, Japan 6 September 1950 – August 1951 and Niigata Air Base, Japan c. 25 May 1951 – 31 October 1954
Yokota Air Base, Japan, 13 August 1954
Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, c. 5 August 1956 – 8 March 1960
Reese Air Force Base, Texas, 10 January 1990 – 15 May 1991
Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, 1 October 1998 – present
Aircraft operated
Seversky P-35 Guardsman (1940–1941)
Bell P-39 Airacobra (1941–1943)
Bell P-400 (1942–1944)
Lockheed P-38 Lightning (1943)
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (1944–1945)
North American P-51 Mustang (1945–1950)
Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star (1950–1953)
North American F-86D Sabre (1953–1960)
Northrop T-38 Talon (1990–1991)
Cessna T-37 Tweet (1998–2008)
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II (2006–present)
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Military units and formations in Mississippi
0041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st%20Flying%20Training%20Squadron
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Children's Regional Planning Committees were established in England and Wales by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Security in 1970 under Section 35 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1969. They comprised one elected representative from each county and county borough council in the area which they covered and were funded by those same councils. There were eleven committees throughout England (North, Yorkshire and Humberside, North Western, West Midlands, East Midlands, East Anglia, Home Counties, London Boroughs, South East, Wessex, and South West) and one for Wales.
The task of these committees was to prepare development plans for a system of community children's homes in their area and to prepare schemes of "intermediate treatment" (i.e. an intermediate step to be taken before removing a child who was in trouble or at risk into care).
References
North (No.1 Area) Children's Regional Planning Committee, Report on the Initial Planning Stage, August 1971
History of local government in England
Local government in Wales
Child care
Juvenile law
1970 establishments in England
1970 establishments in Wales
Children's rights in England
Children's rights in Wales
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s%20Regional%20Planning%20Committee
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Michael John Burns (born 4 October 1988) is an English footballer. He played in the English Football League for Carlisle United and as a youth player was twice a winner of the FA Youth Cup with Liverpool.
Club career
Early career
He was previously a player with Liverpool winning the FA Youth Cup twice in 2006 and 2007. He later joined Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2007, having been signed by Sammy Lee. He made regular appearances for the reserves whilst at Bolton's academy.
Carlisle United
He went on trial to Gillingham in the summer of 2008 before going on trial with Carlisle United. In January 2009 he joined Carlisle, signing an eighteen-month contract. He then made his Carlisle debut on 10 February 2009 in the Football League One clash with Walsall.
On 21 January 2010 he joined Stafford Rangers on loan for a month, which was then extended for a second month. He appeared in all 11 games for the club during his loan period.
Newport County
In January 2011 Burns joined Newport County.
Guiseley
In June 2011 he joined Guiseley.
Vauxhall Motors
In June 2012 he joined Vauxhall Motors.
Return to Guiseley
In August 2013 he returned to Guiseley but left the club just two weeks later.
Gap Connah's Quay
In January 2014 he signed for Welsh Premier League team Gap Connah's Quay.
Widnes
After time out of football, in July 2017 he joined Widnes.
In 2019 he joined Parklands FC.
Family life
Micheal married 33 year old Hannah Burns and has three children, Riley Micheal Burns, Maisy Olivia Burns, and Esmae Lilly Burns.
International career
Burns represented England schoolboy and at Under-16 levels. He scored on his Under-16 debut in a 4-2 victory over Wales.
Honours
Liverpool
FA Youth Cup: Winner 2007
FA Youth Cup: Winner 2006
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Huyton
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Carlisle United F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Vauxhall Motors F.C. players
Guiseley A.F.C. players
Cymru Premier players
Connah's Quay Nomads F.C. players
Widnes F.C. players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Burns%20%28footballer%29
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The clausilium is a calcareous anatomical structure which is found in one group of air-breathing land snails: terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails. The clausilium is one part of the clausilial apparatus.
The presence of a clausilium is the reason for the common name "door snails", because all the snails in this family have a roughly spoon-shaped "door" or clausilium, which can slide down to close the aperture of the shell. However, this structure is emphatically not the same thing as an operculum, which is virtually non-existent in pulmonate snails, only occurring in the Amphibolidae.
The exact shape of the clausilium varies from genus to genus: it can be tongue-shaped, spoon-shaped or spatula-shaped. The wide flat end of the clausilium can close the aperture of the snail shell, and thus protect the soft parts against predation by animals such as carnivorous beetle larvae. The narrow end of the clausilium slides in a groove, which is formed by spiral folds on the inside of the shell around the columella. Because the groove is long, and the muscles that control the clausilium are also long, the whole structure can be retracted into the shell. The mechanism is totally different, but the clausilium is vaguely reminiscent of an automated garage door opener.
Gallery
References
Iľja Michajlovič Licharev: Klauziliidy (Clausiliidae). Fauna SSSR. Molljuski. Vol. 3, Fasc. 4., 320 pp., Izdat. Akad. n)
Gastropod anatomy
Clausiliidae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausilium
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The Sofia Urban Mobility Center (SUMC) () is the transit authority responsible for public transport in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It is one of the municipal companies controlled by Stolichna Municipality.
SUMC operates an extensive bus system, 15 tram lines, a trolleybus system and a metro system.
History
SUMC was created through the merger of the companies "Stolichna kompaniya za gradni transport - Sofia" EOOD and "Parkings and garages" EAD at the beginning of 2009. It deals with:
the organization and control over the activity of public transport in Sofia, including bus, trolleybus, tram transport and metro;
control of transport in the city;
construction and operation of parking spaces in the capital, etc.
Transport
The public transport in Sofia consists of a comprehensive network of bus, trolleybus, tram and metro lines. It is overseen by the Sofia Urban Mobility Center, a municipal enterprise responsible for route planning, scheduling, fare collection and ticket inspection. It also pays the various transport operators for their service on a per-kilometer basis. Sofia is the only city in Bulgaria that operates the four modes of public transport.
As of 2023, public transport in Sofia is operated by 3 municipal and 1 private company:
Sofia Public Bus Transport Company JSC () operates the majority of bus services
Sofia Public Electrical Transport Company JSC () operates the tram and trolleybus networks
Metropoliten JSC () operates the Sofia Metro
Private company MTK Group operate some, mainly suburban, bus services
Buses
The public bus transport in Sofia developed relatively late compared to the other types of transport in the city. The first operational line was opened on 20 April 1935. Soon after that six more lines were opened, bringing the total network length to 23 km.
During the communist era, the bus fleet consisted mainly of Ikarus and Bulgarian-made Chavdar buses. After the political changes in 1989, however, the fleet has gradually been modernised.
Today the system presently comprises 98 routes with 2,380 km system length.
Trolleybuses
Trolleybus transport was the last form of surface public transport to develop in Sofia, after buses and trams. The first Sofia trolleybus line opened on 8 February 1941. It was over long, and connected the city with the Gorna Banya quarter. The line was covered by 2 MAN trolleybuses, which were stored on the last stops during the night, due to the lack of depot.
In the 1950s and 1960s, massive development of the trolleybus transport in Sofia began. At that time, the construction of new trolleybus routes proceeded especially rapidly, and two depots ("Stochna Gara" and "Nadezhda") were opened, with a total capacity of 160 trolleybuses. In 1951, the first Bulgarian made trolleybuses entered service.
In 1987, a new depot, "Iskar", was opened with a capacity of 130 trolleybuses. Levski depot was opened in 1994 with capacity of 60 trolleybuses. As of 2021 three depots are in operation: Nadezhda, Iskar and Levski. The latter also serves as a storage and overhaul facility.
Today the system presently comprises 10 routes with 193 km route length.
Trams
Trams began operation on January 1, 1901. As of 2006, the tram system included approximately of narrow and standard gauge one-way track. Most of the track is a narrow gauge (), with standard gauge () used on lines 20, 22 and 23 and accounting for approximately of the system's track length.
The average speed of trams in Sofia as of 2020 is 14 km/h.
For comparison (2010), the subway in Sofia moves at 38.84 km/h, and the buses – at 19.4 km/h.
Today the system presently comprises 15 routes with 308 km track length.
Metro
The Sofia Metro is the only metro in Bulgaria. It began operation on 28 January 1998. , the Sofia Metro consists of four interconnected lines, serving 47 stations, with a total route length of and also being among the top 20 of the most extensive European metro systems, ranking 19th as of 2020. The Metro links the densely populated districts of Lyulin – Mladost (M1 line – Red) and Nadezhda – Lozenets (M2 line – Blue), and serves the Sofia Airport.
Today the system has 4 lines with 52 km system length.
See also
Sofia Metro
Transport in Bulgaria
List of metro systems
List of tram and light rail transit systems
References
External links
Sofia Urban Mobility Centre official website (in English)
Transport in Sofia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia%20Public%20Transport
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The women's K-4 500 metres event was a fours kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program.
Medalists
Results
Heats
10 crews entered in two heats. The top three finishers from each of the heats advanced directly to the finals while the remaining teams were relegated to the semifinal.
Overall Results Heats
Semifinal
The top three finishers in the semifinal advanced to the final.
Final
Fischer became the first woman in any sport to win Olympic gold medals 20 years apart with this event and the first woman to win gold medals in five different Olympics in any sport. Kőbán's silver medal brought her career total to six: 2 gold, 3 silver, and 1 bronze.
References
2000 Summer Olympics Canoe flatwater results.
Sports-reference.com women's 2000 K-4 500 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Women's Kayak Fours 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 495.
Women's K-4 500
Olympic
Women's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing%20at%20the%202000%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20K-4%20500%20metres
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Wallace "Wally" Perry Wolf Jr. (October 2, 1930 – March 12, 1997) was an American attorney, bank director, competition swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic champion. He competed in the 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1960 Summer Olympics.
Personal
Wolf was born in Los Angeles, California, and was Jewish. He was the son of famous vaudeville music director Rube Wolf Sr. and Fanchonnette Sunny (Rutherford) Wolf.
One of the early teams he swam for was the Rube Wolf Swim Club of Los Angeles. He married Carolyn Wyatt and had three children - Wallace Scott, John, and Lori, and the family lived in Manhattan Beach, California. After completing his swimming career he attended USC Law School and became a successful Los Angeles attorney, often to the entertainment industry. He had been a co-founder of Los Padres Savings Bank and had served in various capacities including Corporate Director since 1984.
A Californian most of his life, he died on March 12, 1997 in Santa Yanez, California with memorial services held at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Los Osos. In a suspected mishap, his body was found at the bottom of a bridge at San Marcos Pass being retrofitted for an earthquake. He was 66.
Athletic career
Wolf excelled at several strokes and events. At Beverly Hills High School (class of 1947), at a race distance which has long since been discontinued, he won the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) 220y-freestyle championship three years in a row, 1945-47 (with times of 2:32.2, 2:23.7, and 2:19.1), the individual medley - 75 yards two years in a row, 1946-47 (with times of 45.7 and 44.4), and was the CIF record holder in 220y-freestyle and individual medley.
Setting 1948 Gold medal 4X200 Olympic relay record of 8:48
With the pinnacle of his athletic career coming at only 17, he represented the United States at the 1948 Olympics in London, taking a gold medal while impressively setting a world record total relay time of 8:46 in the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay . Wolf told the press winning the gold medal was "the biggest thrill of my life", and "the toughest competition I was ever in." Around July of 1948, prior to the Olympics, at the 1948 US Olympic trials 4x200-meter freestyle relay held in Detroit, several swimmers who had already qualified in other events slowed down in their heats or swam fast in the prelims and scratched themselves for the final to allow more swimmers to qualify for the US Olympic Team. The final four were not officially selected until the Olympic trails in London. Significantly, he was the top qualifier in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay trials final with a time of 2:14 flat.
Apparently the 4x200 relay team had considerable depth that year. Coach Robert Kiphuth held a time trial shortly after the actual Olympic trials with 11 of the swimmers, which had Jimmy McLane as first overall with a time of 2:11.0, Bill Smith and Wally Wolf in 2:11.2, and Wally Ris in 2:12.4. This quartet was used for the Olympic final and won the gold medal. The next four-Eugene Rogers in 2:14.2, Edwin Gilbert in 2:15.4, Robert Gibe in 2:15.6, and William Dudley in 2:15.9, were used in the Olympic prelims. The next three swimmers-Joe Verdeur who came in 2:16.3, Alan Ford in 2:16.4 and George Hoogerhyde in 2:17.4 were not used in the 4x200 freestyle relay.
1952 4x200 Olympic relay team
Four years later at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, Wolf once again was the top qualifier in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay at the US Olympic trials. Like the trials in 1948, several top swimmers who had qualified for other events-Ford Konno, Clarke Scholes, William Woolsey, Wayne Moore and Jimmy McLane swam under their potential in the trials and failed to qualify for the final. Coach Matt Mann used four of the swimmers who actually qualified in the trials for the Olympic prelim. He swam a second heat leg setting a new Olympic record of 2:11.4. For the final, Mann used Konno, Woolsey, Moore, and McLane who won the gold medal. Wolf helped the U.S. relay team to qualify for the final of the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay, but, under the international swimming rule of the time, he was not awarded with a medal because he did not swim in the event final.
Wolf attended the University of Southern California (USC), where he swam for the USC Trojans swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition and was a four-time All American. He graduated from USC with a bachelor's degree in 1951, and later returned to USC Law School to earn a law degree in 1957.
1956, 1960 Summer olympics in Water Polo
Wolf was a member of the U.S. men's team that finished fifth in the 1956 water polo tournament in Melbourne, Australia, playing in five matches. Four years later at the 1960 Olympics in Rome, he finished seventh with the U.S. men's water polo team in the 1960 tournament. He played all seven matches and scored five goals. He was named to the 1964 Olympics US water polo team, but did not accept the appointment.
Honors
In 1976, he was inducted into the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame., in 2008 the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, and in 2009, the USC Athletic Hall of Fame.He was inducted into the Beverly Hills High Athletes Hall of Fame in 2011, and the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2014. In Water Polo, he was a 1960 AAU All American Selection, and in 1951-2, an All PAC 8 selection while a student the University of Southern California.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of University of Southern California people
World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay
List of select Jewish swimmers
References
External links
1930 births
1997 deaths
American male freestyle swimmers
American male water polo players
World record setters in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic water polo players for the United States
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
USC Trojans men's swimmers
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish swimmers
Swimmers from Los Angeles
California lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American Jews
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally%20Wolf
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The Winder musket was a .22-caliber training rifle used by the US Army in the early 20th century.
History
The Winder musket was the brainchild of Colonel C. B. Winder, who advocated marksmanship training with a rifle of similar size and weight to a service rifle but chambered in .22 rimfire, which was both economical and suitable for indoor ranges. The Winder musket was based on the Winchester Model 1885 single-shot rifle.
Although it was never officially referred to as the Winder musket, the weapon was informally named in honor of Colonel C. B. Winder and has since generally been referred to as the Winder musket.
Winder muskets were used for target and training purposes well into the early twentieth century. Many were purchased by the United States Ordnance, and many were issued to American N.R.A. affiliated rifle clubs. The Winder musket was superseded by the 1922 Model bolt-action training rifle, and remaining Winder muskets were sold.
Design and Features
The action for the Winder musket was originally developed by John Browning. Winchester bought the patent and manufacturing rights from Browning in 1883.
The Winder musket featured a full stock and was chambered for .22 Short or .22 Long Rifle. It had a 28-inch barrel and an overall weight of 8.5 lbs.
Variants
The Winder musket was produced a "high wall" version and a "low wall" version, with the name referring to the height of the side walls of the action alongside the falling block and the hammer. There were two major high wall variants and one low wall variant.
The Winder musket was also produced in both military and civilian versions.
References
"The History of Winchester Firearms 1866-1992" By Thomas Henshaw
"Standard Catalog of Winchester Firearms" By Joseph Madden Cornell, Paul Goodwin
Rifles of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winder%20musket
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Gomphus pulchellus, the western clubtail, is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is found in Western Europe, although absent in the British isles. Its natural habitat are clean ponds and canals, clay and mud holes.
The species is 47–50 mm long. It is the only Gomphidae that lacks the "club-shaped" abdomen, in spite of its name.
As an adult, it is mainly pale olive-green with blue eyes.
It emerges early in spring, can be seen as soon as the end of March in the South of France and flies until August depending on the location.
References
External links
Libellennet
Gomphidae
Dragonflies of Europe
Insects described in 1840
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphus%20pulchellus
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Gomphus flavipes, the river clubtail or yellow-legged dragonfly, is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is found in Europe. Its natural habitat are rivers and large streams. The dragonfly flies from June to September depending on the location.
Geographical distribution
Gomphus flavipes is a European species. It has the biggest geographical range among the European Gomphid species, occurring from France to eastern Siberia. The species has a very patchy occurrence in Central Europe and has become rare in Western Europe. The southernmost occurrence is known from Greece. In Southern Europe G. flavipes is replaced by other Gomphid species. However, the exact geographical range of the species is still unclear.
Habitat
Gomphus flavipes lives along the middle and lower reaches of slow flowing medium-sized and big rivers The species prefers riverbed with mud, clay, loam or fine sand as soil, since larvae develop buried in the soil, but avoids areas with decomposition of organic matter and oxygen-poor stagnant water. Reaches with high drift and coarse substrate are also avoided, however, occasionally G. flavipes can be found in bigger lakes with high oxygen content.
Morphology
As a medium-sized dragonfly G. flavipes is 50–55 mm long and with an average wingspan of 70–80 mm. The eyes are widely separated, this is a typical genus-specific feature, males have blue while females have green eyes. Both sexes have predominantly yellow legs and the males has thin angled appendages, while his 10th segment is entirely black dorsally.
Behaviour and life cycle
Gomphus flavipes, as all dragonflies, are predators; they capture smaller insect in flight. Imagos are rarely seen, the easiest way to observe them is in the mating period or during the emergence of young adults. Mating usually takes place in June or July. During the day adult males search for females, far from the riverbank, in low altitude above the waterfront. If they successfully catch a female copulation takes place in the shelter of water edge willows. After fertilization females fly 20–30 cm above the water and lay eggs (one at a time or in a small packets) into the water.
Larval development
The larvae develop for three years buried in the fine soil of the riverbed. As imagos, they are predators too, their diet consisting of small invertebrates which they capture with they specialized labium called the mask.
The emergence of the larvae starts mostly at end of May or June, but it depends highly on location and other environmental circumstances (e.g. a rainy period could delay the start of emergence).
The emergence in G. flavipes is often highly synchronised and it is therefore referred as a ’summer species’, in Odonatology EM50 values are used to describe the emergence pattern (extent of synchronization). The patterns often have two peaks in G. flavipes due to the phenomenon called ’cohort splitting’.
Larvae of G. flavipes, unlike other Anisoptera larvae, often choose riverbank soil as an emergence substrate, however the type of substrate depends on location and characteristics of the riverbank, probably the larvae have no substrate specific attachment.
Threat factors
Gomphus flavipes has become an endangered species in most Western European countries due to water pollution and river regulation. The species is listed in the Annex IV of Habitats Directive.
References
External links
Gomphidae
Dragonflies of Europe
Odonata of Asia
Insects described in 1825
Taxa named by Toussaint de Charpentier
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphus%20flavipes
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Regency Square Mall may refer to:
Regency Square Mall (Jacksonville, Florida)
Florence Mall, Florence, Alabama, formerly known as Regency Square Mall
Regency Mall (Richmond, Virginia), formerly known as Regency Square
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency%20Square%20Mall
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The Battle of Seedaseer was a battle of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War on 6 March 1799 at Seedaseer (near present-day Siddapura, Karnataka), a hill and pass on the border of the Coorg and Mysore country seven miles from Piriyapatna and with a view almost as far as Seringapatam.
Battle
Lieutenant-General James Stuart and the Bombay Army of 6,500 under his command advanced from Cannanore, aiming to cross the Western Ghats and converge at Seringapatam with the larger Madras Army advancing from the east. He then took up a defensive position on the Anglo-Mysore frontier to await further orders from General Harris, placing his right brigade in an advanced position at Seedaseer on 2 March so as to better receive Harris's orders. This was under Lieutenant-Colonel Montressor and was made up of what are now the 1st and 2nd Maratha Light Infantry battalions and the now-defunct 1st Bombay Pioneers. He kept his other 2 brigades, the main body of his force, at Siddapura and Ahmootenaar 8 to 12 miles from Seedaseer.
Receiving news of a possible Mysorean march Stuart reinforced the advanced position with one more battalion of sepoys. This advance was Tipu's main force moving to destroy the Bombay Army (whilst a small Mysorean force held off the Madras Army), and reached Seedaseer at 9am on 6 March 1799. Stuart led the Left Brigade there as reinforcements by 2pm, forcing Tipu to withdraw.
The place where this battle took place was in the jagir of Nawab Subhan Khan, father of Nawab Qutub Ali Khan. This place was taken over by Government of India after Police action in 1948.
Estimation
The Governor-General wrote in his despatches to the British East India Company's directors "I am confident that your most honourable Court will be of the opinion that the conduct and success of the Army of Bombay on that day [at Seedaseer] has seldom been equalled and never surpassed.", and the battle's anniversary has been celebrated annually ever since as "Seedaseer Day" with regimental sports and, in the case of the 2nd Battalion, with a pageant of episodes during the battle in replicas of the 1799 uniforms.
References
External links
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/103rdmahratta.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20081013133631/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/letter.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20081120194931/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/stuart1799.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145613/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/mli_chapter_9.htm
Seedaseer
History of Karnataka
Seedaseer
Seedaseer
1799 in India
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Seedaseer
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Mijar is a village in the Manglore taluk in the city of Mangaluru of Dakshina Kannada district of the Indian state of Karnataka. Tenkamijaru Grama Panchayat which is 30 km from Mangalore, 12 km from the famous pilgrimage site Jain Kashi. The Grama Panchayat Contains 2 Revenue Villages, cultivation as the main source of income, the level of education and the quality of life of the people are in general. Gram Panchayat consists of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes and Others.Hindu Muslim Christian, Jains lead lives in harmony.
The village has a total of 7 wards and has 19 members, Anganwadi Primary School, High School and PU College are located in the Gram Panchayat area. Includes 2 Engineering Colleges and MBA Courses. Ayurvedic herbal preparation parmesis, operating cashew factory, are useful in improving the quality of life of people.The Panchayath has its own fixed and variable assets and is always responsive to people's problems
There are mosques and temples in the Panchayath area, The temple of Lord Vishnu and Somanatheshwara
the village headman The Dargah of Muslims in Thodar is religiously famous, People are living in communion with social politics and religion.
Economy
Traditionally women rolled beedies as a source of income.
Location
Mijar is on National Highway 169 (old NH 13). It is accessible from Mangalore city (30 km away) by road. Mangalore International Airport is 20 km away from MIjar
It is 60 km from Udupi and 20 km from Karkala. Other nearby places are Venur (25 km), Belthangady (40 km), Kudremukh (70 km), Agumbe (75 km), Puttur (60km) Siddakatte (15 km) and Moodbidri (5 km)
Education
The Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering is located close to Mijar.
Alvas Institute of Engineering and Technology is also located in Mijar
Religion
Numerous temples are in Mijar, including Sri Vishnumoorthi Temple Mijar, Sri Somanatheshwara Temple in Kambettu, Sri Bhoothanatheshwara Temple in Shashthavu, Sri Gopalakrishna Temple in Baithari and Sri Mariyamma Temple in Daddi.
Geography
The Nandini River originates from Kanakabettu in Mijar and flows westwards, encircling Sri Kateel Durgaparameshwari Temple.
References
Villages in Dakshina Kannada district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijar
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Sidney McLarty Willhelm (October 5, 1934 – September 30, 2018) was an American sociologist, who authored several books on race and urban affairs, and many online articles containing analyses of current events often in a historical context.
Early life
He was born in Galveston, Texas. He was the son of Ernest Virgil (an accountant) and Edythe (Harbour) Willhelm. He earned a B.A. and M.A. from the University of Texas in 1957. He went on to earn a PhD from the same institution in 1961.
Academic career
He was an assistant professor of sociology at San Francisco State University (at the time called San Francisco State College) from 1960 to 1962. He was an assistant professor at The State University of New York at Buffalo from 1962 to 1965; in 1965 he became an associate professor; and retired at the rank of professor in 1990. Willhelm was a visiting associate professor of sociology at McGill University in 1970, and during the summer of 1971 he served as visiting professor at the University of British Columbia.
In 1963 Willhelm introduced a course, "Automation and Society," which examined many of the social transformations which the computer would bring forth, a recurrent theme which is presented in many of his writings.
His book Who Needs the Negro? was printed in 1970. It was reviewed in a number of academic journals, including American Journal of Sociology, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and Contemporary Sociology.
Other books he wrote include Urban Zoning and Land-Use Theory (1962) (reviewed in American Sociological Review) and Social Forces; Black and White in America (1983); and America's Economic Elite: A critical review of Andrew Hacker's Two Nations (1994). Willhelm also wrote an article titled, "Black Man, Red Man and White America: The Constitutional Approach to Genocide" (Catalyst, Spring 1969 No.4 pp. 1–62) and composed the online essay, "Understanding the New Imperial Empire: Will America's Past Become America's Future?" (2002).
References
1934 births
2018 deaths
People from Galveston, Texas
American sociologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20M.%20Willhelm
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Regency Mall is an enclosed shopping mall outside of Richmond, Virginia in unincorporated Henrico County, Virginia, United States. Opened in 1975 as Regency Square, the mall features a food court and more than 60 tenants, currently with no anchors. Macy's, which had two locations at Regency Square, closed in spring 2016, Sears closed in summer 2017, and JCPenney closed in fall 2020. Forever 21 closed in early 2020 as part of that brand's restructuring plan.
History
Regency Square opened in 1975. It was developed by Leonard Farber of Pompano Beach, FL in conjunction with local developer E. Carlton Wilton.
At the mall's opening, anchor stores included JCPenney, Sears, Miller & Rhoads and Thalhimer's. Besides the addition of a food court in 1987, the mall remained largely unchanged. After Miller & Rhoads closed in 1990, Hecht's bought the location, along with three other former Miller & Rhoads stores in Virginia, and converted it to a Hecht's. Two years later, the Thalhimer's chain was also acquired by Hecht's, and as a result, the Thalhimer's became a second Hecht's location.
In 1991, Wilton sold the mall to Prudential. Taubman Centers then acquired the Regency Square mall in 1997. A children's play place was added in 2003.
In January 2012, Taubman returned the mall to its mortgage lender to avoid foreclosure on the property. The lender hired Jones Lang LaSalle for management of the property.
In February 2015, Thalhimer Realty Partners and The Rebkee Company, both local companies, bought Regency for 13.1 million. The new owners plan to revitalize the mall while keeping it focused on retail.
In 2016, Macy's closed both of its stores at Regency Square as part of a nationwide closing of 40 stores.
In September 2017, Sears closed its store at Regency Square as part of a nationwide closing of 16 stores. This left JCPenney as the mall's only original anchor.
The same month, an overpass over one of the mall's entrances was demolished, starting work on a 30 million dollar renovation of the mall. It will remove the parking deck on the second story of the mall, making its parking space completely level. Regal Entertainment Group will move into the former Macy's spaces as well.
In September 2019, Forever 21 announced that it would be closing its two-level store at Regency Square after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
In early 2020, the abandoned Sears store was demolished for construction of a new 320-unit apartment complex.
On August 20, 2020, it was announced that JCPenney would close in November 2020 as part of a plan to close 155 stores nationwide, leaving the mall with no anchors. The structure was purchased from JCPenney by the owners of the mall for $3 million for redevelopment.
On October 10, 2020, Surge Trampoline Park opened in the top floor of the former Macy's North building.
Competition with other malls
Regency Square faced additional retail competition in 2003, when two other malls opened nearby: Short Pump Town Center and Stony Point Fashion Park, the latter also a Taubman property.
References
External links
Official website
Buildings and structures in Henrico County, Virginia
Shopping malls established in 1975
Shopping malls in Richmond, Virginia
Taubman Centers
Tourist attractions in Henrico County, Virginia
1975 establishments in Virginia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency%20Mall%20%28Richmond%2C%20Virginia%29
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Polly Courtney is an English author and media commentator. She is best known as the author of the novels Golden Handcuffs and Poles Apart.
Background
In her early years, Courtney was a straight-A student who spent her free time playing a multitude of sports and playing violin with various orchestras and string quartets. She grew up in London. Courtney graduated from the University of Cambridge with a first-class degree in mechanical engineering, and worked in investment banking for two years before resigning to spend time writing her first novel based on her experiences in the City. In an interview, she claimed this was due to the strenuous hours and pressures synonymous with the banking culture.
Fiction
Courtney has written a number of novels. Her early novels, Golden Handcuffs and Poles Apart, were self-published, based on her experiences as an investment banker and the story of a Polish migrant acquaintance. Her publishing success earned her a three-book publishing deal with HarperCollins imprint, Avon. At the release of It's a Man's World in 2011, Courtney announced plans to return to self-publishing because she did not agree with the chick lit marketing approach used by HarperCollins. On returning to self-publishing, Courtney said in an interview that she was pleased to have regained control. Feral Youth (2013) is based on Courtney's experiences of the London riots and her concerns that more unrest would be only a matter of time.
Bibliography
Golden Handcuffs (2007)
Poles Apart (2008)
The Day I Died (2009)
Defying Gravity (2010)
The Fame Factor (2010)
It's a Man's World (2011)
Feral Youth (2013)
Non-fiction
Courtney has written commentary pieces on city culture, women in the workplace, Polish migrants, lads' mags, sexism in publishing and youth discontentment for The Observer, The Guardian, The Independent, The Sunday Times, The Evening Standard, Female First, Grazia and Huffington Post.
References
External links
Courtney's Official Website
English women novelists
British chick lit writers
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Living people
1979 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from London
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly%20Courtney
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Žeje ( or , ) is a village in the Municipality of Domžale in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
References
External links
Žeje on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Domžale
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeje%2C%20Dom%C5%BEale
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NOU or Nou may refer to:
Education
Nalanda Open University, Patna, Bihar, India
National Open University, Taiwan
North Orissa University, Baripada, Orissa, India
Places
Camp Nou, a football stadium in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
La Tontouta International Airport, Nouméa, New Caledonia (IATA airport code: NOU)
Nou, Iran, a village in Gilan Province, Iran
Nō, Niigata, a former town in Japan
Nō Station, Itoigawa, Niigata Prefecture, Japan
Nou, Sibiu, a village in Roșia, Sibiu, Romania
Nou Român, a village in Arpașu de Jos, Sibiu, Romania
Nou Săsesc, a village in Laslea, Sibiu, Romania
Other uses
Noh, a major form of classical Japanese musical drama
Norwegian Official Report ()
Enn Nõu (born 1933), Estonian writer
Ewage language (ISO 639: nou), spoken in Papua New Guinea
See also
NOH (disambiguation)
Nô (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOU
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Hollands Landing is a village in central Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, in the Shire of Wellington.
Hollands Landing is situated at the western end of Lake Victoria on McLennan Strait where it joins Morley Swamp and Lake Wellington in the Gippsland Lakes. It is most popular for fishing and boating, and is suitable for camping, with two nearby caravan parks.
It has a permanent population of 15.
References
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Wellington
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollands%20Landing
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Cuauhtémoc is a town in the Mexican state of Colima. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Cuauhtémoc. In the 2005 INEGI Census, it reported a total population of 7,513
The name honours the last tlatoani of the Aztec people, Cuauhtemoc.
In 2013 the municipality became the first in Colima to perform a same-sex marriage.
Geography
Climate
References
Populated places in Colima
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc%2C%20Colima
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The National Liberal Party (, PNL) is a political party in the Republic of Moldova. It was founded in 1993 but temporarily disappeared through political amalgamation in 2000 before being refounded in 2006.
Political agenda
The party supports the unification of the Republic of Moldova with Romania and shares copies the identity and ideology of the traditional party in neighbouring Romania. Nonetheless, very much unlike the Romanian PNL (which is dominant on the centre-right as well as Romania's second largest political party), the Moldovan PNL might actually be considered a micro party with respect to Moldovan politics. In addition to support for political union with Romania, as an interim measure, the PNL supports EU and NATO membership for Moldova. In early 2020, the PNL became one of the founding members of Mișcarea Politică Unirea (MPU), a political party established purposely for the unification of Romania and Moldova.
Electoral history
Notes:
1
2
3
See also
Liberalism in Moldova
Liberalism and radicalism in Romania
National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)
Liberal parties by country
References
PNL leaflet - 1
PNL leaflet - 1
External links
Official website
Political parties established in 1993
Political parties established in 2006
Liberal parties in Moldova
1993 establishments in Moldova
Romanian nationalism in Moldova
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Liberal%20Party%20%28Moldova%29
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Martin Randall Travel is a cultural tour operator in Britain. It specialises in tours for small groups and classical music festivals.
History
Martin Randall Travel was founded by a former art history student in 1988. Its primary focus is the organisation of tours for small groups, led by a lecturer who is an expert in their field. In 1994, the company expanded into producing music festivals to complement their small group tours. The company has four festivals confirmed for 2024 including the Salzburg String Quartet Festival, Mozart Along the Danube, The Divine Office: Choral Music in Oxford, and Opera in Sicily. As of 2023, their programme contains two hundred tours and events in more than forty different countries.
Critical acclaim
Martin Randall Travel focuses on a small clientele and has received favourable reviews. Ian Irvine in The Independent said, "All three... highlights from my life as a cultural tourist were part of the remarkable series of music festivals run by Martin Randall." Christine Headley praised Martin Randall Travel's handling of money – covering most costs and distributing local currency - on the festival she attended. Kenneth Asch wrote in the Travellers' Handbook, "Of all the travel services I have researched, Martin Randall Travel is perhaps the most comprehensive, culturally speaking."
Martin Randall Travel won the British Travel Awards: Best Special Interest Holiday Company (Small) award in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 & 2019.
Directors
Martin Randall, founder
Vernon Ellis
Neil Taylor
Fiona Charrington
References
External links
Travel and holiday companies of the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Randall%20Travel
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Žeje ( or ; ) is a village in the Municipality of Postojna in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.
Church
The local church on the southern outskirts of the village is dedicated to Saint George.
References
External links
Žeje on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Postojna
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeje%2C%20Postojna
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Pecota may refer to:
PECOTA (Player Empirical Comparison and Optimization Test Algorithm), a statistical method for baseball analysis
Bill Pecota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecota
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Ixtlahuacán is a city and seat of the municipality of Ixtlahuacán, in the Mexican state of Colima.
References
Populated places in Colima
de:Municipio Ixtlahuacán
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtlahuac%C3%A1n
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Žeje pri Komendi ( or ; ) is a village in the Municipality of Komenda in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Žeje to Žeje pri Komendi in 1955. The name was first attested in written sources in 1322 as Seyach (and as Seach in 1348). The name is derived from the plural demonym *Žežane, from the verb *žeťi 'to burn'. The change *Žež- > *Žej- is a result of dissimilation. The name refers to people living on burned-over ground. A second possibility is that the name may be derived from some unknown noun related to Slovene žeja 'thirst', referring to an intermittent spring or dry soil. The settlement was known as Scheje in German in the past.
History
Roman-era brick has been found near the village, testifying to its settlement in antiquity. A village band was established in Žeje pri Komendi in the mid-18th century, conducted by the composer Jakob Frančišek Zupan (1734–1810). A water main was installed in 1961.
Mass graves
Žeje pri Komendi is the site of two known mass graves from the period immediately after the Second World War. The graves contain the remains of 10 to 15 prisoners from Kamnik that were murdered in May and June 1945. Their nationality and whether they were soldiers or civilians is unknown. The Kuhar Woods Mass Grave () is located near a path on the edge of a woods north of the main settlement. The Smovc Mass Grave () is located southwest of the main settlement.
References
External links
Žeje pri Komendi on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Komenda
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeje%20pri%20Komendi
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Guttorm Schjelderup (born 15 January 1961) is a Norwegian economist.
He graduated as siv.øk. in 1985 and cand.oecon. in 1987 from the Norwegian School of Economics. He took the doctor's degree in 1992 with the thesis Five Essays on Tax Policy in an Open Economy. He became associate professor at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in 1993, and was promoted to professor in 2000. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Cambridge University and the University of Colorado at Boulder, and has refereed articles in several publications, including The American Economic Review.
He was a member of the Norwegian property tax committee which proposed that all land was eligible for property taxation and that local municipalities should be allowed to set their own local property taxes within limits.
He has been a member of several public committees, chairing the Shipping Tax Committee that delivered the report NOU 2006: 4. and also chairing the government committee on tax havens and development (NOU 2009: 19).
References
1961 births
Living people
Norwegian economists
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian School of Economics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttorm%20Schjelderup
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Marco Kurz (born 16 May 1969) is a German football manager and former player who played as a defender. He last managed Australian side Melbourne Victory.
Playing career
Kurz, who played as a defender, started playing football at SV Sillenbuch, a small club in his native Stuttgart, and then for VfL Sindelfingen. At age 20, he had his breakthrough into professional football, when he signed a contract for his local Bundesliga side VfB Stuttgart in the summer of 1989. After one year, where he—with the exception of one cap—only played for VfB's second team, he was transferred to 1. FC Nürnberg in 1990; there he was more successful, earning 108 caps in four seasons. When the team was relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after the 1993–94 season, Kurz took up an offer by Borussia Dortmund. Dortmund won the title of German champion in the following season, with Kurz playing four times.
At rival club Schalke 04, where Kurz subsequently played from 1995 to 1998, he earned 58 caps. With Schalke he won his biggest title, the 1996–97 UEFA Cup, under coach Huub Stevens. In 1998, he transferred to the south of Germany again, joining TSV 1860 Munich. He played 128 times for 1860 Munich until 2004, when the club was relegated to the 2. Bundesliga.
2004–05 was Kurz's last season as a player. He spent it at SC Pfullendorf, a Regionalliga Süd (then third division) team (11 caps). Shortly after joining Pfullendorf, he was promoted to player-coach; in 2005, he retired as a player, but stayed at Pfullendorf as head coach.
Managerial career
After managing SC Pfullendorf, Kurz returned to 1860 Munich as a manager for the second team (Regionalliga Süd). In March 2007, he was promoted to head coach of the first team. 1860 Munich sacked Kurz in February 2009.
Kurz joined 1. FC Kaiserslautern in June 2009. He won promotion to the Bundesliga for the club in 2010. The subsequent 2010–11 season was changeable and most of the time, FCK was threatened by relegation, but eventually they finished a sensational seventh in the German top flight—their best finish in the bundesliga since 1998–99, when they finished fifth. 2011–12 was much worse, with Kaiserslautern occupying a relegation berth virtually all season. As a result, Kaiserslautern parted ways with coach Kurz on 20 March 2012.
On 18 December 2012, it was announced by Bundesliga side TSG Hoffenheim that Kurz would be the new head coach for the second half of the 2012–13 season, when Hoffenheim faced the threat of relegation. Hoffenheim were not able to emerge from the drop zone and decided to fire Kurz on 2 April 2013. Then, Kurz was manager of Ingolstadt 04 between 9 June 2013 and 30 September 2013.
He was named the head coach of Fortuna Düsseldorf on 23 December 2015. After scoring four points in seven games, Kurz was sacked on 13 March 2016.
On 16 June 2017, Kurz was appointed head coach of A-League club Adelaide United. He won his first competitive match as manager for Adelaide United on 9 August 2017 in the round of 32 of the FFA Cup defeating the Newcastle Jets 1–0. He made his A-League managerial debut on 8 October 2017 against Wellington Phoenix with the result being a draw at 1–1. Kurz helped Adelaide reach the final of the 2017 FFA Cup against Sydney FC on 21 November 2017 after defeating Western Sydney Wanderers 2–1 in the semi-finals; they went on to lose 1–2 after extra time. In 2018, Kurz led Adelaide United to their second FFA Cup triumph, defeating Sydney FC 2–1.
On 28 June 2019, Kurz was appointed manager of A-League side Melbourne Victory on a two-year deal, after their previous manager, Kevin Muscat, stepped down.
In January 2020, after six months in the role, Kurz was dismissed by Melbourne Victory; this was the third-fastest coaching dismissal in A-League history. Kurz left having managed the Victory for just 13 matches, for four wins, three draws and six losses; the six defeats were the most losses the Victory had suffered after 13 games of a season. At the time of his dismissal, Victory were sixth in the league with 15 points, their equal-lowest points tally after 13 games alongside the 2007–08 and 2011–12 seasons. He was replaced by Victory assistant coach Carlos Pérez Salvachúa.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Borussia Dortmund
Bundesliga: 1994–95
DFL-Supercup: 1995
Schalke 04
UEFA Cup: 1996–97
Manager
1. FC Kaiserslautern
2. Bundesliga: 2009–10
Adelaide United
FFA Cup: 2018
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Stuttgart
German men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
VfB Stuttgart players
1. FC Nürnberg players
Borussia Dortmund players
FC Schalke 04 players
TSV 1860 Munich players
SC Pfullendorf players
Bundesliga players
UEFA Cup winning players
German football managers
TSV 1860 Munich managers
1. FC Kaiserslautern managers
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim managers
FC Ingolstadt 04 managers
Fortuna Düsseldorf managers
Adelaide United FC managers
Melbourne Victory FC managers
Bundesliga managers
2. Bundesliga managers
A-League Men managers
German expatriate football managers
German expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Expatriate soccer managers in Australia
West German men's footballers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Kurz
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Hakan Aslantaş (born 26 August 1985 in Nürtingen, Germany) is a Turkish footballer who currently plays as a right back for Iğdır FK.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
TFF Second League players
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Malatyaspor footballers
Hacettepe S.K. footballers
Kayserispor footballers
Konyaspor footballers
Bursaspor footballers
Ankaraspor footballers
Kardemir Karabükspor footballers
Eskişehirspor footballers
Sakaryaspor footballers
German sportspeople of Turkish descent
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Men's association football defenders
People from Nürtingen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakan%20Aslanta%C5%9F
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Ancients 1: Death Watch is a first-person medieval fantasy turn-based RPG for the PC.
Version 1.2 was released as shareware in 1991, developed and self-published by Farr-Ware. Version 2.0 was later published by Epic MegaGames on August 12 of 1993. The game was programmed by Mark Lewis, and its graphic art was created by Jason Struck and Matthew McEwan.
Plot
Players are told that during their youth they got lost while exploring the wilderness surrounding their home city of Locklaven. They were rescued by a beautiful harp playing fairy who put them into a magically enchanted sleep and teleported them back home. Years later, after having done much travelling, the player returns to Locklaven and becomes aware of a new great evil, and suspects that the fairy who saved them has been kidnapped.
Gameplay
Ancients is a standard fare dungeon crawl with a simplified Dungeons & Dragons element of character creation including Warrior, Priest, Mage, Rogue classes; Elf, Human, Dwarf races; and the rerollable statistics of Hitpoints, Dracos (Money), Intelligence, Strength, Constitution and Dexterity. Players control a party of four characters.
The world is a static grid based system with the top level being the relatively safe city of Locklaven including an Inn to recover hitpoints and mana and listen to rumors, an equipment shop to purchase gear, a casino to gamble, a church to heal and resurrect dead characters, and a guild to train characters. Beneath the city is a sewer system followed by a number of different levels corresponding to increasingly difficult monsters.
Combat is randomly triggered by walking through the dungeon and is turn based allowing the player characters to attack first. Combat choices include a Basic Melee or Ranged Attack, Defend, Flee and Magic. Player characters are effectively lined up in a square for combat with the left and right most characters lined up in back and the middle two characters in front, meaning in combat only the middle two characters can use melee attacks while the left and right most characters must attack from range or use magic.
Magic is broken down into the two primary classes of Priest and Mage. There are five accessible tiers of magic usage for each class and access to each tier is based upon character level. The first tier is available at level one. Access to tiers improves by one for each two levels gained, until the fifth tier is achieved.
Leveling occurs when characters receive enough experience from slaying monsters to reach the next level tier. Players must then travel back up to the city of Locklaven and visit the Guild. There are no other major quests than the storyline driven rescue.
Release and later history
Ancients 1 was released as shareware, allowing other parties to also distribute the game.
Critical reception
Ancients was reviewed by PC-Review magazine, being called "Unusually well-presented in terms of graphics and its user-friendly point and click interface".
Shovelware
Both versions of the game have appeared on various shovelware CD-ROMs, especially during the nineties. In 1994, Ancients 1 was included on Aztech New Media Corp's Adventure Shareware Games - Volume 4, STG Computer Limited's Gamefest in August, Tech Express Software's 101 Games #1 in October, and the 13th edition of EMS Professional Software's The EMS Professional CD Collection in December. Walnut Creek CD-ROM included the game on their Giga Games in August 1993, Giga Games 3 in August 1995, and Giga Games 5 in April 1997. Australian software publishing company Nodtronics Pty Ltd included it on volume #3 of their The Best 40 Games compilation series in 1996, as well as their The World's Best 6000 Games six-CD collection in 1998. In July 2010, Ancients 1 was also included on a DVD, 501 Awesome DOS Games!, accompanying issue #179 of Australia's PC PowerPlay magazine.
Sequel
A sequel was created in 1994, Ancients II: Approaching Evil. Although players can choose to import their party from the first game, the sequel has a new storyline that is not explicitly linked to the original. An opening animation shows members of the 'Lockshire Council' discussing an evil that is escaping from a series of catacombs, after an ancient seal formerly containing the evil has become broken. A member of the council explains that he knows of a party that he believes can repair the seal, and summons them to the new city. The seal will only become restored when four special objects are recovered and brought to the entrance of the catacombs.
Unlike the original, Approaching Evil was not shareware and was sold commercially.
See also
List of roleplaying games
List of MS-DOS games
Vinyl Goddess From Mars (also created by Mark Lewis, Mathew J McEwan and Jason Struck)
Radix: Beyond the Void (also worked on by Mark Lewis and Jason Struck)
References
External links
Play the game in your browser
Download Ancients at the Mobygames Archive, $Ancient.zip
1991 video games
Role-playing video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Dungeon crawler video games
Video games developed in Canada
Single-player video games
Epic Games games
North America-exclusive video games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancients%201%3A%20Death%20Watch
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The 75th edition of the KNVB Cup started on August 29, 1992. The final was played on May 20, 1993: Ajax beat sc Heerenveen 6–2 and won the cup for the twelfth time.
Teams
All 18 participants of the Eredivisie 1992-93, eleven of which entering in the third round, the rest entering in the second round
All 18 participants of the Eerste Divisie 1992-93, entering in the second round
27 teams from lower (amateur) leagues, seven of which entering in the second round
First round
The matches of the first round were played on August 29 and 30, 1992. Only amateur clubs participated.
Second round
The matches of the second round were played on September 18, 19 and 20, 1992. Except for eleven teams from the Eredivisie, all the other participating clubs entered the tournament here.
E Eredivisie; 1 Eerste Divisie; A Amateur teams
Third round
The matches of the third round were played on October 28, 1992. The eleven highest ranked Eredivisie teams from last season entered the tournament here.
E eleven Eredivisie entrants
Round of 16
The matches of the round of 16 were played on December 2, 1992.
Quarter finals
The quarter finals were played on February 17, 1993.
Semi-finals
The semi-finals were played on March 30 and 31, 1993.
Final
Ajax would participate in the Cup Winners' Cup.
See also
Eredivisie 1992-93
Eerste Divisie 1992-93
External links
Netherlands Cup Full Results 1970–1994 by the RSSSF
Results by Ronald Zwiers
1992-93
1992–93 domestic association football cups
1992–93 in Dutch football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393%20KNVB%20Cup
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An autoclave is a pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment and supplies.
Autoclave may also refer to:
Autoclave (industrial), utilized to process parts and materials under pressure, as in curing
Waste autoclave, a form of solid waste treatment
Autoclave (album), a 1991 indie rock album
Autoclave (band), a short-lived indie rock band
Autoclave cipher, a cipher which incorporates the message into the key
"Autoclave", the fourth track on The Mountain Goats 2008 album, Heretic Pride
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave%20%28disambiguation%29
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Aston-by-Stone railway station is a disused railway station in the village of Aston, Staffordshire, England.
History
Opened by the North Staffordshire Railway, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The station closed in 1947
The site today
Trains still pass on the now electrified West Coast Main Line.
References
Further reading
External links
Aston station on navigable 1946 O. S. map
Disused railway stations in Staffordshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1901
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1947
Former North Staffordshire Railway stations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston-by-Stone%20railway%20station
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Hermann-Josef Lamberti (born February 5, 1956) is a German banker and was Chief Operating Officer of Deutsche Bank until May 2012.
Lamberti holds a Diplom degree in business administration from the University of Cologne and a master's degree from Trinity College Dublin. He worked with Deloitte & Touche and IBM before joining Deutsche Bank in 1999. He held the position of Chief Operating Officer from 2002 to 2012.
In an effort to transform the corporate governance structure of EADS and to internationalize its board by reducing the representation of its main Franco-German shareholders, Lamberti was – alongside Lakshmi Mittal, Sir John Parker and Michel Pébereau – elected as one of four non-executive directors of the company in 2007.
References
1952 births
Living people
German bankers
University of Cologne alumni
Chief operating officers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann-Josef%20Lamberti
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ASU Karsten Golf Course was a classic designed links-style golf course in Tempe, Arizona, located on the campus of Arizona State University. Designed by noted course architect Pete Dye, it opened for play in September 1989 and is the home venue of the Sun Devils golf teams.
Karsten Golf Course closed on May 5, 2019, in order to be developed into sports fields. ASU moved their golf course to the nearby Papago Golf Course after striking a 30-year management agreement with the City of Phoenix, Papago's owner.
Creation
Privately funded, the largest single contributor was Karsten Solheim (1911–2000), the founder of Phoenix-based PING golf clubs. The clubhouse and ASU players' facility
were completed in November 1994. It was located at the northeast edge of campus, east of Sun Devil Stadium. The elevation of the course is approximately above sea level.
History
The course was considered to many as the Home of Champions, referring to ASU's strong collegiate golf program's national titles; twice in men's (1990 and 1996) and seven times in women's (1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2009). Alumni among PGA and LPGA Tour professionals include Phil Mickelson, Jon Rahm, Billy Mayfair, Paul Casey, Howard Twitty, Tom Purtzer, Pat Perez, Matt Jones, Chez Reavie, JoAnne Carner, Heather Farr, Grace Park, Azahara Muñoz, Anna Nordqvist, and Carlota Ciganda.
Awarded a high 4½ rating by Golf Digest Rating Panel, a number of holes were considered the course’s signature hole. The short par-four 4th hole, the tough par-four 9th, the dauntingly long par-three 16th ( from the tips) or the ill humor par-four 18th, guarded by water down the left side, was considered one of the toughest finishing holes in the state. The course hosted tournaments, including the collegiate Men’s and Women’s Pac-10 and NCAA Championships, Phoenix Thunderbirds Collegiate Invitational, PING Invitational, and U.S. Open Qualifying.
References
External links
Arizona State University – Tempe campus tour: Karsten Golf Course
Weather.com – ASU Karsten Golf Course – conditions and forecast
Arizona State University
College golf clubs and courses in the United States
Golf clubs and courses in Arizona
Sports venues in Tempe, Arizona
Arizona State Sun Devils
2019 disestablishments in Arizona
Defunct golf clubs and courses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten%20Golf%20Course
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Great Escape is the second studio album from The Rifles, released on 26 January 2009 after it was delayed from its initial release date of 13 October 2008. The album delay was somewhat attributed to the length of time it took to record. The Rifles used two different producers, Dave McCracken and Stan "Jan" Kybert, as well as recording the album in three different locations.
The Rifles used Dave Davies' (The Kinks) Konk Studios in Crouch End, Dan Hawkins' (The Darkness) studio Leeders Farm, and "The Pool" in Miloco Studios to record the album.
The working title for the album was The Pavement's Diaries.
The album was released in North America on 15 September 2009 through Nettwerk Music Group.
Track listing
The last track contains a hidden track called "Lazy Bones".
Track listing Japan Edition
The last track contains a hidden track called "Lazy Bones".
In popular culture
"The Great Escape" was used on the soundtrack of the 2011 video game Test Drive Unlimited 2.
"Winter Calls" was used on a Dasani water commercial, and in several episodes of the third series of BBC comedy Gavin & Stacey.
Personnel
Cello - Ian Burdge (tracks: 2,10,11)
Viola - John Metcalfe (tracks: 2), N. Baw (tracks: 10,11)
Violin - Louisa Fuller, Sally Herbert (tracks: 2), Emlyn Singleton, Warren Zielinski (tracks: 10,11)
Trumpet - Daniel Newell (tracks: 10,11)
Production
Producer - Dave McCraken (tracks: 2,5,6,7), Stan Kybert (tracks: 1,3,4,8-12)
Engineer - Andy Saunders (tracks: 1,3,4,8-12), Gergus Peterkin (tracks: 7), Richard Wilkinson, Serg (tracks: 2,5,6)
Additional Engineer - Dario Dendi (tracks: 1,3,4,8-12)
Mastering - Ted Jensen
Additional Mastering - Guy Davie
Mixing - Stephen Harris (tracks: 1,3,4,8-12), Steve Fitzmaurice (tracks: 2,5,6,7)
Photography - Oliver Twitchett
References
2009 albums
The Rifles (band) albums
679 Artists albums
Nettwerk Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Escape%20%28The%20Rifles%20album%29
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Class 75 may refer to:
DRG Class 75, a class of German 2-6-2T passenger tank locomotive operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn comprising:
Class 75.0: Württemberg T 5
Class 75.1-3: Baden VI b
Class 75.4,10-11: Baden VI c
Class 75.5: Saxon XIV HT
Class 75.6: BLE Nos. 45 to 49, ELE Nos. 11 to 13, 14, MFWE Nos. 29 to 32 and other locomotives taken over by the Reichsbahn
Class 75.6: PH H, PH H'
Class 75.7: BBÖ 229, JDŽ 116
Class 75.8: BBÖ 29, JDŽ 116, PKP Class Okl11, PKP Class Okl12
Class 75.9: ČSD Class 355.0
Class 75.12-13: PKP Class Okl27
Class 75.14: JDŽ 17
Class 75.62: various locomotives taken over by the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1949
Class 75.64: ditto
Class 75.66: ditto
Class 75.67: HBE Nos. 6 and 7, taken over by the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1949
Class 75.561
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%2075
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Daher (also stylized as DAHER) is a French industrial conglomerate. It is operational across the aerospace, defence, nuclear, and automotive industrial sectors in the fields of manufacturing, services, and transport.
It was founded in 1863 as a shipping company based in Marseille, France. Within its first decade of operation, it was taken over by the Daher family, who have held a controlling stake in the company for over 100 years.
During the twenty-first century, Daher has grown its presence within the aviation industry, acquiring both French general aviation manufacturer SOCATA and American aircraft company Quest Aircraft. In addition to manufacturing its own light aircraft range, it is also active as a subcontractor of aerostructures on behalf of several aerospace firms, including Airbus, Boeing, Dassault, and Gulfstream Aerospace.
History
Daher was originally established in 1863 as a shipping company based in Marseille, France, by Alphonse Barban. In 1871, the company was taken over by Paul Daher. In 1880, one of the company's ships, the Herald of Morning completed the Marseille – San Francisco crossing in a record-breaking time of 100 days, achieved by going around Cape Horn.
In 1887, the company adopted the name Barban & DAHER. In 1920, Paul Daher's son, Gabriel, opened a branch of the firm to handle the charter sector. One year later, the firm operated its first route to the Middle East, supporting the construction of pipelines in the region; accordingly, Daher became a leader in the fast-growing energy market.
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, it continued to expand its large-scale transport activities. During the 1930s, Daher became a specialist in the transportation of locomotives and railway rolling stock by sea.
In 1972, the Daher group decided to involve itself in France's nuclear power industry, directly contributing to the construction of these nuclear power plants via the provision of three 550-tonne cranes.
During the late 1980s, Daher enlarged its presence in the global logistics sector, providing services for manufacturing, distribution and supply. During 1989, Daher began to transport outsize aircraft components on behalf of the multinational Airbus consortium, carrying payloads between Southampton, England and Toulouse, France.
The company took advantage of the end of the Cold War to seek out business in the east. In 1990, Daher participated in the construction of the first nuclear power plant in China built with French technology; the firm was made responsible for delivering all components to the construction site in Daya Bay. in 1994, the firm was contracted to provide logistics management services for the Omsk Refinery Project in Siberia, Russia.
In 1999, Daher took over the aerospace and defense business Lhotellier Montrichard. Two years later, high-pressure pipe fabricator Lacroix Lucaero was acquired by the Daher Group. In 2003, thermal insulation systems Manutex was also acquired by Daher. That same year, the company secured a major logistics contract with British engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce Plc to handle its RFID-based logistics system.
In 2007, Daher acquired the nuclear energy logistics company Nuclear Cargo + Services (NCS), based in Hanau, Germany; this purchase marked Daher's first major push into the nuclear sector. Subsequently, the American company Transport Logistics International, Inc. became a part of the Daher group on 1 January 2010.
On 27 June 2008, multinational European Aeronautic Defence and Space (EADS) announced its intention to sell a controlling interest in the general aviation manufacturer EADS Socata to Daher. On 3 November 2008, EADS and Daher announced that they had reached an agreement for Daher to acquire a 70% share of Socata. On 7 January 2009, Daher confirmed its acquisition of a majority 70% stake in SOCATA.
In 2010, Daher launched its operational base in Mexico, establishing a composites manufacturing factory in Nogales. On 7 September 2011, the Daher Group announced that it was undertaking the acquisition of valve and control specialists Vanatome and Verdelet, two key players in the supply of equipment for nuclear power plants.
In 2013, the Daher Group celebrated its 150 years of existence; in November of that same year, the firm announced the acquisition of the aeronautical equipment manufacturer Dyonix. Also in 2013, Daher becomes a major partner for the Airbus Helicopters H160 rotorcraft, becoming responsible designing and manufacturing the tail boom and distinctive fenestron anti-torque device. By this point, Daher was already an active aerostructures suppliers for multiple companies, including Airbus for its A350 XWB airliner, Dassault Aviation's Falcon 5x business jet, and Gulfstream Aerospace's Gulfstream G500/G600 business jet family.
In 2015, Daher underwent considerable management changes; for the first time in living memory, the firm was no longer directly managed by a member of the Daher family as then-CEO Patrick Daher began to transfer his responsibilities over to Didier Kayat. The firm's ownership remained unchanging, the Daher family holding a controlling stake of 80 per cent, while French public investment bank BPI owned the remaining 20 per cent.
In 2016, the company launched the improved TBM 930 turboprop aircraft; that same year, the 800th TBM came off the assembly line. That same year, Daher reinforces its presence in Mexico, opening a logistics base in Queretaro.
By 2017, the aerospace sector accounted for roughly 80% of Daher group's overall turnover, while the remainder was generated from its engineering and logistical support contracts for the French nuclear industry. That same year, the firm announced that its on-time delivery figures to Airbus, its biggest customer at the time, had risen from 85% to 99.7%.
In early 2018, the company secured its first contract with the American aerospace company Boeing to supply subassemblies for its 787 airliner; at the time, Daher's managing director, Didier Kayat, stated that it intended to be earning one third of its revenues with the Americas within five years. In June 2019, Daher announced its plan to purchase American general aviation company Quest Aircraft from Japanese firm Setouchi Holdings. During October of that year, the acquisition of Quest Aircraft was finalised, expanding Daher's North American footprint and merger its sales efforts with the former SOCATA's own.
In June 2023, Daher announced the launch of a new program at the Paris Air Show. The EcoPulse is a hybrid-electric distributed propulsion aircraft demonstrator, jointly developed by Daher, Safran and Airbus.
Business lines
Aircraft manufacturer
Daher's aviation activity includes the design, manufacture and maintenance of the TBM and Kodiak single-engine turboprop aircraft. Daher also offers maintenance, repair and technical support of other aircraft in the same categories.
Aerospace systems & equipment
As an aircraft manufacturer, Daher developed three areas of expertise: metals, composite materials and assembly.
Daher designs and manufactures products for the aerospace market:
Aerostructures: Wings & Empennages, Doors, Airframe, Fairings
AeroEngines: Nacelles & pylons, Engine parts
Aircraft Interiors: Floor covering, Cargo nets, Insulation Blankets, Air distribution systems.
Logistics and services
Daher specializes in providing logistics and supply chain services to clients in the aeronautics, automotive, and other industrial sectors.
Logistics Solutions: Daher designs and operates inbound, outbound & aftermarket logistic flows for its client.
Manufacturing Operations: Daher offers production assembly operations, quality control, repair, and rework services, both on-site and off-site.
Project Transportation: Daher handles transportation for oversized and specific loads, accompanied by comprehensive engineering services.
Supply Chain Support: Daher offers on-demand engineering expertise in supply chain design, procurement management, supplier development, production control, planning, and transport monitoring.
References
External links
Aerospace companies of France
French brands
Manufacturing companies based in Marseille
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daher
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Product Planning, or product discovery, is the ongoing process of identifying and articulating market requirements that define a product's feature set. It serves as the basis for decision-making about price, distribution and promotion. Product planning is also the means by which companies and businesses can respond to long-term challenges within the business environment, often achieved by managing the product throughout its life cycle using various marketing strategies, including product extensions or improvements, increased distribution, price changes and promotions. It involves understanding the needs and wants of core customer groups so products can target key customer desires and allows a firm to predict how a product will be received within a market upon launch.
The product planning process
Developing the product concept
In the product concept phase, managers generate ideas for new products by identifying certain problems that consumers face or various customers needs. For example, a small computer retailer may see the need to create a computer repair division for the products it sells. After idea conception, managers may plan the dimensions and features of the product and develop a trial product.
Studying the market
The next step is engaging in a competitor analysis. Secondary research usually provides details on key competitors and their market share, which is the percent of total sales that they hold in the marketplace. The business can then determine places in which it has an advantage over the competition to identify areas of opportunity.
Market research
Market research is one stage of product planning and is regarded as the way to accomplish the activity though designing questions, preparing the samples, collecting data and analysing them. It provides significant insight into customers wants, needs, buying habits and behaviours and is a key tool used in the product planning process. For example, customer satisfaction information can be obtained through surveys and market research. The process consists of 4 components: definition, collection, analysis and interpretation.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Both qualitative and quantitative marketing research techniques can be used within marketing research. The aim of qualitative research is to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often used than large samples. Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
Market researchers use quantitative and qualitative research to gain better and more complete perspectives about a market segment or hypothesis. Qualitative research involves consideration and analysis that are non-numerical in nature, which includes questions of "how" and "what". Qualitative research is suited to solve the problem areas of basic market exploratory studies, product development and diagnostic studies. In market exploratory studies, the research findings can be used to define consumer segmentations in relation to a product brand or understand the dimensions which differentiate between brands. In new product development, product, packaging, positioning and advertising information can be collected through researching to confirm a new product proposition. In diagnostic studies, qualitative research is used to determine how the brand image has changed since the start of an advertising campaign.
Research Methods
The methods of qualitative research can be departed into observation and focus groups. Recently, observation is used in observation-based researches, in which people may not articulate correctly and clearly of their thoughts. A particular example is the application in in-store shopping surveys, which regularly allow customers to try the products and gather feedback. Focus group is a tool on the basis of psychotherapy where it has found that if people are divided into small groups and asked to share their opinions suggestions, and open up. Because there will generate a brainstorming effect in the groups so that a comment from one person can stimulate another one's ideas. In general, there are always need four groups to cover a single respondent type. The outcomes of group discussions rely on the group leaders’ abilities of structuring the discussion, conducting the meeting and analysing and understanding the results.
Quantitative research is about understanding aspects of a market or what kinds of customers make up the market. It can be split into soft and hard parts. Soft parts refer to phenomena like customer attitudes and hard part is market size, brand shares and so on. Quantitative researchers are different from qualitative researchers, they pay more attention to asking 'What' questions. Quantitative research often provides three aims: description, forecasting and decision-making. Quantitative market research means getting relevant information or measures from each single customer or shopper who are carrying out a census in the market. It is based on the strict sampling methods so that its data or results have levels of accuracy and can be taken to represent and stand for the population or to projecting.
If the survey results prove favorable, the company may decide to sell the new product on a small scale or regional basis. During this time, the company will distribute the products in one or more cities. The company will run advertisements and sales promotions for the product, tracking sales results to determine the products potential success.
Product life cycle
Product planning must also include managing the product through various stages of its product life cycle. These stages include the introduction, growth, maturity and decline stages. Sales are usually strong during the growth phase, while competition is low. However, continued success of the product will pique the interest of competitors, which will develop products of their own. The introduction of these competitive products may force a small company to lower its price. This low pricing strategy may help prevent the small company from losing market share. The company may also decide to better differentiate its product to keep its prices steady. For example, a small cell phone company may develop new, useful features on its cell phones that competitors do not have. Product life cycle can be viewed as an important source of investment decision for the company.
If a company or brand wants to make sure that its products are successful, it needs to study the product life cycle to analyze market attractiveness and supplement the conclusion before it launches a new product or enters a new market. Product life cycle plays an important role in marketing. The first reason is that the managers will follow the four stages to make product plans for pushing out new products. Secondly, the level and growth of sales will change a lot during the four stages so the managers need to adjust the product plan appropriately and timely. The last one is that the prices and costs will decrease markedly in the early stages of the product life cycle.
Introduction
The first stage is the introduction (or market development), when a product is first brought to market. The goal in this stage is to attract customers’ attention as much as possible and confirm the products’ initial distribution. In this stage will be the first communication between marketers and customers relating to this product and will be the first time the consumer is aware of the product. In addition, the cost of the things will be high like research, testing and development and the sales are low as the customer base is small.
Growth
The second stage is growth. In this stage, the new products have been accepted in the market and their sales and profits has begun to increase, the competition has happened so that the company will promote their quality to stay competitive. The products also have basic consumers’ attention and can develop their loyal customers. There will have second communication as marketers can start to receive customers’ feedback and then make improvements.
Maturity
The third stage is maturity where the sales and profit have grown slowly and will reach their peak. The firm will face fierce competition in terms of providing high quality products.
Decline
The last stage is decline which means the product is going to end and be discontinued. The sales of product will decrease until it is no longer in demand as it has become saturated, all the customers who want to buy this product has already got that. Then the company or brand will cut down the old products and pays attention to designing and developing the new products to gain back the customer base, stay in the markets and make profits.
References
Product management
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20planning
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The Bachman–Wilson House, built in and originally located in Millstone, in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States, was originally designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1954 for Abraham Wilson and his first wife, Gloria Bachman. Ms. Bachman's brother, Marvin, had studied with Wright at Taliesin West, his home and studio in Scottsdale, Arizona. In 2014 the house was acquired by the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas and has been relocated in its entirety to the museum's campus.
Architecture
The Bachman-Wilson house is an example of Wright's invention of Usonian architecture. Wright built many of his houses around the notion of comfortable, low-cost living that fits the needs of its residents, as well as building a structure to match its environment. Wright was determined to use his new style to reinvent the previously box-like forms of early-to-mid twentieth century architecture, and create buildings that were right for modern times, as well as engaging and exciting for people to experience in a visual sense. Wright's ideas for low-cost living originated in the early twentieth century, and Wright was able to produce a large number of designs in that time. These would eventually turn into one of the largest collections of designs done by Wright in the early twentieth century.
The house is a beautiful example of Wright's ongoing pursuit of the "destruction of the box," and gives visitors a wonderful experience with its continuous open and flowing spaces and transparency. Wright's invention of the transparent corner, which can be seen in the way the tall windows meet at a corner looking out onto the back porch area of the house, allows the interior space to have an even greater sense of openness and calm. Another architectural signature of Frank Lloyd Wright is also seen in the fireplace, as it sits in the central portion of the house, making it a sort of symbolic architectural centerpiece. While it does have many features that give a sense of open space, it also has many other interesting architectural features.
The front façade of concrete blocks has an almost fortress-like appearance to ensure privacy from the street. The house is built with Way-Lite concrete blocks and Philippine mahogany trim. It has a second story, rare in a Usonian house, with cantilevered balconies. The living room has a built-in banquette facing a wooded scene through a wall of 10 foot high glass panes, symbolizing a transcendental pew set before the altar of nature.
The public space is a dramatic focal point, with walls of glass and an open floor plan. Cut-out wooden panels of abstracted forms over 24 clerestory windows provide an unobtrusive yet restrained decorative touch to this lavish space. These recall Native American geometric motifs as well as stylized forms that may be based in nature. Construction was completed in 1956. Gloria and Abraham Wilson were the original owners of the home, and it was later bought and restored in 1988.
Sharon and Lawrence Tarantino
In 1988, Sharon and Lawrence Tarantino acquired the neglected Bachman Wilson House. Tarantino Architects has since guided the home's complete restoration and rebuilt the kitchen according to Wright's original drawings. Sharon and Lawrence Tarantino have received several awards for their restoration work, including the Wright Spirit Award from the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy.
The house was originally located along the Millstone River in Millstone Borough. It exemplifies Wright's "Usonian" philosophy and employs his early green building principles, including minimizing the size of the house and ancillary spaces, pioneering passive solar and radiant heat design, employing natural daylight and recycling construction waste. As its location was prone to flooding, the owners sought to relocate and rebuild it at a safer site in order to preserve it.
Relocation and renovation
On January 15, 2014, the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas, announced that it was acquiring the Bachman–Wilson House and have made plans to relocate the house in its entirety to the museum's campus. Due to its past flooding and other circumstances, not all of the original structure could be relocated, such as the exterior concrete block wall and the stained concrete flooring, both of which have been remade by Crystal Bridges' reconstruction crew for the relocation. Despite flood damage, most of the interior of the house has been saved and can be seen and toured on the grounds of Crystal Bridges.
The house is located on the south side of Crystal Bridges and is only a brief walk from the south entrance. As well as the house there is also a welcoming pavilion constructed by the Fay Jones School of Architecture from The University of Arkansas that tells visitors not only about the Bachman–Wilson House but also about Frank Lloyd Wright and his works elsewhere.
Articles
October 14, 2001: Memories of a Famous Architect - New York Times
March 7, 2008: AIArchitect This Week | For the People: Preserving Wright’s Usonian Houses
November 21, 2008: Frank Lloyd Wright Renovation Receives Merit Award - Inhabitat
October 17, 2008: Honors for Restored Wright House - New York Times
2011: 10 Most Endangered Historic Places in New Jersey
April 19, 2012: A Frank Lloyd Wright House in NJ ready to deconstruct and reconstruct
January, 14, 2014: Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art Acquire A Rare Frank Lloyd House, Preserves an architectural treasure
February 12, 2014: Crystal Bridges Museum Acquires Frank Lloyd Wright Usonian House
See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, (S.366)
Kennedy-Grant, Philip S. "AIA New Jersey Guidebook". Rutgers University Press, 2012,
References
External links
The Bachman Wilson House
Frank Lloyd Wright – Bachman Wilson House | Tarantino Architect
Fay Jones and Frank Lloyd Wright: Organic Architecture Comes to Arkansas digital exhibit, University of Arkansas Libraries
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Somerset County, New Jersey
Houses completed in 1956
Millstone, New Jersey
Relocated buildings and structures in Arkansas
Houses in Bentonville, Arkansas
Collection of the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachman%E2%80%93Wilson%20House
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Little Joy is the self-titled debut album by Brazilian/American rock band Little Joy. It was released on November 4, 2008.
Track listing
Personnel
Fabrizio Moretti – guitar, tenor guitar, piano, bass guitar, drums, percussion, melodica, backing vocals
Binki Shapiro – vocals, guitar, glockenspiel, percussion, backing vocals
Rodrigo Amarante – vocals, guitar, piano, bass, ukulele, organ, Mellotron, percussion, backing vocals
Additional Personnel
Andrew Balogh – baritone saxophone
Samuel Pannell – tenor horn
Ryan Duffy – violin
Alison Lowell – oboe
Maciej Sflif – bassoon
Brendan Speltz – violin
David Tuohy – backing vocals on "With Strangers"
Keegan Wood – trombone
Wen Yee – viola
Amy Tatum – flute
Loribeth Capella – backing vocals on "With Strangers"
Mia Barcia-Colombo – cello
Adam Green – backing vocals on "With Strangers"
Andy Leonard – clarinet
Nick Valensi – backing vocals on "With Strangers"
Noah Georgeson – guitar, slide guitar, backing vocals on "Brand New Start", "No One's Better Sake", and "Keep Me in Mind"; mixing, production
Mia Barcia Colombo – cello
Mike Davis – trumpet, contractor
Carlos Zetino – backing vocals, ambience
Devendra Banhart – additional vocals on "Don't Watch Me Dancing"
References
2008 debut albums
Little Joy albums
Rough Trade Records albums
Albums produced by Noah Georgeson
Albums produced by Thom Monahan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Joy%20%28album%29
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Tall-i Bakun or Tall-e Bakun (in modern Fars Province, Iran) was a prehistoric site in the Ancient Near East about 3 kilometers south of Persepolis in the Kor River basin. It was inhabited around 4000-3500 BC.
Archaeology
The site consists of two mounds, A (about 2 hectares in area) and B. In 1928, exploratory excavation was done by Ernst Herzfeld, of the University of Berlin. Alexander Langsdorff and Donald McCown conducted full scale excavations in 1932. Additional work was done at the site in 1937 by Erich Schmidt leading the Persepolis Expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
Some limited work, a single trench, was done at Tall-i Bakun by a team from the Tokyo University led by Namio Egami and Seiichi Masuda in 1956.
The most recent excavations, 3 small trenches, were by a joint team of the Oriental Institute and the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization in 2004.
History
The site was active from circa 6th millennium BC to circa 4th millennium BC.
Tall-i Bakun phase A was inhabited c. 4000-3500 BC. Four layers can be distinguished. Layer III was the best preserved and shows a settlement in which the residential buildings were built close together with no roads or paths. Individual houses consisted of several rooms. Remains of mural paintings and of wooden columns suggest a once rich interior. Richly painted pottery was produced. There were also ceramic female figurines and those of animals. Artifactual remains from the site include objects made of copper, pottery and stone.
Around 140 fired clay sealings were found in various buildings, the majority being from use as door seals. They were created using stamp seals.
The wealth and variety of material items at Bakun and the evidence of large workshop areas point to the existence of local industry and connection/trade with distant regions such as the Persian Gulf, the central plateau, Kerman, and northeastern Iran whence goods like shells, copper, steatite, lapis, and turquoise were procured. If my inferences are correct, we have a settlement that is spatially arranged according to its functional needs and socio-economic organization.
Four other nearby Bakun period sites Tall-i jaleyan Tappeh Rahmatabad, Tol-e Nurabad, and Tol-e Pir were three times larger than Tall-i Bakun 'A'.
Kiln technology
Tall-i Bakun 'A' is the only site in the area providing a long sequence of ancient kilns. These double-chamber kilns were in use for at least 300 years with no significant changes.
A number of other kilns in the Near East share some elements of the Bakun kilns. There are close parallels with those of Tepe Gawra of the same time period. Also there are parallels with those from the Sinai Peninsula of the Egyptian New Kingdom period. Similar designs are not found elsewhere in the Levant.
Bakun culture
The Bakun culture flourished in the Fars Province of Iran in the fifth and early fourth millenniums BC. It had a long duration and wide geographical distribution. Its pottery tradition was as sophisticated as that of Susa I. Nevertheless, it was mostly a nomadic culture, and its settlements were typically much smaller than those of Susa.
Bakun pottery (Bakun-ware) is known in the Fars region in the form of bowls and jugs with green, reddish brown or deep brown bands and stripes.
Outside Fars this pottery has been found in northern Khuzestan, in the Bakhtiari mountains, and in the Behbahan and Zuhreh regions.
In the late fifth and early fourth millennia BC, Bakun A settlements were at once manufacturing sites and centres for the administration of production and trade. Their painted pottery featured some unusual specific motifs, such as large-horned mountain
sheep and goats, that were rare or unique elsewhere.
After the decline of Bakun, Lapui period followed. In recent publications, Bakun period is dated 4800-4100 BC, and the Lapui period is dated to 4100-3500 BC.
Gallery
Examples of pottery from Tall-e Bukan
See also
lakh Mazar
List of Iranian artifacts abroad
Rahmatabad Mound
Cities of the ancient Near East
Notes
Further reading
Alexander Langsdorff and Donald McCown, "Socio-Economic Complexity in Southwestern Iran During the Fifth and Fourth Millennia BC: The Evidence from Tall-e Bakun A", Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, Iran, vol. 26, pp. 17–34, 1988
External links
Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 5: Drawings and Maps, Records of Tall-e Bakun Collections Search Center, S.I.R.I.S., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Finding Aids Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Site photograph from the Oriental Institute
Bowl from Tall-i Bakun at the British Museum
Archaeological sites in Iran
Buildings and structures in Fars Province
National works of Iran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall-i%20Bakun
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Horaga selina, the Selina's onyx, is a species of lycaenid or hairstreak butterfly found in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Range
H. selina is endemic to Sulawesi. It was first found in the central region and was known until 1985 from only a single holotype specimen. It has since been found in the southern region and also in the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, northern Sulawesi, during the Royal Entomological Society's 1985 Project Wallace expedition.
See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)
Cited references
Horaga
Butterflies described in 1895
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horaga%20selina
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Shenzhen Open University (), formerly known as Shenzhen Radio and TV University (), is an educational institute in Shenzhen, China, headquartered in Luohu district, with branches in 4 other districts.
References
External links
Official site in Chinese
Universities and colleges in Shenzhen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Open%20University
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The Pittsburgh, Johnstown, Ebensburg and Eastern Railroad was a railroad corporation in Pennsylvania, intended to unite two local short lines in Clearfield, Blair and Cambria Counties and create a coal-hauling railroad to compete with the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). Highly speculative, the railroad never had the financing necessary to begin construction. Chartered in 1897, it began to lose control of the two short lines in 1900, but continued to litigate the matter until 1909. Left a paper corporation without railroad property, it was dissolved a few years later.
Charter and origins
The company was chartered on October 2, 1897, to build a railroad between the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Johnstown and the Altoona and Philipsburg Connecting Railroad (A&PC) at Ramey. The line would climb north from Johnstown along Hinkston Run to Ebensburg, and turn east to cut across the drainages to Loretto. From there, it would follow the PRR's Cresson and Irvona Branch, connecting with the Altoona and Beech Creek Railroad (A&BC) at Dean before turning away to cross the Pennsylvania and Northwestern Railroad at Utahville and descending to Ramey. It obtained a lease of the A&PC on October 20, 1897.
The principal figure behind the line was Samuel P. Langdon, a mine owner in the Clearfield Coalfield. Rail shipments from the coalfield were almost entirely controlled by the PRR, and Langdon had already chartered and built the A&PC and engaged in a court battle for control of the A&BC. The PJE&E represented an extension of Langdon's original plan to connect the two railroads, giving Altoona and the southern Clearfield Coalfield an alternative outlet to the PRR, via the Beech Creek Railroad (New York Central) at Philipsburg. Langdon's earlier battle for control of the A&BC (then known as the Altoona, Clearfield & Northern) had ended in failure when a group of stockholders he had contracted with failed to deliver a controlling interest in the railroad. In the aftermath, he brought suit against the group, who subsequently gained control of the AC&N after it was foreclosed and reorganized as the A&BC. To settle the lawsuit, they leased the A&BC to the PJE&E on highly favorable terms.
Failure
Langdon's plan was speculative in the extreme. Construction south of Loretto would be difficult and the grade steep; nor was the A&BC's steep, twisting line into Altoona particularly suitable for heavy coal traffic. Short on funds, no construction work was done on the PJE&E proper. It did order two narrow gauge engines for the A&BC in 1901. In the meantime, the lease of the A&BC was annulled by the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County in 1900, due to Langdon's failure to complete the PJE&E. The latter company appealed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and obtained an extension until January 1, 1902, to complete its railroad and retain the lease. It did not succeed in doing any new construction, and the Blair County sheriff ejected the PJE&E's officers from the A&BC at the end of 1901.
The PJE&E did continue to operate the A&PC from Phillipsburg to Ramey. On August 1, 1903, the PJE&E was sold to the New York and Pittsburg Central Railroad, an unincorporated railroad run by Langdon. However, suit was brought against the company by the A&PC bondholders, including W.L. Shellenberger, president of the A&BC and head of the stockholders whom Langdon had sued. They sought to have the A&PC placed in receivership, terminating the PJE&E operation. Legal skirmishing continued for the next several years, during which Langdon sold off two of the A&PC's new engines. The case was finally settled in 1906, when the court ordered the A&PC to be sold on April 1, 1906, should it default on the first mortgage payments, as it inevitably would.
Legal maneuvers
On April 1, it was announced that the A&PC had been bought by the New York and Pittsburgh Air Line Railroad, which had been organized on March 22, 1906. One of the directors was John Langdon, a mine owner in Huntingdon County and probably a relative and agent of Samuel P. As the road was then in the hands of a court-appointed receiver, the NY&PAL's ability to carry out this transaction was highly suspect. It did briefly operate the A&PC, which in the meantime was sold to David L. Krebs, for the bondholders; the sheriff of Clearfield County turned the railroad over to him on September 27, and it was reorganized as the Philipsburg Railroad the next year. Litigation by the NY&PAL to regain control continued, unsuccessfully, until 1909. The PJE&E, which had managed to get a number of the A&PC's gondola cars returned to Langdon's Oak Ridge Coal Co. rather than to the A&PC, remained in existence as a paper railroad and was foreclosed on April 12, 1909. It was reorganized as the Philipsburg and Johnstown Railroad on September 14, 1909, and was listed as defunct by the Public Utilities Commission in 1911–1912.
Citations
References
Transportation in Blair County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C%20Johnstown%2C%20Ebensburg%20and%20Eastern%20Railroad
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Yohanan Aharoni (Hebrew:יוחנן אהרוני)(7 June 1919 – 9 February 1976) was an Israeli archaeologist and historical geographer, chairman of the Department of Near East Studies and chairman of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel-Aviv University.
Life
Born to the Aronheim family, in Germany on 7 June 1919, Aharoni immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1933. He studied at the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa, and later at the Mikve Yisrael agricultural school. He married Miriam Gross and became a member of kibbutz Alonim.
Career
Aharoni studied archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and began to teach there in 1954. By 1966, he became a professor at the university. However, in 1968, he moved to Tel-Aviv University and became chairman of the Department of Near East Studies and chairman of the Institute of Archaeology.
Aharoni participated in many excavations, including Ramat Rachel, Tel Arad, Tel Be'er Sheva, Tel Hazor and Lachish. He also studied ancient roadways in the Negev, and participated in the discovery of the Bar Kokhba caves while surveying and excavating the Dead Sea region in 1953.
Publications
In addition to numerous articles published in archaeological journals, Aharoni wrote several books:
The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (1967); original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute (1962)
Beer-Sheba I: Excavations at Tel Beer-Sheba , 1969-1971 (1973)
Investigations at Lachish: The sanctuary and the residency (1975)
The Arad Inscriptions with Joseph Naveh (1981) - English version
Macmillan Bible Atlas with Michael Avi-Yonah (1993)
Carta Bible Atlas (2002)
The Archaeology of the Land of Israel (1978)
References
External links
Rainey, Anson F. "In Memoriam: Yohanan Aharoni" The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 39, No. 2 (May, 1976), pp. 53–54 JSTOR
1919 births
1976 deaths
People from Frankfurt (Oder)
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli archaeologists
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
20th-century archaeologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanan%20Aharoni
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Bai Wan Da Ying Jia (Chinese: 百万大赢家, English translation: Million-dollar winner) was a Singaporean game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show was hosted by Chao Chi-Tai. The main goal of the game was to win 1 million Singapore dollars by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. There were three lifelines - fifty fifty, phone a friend and ask the audience.
Bai Wan Da Ying Jia was shown on the Singaporean TV station MediaCorp TV Channel 8.
The show was also nominated for Star Awards in the years 2001 and 2002, in 2001 the show won in the category of Best Variety Program. However, in the year 2002, the show lost to another rival program.
Payout structure
References
External links
Report on the show (Chinese)
Singaporean game shows
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
2000 Singaporean television series debuts
2004 Singaporean television series endings
Channel 8 (Singapore) original programming
Non-British television series based on British television series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai%20wan%20da%20ying%20jia
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The siege of Kahun was a siege of the isolated fort-town of Kahun, Balochistan, that lasted from 16 May until 28 September 1840, during the First Anglo-Afghan War. The outpost was defended by a battalion of 140 men in extremely hot, inhospitable conditions against an overwhelming native force until they were forced to capitulate.
Background
In mid-December 1839, a force consisting of 150 soldiers of the 1st Grenadiers, and 60 Irregular horses, commanded by Captain George Raitt, was dispatched from Lehri () to take possession of Kahun, the "capital" of the Marri tribe, who occupied a portion of the mountainous country east of the Bolan Pass. After their arrival, Riatt estimated there were about 400 warriors and at least 2000 "fighting men" in the town. Despite introducing themselves peacefully, Kahun's chief Dodah later heard of the intention to occupy the fort, and came in person to Riatt to discourage him from this, as the town's people already had shown hostility towards the soldiers. Captain Riatt left a detachment of 100 men posted within a mile of Kahun, and returned to join Major Billamore.
Days later, with the Marri having left their habitations, and moved to the hills with their families and propriety, the town was left empty, and the detachment posted there by Riatt, now of no more use, departed and joined Billamore's men at around 10 and 12 January 1840.
In April 1840, Kahun was ordered once more to be occupied. The command of the troops directed for this service was entrusted to two of the officers who had accompanied expeditions under Major Billamore – Captain Lewis Brown and Lieutenant Walpole Clarke. On 11 May, the troops arrived at the fort, now abandoned.
Siege
After the troops were settled, Captain Brown ordered the empty camels to be returned to Foliji () under the charge of Lieutenant Clarke, and on 16 May, at 2 a.m., the return convoy departed with 80 infantry soldiers and 50 irregular horses, plus 5 havildars and 80 "rank and rifle". Finding no opposition in crossing the first hill, Clarke supposedly directed their return to Kahun. While on their way they were attacked by about 2000 balochs, and soon the escorts were overwhelmed by enemy forces. Lieutenant Clarke and most of the soldiers died, with only 12 survivors having returned to Kahun.
This reduced Brown's force to 140 men, and the enemy force immediately besieged Kahun. Holding off the besieging force from May to September, Brown eventually received word from the Officer Commanding in Upper Sind to do whatever he thought best for his men's safety and so capitulated on 25 September. The Marris accorded him the honours of war, letting the small remnants of Brown's force to march out in possession of their arms, guns, ammunition, and baggage. In recognition of their conduct, the General Orders of 5 April 1841 accorded the battle honour "Kahun" to the 5th Native Infantry and in May 1841 the unit was honoured by being made "Light Infantry".
See also
Anglo-Marri Wars
Marri-Bugti Country
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145613/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/mli_chapter_9.htm
Kahun
Kahun
Kahun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kahun
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The 2009 USA-Brazil Challenge was a curling challenge held from January 30 to February 1, 2009 at the Bismarck Capital Curling Club in Bismarck, North Dakota. This was the first Americas Challenge.
The challenge featured the Brazilian national men's curling team against an American team in a best-of-five series. The winner would get to represent the second team from the Americas at the 2009 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. Canada automatically qualifies as both hosts and defending champions.
Until 2009, the United States (and Canada) have always automatically qualified on account of no other country in the Americas fielding curling teams. However, in 2008 the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation felt that their men's curling team had a high enough calibre that they were ready to face off with the Americans.
The American team was represented by Todd Birr, whose team was highest on the U.S. Order of Merit as of December 31, 2008 and who qualified for the 2009 United States Olympic Curling Trials.
The Brazilians were represented by their national team, which trained at the Lennoxville Curling Club in Lennoxville, Quebec. They are all students at the Université de Sherbrooke.
Teams
Results
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
External links
Results
Bismarck set to host USA-Brazil Challenge
Brazil-USA Curling Challenge set for Jan. 31-Feb. 1
Usa-Brazil Challenge, 2009
2009 in American sports
Curling competitions in Bismarck, North Dakota
2009 in Brazilian sport
USA-Brazil
Americas Challenge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20USA-Brazil%20Challenge
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Iskanwaya is a pre-Columbian sacred site, situated on a mountain ridge above the Llica River in Bolivia, 325 km north of La Paz. In its extension and its age Iskanwaya surpasses Machu Picchu in Peru, but it is less well preserved.
Location
The sacred site of Iskanwaya is found on the edge of the Cordillera Real, 250 m above the River Llica canyon and 1,672 meters above sea level. The site is located near Aucapata, a small town in the Muñecas Province, on the northern side of the Andean cordilleras.
Site
The site is considered sacred by the inhabitants of the area, and one of the most important areas in the country; both for its monuments, location, and relationship between the cultures that inhabited the inter-Andean valleys.
In March 2022, in order to preserve its heritage and reactivate the economy through tourism in the region, the site was inaugurated as an archeological project of restoration and tourist attraction by Governor Santos Quispe in coordination with the Departmental Secretariat of Tourism and Cultures.
The city of Iskanwaya was built on two platforms on an area of 0.6 square kilometers and was notable for its running water provided by a network of irrigation canals. The irrigation system brought water from the Naranjani stream through canals and was distributed to the agglutinated Iskanwaya dwelling groups. Additionally, archeological evidence of water reservoirs located at the centre of the main court square have been discovered. More than one hundred large buildings composed of stone masonry and an average of thirteen rooms have survived. Mollo streets ran in east–west direction. Their houses were rectangular and grouped around patios, they were built with blocks of slate stone, joined with mud trench mortars.
Agriculture patterns included terracing and irrigation.
UN-archaeologist Alvaro R. Fernholz Jemio suggests that in its time the site was inhabited by 2,500 to 3.000 people
Mollo Culture
The Iskanwaya ruins go back to the Mollo culture which predated the Inca civilization and whose people presumably built the constructions as early as 800 BC or in their prime cultural period from 1145 to 1425.
References
External links
Iskanwaya
Archaeological sites in Bolivia
Former populated places in Bolivia
Buildings and structures in La Paz Department (Bolivia)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskanwaya
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Joe Simpson (born 5 July 1988) is a rugby union player who plays scrum half who plays for Sale Sharks in the Premiership Rugby. He most recently played for Gloucester, between 2006 and 2019 he played 230 times for Wasps, in 2011 he played one international for and was named in the 2011 Rugby World Cup squad. He has also represented Team GB in rugby sevens.
Early life
Simpson was born in Australia to a New Zealand mother and English father, both rugby enthusiasts. He has one younger brother called Michael.
Simpson was educated at St Benedict's School, Ealing, which he represented at both rugby and cricket and where he was honoured as Victor Ludorum for athletics three times, at junior, middle and senior school levels. Outside school he played cricket for Ealing Cricket Club and played with Hugo Ellis and Dominic Waldouck, in the youth team at Richmond Rugby Club.
In addition to his parents Simpson cites Mike Reilly and Alun Powell, his coaches at Richmond and the Wasps Academy respectively, as influences.
Club career
Simpson joined the Wasps England Rugby Academy full-time from St Benedict's School in the summer of 2006, but spent much of the subsequent two years at Blackheath Rugby Club on loan.
In the 2008/09 season Simpson graduated to the Wasps first team, coming on as a substitute a number of times and gaining a more frequent position in the starting XV towards the latter part of the season. He scored on his debut and was awarded fourth place in the Guinness Premiership Try of the Season award.
Simpson signed a full-time senior contract with Wasps in the summer of 2009 securing his place at the club for two years. He was in the starting line-up for the opening game of the season on 5 September 2009 against Harlequins, played at Twickenham as part of the London Double Header . In the first minute Simpson was head-butted by George Robson, the Harlequins' lock, in an off-the-ball incident. After treatment on the field for a cut sustained to his nose Simpson continued to play for the remaining 79 minutes, despite feeling sick and dizzy.
On 17 December 2010, Wasps announced that Simpson had signed a three-year extension to his contract which will keep him at the club until the end of the 2013/14 season.
Simpson underwent surgery after suffering an ankle injury in Wasps' 51-10 European Champions Cup win over Leinster on 23 January 2016.
"It is obviously disappointing for everyone that Joe has had to undergo surgery on his ankle, especially at a time when he was playing so well. I'm sure he was knocking on the door for international recognition." said Wasps boss Dai Young.
Simpson's injury, just a week before the start of the Six Nations, ends any hopes he might have had of getting an England recall this season under new coach Eddie Jones. This is Simpson's second major injury in less than a year, having been stretchered off in the 26–21 home defeat by Leicester in May 2015 with a medial collateral ligament blow, dashing his hopes of making the World Cup squad.
On 6 February 2019, it was confirmed that Simpson would move to Gloucester in time for the 2019–20 season.
In September 2021, Saracens announced Simpson would join them on a one-month loan deal from Gloucester to provide additional cover following Ivan van Zyl suspension as well as Ruben de Haas being away on international duty. This was followed by a three-month loan to Bath.
After he left Gloucester, it was confirmed on 20 July 2022, that he signed a six-month deal to join Sale Sharks from the 2022-23 season. Following this he will retire from rugby.
Simpson has since turned out for Old Priorian RFC (formed from the old boys of St Benedict's School) 2nd XV, and played alongside his brother Michael as part of an Invitational XV versus an Ealing Trailfinders Academy XV managed by Jonah Holmes.
International career
In May 2006 Simpson earned his first cap in the England Under 19 team, playing against Wales.
In the 2007/08 season he secured a place with the England sevens' side, travelling to Dubai for the IRB World Seven Series tournament, and was also named in the England Under 20s squad. At the end of the season he was nominated for the 'IRB Young Player of the Year Award' for his performance in the IRB Junior World Championship in June 2008.
In June 2009 Simpson progressed into the England Saxons squad and travelled with Wasps' teammates Dom Waldouck and Danny Cipriani to play in the Churchill Cup in Colorado. On his debut he completed a solo try and was awarded Man of the Match and appeared twice more during the tournament (in which the Saxons lost the final to Ireland A), coming on as a substitute.
Following his performance at the 2009 Churchill Cup Simpson was selected for the 2009/10 squad for the England Saxons national rugby union team.
On 11 May 2010 Simpson was one of nine uncapped players named in the England senior squad to tour Australia and New Zealand in the summer and on 30 May he made his debut for England, coming on as a substitute for David Strettle with nine minutes remaining in the match against the Barbarians. However, having sustained an injury to his left hamstring in the Barbarians game the RFU announced that Simpson would have to pull out of the tour.
On 12 January 2011, it was announced that Simpson had been called up to the senior England squad (EPS) for the 6 Nations tournament.
On 22 August 2011 Simpson was named in the 30-man England squad heading to New Zealand for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, the opportunity arising following an injury to Danny Care. On 18 September 2011, Simpson replaced Ben Youngs in the 66th minute against Georgia in the pool stages of the Rugby World Cup 2011 to win his long anticipated first cap. He was only the second player to win his first cap for England in a Rugby World cup tournament – second to Joe Worsley who was the first player to do so at the 1999 Rugby World Cup.
References
External links
Wasps Profile
England Rugby Profile
1988 births
Living people
Wasps RFC players
People educated at St Benedict's School, Ealing
English rugby union players
Australian rugby union players
Rugby union players from Sydney
England international rugby union players
Rugby union scrum-halves
Gloucester Rugby players
Bath Rugby players
Saracens F.C. players
Sale Sharks players
2011 Rugby World Cup players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Simpson%20%28rugby%20union%2C%20born%201988%29
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The Pittsburgh and Susquehanna Railroad owned a railroad that operated between Philipsburg and Fernwood, Pennsylvania, with a branch to Beaver Run.
History and notable features
The main line of this railroad was built by the Altoona and Philipsburg Connecting Railroad (nicknamed the "Alley Popper"), and was incorporated in July 1892. Through successive foreclosures and reorganizations, the property passed to the New York and Pittsburgh Air Line Railroad in April 1906, the Philipsburg Railroad in January 1907, the Philipsburg and Susquehanna Valley Railroad in December 1909, and the Pittsburgh and Susquehanna Railroad in March 1910. Finally, in August 1913, that company was reorganized once more, under the same name.
The line was abandoned in 1936; it had been placed in receivership in April 1931 and ceased operations on August 8, 1931 due to poor track condition. The receiver was unable to raise money for repairs, despite authorization from the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to issue $20,000 of receiver's certificates, and the ICC approved abandonment in October 1936.
In popular culture
The railroad staged a train wreck in 1914 for the film The Valley of Lost Hope, a Western directed by Romaine Fielding.
See also
Pittsburgh, Johnstown, Ebensburg and Eastern Railroad
References
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Railway companies established in 1910
American companies established in 1910
Railway companies disestablished in 1936
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh%20and%20Susquehanna%20Railroad
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Uğur Kapisiz (born 9 May 1987, in Uzunköprü, Turkey) is a Turkish footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Edirnespor.
External links
Gençlerbirliği Site Profile
1987 births
Living people
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Turkish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
People from Edirne Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fur%20Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1z
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The Belfast South by-election of 22 October 1963 was held after the death of Ulster Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) Sir David Campbell on 12 June the same year. The seat was retained by the Ulster Unionists.
Results
References
External links
A Vision Of Britain Through Time
British Parliamentary by-elections, 1963: Belfast South
Albert Hamilton's by-election literature
Result from previous election
1963 elections in the United Kingdom
South
20th century in Belfast
1963 elections in Northern Ireland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20Belfast%20South%20by-election
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This is a list of notable companies that were founded in Lincolnshire, England or have a large presence in the county as a major employer. The official headquarters or registered office may be elsewhere.
The list is split into two main sections: current companies, and defunct companies that are no longer in business in their original form.
Current companies
Headquartered in Lincolnshire
Batemans Brewery - Brewer
Bourne Publishing Group - Magazines
Clugston Group - Construction and distribution (Liquidated)
Delaine Bus Company
Dynamic Cassette International
Eminox - Stainless steel exhaust systems
Extra (service areas) - Roadside service area operator
F1Group - IT Services, IT Support and Business Improvement through Digital Transformation
Falcon Cycles - Bicycle manufacturer
Findus - Frozen food
Interflora - UK arm of franchised florists selling flowers by post and retail stores
Lincs FM Group - Local radio operator
Linpac - Packaging founded in county
Nisa - Food distribution and corner shop 'brand'
Oldrids - Department store chain, including the Downtown brand
Peter Lind & Company - Builders
Ross Group - Frozen foods company
Splash About - toddler and children's swimwear brand
Stagecoach in Lincolnshire - Local operating division for Stagecoach Group (took over several local bus companies including Lincolnshire RoadCar)
Stagecoach Grimsby-Cleethorpes
TWB Electrical LTD - Electrical Contracting
Unwins Engineering - Engineering and Fabrication
Young's Bluecrest - Frozen food processors
Major presence in Lincolnshire
British Steel - Formerly Tata and Corus Group plc
Siemens - Formerly Rustons Gas Turbines
Founded in Lincolnshire
The Cheese Shop, Louth - Artisan delicatessen
Defunct companies (former)
Allis-Chalmers - Tractors and construction machinery factory
Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company - Absorbed into British Steel Corporation, now Corus
Aveling-Barford - Former engineering company based in Grantham
Aveling and Porter - Steam rollers (became Aveling-Barford)
Autocast - Non-ferrous foundry in Bourne, supplying casings to the car industry
Blackstone & Co - Blacksmiths and early engine manufacturer
BMARC - Former armaments designer and manufacturer
British Racing Motors (BRM) - Racing cars
Chandlers Oil & Gas - now owned by WCF and known as WCF Chandlers
Clayton & Shuttleworth - former steam and agricultural machinery builders
English Racing Automobiles - Former race car builder
Field Marshall - Brand of tractors built by Marshall, Sons & Co. Ltd of Gainsborough
Marshall, Sons & Co. - Former steam engine and tractor manufacturer
Priestman Brothers - Crane and excavator builders
Rinovia Steam Fishing Company Ltd. - Former fish distribution company
Richard Hornsby & Sons - Former engineering firm
Ruston (engine builder) - Former stationary engine and locomotive manufacturer
Ruston, Proctor and Company - Former steam engine builder
Ruston-Bucyrus - Former manufacturer of excavators and steam shovels
William Foster & Co. - Former agricultural engineer and steam engine builder
Think Accounting Ltd. - Former payroll and accounts firm for Hgv drivers and oil rig workers.
See also
Top Track 100
Top Track 250
References
Lists of companies of the United Kingdom
Companies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20companies%20in%20Lincolnshire
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There are several stadiums in Romania with the name Stadionul CFR:
Stadionul CFR (Craiova)
Stadionul CFR (Paşcani)
Stadionul CFR (Timișoara)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadionul%20CFR
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The 11th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1995, were announced on March 23, 1996. It was hosted by Samuel L. Jackson.
Nominees and winners
{| class="wikitable"
!Best Feature
!Best Director
|-
|Leaving Las Vegas
The Addiction
Living in Oblivion
Safe
The Secret of Roan Inish
|Mike Figgis – Leaving Las Vegas
Michael Almereyda – Nadja
Ulu Grosbard – Georgia
Todd Haynes – Safe
John Sayles – The Secret of Roan Inish
|-
!Best Male Lead
!Best Female Lead
|-
|Sean Penn – Dead Man Walking
Nicolas Cage – Leaving Las Vegas
Tim Roth – Little Odessa
Jimmy Smits – My Family
Kevin Spacey – Swimming with Sharks
|Elisabeth Shue – Leaving Las Vegas
Jennifer Jason Leigh – Georgia
Elina Löwensohn – Nadja
Julianne Moore – Safe
Lili Taylor – The Addiction
|-
!Best Supporting Male
!Best Supporting Female
|-
|Benicio del Toro – The Usual Suspects
James LeGros – Living in Oblivion
David Morse – The Crossing Guard
Max Perlich – Georgia
Harold Perrineau – Smoke
|Mare Winningham – Georgia
Jennifer Lopez – My Family
Vanessa Redgrave – Little Odessa
Chloë Sevigny – Kids
Celia Weston – Dead Man Walking
|-
!Best Screenplay
!Best First Screenplay
|-
|The Usual Suspects – Christopher McQuarrieLeaving Las Vegas – Mike Figgis
Living in Oblivion – Tom DiCillo
Safe – Todd Haynes
The Secret of Roan Inish – John Sayles
|Smoke – Paul AusterKids – Harmony Korine
Little Odessa – James Gray
Post Cards from America – Steve McLean
River of Grass – Kelly Reichardt
|-
!Best First Feature
!Best Debut Performance
|-
|The Brothers McMullen
Kids
Little Odessa
Picture Bride
River of Grass
|Justin Pierce – Kids
Jason Andrews – Rhythm Thief
Lisa Bowman – River of Grass
Gabriel Casseus – New Jersey Drive
Rose McGowan – The Doom Generation
|-
!Best Cinematography
!Best Foreign Film
|-
|Leaving Las Vegas – Declan QuinnLittle Odessa – Tom Richmond
Nadja – Jim Denault
The Underneath – Elliot Davis
The Usual Suspects – Newton Thomas Sigel
|Before the Rain • MacedoniaThe City of Lost Children • France
Exotica • Canada
I Am Cuba • Soviet Union
Through the Olive Trees • Iran
|}
Films that received multiple nominations
Films that won multiple awards
Special awards
Someone to Watch AwardChristopher Münch – Color of a Brisk and Leaping Day
Tim McCann – Desolation Angels
Jennifer Montgomery – Art for Teachers of Children
Kelly Reichardt – River of Grass
Rafal Zielinski – Fun
Special Distinction Award
Samuel Fuller
References
External links
1995 Spirit Awards at IMDb
Full show on Film Independent's YouTube channel
1995
Independent Spirit Awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Independent%20Spirit%20Awards
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Scott Hendricks (born July 26, 1956) is an American record producer who has produced over 30 country music artists. His productions have garnered 121 Top 10s, and 78 Number One hits. Between 1995 and 1997, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of Capitol Records Nashville. Between 1998 and 2001 he served as President and CEO of Virgin Nashville. He now serves as Warner Music Nashville's Executive Vice President of A&R. Acts for whom Hendricks has produced include Restless Heart, John Michael Montgomery, Brooks & Dunn, Trace Adkins, Alan Jackson, Faith Hill, Blake Shelton, Jana Kramer, Dan + Shay, Michael Ray, William Michael Morgan, Drew Parker and Tegan Marie.
Biography
Scott Hendricks was born in Clinton, Oklahoma. While attending Oklahoma State University, Hendricks met Tim DuBois (who later would serve as President of Arista Nashville) and Greg Jennings (who later became a member of the band Restless Heart). Hendricks moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1978, first working as an engineer in a studio owned by Tompall & the Glaser Brothers with legendary producer Jimmy Bowen. Hendricks would also assist producer Barry Beckett in his work with Hank Williams Jr., Alabama, Etta James, and many others.
His first work as a producer came in 1985 when he and DuBois co-produced Restless Heart's debut album. Over the next decade he produced several artists, such as Alan Jackson, Brooks and Dunn, Trace Adkins, Faith Hill, John Michael Montgomery, Steve Wariner, and Suzy Bogguss. In 1991 he founded the music publishing company Big Tractor, whose writers penned “I Saw God Today” for George Strait and “Amazed” for Lonestar.
In 1995, Hendricks was hired as President and CEO of Capitol Records Nashville. There, he oversaw the careers of Garth Brooks and Deana Carter as well as signing Keith Urban, and Trace Adkins.
Hendricks exited Capitol in 1997 and took over as President and CEO of Virgin Records' Nashville division; where he served from its establishment in 1998 until its dissolution in 2001. He then returned to his independent work as a producer. In 2007, Hendricks joined Warner Music Nashville as the Senior Vice President of A&R.
In addition to his A&R duties at Warner, Hendricks’ producing efforts have been instrumental in Blake Shelton's ascent from mid-level act to bona fide star with twenty-seven No. 1 singles, including “Hillbilly Bone,” a duet with Trace Adkins which won an ACM Award for Best Collaboration in 2011.
In April of 2014, Hendricks was promoted to Executive Vice President of A&R at Warner Music Nashville.
Hendricks was inducted into the Oklahoma State University Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame in 2015. He was inducted by Blake Shelton into Oklahoma's highest honor, the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2021.
Number One Singles Produced
Top Ten Singles Produced
References
1956 births
American country record producers
Living people
People from Clinton, Oklahoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Hendricks
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Ion Comșa Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Călărași. It is the home ground of Dunărea Călărași. It holds 10,400 people.
External links
Stadionul Ion Comșa on Soccerway
Football venues in Romania
Călărași
Buildings and structures in Călărași County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadionul%20Ion%20Com%C8%99a
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Robert Dewi Williams (29 December 1870 – 25 January 1955) was a Welsh schoolteacher, Presbyterian minister and author.
Life
Williams was born on 29 December 1870 at Llwyn-du Isaf in Pandy Tudur in what was then the county of Denbighshire. He went to school in Blaenau Llangernyw followed by a couple of months at the school in Llanfair Talhaearn before going to school in Llandudno and in Bala – he began to preach when attending the last of these. He was then a student at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and Jesus College, Oxford before being ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1900. He was the minister of Cesarea chapel in Llandwrog from 1898 to 1904, then the minister of Jerusalem chapel in Penmaenmawr from 1904 to 1917. He was appointed the headmaster of the school in Clynnog Fawr in 1917, remaining headmaster when the school moved to Clwyd College, Rhyl. Williams retired in 1939 and lived in Rhuddlan until his death on 25 January 1955, serving as Moderator of the North Wales Association of the Presbyterian Church from 1950 onwards.
Works
In addition to his skills as a preacher and teacher, Williams was a highly regarded writer. He wrote a long short-story, , which was published in the first edition of the literary journal Y Beirniad published by John Morris-Jones, Williams being regarded the pioneer of this story form in Welsh. Other writings included contributions to periodicals, some of which were collected under the title (1973). The National Library of Wales holds various papers of Williams in its archive: some unpublished stories, as well as scrapbooks, drawings, cartoons and family photographs.
References
1870 births
1955 deaths
Welsh educators
Welsh Presbyterians
Welsh-language writers
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Rhuddlan
People from Clynnog Fawr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Dewi%20Williams
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Self-Help is the second album released by the metalcore band Spitfire. It was released on February 28, 2006, through Goodfellow Records.
Track listing
Meat Market - 3:12
Go Ape - 2:31
Life and Limb - 2:13
Dear John - 2:56
Leap of Faith - 2:59
U.V. I.V. - 4:23
The Great White Noise - 2:17
Comfort (The Iceman Cometh) - 4:00
The Suicide Cult is Dead - 2:30
Kings of the Food Chain - 2:02
Ohm Driver - 4:34
Personnel
Matt Beck - guitar
Chris Raines (ex-Norma Jean) - drums
Scottie Henry (ex-Norma Jean) - Guitar
Jon Spencer - vocals
Dan Tulloh - bass
Andreas Magnusson - Producer
References
2006 albums
Spitfire (American band) albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Help%20%28album%29
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The Battle of Aberconwy or the Battle of the Conwy Estuary was fought in 1194 between the forces of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth and his uncle Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd for control of the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
Llywelyn's victory allowed him to claim the title of prince of Gwynedd and, in turn, prince of Wales.
Ejected from his lands, Dafydd went to live in England and died in 1203.
See also
Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
Dafydd ap Owain
References
Battles involving Wales
Battle of Aberconwy
Battle of Aberconwy
Battle of Aberconwy
Conflicts in 1194
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Aberconwy
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Moshe (Morris) Cotel (February 20, 1943 – October 24, 2008) was a pianist and composer whose music was strongly influenced by his Jewish roots. Cotel moved from his Jewish roots to focus on music for most of his life, and received his rabbinic ordination and synagogue pulpit in the years before his death.
Early life and education
Morris Cotel was born February 20, 1943, in Baltimore, and was raised in an Orthodox Jewish family. His parents were Charles and Lena Bormel Cotel. As a youth, Cotel was simultaneously enrolled in the Talmudical Academy of Baltimore and the Peabody Conservatory of the Johns Hopkins University where he studied music and took college-preparatory classes, having enrolled at the age of 9. He wrote a 200-page symphony as a 13-year-old, to the astonishment of his piano teacher at Peabody who did not believe him until he pulled the completed score out of his bag.
He earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the Juilliard School in New York City, in 1964 and 1965 respectively. Cotel won the American Academy in Rome Prize for music composition at age 23, making him one of the youngest recipients of the prize, and studied art in Italy for two years.
Career
Cotel had been a professor of music composition at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore from 1972, until he retired in 2000. After moving to New York City in 1977, he retained his position at Peabody, commuting to Baltimore on a weekly basis.
Composer and performer
A review in The New York Times of a 1977 performance at what is now the Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall, opened with the statement "That Morris Cotel is a composer-pianist of unusual capabilities seems beyond question."
Compositions
His opera Deronda was based on the title character in George Eliot's novel Daniel Deronda, a Victorian era English Jew who combines proto-Zionism with Kabbalistic ideas. The Fire and the Mountains is a cantata he wrote that memorializes the Holocaust. The choral piece Trope for Orchestra integrated cantillation used in public readings of the Torah in synagogue. His 1985 two-act opera Dreyfus was based on the trial and conviction of the unjustly accused French officer Alfred Dreyfus and the anti-Semitism it aroused in France.
Ordination
In anticipation of a trip to Germany and Austria for performances of his opera Dreyfus, Cotel engaged the assistance of a Holocaust survivor from Washington Heights, Manhattan to help improve his German language skills. Cotel later met the same woman, who told him that hearing his efforts to spread the story of Alfred Dreyfus had convinced her to return to Judaism. This encounter convinced Cotel to become a rabbi. As Cotel described the encounter, "Without knowing it, I had changed this woman’s life, and she had no idea that she had just changed mine". He enrolled part-time at the Academy for Jewish Religion in Riverdale shortly after his encounter in Washington Heights. He retired from the Peabody Conservatory from his position as chairman of the composition department in 2003 to devote his full-time efforts to his rabbinical studies and received his rabbinic ordination three years later. "My religion changed from Judaism to classical music, and in adulthood it changed back again" were the words Cotel used to describe his transformations.
Composition by Ketzel the cat
While playing piano in 1996, his 3-year-old cat, Ketzel, jumped on the keyboard. Cotel transcribed the descending paw pattern and entered the score in the Paris New Music Review's One-Minute Competition for pieces under 60 seconds, with Cotel winning honorable mention.
Congregational rabbi and death
Rabbi Cotel spent his last five years before his death as spiritual leader of Temple Beth El of Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn. Cotel died of natural causes on October 24, 2008, at age 65 in his apartment on the Upper West Side of Manhattan home. His wife found him on the floor wearing his tallit and tefillin for the morning prayer service, and had assumed he was meditating, knowing that he preferred to pray alone each morning for two hours, before realizing that he had died peacefully.
Family
Cotel was married to Aliya and had a son, Sivan, and daughter, Orli.
Main work
Deronda, Opera in Three Acts (1985--1989)
Dreyfuss, Opera in Two Acts (1980–1983)
Trope for Orchestra- choral work
My Shalom, My Peace (poems by Jewish and Arab children) for Treble Chorus, Harp and Percussion (1980)
The Fire and the Mountains for Chorus, Children's Chorus, Soloists and Percussion.(1977) - cantata
Night of the Murdered Poets- premiered in 1978 with actor Richard Dreyfuss as narrator
Chronicles: A Jewish Life and the Classical Piano-
Chronicles II-
Quatrains (5) for mezzo-soprano & chamber orchestra (1960)-
Piece for Piano Four Paws by Ketzel, for piano-
References
1943 births
2008 deaths
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
American Conservative rabbis
Juilliard School alumni
Musicians from Baltimore
Musicians from New York City
Peabody Institute alumni
Peabody Institute faculty
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
Jewish American classical musicians
Jewish classical pianists
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe%20Cotel
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Caterpillar Energy Solutions GmbH, is a mechanical engineering company based in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was known as MWM GmbH Motoren-Werke Mannheim (MWM) until November 2013. In 2009 the company was the third-largest producer by revenue of gas and diesel engines.
The main focus of production is gas engines and gensets for the generation of electrical energy. It also provides consulting, designing, and engineering services, as well as construction and commissioning of plants and global after sales service. The company has its own training center.
History
In 1922 the department for the construction of stationary engines was outsourced and had its name changed from Benz & Cie. Rheinische Gasmotorenfabrik in Mannheim to Motorenwerke Mannheim. The renowned German engineer Prosper L'Orange, a pioneer of diesel engine technology, was the technical manager then. Before that he worked for Benz & Cie. The construction of diesel engines in particular used to be the core business of MWM, amongst others for utility vehicles and agricultural machines.
In 1924 MWM manufactured their first tractor, which was called Motorpferd ("motor horse"). In 1931, tractor production was discontinued. For quite a long time, combines by Claas, tractors by the French manufacturer Renault, and by the German companies Fendt, Lanz, Bautz, Holder and Ritscher, were equipped with MWM engines.
In 1926 Knorr-Bremse AG was able to acquire the majority of shares and took over. In 1985 they sold MWM to Deutz AG (Cologne). The company's site was maintained. The company, along with MAN SE, remained the chief engine manufacturer in the field of commercial diesel engines in Germany. DEUTZ restructured the whole company several times and expanded the gas engine division.
MWM was known as Deutz Power Systems at the time 3i purchased it.
Today, Caterpillar Energy Solutions offers mainly gas engines for cogeneration units and biogas plants.
On 22 October 2010 Caterpillar Inc. officially announced an agreement with 3i regarding the acquisition of MWM for 580 million euros. Subject to the consent of prudential authorities MWM will then become part of Caterpillar's Electric Power Division.
On 8 October 2013, MWM announced that it would change its name to Caterpillar Energy Solutions from 1 November the same year.
In 2016, Dan G. Sundell became chief executive officer of Caterpillar Energy Solutions. He left the position in 2019 and was replaced by Johan Masse, Uwe Sternstein, and Peter Körner.
References
External links
Gas engine manufacturers
Diesel engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of Germany
Caterpillar Inc. subsidiaries
Companies based in Mannheim
Electrical generation engine manufacturers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar%20Energy%20Solutions
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The Golf de Granville Baie du Mont St Michel is a 27-hole golf course located at Bréville-sur-Mer (Manche), approximately 4 miles north of Granville, Normandy, France.
The course was first laid out in 1912 and then totally redisgned by Harry Colt in 1921. This is the only true links course in France. In addition to the main 18-hole course, there is a nine-hole, par-33 links course established in 1986 which is notable for its testing greens.
History
In 1910, a local hotel company began negotiations to rent land in the Bréville dunes from the Granville town council. The first 9 holes were begun by a group of local enthusiasts in 1912 with a view to a further 9 holes to be added later. The Cercle des Sports took charge of the new course, which was not officially inaugurated until July 5, 1914, although it had been in play for two years by then. The First World War soon put a stop to play, and a part of the course was requisitioned by the local garrison. After the war Granville grew in popularity as a resort, and so the course needed to be upgraded. Thus in 1921 plans were laid and work was begun under the supervision of Harry Colt, the famed English golf architect. Colt made good use of the magnificent dune landscape to design one of the largest courses in Europe at that time. A visit in 1922 by the renowned specialist in golf course design, Martin Sutton, confirmed the natural quality of the linksland. He was so impressed by what he saw on his visit across the channel that he wrote: 'the site is a golfing paradise ... I doubt if there's a course even in England or Scotland that has a more favourable natural situation.' The Granville links is a magnificent example of Harry Colt's work as a golf course designer. During World War Two the club house was requisitioned and the course closed by the occupying army. In 1957, a small group of golfers restored the course to its original layout. The course is much changed since then, with only a dozen of the original holes remaining. However, the newer holes do largely follow the original layout. Despite these changes, the course still challenges players of all standards and especially in the wind – just as on the links of Scotland or Ireland.
The designer, Christian Dior, was born in Granville and played golf at the Golf de Granville. When he came back from doing his military service in 1928, he organised a small competition for a few of his friends. This idea was taken up by the club in 1973 and since then a competition has been held in his honour each year - La Coupe Dior, of which a photo can be seen below in the gallery.
In 2008, the course was once again the venue for a national championship, the Mid Amateur (+35 years of age).
The first photo in the gallery shows the 17th green during this championship which was held at Granville in September 2008.
Photo album
Links Course Scorecard (white tees)
Bord de Mer Course Scorecard
External links
Website Golf de Granville.
Satellite view with various holes marked and annotated.
Golf clubs and courses in France
Golf clubs and courses designed by Harry Colt
Sports venues in Manche
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf%20de%20Granville%20Baie%20du%20Mont%20St%20Michel
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Noctambules is a ballet created in 1956 by Kenneth MacMillan for the Sadler's Wells Ballet. The ballet was choreographed to Humphrey Searle's Noctambules, Op. 30 written for the ballet. The set and costumes were designed by Nicholas Georgiadis. The ballet premiered on 1 March 1956 at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London.
Original cast
The Hypnotist – Leslie Edwards
His Assistant – Maryon Lane
The Faded Beauty – Nadia Nerina
The Poor Girl – Anya Linden
The Rich Man – Desmond Doyle
The Soldier – Brian Shaw
The corps de ballet was divided into "rich people" and "poor people". Notable dancers among the "rich" included Australian choreographer Ronald Hynd and South African dancer Gary Burne. Notable dancers among the "poor" included Merle Park, Doreen Wells and Pirmin Trecu.
References
Noctambules – 1 March 1956; The Royal Opera House Collections Online, Retrieved 2008-11-03
1956 ballet premieres
Ballets by Kenneth MacMillan
Ballets created for The Royal Ballet
Ballets designed by Nicholas Georgiadis
Ballets by Humphrey Searle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctambules
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The São Tomé and Príncipe Red Cross was founded in 1976. It has its headquarters in São Tomé.
References
External links
Society Profile
Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies
1976 establishments in São Tomé and Príncipe
Organizations established in 1976
Medical and health organisations based in São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C3%ADncipe%20Red%20Cross
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The Palau Red Cross Society was founded in 1977. It has its headquarters in Koror.
References
External links
Official website
Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies
Organizations established in 1977
Medical and health organizations based in Palau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau%20Red%20Cross%20Society
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Desmond Cahill (born 10 March 1959) is an Irish sports presenter and commentator with national broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann. From 2009 to 2022, Cahill presented RTÉ television's GAA highlights programme The Sunday Game.
He presents RTÉ's flagship weekend sports radio programme Saturday Sport as well as Up for the Match which previews the All-Ireland Gaelic Football and Hurling final matches. He is also the regular weekday morning sports presenter on Morning Ireland and Today with Sean O'Rourke. Cahill also presents Des's Island Discs on RTÉ Radio 1, which discusses various celebrities' favourite choices of music. Cahill previously presented a daily radio programme called Drivetime Sport on RTÉ Radio 1.
Cahill emerged as a hugely popular figure on the first series of Dancing with the Stars in 2017. He reached week 10 in the 12-week series, partnered by professional dancer, Karen Byrne. Cahill was named "Ireland's Most Influential Journalist on Twitter" in 2015 and 2016. In 2011, he was blacklisted by the Football Association of Ireland.
Early life
Cahill was educated at Coláiste Mhuire in Dublin and began his career as a newspaper reporter. While studying journalism in Rathmines, he spent a couple of years working with The Irish Press group, before moving on to two of Ireland's leading provincial newspapers; The Nationalist (Carlow) and The Kerryman.
Career
In the late 1970s, while still a Journalism student in Rathmines, Cahill began freelancing for The Irish Press group. He did a weekly match report for the Evening Press called The Big Match, featuring a GAA club match in Dublin.
Before finishing in Rathmines he was offered a full-time job with the Carlow Nationalist, by Editor Liam Bergin.
Cahill replaced Joe O'Brien, who was to be a future colleague in the RTE Newsroom. While in Carlow, Cahill played football with the Eire Og club.
In 1981, Cahill moved to The Kerryman newspaper. He was based in Killarney, covering all of South Kerry. He was a member of the Dr Crokes GAA club.
1980s
Cahill joined RTÉ in 1984 as a TV news reporter, but quickly began reporting for the Sunday Sport programme on RTÉ Radio 1. By 1987 he had taken over as presenter of the flagship programme from Jimmy Magee.
He has presented programmes from many of the world's top sporting events, including some memorable Irish victories at Olympic Games, FIFA World Cups, UEFA European Championships, Tour de France and the Ryder Cup.
For 20 years he was associated with early morning radio – presenting the sports news on the main news programme, Morning Ireland on RTÉ Radio 1, and in a very different style, with Ian Dempsey on 2FM. It was on Dempsey's show that he began the ABU (Anyone But United) Club and each year he supported the main rivals of football team Manchester United in the Premier League. He designed an ABU shirt, with a crest in Latin, reading "Uppus Cantonis Aris". He engaged with listeners, whose letters and e-mails became a key part of the show.
1990s
In the mid-1990s, Cahill began a sports phone-in programme on RTÉ Radio 1 called Sportscall. At one stage it ran three nights a week, but it was on Monday nights, after the weekend games, that fans from all over the country let off steam. He also helped Gay Byrne out with The Gay Byrne Show before Byrne retired in 1998.
On television, he presented Sideline View, RTÉ's first midweek Gaelic Games Championship programme, in the mid-1990s. Apart from special reports from the counties, the programme used the existing panellists from The Sunday Game, and added the likes of Pete Finnerty and Tommy Lyons who themselves went on to become panellists on The Sunday Game.
This was followed by Play it Again Des where Cahill invited some of Ireland's top sporting names to choose their favourite sporting moments from the archives. Guests included Mick O'Dwyer, Johnny Giles, Eamonn Dunphy, Ken Doherty, Moss Keane, Christy O'Connor Jnr, Fergus Slattery, Jimmy Barry-Murphy, Ted Walsh, Liam Brady, Kevin Moran, Mick Doyle, Ger Loughnane, Ollie Campbell and Brian Kerr.
In 1993, Cahill received a Jacob's Award for his radio broadcasts.
2000s
In May 2004, while discussing Westmeath's first victory over Offaly in 55 years with Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh on Morning Ireland, Cahill attracted criticism for his remarks that Westmeath had been under BIFFOs for all that time.
Before the launch of The Road to Croker a weekly Gaelic Games programme, that included a live audience as it visited clubs around the country ahead of the big Championship. When Cahill went to Beijing for the Summer Olympics in 2008, Bertie Ahern took over presenting duties on The Road to Croker. Cahill also presents Up for the Match, the RTÉ entertainment programme that celebrates the All-Ireland final, on the eve of both the Hurling and Gaelic Football finals. Initially he co-presented with Mary Kennedy, but in 2008, Gráinne Seoige became his co-presenter.
In November 2008, he appeared on The Restaurant, where he scored five stars from the critics. In 2009, he became the presenter of the evening highlights edition of The Sunday Game. Also that year he celebrated 25 years in broadcasting, and was reunited with Ian Dempsey when he appeared on The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show on Today FM.
2010s
On 9 June 2010, Cahill co-hosted the opening ceremony of the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games Irish heats at Thomond Park with Ian Dempsey.
In July 2011, the Football Association of Ireland complained about remarks made by Cahill while discussing the organisation's AGM on the Saturday Sport radio show. RTÉ bosses "rejected outright" the complaint, and the FAI threatened to sue. Dion Fanning in the Sunday Independent said, "Refusing to talk to Des Cahill is a bit like forbidding your children to read Gentle Ben because playing with bears is dangerous."
Cahill has been featured on Nob Nation, a topical comedy radio show which is written and produced by Oliver Callan. Cahill emerged as a hugely popular figure on the first series of Dancing with the Stars in 2017. He reached week 10 in the 12-week series. He was partnered by Irish professional dancer Karen Byrne.
2020s
In October 2022, Cahill announced that he would be stepping down from his role as host of The Sunday Game after 15 seasons of hosting.
Awards
During his career, Cahill has won a Jacob's Award in 1993, an ESB Journalist of the Year award for sport in 2001, and was named PPI Sports Presenter of the Year in 2007.
|-
| 1993 || Des Cahill || Jacob's Award ||
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| 2001 || Des Cahill || ESB Journalist of the Year ||
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| 2007 || Des Cahill || PPI Sports Presenter of the Year ||
|-
Personal life
He is married to Caroline, a native of Ballyshannon.
References
External links
Des Cahill on Drivetime Sport
Des Cahill coverage at The42
1959 births
Living people
Gaelic games writers and broadcasters
Jacob's Award winners
RTÉ newsreaders and journalists
RTÉ Radio 1 presenters
RTÉ television presenters
Sportspeople from County Dublin
The Kerryman people
People educated at Coláiste Mhuire, Dublin
Broadcasters from County Dublin
Writers from County Dublin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%20Cahill
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Ilo Airport is an airport in the Moquegua Region of Peru serving the city of Ilo. The runway is on the Pacific shoreline south of the city.
The Ilo VOR-DME (Ident: ILO) and Ilo non-directional beacon (Ident: ILO) are located on the field.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
See also
Transport in Peru
List of airports in Peru
References
External links
OpenStreetMap - Ilo
OurAirports - Ilo
SkyVector - Ilo
Airports in Peru
Buildings and structures in Moquegua Region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilo%20Airport
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Horaga syrinx, the yellow onyx, is a species of lycaenid or hairstreak butterfly found in Asia.
Range
H. syrinx is found in northern India, Malaya, Indonesia, Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and New Guinea
See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)
Cited references
Horaga
Butterflies of Singapore
Butterflies described in 1860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horaga%20syrinx
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The Irish Steam Preservation Society is a voluntary organisation based in Stradbally, Co Laois whose aim is to preserve and maintain machinery connected to Ireland's industrial and social heritage. The society is responsible for the Irish National Steam Rally. Additionally, it curates the Stradbally Steam Museum and runs the traditional Irish narrow gauge Stradbally Woodland Railway.
History
The Irish Steam Preservation Society was formed by a group of Laois based enthusiasts who set out to preserve for the good of the country, a part of our national agricultural heritage, the steam traction engine and its many forms after a meeting of half a dozen members at Harold Condell’s farm in Whitefields Co. Laois in 1964. They visited the Lowton Park rally in Lancashire England to see how a rally was run in the summer of 1965. A small gathering of engines was held at the market house in Stradbally on St Stephen's day 1965 and thus with this being regarded as a success it was decided upon by the newly formed society to hold a larger rally in the grounds of Stradbally hall on the August Bank holiday weekend the following year.
National Steam Rally
The National Steam Rally began as a simple arena with engines taking part in various competitions such as a slow race, lining up to the threshing mill competitions and winching displays. Other attractions at the rally soon came about, notable was the addition of the steam railway in 1967 of a simple track laid out and a locomotive kindly donated by the Guinness Brewery was run with its passenger carriage in tow. In 1969 tracks were laid to run the preserved Bórd na Móna locomotive No.2. With this addition the National Steam Rally at Stradbally remains as the only rally in Ireland to have a steam railway.
The National Steam Rally has grown and for its 50th year gathered the most steam engines ever on the island of Ireland for that special anniversary year. With this prominence other heritage focused groups such as the Celtic steamers have used the National rally as a place to end their ‘road runs’ which they use to raise money for various charities around the country. The rally has grown again in recent years to establish itself as the premier event in the Irish Steam rally calendar and has gained international recognition with visitors travelling from as far as Germany to experience it.
Stradbally Woodland Railway
The Stradbally Woodland Railway was the first volunteer-run heritage railway in Ireland, having been established in 1969. We've been running regular steam services every Bank Holiday weekend and selected other running days during the year ever since. The railway operates from a station through the woods, returning via a balloon loop. This line is home to former Bord na Móna steam locomotive No. 2 (later No. LM44) "Roisín" which had been built by Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. (2264 of 1949).
Museum
In June 1968 the “Steam Museum” was opened in Stradbally by P.J Lalor, parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport and Power. It has grown from its humble beginnings to the fine building it is today housing many fine exhibits and engines for the public to see. It is open by arrangement with the societies secretary.
See also
List of steam fairs
Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
Notes
External links
Official website of the Irish Steam Preservation Society
Official Website of the Stradbally Woodland Railway
Steam festivals
Engineering preservation societies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20Steam%20Preservation%20Society
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Michael Owens may refer to:
Michael Owens (cricketer) (born 1969), former cricketer from New Zealand
Michael Owens (Medal of Honor) (1837–1890), U.S. Marine who was awarded the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition of 1871
Michael Joseph Owens (1859–1923), glassmaker who invented many processes for making glass containers
Michael Owens (visual effects artist), American assistant director and visual effects artist
Michael Owens (footballer) (born 2003), Peruvian footballer
See also
Michael Owen (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Owens
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Prevention of Corruption Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used for legislation in India, Malaysia and the United Kingdom relating to corruption and bribery. The Bill for an Act with this short title will have been known as a Prevention of Corruption Bill during its passage through Parliament.
Prevention of Corruption Acts may be a generic name either for legislation bearing that short title or for all legislation which relates to corruption. It is a term of art in the United Kingdom
List
India
The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
Malaysia
The Prevention of Corruption Act 1961
Singapore
The Prevention of Corruption Act (Chapter 241)
United Kingdom
The Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c.69)
The Prevention of Corruption Act 1906 (6 Edw.7 c.34)
The Prevention of Corruption Act 1916 (6 & 7 Geo.5 c.64)
The Prevention of Corruption Acts 1889 to 1916 is the collective title of the Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889, the Prevention of Corruption Act 1906 and the Prevention of Corruption Act 1916. These Acts were repealed by Schedule 2 of the Bribery Act 2010.
See also
List of short titles
Jan Lokpal Bill
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
References
Lists of legislation by short title and collective title
Corruption in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention%20of%20Corruption%20Act
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Backstreet Girls are a Norwegian rock band. Formed in 1984, they have released 16 albums.
History
Backstreet Girls formed in 1984 and were influenced by the Ramones and Rose Tattoo.
The band was formed in 1984 by brothers Pål Kristensen on bass and Tom Kristensen on vocals. They were joined by guitarist Petter Baarli, formerly of the band Riff/Raff, and his brother, drummer Bjørn Terje Baarli.
In 1985 Tom Kristensen left the band, to be replaced by Arne Aarnes. Later that year they started writing and recording their first album, and also contributed to the Norwegian film X.
In 1986 they released their debut album Mental Shakedown on the small independent label Medicine Records. The album was released on a very limited press at first, but was re-released three years later on Polygram Records. Later that year Arne Aarnes left the band, and was replaced by Bjørn Müller of the band Z-off.
The line-up of Petter Baarli, Pål Kristensen, Bjørn Terje Baarli and Bjørn Müller remained for the subsequent three albums, Boogie Till' You Puke, Party On Elmstreet and Coming Down Hard.
In May 1991 Bjørn Müller left the band, and was replaced by the band's fourth vocalist, Ole Hillborg, formerly of Glorius Bankrobbers. The album Let's Have It was released in October 1992 on Warner Music.
In 1993 the band released a live album Live - Get Yer Yo-Yo's Out, and Ole Hillborg left the band shortly thereafter.
After this The Backstreet Girls went to England to hold auditions for another lead singer. They chose Irishman Pat Diamond, and returned to Norway to perform some concerts and record an album. The album Don't Fake It Too Long was not released until 2008 . However, Diamond was soon deported from Norway, and by 1995 Bjørn Müller had rejoined the band as lead vocalist.
In 1997 the 7" single "Monster In My Caddillac" was released on Hit!Me Records, but another album was not to appear until 1999, six years after the previous one, when the album Hellway To High was released on FaceFront Records.
In October 1999 bassist Pål Kristensen left the band to be replaced by Morten Lunde, of The Mormones.
In November 2000 Universal Records released a greatest hits compilation entitled Boogie Till' You Bleed.
In March 2001 the band released their eight studio album, Tuff Tuff Tuff, on FaceFront Records, and that summer went on a tour of Europe with Australian band Rose Tattoo, a long-time influence on the Backstreet Girls. Live recordings of these concerts were released in September 2002 on the album Black Boogie Death Rock N' Roll featuring six live recordings from the tour and six new songs.
At the end of 2002 Morten Lunde left the band to concentrate on his other band, The Mormones, and Dan Thunderbird was recruited on bass.
In 2003 the band recorded another album in between touring. The album was released in June on Facefront Records, entitled Sick My Duck. The band embarked on a Norwegian tour of over 20 dates called "Boogie My Life Away Tour".
A documentary on the band - "Backstreet Girls: Back to Muoatathal" was produced in 2015.
Members
Current members
Jonas Amazonas (drums) 2021 present
Petter Baarli (guitar)
Bjørn Müller (vocals) 1986–1991, 1995–present
Gaute Vaag (bass guitar) 2019–present
Past members
Tom Kristensen (vocals) 1984–1985
Pål Kristensen (bass guitar) 1984–1999
Arne Aarnes (vocals) 1985–1987
Olle Hillborg (vocals) 1992–1993
Pat Diamond (vocals) 1994
Morten Lunde (bass guitar) 1999–2002
Stein Ramberg (guitar)
Jon Berg (guitar)
Anders Kronberg (vocals)
Bjørn Terje Baarli (drums) 1984–2007
Martin H-Son (drums) 2007–2018
Dan Thunderbird (bass guitar) 2002–2019
Frank Albin Tostrup (drums) 2018–2020
Discography
Mental Shakedown (1986)
Boogie Till You Puke (1988)
Party on Elm Street (1989)
Coming Down Hard (1990)
Let's Have It (1992)
Live - Get Yer Yo-Yo's Out (1993)
Hellway to High (1999)
Boogie Till' You Bleed (2000) - Compilation
Tuff Tuff Tuff (2001)
Black Boogie Death Rock n' Roll (2002)
Sick My Duck (2003)
Shake Your Stimulator (2007)
Don't Fake It Too Long (2008) - Vinyl only. Recorded in 1994.
Just When You Thought Things Couldn't Get Any Worse... Here's the Backstreet Girls (2009)
Death Before Compromise" (2014)
Don't Mess with My Rock'n'Roll (2017)
Normal Is Dangerous'' (2019)
References
External links
Official Site
Norwegian rock music groups
Norwegian punk rock groups
Norwegian hard rock musical groups
Norwegian blues musical groups
Norwegian blues rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Oslo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet%20Girls
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In physics, the radiative efficiency limit (also known as the detailed balance limit, Shockley–Queisser limit, Shockley Queisser Efficiency Limit or SQ Limit) is the maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell using a single p-n junction to collect power from the cell where the only loss mechanism is radiative recombination in the solar cell. It was first calculated by William Shockley and Hans-Joachim Queisser at Shockley Semiconductor in 1961, giving a maximum efficiency of 30% at 1.1 eV. The limit is one of the most fundamental to solar energy production with photovoltaic cells, and is considered to be one of the most important contributions in the field.
This first calculation used the 6000K black-body spectrum as an approximation to the solar spectrum. Subsequent calculations have used measured global solar spectra, AM 1.5, and included a back surface mirror which increases the maximum solar conversion efficiency to 33.16% for a single-junction solar cell with a bandgap of 1.34 eV. That is, of all the power contained in sunlight (about 1000 W/m2) falling on an ideal solar cell, only 33.7% of that could ever be turned into electricity (337 W/m2). The most popular solar cell material, silicon, has a less favorable band gap of 1.1 eV, resulting in a maximum efficiency of about 32%. Modern commercial mono-crystalline solar cells produce about 24% conversion efficiency, the losses due largely to practical concerns like reflection off the front of the cell and light blockage from the thin wires on the cell surface.
The Shockley–Queisser limit only applies to conventional solar cells with a single p-n junction; solar cells with multiple layers can (and do) outperform this limit, and so can solar thermal and certain other solar energy systems. In the extreme limit, for a multi-junction solar cell with an infinite number of layers, the corresponding limit is 68.7% for normal sunlight, or 86.8% using concentrated sunlight (see solar cell efficiency).
Background
In a traditional solid-state semiconductor such as silicon, a solar cell is made from two doped crystals, one an n-type semiconductor, which has extra free electrons, and the other a p-type semiconductor, which is lacking free electrons, referred to as "holes." When initially placed in contact with each other, some of the electrons in the n-type portion will flow into the p-type to "fill in" the missing electrons. Eventually enough will flow across the boundary to equalize the Fermi levels of the two materials. The result is a region at the interface, the p-n junction, where charge carriers are depleted on each side of the interface. In silicon, this transfer of electrons produces a potential barrier of about 0.6 V to 0.7 V.
When the material is placed in the sun, photons from the sunlight can be absorbed in the p-type side of the semiconductor, causing electrons in the valence band to be promoted in energy to the conduction band. This process is known as photoexcitation. As the name implies, electrons in the conduction band are free to move about the semiconductor. When a load is placed across the cell as a whole, these electrons will flow from the p-type side into the n-type side, lose energy while moving through the external circuit, and then go back into the p-type material where they can re-combine with the valence-band holes they left behind. In this way, sunlight creates an electric current.
The limit
The Shockley–Queisser limit is calculated by examining the amount of electrical energy that is extracted per photon of incoming sunlight. There are several considerations:
Blackbody radiation
Any material, that is not at absolute zero (0 Kelvin), emits electromagnetic radiation through the black-body radiation effect. In a cell at room temperature, this represents approximately 7% of all the energy falling on the cell.
Any energy lost in a cell is turned into heat, so any inefficiency in the cell increases the cell temperature when it is placed in sunlight. As the temperature of the cell increases, the outgoing radiation and heat loss through conduction and convection also increase, until an equilibrium is reached. In practice, this equilibrium is normally reached at temperatures as high as 360 Kelvin, and consequently, cells normally operate at lower efficiencies than their room-temperature rating. Module datasheets normally list this temperature dependency as (NOCT - Nominal Operating Cell Temperature).
For a "blackbody" at normal temperatures, a very small part of this radiation (the number per unit time and per unit area given by , "c" for "cell") is photons having energy greater than the band gap (wavelength less than about 1.1 microns for silicon), and part of these photons (Shockley and Queisser use the factor tc) are generated by recombination of electrons and holes, which decreases the amount of current that could be generated otherwise. This is a very small effect, but Shockley and Queisser assume that the total rate of recombination (see below) when the voltage across the cell is zero (short circuit or no light) is proportional to the blackbody radiation . This rate of recombination plays a negative role in the efficiency. Shockley and Queisser calculate to be 1700 photons per second per square centimetre for silicon at 300K.
Recombination
Absorption of a photon creates an electron-hole pair, which could potentially contribute to the current. However, the reverse process must also be possible, according to the principle of detailed balance: an electron and a hole can meet and recombine, emitting a photon. This process reduces the efficiency of the cell. Other recombination processes may also exist (see "Other considerations" below), but this one is absolutely required.
In the Shockley–Queisser model, the recombination rate depends on the voltage across the cell but is the same whether or not there is light falling on the cell. A factor fc gives the ratio of recombination that produces radiation to total recombination, so the rate of recombination per unit area when V = 0 is 2tcQc/fc and thus depends on Qc, the flux of blackbody photons above the band-gap energy. The factor of 2 was included on the assumption that radiation emitted by the cell goes in both directions. (This is actually debatable if a reflective surface is used on the shady side.) When the voltage is non-zero, the concentrations of charge carriers (electrons and holes) change (see Shockley diode equation), and according to the authors the rate of recombination changes by a factor of exp(V/Vc), where Vc is the voltage equivalent of the temperature of the cell, or "thermal voltage", namely
(q being the charge of an electron). Thus the rate of recombination, in this model, is proportional to exp(V/Vc) times the blackbody radiation above the band-gap energy:
(This is actually an approximation, correct so long as the cell is thick enough to act as a black body, to the more accurate expression
The difference in maximum theoretical efficiency however is negligibly small, except for tiny bandgaps below 200meV.)
The rate of generation of electron-hole pairs not due to incoming sunlight stays the same, so recombination minus spontaneous generation is
where
(Shockley and Queisser take fc to be a constant, although they admit that it may itself depend on voltage.)
The rate of generation of electron-hole pairs due to sunlight is
where is the number of photons above the band-gap energy falling on the cell per unit area, and ts is the fraction of these that generate an electron-hole pair. This rate of generation is called Ish because it is the "short circuit" current (per unit area). When there is a load, then V will not be zero and we have a current equal to the rate of generation of pairs due to the sunlight minus the difference between recombination and spontaneous generation:
The open-circuit voltage is therefore given (assuming fc does not depend on voltage) by
The product of the short-circuit current Ish and the open-circuit voltage Voc Shockley and Queisser call the "nominal power". It is not actually possible to get this amount of power out of the cell, but we can get close (see "Impedance matching" below).
The ratio of the open-circuit voltage to the band-gap voltage Shockley and Queisser call V. Under open-circuit conditions, we have
Asymptotically, this gives
or
where is the voltage equivalent of the temperature of the sun. As the ratio goes to zero, the open-circuit voltage goes to the band-gap voltage, and as it goes to one, the open-circuit voltage goes to zero. This is why the efficiency falls if the cell heats up. In fact this expression represents the thermodynamic upper limit of the amount of work that can be obtained from a heat source at the temperature of the sun and a heat sink at the temperature of the cell.
Spectrum losses
Since the act of moving an electron from the valence band to the conduction band requires energy, only photons with more than that amount of energy will produce an electron-hole pair. In silicon the conduction band is about 1.1 eV away from the valence band, this corresponds to infrared light with a wavelength of about 1.1 microns. In other words, photons of red, yellow and blue light and some near-infrared will contribute to power production, whereas radio waves, microwaves, and most infrared photons will not. This places an immediate limit on the amount of energy that can be extracted from the sun. Of the 1,000 W/m2 in AM1.5 sunlight, about 19% of that has less than 1.1 eV of energy, and will not produce power in a silicon cell.
Another important contributor to losses is that any energy above and beyond the bandgap energy is lost. While blue light has roughly twice the energy of red light, that energy is not captured by devices with a single p-n junction. The electron is ejected with higher energy when struck by a blue photon, but it loses this extra energy as it travels toward the p-n junction (the energy is converted into heat). This accounts for about 33% of the incident sunlight, meaning that, for silicon, from spectrum losses alone there is a theoretical conversion efficiency limit of about 48%, ignoring all other factors.
There is a trade-off in the selection of a bandgap. If the band gap is large, not as many photons create pairs, whereas if the band gap is small, the electron-hole pairs do not contain as much energy.
Shockley and Queisser call the efficiency factor associated with spectrum losses , for "ultimate efficiency function". Shockley and Queisser calculated that the best band gap for sunlight happens to be 1.1 eV, the value for silicon, and gives a of 44%. They used blackbody radiation of 6000K for sunlight, and found that the optimum band gap would then have an energy of 2.2 kTs. (At that value, 22% of the blackbody radiation energy would be below the band gap.) Using a more accurate spectrum may give a slightly different optimum. A blackbody at 6000 K puts out 7348 W per square centimetre, so a value for of 44% and a value of photons per joule (corresponding to a band gap of 1.09 V, the value used by Shockley and Queisser) gives equal to photons per second per square centimetre.
Impedance matching
If the resistance of the load is too high, the current will be very low, while if the load resistance is too low, the voltage drop across it will be very low. There is an optimal load resistance that will draw the most power from the solar cell at a given illumination level. Shockley and Queisser call the ratio of power extracted to the impedance matching factor, . (It is also called the fill factor.) The optimum depends on the shape of the versus curve. For very low illumination, the curve is more or less a diagonal line, and will be 1/4. But for high illumination, approaches 1. Shockley and Queisser give a graph showing as a function of the ratio of the open-circuit voltage to the thermal voltage . According to the authors, this ratio is well approximated by , where is the combination of factors , in which is the solid angle of the sun divided by π. The maximum value of without light concentration (with reflectors for example) is just , or , according to the authors. Using the above-mentioned values of and , this gives a ratio of open-circuit voltage to thermal voltage of 32.4 ( equal to 77% of the band gap). The authors derive the equation
which can be solved to find , the ratio of optimal voltage to thermal voltage. For a of 32.4, we find equal to 29.0. One can then use the formula
to find the impedance matching factor. For a of 32.4, this comes to 86.5%.
All together
Considering the spectrum losses alone, a solar cell has a peak theoretical efficiency of 48% (or 44% according to Shockley and Queisser – their "ultimate efficiency factor"). Thus the spectrum losses represent the vast majority of lost power. Including the effects of recombination and the I versus V curve, the efficiency is described by the following equation:
with
where , , and are respectively the ultimate efficiency factor, the ratio of open-circuit voltage Vop to band-gap voltage Vg, and the impedance matching factor (all discussed above), and Vc is the thermal voltage, and Vs is the voltage equivalent of the temperature of the Sun. Letting be 1, and using the values mentioned above of 44%, 77%, and 86.5% for the three factors gives about 29% overall efficiency. Shockley and Queisser say 30% in their abstract, but do not give a detailed calculation. A more recent reference gives, for a single-junction cell, a theoretical peak performance of about 33.7%, or about 337 W/m2 in AM1.5.
When the amount of sunlight is increased using reflectors or lenses, the factor (and therefore ) will be higher. This raises both and . Shockley and Queisser include a graph showing the overall efficiency as a function of band gap for various values of . For a value of 1, the graph shows a maximum efficiency of just over 40%, getting close to the ultimate efficiency (by their calculation) of 44%.
Other considerations
Shockley and Queisser's work considered the most basic physics only; there are a number of other factors that further reduce the theoretical power.
Limited mobility
When an electron is ejected through photoexcitation, the atom it was formerly bound to is left with a net positive charge. Under normal conditions, the atom will pull off an electron from a surrounding atom in order to neutralize itself. That atom will then attempt to remove an electron from another atom, and so forth, producing an ionization chain reaction that moves through the cell. Since these can be viewed as the motion of a positive charge, it is useful to refer to them as "holes", a sort of virtual positive electron.
Like electrons, holes move around the material, and will be attracted towards a source of electrons. Normally these are provided through an electrode on the back surface of the cell. Meanwhile, the conduction-band electrons are moving forward towards the electrodes on the front surface. For a variety of reasons, holes in silicon move much more slowly than electrons. This means that during the finite time while the electron is moving forward towards the p-n junction, it may meet a slowly moving hole left behind by a previous photoexcitation. When this occurs, the electron recombines at that atom, and the energy is lost (normally through the emission of a photon of that energy, but there are a variety of possible processes).
Recombination places an upper limit on the rate of production; past a certain rate there are so many holes in motion that new electrons will never make it to the p-n junction. In silicon this reduces the theoretical performance under normal operating conditions by another 10% over and above the thermal losses noted above. Materials with higher electron (or hole) mobility can improve on silicon's performance; gallium arsenide (GaAs) cells gain about 5% in real-world examples due to this effect alone. In brighter light, when it is concentrated by mirrors or lenses for example, this effect is magnified. Normal silicon cells quickly saturate, while GaAs continue to improve at concentrations as high as 1500 times.
Non-radiative recombination
Recombination between electrons and holes is detrimental in a solar cell, so designers try to minimize it. However, radiative recombination—when an electron and hole recombine to create a photon that exits the cell into the air—is inevitable, because it is the time-reversed process of light absorption. Therefore, the Shockley–Queisser calculation takes radiative recombination into account; but it assumes (optimistically) that there is no other source of recombination. More realistic limits, which are lower than the Shockley–Queisser limit, can be calculated by taking into account other causes of recombination. These include recombination at defects and grain boundaries.
In crystalline silicon, even if there are no crystalline defects, there is still Auger recombination, which occurs much more often than radiative recombination. By taking this into account, the theoretical efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells was calculated to be 29.4%.
Frequency-dependent absorption
The frequency dependence of the absorption and effectively the reflectance of materials can be taken into account when calculating the solar cell efficiency. According to Shockley-Quiesser limit, solar cell efficiency of semiconductors depend on the band gap of the material. Here, it is assumed that optical absorption starts above the band gap of the material. However, due to finite temperature, optical excitations are possible below the optical gap. We can clearly see this from the tail of the imaginary dielectric function below the optical gap depending on temperature. Since imaginary dielectric functions is, even though low, non-zero below the optical gap, there is absorption of light below the optical gap. For thick enough materials this can cause significant absorption. In the Shockley-Quiesser limit, 100% light absorption is assumed above the band gap of the material in order to find highest possible efficiency of a solar cell in case reflectance is reduced to zero for example by using an anti-reflecting coating. However, the problem with this assumption is that absorbance below the band gap of the material at finite temperatures is neglected which can effect the efficiency. With the inclusion of the absorption below the band gap, the lower limit of the short-circuit current integral is changed from band gap to zero and therefore the equation is defined as;
where Jsc is the short-circuit current, A is the thickness dependent absorbance of the material, Jph is the AM1.5 solar energy flux, and ω is the frequency of light.
Exceeding the limit
It is important to note that the analysis of Shockley and Queisser was based on the following assumptions:
One electron–hole pair excited per incoming photon
Thermal relaxation of the electron–hole pair energy in excess of the band gap
Illumination with non-concentrated sunlight
None of these assumptions is necessarily true, and a number of different approaches have been used to significantly surpass the basic limit.
Multijunction cells
The most widely explored path to higher efficiency solar cells has been multijunction photovoltaic cells, also known as "tandem cells". These cells use multiple p-n junctions, each one tuned to a particular frequency of the spectrum. This reduces the problem discussed above, that a material with a single given bandgap cannot absorb sunlight below the bandgap, and cannot take full advantage of sunlight far above the bandgap. In the most common design, a high-bandgap solar cell sits on top, absorbing high-energy, shorter-wavelength light, and transmitting the rest. Beneath it is a lower-bandgap solar cell which absorbs some of the lower-energy, longer-wavelength light. There may be yet another cell beneath that one, with as many as four layers in total.
The calculation of the fundamental efficiency limits of these multijunction cells works in a fashion similar to those for single-junction cells, with the caveat that some of the light will be converted to other frequencies and re-emitted within the structure. Using methods similar to the original Shockley–Queisser analysis with these considerations in mind produces similar results; a two-layer cell can reach 42% efficiency, three-layer cells 49%, and a theoretical infinity-layer cell 86% in non-concentrated sunlight.
The majority of tandem cells that have been produced to date use three layers, tuned to blue (on top), yellow (middle) and red (bottom). These cells require the use of semiconductors that can be tuned to specific frequencies, which has led to most of them being made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) compounds, often germanium for red, GaAs for yellow, and GaInP2 for blue. They are very expensive to produce, using techniques similar to microprocessor construction but with "chip" sizes on the scale of several centimeters. In cases where outright performance is the only consideration, these cells have become common; they are widely used in satellite applications for instance, where the power-to-weight ratio overwhelms practically every other consideration. They also can be used in concentrated photovoltaic applications (see below), where a relatively small solar cell can serve a large area.
Tandem cells are not restricted to high-performance applications; they are also used to make moderate-efficiency photovoltaics out of cheap but low-efficiency materials. One example is amorphous silicon solar cells, where triple-junction tandem cells are commercially available from Uni-Solar and other companies.
Light concentration
Sunlight can be concentrated with lenses or mirrors to much higher intensity. The sunlight intensity is a parameter in the Shockley–Queisser calculation, and with more concentration, the theoretical efficiency limit increases somewhat. If, however, the intense light heats up the cell, which often occurs in practice, the theoretical efficiency limit may go down all things considered.
In practice, the choice of whether or not to use light concentration is based primarily on other factors besides the small change in solar cell efficiency. These factors include the relative cost per area of solar cells versus focusing optics like lenses or mirrors, the cost of sunlight-tracking systems, the proportion of light successfully focused onto the solar cell, and so on.
A wide variety of optical systems can be used to concentrate sunlight, including ordinary lenses and curved mirrors, fresnel lenses, arrays of small flat mirrors, and luminescent solar concentrators. Another proposal suggests spreading out an array of microscopic solar cells on a surface, and focusing light onto them via microlens arrays, while yet another proposal suggests designing a semiconductor nanowire array in such a way that light is concentrated in the nanowires.
Intermediate band photovoltaics
There has been some work on producing mid-energy states within single crystal structures. These cells would combine some of the advantages of the multi-junction cell with the simplicity of existing silicon designs. A detailed limit calculation for these cells with infinite bands suggests a maximum efficiency of 77.2% To date, no commercial cell using this technique has been produced.
Photon upconversion
As discussed above, photons with energy below the bandgap are wasted in ordinary single-junction solar cells. One way to reduce this waste is to use photon upconversion, i.e. incorporating into the module a molecule or material that can absorb two or more below-bandgap photons and then emit one above-bandgap photon. Another possibility is to use two-photon absorption, but this can only work at extremely high light concentration.
Thermal photon upconversion
Thermal upconversion is based on the absorption of photons with low energies in the upconverter, which heats up and re-emits photons with higher energies. The upconversion efficiency can be improved by controlling the optical density of states of the absorber and also by tuning the angularly-selective emission characteristics. For example, a planar thermal upconverting platform can have a front surface that absorbs low-energy photons incident within a narrow angular range, and a back surface that efficiently emits only high-energy photons. A hybrid thermophotovoltaic platform exploiting thermal upconversion was theoretically predicted to demonstrate maximum conversion efficiency of 73% under illumination by non-concentrated sunlight. A detailed analysis of non-ideal hybrid platforms that allows for up to 15% of absorption/re-emission losses yielded limiting efficiency value of 45% for Si PV cells.
Hot electron capture
One of the main loss mechanisms is due to the loss of excess carrier energy above the bandgap. It should be no surprise that there has been a considerable amount of research into ways to capture the energy of the carriers before they can lose it in the crystal structure. One system under investigation for this is quantum dots.
Multiple exciton generation
A related concept is to use semiconductors that generate more than one excited electron per absorbed photon, instead of a single electron at the band edge. Quantum dots have been extensively investigated for this effect, and they have been shown to work for solar-relevant wavelengths in prototype solar cells.
Another, more straightforward way to utilise multiple exciton generation is a process called singlet fission (or singlet exciton fission) by which a singlet exciton is converted into two triplet excitons of lower energy. This allows for higher theoretical efficiencies when coupled to a low bandgap semiconductor and quantum efficiencies exceeding 100% have been reported.
Also in materials where the (excited) electrons interact strongly with the remaining electrons such as Mott insulators multiple excitons can be generated.
Fluorescent downconversion/downshifting
Another possibility for increased efficiency is to convert the frequency of light down towards the bandgap energy with a fluorescent material. In particular, to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit, it is necessary for the fluorescent material to convert a single high-energy photon into several lower-energy ones (quantum efficiency > 1). For example, one photon with more than double the bandgap energy can become two photons above the bandgap energy. In practice, however, this conversion process tends to be relatively inefficient. If a very efficient system were found, such a material could be painted on the front surface of an otherwise standard cell, boosting its efficiency for little cost. In contrast, considerable progress has been made in the exploration of fluorescent downshifting, which converts high-energy light (e. g., UV light) to low-energy light (e. g., red light) with a quantum efficiency smaller than 1. The cell may be more sensitive to these lower-energy photons. Dyes, rare-earth phosphors and quantum dots are actively investigated for fluorescent downshifting. For example, silicon quantum dots enabled downshifting has led to the efficiency enhancement of the state-of-the-art silicon solar cells.
Thermophotovoltaic downconversion
Thermophotovoltaic cells are similar to phosphorescent systems, but use a plate to act as the downconvertor. Solar energy falling on the plate, typically black-painted metal, is re-emitted as lower-energy IR, which can then be captured in an IR cell. This relies on a practical IR cell being available, but the theoretical conversion efficiency can be calculated. For a converter with a bandgap of 0.92 eV, efficiency is limited to 54% with a single-junction cell, and 85% for concentrated light shining on ideal components with no optical losses and only radiative recombination.
See also
Thermodynamic efficiency limit
References
External links
Reproduction of the Shockley–Queisser calculation (PDF), using the Mathematica software program. This code was used to calculate all the graphs in this article.
Luque, Antonio, and Antonio Martí. "Chapter 4: Theoretical Limits of Photovoltaic Conversion and New-generation Solar Cells." Ed. Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Second ed. N.p.: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 130–68. Print.
Energy conversion
Semiconductor devices
Photovoltaics
Infrared solar cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley%E2%80%93Queisser%20limit
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The Kiribati Red Cross Society was founded in 1965. It has its headquarters in Bairiki, Kiribati.
References
External links
Kiribati Red Cross Society Profile
Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies
1965 establishments in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
Organizations established in 1965
Medical and health organisations based in Kiribati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati%20Red%20Cross%20Society
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George Ambler Wilson, CBE, MICE (1906–1977) was a British civil engineer.
Wilson was born in Wellington, Shropshire in 1906. He was the chief engineer of the Port of London Authority from 1953 to 1967. In 1958 he was elected a member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. He also served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1971 to November 1972. He died in 1977 and the National Portrait Gallery in London holds two images of him.
Wilson was honoured in the Queens 1967 birthday honours and appointed a CBE in the Civil Division.
Family
Wilson has 4 daughter from two marriages.
In 1970, Georges daughter Gail Wilson married her LSE colleague, Meghnad Desai, They had three children together.
References
Bibliography
British civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1906 births
1977 deaths
People from Wellington, Shropshire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Ambler%20Wilson
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Eluanbi Lighthouse is a lighthouse located on Cape Eluanbi, the southernmost point of the main island of Taiwan, which separates Taiwan's South Bay from Banana Bay and the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea from the Philippine Sea. It is near Eluan Village in the township of Hengchun in Pingtung County, Taiwan. The lighthouse is open to the public all year around.
Names
The lighthouse is named after nearby Cape Eluanbi, the southernmost point on Formosa or Taiwan Island. The name also appears as Eluan and ; as Oluenpi and from its Wade-Giles romanization; and as Garanbi or Garambi from its Japanese pronunciation.
Eluanbi Lighthouse is also known as "The Light of East Asia" because its light is the most intense of those on Taiwan.
History
Qing Empire
Shipwrecks were common around Cape Eluanbi in the early modern era owing to the nearby Qixingyan reefs and strong currents. The hostile native reactions to these accidents rose to the level of international incidents in the case of the Rover and a Ryukyu convoy, which prompted invasions from the United States and Japan in 1867 and 1874. In the latter case, the Qing Dynasty explicitly disavowed responsibility for native-held areas on Taiwan Island, creating a power vacuum that threatened Japanese or European colonization of the region. Following the advice of Charles Le Gendre, the American consul at Xiamen (then known as "Amoy"), the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Shen Baozhen, began constructing coastal defenses to improve the situation.
Construction of the Eluanbi Lighthouse fell under the purview of the British diplomat Robert Hart, inspector general of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service. He sent agents to purchase the southern cape from the leaders of the Guīzǎijiǎo) in 1875.
Construction began in 1881. Although Shen largely favored French officers like Prosper Giquel, Hart placed construction of the Eluanbi works under the English engineer John Reginald Harding and architect W. F. Spindey. Wang Fulu Wáng Fúlù) oversaw the project and the 500 soldiers sent to protect it. Native opposition from the Paiwan and other local indigenous tribes was severe and sustained. The structure was the only armed lighthouse on the island, surrounded by a fosse provided with caponiers and barbed-wire fencing. It was riddled with gunports to allow its garrison to repel assaults. Work was finished in early 1883 and the tower began operation on 1April. The total cost was 71,248 Mexican dollars, more than 200,000 silver taels. £5,881 were used for the tower and fort; £3,223 for the light and its housing. A great deal of the rest was used for dynamiting the coral around a nearby creek and constructing a concrete jetty for landing personnel and supplies; the jetty had proved necessary because of the difficult landing at Eluanbi's beaches owing to their heavy swells.
George Taylor assisted with construction after its first year and served as its first lightkeeper until 1889. He maintained close relations with the Paiwan and even became proficient in their language, but was also protected by 16 Chinese soldiers under a German officer. Their arsenal included two 18-pounder cannons, two Gatling guns, and a Cohon mortar; and they maintained food and water provisions capable of lasting a three-month siege. The station also kept a team of laborers and kitchen staff on site.
The first tower was high and cast iron. It was in diameter at the base and at the top. The lantern included revolving steel shutters to protect the glass from attack, and its gallery included gunports for rifles and one of the fort's Gatling guns. The foreign staff had spacious brick bungalows whose rooms were connected by bulletproof corridors to the fort; they stayed in quarters inside the tower during assaults. The Chinese staff lived in the fort at all times and maintained its kitchen, armory, storerooms, and underground cisterns.
The garrison was later reduced to eight men.
Imperial Japan
During the First Sino-Japanese War, the lighthouse was severely damaged by attack and then from sabotage by its retreating Qing garrison. After the Treaty of Shimonoseki gave Japan control of the island, colonial officials first repaired the lighthouse in 1898 and then installed a stronger light in 1910.
During World War II, the lighthouse was again seriously damaged by American bombing.
Republic of China
The lighthouse was rebuilt by the Republic of China in 1947. It was refurbished with a powerful Fresnel lens in 1962. The surrounding Eluanbi Park opened to the public on 25 December 1982 and the lighthouse itself welcomed regular visitors ten years later.
On the memorial to Eluanbi Lighthouse as one of the 8 Views of Taiwan, the Chinese "Eluanbi" is sculpted into the surface in Wang Xizhi's calligraphic style.
Transportation
The lighthouse is accessible from Provincial Highway 26.
Gallery
See also
List of lighthouses in Taiwan
References
Citations
Bibliography
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External links
Eluanbi Lighthouse-Directorate General of Customs(Taiwan)
1883 establishments in China
Lighthouses completed in 1883
Lighthouses in Pingtung County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluanbi%20Lighthouse
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UK Financial Investments (UKFI) was a limited company set up in November 2008 and mandated by the British government to manage HM Treasury's shareholdings in the Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS) and in UK Asset Resolution, which held the residual assets of NRAM plc and Bradford & Bingley. UKFI formerly managed the British government's shares in Lloyds Banking Group, until the government confirmed that all its shares had been sold on 17 May 2017. It also previously owned Northern Rock, until that company was taken over by Virgin Money on 1 January 2012. UKFI ceased trading on 31 March 2018, and its business and assets were transferred to UK Government Investments, a limited company wholly owned by HM Treasury.
History
In November 2008, UK Financial Investments was established as part of the UK's response to the financial crisis.
In 2015 UKFI and the Shareholder Executive became subsidiaries of UK Government Investments and in April 2016 both were merged.
RBS
On 3 November 2009, the government injected further capital into RBS in particular, which resulted in HM Treasury's shareholdings in that company rising from 70% to 83%. Since then, the proportion of those shareholdings have fallen slightly to 80%, as of end-March 2014, because of new issues of shares to other shareholders during the past few years. The government's stake had further decreased to 78.3% by August 2015. That month, UKFI disposed of 5.4% of their shareholding in RBS. As of April 2020 the shareholding is 62%.
Lloyds
HM Treasury's shareholdings in Lloyds dropped from 43% to 41% in February 2010 after it issued 3.14 billion new shares, and dropped again in 2013 from 39% to 33% after it sold £3.2 billion worth of shares. A trading plan of incremental sales during 2015 reduced the stake to below 10% by the end of October. Sales resumed in November 2016, as the holding was reduced to 7.99%. By mid-March 2017, the holding was 2.95% and by late April it was just 0.89%.
See also
2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
2008 Liechtenstein tax affair
References
External links
WhatDoTheyKnow.com: UK Financial Investments Ltd: Freedom of Information requests
Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom
HM Treasury
Financial services companies of the United Kingdom
Northern Rock
British companies established in 2008
2008 establishments in the United Kingdom
Investment in the United Kingdom
Financial services companies established in 2008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK%20Financial%20Investments
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