text
stringlengths 1
353k
| source
stringlengths 31
253
|
|---|---|
László Jeney (30 May 1923 – 24 April 2006) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics, 1952 Summer Olympics, 1956 Summer Olympics, and 1960 Summer Olympics. He is one of eight male athletes who won four or more Olympic medals in water polo.
He was born in Cluj, Kingdom of Romania and died in Budapest.
Jeney was part of the Hungarian team which won the silver medal in the 1948 tournament. He played two matches as goalkeeper.
Four years later he was a member of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1952 Olympic tournament. He played six matches as goalkeeper.
At the 1956 Games he won again the gold medal with the Hungarian team. He played two matches as goalkeeper.
His last Olympic tournament was in Rome 1960 where he won the bronze medal. Again he played two matches as goalkeeper for the Hungarian team.
See also
Hungary men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
List of players who have appeared in multiple men's Olympic water polo tournaments
List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers
Blood in the Water match
References
External links
1923 births
2006 deaths
Sportspeople from Cluj-Napoca
Hungarian male water polo players
Water polo goalkeepers
Water polo players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary in water polo
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary in water polo
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary in water polo
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
20th-century Hungarian people
21st-century Hungarian people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20Jeney
|
Mugu is a village development committee in the Himalayas of Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. After Dolphu it is the second largest VDC in Mugu District which takes its name from it. It is located on the border with Tibet, China. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 898 people living in 181 individual households.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District
Populated places in Mugu District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugu%2C%20Nepal
|
Enrique Burgos Calles (born October 7, 1965) is a Panamanian former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals and San Francisco Giants and in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) for the Brother Elephants and Uni-President Lions.
Career
From 1993 to 1995, he played for the Kansas City Royals and the San Francisco Giants. He was signed by the Toronto Blue Jays as an amateur free agent in 1983 and was involved in a trade for Brent Cookson in 1995. He would have stints in Mexico and Taiwan before ending his professional career.
References
Sources
1965 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Altoona Curve players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Florence Blue Jays players
Gulf Coast Blue Jays players
Kansas City Royals players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Kinston Blue Jays players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Panama
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Miami Miracle players
Myrtle Beach Blue Jays players
Omaha Royals players
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Canada
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in the United States
People from La Chorrera District
Phoenix Firebirds players
Piratas de Campeche players
San Francisco Giants players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Ventura County Gulls players
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Brother Elephants players
Uni-President Lions players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique%20Burgos%20%28baseball%2C%20born%201965%29
|
Cola-nut galls develop as a chemically induced distortion of leaf axillary or terminal buds on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) or sessile oak (Quercus petraea) trees, caused by the agamic gall wasp Andricus lignicola (Hartig, 1840) which lays single eggs within leaf buds using their ovipositor. A previous name or synonym for the species A. lignicola is A. lignicolus and A. venheurni.
The physical appearance of the galls
The galls are found in small groups, which however do not coalesce, helping to prevent mis-identification with the oak marble gall (Andricus kollari), in addition the shape is ovoid rather than spherical and it is scaly rather than smooth. It grows up to about 10 x 8 mm and is at first green, rapidly changing to grey-brown, with light red patches where the original bud scales have separated. It is hard and firm, but does not always persist on the tree for very long. Once the imago has emerged a small circular hole is apparent.
Distribution
It is well known in continental Europe, occurring from Great Britain to Asia Minor.
Life-cycle
The imago of the agamic phase emerges in early summer following the gall's inception. The bisexual generation gall is very similar to that of A. kollari, effecting the live bud of Quercus species and has only been seen under culture conditions (1975). Removing and destroying cola-nut galls before they dry and the wasps emerge may help to reduce an infestation. While fairly large, and sometimes present in quite large numbers on scrub specimens, they cause no measurable harm.
See also
Gall
Gall wasp
Knopper gall
Oak apple
Oak marble gall
Pineapple gall
Red-pea gall
Rose bedeguar gall
References
External links
Cynipidae
Gall-inducing insects
Hymenoptera of Asia
Hymenoptera of Europe
Insects described in 1840
Oak galls
Taxa named by Theodor Hartig
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andricus%20lignicola
|
The Pittsburgh Athletic Club (PAC) was one of the earliest professional ice hockey teams. It was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from around 1895 until 1905 and again from 1907 to 1909.
The team was a member of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, which was formed in 1896.
History
Origins
In 1895, Pittsburgh officials, constructed the Schenley Park Casino which featured the first artificial ice-making plant in North America. The 1895–96 winter season also saw the first introduction of hockey in the city.
On December 30, 1895, the Pittsburgh Press made mention of a “great international hockey and polo tournament” opening game at the Casino. The newspaper reported that a team consisting of ten players from Queen's University played against a group of local players from Western University (today the University of Pittsburgh) and Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost (today Duquesne University) and a half-hour of exhibition of hockey was played before the polo match. The paper noted that 2,500 to 3,000 fans showed up to watch the game, despite claims of bad weather. No score or records were reportedly kept but the paper did note that the team from Queen's University outplayed the Pittsburghers, who had never played the game before.
After seeing the excitement and fan appeal of the hockey game, the Casino's management decided to organize a senior league at the rink. The league was strictly amateur and was named the Western Pennsylvania League. The league played its first season in 1896–97 at the Casino, with four teams, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, the Duquesne Country & Athletic Club, Western University of Pennsylvania (the University of Pittsburgh today) and a team known as (All-)Pittsburgh, or the "Casino" team. The Pittsburgh Athletic Club team was managed by Charles S. Miller, who became the league's president.
Championship era: 1899-1901
The league played at the Casino twice a week, on Tuesday and Friday nights. The first "big league" championship (season) game was November 17, 1896 between Duquesne Country & Athletic Club and All-Pittsburgh, won by Duquesne 2–1; however, the league's season was cut short on December 16, when the Casino rink was destroyed by fire. The "Casino" team, Pittsburgh Athletic Club and Western University teams all lost their hockey equipment in the fire. A fire at the Casino in December 1896 destroyed the only ice hockey rink in Pittsburgh and the league dissolved without a championship.
The team and the league were revived by the construction of an artificial ice rink at the Duquesne Garden. The league's second season began on January 24, 1899, when the Garden hosted its first hockey game in a match between the Pittsburgh Athletic Club and Western University of Pittsburgh.
The Pittsburgh Athletic Club would then go on to claim the league’s first championship. The team then won the next two titles, which resulted in being awarded the $500 Trophy, in 1900 and again in 1901
The 1901–02 season is considered the first season in which the league and its teams were recognized as professional. The first professional ice hockey league. To fill the team, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club recruited players from Canada with promises of high-paid employment and small cash incentives of roughly $30 per week. Two of the players signed by the Pittsburgh Athletic Club were George Lamb and Bill Hamilton.
In 1904, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club was captained by Alf Smith, a future Hall of Famer, who won four straight Stanley Cup titles as a player and coach with the Ottawa Silver Seven from 1903 to 1906.
The WPHL and its teams lasted until the end of the 1903–04 season, when the league pulled their best players to field one Pittsburgh team, the Pittsburgh Professionals, to play in the International Professional Hockey League.
In 1904–05, a re-formed PAC team played a handful of exhibition games, including a series against the Dawson City Nuggets. The Pittsburgh Post described this version of the team as made up of "interscholastic players, skate boys from the Garden and has-beens of former years".
Revival and quick demise
The WPHL, along with the Pittsburgh Athletic Club team was revived for the 1907–08 season. The team now featured several of Canada's top talent, including Albert Kerr, Ken Mallen, Garnet Sixsmith and Cyclone Taylor; however, the WPHL could no longer rely on salaries as novelty to attract Canadian talent, since professionalism had spread into Canada. Many players signed up, particularly since the WPHL played on Duquesne Garden's artificial ice and was not dependent on cold weather to provide a naturally frozen surface; however, as winter began and Canadian rinks became available, the players returned north to teams closer to home. This attrition affected all of the league's teams. The Pittsburgh Athletic Club itself saw the mid-season defections of stars like Cyclone Taylor and Con Corbeau to Canada. Finally, after the 1908–09 season the WPHL and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club team disbanded.
Hall of Famers
Alf Smith (1962)
Cyclone Taylor (1947)
References
Ice hockey teams in Pittsburgh
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Athletic Club
Athletic Club
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh%20Athletic%20Club
|
Swishing refers to swapping an item or items of clothing or shoes or an accessory with friends or acquaintances. Parties must willingly give an item to participate in the transaction, once they have given an item they are free to choose something of interest from what others have offered. Value does not come into the equation, as swappers do not necessarily get an item of equal value and are free to choose anything that the other person if offering (without having to pay). Swishing is now being more widely practiced throughout the world and has evolved to include other items such as books and furniture. Not only do people hold 'swishing parties' either as a charity event or simply for the enjoyment of it (while recycling and saving money at the same time), but there are several websites where online swishes take place.
History
Swishing (deriving from the dictionary definition of 'to rustle, as silk' - which in the eyes of the swishing team means 'to rustle from friends') began in 2000 when Lucy Shea, founder of green PR firm Futerra, and her colleagues wanted to come up with a way to combine a love of retail shopping without contributing to increased consumption. It has since been endorsed by fashion model Twiggy in Twiggy's frock exchange, and as a result has become one of the most popular ways of swapping clothes.
Practice
A swishing party usually has a host who lays out guests' items at the venue after the guests have arrived. The host sends one group of guests to look at the items while other groups wait or do an activity. When an allocated amount of time has passed, the groups rotate. When all guests have seen the items, the host places everyone's name into a hat or bowl and draws them one at a time; when a guest's name is called, he or she claims an item. The host waits for only a few seconds before calling out the next name. The remainder of the items are them donated to charity by the host.
There are several types of variations. If the swish is for charity, attendees have their names placed into the bowl along with an extra amount for a donation; swishes can be focused on specific items like clothes, crockery, shoes, handbags, and accessories; they can be held for family, friends, or workmates; or they can be less orderly, as a free-for-all instead of a drawing by name.
External links
BBC: "Twiggy's Frock Exchange"
The Guardian: "Swap till you drop", 5/18/2007
Charity fundraisers
Fashion
Recycling
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swishing
|
Kale is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 876 people living in 186 individual households.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District
Populated places in Mugu District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale%2C%20Nepal
|
Mihi is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 898 people living in 181 individual households.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District
Populated places in Mugu District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihi
|
Rumale is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1154 people living in 220 individual households.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District
Populated places in Mugu District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumale
|
The Expulsion () is a 1923 silent German drama film directed by F. W. Murnau. The film is now considered to be lost. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Erich Czerwonski and Rochus Gliese. Location shooting took place in the Riesengebirge.
Plot
Old man Steyer (Carl Goetz) lives on a mountainside farm with his wife (Ilka Grüning), widowed son (Eugen Klöpfer), and granddaughter, Aenne (Lucie Mannheim). The son marries Ludmilla (Aud Egede-Nissen), a very poor girl from a nearby village. Ludmilla loves Lauer (William Dieterle), a local hunter, but Lauer is too poor to marry her. Ludmilla continues her affair with Lauer even after the marriage.
Ludmilla asks her new husband to sell the farm and move to the village, as she cannot stand being isolated in the mountains. The son agrees, hoping it will make Ludmilla love him. They go to the village to sign a deed of sale. The son drinks heavily, decides to marry Aenne to Lauer, and then has second thoughts about selling the farm.
Unable to find her husband, who has gone to the notary to cancel the sale, Ludmilla asks Lauer to take her home. A blizzard has begun, and they are unable to make it back up the mountain. They take refuge in Lauer's cabin instead, where they begin to make love. The son, however, follows their tracks in the snow. He finds them in the cabin, and brutally assaults Lauer.
The next morning, the son and Ludmilla return to the farm, their marriage in ruins. They discover that the mother and father have decided to leave their beloved home, now that it has been sold, and have already packed all their things.
Cast
See also
List of lost films
References
External links
1923 films
1923 drama films
1923 lost films
Silent German drama films
German silent feature films
German black-and-white films
Films of the Weimar Republic
Films directed by F. W. Murnau
Lost German films
Films produced by Erich Pommer
UFA GmbH films
Lost drama films
1920s German films
Films with screenplays by Thea von Harbou
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Expulsion%20%28film%29
|
Blackberry Blossom is an album by American guitarist Norman Blake, released in 1977.
Reception
Writing for Allmusic, critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. noted that Blake "imbeds himself in tradition, offering honest interpretations and fresh originals that are respectful of their roots. In this way, his true artistry grows each time the listener places a disc like Blackberry Blossom in the CD player. To those familiar with Blake, this re-issue will be warmly welcomed; for the unfamiliar, Blackberry Blossom is a great place to get started."
Track listing
"Are You from Dixie?" (George L. Cobb, Jack Yellen) – 3:40
"The Rights Of Man Hornpipe" – 2:35
"The Highland Light" (Blake) – 5:16
"Railroad Blues" (Traditional) – 8:02
"Foggy Valley" (Traditional) – 2:31
"Lonesome Jenny" (Blake) – 7:21
"Blackberry Blossom" (Traditional) – 3:33
"D Medley" (Traditional) – 5:26
"Jerusalem Ridge" (Monroe) – 3:46
Personnel
Norman Blake – guitar, mandolin, violin, vocals
Nancy Blake – guitar, cello
Production notes
Dr. Toby Mountain – mastering
References
1977 albums
Norman Blake (American musician) albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry%20Blossom
|
WBTS may refer to:
WBTS-CD, a low-power Class A NBC-owned-and-operated television station (channel 32/virtual channel 15) licensed to serve Nashua, New Hampshire, United States
WYCN-LD, a low-power Telemundo-owned-and-operated television station (channel 36/virtual channel 8) licensed to serve Providence, Rhode Island, United States, which held the call sign WBTS-LD from October 2016 until August 2019
WAIB-LP, a low-power radio station (88.5 FM) licensed to serve Redwood, New York, United States, which held the call sign WBTS-LP from August 2014 until October 2016
WSBB-FM, a radio station (95.5 FM) licensed to Doraville, Georgia, United States, which held the call sign WBTS from October 1999 until October 2010
WJTW, a radio station (1480 AM) licensed to Bridgeport, Alabama, United States, which held the call sign WBTS until November 1998
Web-based training system or services
Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, an 1884 corporation of Jehovah's Witnesses
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., a 1909 corporation of Jehovah's Witnesses
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBTS
|
The winners of the 1993–94 Asian Cup Winners' Cup, the association football competition run by the Asian Football Confederation, are listed below.
First round
|}
1 Al Nasr withdrew
2 Sarawak withdrew
Second round
|}
1 New Radiant apparently qualified for quarter-final; reason unknown
Quarter-finals
|}
1 New Radiant withdrew
Semi-finals
|}
1 Nissan withdrew
Final
|}
First leg
Second leg
References
Stokkermans, Karel. "Asian Cup Winners Cup 1994". RSSSF.
Asian Cup Winners' Cup
2
2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394%20Asian%20Cup%20Winners%27%20Cup
|
The VIVA World Cup is an international football tournament organized by the New Federation Board, an umbrella association for nations unaffiliated with FIFA. A women's tournament played as a two-legged match was organized in 2008 and 2010.
History
Sápmi 2008
The first edition, with only two teams, was won by the host, Sápmi, who beat Kurdistan over two legs with an aggregate score of 15 – 1.
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)
Gozo 2010
The second edition, again with only two teams, was won by Padania, who beat the host Gozo over two legs with an aggregate score of 7 – 0.
See also
Island Games
Non-FIFA football
References
External links
Official Site
Official forum
Women's World Cup
Women's World Cup
World Cup
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva%20World%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20tournament
|
Barrington ("Barry") Watson (born 13 February 1944) is a former Great British Olympian and long-distance runner. He came 45th in the marathon in the 1976 Summer Olympics. In 1977, he came second behind Steve Ovett in the first Dartford half marathon.
In 2005, he helped to establish the Somme Poppy Marathon. He was born in Poole, Dorset, England.
International competitions
References
1944 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Poole
English male marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Watson%20%28athlete%29
|
Lennart Stekelenburg (born 22 October 1986) is a Dutch swimmer who specialises in breaststroke. He is the current national record holder in the 50 m, 100 m and 200 m breaststroke at the long course and is part of the 4 × 100 m relay team who hold the Dutch long course record.
Swimming career
After winning a silver medal in the 50 m breast and a bronze medal in the 100 m breast at the European Junior Swimming Championships 2004 in Lisbon, Portugal. Stekelenburg made his international senior debut at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada where he was eliminated in both 50 m and 100 m breaststroke. In the following years he swam several European Championships making his best performance at the 2008 European Aquatics Championships in Eindhoven in his home country the Netherlands, ending up 6th in the 50 m breaststroke final after swimming a national record in the semi-finals.
2008/2009 season
Stekelenburg qualified for the 2009 World Aquatics Championships during the Swim Cup Eindhoven 2008, in early December, with a national record at the 100 m breaststroke. One week later he took part in the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2008 in Rijeka, Croatia where he ended 8th in the 100 m breaststroke but was eliminated in the heats of the 50 m and 200 m breaststroke.
Personal bests
See also
List of swimmers
List of Dutch records in swimming
References
1986 births
Living people
Dutch male breaststroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for the Netherlands
Swimmers from Rotterdam
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart%20Stekelenburg
|
The Penang Botanic Gardens, (Malay: Taman Kebun Bunga;Tamil :பினாங்கு தாவரவியல் பூங்கா,Piṉāṅku Tāvaraviyal pūṅkā) also known as the "Waterfall Gardens" because of the cascading waterfall nearby, is a botanic garden situated on Jalan Air Terjun (Waterfall Road) in George Town, Penang, Malaysia.
The original gardens were established in 1884 from an old quarry site, under the supervision of Charles Curtis, who was the first superintendent, making it one of the oldest botanic gardens built by the British in a colonial settlement.
Penang Botanic Gardens is part of Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, recognized by UNESCO as the third Biosphere Reserve in Malaysia listed in the World Network of Biosphere Reserve (WNBR).
History
Prior to the establishment of the present gardens, there were two previous botanic gardens on Penang Island.
The spice gardens (1794–1806)
George Town was established on Penang Island in August 1786; the settlement enabled the East India Company to establish a strategic base to challenge the Dutch spice trade and maritime supremacy in the Straits of Malacca.
In 1794, the Company appointed Christopher Smith as botanist to Penang to establish the spice gardens on Penang Island. Smith, who had originally trained at Kew Gardens, planted a small garden of "20 orlongs" [10.5 ha] in 1794 in the middle Ayer Itam valley and a larger garden, of "300 orlongs" [158 ha], at Sungai Keluang. The exact location of both gardens is unclear.
In 1796, Smith was sent to the Moluccas, to serve as superintendent of their botanic gardens and to collect specimens of nutmeg and clove for planting in the Penang Gardens. By 1800 there were some 1,300 plants in the two Penang gardens, with Sungai Keluang now predominantly growing pepper plants. That year, a delivery of a further 15,000 clove and 1,500 nutmeg trees together with canary nuts and sugar palms arrived from Ambon Island. The size of this delivery led to the enlargement of the Ayer Itam gardens and Residency grounds; as a result, Smith was instructed by Lieutenant Governor Leith to return to supervise this enterprise and cease collecting further specimens in the region. By 1802 Smith reported that there were 19,000 nutmeg and 6,250 clove trees under his supervision. In the 1804–05 financial year, the Gardens supported 80 "coolies" and an operational budget of $11,909.
Captain James Low (writing in 1836) described the Gardens during this period as: "... embracing one hundred and thirty acres of land, lying on the slopes which skirt the base of the hill near Amie's Mills, a romantic spot and well watered by a running stream now called Ayer Putih. This plantation, in some respects a mere nursery, contained in the above year [1802] the number of 19,628 nutmeg plants, varying from one up to four years old, 3,460 being four years of age. There were also 6,259 clove trees, of which 669 were above six, and under seven years old."
Following further collecting trips, Smith returned to George Town in 1805, accompanied by 71,266 nutmeg and 55,263 clove plants together with additional canary nut and sugar palm specimens. On his return, Smith was appointed superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, but died unexpectedly in George Town soon afterwards. By now, George Town had been elevated to the status of India's fourth presidency, and Lieutenant Governor Leith had been succeeded in 1803 by Colonel Robert T. Farquhar. Farquhar sold the Gardens' contents at 12 days' notice for $9,656. Most of the specimens were removed and replanted elsewhere by various purchasers.
The kitchen gardens (1822–1834)
In 1822, the then Governor of Penang, William Edward Phillips, established the second gardens, following the urging of Sir Stamford Raffles, the superintendent of the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Raffles' friend, the Danish naturalist Dr. Nathaniel Wallich, recommended the appointment of Penang Free School headmaster and amateur botanist, George Porter, on a salary of $100, to manage these gardens. Porter, formerly a member of the Calcutta Gardens staff, had accompanied Wallich to Singapore in 1822. Wallich had named a dwarf Dracaena, Dracaena porteri, after Porter. While Porter accepted the position of superintendent he was nominally in charge under a local judge, a Mr. Leycester, who was appointed curator. These gardens were also sited in the Ayer Itam valley; possibly on the same government land reserve as the previous gardens.
The Gardens were tended until 1834, when the then Governor Kenneth Murchison, "who took no interest in gardens or agriculture", sold them for 1250 rupees "because his wife could not get enough vegetables from the gardens to diminish her cook's bills", although the reason may also have been due to Straits Settlements cost-cutting measures executed by the Governor General Lord George Bentinck. Following the sale, Porter apparently returned to his former position as headmaster.
The present gardens
Foundation to 1903
In 1884 Nathaniel Cantley, superintendent of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, established the present Botanic Gardens and appointed Charles Curtis as the assistant superintendent. At its inception, the Botanic Gardens Department was administered by the Gardens and Forests Department of the Straits Settlement. It was engaged mainly in the cultivation of commercial plants, inspecting crops and advising the planting community. When the work connected with economic crops and forestry were taken over by the Agriculture and Forestry Departments, Curtis made himself responsible for the layout of the Botanic Gardens and their transformation from an old granite quarry site.
Under Curtis three "Experimental Gardens" were established, including the "Waterfall Nursery Gardens" (580 m) that was developed into the present Botanic Gardens, the "Top Hill Nursery" (777 m) later renamed the "Government Bungalow Garden", and the "Plains Nursery" later comprising the Government Residency. Located at 579 m, with an average annual rainfall in the 1890s of 381 cm, the site of the Botanic Gardens embraces over 29 ha, comprising a significant middle portion, of the Waterfall River valley below the Waterfall which cascades from a height of over 120 m. The heavy rainfall often resulted in management problems, and land slips in the "steepest part of the grounds". The third Botanic Gardens were eventually sited in the Waterfall River valley on land acquired by the colonial government in 1884–85 for this purpose. Curtis records that much of this land was owned by a Mr Hogan.
On his appointment as the first superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Curtis was presented with a tropical valley, including a nutmeg plantation with associated structures, and a prominent location on the trail to and at the foot of the "Great Waterfall". While an avid and acknowledged botanist and plant collector, he proved himself to be a creative landscape designer in crafting the design and development of the Gardens.
On accepting the position, Curtis proposed a long-term strategy as to the development of the gardens and its potential role as a botanical repository and clearing house. Curtis' immediate actions were to develop a plant nursery and undertake a programme of works to create a pleasurable recreational and botanical garden in the valley. This vision was spelt out in detail in his 1885 annual report to Cantley as part of the Department's Annual Report. This included proposals to extend and develop the existing "Waterfall Gardens", the construction of road circuits, the erection of plant-houses for the propagation and cultivation of various species, and the provision of recreational venues.
His immediate steps in 1885–86 were focused upon increasing the area of the Gardens in the valley together with improving road and pedestrian access. In his 1885 report, Curtis commented on "the poor gravelly soil in the valley" which required that considerable attention should be given to the preparation of the ground for tree planting. However, the "natural advantages of the surroundings, from a landscape gardening point of view ... in a great measure compensate for this defect."
From the outset, Curtis introduced aesthetic considerations into the design of the Gardens, through the strategic placement of trees and the clearance of jungle. The circular road circuits he had constructed carefully weave through the valley opening up views, framing vantage points, and providing surprises to the visitor. Curtis' design was motivated by his objective to take advantage of and exploit the natural landscape in the first instance, and then locate plantings in functional or species family associations. A later supervisor, Frederick Sydney Banfield, observed of the planting design structure established by Curtis that: "There is little systematic arrangement even in the botanical sections, the principal aim having been to arrange the plants in such a way as to enhance the natural beauty of the Gardens".
Curtis suffered from ill-health during his time as superintendent of the gardens, which he attributed to the quality and location of the accommodation made available to him. In March 1903, health problems caused him to take early long service leave and he formally retired on 7 December 1903, to be replaced by Walter Fox.
Since 1903
In 1910, the Gardens were threatened by a proposal to turn the valley in which they were located into a reservoir. The Gardens were handed over to the Municipality for this purpose, but the plan was abandoned and the gardens were returned to the Government in 1912. Only a small reservoir was eventually built, at the foot of the Waterfall.
During the period 1912 to 1921, much of the efforts of Curtis and his succeeding Superintendents was left to deteriorate. However, the herbarium collection increased and more time was directed to horticulture and botanical work. In subsequent years the garden matured and took on the visual aesthetic envisaged by Curtis. Several new structures and offices were added to the gardens but its overall structure, path and road configurations, the position and form of older plant houses, and the spatial layout of much of the plantings was little changed from Curtis’ original design.
Frederick Flippance, who was appointed assistant supervisor in 1921, was faced with the formidable task of relaying the gardens, in addition to his advisory role on roadside trees and other planting work in the municipal area. The work of the Gardens Department began to extend to ornamental planting of Georgetown, the Governor's Residence as well as the gardens themselves. A fine formal garden was established in 1936 in the Waterfall Gardens. Flippance remained Assistant Supervisor until 1937.
The Second World War took its toll on the Gardens. Although some of the Malay staff remained with the Gardens during the Japanese occupation, lack of funds and direction, together with the accumulation of war debris, left the Gardens in a very bad state. The Japanese excavated tunnels near the lily ponds and turned them into ammunition works and storage facilities, and a torpedo assembly station.
Upon British reoccupation in 1945, much restoration and cleaning up had to be done. As part of the post war reorganisation, the Penang Botanic Gardens was separated from its parent establishment in Singapore and, in 1946, the Gardens administration passed from Singapore to the Federation of Malay States. Whilst under the direction of Frederick Sydney Banfield, the Botanic Gardens were restored to their original splendour. In 1956, the first Malaysian — Cheang Kok Choy — was appointed as curator of Gardens, where he had previously worked as a trainee gardener. He continued to carry out the policy laid down by his predecessors until his retirement in 1976.
Today, the administration of the Gardens is the responsibility of the Penang State Government under the Pejabat Kebun Bunga (Penang Botanic Gardens Department).
The Gardens today
After the handover to the Penang State Government, the Gardens gradually eroded their role in research and botanical activities. Consequently, most of the herbarium collections of Curtis and successive superintendents were transferred to the Singapore Botanic Gardens, since when the Penang Botanic Gardens function more as a park than as botanic gardens. The Gardens' main objectives include "conservation programmes, provision of a clean, safe and conducive public recreation environment, education and raising of public awareness in the appreciation of nature and gardening". The Gardens continue some research, collaborating with other Botanic Gardens in the development and implementation of botanical and ecological research programmes both nationally and internationally.
The Penang Botanic Gardens Department aims to provide visitors with programmes that focus on the historical and cultural heritage of the gardens, the plant collections, natural landscape and rich diversity of flora and fauna. It also aims to provide professional advice related to botany, taxonomy, horticulture and landscaping.
The gardens occupy a 29 ha. site in a valley described as "an amphitheatre of hills" covered with lush tropical rain-forests. Its lush greenery and tranquil setting makes it a favourite park and a popular tourist destination. It is Penang's unique natural heritage, being the only garden of its kind in Malaysia. As well as being a repository of flora and fauna, unique to the country and to the region, it serves as a "green lung" for metropolitan Penang. As such, the garden is a popular recreational spot; some of the recreational activities include jogging, walking, jungle trekking and aerobics.
Amongst the flora in the gardens, most conspicuous are the cannonball tree (Couroupita guianensis) and the large buttress roots of the sengkuang tree (Dracontomelon dao). There is also the pinang palm (Areca catechu) that lent its name to the island of Penang, and the black lily (Tacca integrifolia) with its unique purplish-black coloured flowers. The candle tree (Parmentiera cereifera), the endemic slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum barbatum) and the ginger, Geoctachys penangensis, can also be found in the gardens.
There are also collections of rare plant species housed in the Fern House, Palm Collection, Aroid Walkway, Orchidarium, Perdana Conservatory, Cactus House, Bromeliad and Begonia House, Herb Garden, Fern Rockery, Sun Rockery, and the Formal Garden.
The garden fauna include long-tailed macaques, dusky leaf monkeys, black giant squirrels as well as many insects and butterflies.
The path around the Lily Pond offers access to tropical rainforest, a short distance from the Botanic Gardens gate. The walk from the Lower Circular Road passes two prominent groups of palms and bamboo clusters along the Waterfall River. Two orchid houses provide a comparison between cultivated hybrids and wild orchid species. The best time to admire the flowering trees is during the dry season, from February to April, when the Thai bungor (Lagerstroemia loudonii), the Javanese cassia (Cassia javanica) and the rosy trumpet (Tabebuia rosea) are in full flower.
From the Lily Pond path there is a climb to the site of Charles Curtis' former house, although only a few bricks can still be seen. Various hiking paths lead from the Botanic Gardens, to Penang Hill and to Mount Olivia at the north. Mount Olivia was the site of the Raffles' home and was named after Raffles' wife, Olivia.
Waterfall
The waterfall and reservoir are private property although they can be visited by arrangement with the Penang Water Authority (Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang). The Friends of the Penang Botanic Gardens, a non-governmental organisation, organises monthly visits to the waterfall. The Penang waterfall was closed off to the public as a safety measure during the confrontation between the newly independent Malaysia and Indonesia in the 1960s.
Early visitors to Penang Island described it as one of the key attractions of the island, including Ibrahim Munshi, son of Munshi Abdullah, who described it in his journal, the "Kisah Pelayaran". The waterfall was an important source of water for ships calling at Penang port in the early part of the 19th century. In 1804, the first water treatment plant in Malaysia was set up here, to supply the needs of 10,000 people in Penang. In 1805, an aqueduct was constructed to channel water from the fall via Pulau Tikus to a reservoir near the port. The quality of the water, filtered through the aged rocks of Penang Hill, was very high, and was described by the early sailors as "sweet".
The oval-shaped reservoir of the Penang Waterfall was constructed in the gardens in 1892 by British engineer James MacRitchie, who was also responsible for the expansion of MacRitchie Reservoir in Singapore. Around the time he was undertaking the expansion in Singapore, MacRitchie was invited by the Penang Municipal Commission in 1891 to review the options (and high cost tender results) for a proposed reservoir in Penang. He issued a report and recommended a reservoir at the waterfall. He also recommended the municipality acquire the right to draw water from Sungei Ayer Itam for the future. The Penang reservoir was reconstructed in 1950.
Today, only a small proportion of the Penang water supply comes from the waterfall reservoir — approximately 10–15% of the population obtain their water from here, while most of the island's water supply comes from Sungai Muda, on the border of Penang and Kedah.
See also
Penang City Park (Youth Park)
Sia Boey Urban Archaeological Park
References
External links
Penang Sentral Global Website
Penang Botanic Gardens on Malaysia tourism site
1884 establishments in British Malaya
Geography of Penang
Botanical gardens in Malaysia
Tourist attractions in George Town, Penang
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang%20Botanic%20Gardens
|
Directions is an album of American guitarist Norman Blake, released in 1978. It was reissued in 1987 on CD along with Live at McCabe's by Takoma.
Track listing
"Blue Ridge Mountain Blues"
"Thebes"
"The L & N Don't Stop Here Anymore"
"Medley: Loch Lavan Castle/Santa Ana's Retreat/Cattle in the Cane"
"Poor Ellen Smith"
"Uncle Sam"
"Ice on the Road"
"Rake and the Rambling Blade"
"High Dad in the Morning"
"Father's Hall"
"White House Breakdown"
"'76 Blues"
Personnel
Norman Blake – guitar, mandolin, mando-cello, vocals, fiddle
Nancy Blake - cello, guitar, mandolin, vocals
Miles Anderson - alto trombone, tenor trombone, bass trumpet, baritone horn, bass trombone
Joseph Byrd - arranging [Horns] (Uncle Sam)
George Belle - engineer
References
1978 albums
Norman Blake (American musician) albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directions%20%28Norman%20Blake%20album%29
|
Percy Jones (23 March 1887 – 31 March 1969) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Pontypool and Newport. He was awarded eight caps for Wales and faced the touring with South Africans. Jones was one of the 'Terrible Eight' who clashed with the Irish forwards during the 1914 Five Nations Championship.
Rugby career
Jones played for several rugby clubs but was selected for Welsh international duty while with Newport and Pontypool. His first cap was against the 1912 touring South Africans and although Wales lost the game, he was reselected a few months later to face England in the 1913 Five Nations Championship. Under the captaincy of Tommy Vile, Wales lost on home soil for the first time against England since 1895. The selectors kept faith with Jones, and played in two of the next three games of the tournament, which saw wins for Wales and Jones against Scotland and France.
In 1914, Jones was selected to play in all four matches of that year's Championship. Wales only lost one game, narrowly against eventually Grand Slam champions England. Jones was best known during this campaign for the buildup to the match against Ireland. The match was to be played at the Balmoral Showgrounds in Belfast on 14 March, and the Welsh team had travelled out to Ireland the day before. Jones and fellow Newport team mate Harry Uzzell decided to visit a local theatre in the night before the match. There they were met by some of the Irish players, where they were approached by Ireland's William Tyrrell, later to become Air Vice Marshal Sir William Tyrell, Surgeon to George VI, who challenged Jones to a physical contest on the pitch the next day. What appeared to start as good natured banter turned into a full-blooded contest during the match. Jones took several early knocks, not just from Tyrrell but from other members of the Irish pack. At half time Uzzell decided to pay the Irish back and the game descended into running fist fights and the match is remembered as being one of the most violent in international rugby. The Welsh forwards were dubbed the 'Terrible Eight' by the press after the event.
International matches played
Wales
1913, 1914
1913, 1914
1914
1913, 1914
1912
Bibliography
References
1887 births
1969 deaths
Caerphilly RFC players
London Welsh RFC players
Newport RFC players
Rugby union players from Pontypridd
Pontypool RFC players
Rhydyfelin RFC players
Rugby union locks
Tredegar RFC players
Treorchy RFC players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Jones%20%28rugby%20union%29
|
In the 1970 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested, and therefore no winner was declared.
Group stage
The teams were divided into thirteen groups of four teams each, five in the 'A' region and eight in the 'B' region.
Group A1
Group A2
Group A3
Group Phase
Group A4
Group A5
Group B1
Group B2
Group B3
Group B4
Group B5
Group B6
Group B7
Group B8
See also
1970–71 European Cup
1970–71 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
External links
by Pawel Mogielnicki
1970
4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%20Intertoto%20Cup
|
The Grand Duke's Finances () is a 1924 silent German comedy film directed by F. W. Murnau.
Plot
The Grand Duke of Abacco is heir to a small and heavily indebted Mediterranean island. The Grand Duke is trying to hide from usurer Marcowitz who demands debt repayment. One hope to improve the situation would be a wedding with the Russian Grand Duchess Olga who sent him a letter saying she is determined to marry him despite not knowing him and against the opposition of her brother the Crown Prince of Russia. Businessman Bekker offers a substantial sum of money to exploit a sulphur mine but the Grand Duke is worried it would have negative effects on his subjects. Bekker joins with local conspirators to organise a revolution against the Grand Duke. In addition, the letter from Grand Duchess Olga is fraudulently obtained by Marcowitz.
Thief-detective Phillip Collin, passing as Professor Pelotard, accepts to retrieve from Markowitz incriminating letters written by Congressman Isaac. In the process, he also finds the letter from Grand Duchess Olga and replaces it with a fake. He asks Isaac for a 50,000 pound loan as his fee and tells him that he will use it to speculate on Abacco's debt. The Grand Duke decides to go secretly to the continent to retrieve Olga's letter.
Phillip Collin meets an unknown woman in a café, who asks him to help her hide from her pursuers. He willingly obliges and soon finds out that she is Grand Duchess Olga and that her pursuer is her brother.
The newspapers report on the speculation on Abacco's bonds, on the outbreak of a revolution in Abacco and on the disappearance of the Grand Duke. All regular voyages to Abacco are interrupted but Olga, who now passes as Collins' wife, manages to charter a ship to take her to Abacco island. She accepts to take along the Grand Duke, whom she has not recognised, and who introduced himself as a supporter of the Grand Duke. Marcowitz boards the Russian Crown Prince's warship and convinces him to go to Abacco by showing him his sister's (fake) letter.
In Abacco the Grand Duke and Collin overcome the self-proclaimed president and his accomplices after a short fight. However further revolutionaries overpower the Grand Duke and start preparing his hanging. Olga now understands who he is and wants to buy him off the revolutionaries, without success. At that moment, the Russian Crown Prince take control of the situation with his sailors. However, he is also inclined to have the Grand Duke hanged, for having sold his sister's letter. However Olga dismisses the letter as clumsy forgery. Collin gives back the authentic letter to the Grand Duke which allows him to refute the accusation. The Crown Prince orders an immediate marriage and Collin celebrates the success of his speculation on Abacco's debt.
Cast
In alphabetical order
Alfred Abel as Philipp Collins
Mady Christians as Großfürstin Olga von Rußland
Adolphe Engers as Don Esteban Paqueno
Julius Falkenstein as Ernst Isaacs
Ilka Grüning as Augustine, die Köchin
Guido Herzfeld as Markowitz, ein Wucherer
Georg August Koch as Der gefährliche Verschwörer
Harry Liedtke as Don Roman XX, Großherzog von Abacco
Walter Rilla as Luis Hernandez
Hans Hermann Schaufuss as Der bucklige Verschwörer
Robert Scholtz as Bruder der Großfürstin
Max Schreck as Der unheimliche Verschwörer
Hermann Vallentin as Herr Binzer
Balthasar von Campenhausen as Adjutant
Production and release
The film is based on the eponymous novel by Swedish author Frank Heller adapted by Thea von Harbou. It was shot from May to August 1923 at UFA's Tempelhof Studios in Berlin, on the sets built by Rochus Gliese and Erich Czerwonski. The on-location scenes were shot on the Adriatic coast in Split, Kotor, Zadar and Rab. The film premièred in Berlin on 7 January 1924 at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo. It is the only comedy directed by F. W. Murnau.
References
External links
1924 films
1924 comedy films
Silent German comedy films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
Films directed by F. W. Murnau
Films with screenplays by Thea von Harbou
German black-and-white films
Films based on Swedish novels
Films set in Europe
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films set on islands
Films produced by Erich Pommer
Films with screenplays by Fritz Wendhausen
UFA GmbH films
Films shot at Tempelhof Studios
1920s German-language films
1920s German films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Grand%20Duke%27s%20Finances
|
Captain Courageous is a fictional superhero character who first appeared in Banner Comics #3 (cover-dated September 1941) from Ace Comics.
Publishing history
Captain Courageous appeared in Banner Comics from issue #3 to #6 (September 1941 - March 1942); issue #6 was renamed Captain Courageous Comics. He then moved to the Ace title Four Favorites in issue #5 (May 1942) to #21 (January 1946).
In 2008, Captain Courageous appeared in flashback in Project Superpowers #0. The one-shot Project Superpowers: Chapter Two Prelude shows the Captain as part of a group called The Super-Mysterymen.
Fictional biography
Ace
Captain Courageous is an omnipresent supernatural being who comes to the aid of brave people who ask for courage; during the Second World War he aids the Allied forces. He appears as a man dressed in a red-and-blue costume with stars on it and a star-shaped mask. His powers include super-strength, flight, limited invulnerability, and the ability to exist underwater unaided. According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, "he assaults Nazis who have catapult planes concealed in a skyscraper and planes disguised as American planes, as well as man-eating locusts and Yellow Peril superhumans like the costumed Captain Nippo, a recurring character". Nippo, who had a hook hand and commanded an army of white apes, first appeared in Four Favorites issue #9 (Feb 1943) and was finally tried and executed by a military court in issue #24 (July 1946).
From Super-Mystery Comics #23 onward, the Captain trades his costume for civilian clothes and stops displaying any powers.
Project Superpowers
At some point after the war, the misguided Fighting Yank trapped the Captain and other heroes in the mystical Urn of Pandora; decades later, the Urn was broken and its inhabitants freed. Captain Courageous and seven other heroes — including Lash Lightning and Lightning Girl, Mr. Raven, Soldier Unknown, and the Sword — are then brought together to form a team called the Super-Mysterymen.
References
External links
Comics characters introduced in 1941
Dynamite Entertainment characters
Golden Age superheroes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Courageous%20%28comics%29
|
Norman Blake and Red Rector is an album of American guitarist Norman Blake and mandolin player Red Rector, released in 1976.
Track listing
"Girl I Left Behind"
"Denver Belle"
"Lorena"
"The Old Spinning Wheel"
"Mississippi Sawyer"
"Red Wing"
"Cricket on the Hearth"
"Limehouse Blues"
"The Green Leaves of Spring"
"Freight Train"
" Darling Nellie Across the Sea"
"Darlin' Honey"
1976 albums
Norman Blake (American musician) albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Blake%20and%20Red%20Rector
|
Rhopalonematidae is a family of hydrozoans. The family comprises 15 genera and 36 species.
Genera
Aglantha (4 species)
Aglaura (monotypic – Aglaura hemistoma)
Amphogona (3 species)
Arctapodema (4 species)
Benthocodon (2 species)
Colobonema (3 species)
Crossota (5 species)
Pantachogon (3 species)
Persa (monotypic – Persa incolorata)
Ransonia (monotypic – Ransonia krampi)
Rhopalonema (2 species)
Sminthea (2 species)
Tetrorchis (monotypic – Tetrorchis erythrogaster)
Vampyrocrossota (monotypic – Vampyrocrossota childressi)
Voragonema (4 species)
References
Schuchert, Peter (2005): The Hydrozoa Directory – Order Trachymedusae Haeckel, 1879. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Schuchert, P. (2011). Rhopalonematidae. In: Schuchert, P. World Hydrozoa database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2011-07-05
Trachymedusae
Cnidarian families
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalonematidae
|
Trióvalo Internacional de Cajititlán (formerly Trióvalo Bernardo Obregón) is a three-quarter-mile tri-oval racetrack located in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, Mexico, near the Laguna de Cajititlán and Guadalajara International Airport, in the Guadalajara metropolitan area.
The track was renamed after the driver Bernardo Obregón Tamaríz who died in the Carrera Panamericana in 1999 during the Mil Cumbres Stage.
The tri-oval was the venue for NASCAR Corona Series races from 2004 to 2010. For the 2011 season, the track was excluded for NASCAR schedule because of the damage in the track.
By 2013, the track became in complete dismay, The track surface is unusable as a motorsports venue without being resurfaced and the stands are unsafe for spectators after sitting unused and not maintained since late 2010.
Trióvalo Bernardo Obregón officially announced its return in March 2017, confirming that NASCAR Mexico took place in the venue June 2–4, 2017.
The trioval also hosted the important Copa Occidente in April, 2017.
In 2017, the track was renovated with advice from Mexican racing drivers including Michel Jourdain Sr. and renamed Trióvalo Internacional de Cajititlán.
References
External links
Trióvalo Bernardo Obregón race results at Racing-Reference
NASCAR tracks
Motorsport venues in Jalisco
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%B3valo%20Internacional%20de%20Cajititl%C3%A1n
|
Henri Pensis (November 3, 1900 – June 1, 1958), was a Luxembourgish conductor, composer and violinist.
Pensis was born on in the Pfaffenthal quarter of Luxembourg City. In 1933, he founded and became the first conductor of the Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra. He moved to the United States in 1940, conducting the New Jersey Philharmonic Orchestra and the Sioux City Symphony Orchestra. He conducted at least three concerts in Carnegie Hall. During Pensis' tenure with the Luxembourg Orchestra the first violin chair was occupied by Ern(e)st Eichel, a Polish violinist who was born in Sambor (Galicia) and had studied in Vienna and Cologne. This violinist who also led occasionally the Luxembourg Orchestra tried after the war to make a career as a conductor. For that purpose Eichel chose the 'nom de plume' of Ernest Borsamsky. Under this pseudonym, created by inverting the syllables of his birth town and adding a Polish "sky" he made some highly collectable recordings for East German Radio in Berlin and Leipzig. He also conducted once the Berlin Philharmonic in 1949. In 1956 his name can be traced last when he conducted the Dresden Orchestra.
Works
Soir d'été (poème symphonique)
Fugue classique
Suite pour orchestre
Scène de danse pour orchestre
Nockes an Nackes (comédie musicale)
Hymne solennel
Fantaisie de Noël
Popular songs
Fir d'Fräiheet
Op der Juegd
D'Fréijoerslidd
Various works are extant only in manuscripts.
1900 births
1958 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century male musicians
Luxembourgian composers
Luxembourgian conductors (music)
Luxembourgian classical violinists
Male classical composers
Male conductors (music)
Male classical violinists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Pensis
|
União Futebol Clube, commonly known as Os Pastilhas, is a Portuguese sports club based in Cova da Piedade, Almada. The club is best known for its football and futsal teams.
Its futsal team is best known as the first club of Luís Figo, widely regarded as one of the greatest Portuguese footballers of all time.
References
External links
Profile at ZeroZero
Profile at ForaDeJogo
1972 establishments in Portugal
Association football clubs established in 1972
Football clubs in Portugal
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.F.C.%20Os%20Pastilhas
|
Sabina Classen ( Hirtz; born 27 December 1963) is a German thrash metal singer, best known as lead vocalist of Holy Moses and Temple of the Absurd.
Biography
In 1981, Classen joined Holy Moses, where her then-husband Andy Classen was playing guitar, and in 1988 presented the heavy metal television program Mosh. After the break-up of Holy Moses in 1994, she formed the band Temple of the Absurd. The band released two albums and was disbanded in 2000. The same year, Holy Moses was reformed and is still functional.
Discography
With Holy Moses
Queen of Siam (1986)
Finished with the Dogs (1987)
The New Machine of Lichtenstein (1989)
World Chaos (1990)
Terminal Terror (1991)
Reborn Dogs (1992)
No Matter What's the Cause (1994)
Master of Disaster (2001)
Disorder of the Order (2002)
Strength Power Will Passion (2005)
Agony of Death (2008)
Redefined Mayhem (2014)
With Temple of the Absurd
Absurd (1995)
Mother, Creator, God (1999)
References
External links
Official Holy Moses website
Holy Moses on stage 2008
show photos 2008
show photos 2006
show photos 1990
1963 births
German women singers
German heavy metal singers
Women heavy metal singers
Living people
Musicians from Aachen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina%20Classen
|
Cheadle railway station served the town of Cheadle, Staffordshire, England. It was the terminus of a branch line from Cresswell and opened in 1901.
Facilities
The initial station buildings were of a temporary nature and a permanent structure was built in 1910. Later that year, the goods yard was expanded and the goods shed was extended. A new loading dock was also built and a crane was later provided. Cheadle station had a loop but no turntable and so most trains left Cheadle with the locomotive running "bunker first".
Later years
Passenger services were withdrawn in June 1963, though the closure of the service was not directly due to the Beeching Axe (withdrawal had already been proposed prior to the publication of his report in March of that year). Local sand traffic from nearby quarries continued and a new road-rail loading dock replaced the goods shed in the late 1960s. Approximately 1,200 tons per day was being moved by this time but in the 1970s the amount of traffic reduced and on 6 March 1978 public freight working was withdrawn. A small amount of traffic for railway civil engineering use continued until November 3, 1984.
An InterCity charter train ran from Euston to Cheadle in 1985, InterCity choosing the Cheadle branch to show the versatility of their charter service. Passengers were taken to Alton Towers by coach from Cheadle, which fueled debate about a regular service, however this came to nothing
Cheadle station building was demolished in 1986, leaving just a bare platform at the end of the branch line that quickly became overgrown with weeds.
The site today
The only trace of the station that remains today is the station master's house; the station platform was demolished in 1994, and the sand loading dock and a buffer stop that was left behind by the track lifters in 1992 were also crushed to make way for a new housing development.
References
Further reading
Buildings and structures demolished in 1994
Disused railway stations in Staffordshire
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1901
Former North Staffordshire Railway stations
Cheadle, Staffordshire
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle%20railway%20station
|
"I Met a Whore in the Park" (aka "Yo-Ho") is a traditional rugby song that is sung at drink ups after rugby games, or just at gatherings of different rugby teams or players. In traditional rugby songs, one line of the song is sung by an individual person, and then the rest of the people involved in the song repeat that line. The individual person usually changes throughout the group of people singing along with each verse. The song is also quite popular in American drum & bugle corps, where the whole group usually sings in unison, as opposed to the original call and responses format.
This rugby song stays in tune with the standard of one person singing and a chorus following in after. Sometimes one individual will sing the original lines in all the verses instead of changing after each verse. Someone starts singing the song by saying, "I met a whore in the park one day!", then the other individuals say, "Ya ho, ya ho."
Printed Examples
The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2006)
Recorded Examples
Sung by Doug Clark & the Hot Nuts Hell Night LP (c1967)
Untitled example This version is sung by female rugby players and uploaded on April 2, 2007.
"I met a whore in the Park one day" As sung by rugby players and uploaded on May 5, 2008.
Sporting songs
Drinking songs
Songs about prostitutes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Met%20a%20Whore%20in%20the%20Park
|
Live at McCabe's is an album of American guitarist Norman Blake and Nancy Blake, released in 1975. It was recorded at McCabe's Guitar Shop in Santa Monica, California.
Live at McCabe's was reissued on CD in 1987 along with Directions by Takoma.
Reception
In his Allmusic review, critic Jim Smith wrote "Long cherished by Norman Blake's fans as one of the greatest flatpicking albums of all time, Live at McCabe's isn't as essential as some of the guitarist's studio records of the time (see Whiskey Before Breakfast), but there's a warm, ramshackle beauty about this concert that is every bit as charming."
Track listing
"Introduction By Nancy Covey" – 0:38
"Nine Pound Hammer" (Merle Travis) – 4:07
"Sweet Heaven When I Die" (Grant) – 3:59
"Introducing Nancy Blake" – 1:10
"Border Widow" (Blake) – 2:10
""G" Medley: Green Leaf Fancy/Fields of November/Fort Smith" (Blake, Traditional) – 5:35
"Dry Grass on the High Fields" (Blake) – 2:35
"John Hardy" (Traditional) – 5:24
"Arkansas Traveler" (Traditional) – 2:26
"Medley: Bully of the Town/Bonaparte's Retreat/Richland Avenue Rag" (Traditional) – 3:22
"Harvey's Reel" (Blake) – 2:00
Personnel
Norman Blake – guitar, fiddle, vocals
Nancy Blake – cello
Production notes
Doug Decker – producer, engineer
Kirk Felton – remastering
Absalom Jackson – art direction, original cover artwork
Jon Monday – art direction, original cover artwork
Jamie Putnam – art direction
Deb Sibony – design
References
Norman Blake (American musician) albums
1975 live albums
Takoma Records live albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20at%20McCabe%27s%20%28Norman%20Blake%20album%29
|
DekaMarkt is a Dutch retail company which operates a chain of supermarkets in the country. DekaMarkt is a member of Superunie, a Dutch purchasing organization for supermarkets. DekaMarkt has stores in North Holland, South Holland, Gelderland, Overijssel and Flevoland.
History
Dutch businessman Dirk Kat opened his first grocery store in Velsen-Noord in 1941, but it had to close in 1944 as a result of the German occupation of the Netherlands. In 1949, under his leadership, the first complete self-service store of the Netherlands opened its doors under the name Kijkgrijp. In 1950, Kat established joint purchasing with other grocers so that together they could guarantee low prices to their customers. In 1952, Kat built a central warehouse, which was the forerunner of the distribution centres. In 1955, the first modern supermarket in the Netherlands was opened in IJmuiden. This supermarket also sold fresh products such as bread, meat and vegetables.
From 1969, the name DekaMarkt was introduced at the stores in Wormerveer and Zaandam, and it would eventually be introduced at all stores by 1986. Deka is derived from the initials of Dirk Kat. In 1974, the first liquor store DekaMarkt Slijterij was opened.
Merger with Dirk
Since 2001, the company had been maintaining a close cooperation with Dutch supermarket chain Dirk.
In 2008, the supermarket entered a merger with Dirk to form Detailresult Groep. Both supermarket formulas continued to exist side by side. At the beginning of 2013, the DekaMarkt stores were converted to a new formula, which would give them the look and feel of a real market.
Other activities
In addition to the supermarket activities, the company has a wine shop and a garden centre. The Deka Wine Market (Deka Wijnmarkt) opened on 17 October 2007, in Beverwijk. This is now closed and the wine range is in the shop itself. The garden centre, DekaTuin, opened its doors in March 2008 in Heiloo, and later a second location was added in Haarlem. DekaMarkt also has a petrol station on the same site. Furthermore, DekaMarkt has its own production company with bakeries, cattle and agriculture and a butcher's shop and has several distribution centres and fresh produce centres. Since 2011, the company has its own delivery service.
References
External links
Official website
Official website Detailresult Groep N.V.
Convenience stores
Supermarkets of the Netherlands
Supermarkets
Retail companies of the Netherlands
Companies of the Netherlands
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DekaMarkt
|
Harri Roschier (born 1957) Helsinki is a Finnish entrepreneur. Roschier was the CEO of Talentum Oyj, a leading business-to-business media company in the Nordic countries between 1992 and 2006. During the Roschier years, the company became one of the fastest-growing media companies in terms of revenue and market capitalization in the Nordic countries, growing from a less than €10 million to a €100 million company. After leaving Talentum Roschier joined in 2007 Avaus Consulting - a management consultancy, marketing services and technology company. He has also worked as a board member of Futurice.
Until 1980, Roschier competed in alpine skiing, winning several medals in Finnish championships. He won the giant slalom in 1979 and 1980. In 1982 he went on to become the managing director of the Finnish alpine ski magazine Skimbaaja of which he even acted as the editor-in-chief in 1989. After selling the publishing company to Sanoma Oyj, he worked for some time for the special interest title publishing unit within Sanoma, before becoming the CEO of a public company at 35. Roschier is still an active skier and passionate, competitive sailor in the H-boat class and with his 45-footer Luna. In 2012 a syndicate headed by Roschier launched Luna a 8mR replica based on drawings by Charles E. Nicholson from 1936. Luna came second in the 8-metre worlds in 2012 in Cowes.
References
Living people
1957 births
Businesspeople in mass media
Businesspeople from Helsinki
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri%20Roschier
|
Chakacha is a traditional music and dance style (a ngoma) of the Swahili people of coastal Kenya and Tanzania, originally associated with weddings and performed and watched by women. In the late 20th century, musical groups such as Mombasa Roots, Safari Sound Band and Them Mushrooms have adapted this style to afropop music. The women dress in very light, transparent clothing and have a belt around their waists for ease of movement. Tanzanian ladies, especially around the coastal areas, are very good at this dance. It is also somewhat associated with Taarab, another type of music style adapted in the coast and mainly performed by women. A very popular coastal tradition, with Arabic poetry, taarab has been used as a sarcastic way of delivering a message across.
The hip-swaying dance movements of Chakacha also bear some resemblance with both Congolese soukous dances and Middle Eastern belly dances.
References
African dances
Kenyan culture
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakacha
|
Chris & Moira were a Maltese duo, formed by Moira Stafrace and Christopher Scicluna. They were best known for representing Malta in the 1994 Eurovision Song Contest.
Life and career
Stafrace was born in Malta in 1970. At the age of 12 she started her singing career. She bought a guitar and she started to sing with many bands. She took part in numerous festivals where she won many awards. In 1992 she was given the award for Best Personality in the music industry of her country. In 1993 she met and fell in love with a guitarist, Chris Scicluna.
Scicluna was born in Malta in 1959 and started music studies at the age of 8 and spent most of the 1980s freelancing in the United Kingdom. He recorded his first album in 1979, 'Starlights' as a singer composer with a band. In 1990 'Ever Changing Moods' was released by a band called Getting Closer. One of the songs from Getting Closer's second album 'This Time' was chosen to represent Malta in the 1993 Eurovision with William Mangion. In this event Chris met Moira and in 1994 composed the music for the song More than Love, which represented their country at the contest in Dublin. They ranked 5th with 97 points – one of the best results for Malta.
In 1999, the duo returned to Eurovision, this time writing a song entitled Believe 'n Peace for the girlband Times Three. The leading singer of the group was Moira's sister. Both Chris and Moira were on stage as backing vocalists.
Scicluna died in February 2022, at the age of 62.
References
External links
Eurovision Song Contest Today Unofficial Site
The official site of the Eurovision Song Contest
See also
Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest
1994 establishments in Malta
2022 disestablishments in Malta
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Malta
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1994
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 2022
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20and%20Moira
|
George Howard Clutsam (26 September 186617 November 1951) was an Australian pianist, composer and writer, best remembered as the arranger of Lilac Time. Clutsam published over 150 songs.
Life
Clutsam was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. His career began as a pianist, at which he had little formal training. After establishing himself in Australia and New Zealand, he moved to London in 1889, where he continued as an accompanist to various artists including fellow Australian Nellie Melba in 1893. From 1895 he increasingly moved to arrangement and composition of orchestral works and light opera.
From 1888, Clutsam frequently shared the stage as pianist with Australian singer Minna Fischer, who was married to Herbert Flemming but separated with two sons. They were also paired or made a threesome with Amy Sherwin at social occasions such as the Crossley–Muecke wedding. Clutsam and Fischer married quietly on 12 December 1908, two months after the death of Flemming.
Between 1908 and 1918 he wrote music criticism for The Observer and "The Musical Times", while continuing to compose and arrange. In 1912, he wrote a biography of Franz Schubert. Aside from his many stage works, he wrote numerous songs, including the popular "Ma Curly-Headed Babby". Later he became Vice-Chairman of the Performing Right Society. He also wrote music for the silent cinema and subsequently also composed for the "talkies".
Clutsam published under a number of pseudonyms, namely Paul Aubry, Robert Harrington, H.S. Iseledon, Georges Latour and Ch.G. Mustal. His brother, Fred Clutsam (1869–1934), was a pianist described as George Marshall-Hall's prize pupil, an inventor and the conductor of Melbourne's Orpheus Society.
He died in London in 1951 at the age of 85.
Selected musicals and other works
Carnival Scenes (1895; orchestral work)
The Queen's Jester (1904 opera)
The Fool's Cap (1906 opera)
A Summer Night (1910; opera)
King Harlequin (1912; opera/masque)
Carmen Ballet (1912; Alhambra Theatre, based on Bizet music)
Young England (1916 musical)
A Southern Maid (1920; contributed additional music)
101 original studies for the pianoforte (1920)
The Green Lanes of England (1920; orchestral suite)
Gabrielle (1921 musical, co-written with Archibald Joyce)
The Little Duchess (1922 play with music)
Lilac Time (1922 arrangement of Franz Schubert's music)
The Damask Rose (1929; play with arrangements of Chopin music)
Lavender (1930 musical)
Barbara; or, The Broken Sixpence (1932 comic opera)
Mimi (1935; film score with arrangements from Puccini's La bohème)
Heart's Desire (1935; film score)
Three Plantation Sketches (orchestral work)
Plantation Songs
References
Sources
"George Clutsam", Australian Variety Theatre Archive, accessed 19 January 2014
Scowcroft, Philip L. "G. H. Clutsam", Classical Music on the Web, MusicWeb International (2001), accessed 19 January 2014
Skinner, Graeme. "George Clutsam, 'Our only Australian Composer'", Graeme Skinner: Musicologist – Writer – Researcher, 3 February 2012, accessed 19 January 2014
"Clutsam the Composer", The Register, Adelaide, NLA.gov, 9 May 1914, p. 15, accessed 19 January 2014
"George H. Clutsam", AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource (subscription service), accessed 19 January 2014
"Chopin Music on the Stage: Mr. Clutsam's new opera", The Advertiser, Adelaide, 24 June 1929, p. 13, accessed 19 January 2014
External links
1866 births
1951 deaths
Australian male composers
Australian composers
Australian pianists
Musicians from Sydney
Male pianists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Clutsam
|
Madison Gas and Electric Company (MGE) is the primary subsidiary of MGE Energy, Inc. (Nasdaq: MGEE). As a regulated utility, it primarily serves the Madison, Wisconsin metropolitan area with electricity, gas and green energy options.
History
The company's roots in the Madison area date back more than 150 years to its predecessor company, the Madison Gas Light and Coke Co., which was founded in 1855. The Madison Electric Light and Power Co. began delivering electric service in 1888. At the time, Madison had a population of 13,000.
In 1892, the Four Lakes Light and Power Co. bought Madison Electric Light and Power Co. and operated as Madison's electricity provider for the next four years.
In 1896, the Four Lakes Light and Power Company and the Madison City Gas Light and Coke Co. combined and incorporated to become Madison Gas and Electric Co.
The Madison Gas and Electric Company Powerhouse was built in 1902. In 1915, it was remodeled at a cost of $150,000. The building was designated a landmark by the Madison Landmarks Commission in 2002. The main offices of MGE are located in a complex surrounding the former Chicago and North Western Railway station in Madison.
In 2001, the company formed a holding company named MGE Energy, Inc. and Madison Gas and Electric Co. became its main subsidiary.
In 2021, Morgan Stanley described MGE as one of the four American electric utilities with both "the best exposure to renewables growth" and with a large proportion of transmission in their asset base, putting them in a position to benefit from US Department of Energy proposals to ease development and increase incentives for transmission projects.
In 2021, MGE proposed lowering the minimum monthly bill for residential customers from $19 per month to $15 per month, and raising rates to cover the new lower minimum charge, stating that it would reward customers who used less electricity. The average residential customer will pay about $4.10 more per month for electricity in 2022, which is slightly less than the impact of the original 5.9% rate hike MGE requested.
Electricity
The company owns, operates and manages electric generating facilities and electric distribution facilities. The utility serves 149,000 electric customers, including the city of Madison and some suburban communities in Dane County.
Owned generating facilities:
Blount Generating Station on the Madison Isthmus, 100 MW (natural gas)
West Campus Cogeneration Facility, 150 MW (natural gas)
Elm Road Generating Station at Oak Creek, 100 MW from a shared 1,230 MW total capacity plant (coal), built in 2010
Columbia Energy Center at Portage, Wisconsin, 1,100 MW (coal), planned for early retirement in 2025
Natural gas combustion turbines. One at Marinette, Wisconsin, 83 MW, and five in Madison. These units are used to rapidly provide extra generation in times of heavy electric use. These are examples of a Simple cycle gas-turbine
Biogas electricity in Dane County, 0.011 MWh (manure digester)
Solar units at MGE's headquarters, on the roof of the City of Middleton Municipal Operations Center, at the Middleton Municipal Airport, at the Dane County Regional Airport and many smaller installations.
The O'Brien Solar Fields, on Seminole Road in Fitchburg, 20 MW.
(Proposed) Koshkonong Solar Center in Cambridge, Wisconsin, 300 MW
Wind Farms, 153 MW, in Wisconsin (Kewaunee, Dodge, and Fond du Lac Counties) and Iowa (Worth County, and the cities of Kensett and Saratoga)
The company also has long-term electric purchase power agreements.
Natural gas
The company purchases natural gas and owns distribution facilities to serve its customers. The utility serves 154,000 natural gas customers throughout the city of Madison, some suburban communities in Dane County and six other Wisconsin counties.
Green energy options
MGE has a green energy program called Green Power Tomorrow. Customers have the option of purchasing renewable energy for their home and/or business.
External links
MGE website
References
Companies based in Madison, Wisconsin
Electric power companies of the United States
MGE Energy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20Gas%20and%20Electric
|
Robert Nathan Floyd (born October 20, 1943) is an American former Major League Baseball infielder. After his playing days ended, Floyd became a manager in Minor league baseball, and spent the next 30 years coaching. In and , he was a major league coach with the New York Mets.
Early years
On top of playing shortstop for the Southern California champion El Segundo High School baseball team, Floyd also quarterbacked El Segundo's football team his senior year. After two years at UCLA on a baseball scholarship, Floyd signed with the Baltimore Orioles as an amateur free agent in August .
Over five seasons in the Orioles' farm system, Floyd batted .259 with nineteen home runs and 252 runs batted in. He received his first call up to the majors in September . He went 1-for-9 (a double) with an RBI on a sacrifice fly.
Baltimore Orioles
Though he spent most of his minor league career at shortstop, Floyd made the Orioles' opening day roster as a back-up infielder, receiving playing time at second and third as well. Floyd batted .219 with seven runs and just one RBI, also coming on a sac fly.
The Orioles won a franchise best 109 games to capture the American League East by nineteen games over the Detroit Tigers. While Floyd was on the post season roster, he did not appear in the 1969 American League Championship Series or the 1969 World Series.
The 1970 Orioles' bullpen struggled early in the season. With Gold glover Mark Belanger firmly entrenched at short, the Orioles had little use for a light hitting middle infielder. Floyd was traded from the Orioles to the Kansas City Royals for Moe Drabowsky before the trade deadline on June 15, .
Kansas City Royals
Floyd went 0-for-10 in a brief trial before being demoted to the Triple-A Omaha Royals. Before the demotion, he collected his first RBI of the season on a ground out.
He batted .292 with two home runs and 32 RBIs at Omaha to earn a return to the majors that September. In his first game back, Floyd got his first two hits of the season, and had a three-RBI game against the Chicago White Sox. The next day, he went 3-for-7 in a doubleheader with the ChiSox. His sixth inning single off Wilbur Wood in the second game drove in the tying and winning runs.
Floyd remained the club's regular shortstop over the remainder of the season. Albeit, with just eleven games left. In this short trial, Floyd batted .424 with eight RBIs and four runs scored.
During the off season, the Royals traded incumbent shortstop Jackie Hernandez to the Pittsburgh Pirates in a six player deal that netted the Royals shortstop Freddie Patek, whom they intended to use as their everyday shortstop. Floyd began the season in Omaha, but received a call to the majors in late June. He batted .118 Through July, and was optioned back down. He again received a call up when rosters expanded in September, but batted only .163.
A stomach disorder suffered by Patek in spring training landed Floyd starting shortstop duties to start the season. In nine games, Floyd batted .138 with two RBIs and one run scored, and committed two errors in 39 chances on the field. Once Patek was ready to return, Floyd was demoted to Omaha. He came back up in late June, and batted .190 with three RBIs and eight runs over the rest of the season.
References
External links
Bobby Floyd at Society for American Baseball Research
1943 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles players
Elmira Pioneers players
Kansas City Royals players
Lynn Sailors players
Major League Baseball shortstops
New York Mets coaches
Norfolk Tides managers
Omaha Royals players
Rochester Red Wings players
Sportspeople from Hawthorne, California
Baseball players from Los Angeles County, California
Stockton Ports players
Tri-City Atoms players
UCLA Bruins baseball players
El Segundo High School alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Floyd
|
Counterrevolution and Revolt is a 1972 book by the philosopher Herbert Marcuse.
Summary
Marcuse writes that the western world has reached a new stage of development, in which "the defense of the capitalist system requires the organization of counterrevolution at home and abroad." He accuses the west of "practicing the horrors of the Nazi regime", and of helping to launch massacres in Indochina, Indonesia, the Congo, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the Sudan.
He discusses the problems of the New Left, as well as other topics such as the political role of social ecology. Citing author Murray Bookchin's Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971), Marcuse argues that ecology must be taken "to the point where it is no longer containable within the capitalist framework" by "extending the drive within the capitalist framework." Marcuse offers a discussion of the role of nature in Marxist philosophy informed by philosopher Alfred Schmidt's The Concept of Nature in Marx (1962).
Marcuse also offers a discussion of art, including literature and music, in relation to revolution. He cites Arthur Schopenhauer's observation, in The World as Will and Representation (1818), that music "gives the innermost kernel preceding all form, or the heart of things".
Publication history
Counterrevolution and Revolt was first published by Beacon Press in 1972.
Reception
Counterrevolution and Revolt was reviewed by the gay rights activist Jearld Moldenhauer in The Body Politic. Moldenhauer suggested that Marcuse found the gay liberation movement insignificant, and criticized Marcuse for ignoring it even though "many gay activists" had been influenced by his earlier book Eros and Civilization (1955).
In Theory & Society, the intellectual historian Martin Jay called Counterrevolution and Revolt one of Marcuse's "major works". He suggested that Marcuse's comments about art reveal his indebtedness to Romanticism. Brian Easlea described Marcuse's view that "Marx's notion of a human appropriation of nature is not altogether free from the hubris of domination" as courageous. He wrote that Marcuse "explicitly adds to his decades of social analysis a dimension that had always been implicit: the male-female relation", and that Marcuse's "condemnation of the established science and call for a new science would appear to be a condemnation of 'male' science and a call for a new 'female' science." The philosopher Charles Crittenden considered Marcuse's advocacy of "working for change within the system" to be a retreat from his advocacy, in previous works such as An Essay on Liberation (1969), of revolutionary violence and confrontation as ways of achieving social transformation. Andrew Light compared Marcuse's views to those of Murray Bookchin.
References
Bibliography
Books
Journals
1972 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Beacon Press books
Books about the New Left
English-language books
Political books
Sociology books
Works by Herbert Marcuse
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterrevolution%20and%20Revolt
|
Los Ronisch are a Bolivian cumbia band. They originate from Cochabamba and are one of the most popular cumbia bands in South America. The press have called this band "the box-office record breakers" due to its vast popularity among people in Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Ecuador and other countries.
History
The band is composed of six brothers:
First voice: Walter Rodriguez
Keyboards: Renán Rodriguez
First Guitar: Remberto Rodriguez
Bass: Héctor Rodriguez (Director)
Drums: Norberto Rodriguez
Sampler and Rhythms: Fernando Rodriguez
The live concerts include an animator, German Zambrana being one of them during the late 90s.
Los Ronisch, named after the family's old German Rönisch piano, started playing in the late 80's, focusing more in a type of Rock that is similar to new wave, with influences from disco, electronic music, and pop. One of their first hits, Isabel, remains a classic of pop music in Bolivia. This type of music regarded as "Disco" in Bolivia was also practiced by another popular Bolivian band called Maroyu.
Towards the end of the 90's the band remained highly popular; however, it shifted the focus of its music towards Cumbia (Los Ronisch played Cumbia and Huayño regularly since their start in the late 80's). This shift to a more electronic sound, relying more heavily on the keyboards and the sampler as a backbone, made some people in Peru relate the band's style to Tecnocumbia. This shift can be heard in the "Regresa" album of 1999. The popularity of the band exponentially increased with the release of "Regresa" and the singles "Amigos Traigan Cerveza" and "Prefiero Estar Lejos", making the band play numerous cities throughout South America, USA and Europe (Spain).
Discography (incomplete)
Los Ronisch - Isabel - soledad -Un Sueño Hecho Realidad - 1989 (vol1)
Los Ronisch - Princesa - 1990 (vol2)
Los Ronisch - Digas lo que digas - 1991 (vol 3)
Los Ronisch - La plaza - 1992
Los Ronisch - dime dime
Los Ronisch - te quiero (vol 6)
Los Ronisch - promesas cuando ya no me quieras
Los Ronisch - traicionera
Los Ronisch - quisiera yo decirte
Los Ronisch - Época de oro - 1998
Los Ronisch - Regresa - 1999
Los Ronisch - Destrozas Mi Corazón - 2001
Los Ronisch - Siempre Imitados, Nunca Igualados - 2004
Los Ronisch - Corazones Rotos - 2008
Los Ronisch - Nunca te olvidaré - 2017
Musical style
Cumbia, Huayño, Technocumbia or Tecnocumbia, Chicha, Rock & Pop, Disco.
References
External links
Video de Los Ronisch En Vivo
Bolivian musical groups
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Ronisch
|
Badagaun may refer to:
Badagaun, Lumbini, Nepal
Badagaun, Rapti, Nepal
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badagaun
|
The phrase Alabama heelsplitter has been used as a common name for two different species of American river mussels, freshwater bivalves, both of which can be found in Alabama. The two species are:
Lasmigona alabamensis or Lasmigona complanata alabamensis, still known as the "Alabama heelsplitter"
Potamilus inflatus, now known as the "Inflated heelsplitter"; this species was previously sometimes called "Alabama heelsplitter"; the common name was changed to avoid confusion
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%20heelsplitter
|
George Ernest Petherbridge (19 May 1927 – 4 March 2013) was a professional footballer, who played for Bristol Rovers for seventeen years, between 1945 and 1962.
Early life
Petherbridge was born in Devonport, Devon in 1927 and was the only child of parents Frederick Petherbridge and Violet Trout. The family relocated to Bristol when George was young, and he was brought up in the city.
Football career
Petherbridge joined Bristol Rovers in 1945, and spent his entire professional career with the club, eventually leaving seventeen years later in 1962. He played as a winger and made 457 appearances in the Football League, and 496 in all competitions, scoring 85 league and seven cup goals.
Joining the club in time for the resumption of League football after play had been suspended during World War II, Petherbridge achieved the impressive feat of scoring at least one goal in each of the sixteen seasons immediately after the war. He is one of only three men to have played for Rovers for more than fifteen years, and is the fifth most capped player for the club, behind Stuart Taylor, Harry Bamford, Jack Pitt, and Geoff Bradford. His 85 goals in the Football League make him The Pirates' 9th-highest goalscorer.
After ending his professional career with Rovers, he dropped out of the Football League to join Salisbury in 1962 and in 1963 had a short spell with Cornish side Falmouth Town in the South Western League.
On 9 April 2021, Petherbridge became the seventh player to be inducted into the Bristol Rovers Hall of Fame.
Family life
Petherbridge married Rita Walker in 1950, and the couple had three children and eleven grandchildren.
Following his retirement from football he worked as a publican, running The Angel in Sherston, and later The Tamar in Cornwall. He also worked as a PE teacher and groundsman at Millfield School and Wells Cathedral School respectively.
Petherbridge Way in Bristol is named after Petherbridge. The road lies midway between Bristol Rovers' former home at Eastville Stadium and their current ground, the Memorial Stadium.
He died on 4 March 2013, at the age of 85.
References
External links
Petherbridge Way on Google Maps.
1927 births
2013 deaths
English men's footballers
Sportspeople from Devonport, Plymouth
Men's association football midfielders
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Salisbury City F.C. players
English Football League players
Falmouth Town A.F.C. players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Petherbridge
|
Kalagaun may refer to:
Kalagaun, Salyan
Kalagaun, Achham
See also
Kalegaun
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalagaun
|
Preventive repression is repression of political opponents before they actually carry out any activities that would threaten the current political system. The term was used to describe the political methods of the Paraguay caudillo Stroessner, whose methods of "nipping in the bud" the possibilities of any real or imagined unrest were reported at a 1972 Inter-American Defense Board meeting of US and Latin American military.
Herbert Marcuse, in his work Counterrevolution and Revolt operates with the term "preventive counterrevolution".
Since then, the term has been used to describe actions of other dictatorships.
References
Political terminology
Persecution
Political repression
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive%20repression
|
Kubhinde may refer to the following places in Nepal:
Kubhinde, Bagmati
Kubhinde, Khotang
Kubhinde, Rapti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubhinde
|
The Girondin constitutional project, presented to the French National Convention on 15 and 16 February 1793 by Nicolas de Caritat, formerly the Marquis de Condorcet, is composed of three parts:
An Exposition of the Principles and Motives of the Constitutional Scheme, approx. 80 pages
A Draft Declaration of the Natural, Civil, and Political Rights of Man, in 33 articles
A Draft French Constitution, in 13 titles
The work was signed by the eight members of the Convention's Constitution Committee: Condorcet, Gensonné, Barrère, Barbaroux, Paine, Pétion, Vergniaud and Sieyès.
Principles and motives
In the exposition of the principles and motives behind the constitutional scheme that he reads before the National Convention, Condorcet begins, as a true mathematician, by a description of the "problem to solve":
To give to a territory of twenty-seven thousand square leagues, inhabited by twenty-five million individuals, a constitution which, being founded solely on the principles of reason and justice, insures to citizens the fullest enjoyment of their rights; to combine the parts of this constitution, so that the necessity of obedience to the laws, the submission of individual wills to the general will, allow the subsistence in all their extent, of the sovereignty of the people, equality among citizens, and the exercise of natural liberty, such is the problem that we had to solve.
Are subsequently exposed, in this order:
the philosophical justifications for the abolition of monarchy;
the motives to prefer the unity and indivisibility of the republic to the establishment of a confederal or federal order;
an argumentation in favour of a constitution authorizing the representatives to make only laws that are submitted 1) to the limits of a constitutional law they cannot change; 2) to the direct censorship of the people, who remains the sole depository of sovereignty;
primary assemblies: their functions (elections, petitions, censorship of laws, approving/rejecting the summoning of a national convention, or a constitution draft, or a proposition emanating from the legislative body), their relation with the assembly of national representation;
the reasons to prefer, for the delegation of the people's powers, a unique principle of action to multiple and independent principles of action kept in balance by their concurrence;
the reasons to prefer a unicameral constitution, the means to protect oneself against the dangers of laws adopted hastily;
The reasons to prefer a small executive council to a single individual; the composition, the renewal and the functioning of the council; its subordination to the legislative power which nevertheless cannot dismiss its members;
the independence of the public treasury vis-à-vis the executive council; the account juries;
the administrative division of the territory into large communes;
the administration of the departments; the subordination of the administrator to the executive council; their surveillance by the legislative body;
the administration of justice; the trial by juries in civil affairs, only after the failure of arbitration;
the institution of a national jury for judging functionaries in cases of offence against the liberty of the people or the safety of the State.
the revision of rulings, their possible cassation attributed to censors;
the abolition of death penalty for all offences involving private individuals;
the same political rights to all men aged 21 and above, born in France or settled in France at least since one year; philosophical justifications; eligibility to all public places to citizens aged 25 and above;
the electoral method inspired by the academic works on the "probability of majority decisions" done by Condorcet himself; two-turn preferential elections, at fixed dates, the first turn to form the list of candidates to be presented and who are definitively elected during the second turn;
exterior relations and war;
the revision of the constitution by way of a national convention independent from the legislative body;
philosophical conclusion on the objectives of the constitution; summary of the principles and motives of its authors;
Declaration of rights
The first article declares the natural, civil, and political rights of men which are liberty, equality, safety, property, social security, and resistance to oppression.
Articles 2 to 9 treat of liberty and equality and define these two terms.
Articles 10 to 22 treat of safety and property.
Article 23 declares a right to elementary instruction.
Article 24 treat of public relief.
Articles 25 to 30 treat of social security.
Articles 31 and 32 treat of resistance to oppression.
Article 33, the last one, declares the right of the people to review, reform and modify the constitution.
Constitution
Territory
The territory of the French Republic keeps the preexisting 85 departments. The departments themselves are divided into large communes, which are in turn divided into municipal sections and primary assemblies.
Citizenship
The quality of citizen is granted to men 21 years old and older, following an uninterrupted residence of one year on French soil, counting from the day of their inscription on the civic table of a primary assembly. All public offices are open to citizens aged 25 years old and older.
In addition to the right to vote, citizens enjoy the right to petition, and the right to censure acts emanating from their representatives.
Administration
Each department is managed by an administrative council of 18 members, of which two form the directoire. The communes are led by a municipality administration made up of 12 members and a mayor, who chairs the administration. Communes including more than one section contain agencies subordinated to the municipality. Half of the members of the departments' administrative bodies are renewed every two years, three months after the date of the legislative elections. The mode of the municipal elections is not a constitutional law.
Electoral system
The citizens exert their right to vote in primary assemblies including between 450 and 900 members. Each primary assembly elects a bureau responsible for the citizenship registry, for summoning primary assemblies when the constitution prescribes it, and for examining ballot papers.
The elections comprise two polls: a first one used to prepare the list of candidates being presented, and a second one used for the election of the candidates on the list drawn up by the first election.
At the time of the first poll, voters receive from the bureau a ballot paper showing their name. On it they write (or have someone write for them in case of illiteracy) as many names as there are offices to elect, and drop their bulletin at the office. The list of presentation is formed from the names that received the most votes, and their number is triple that of the offices needing to be renewed. An equal number of substitutes is added from among those who obtained the most votes after the candidates. The candidates and substitutes have 15 days to desist, after which the list, sorted by the number of votes and without the remaining substitutes, becomes final.
At the time of the second poll, the voters receive a bulletin with two columns, one named "First Column of Election", the other "Additional Column", each one being divided into as many boxes as there are candidates to elect.
If a candidate receives a majority of the votes on the first column, he is immediately elected. If not, the votes of the two columns are added and those who obtain the majority in this way are elected. The others are elected by a plurality of the votes if not all offices have already been filled.
Executive
The executive would be made up of a council of eight members: seven ministers and a secretary. Legislation, war, foreign affairs, the navy, and public contributions would each have their own minister. A sixth minister would be responsible for agriculture, trade and manufactures and a seventh for aids, works, public buildings, and the arts. The presidency of the council would pass from one minister to another every fifteen days.
The council would be renewed by half every year and its members were to be elected for two years. Each member of the council was to be elected by a separate poll.
The legislative body would have been able to put the members of the council on trial.
Three commissaries to the national treasury were to be elected for three years using the same electoral mode as that used to elect the members of the executive council.
Legislative
The legislative body was to be unicameral and renewed during elections held on the first Sunday of May of each year. There was to be one representative per fifty thousand souls and substitutes in equal numbers. The representatives who did not sit at the end of one month would be replaced by a substitute. The representatives would have exercised the functions of president and secretaries of the legislative assembly for one month maximum.
The constitutional law would have provided for a distinction, using several examples, between the legislative acts that would be laws and those that would be decrees, and also describe in detail the law making process.
A bureau of 13 representatives was to be formed each month to report on all bills and decrees. The members of the bureau would only have been allowed to be elected once during the same legislature.
Judicial
Civil and criminal justice are merged into a uniform code of law for the whole republic.
There is at least one Justice of the Peace per commune, elected for one year and rendering justice without fees by conciliation of the parties. In each department there is a civil jury composed of a director, a public rapporteur, a national commissary, and juries. The civil-jury table for a department is made up twice a year by the election of one jury for every 100 citizens registered on the citizenship tables of the primary assemblies.
In criminal affairs, capital punishment is abolished for private offences. All citizens have the right to be judged by a court made up of juries. The defendants go before a first jury responsible for declaring whether there are grounds for a lawsuit and if so, a second jury made of at least 12 jurors determines the verdict of the case.
Judicial censors are elected every two years and are charged with breaking the rulings rendered by infringement of the law.
A national jury renders verdicts on crimes of high treason determined by the penal code.
Military
Citizens in a position to bear arms constitute the military force of the Republic. The executive council appoints generals via commission, for the time of a campaign, and in the event of war only. Citizens of the communes appoint the commanders of the national guard.
Convention
The constitution may be modified by the national convention, convened by the legislative body every twenty years. The convention can also be proposed by any citizen or the legislative body if the majority of the citizens judges it to be necessary and approves of it by a vote in primary assemblies. The members of the legislature cannot be elected to the convention, which cannot sit more than one year. The constitution project must be accepted by the people.
Contributions
The people, by themselves or through their representatives, consent to public contributions, which are deliberated upon annually by the legislative body and cannot continue beyond one year without an explicit renewal. The share of the product of industry or work which each citizen needs to subsist is not taxable. Departments and communes can establish particular public contributions only with the authorization of the legislative body. The accounts of the expenditure are made public.
Foreign relations
The French Republic may make war by arms only "for the preservation of its liberty, the conservation of its territory and the defence of its allies". War can be decreed only by the legislative body, with the means of a signed poll, whose moment is fixed three days in advance and after "having heard the Executive Council on the state of the Republic".
Timeline of French constitutions
Notes
References
Nicolas de Caritat. "Plan de Constitution présenté à la Convention nationale les 15 et 16 février 1793, l'an II de la République (Constitution girondine)", in Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques by Jean-Pierre Maury, online since 1998 (Université de Perpignan)
Nicolas de Caritat. "Exposition des principes et des motifs du plan de constitution" in Arthur O'Connor and François Arago. Oeuvres de Condorcet, Paris: Firmin Didot frères, 1847 (tome 12, pp. 335–415) (online)
Elisabeth Badinter and Robert Badinter (1988). Condorcet. (1743–1794). Un intellectuel en politique, Paris: Fayard, 658 p. ()
1793 events of the French Revolution
Constitutions of France
Legal history of France
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girondin%20constitutional%20project
|
Hal Roth (1927 – 18 October 2008) was an American sailor and author. In 1971 he was awarded the Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America. He died of lung cancer.
Biography
Early life
Hal Roth was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1927. He was an aviator during World War II and the Korean War. During the course of his lifetime, Roth was also an author, sailor, mountaineer, and photographer. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a degree in Journalism, and became a free-lance writer and photographer.
Marriage
In 1959, Roth met Margaret Hale-White from Oxford, England who was visiting a friend in San Francisco, California. Margaret was born in Bombay, India and was the daughter of an English engineer. According to Roth, she worked in Paris for six and a half years as a dual language secretary for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They married in 1960.
Photography and journalism
Roth studied photography with Edward Weston and Ansel Adams. He was a member of the American Society of Magazine Photographers and worked from a base in Sausalito, California, producing imagery of life in the surrounding area of California during the late 1950s and into the late 1960s. Roth's free-lance works of note include magazine titles such as Colliers, Fortune, The Saturday Evening Post, and The New York Times. Themes of his work include: California landscapes and wildlife, San Francisco (including Fisherman's Wharf), Winter Olympics, Dr. Seuss, and Native American wildland firefighters of the Southwest.
Hal was also engaged in photographic study of human life as represented by his "Time and Place" album and his Chinatown exhibit. In 1964, the San Francisco Museum of Art exhibited 40 of Roth's black and white photographic images titled "The Faces of Chinatown." Roth's first published book, Pathway in the Sky (1965) displays his passion for the John Muir Trail and the Sierra Mountains. The associated images of the John Muir Trail also reflect people enjoying the trail and document its use in the early 1960s.
Sailing and writing
Even though neither was a sailor, their friends shared a love of sailing and introduced them to the sport in 1962. The couple chartered a boat in the West Indies where they learned a great deal from the captain. Later, they chartered another boat in Greece, then took sailing lessons in Scotland. After purchasing a home in Sausalito in 1964, they took a trip (1966) north along the west coast and purchased a fiberglass Spencer 35, built in Vancouver, British Columbia and designed by John Brandlmayr in Seattle, Washington. They named her Whisper, and sailed her home to California. The Roths began sailing on their own in 1966 and completed several voyages in Whisper. Destinations included Japan, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Canadian islands, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Cape Horn, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Mediterranean, and Canary Islands.
The success of his first book, about the John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, prompted him and his wife to try the precarious worlds of adventuring and writing. They quit their jobs, and began a 19-month voyage around the Pacific in a sloop. Their vast journey culminated in the publication of his first sailing book, Two on a Big Ocean. He and his wife, Margaret, subsequently made a life of sailing and writing about it, including sailing around South America and a circumnavigation via Panama, the Torres Strait, and Suez.
In 1978, they relocated to Maine.
The couple sold Whisper and purchased the American Flag (later renamed Sebago) and Roth then sailed solo in the Brin's or British Oxygen Company (BOC) Challenge Race of 1986-7. He completed the race 4th in his class of 14, taking 171 days. Chasing the Long Rainbow (1990) is his account of this BOC race. In 1990, he tried the race again in the same Santa Cruz 50 now named Sebago (his sponsor), but due to capsizing, the voyage took 211 days. Chasing the Wind (1994) is his account of the second race. In 1992, they sold Sebago, purchased a Pretorien 35, named her Whisper, and the couple spent two years together tracing Odysseus' voyage through the Mediterranean. We Followed Odysseus, How to Sail Around the World, and Handling Storms at Sea represent books that he wrote based on the couple's final unique voyages.
Roth published hundreds of articles in his lifetime. Although, his book publications appear to be his dominate body of work and document the couple's voyages and growing knowledge of sailing. The 1972 account of their first circumnavigation of the Pacific Basin (1967-8) resulted in the publication Two on a Big Ocean. The Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America was awarded to the Hal Roth, and Margaret was noted as the sole crew, for this voyage. After 50,000 Miles (1977) describes technical aspects of sailing. The 1978 book Two against Cape Horn describes their journey from California to Maine via Cape Horn. Always a Distant Anchorage (1988) describes their four-year (1981–1985) circumnavigation west through the Panama Canal, Torres Strait, the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal.
Death and afterward
Roth recorded reminisces and continued to draft manuscripts throughout his life. His last two works, The Paradise Book and Graf Spee were completed but never published. He worked on these manuscripts during his later years and during his two and half year battle with lung cancer. He died October 18, 2008, while living in Maryland with his wife, Margaret, who survives him.
Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
In 1971 Roth was awarded the Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America in recognition of a cruise of around the Pacific Basin, with his wife as crew aboard their sloop, Whisper.
Bibliography
Pathway in the Sky : the story of the John Muir trail. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North, 1965. Print.
Two on a Big Ocean; the Story of the First Circumnavigation of the Pacific Basin in a Small Sailing Ship. New York: Macmillan, 1972. Print.
After 50,000 miles. New York: Norton, 1977. Print.
Two against Cape Horn. New York: Norton, 1978. Print.
The longest race. New York: Norton, 1983. Print.
Whisper's Pacific Voyage. New Haven, Conn.: Sea TV, 1987. Videocassette.
Always a distant anchorage. New York: Norton, 1988. Print.
Chasing the long rainbow : the drama of a singlehanded sailing race around the world. New York: Norton, 1990. Print.
Chasing the wind : a book of high adventure. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Sheridan House, 1994. Print.
The monster's handsome face : Patty Cannon in fiction & fact. Vienna, Md: Nanticoke Books, 1998. Print.
We followed Odysseus. Port Washington, Wis: Seaworthy Publications, 1999. Print.
How to sail around the world : advice and ideas for voyaging under sail. Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print.
The Hal Roth seafaring trilogy : three true stories of adventure under sail. Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. [Reprint of three previous works.]
Handling storms at sea the five secrets of heavy weather sailing. Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.
Hal Roth Papers, 1948—2009. San Francisco:San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, National Park Service, 2011. Archival Material.
References
1927 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American sailors
Maritime writers
Blue Water Medal recipients
20th-century American photographers
Single-handed circumnavigating sailors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%20Roth
|
Koukouli () may refer to:
Koukouli, Patras, a district of Patras city, Greece
Koukouli, Ioannina, a village in the Ioannina regional unit, Greece
Koukouli, Preveza, a village in the Preveza regional unit, Greece
Koukoulion, a traditional headdress worn by monks in the Eastern Orthodox Church
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koukouli
|
Laxmipur may refer to:
Lakshmipur District, Bangladesh
Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila
Laxmipur, Dang Deokhuri, Nepal
Laxmipur, Jhapa, Nepal
Laxmipur, Mahakali, Nepal
Laxmipur, Narayani, Nepal
Laxmipur, Salyan, Nepal
Laxmipur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency), India
Laxmipur, Narayanpet district, Telangana, India
Lakshmipur, Jamui, Bihar
See also
Lakshmipur, Orissa, a village
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmipur
|
The Ilyushin Il-46 was a jet-engined bomber produced in the USSR during 1951-2, as the result of a directive to redesign the Il-42 project (half the drawings had already been completed). The revised specification was for an aircraft with twice the range and 1 1/2 times the bomb load, with a prototype ready to be submitted for state acceptance trials in July 1952. The Ilyushin design bureau set about designing two versions of the same aircraft, the straight-wing (Il-46) and the swept-wing (Il-46S), with as much as possible common to both aircraft. To meet the schedule for state acceptance trials Ilyushin built only the straight-wing version, fearing that the design, manufacture and flying characteristics of the swept-wing aircraft might cause delays.
Design and development
The airframe, constructed of aluminium alloy with steel used in highly stressed parts, resembled a large Il-28, the long fuselage having swept tail surfaces, and a similar arrangement of cockpits for the crew of pilot, navigator and rear gunner. The wing, which had moderate taper but straight leading edges, copied the layout of the Il-28, being mounted in the shoulder position at the midpoint of the fuselage. The flying controls consisted of the usual ailerons, elevators and rudder, all fitted with trim tabs for reducing loads on the pilots controls during flight in steady states, as well as "reversible" hydraulically-powered actuators.
Two Lyul'ka AL-5 engines were fitted in long nacelles forward of the wings, exhausting through long jetpipes at the rear of the nacelles, aft of the wing trailing edge. The engines were mounted in this fashion to make room for the retracted main undercarriage legs, two on each side attached to the engine nacelles under the wings. The paired main undercarriage legs, side by side, retracted in opposite directions, inboard forwards and outboard rearwards, with the single mainwheels rotating 90 degrees to lie flat under the long jetpipes of the AL-5 engines. To boost takeoff performance, two JATO bottles could be attached to the rear fuselage. Performance was also improved when Lyulka AL-5F (forseerovannyy - afterburning) engines were fitted.
Flight tests and state acceptance trials were successful, with the Il-46 meeting all requirements. Production was not ordered because the Tupolev Tu-88 proved to have better performance, and was ordered into production as the Tu-16.
The Il-46S swept-wing version was designed concurrently, but construction was not started, to ensure that resources were not diverted from the Il-46.
Variants
Il-46
Il-46S
Specifications (Il-46)
See also
References
External links
1950s Soviet bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Il-046
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1952
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin%20Il-46
|
Sonny (aka Pony Rides) is a 2002 American crime drama film starring James Franco, Harry Dean Stanton, Brenda Blethyn, Mena Suvari and Josie Davis. Based on a screenplay by John Carlen, the film marked the directorial debut of Nicolas Cage, who makes a cameo appearance. It was co-produced by Cage's production company Saturn Films.
Plot
Sonny (Franco) is the son of Jewel (Blethyn) who runs a small brothel in early-1980s New Orleans, Louisiana. Sonny returns home from the army, staying with his mother while waiting to start the job an army buddy of his promised him. Jewel tries to convince Sonny to come back to working for her as he had before the army, saying many of his old clients still miss him and he was the best gigolo she had ever had.
Sonny repeatedly turns her down, wanting to leave that life behind. However, the job he was promised never materializes and he is forced to return to working for his mother. Jewel had recently recruited a new girl to the brothel, Carol (Suvari), who meets Sonny and falls in love with him. They talk of getting out together.
One of Carol's clients, an older man, proposes to her. She initially declines, hoping to go away with Sonny. She and Sonny fall out as he fails to make an effort to get out of the business, instead becoming increasingly introverted and depressed, with occasional outbursts as he looks for more work. Ultimately, Carol accepts the marriage proposal, Sonny unravels as he realizes his father—upon his death—had been with Sonny his whole life but declined to reveal himself for fear of being thought a loser, and Sonny and Carol fail to live happily ever after.
Cast
James Franco as Sonny
Brenda Blethyn as Jewel
Harry Dean Stanton as Henry
Mena Suvari as Carol
Seymour Cassel as Albert
Josie Davis as Gretchen
Nicolas Cage as Acid Yellow
Brenda Vaccaro as Meg
Marc Coppola as Jimmy at Mattie's
Reception
The film was poorly received upon release, with a 21% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Sonny is sunk by debuting director Nicolas Cage's evident inability to locate the heart of his movie's story—or properly modulate his cast's performances." However, Tommy Wiseau is a fan of the movie, and Franco's performance in it gave Wiseau faith in Franco's ability to portray him respectfully in The Disaster Artist.
See also
Male prostitution in the arts
List of directorial debuts
References
External links
Sonny at Rotten Tomatoes
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2002 films
2002 crime drama films
2002 directorial debut films
American crime drama films
English-language crime drama films
Films directed by Nicolas Cage
Films produced by Nicolas Cage
Films scored by Clint Mansell
Films about male prostitution in the United States
Films set in New Orleans
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in 1981
Films shot in New Orleans
Saturn Films films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny%20%282002%20film%29
|
Kill Switch is a 2008 action film starring Steven Seagal and directed by Jeff F. King. Steven Seagal plays Detective Jacob King, a tough cop with a reputation for violent street-justice methods. King investigates murders in Memphis, Tennessee, perpetrated by a serial killer known as Lazerus. The film is also notable for featuring one of the last roles of Isaac Hayes.
Plot
Jacob King is a police officer in Memphis, Tennessee, whose brutal methods have gained him a legendary reputation among his colleagues. Seemingly indifferent to the fact his twin brother was murdered in front of him as a child, King investigates a series of brutal killings, most involving young, attractive women. The murderer, Lazerus, leaves cryptic, astrological clues at the crime scenes. At the same time, another murderer, Billy Joe Hill (Mark Collie), is killing women. King finds him and kicks him out a window repeatedly, after which Hill seeks revenge by murdering Celine (Karyn Michelle Baltzer), whom he believes to be King's girlfriend.
King goes on a brutal rampage through the Memphis underworld with the assistance of his partner, Detective Storm Anderson (Chris Thomas King) and the coroner (Isaac Hayes). King meets FBI agent Frankie Miller (Holly Dignard) but dislikes her because she does not approve of his methods. Lazerus attempts to frame King for the murder of a blonde barmaid, and Miller believes the frame and begins to pursue King. Meanwhile, King locates Lazerus and fights him, using a ball-peen hammer to break every bone in his body. He then goes after Billy Joe Hill and kills him after finding Celine dead.
King then chooses to exit the scene, leaving Anderson a note explaining he is quitting because no one likes his style of justice.
The final scene shows King returning to what appears to be his Russian wife and family.
Cast
Steven Seagal as Detective Jacob King
Holly Dignard as FBI Agent Frankie Miller
Karyn Michelle Baltzer as Celine
Chris Thomas King as Detective Storm Anderson
Philip Granger as Captain Jensen
Jerry Rector as CDLU Lawyer
Isaac Hayes as Coroner
Michael Filipowich as Lazerus Jones
Mark Collie as Billy Joe Hill
Theatrical release
The film later received theatrical distribution exclusively in the UAE in 2009.
References
External links
Review by Vern at Aint It Cool News
American crime thriller films
Canadian crime thriller films
2008 direct-to-video films
2008 action thriller films
2000s crime thriller films
American action thriller films
American direct-to-video films
Canadian action thriller films
Canadian direct-to-video films
CineTel Films films
Films set in Memphis, Tennessee
Films shot in Vancouver
Nu Image films
2008 films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Jeff F. King
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill%20Switch%20%282008%20film%29
|
Francis Tukey (1814 - November 27, 1867) was the City Marshal of Boston, Massachusetts from 1846 to 1852 and a member of the California State Assembly.
Early history
Francis Tukey was born in Falmouth, Maine in 1814. His family was well established in the area of Falmouth. His father was Benjamin Tukey, as was also the name of his grandfather. His grandfather fought in the Battle of Saratoga during the American Revolution. Upon the town's celebration of the surrender of General Burgoyne, the elder Benjamin Tukey was killed accidentally. As the celebration had commenced around Alice Greele's Tavern, Benjamin was mortally wounded by the premature discharge of a cannon. Benjamin Tukey left behind two children: Benjamin, Francis's father, and William. Francis Tukey is described as "5 feet, 9 inches tall, hair black as a raven, eyes large, dark and piercing with a pale face and an infectious smile." Francis Tukey was a mechanic by trade and left Falmouth for Boston, Massachusetts to practice his trade further. After moving to Boston, he decided that he would pursue a career in law instead. Tukey entered the Harvard Law School and graduated after two years in 1843. Francis Tukey was admitted to the Suffolk bar on March 6, 1844.
Entering the law enforcement profession would be Tukey's calling and he would become appointed as the City Marshal of Boston by Mayor Josiah Quincy Jr. The position had been more of a revolving political door at the time. During the eight years between 1838 and 1846, there were six men appointed to the seat of city marshal. Francis Tukey was the successor to an office held by Benjamin Pollard, Daniel Parkman, Erza Weston, James Blake and Ira Gibbs. Tukey was appointed to the high-profile position at age 32.
Tukey era as City Marshal of Boston
The early years of Tukey's era as marshal was relatively quiet compared to what he would encounter close to the end of the decade. He began with the reorganization of the Boston Police Department. Under Tukey, the force increased to 22 officers during the day and 8 at night. They were dispatched throughout the city at $2.00 per day and $1.25 per night. The city was divided into sections and the order was set to clean up the streets of Boston. The increased visibility of officers gave rise to local notoriety to certain constables, such as Derastus Clapp and Samuel Fuller.
During the 1848 public excavation on Boston Common, Tukey and his people discovered stolen money in front of an eager crowd. The January 7 excavation found $1100.00. This was the beginning of his public image in Boston and he welcomed the publicity.
He was in charge of the investigation of the Parkman–Webster murder in 184950.
In 1851, he returned runaway slave Thomas Sims to Georgia after a court ordered compliance with the Fugitive Slave Law.
Shortly thereafter, Tukey began using raids to clean up the city. Tukey had an eye on vice establishments in the city. The early results of the first raid concluded that nine men and sixty women were arrested for prostitution. The following week's raid is known as the "Celebrated Ann Street" raid. There were over 150 arrests made in the red-light district of Boston on 23 April 1851. The targets were gamblers and prostitutes, with Tukey finding great success.
Again in 1851, Francis Tukey instituted a weekly "show-up of rogues." The policy he established was to have known criminals show up and be identified in public as criminals. This was to make sure that the public knew their faces and could identify the criminals if they had to. The first collection brought 76 pickpockets, burglars, thieves and more that were forced to "run a gauntlet of crowing citizens who tore their clothing and marked their backs with chalk."
The results of Francis Tukey's time as city marshal are varied. During Tukey's reign, it is believed that he neglected the growing number of wandering children in the Boston streets. The children, if taken in, would become apprentices or domestics until they reached adulthood. This was a rather "unenlightened attitude toward juvenile delinquency" in Boston at the time.
Francis Tukey would be the city marshal until 1852, a tenure lasting six years. Benjamin Seaver, the mayor, removed Francis Tukey and most of the Boston Police force and replaced him with Gilbert Nourse Esq (1852–1854). The resignation was forced. Upon his removal, Tukey decided to relocate to Sacramento, California.
Move to California
Francis Tukey's decision to leave Boston for Sacramento was not an attempt to leave the public realm behind. Here he became a member of the California State Assembly, with a seat in the 16th District legislature beginning in 1863 and also a member of the Board of Levee. During his time on the Board of Levee, he helped decide the length of term and the process for the election of Levee officials. His time in California did encounter other notoriety as he came in front of the Supreme Court of California as an appeal was filed from a verdict rendered against him by the Sixth Judicial District of California. In this appeal, investment in property bought by another man, D. O. Mills, where Tukey was also an investor came before the court. The issue at hand was that Tukey was an investor on real estate property of lot 4 between J and K streets and Fourth and Fifth streets in Sacramento. The third that was in the possession of Judson and George B. Haycock was sold to Mills. During which time, the taxes had not been paid on the property. The sheriff in Sacramento was deeded to sell the property to recoup the money owed. Tukey, in having failed to pay the taxes, forced the property to be sold and left a loan of $4000.00 to Mill's debt. The selling of the property was eventually allowed, having the courts agreed to the original decision that the sheriff did have the right to sell the property to reclaim debts and the owner was now, in fact, D. O. Mills.
Legacy
Francis Tukey "demonstrated the police as a constant, serious, full-time presence into the social spaces of (Boston)." He patrolled the streets of Boston with the great efficiency. According to Tukey, "there were 227 houses of prostitution known in Boston, along with 26 gambling dens operating and 1500 shops selling liquor, of which 900 were run by Irishmen." He was appointed by the Boston Brahmins to control the growing population of immigrants, especially the Irish who were typically used as scapegoats of the time. Tukey increased the police force and increased the operating budget each year. The police force was so well trained, that it could be brought into "service on any emergency, at short notice, with all the uniformity and efficiency of a disciplined army." Tukey helped clean the streets in an obviously busy time for Boston. "It may be a question whether Francis Tukey is to the municipality what Fouche` was to the court of Napoleon." He is considered to be the most efficient police officer ever in Boston. Francis Tukey "styled himself as Boston's own Eugène François Vidocq, in regards to the vigilant detection of offenders" by forcing criminals to parade in public and arresting groups of people during police raids. He is also considered by many to be the Napoleon of his time during his reign as city marshal.
Death
Francis Tukey died in Sacramento, California on November 23, 1868. His burial site is at the Sacramento City Cemetery.
Notes
References
Amory, Cleveland. The Proper Bostonians. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1947
The Athens Messenger 18 November 1880, Athens: Ohio
Clapp, Ebenezer. Clapp Memorial: Record of the Clapp Family in America. Boston:Clapp, 1876
Dempewolff, Richard. Famous New England Murders. Brattleboro, VT: Steven Daye Press, 1942.
Bemis, George. Report of the Case of John W. Webster. CC Little and J Brown, 1850.
Bopp, William. Police Personnel Administration. Berkeley: Holbrook, 1974.
Bopp, William. Short History of American Law. Berkeley: Holbrook, 1972.
"Boston Police Museum." . 2003. Brief History of the Boston Police. 2008.
Bungay, George W. Crayon Sketches and Off-Hand. Kessinger, 2006.
California State Supreme Court. Reports of Cases Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of California. Bancroft - Whitney, 1886.
Catalogue of the Collections of the Boston Society in the Old State House. Boston: Harvard University, 2006.
Central Law Journal Volume 40. (1879).
Friedman, Lawrence. Crime and Punishment in American History. Basic Books, 1994.
Lane, Roger. Policing the City: Boston 1822 - 1885. Atheneum. 1977
Loring, James S. The Hundred Boston Orators Appointed by the Municipal Authorities and Other Public Bodies, from 1770 to 1852. J.P Lewett, 1853.
Mayors of Boston. Boston: Harvard University, 2008.
Roth, Michael. Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Greenwood Group, 2001.
"Sacramento Record of Events 1867". Sacramento Daily News 1 Jan. 1886: 2.
Historical Timeline in Investigation Florida State University 23 October 2008
1814 births
1867 deaths
American law enforcement officials
Harvard Law School alumni
Massachusetts lawyers
Members of the California State Assembly
Politicians from Boston
People from Falmouth, Maine
Politicians from Sacramento, California
Lawyers from Sacramento, California
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Tukey
|
Richard Paul Lohse (September 13, 1902 – September 16, 1988) was a Swiss painter and graphic artist and one of the main representatives of the concrete and constructive art movements.
Lohse was born in Zürich in 1902. His wish to study in Paris was thwarted due to his difficult economic circumstances. In 1918, he joined the advertising agency Max Dalang, where he trained to become an advertising designer. Lohse, then an autodidact, painted expressive, late-cubist still lifes.
In the 1930s, his work as a graphic artist and book designer placed him among the pioneers of modern Swiss graphic design; in paintings of this period, he worked on curved and diagonal constructions. Success eventually allowed him to establish his own graphic design studio in Zürich.
He combined art with a political and moral awareness, which led him to be an activist for immigrants. In the 1930s, he was actively involved in protests, which were illegal under the government of the time. He continued to protest until the beginning of World War II.
In 1937, Lohse co-founded Allianz, an association of Swiss modern artists, with Leo Leuppi. Through this organization, he became a colleague of Anna Indermaur. In 1938, he helped Irmgard Burchard, to whom he was married for a brief time, to organise the London exhibition "Twentieth Century German Art". His political convictions then led him into the resistance movement, where he met his future wife Ida Alis Dürner.
The year 1943 marked a breakthrough in Lohse's painting: he standardised the pictorial means and started to develop modular and serial systems. In 1953, he published the book New Design in Exhibitions, and from 1958, he became co-editor of the magazine Neue Grafik.
Lohse's typical classic paintings are nonrepresentational, systematic, two-dimensional laminar planes of interacting colour elements in various logical/mathematical relations visible to the eye, using the structure of colour that we perceive, and in a way that every element plays an equal qualitative role.
He died in Zürich in 1988.
Detailed biography
1902
Born 13 September in Zürich
1917
First realistic paintings
1918
Apprentice in graphic design at Max Dalang AG (until 1922);
studies at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich under Ernst Keller
1922
Employed in the advertising studio of Max Dalang AG, where he meets Hans Neuburg and Anton Stankowski
1925
Still lifes, landscapes, cubist experimental paintings
1930
Establishes own graphic design studio in Zürich (1931-1934 with former Dalang co-worker Hans Trommer)
1933
Political support for émigrés;
illegal political activities until end of World War II;
co-founder of the Association of Independent Graphic Designers;
begins graphic design work for landscape architect Walter Mertens (until 1944)
1934
Studio and apartment in the Zett-Haus, Zürich, together with artist and gallerist Irmgard Burchard;
member of the association Friends of New Architecture
1935
Curvations
1936
Marriage to Irmgard Burchard (born 1908 in Zürich, died 1964 in Cairo);
participates in the exhibition "Zeitprobleme in der Schweizer Malerei", Kunsthaus Zürich
1937
Co-founder and vice-chairman of Allianz, Association of Modern Swiss Artists;
constructions
1938
Collaboration for the exhibition "Twentieth Century German Art", New Burlington Galleries, London, initiated by Irmgard Burchard;
installs a print exhibition of German and Russian constructivists in Zürich;
begins book design work for Büchergilde Gutenberg (until 1954)
1939
Divorce from Irmgard Burchard;
collaboration for the Swiss national exhibition "Landi", Zürich;
begins graphic design work for turbine builder Escher Wyss (until 1969)
1940
May: Destroys political documents and graphic design works;
sketches ideas of diagonal, vertical and horizontal structures;
co-editor and book designer of Almanac of New Art in Switzerland
1942
Marriage to Ida Alis Dürner (born 1907 in Uttwil, died 1989 in Zürich);
summer: Ida Alis travels to the camp in Gurs (France) to support persecuted people;
member of the Swiss Werkbund;
standardisation of the pictorial means: additive vertical series, objective rhythmic, serial structure systems, quantitative colour equality;
participates in the exhibition "Allianz", Kunsthaus Zürich
1943
First modular and serial systems
1944
Birth of daughter Johanna;
works on the publications abstrakt/konkret and Plan;
participates in the exhibition "Concrete Art", Kunsthalle, Basel
1946
Group thematics;
book design for Carola Giedion-Welcker, Poètes à l'Ecart – Anthologie der Abseitigen
1947
Organises with Leo Leuppi the exhibition "Concrete, Abstract, Surrealist Art in Switzerland", Kunstmuseum St. Gallen;
participates in the exhibition "Abstract and Concrete Art", Palazzo Exreale, Milano;
designer and editor of the architectural review Bauen+Wohnen / Building+Home (until 1956);
begins graphic design work for Wohnbedarf (until 1968)
1948
Organiser of the Swiss section in the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles, Paris (also 1950);
participates in the exhibition "Tendencies in Abstract Art", Galerie Denise René, Paris;
"Interrelations between Art and Architecture", a didactic concept for the Architecture Department of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
1949
Swiss Prize for Painting;
attends the CIAM conference, Bergamo
1951
Organises with Sigfried Giedion the Swiss section at the "International Water Color Exhibition" Brooklyn, New York;
participates in the 1st Biennale, São Paulo;
book design for Sigfried Giedion, CIAM – A Decade of New Architecture;
at the 9th Triennale, Milano the review Bauen+Wohnen is awarded the prize "Compasso d'Oro"
1952
"World Exhibition of Photography", Lucerne – thematic design of the sections Art & Photography and Architecture & Photography
1953
Author and book designer of New Design in Exhibitions;
contributes to the review spirale
1954
Founding member of the artists’ and architects’ association espace, groupe suisse;
leading positions in the Swiss Werkbund (until 1966)
1957
Mural Three equal themes in five colours for the Swiss Pavilion at the 11th Milan Triennale, architect Alfred Roth (mural now in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich);
first one-person exhibition, Club Bel Etage, Zürich
1958
Edits the review Neue Grafik / New Graphic Design, Olten, with Josef Müller-Brockmann, Hans Neuburg and Carlo Vivarelli (until 1965)
1959
Editor of publication Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart on the occasion of his 60th birthday
1960
Retrospective exhibition, Kunstverein Ulm
1961
Retrospective exhibition, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
1962
Member of the Exhibition Commission of the Kunsthaus, Zürich (until 1970)
1964
Mural Horizontal rhythm of two themes at the Wier housing estate, Ebnat-Kappel, architect Thomas Schmid
1965
Represents Switzerland at the 8th Biennale in São Paulo
1967
Wall design Four revolving door elements, Paradies-Lenggis school, Jona-Rapperswil, architect Kurt Federer (extended to eight elements in 1971)
1968
Participates in the documenta 4, Kassel
1969
Assists in the creation of the McCrory Corporation Collection, New York (until 1975)
1971
Sikkens Prize of the Netherlands;
one-person exhibition, Moderna Museet, Stockholm
1972
Represents Switzerland at the 36th Biennale, Venezia
1973
Art Prize of the City of Zürich. With the prize money of 12,000 Swiss Francs, Lohse acquires works by 13 young Swiss constructive artists and donates them to the Kunsthaus Zürich;
monograph Richard Paul Lohse, DuMont, Köln
1975
Appeal to the French Minister of Culture, André Malraux, for the renovation of the Villa Savoie of Le Corbusier (with the SWB and BSA);
exhibition "Modular and Serial Orders", Kunsthalle Düsseldorf (1976 Kunsthaus Zürich)
1977
"World Print Competition 77" prize, San Francisco;
honorary member of "Group of Systematic-Constructive Art", Gorinchem, Netherlands
1978
Exhibition "9 Squares", Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, Netherlands
1982
Participates in the documenta 7, Kassel with Thematic series in 18 colours A, B and C;
mural Complementary colour series for the reading room of the Canton Zürich State Archive, architects Jakob Schilling, Claudia Bersin;
honoured by the City of Zürich on 80th birthday
1983
Appeal to Jack Lang, French Minister of Culture, for the renovation of the Aubette, Strasbourg
1986
One-person exhibition, Vienna Secession, and honorary member of the Vienna Secession
1987
Appointed Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic by the Minister of Culture, Jack Lang;
honoured by the City of Zürich on 85th birthday;
establishes the Richard Paul Lohse Foundation, Zürich
1988
Painting Grenoble 1788, commissioned by the French State to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution in Grenoble in 1788;
retrospective exhibition at the Musée de Grenoble;
died 16 September in Zürich
References
External links
Richard Paul Lohse Site focused on his graphic design work. Includes articles, bibliography and comprehensive gallery, at Neugraphic.com [retrieved 9 March 2021].
20th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
Swiss contemporary artists
1902 births
1988 deaths
Zurich University of the Arts alumni
20th-century Swiss male artists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Paul%20Lohse
|
The Norton 961/SS Commando is a motorcycle that was produced by Norton Motorcycles, the Oregon based company that bought the rights to the Norton brand name. Owner Kenny Dreer progressed from restoring and upgrading Norton Commandos to producing whole machines. He modernised the design and in the early 2000s went into production of the VR880. This machine was built on the basis of the original Commando, with upgraded components and a significantly modified engine.
Dreer produced 50 of these machines before deciding to build an all-new motorcycle. With funding from Oliver Curme, Dreer hired a small design and development team led by Paul Gaudio (Design and development director), Simon-Pierre Smith (Lead Engineer), and Patrick Leyshock (Testing, Sourcing.)
The 961 Commando never reached production in America due to lack of funding, and the company closed its doors in April 2006. The Commando 961 SS combined traditional Norton cafe racer styling with new technology. This included carbon fibre wheels to reduce weight, a counterbalanced engine, and a chro-moly tubular steel frame.
Future
After fifteen years of US ownership UK businessman Stuart Garner, owner of Norton Racing Ltd, acquired the rights to the Norton Commando brand. His company, Norton Motorcycles (UK) Ltd, established a new factory at Donington Park, Leicestershire in 2008 to manufacture a new Commando model, designed by Simon Skinner. There are three models in the new Commando range: a limited edition of 200 Commando 961 SEs, a Cafe Racer and a Sport model.
In March 2010 Norton shipped the first new Norton Commando for over 30 years; and by mid-April 2010 the company was shipping 5-10 new machines per week. The engine is a 961 cc fuel-injected air-cooled ohv 270° parallel-twin that produces . The short-stroke engine is oversquare, with an 88 x 79 mm bore and stroke. At the bike's front are inverted (USD) forks and twin disc brakes. The engine (rather like the BSA A7) is "semi-unit", in that the 5-speed gearbox is a separate casting, but is bolted directly to the primary chaincase. Some styling is reminiscent of the original Norton Commando, especially the engine and petrol tank. The new Norton has received favourable press reviews.
In a March 2012 interview, Garner revealed that Norton was receiving support from the UK Government's Export Credit Guarantee service, which should alleviate cash-flow problems and enable a significant increase in factory output. Garner added that Norton now makes an increasing number of components "in-house", reducing reliance on outside suppliers.
See also
Norton Motorcycle Company
List of Norton motorcycles
References
External links
Norton Motorcycles web site
961 Commando
Motorcycles introduced in 2006
Standard motorcycles
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20961%20Commando
|
The Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania refers to a failed attempt by Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski to overthrow the existing Lithuanian government of Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius, and install a pro-Polish cabinet that would agree to a union with Poland. The Polish intelligence agency, the Polish Military Organization (PMO), was to carry out the coup d'etat, planned to be implemented in August 1919. The coup was designed to seem to be an initiative by local Lithuanians aiming to free their government of German influence. The PMO hoped to rely on the assistance of sympathetic Lithuanian activists. They were thwarted by the lack of cooperation and the unwillingness of sufficient number of Lithuanians to support the Polish cause.
After the Sejny Uprising, a Polish revolt against the Lithuanian authorities in one of the disputed border regions, Lithuanian intelligence intensified its investigation of the Polish minority and sympathizers in Lithuania, and uncovered the planned coup. The Lithuanians, not knowing the membership of the PMO, arrested numerous Polish activists and destabilized the PMO network enough to prevent the coup attempt. Later the full membership list was obtained and the PMO in Lithuania was dissolved. The coup further strained Polish–Lithuanian relations.
Background
Poland and Lithuania formed one state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the Union of Lublin in 1569 to the Third Partition in 1795. Both Poland and Lithuania regained their independence in the aftermath of World War I, but both soon became engaged in territorial disputes over the Suwałki and Vilnius Regions. During the Polish–Soviet War, Poland launched an offensive against the Soviet Union and captured Vilnius (Wilno) during the Vilna offensive in April 1919. Lithuanians described Vilnius as their historical capital and an integral part of the ethnographic Lithuania, while to the Poles, because of its large Polish population, it was a Polish city. Poland's Chief of State Józef Piłsudski sought a union with Lithuania in hopes of reviving the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see Międzymorze federation). The Lithuanians believed they would lose their sovereignty under the proposed federation and wanted their own national state. Although Polish–Lithuanian relations were not immediately hostile, they grew worse as each side refused to compromise.
As tensions rose, Lithuania asked the Allied Supreme Council to intervene, and it proposed two demarcation lines to prevent open hostilities, drawn in June and July 1919 (the second one was known as the Foch Line). However, Poland ignored both lines and advanced deeper into the Lithuanian-controlled territory. Faced with pressure from the Entente, Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, who was significantly involved in planning of the coup, did not want open Polish–Lithuanian hostilities, which could lead to much bloodshed and even greater tensions between Poland and Lithuania. Instead, since he thought there were enough Polish sympathizers in Lithuania to stage a coup d'etat, he decided to plan one to topple the Lithuanian government.
Preparations
The planning began mid-July, 1919. At the time Poland signed a ceasefire in the Polish–Ukrainian War; Lithuania was invaded by the Bermontians from the north and the Saxon Volunteers were leaving the Lithuanian Army. Piłsudski was planning to use a network of the Polish Military Organization (PMO), an underground organization he created during World War I for diversionary and intelligence operations-like purposes. On July 31, Piłsudski and Polish diplomat Leon Wasilewski arrived at Vilnius, then controlled by Poland. Piłsudski's visit had no clear explanation. He later said that he arrived to negotiate with Lithuanians, led by Augustinas Voldemaras, while Lithuanian historian Vytautas Lesčius suggests he was holding talks with pro-Polish estate owners from the Vilnius Region. On August 3, Wasilewski arrived at Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania, to negotiate with Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius. The Polish mission declared that Poland had no plans to annex Lithuania and proposed a plebiscite in the contested territories, allowing local inhabitants to determine their future. The Lithuanians replied that the disputed territories were an integral part of Lithuania and rejected the idea of a plebiscite. Negotiations broke down and Wasilewski left Kaunas on August 7. The negotiations were then used to evaluate viability of the coup, the preparedness of the PMO, and the attitude of Lithuanian diplomats towards a union with Poland.
After the failure Wasilewski's diplomatic mission, Polish newspapers increased their anti-Lithuanian propaganda. They said that the Council of Lithuania was a pro-German puppet, ignoring popular wishes for a union with Poland as such union would break German influence in the state. The Polish media further reported on growing anti-government sentiment among the Lithuanians. This information was in line with the Polish plans to present the coup as an initiative by the local population to free Lithuania from German domination. While the plotters counted on military intervention by regular Polish troops, the Polish government maintained it had not inspired the coup. The official goal of the Polish plan was to "1) create an independent Lithuania, powerful, truly democratic, connected voluntarily with Poland in a union, with as much internal autonomy as possible and 2) acceptance of the Polish minority in Lithuania as a partner in the Lithuanian government and recognition of the Polish language as equal to the Lithuanian language in Lithuania."
The PMO recruited Lithuanian activists Stanisław Narutowicz, Juozas Gabrys, Jurgis Aukštuolaitis, and Klemensas Vaitiekūnas. On August 20–22, 1919, Wasilewski and Tadeusz Kasprzycki together with Narutowicz and Aukštuolaitis planned out the coup details. During the coup, scheduled for the night from August 28 to 29, the rebels were to capture Kaunas and hold it until the arrival of the Polish regular units invited to protect the city. The Council of Lithuania and the Lithuanian government was to be deposed and replaced by a pro-Polish cabinet. General Silvestras Žukauskas was to be installed as a military dictator of the new Lithuanian government, with Aukštuolaitis as his second-in-command and Narutowicz as the head of the civilian government. General Žukauskas, then chief commander of the Lithuanian forces, was not aware of the coup, but was known for his generally friendly attitude towards Poland and was expected to support the aftermath. Other posts were reserved for Mykolas Biržiška, Jonas Vileišis, Steponas Kairys, Juozas Tūbelis and others, similarly unaware of the coup. Aukštuolaitis was given 800,000 and promised another 300,000 German marks to finance the coup.
Coup discovered
Eventually, the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists. Piłsudski failed to discourage local PMO activists from carrying out the Sejny Uprising in the Suwałki Region. The local PMO disregarded his recommendations and launched the uprising, which while locally successful, led to the failure of the nationwide coup. PMO members in Lithuania stated that the Sejny uprising had damaged their reputation, and many of its former supporters rejected calls by PMO recruiters.
The initial coup was postponed to September 1, 1919. However, some PMO units began their actions (cutting telegraph wires, damaging railways, etc.) as scheduled previously – on the night of August 27 to 28. The Lithuanian intelligence intercepted and decoded the order to delay the coup. They had known before that Poles were plotting, but did not know who and when. The Lithuanian government was informed about the cut telegraph wires and intercepted order in the morning of August 28. However, the government did not consider the threat real and did not take appropriate action.
A group of 18 Lithuanian Army officers, with tacit approval from Sleževičius, took the initiative. Afraid that PMO members infiltrated the military, they secretly decided to begin mass arrests of Polish supporters on the night from August 28 to 29. Since they did not know who exactly was behind the conspiracy, the Lithuanians arrested more prominent Polish activists in Kaunas. Several dozen Poles were arrested the first night, including Aukštuolaitis and 23 Polish officers serving in the Lithuanian Army. By the second night the number of arrested Poles grew to 200. Kaunas was declared under a state of siege. The Polish press noted mass arrests of Polish activists "to whom no charge can be ascribed other than being Poles" and concluded that this was proof of the systematic anti-Polish policies of the German-ridden Lithuanian government.
Because the Lithuanians did not have a list of PMO members, they did not arrest the main leaders. Also, provincial PMO branches remained intact. Therefore, on September 17, 1919, new orders were issued scheduling the second coup attempt for the end of September. This attempt was also discovered. A Lithuanian woman succeeded in convincing Petras Vrubliauskas, PMO deputy commander in Vilnius, to transfer the PMO document archive to the Lithuanians. On September 21, the Lithuanians obtained a full list of PMO members and supporters and arrested them in the following days. The PMO branch in Lithuania ceased to function and was liquidated.
Aftermath and evaluation
The Lithuanians charged 117 persons during a military trial on December 11–24, 1920. Six leaders received life sentences. Other sentences ranged from 15 years to 8 months in prison. At least 15 individuals were acquitted. By 1928 there were no PMO members in Lithuanian prisons: some were exchanged for Lithuanian prisoners or released early. General Žukauskas was removed from his post as the commander of the Lithuanian Army and had to battle the perceived friendliness to Poland for much of his further career. The Polish government initially denied that there was any coup; later it admitted that locals planned an uprising, but claimed it had no part in it. The coup further strained the Polish–Lithuanian relations, making Lithuanians even more uncompromising and afraid of Polish annexation.
The planned coup was criticized by historians as unrealistic. Piłsudski's plan was based on false assumptions and faulty intelligence, which incorrectly indicated that the Sleževičius government was deeply unpopular, and that the general Lithuanian population was relatively friendly to Poland. No notable ethnic Lithuanian politicians declared support for the plan; the plan relied on support from General Žukauskas, but his support was never confirmed; Narutowicz, who was to head the civilian government, was a Pole; the PMO was weak and incapable of taking control if the coup met any significant resistance; and intervention of the Polish army would have led to bloodshed and undermined the idea of a voluntary union or alliance with Poland. The only group that supported the coup was the Polish minority in Lithuania, increasingly alienated by Lithuanian government policies. However, according to the Lithuanian census of 1923, the minority constituted 3.2% of the population outside the Vilnius Region. On the ground, the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists.
See also
1919 Polish coup attempt
Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Notes and references
Notes
References
Polish Coup Detat Attempt In Lithuania, 1919
Interwar Baltic state coups d'état and coup attempts
Lithuania–Poland military relations
Military coups in Lithuania
Military history of Poland
Polish
August 1919 events
September 1919 events
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%20Polish%20coup%20attempt%20in%20Lithuania
|
La Digue is a 1911 silent French film directed by Abel Gance. It was Gance's debut film. The film was never released.
Cast
Robert Lévy
Paulette Noizeux
Pierre Renoir
Jean Toulout
References
External links
1911 films
1910s French-language films
French silent short films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
Lost French films
Unreleased films
1911 short films
1911 directorial debut films
1910s French films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Digue%20%28film%29
|
Rijswijk is a railway station located in Rijswijk in the suburbs of The Hague, Netherlands. The station was opened on 3 June 1847 and is located on the Amsterdam–Rotterdam railway, between The Hague and Rotterdam. It was later enlarged, and then closed in 1938. In 1965 it opened in a different location.
The station has been in a tunnel since 1996, with four tracks and four platforms. The northern entrance is a modern glass pyramid protruding from the ground, not unlike that of the Louvre, while the southern entrance, on Winston Churchilllaan, is combined with a local bus and tram station.
In May 2016, traveling organisation Rover held a survey in which Rijswijk came in as the most uncomfortable railway station in the Netherlands.
Train services
The following services currently call at Rijswijk:
2x per hour local service (sprinter) The Hague - Rotterdam - Dordrecht - Breda
2x per hour local service (sprinter) The Hague - Rotterdam - Dordrecht - Roosendaal
References
External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner
Railway stations in South Holland
\Railway stations on the Oude Lijn
Railway stations located underground in the Netherlands
Buildings and structures in Rijswijk
1847 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in 1847
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijswijk%20railway%20station
|
Texnikoi was founded in as an honorary organization for students in the College of Engineering at Ohio State University. Its purpose is to give due recognition to those members of the College of Engineering who have distinguished themselves as campus leaders while maintaining, at the same time, a commendable scholastic record.
Texnikoi Engineering Honorary allows for only 25 new inductees each year, from a variety of the engineering specializations. To be considered for membership, he/she must be an engineering student at The Ohio State University, with an above-average cumulative GPA and a status of at least Sophomore. Members are then chosen by the amount and level of extra-curricular activity they participate in. Applications for membership are reviewed annually in early November.
Values
The three main values of Texnikoi are:
PARTICIPATION in activities
LEADERSHIP in organizations
SERVICE to the University and the community
Through Texnikoi’s emphasis on leadership and participation, it has always been able to select the top quality engineering students. The number of activities participated in by a student is not necessarily indicative of his/her qualification for membership in this fraternity, but rather the manner in which he/she has assumed active leadership, administrative ability, and integrity.
History
Founding
Texnikoi Engineering Honorary Fraternity was founded on at The Ohio State University as an honorary organization for students in the College of Engineering. At the time that this organization was founded, a number of the students felt that some effort should be made to recognize outstanding work in the extra-curricular field.
Main Founder - Arthur C. Avril was the first president of the organization in . Although Avril graduated from Ohio State in , he remained in close contact with Texnikoi and The Ohio State University community up until his death in .
Other Notable Founders - Peter B. Baggs, Edward Burkhalter, Jesse R. Glaeser, Richard R. Grant, Charles L. Lockett, Howard L. Matthews, Donald F. McChurchy, George R. Miller, Loren A. Murphy, Herman F. Nofer, Albert Ward Ross, Jr., Hoyt L. Sherman, Edmund D. Watts, Rolland P. Wood, and Clarence T. Woodward.
Endowment
Even as the founder of Sakrete and the inventor of the bagged concrete industry, Avril never forgot about his roots. In 1989 he raised close to $250,000 for the Texnikoi organization by auctioning off his 1954 Mercedes Benz 300SL Gullwing. It is this donation that has allowed for the thousands of dollars in scholarships awarded to outstanding members each year, and for the coverage of operating expenses of the honorary.
Symbols and Traditions
Meetings - Texnikoi holds meeting once a month during the regular school year. Meetings serve two purposes: i) to inform members of the upcoming service, philanthropy, and social events, and ii) to allow engineers to meet other engineers and create a social network.
Plaques - The Texnikoi plaque is a hand crafted representation of the Texnikoi symbol. At the beginning of every initiation period, members are instructed to make a plaque to represent the symbol of Texnikoi. Initiates are only given an unfinished die cast of the 'TNK' symbol and criteria as to which the aspects of the plaque must fall into. Plaques are due before initiation and then given back to the newly initiated members as symbol of their membership. Alumni who have lost their plaques may request a new one be made by contacting the current President or Adviser of Texnikoi.
Texnikoi Outstanding Alumni Award - The Texnikoi Award was first presented in 1955 and has been given annually since then. The requirements of the recipient are as follows:
1. A person who has risen rapidly in the field of engineering.
2. A person who has made outstanding contributions through civic and social activities.
3. A person of approximately 40 years of age or under.
4. A person from one of the engineering departments not recognized in the recent past.
The precedence has been established that a department should not be considered for two years after one of their alumni receives the award.
Texnikoi Outstanding Alumni Award Recipients
Each year the active membership of Texnikoi selects one of the younger alumni of the College of Engineering as a recipient of the Texnikoi Outstanding Alumni Award. This award is based upon their achievements since graduation, evaluated in light of the objectives of Texnikoi.
References
Ohio State University
Organizations based in Ohio
Student organizations established in 1924
1924 establishments in Ohio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texnikoi%20Engineering%20Honorary
|
From Paris with Love is a 2010 English-language French action thriller film directed by Pierre Morel and starring John Travolta and Jonathan Rhys Meyers. The screenplay was co-written by Luc Besson. The film was released in the United States on February 5, 2010 by Lionsgate Films and both in United Kingdom and Japan by Warner Bros. Pictures.
Plot
James Reese, a personal aide to the U.S. ambassador in France, lives comfortably in Paris with his girlfriend Caroline, but his real passion is his side job as a low-level operative for the CIA. Due to a shortage of operatives in France, he is eventually partnered with field agent Charlie Wax. However, Reese finds Wax detained by French Customs as Wax refuses to surrender cans of his favorite energy drink. Despite the apparent triviality of the situation, Wax continues to verbally abuse French Customs until Reese uses his diplomatic authority to allow Wax's luggage through customs.
Once in the car, Wax apologizes for his behavior and reveals that the cans actually held pieces of his personal sidearm. Wax then explains that he has been sent to Paris to investigate a Triad drug ring indirectly responsible for the death of the niece of the Secretary of Defense. During the investigation, Wax raids a Triad run restaurant and warehouse where he reveals that his true objective is to trace money back to a circle of Pakistani terrorists. Evidence leads them to the terrorist hideout in a rundown apartment, resulting in an armed confrontation wherein most of the terrorists are killed. There, Wax and Reese learn that the terrorists plan to infiltrate the U.S. embassy with explosives hidden beneath their burkas. As they collect evidence, they find photographs of Reese pinned to a wall.
Ultimately, Reese learns that the terrorists are targeting a summit meeting. During dinner, Wax realizes that Reese's fiancée Caroline is a sleeper agent who was assigned to infiltrate them. When confronted, Caroline shoots Reese in the shoulder and escapes through a window, before a car picks her up on the street below. Caroline plans to detonate an explosive vest at the summit while the other remaining terrorist speeds towards a US motorcade in an attempted suicide attack, although Wax destroys the vehicle with a rocket launcher just in time. Reese then finds Caroline at the summit and attempts to dissuade her from carrying out her mission, but she attempts to detonate her vest anyway and Reese is ultimately forced to kill her. As the U.S. official from the motorcade arrives at the summit, she berates Reese for inconveniencing her, and Wax reminds Reese of the often ungrateful and ignorant people they protect.
As Wax leaves Paris, Reese escorts him to his plane, where Wax offers a full-time partnership. The two play a game of chess on the tarmac, placing their handguns on a utility cart, Reese revealing that he is now carrying a Desert Eagle pistol, and Wax welcomes him to the club as his partner.
Cast
John Travolta as Charlie Wax
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as James Reese
Kasia Smutniak as Caroline
David Gasman as German Tourist/The Voice
Richard Durden as Ambassador Bennington
Yin Bing as M. Wong
Amber Rose Revah as Nichole
Eric Godon as Foreign Minister
Francois Bredon as The Thug
Chems Dahmani as Rashid (As Chems Eddine Dahmani)
as The Pimp
Julien Hagnery as Chinese Punk
Mostefa Stiti as Dir Yasin
Rebecca Dayan as Foreign Minister's Aide
as Airport Security Official
Didier Constant as Customs Official
Alexandra Boyd as Head of the Delegation
Stephen Shagov as Embassy Security
Mike Powers as Embassy Security
Nick Loren as Chief of Security
Farid Elouardi as Bearded Driver
Melissa Mars as Wax's Hooker
as Asian Hooker 'German'
Frederic Chau as Chinese Maitre D
Tam Solo as Suicidal Pakistani
John Kiriakou as Himself (uncredited)
Luc Besson as Man getting out of car (uncredited)
Kelly Preston as Woman on Eiffel tower (uncredited)
Reception
The film has received mixed reviews from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 38% with an average score of 4.80/10. The site’s critical consensus states, "Though not without its charms—chief among them John Travolta's endearingly over-the-top performance—From Paris with Love is too muddled and disjointed to satisfy." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave it one star out of four, stating, "From Paris With Love has no vital signs at all, just crushing dull repetition that makes one noisy, violent scene play exactly like the last one." A couple of reviews from SBS and Newshub criticised the film for "ludicrous" plot developments and racism.
Box office
The film opened in the US on February 5, 2010 and took $8,158,860 on its opening weekend, ranked number 3 in the charts in 2,722 theaters. The movie was open in the US until March 11, 2010, a total of 5 weeks. Its final US domestic gross was $24,077,427. It also grossed $28,753,524 internationally for a worldwide total of $52,830,951- just grossing back its $52m budget. In July 2010 Parade Magazine listed the film as number 4 on its list of "Biggest Box Office Flops of 2010 (So Far)."
DVD
The movie was released on DVD in the US on June 8, 2010 and sold 624,791 units for a gross of $11,085,323. It was the third biggest selling DVD in its opening week, behind Alice in Wonderland and Shutter Island, with 293,011 units sold. The movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on August 2, 2010.
Potential sequel
In an interview with Celebrity Examiner, Luc Besson commented that he would love to see From Paris With Love turn into a franchise with sequels.
Travolta said in an interview with The Star Ledger: "We could do, ‘From London With Love,’ ‘From Prague With Love.’ This is one of the only movies that I would enjoy as a franchise. I’m not a big sequel person, but this one I would love."
As of April 2022, there has been no further information on the proposed sequel.
References
External links
2010 films
2010 action thriller films
American action thriller films
French action thriller films
D-Box motion-enhanced films
Films about organized crime in France
Films about terrorism in Europe
Films directed by Pierre Morel
Films produced by Luc Besson
Films set in Paris
Films shot in Paris
Lionsgate films
Triad films
Works about Pakistan
EuropaCorp films
English-language French films
Films scored by David Buckley
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s French films
2010s Hong Kong films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From%20Paris%20with%20Love%20%28film%29
|
Riddell Sports Group is an American company specializing in sports equipment for American football. It was headquartered in Rosemont, Illinois. In 2017, the company relocated to a new facility in adjacent Des Plaines, Illinois.
The company was started by John Tate Riddell. He first invented the removable cleat, and then went on to invent the first ever plastic suspension helmet in 1939. In 2008, Dan Arment was appointed president of Riddell. Arment previously worked as executive vice-president and general manager of mass-market business for BRG Sports, Riddell's parent company, which is owned by private equity firm Fenway Partners. Fenway acquired the company in 2003 from Lincolnshire Management. In 2008, Riddell sued competitor Schutt Sports. Two years later, Schutt filed a lawsuit, also for patent-infringement, against Riddell. Riddell ended up winning, leading to Schutt filing for bankruptcy.
Products
Riddell is widely known for its line of football helmets. In 2002, Riddell released a new helmet design called the Revolution or "Revo" for short The newer design was released in response to a study on concussions. The design became popular in the NFL and NCAA, being used by notables such as Peyton Manning, Dwight Freeney, Casey Hampton, and Brady Quinn, as well as having been used by Eli Manning during the 2005 season.
Riddell is also known for its Revolution IQ HITS helmet (Head Impact Telemetry System). The sensors inside the helmet called MX Encoders store data from each impact and can be transferred to a laptop to be reviewed by coaching staff or physicians. The helmets cost about $999 and are already being used by NCAA football teams.
Other helmet styles produced by Riddell include the Revolution Speed and the Revolution IQ. The company also produces a youth line of helmets including the Revolution Speed Youth, Revolution IQ Youth, Revolution Youth, Revolution Little Pro, Attack, VSR-4, VSR2-Y, and Little Pro.
Lawsuits
A jury in the 2013 case ruled that Riddell was negligent in not warning people about concussion dangers when wearing its helmets. The exact verdict in favor of Mr. Ridolfi was on his claims for negligent failure to warn. Attorney Franklin D. Azar, who represented plaintiffs in the Colorado case, predicted that the $11 million verdict awarded in the 2013 trial could have implications for the larger suit by NFL players, because Riddell knew in November 2000 of problems in testing of the helmets but did not disclose the information. Azar asserted that the verdict shows that there is no statute of limitations on traumatic brain injuries when manufacturers do not adequately warn of defects. The ruling came as Riddell faced a similar suit in California, as well as a complaint by thousands of NFL players.
Riddell has been sued by multiple NFL players. More than 125 former NFL players sued the league and helmet-maker Riddell for not disclosing and, in some instances, allegedly hiding the risks of repeated head injuries. There are "at least three" personal injury cases pending in California and one more in Pennsylvania. According to the AP, the cases represent the "first examples of former players joining together to file concussion-related lawsuits against the NFL."
Lawyer Thomas Girardi represents dozens of the players in two of the complaints. He says the goal is to enact "necessary changes" to protect future generations of players, as well as "set[ting] up a medical process so [the plaintiffs] can have medical attention for this injury as long as they need it", in addition to financial compensation.
The NFL alleged that players knew the risks when they made football their career and that there was "no misconduct or liability" on the league's part. Players intended to show there was "a history of literature showing that multiple blows to the head can cause long-term damage" that got buried by the NFL and that the league also "fraudulently concealed the long-term effects of concussions," including the increased risk of dementia.
The players appeared to have allies in Washington. A Senate subcommittee held hearings on misleading safety claims made by sports equipment companies. One thing is certain: it's going to be a long slog for both sides, without a clear endgame. For example, the players are seeking judgments "in the millions of dollars," though no specific numbers have been listed in the court documents. The consensus from lawyers on both sides is that the lawsuits could take years to be sorted out. Nobody associated with the players, the league, or Riddell was even "willing to guess how long it could be" during discussions with the AP.
See also
Schutt Sports
References
External links
Sportswear brands
Private equity portfolio companies
Privately held companies based in Illinois
Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Des Plaines, Illinois
Manufacturing companies established in 1927
American companies established in 1927
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddell%20Sports%20Group
|
Fortuna Hjørring is a women's association football team from Hjørring, Denmark. The club was formed in 1966 and play in green and white. Their biggest achievement in European football was reaching the 2002–03 UEFA Women's Cup final where they ultimately lost 1–7 on aggregate to Umeå IK. They are one of the two most successful clubs in Danish women's football, with among 11 titles.
The next try at a European Cup came in 2009–10 with the newly created UEFA Women's Champions League. In the round of 32 they defeated Italians Bardolino but then lost the round of 16 to eventual finalist Lyon. In the 2016–17 season they reached their best result since the final in 2003, when they made it to the quarter-finals which they lost 0–2 on aggregate to Manchester City.
Honours
UEFA Women's Cup
Runner-up: 2003
Danish League (11)
Champion: 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020
Danish Cup (10)
Champion: 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2016, 2019, 2022
Runner-up: 1998, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2023
Danish Indoor Cup (4)
Champion: 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001
Nordic Championship (2)
Champion: 1995, 1996
Competition record
Record in UEFA competitions
All results (away, home and aggregate) list Fortuna Hjørring's goal tally first.
a First leg.
Players
Current squad
Coaching staff
First team
Notable former players
For more former players, see :Category:Fortuna Hjørring players.
Johanna Rasmussen (2002–2008)
Mariann Gajhede Knudsen (2002–2010)
Heidi Johansen (2003–2013)
Janni Arnth (2007–2014)
Line Sigvardsen Jensen (2009–2016, 2018–2019)
Cathrine Paaske (2010)
Julie Rydahl (2010)
Camilla Kur Larsen (2012–2014, 2016–2017)
Nadia Nadim (2012–2015, 2016)
Sofie Junge Pedersen (2012–2015)
Karoline Smidt Nielsen (2012–2018)
Signe Bruun (2014–2018)
Maria Lindblad Christensen (2012–2019)
Luna Gewitz (2013–2019)
Frederikke Thøgersen (2013–2019)
Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen (2015–2019)
Laura Frank (2015–2019)
Caroline Møller (2015–2020)
Agnete Nielsen (2017–2020)
Caroline Rask (2011–2020)
Florentina Olar (2013–2019)
Cristina Carp (2020–21)
Emily van Egmond (2011)
Elise Kellond-Knight (2011–2012)
Alison Forman (1992–1999)
Tamires (2015–2019)
Nora Heroum (2015–2017)
Tuija Hyyrynen (2016–2017)
Sanni Franssi (2018–2020)
Emma Byrne (1999)
Hólmfríður Magnúsdóttir (2006–2007)
Lisa-Marie Woods (2011–2012)
Laila Himle (2019–2020)
Nevena Damjanović (2015–2018)
Chi-Chi Igbo (2002–2016)
Dominika Čonč (2016–2017)
Augustine Ejangue (2015–2017)
Casey Ramirez (2012)
Tiffany Weimer (2012–2013)
Janelle Cordia (2013–2019)
Michelle Betos (2014)
Sydney Payne (2015)
Aubrey Bledsoe (2015)
Hannah Seabert (2018–2019)
Vicky Bruce (2020–21)
Emily Garnier (2020–21)
Brenna Ochoa (2020–21)
Kelsey Daugherty (2019–2020)
Bri Folds (2021)
References
External links
Official homepage
Danish Football Association profile
Club at uefa.com
Women's football clubs in Denmark
Association football clubs established in 1966
Hjørring
1966 establishments in Denmark
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna%20Hj%C3%B8rring
|
St. Mary's College was a Catholic college in Delaware from until .
St. Mary's College was founded in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1841 by Patrick Reilly. Incorporated January 29, 1847 by an Act of The state of Delaware sec 793 chapter 44. Its enrollment peaked at 120 students in 1857. Its fortunes declined during the American Civil War and it closed in 1866.
Sources
Catholic Encyclopedia article on Delaware
References
Defunct private universities and colleges in Delaware
Buildings and structures in Wilmington, Delaware
Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Catholic universities and colleges in Delaware
Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington
Educational institutions established in 1841
1841 establishments in Delaware
1866 disestablishments in Delaware
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Mary%27s%20College%20%28Delaware%29
|
Dušan Žanko (10 November 1904 – 23 January 1980) was a Croatian writer, professor, diplomat and the intendant of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb from 1941 to 1943. Professor at Andrés Bello Catholic University, Central University of Venezuela and Faculty of Agronomy in Maracay.
Žanko was born in Trilj, at the time Kingdom of Dalmatia, and graduated from the Franciscan Classical Gymnasium in Široki Brijeg in 1924. During this time he was a member of the Croatian Eagles Association. He graduated in history from the University of Zagreb in 1928. He subsequently worked as a gymnasium professor in Zagreb. In the 1930s he was one of the leaders of the Crusader Brotherhood in Croatia, and was also active in Catholic Action.
During World War II, when the Independent State of Croatia was formed, Žanko was named the intendant of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb on 22 April 1941. During his time as intendant, he led Zagreb's opera company on performances in Venice, Florence and Rome in April 1942 and to Vienne in 1943. In January 1943, Bucharest's opera singers guested at the theatre, performing Aida and Carmen. After his stint at the theatre ended on 8 November 1943, he was employed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a cultural-economic representative to France.
On 6 May 1945 Žanko left Zagreb as the Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria was starting. He spent the next few years at the displaced persons camp near Fermo, Italy whose inhabitants were more of 2000 Croats displaced from Yugoslavia. On 4 October 1946 the Yugoslav communist government requested his return to face trial, but the request was never carried out. In 1948 he moved to Argentina, before settling in Venezuela in 1954.
In emigration he was active in the magazine Hrvatska revija and was president of the printing house Zajednica izdanja Ranjeni labud. At the Catholic University Andrés Bello, Caracas, he taught the "History of the Ideas" (from 1954 to 1956) and worked as a librarian. Since 1961 he was a professor of humanities at the Central University of Venezuela and at the Agronomy Faculty in Maracay, where he has taught bibliographic documentation and technical communication.
He attended the canonization of Nikola Tavelić in Rome on 21 June 1970. Žanko attended the founding of the Croatian National Council in Toronto in 1974 and remained a member of the organization until his death. He died in Caracas.
In the bibliography of prof. Žanko's works there are about 80 theatrical reviews, reviews and presentations, 76 literary reviews and reviews, 36 articles of religious content, 36 essays, 87 other articles, three songs and three books.
For his work and contribution to the development of the country, Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez was honored in 1978 by the star of the Order of Francisco de Miranda 2nd Class.
Zanko is memorialized with a plaque and a bust in Park Sinj, in the town of Sinj, Croatia, along with 5 other famous citizens of Sinj.
References
Sources
Svjedoci : domovinsko izdanje. Knjižnica Hrvatske revije. Zagreb, 1998.
Zbornik radova o skupu Povratak Dušana Žanka u zavičaj. Sinj, 1995.
1904 births
1980 deaths
People from Trilj
People from the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Croatian writers
Yugoslav emigrants to Venezuela
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an%20%C5%BDanko
|
Swante M. Swenson (February 24, 1816 – June 13, 1896) was the founder of the SMS ranches in West Texas. It was through his efforts that Swedish immigration to Texas was begun in 1848. In 1972, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.
Biography
Svante Magnus Svenson was born at Alarp, Barkeryd Parish, Jönköping County, Sweden. He migrated to America in 1836, where he worked in New York City before traveling to Baltimore, Maryland, and then to Galveston. In 1850 Swenson moved to Austin and established a mercantile business with his uncle Swante Palm. While running the business, Swenson continued to buy Texas Railroad Certificates and to acquire land.
Swenson arranged passage for Swedish families principally from Småland, who in turn worked for Swenson to pay off the price of the ticket. Most of the early immigrants also bought land from Swenson.
Swenson began shipments of the Texas pecan to the North and East; and in 1850 established himself in the general merchandise and banking business at Austin. In Austin, Swenson also served two terms (in 1852 and 1856) as a Travis County commissioner and in 1853 became the first treasurer of the State Agricultural Society.
In 1854 he invested in the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, which gained him acres of land in northwestern and western Texas. Swenson's greatest interest lay in the accumulation of land. He traded many of the manifold supplies carried by his large frontier trading post for Texas railroad land certificates. Under the privilege then accorded to holders and owners of such certificates to file on any untaken state land, Swenson in 1854 began acquiring acreage of unclaimed properties in Northwest Texas. By 1860 he owned over 128,000 acres around Austin, in addition to his West Texas holdings, which had increased to nearly 500,000 acres.
SMS Ranches eventually became one of the largest landowners in Texas. Swenson leased his ranch holdings to his sons, who operated the ranches under the name of Swenson Brothers Cattle Company from headquarters in Stamford, Texas.
Swenson established the banking house of S. M. Swenson and Sons in New York City. Though he lived in New York, he maintained his ties to Texas, operating a clearinghouse for Texas products, continuing his work as a cotton agent, and regularly visiting his extensive land holdings. Swenson died in Brooklyn, New York, and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York).
Swenson married twice. With his second wife, Susan McRady (March 13, 1830 – October 25, 1906), he had five children:
Sarah Margareta "Greta" Swenson (October 23, 1852 – November 19, 1879)
Eric Pierson Swenson (April 24, 1855 – August 14, 1945) – founded Freeport Sulphur
Ebba McRady Swenson (1858–1859)
Swen Albin Swenson (July 30, 1860 – November 16, 1927)
Mary Eleonora "Nora" Swenson (August 24, 1862 – February 23, 1958).
His two sons leased SMS ranches and carried on the family business.
See also
Stamford, Texas
Morab
Swenson, Texas
References
Sources
Clarke, Mary Whatley The Swenson Saga and the SMS Ranches (Austin: Jenkins, 1976)
Swenson, Gail S. M. Swenson and the Development of the SMS Ranches (University of Texas, 1960)
Anderson, August Hyphenated, or The Life Story of S. M. Swenson (Austin: Steck, 1916)
Hastings, Frank S. The Story of the S.M.S. Ranch (Swenson Bros. Stamford, Texas. 1917)
“Negroes for Sale.” The Texas Almanac. December 27, 1862, 1 edition, sec. 34.
“Texas General Land Office Land Grant Database”, Digital Images, Texas General Land Office, Entry for Swenson, S M, Austin City Lots, Travis Co., TX, Patent no 429, vol.1
“Austin 1885 Sheet 5,” Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Map Collection, Perry-Castañeda Library, Austin, Texas.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. A Journey through Texas: or, A Saddle-Trip on the Southwestern Frontier. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989: 50;
Austin City Sanborn Map, 1885;
Bullock Hotel. Photograph, University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, accessed December 3, 2019
External links
Lutherans and Swedes in Texas. Hutto Lutheran Church Heritage Foundation
Swenson Land and Cattle Company: Inventory of Records, 1846–1927
Swenson Land & Cattle Company Gallery
Slavery in Early Austin: The Stringer’s Hotel and Urban Slavery
People from Fort Bend County, Texas
Swedish emigrants to the United States
1816 births
1896 deaths
American Lutherans
Swedish migration to North America
Ranchers from Texas
19th-century Lutherans
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swante%20M.%20Swenson
|
The SMS Ranches are a famous group of cattle ranches located in West Texas.
Background
Swante M. Swenson migrated to America from Sweden during 1836. In 1850 Swenson moved to Austin, Texas and established a mercantile business with his uncle Swante Palm. While running the business, Swenson continued to buy railroad land and then bought school scripts to acquire additional property. In 1854 Svenson invested in the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, which gained him acres of land in northwestern and western Texas.
SMS Ranches eventually became one of the largest landowners in Texas. At their peak, the SMS Ranches occupy considerable portions of twelve counties in the lower plains area of West Texas and comprise more than . The ranches were named for the initials of the founder, Swante M. Swenson. The SMS brand, consisting of an extended M sandwiched between two reversed S's, was registered by the Swensons in the spring of 1882. At one time most, if not all, foremen of the SMS Ranches were immigrant Swedes. Swenson leased his holdings to his sons, who operated them under the name of Swenson Brothers Cattle Company from headquarters in Stamford, Texas.
Ranching Units
Throckmorton Ranch - located in Throckmorton County
Flat Top Ranch - located in Jones County, Stonewall County, and Haskell County
Ericsdahl Ranch - located in Jones County and Haskell County
Tongue River Ranch - located in Cottle County, King County, Motley County, and Dickens County
Ellerslie Ranch - located in Jones County and Haskell County
References
Primary sources
Clark, Mary Whatley The Swenson Saga and the SMS Ranches (Austin, Texas: Jenkins Book Publishing Co. 1976)
Swenson, Gail S. M. Swenson and the Development of the SMS Ranches (University of Texas, 1960)
Hastings, Frank S The Story of the SMS Ranch (S. M. Swenson & Sons. 1922)
Anderson, August Hyphenated, or The Life Story of S. M. Swenson (Austin: Steck, 1916)
External links
Swenson Land and Cattle Company: Inventory of Records, 1846-1927
Swenson Land & Cattle Company Gallery
SMS Ranches, Texas
Ranches in Texas
Companies based in Texas
1854 establishments in Texas
Companies established in 1854
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS%20ranches
|
The 1998 killing of Iranian diplomats in Afghanistan refers to the siege of the Iranian consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif, in the Taliban-controlled Afghanistan during the Taliban and Northern Alliance battles of Mazar-i-Sharif. Initially, the death of 8 Iranian diplomats was reported, but later two other diplomats and a journalist were also confirmed dead, bringing the total deaths to 11. The killings of the diplomats is speculated to have been carried out by Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan.
Background
Before this incident, Iran was supportive of the Afghan Northern Alliance, and the city of Mazari Sharif was one of the headquarters of the alliance. It is reported that between May and July 1997 Abdul Malik Pahlawan executed thousands of Taliban prisoners as revenge for the 1995 death of Abdul Ali Mazari. "He is widely believed to have been responsible for the brutal massacre of up to 3,000 Taliban prisoners after inviting them into Mazar-i-Sharif." As revenge, Taliban forces captured Mazar-i-Sharif and killed hundreds of Northern Alliance members, particularly members of the Hazara and Uzbek ethnic groups as they were accused of being the ones who carried out the killings of Taliban prisoners.
Events
On 8 August 1998, Taliban forces captured Mazar-i-Sharif. After this incident, 11 Iranian diplomats and Mahmoud Saremi, a correspondent from Iran's state news agency (IRNA), were attacked at the Iranian consulate and subsequently disappeared. Unofficial reports from the city indicated that all these men were killed. Later it was confirmed that 8 of the Iranian diplomats and Saremi were killed by the Taliban militia attacking the consulate. The Taliban spokesmen said the Iranians had been killed by renegade forces who had acted without orders. The final death toll was confirmed later to be 11 according to Tehran Times.
Aftermath
This incident caused a public furor in Iran and many observers were concerned that Iran would be involved in a military response to the attack. At the time, over 70,000 Iranian troops were deployed along the Afghan border. Mediation by the United Nations defused the situation and all the hostages were eventually released. Later in February 1999, the Taliban and Iran held talks, but relations between them did not improve. Subsequently, Iran decided to support the Northern Alliance, an anti-Taliban front.
August 8 is named National Journalists' Day in Iran, in memory of Mahmoud Saremi, the IRNA correspondent killed in this attack.
Film
An Iranian film Mazar Sharif was made on this story in 2015. Abdolhassan Barzideh was the director.
See also
Attack on the Iranian Embassy in London (2018)
References
Iranian Diplomats Assassination In Afghanistan, 1998
Iranian Diplomats Assassination In Afghanistan, 1998
Afghanistan–Iran relations
Conflicts in 1998
Diplomatic incidents
Hostage taking in Afghanistan
Iranian people murdered abroad
Iranian terrorism victims
Assassinated Iranian journalists
People murdered in Afghanistan
Terrorism deaths in Afghanistan
Attacks on diplomatic missions of Iran
Attacks on diplomatic missions in Afghanistan
Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
August 1998 events in Asia
Massacres committed by the Taliban
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20killing%20of%20Iranian%20diplomats%20in%20Afghanistan
|
The Mask of Horror () is a 1912 short silent French horror film directed by Abel Gance and starring Édouard de Max.
Cast
Édouard de Max
Charles de Rochefort
Florelle (as Mlle Rousseau)
Mathilde Thizeau
Jean Toulout as Ermont
References
External links
1912 films
1912 horror films
1912 short films
1910s French-language films
French horror films
French silent short films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
Lost horror films
Lost French films
1912 lost films
Silent horror films
1910s French films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mask%20of%20Horror
|
The Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA) is a non-profit professional organization for members involved in research and development of antenna and radar-scattering measurements in the United States.
The principal objective of AMTA is to provide a forum for the exchange of information on electromagnetic measurement techniques and problems. AMTA's annual symposium record includes topics in measurement methods, instrumentation techniques, facility development, and accuracy assessments.
From the initial AMTA meeting, held in 1979, to the current year, marking the 41st annual symposium, the size of the meetings has grown steadily. The membership has grown from 30 to 500 and the number of papers presented at the yearly symposium has grown from 20 to over 100.
Threads common throughout AMTA's history include understanding and quantifying accuracy limitations, improved diagnostic methods, cost-effective implementations, and novel solutions to challenging measurement problems. These continuing needs are expected to spur new developments in future years.
AMTA also collaborates with other technical professional organizations such as the IEEE Antenna Propagation Society (AP-S) and EuCAP to host symposiums on antenna measurements in the United States and Europe.
AMTA offers its members an on-line archive of technical papers presented at its annual symposiums.
Sources
EuCAP 2009
IEEE
IEEE Xplore
External links
Official website
Professional associations based in the United States
1979 establishments in the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20Measurement%20Techniques%20Association
|
Go Hard or Go Home is the sixth album released by rapper, Fiend. It was released on August 31, 2004 for his label Fiend Entertainment and was produced by him and his former No Limit labelmates, Beats By the Pound. Go Hard or Go Home peaked at No. 81 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
Track listing
"Intro" – 0:19
"Baller 4 Real" – 4:13
"Two Mad M.F.'s" – 0:14
"U Can Get It" – 3:51 (feat. C-Loc & Ms. Peaches)
"Rollin w/Fe" – 3:36
"Get Bucked" – 4:00
"Smoking Intro" – 0:38
"Roll That, Light That" – 4:42 (feat. Jdawg)
"I'm Ya Problem" – 5:07 (feat. Jdawg)
"Around My Way" – 4:08
"Bout That Action" – 4:03 (feat. Hound)
"Let's Go" – 2:35 (feat. Jdawg)
"Already" – 2:51 (feat. Pee Wee)
"Cream Skit" – 0:50
"I'm Doing It" – 4:02
"Grab That" – 4:10 (feat. Young Hoggs)
"Never Been" – 3:49 (feat. Skull Duggery & Jdawg)
"Guns Up Fiend" – 3:08
References
2004 albums
Fiend (rapper) albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20Hard%20or%20Go%20Home%20%28album%29
|
KFXZ-FM (105.9 FM, "Z 105.9") is a radio station licensed to serve Opelousas, Louisiana. The station is owned by Charles Chatelain, through licensee Delta Media Corporation. It airs an urban adult contemporary format. KFXZ's studios are located on Evangeline Thruway in Carencro, and its transmitter is located south of Opelousas.
The station was assigned the KFXZ-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 4, 2007.
History
The station started out as an Alternative Rock station, but was later replaced as an easy listening jazz station.
The station had been broadcasting a classic country format until November 4, 2008, when the format was changed to Urban AC. The new format featured the syndicated Tom Joyner Morning Show.
On October 28, 2012, KFXZ-FM changed their format from urban AC to country, branded as "Cat Country 105.9".
On May 1, 2013, KFXZ-FM changed their format back to urban AC, branded as "Z 105.9". The station also broadcast over the air on KLWB DT4.
References
External links
Radio stations in Louisiana
Opelousas, Louisiana
Mass media in Lafayette, Louisiana
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFXZ-FM
|
Christ Fellowship is a multi-site, multi-ethnic, megachurch based in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida with more than 28,000 in attendance each week on eleven locations throughout South Florida.
History
Christ Fellowship started in 1984 as a small Bible study with 40 people in Dr. Tom and Donna Mullins' living room and has grown to be one of the largest churches in America. Tom resigned from his job as athletic director at the Palm Beach State College in March 1985 to pursue ministry full-time.
The first church building, which seated 800 people, was converted from a riding stable. Initial plans for a larger campus, located at the intersection of Northlake Boulevard and Gibson Road, were strongly opposed by local residents. However, the Palm Beach Gardens city council allowed the church to be built, based on revised plans including more parking, lower lights, and a wall on its north side.
Led by Pastor Todd and Julie Mullins, Christ Fellowship is based in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.
Christ Fellowship's Teaching Pastor is Dr. John C. Maxwell, an internationally respected leadership expert, speaker, and author.The church operates eight campuses in Palm Beach County; additionally, campuses in Port St. Lucie, FL, Vero Beach, FL, and Okeechobee, FL, totalling to twelve (plus their Online Campus). The church plans on opening a campus in the new municipality of Westlake, Florida.
References
Davisson, Jan. "Palm Beach Gardens Fountain of Youth." PBG Lifestyle Magazine'' Dec. 2008: 38-39. RWW Enterprises, LLC.
External links
https://christfellowship.church/
Gardens Campus
Royal Palm Campus
Stuart Campus
CityPlace Campus
Churches in Palm Beach County, Florida
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Megachurches in Florida
1984 establishments in Florida
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20Fellowship
|
Codetermination in Germany is a concept that involves the right of workers to participate in management of the companies they work for. Known as Mitbestimmung, the modern law on codetermination is found principally in the Mitbestimmungsgesetz of 1976. The law allows workers to elect representatives (usually trade union representatives) for almost half of the supervisory board of directors. The legislation is separate from the main German company law Act for public companies, the Aktiengesetz. It applies to public and private companies, so long as there are over 2,000 employees. For companies with 500–2,000 employees, one third of the supervisory board must be elected.
There is also legislation in Germany, known as the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz whereby workers are entitled to form Works Councils at the local shop floor level.
Goals of codetermination
Views differ on the goals of codetermination in general. Some social reformers maintain that workers are not merely factory parts, but citizens with equal rights. The Prussian state aimed for a conciliatory policy between capital and labour, and worker committees were one way to involve and bind workers into a system, and avoid conflict. In return unions conceded objectives on the establishment of a socialist state.
Codetermination aims principally to give workers a voice in the company decisions. This means matters on organisation of the business, the conditions of work and the management of personal and economic decisions affecting the future of the company and jobs. Workers therefore choose Works council representatives and members of the board to represent them.
Interests of workers
On the assumption that the primary goal of employers is to maximize profits in the interests of shareholders, codetermination can reorient the company's goals in the interests of workers. A better balance may be struck so that the company interests are not so one sided. For unions, codetermination is part of democratizing the economy. It is also a way for workers to better the terms and conditions of their contracts in an orderly and regulated way.
Interests of employers
Much economic discussion mentions the thesis that employers also have an interest in codetermination. Some economists find that it can be an instrument for long term increase in productivity of the company, while others dispute this on the basis that the losses in efficiency in production outweigh any gains in productivity.
Types of codetermination
Three forms of codetermination are distinguished,
Codetermination in job places
According to the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG, Industrial Relations Law) the worker has a claim to codetermination about his own work position. He has to be informed about his position and responsibilities, and the job procedures (see also, the Arbeitsschutzgesetz). He has a right of making suggestions and to inspect certain company documents.
Operational codetermination
Operational codetermination (Betriebliche Mitbestimmung) concerns the organisation of the business, job arrangements, personal planning, guidelines for hiring, social services, time registration and performance assessments. This is found in the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG, Industrial Relations Law).
The Betriebsrat or Works Council is the organ of operational codetermination. In the public sector it is known as the Personalrat or Staff Council.
Corporate codetermination
Corporate codetermination (Unternehmensmitbestimmung) concerns private (GmbH) and public limited companies (AktG). The Drittelbeteiligungsgesetz provides for one third of the supervisory board to be elected by workers in companies with more than 500 employees. For companies with more than 2000 employees the Mitbestimmungsgesetz requires half of the Supervisory Board (Aufsichtsrat) to be representative of the workers (subject to the chairman of the board being a shareholder appointee). In the coal, mining and steel industry the Montan-Mitbestimmungsgesetz allows complete parity between workers and shareholders for companies with over 1000 workers.
In December 2005 there were 729 companies with supervisory boards regulated by the Mitbestimmungsgesetz and around 30 under the Montan-Mitbestimmungsgesetz.
Historical development
1848 The Frankfurt Parliament processed a minority proposal for industry organisation that included boundaries for corporate power by setting up works councils.
1850 The first workers' committees were established in four printing houses in Eilenburg, Saxony.
1891 After the repeal of the Sozialistengesetz workers' committees could be founded freely. However, this happened only where there were active unions.
1905 In reaction to a strike in the Ruhr coalmines, the Prussian Berggesetz introduced workers' committees in mining companies with more than 100 workers.
1916 The Auxiliary Services Act (1916) (Gesetz des Vaterländischen Hilfsdiensts) created workers' committees for all companies producing for the war effort with more than 50 workers. These committees had the right to be consulted in social affairs.
1920 The Betriebsrätegesetz (Works Council Act) mandated consultative bodies for workers in businesses with more than 20 employees. The social and economic interests of workers were to be represented and considered to the management.
1934 After the Nazis seized power, works councils were abolished and unions were broken up.
1946/47 The Allied Control Council, through the Kontrollratsgesetz No. 22, allowed works councils as in the Weimar Republic.
1951 The Montan-Mitbestimmungsgesetz (Coal, Steel and Mining Codetermination Law) required codetermination in businesses with more than 1,000 employees through workers' representatives making up one half of the supervisory boards.
1952 The Betriebsverfassungsgesetz mandated participation of workers at shop floor level through works councils.
1955 The Bundespersonalvertretungsgesetz allowed codetermination among members of the civil services in the Federation and the German states.
1972 The Betriebsverfassungsgesetz was updated and reissued.
1976 The Mitbestimmungsgesetz required codetermination in all companies with more than 2,000 employees.
Codetermination laws
Coal and Steel Codetermination Act of 1951
After threats of massive strikes by Metalworker unions, the was passed in 1951 in West Germany. It applied to workplaces with over 1,000 employees, which impacted 105 companies at the time. It provided for equal representation on the supervisory board of directors for workers and employers.
On the worker side, representatives are to name an "additional member" who acts explicitly in the interests of the community. The purpose was that in the lead up to World War II, these companies were openly supporting the Nazis financially. To prevent a stalemate on the board, a neutral member is to be appointed, which the parties must agree on. On the management board, one member must be a Staff-director (Arbeitsdirecktor) who cannot be appointed against the votes of the worker directors on the supervisory board.
Companies attempted to avoid the effects of the law after it was passed. The steel company Mannesmann registered another holding company outside the steel industry, intended to evade the law. In response, the Mitbestimmungsergänzungsgesetz (The Codetermination Supplement Act, known as "Lex Mannesmann") was passed to prevent the practice by allowing subsidiary companies to vote for the supervisory board of the parent companies.
Works Constitution Act
Passed on the 11 October 1952, this law introduce one third selection of Supervisory Board directors by workers (§§ 76 ff. BetrVG). An exception is made for family companies. For every two shareholder members, the Works Council can send a third worker representative. They may also participate in committees of the Supervisory Board.
On 15 January 1972, the Act of 1952 was updated giving more powers for participation in personal and social affairs of company employees. Individual worker rights were strengthened in relation to trade unions.
Codetermination Act of 1976
Third Participation Act 2004
On 18 May 2004 the Drittelbeteiligungsgesetz replaced provisions of the 1952 Works Constitution Act. It applied to workplaces between 500 and 1,000 employees who are not already covered under the (Montan-)Mitbestimmungsgesetz.
European law
See also
Co-determination
Worker representation on corporate boards of directors
Employee stock ownership
Cooperative
Worker cooperative
Market socialism
Social ownership
German company law
German labour law
US corporate law
UK company law
Further reading
References
External links
Works Constitution Act (BetrVG; English)
Sichtweise der Arbeitgeberverbände
Sichtweise der Gewerkschaften, Forschungsergebnisse
Basics of the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz and its implications for the Betriebsrat (german)
German labour law
Works council (Germany)
de:Mitbestimmung
nl:Medezeggenschap
zh:共同决定
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codetermination%20in%20Germany
|
Commonwealth is the fifth studio album by progressive bluegrass band New Grass Revival, released in 1981 on the Flying Fish label. This album was the last one for two band members, Courtney Johnson and Curtis Burch, who cited fatigue with the band's touring schedule.
Track listing
"Reach" (Johanna Hall) – 4:48
"Steam Powered Aereo Plane" (John Hartford) – 4:29
"One Day I'll Walk" (Bruce Cockburn) – 2:52
"Nothing Wasted, Nothing Gained" (Steve Brines, Sam Bush) – 2:42
"Pack of Fools" (Andy Kulberg, Jim Roberts) – 4:45
"Nothing Without You" (Bryan Hayworth) – 3:51
"Deeper and Deeper" (Bob Lucas) – 6:12
"Wicked Path of Sin" (Monroe) – 2:35
"Sapporo" (Bush) – 8:10
Personnel
Sam Bush – mandolin, electric guitar, guitar, fiddle, lead vocals
John Cowan – electric bass, lead vocals
Courtney Johnson – banjo, vocals
Curtis Burch – guitar, Dobro, vocals
Kenny Malone – drums
Leon Russell – piano
Sharon White – vocals
Production notes
Produced by Sam Bush
Richard Adler – engineer, mastering supervisor
Keith Case – executive producer
Jim Lloyd – mastering
Willy Matthews – design
See also
New Grass Revival discography
References
New Grass Revival albums
1981 albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth%20%28New%20Grass%20Revival%20album%29
|
British Rail Telecommunications was created in 1992 by British Rail (BR). It was the largest private telecoms network in Britain, consisting of 17,000 route kilometres of fibre optic and copper cable which connected every major city and town in the country and provided links to continental Europe through the Channel Tunnel.
BR also operated its own national trunked radio network, providing dedicated train-to-shore mobile communications, and in the early 1980s BR helped establish Mercury Communications’ (now Vodafone) core infrastructure by laying a resilient figure-of-eight fibre optic network alongside Britain's railway lines, spanning London, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester.
Realising the enormous commercial potential, BR Telecommunications Limited (BRT) was created in 1992 to exploit its wayleave rights and to take responsibility for the management and maintenance of the industry's voice, data and radio networks associated with the operational running of the railway and its business needs.
BRT was bought by Racal Electronics in 1995 and became Racal-BRT. This merged with Racal Network Services (RNS) in 1997 to become Racal Telecom. Two companies, Thales Translink and Thales Fieldforce, evolved from Racal Telecom in 1999 and were merged into Thales Telecommunications Services (TTS) in April 2002. TTS provides specialist telecoms services to the UK transport market.
On 1 April 2009, under TUPE employment regulations, around 480 telecoms experts moved from Thales to Network Rail to maintain the telecoms network.
Early history
In May 1837 William Fothergill Cooke (1806–1879) and Professor Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875) entered into a partnership, and on 10 June patented a five-needle telegraph for which five wires were necessary. The telegraph worked by deflecting any two of the needles at the same time to point to any one of 20 letters on the grid behind the needle. Sending and receiving messages was a slow process, as each word had to be spelt out. With only 20 letters on the grid, the spelling sometimes contained inaccuracies. On 25 July, Wheatstone's and Cooke's telegraph was demonstrated to the directors of the London and Birmingham Railway between Euston and Camden Town, a distance of just under a mile.
In 1839 the world's first commercial telegraph line using the Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle system was commissioned by the Great Western Railway and built between Paddington and West Drayton, a distance of 13 miles. It was working to Hanwell by 6 April and was completed to West Drayton on 9 April. The public could pay one shilling (5p) to view the telegraph and could send their own telegrams. The undertaking marked the first commercial use of electricity. The line was later extended to Slough, but when it was proposed to carry it to Bristol, the Directors of the railway company objected and the agreement with Cooke and Wheatstone was rejected. Eventually, it was agreed that Cooke was allowed to retain the wires in position on condition that he worked the system at his own expense and sent the railway signals free of charge.
Assets
This section briefly describes the assets that constitute British Rail's telecom systems and networks.
The fixed bearer network is at the core of railway communications and thus is vital to the operation of the railway. It provides essential circuits for signalling and electrification control systems, train radio systems, lineside communications, level crossing CCTV, and customer information systems as well as more general IT and business telephony needs.
The fixed bearer network infrastructure comprises transmission systems and telephone exchanges, linked by a fibre optic and copper cable network that is located mainly within trackside troughing routes.
British Rail had several analogue radio networks that supported mobile communication applications for drivers and lineside workers. These radio networks consist of base stations, antenna systems and control equipment. The National Radio Network (NRN) was developed specifically for the operational railway; it provides radio coverage for 98% of the rail network through 500 base stations and 21 radio exchanges.
The NRN offers full access to the BRT telephone network; public service telephone network (PSTN) dialling, including international, is also available. It can provide dedicated open channels on talk-through mode for incident management and an override priority facility to ensure that emergency calls are immediately connected to the railway's Train Control Offices (TCO) and Electrical Control Rooms (ECR). The NRN and ORN are based on analogue radio technology and provide a high level of coverage throughout the railway network for mobile communication at the trackside. The ORN offers facilities for driver emergency communication with the local train control office. The RETB system is based on similar technology as the NRN and ORN but provides data communication for signalling token block exchange as well as voice communication.
Secure communication between drivers and signallers is provided by the Cab Secure Radio (CSR) systems located in various parts of the country. This application of analogue radio technology is designed to offer complete radio coverage at the trackside within the limits of its deployment. Fixed communication at the trackside is provided by lineside communication systems. These systems are primarily provided for signallers' communication with drivers and the public, through telephones located on signal posts and at level crossings.
Signal Post Telephones (SPTs) and other lineside phones are linked to telephone concentrators at the signal box.
Special self-monitoring systems (PETS) are also provided for high-risk level crossings.
CCTV systems are provided on platforms where driver-only operation train services call and at some stations with sub-surface platforms. These self-contained systems comprise cameras, monitors, cabling and control equipment.
Voice recorders are also classed as telecoms assets.
Management and maintenance
In the late 1960s the National Telecoms Plan (NTP) was launched which brought about a centrally managed (BRHQ) project to install a nationwide co-axial cable based 4 MHz system of transmission bearer services for voice and on-line real time data networks. This was completed in 1972.
The fixed network as we know it today was installed piecemeal as part of BR's electrification and signalling projects between 1972 and 1993.
Fault reporting is localised and system failure is generally only uncovered as a consequence of customer complaint. The fixed telecommunications network consists of a wide variety of mostly old technologies, some of which are obsolete.
As a result of the privatisation process, a significant proportion of the fixed telecommunications network is now provided through lease agreements with Global Crossing and it is maintained by the former BRT.
GSM-R
GSM-R radio systems are being introduced across Europe under EU legislation for interoperability. In the UK, Network Rail has established a stakeholder's board with cross industry representation to drive the UK implementation of GSM-R to replace the National Radio Network (NRN) and Cab Secure Radio (CSR) systems currently in use.
The Rail Safety and Standards Board are revising the current train-to-shore radio standard GO/RT3410, renumbering it as GE/RT8080, and developing a new standard GE/RT8081 that contains requirements that are specific to GSM-R. The Railway Group Standards are being developed to support the European Functional Requirements Specification and should be read in conjunction with this document.
The Network Rail National Project for the introduction of GSM-R plans for the radio service to be live nationwide by 2007, with the current radio systems switched off at the end of 2009. Britain's GSM-R network should be fully operational by 2013 at a cost of £1.2 billion. This cost though does not include the West Coast Main Line, where transmission equipment supplied by Marconi is maintained by Telent.
GSM-R addresses the relevant recommendations from several accident inquiries:
Clapham (1988)
Abbeyhill (1994)
Cowden (1994)
Ais Gill (1995)
Doncaster (1995)
Winsford (1999)
Ladbroke Grove (1999)
Llanbrynmair (2000)
Tregoss Moor (2000)
Hatfield (2001)
GSM-R is the bearer for the ERTMS signalling being introduced from 2010.
Locomotives
British Rail Telecommunications operated four British Rail Class 20 locomotives: 20075, 20128, 20131 and 20187.
References
Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
British Rail subsidiaries and divisions
British Rail infrastructure
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Telecommunications
|
Waddinxveen is a railway station in Waddinxveen, Netherlands. The station opened on 7 October 1934 and is on the Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.
Train services
The following train services call at Waddinxveen:
4x per hour local service (sprinter) Alphen aan den Rijn - Gouda (2x per hour in evenings & weekends)
Bus services
175 (Rotterdam Alexander - Rotterdam Nesselande - Waddinxveen - Waddinxveen Noord)
External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner
Railway stations in South Holland
Railway stations opened in 1934
1934 establishments in the Netherlands
Waddinxveen
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1930s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddinxveen%20railway%20station
|
SM U-10 or U-X was the lead boat of the U-10 class of submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during World War I. She was originally a German Type UB I submarine commissioned into the German Imperial Navy () as SM UB-1.
SM UB-1 was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched in January 1915. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy later that same month and sank an Italian torpedo boat in June. The boat was handed over to Austria-Hungary and commissioned as SM U-10 in July. In May 1917, U-10 was fired upon by a British submarine, but both of the torpedoes that were launched missed. In July 1918, U-10 hit a mine and was beached with heavy damage. She was towed to Trieste for repairs which remained unfinished at the war's end. U-10 was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.
Design and construction
U-10 was a small, coastal submarine that displaced surfaced and submerged. She featured a single shaft, a single Daimler diesel engine for surface running, and a single electric motor for submerged travel. U-10 was capable of up to while surfaced and while submerged at a diving depth of up to . She was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men.
U-10 was equipped with two torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. German Type UB I submarines were additionally equipped with a machine gun, but it is not clear from sources if U-10, as a former German boat, was either equipped with one or, if so, retained it in Austro-Hungarian service. In October 1916, U-10s armament was supplemented with a 37-mm/23 (1.5 in) quick-firing (QF) gun. This gun was replaced by a /33 QF gun in November 1917.
Construction of UB-1 was started on 1 November 1914 at Germaniawerft in Kiel. After her assembly was complete UB-1 was launched on 22 January 1915.
After extended negotiations between Austria-Hungary and Germany, in March 1915 it was decided for Germany to supply five submarines of the UB I type. This model was familiar to the Austro-Hungarian Navy since the Imperial German Navy had reassembled UB3, UB 8, and UB 9 at the Pola Navy Yard. The first boat was bought on April 4, 1915, a "sample" UB 1 boat. This submarine was shipped by rail in sections to Pola, where the sections were riveted together. Though there is no record of how long it took for UB-1s parts to be assembled, a sister boat, , shipped from Germany in mid-April 1915, was assembled in about two weeks.
Operational history
SM UB-1 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Franz Wäger on 29 January. An Austro-Hungarian Navy officer was assigned to the boat for piloting and training purposes. On 26 June 1915, UB-1 sank an Italian torpedo boat 5 PN in the Gulf of Venice.
On 4 June 1915, after being disassembled into three sections and transported by rail to Pola for reassembling, UB-1 was handed over to the Austro-Hungarian Navy and commissioned as U-10 under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Karl Edler von Unczowski.
British submarine had an encounter with U-10 on 11 May 1917. While cruising off Pola, H4 came across U-10 and fired a spread of two torpedoes at the submarine. The torpedoes were aimed to be 5° apart at a distance of which was apparently too wide, because the captain of H4 observed the torpedoes miss just ahead and just astern of U-10.
On 9 July 1918, U-10 hit an Italian mine near Caorle in the northern Adriatic Sea at position , and was beached with heavy damage. Although she was looted by Austro-Hungarian Army troops, she was later towed to Trieste for repairs, which remained unfinished at war's end; all of the 13 crew personnel were saved. U-10 was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped at Pola by 1920. U-10 sank no ships in her Austro-Hungarian service.
Summary of raiding history
References
Bibliography
Ships built in Kiel
Ships built in Pola
U-boats commissioned in 1915
World War I submarines of Germany
U-10-class submarines
World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20U-10%20%28Austria-Hungary%29
|
Anthony F. Upton (13 October 1929 – 4 July 2015) was a British professor of Nordic history.
Biography
Born in Stockton Heath, Cheshire, he graduated B.A. in Modern History from Queen's College, Oxford, with First-Class honours in 1951, subsequently M.A. (Oxon). After leaving Oxford he travelled to the United States as a Fulbright Scholar and graduated A.M. in history from Duke University, NC, in 1953. On his return from the United States, he was appointed as an Assistant Lecturer in History at the University of Leeds. He moved to the University of St. Andrews in 1956 as a lecturer in history, and was promoted to Reader before being appointed Professor of Nordic History in 1983, becoming Professor Emeritus on his retirement in 1996. He was a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
Upton published three books about the first decades (1918–1941) of Finnish independence. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Helsinki on 2 June 2000.
He is best known for disputing the so-called "driftwood theory" () of Finnish passivity in Operation Barbarossa.
Works
Finland in Crisis, 1940–1941, 1964, 318 pp.
Communism in Scandinavia and Finland: Politics of Opportunity, 1973, 422 pp.
Finland, 1939–1940, 1974, 174 pp.
The Finnish Revolution 1917–1918, 1980, 608 pp.
A Short History of Finland, 1998, 209 pp.
Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1998, 281 pp.
Europe 1600–1789, 2001. 437 pp.
References
(in Finnish) Hon. D's University of Helsinki
Works in English
Academics of the University of St Andrews
1929 births
2015 deaths
People from Stockton Heath
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20F.%20Upton
|
Un drame au château d'Acre is a 1915 short silent French drama film directed by Abel Gance.
Cast
Yvonne Briey
Henri Maillard
Aurelio Sidney (as Aurele Sydney)
Jacques Volnys
Jean Toulout as Ermont
References
External links
1915 films
1910s French-language films
French drama short films
French silent short films
1915 drama films
1915 short films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
Silent French drama films
1910s French films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un%20drame%20au%20ch%C3%A2teau%20d%27Acre
|
The red-pea gall or red currant gall develops as a chemically induced distortion arising from the underside of the mid-rib of a vein on Quercus species and it is attached by a short stalk or peduncle. The red-wart gall is the sexual phase of the same species.
Cause
The gall is caused by the parthenogenetic generation of Cynips divisa, which has been known by the synonyms Diplolepis divisa, Dryophanta divisa and Spathegaster verrucosus.
Appearance
In appearance it is glossy and somewhat flattened sphere and from ten to fifteen or so may occur on a single leaf. The average size is and the colouring starts as green, passing to yellow, orange and then red-brown; the season is midsummer onwards. Circular emergence holes appear in the galls.
Life cycle
Many of the agamic imagines emerge in October. After overwintering, Cynips develops eggs parthenogenetically and their eggs develop in live buds as 'red-wart galls'. The infested buds become yellow, orange or a russet colour and are about long. These red-wart galls appear in May and the males and females of the bisexual generation emerge in June and produce the fertilized eggs which undergo development in the red-pea galls.
Gall-forming insects
Some herbivorous insects therefore create their own microhabitats by forming, in this case, a highly distinctive plant structure called a gall, made up of plant tissue, but controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat, and food sources for the maker of the gall. The interior of a bedeguar gall is formed from the bud, and is composed of edible nutritious and structural tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. Galls may also provide the insect with some physical protection from predators.
Inquilines and parasites
These occur commonly in this native species.
See also
Cola-nut gall
Knopper gall
Oak apple
Oak artichoke gall
Oak marble gall
References
External links
The Virtual Field-Guide (UK)
Oak galls
Cynipidae
Insects described in 1840
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-pea%20gall
|
Leon James "Duke" Carmel (April 23, 1937 – August 3, 2021) was an American professional baseball player. Carmel played in 124 games over all or parts of four seasons in Major League Baseball between 1959 and 1965 for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Mets and New York Yankees, primarily as an outfielder.
Career
Carmel threw and batted left-handed; he was listed as tall and . A native of New York City, he graduated from Ben Franklin High School in East Harlem. Carmel signed with the Cardinals in 1955, and in his third minor league season, in the Class C Pioneer League, he was selected to the All-Star team after leading the circuit in runs scored (118) and runs batted in (121). He also batted a career-high .324.
He had his MLB debut in September , starting six games as the Cardinals' center fielder, but he collected only three hits and one base on balls in 24 plate appearances. After an additional trial, in September , Carmel spent all of 1961 and 1962 in the minor leagues (including service in the Los Angeles Dodgers and Cleveland Indians organizations) before returning to the major leagues in for his only full season. Beginning the year with the Cardinals, he appeared in 57 games, mostly as a pinch hitter. His first game of 1963, on April 16 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, was a memorable one: as a pinch hitter, he struck a ninth-inning, game-tying home run off Elroy Face, setting the table as the Cardinals scored the winning run two batters later. But by July 18, Carmel was batting only .227 with ten hits in 53 at bats. On July 29, he was traded to the Mets for another outfielder, Jacke Davis.
Carmel then became the Mets' starting first baseman. With regular play, his offensive performance perked up, and on August 8 at the Polo Grounds he had perhaps his best day as a major leaguer. Playing against his old team, the Cardinals, Carmel went three for four, hitting his second career home run in the eighth inning, facing left-handed relief pitcher Bobby Shantz, to win the game, 3–2. Although Carmel had two more three-hit games, on September 2 and 26, he hit only .175 during that month, dropping his season average to .233, with four home runs and 20 runs batted in.
He was then assigned outright to the Buffalo Bisons, the Mets' Triple-A affiliate, for the entire 1964 season. Carmel responded by blasting a career-high 35 homers, four behind league leader Mack Jones' 39. His power display earned Carmel one final MLB trial. Selected by the Yankees in the Rule 5 draft, he began on the Bombers' roster, playing under his old St. Louis manager, Johnny Keane. But he went hitless in eight at bats, and after May 2 he was sent back to Buffalo. He retired after the 1967 minor league season. All told, he collected 48 hits in the majors, with seven doubles, three triples and four home runs, batting .211 lifetime with 23 runs batted in.
References
External links
1937 births
2021 deaths
Albany Cardinals players
Billings Mustangs players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Decatur Commodores players
Houston Buffaloes players
Jacksonville Suns players
Major League Baseball outfielders
New York Mets players
New York Yankees players
Omaha Cardinals players
People from East Harlem
Portland Beavers players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Spokane Indians players
Baseball players from New York City
Tacoma Giants players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20Carmel
|
Waddinxveen Noord is a railway station in northern Waddinxveen, Netherlands. The station opened on 3 June 1973 and is on the Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.
Train services
The following train services call at Waddinxveen Noord:
4x per hour local service (sprinter) Alphen aan den Rijn - Gouda (2x per hour in evenings & weekends)
Bus Services
175 (Rotterdam Alexander - Rotterdam Nesselande - Waddinxveen - Waddinxveen Noord)
187 (Oegstgeest - Leiden - Zoeterwoude-Rijndijk - Hazerswoude - Waddinxveen - Gouda)
External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner
Railway stations in South Holland
Railway stations opened in 1973
Waddinxveen
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1970s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddinxveen%20Noord%20railway%20station
|
Alexander Arsenievich Romanovsky (12 June 1880 – 1943) was a Lithuanian-Russian chess master.
He was born in Kaunas, Lithuania (then Russian Empire). He was the elder brother of Peter Romanovsky.
At the beginning of the 20th century, he played in several local tournaments in Sankt Petersburg. He tied for 6–7th in 1905/06 (the 4th All-Russian Masters' Tournament, Gersz Salwe won), took 4th in 1907 (Sergey von Freymann won), took 3rd in 1908 (Quadrangular, S. Lebedev won), took 3rd in 1909 (Grigory Levenfish won), and took 11th in 1911 (All-Russian Amateur Tournament, Stepan Levitsky won).
References
1880 births
1943 deaths
Lithuanian chess players
Russian chess players
Sportspeople from Kaunas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Romanovsky%20%28chess%20player%29
|
The Pittsburgh Victorias were one of the earliest professional ice hockey teams. The club was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and were members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, the first league to openly hire hockey players, from 1902–1904. The team folded in 1904, when the WPHL disbanded its teams to form the Pittsburgh Professionals and compete in the International Professional Hockey League.
History
For the 1902–03 season, the Victorias were added to the WPHL making it a four team league. The team was made up of players from Ottawa, Ontario, enticed to come to Pittsburgh. The Victorias were able to add Stanley Cup winner Bruce Stuart to their team, giving the future Hall of Famer his start in professional hockey. That season, Stuart led the WPHL with 16 goals in his first pro season and was named to the First All-Star team. William Duval, the 1902 captain of the Ottawa Silver Seven, also made the trip to Pittsburgh and began his professional career with the Victorias. Ottawa's Harold "Chic" Henry, Charles Spittal and the Sixsmith brothers, Garnet and Arthur, also played for the Victorias. Arthur, the previous season, played on the Keystones' championship team. While Garnet would one day score 11 goals in a game in Pittsburgh, considered to be a record for the Duquesne Garden.
In 1904 the Victorias won the WPHL title and played Houghton, Michigan's Portage Lakes Hockey Club for the "American Championship" that year. The Victorias lost the three game series two games to one. The team disbanded later that year when the WPHL consolidated its players into the Pittsburgh Professionals and competed in the International Professional Hockey League. Several of the Victorias' players went on to play with the Professionals, such as William Duval, Ed Roberts, Arthur and Garnet Sixsmith and Charles Spittal.
Prominent players
Victorias members of Hockey Hall of Fame:
Bruce Stuart (1961)
Notes
References
Victorias
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Victorias
Victorias
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh%20Victorias
|
Le périscope is a 1916 silent French film directed by Abel Gance.
Cast
Albert Dieudonné as William Bell
Henri Maillard as Damores
Yvonne Sergyl as Manoela Damores
Georges Raulin as Geoffrey Bell
Mlle Savigny as Clelia Damores
References
External links
1916 films
1910s French-language films
French silent films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
1910s French films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20p%C3%A9riscope
|
The discography of the American jazz artist Herbie Hancock consists of forty-one studio albums, twelve live albums, sixty-two compilation albums, five soundtrack albums, thirty-eight physical singles, nine promo singles and four songs not released as singles, but that charted due to downloads. This article does not include re-issues, unless they are counted separately from the original works in the charts, furthermore because of the enormous amount of material published, this discography omits less notable appearances in compilations and live albums. The discography shows the peak weekly main chart positions of eight selected countries: United States, France,[a] Germany, Japan,[b] Netherlands, Sweden,[c] Switzerland and United Kingdom. Positions also listed on United States are R&B / hip hop, dance / club, jazz[d] and bubbling under charts.[e] The peaks do not refer necessarily to the position that a record reached when it was first released. Also included are certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)[f] and the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI).[g]
Hancock made his debut as professional musician in the early 1960s as a sideman, quickly earning a good reputation. Blue Note Records noticed his talent and added him to its roster. For the label, he released seven albums, including Takin' Off (1962), his first solo album, supported by the single "Watermelon Man", which is one of the most performed jazz standards; Empyrean Isles (1964) and Maiden Voyage (1965), two influential jazz albums. During these years, Hancock also began a career as composer for film and television soundtracks, beginning with Blow-Up (1966) for MGM Records. In this role, he reached the top in 1986 with the Round Midnight soundtrack (for Columbia Records), that had its best result on the AFYVE Spanish Albums Chart at No. 18 and won an Academy Award for Best Original Score. After his departure from Blue Note, Hancock signed with Warner Bros. Records, publishing three albums in which he experimented with new jazz music directions: the R&B-oriented Fat Albert Rotunda (1969) and the electronic-oriented Mwandishi (1971) and Crossings (1972). These three releases became influential in the jazz rock movement.
Hancock continued to experiment after leaving Warner Bros. for Columbia Records, where he remained until the late 1980s, releasing sixteen studio albums. At Columbia, Hancock had his best commercial results, gaining immediate success with Head Hunters (1973), an R&B-oriented jazz album with strong funk influences. It peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard 200 and became the best-selling jazz album for a period of time. In 1986, it became the first jazz album ever to win a RIAA Platinum Award and is considered very influential in jazz, funk, soul and hip-hop music. Head Hunters also contains Hancock's first mainstream hit, "Chameleon" (1974), which peaked at No. 35 on the RPM Canadian Singles Chart and is a jazz standard. Other albums that followed in the style of Head Hunters with good popular success, especially in the US, were Thrust (1974) and Man-Child (1975), which ranked respectively No. 13 and No. 21 on the Billboard 200. In 1978, Hancock added disco influences to his jazz and established himself as a mainstream hitmaker across Europe with "I Thought It Was You" (1978) and "You Bet Your Love" (1979), which peaked, respectively, at No. 15 and No. 18 on the UK Singles Chart, and "Tell Everybody" (1979), which peaked at No. 22 on the Belgian Flemish Singles Chart. Thanks to these singles, his albums Sunlight (1978) and Feets, Don't Fail Me Now (1979) earned good popular success, especially in Europe. The first album had its best performance peaking on UK Albums Chart at No. 26, and the second peaked on the VG Norwegian Albums Chart at No. 18.
In 1983, Hancock radically refreshed his sound with strong electronic influences and released Future Shock (1983), an influential album in jazz fusion, dance, electronic, techno and hip-hop music. The album had its best results in Europe, where it peaked at No. 7 on the Ö3 Austria Top 75 Longplays chart. Furthermore, it spawned his biggest hit single, "Rockit" (1983), the first jazz hip-hop song, and became a worldwide anthem for breakdancers and the hip-hop culture of the 1980s. It reached the top 10 in several countries (especially in Europe), having its best performance on Swiss Singles Chart and Belgian Flemish Singles Chart, in each case at No. 4. It also won a RIAA Gold Award in 1990. Thanks to this song, Hancock won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance, the first Grammy of his career of a total of fourteen. Future Shock was a bigger success than even Head Hunters, winning a RIAA Platinum Award in 1994 faster than the earlier album had. It spawned an additional mainstream hit with "Autodrive" (1983), which had its best performance on UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 33. Sound-System (1984) followed the musical direction of Future Shock and won the Grammy Award in the same category of "Rockit", making Hancock the first solo artist to win in this category for two consecutive years and also the artist with most wins in the category (a record shared with Earth, Wind & Fire and George Benson). After six years of silence in his solo career, Hancock signed with Mercury Records and released Dis Is da Drum (1994) that showed another innovation in his career with an acid jazz-oriented sound and reached No. 40 on the Swedish Albums Chart. After this release, there were several albums of duets, covers and tributes, such as Gershwin's World (1998), Possibilities (2005) and River: The Joni Letters (2007). The last peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 and became the second jazz album in history to win a Grammy Award for Album of the Year (the first was Getz/Gilberto (1964) by Stan Getz and João Gilberto). As of 2016, Hancock's last original solo project was the electronic-influenced Future 2 Future (2001), released for Transparent Music.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Releases that charted
Releases that did not chart
Compilations
Releases that charted
Releases that did not chart
Some of these compilations were re-issued many times with different titles. Sometimes the re-issues included the same track list in a different order and/or with small variations with some bonus tracks.
Soundtrack albums
Singles
Physical singles
Physical releases that charted
Physical releases that did not chart
Promo singles
Note: Promo releases do not chart, because they are not sold, they are promotional items
Promo releases that charted
Promo releases that did not chart
Other charted songs
Other appearances
See also
Herbie Hancock other appearances
The Headhunters
V.S.O.P.
Notes
a ^ From 1989, SNEP lists greatest hits and compilation albums of the artists in a compilation chart (already active from 1987 only for the various artists compilations).Prior the launch of the SNEP Singles Chart on November 3, 1984, there wasn't a reliable weekly chart for the singles in France. So, in 2000, Fabrice Ferment in collaboration with SNEP compiled monthly charts for the pre-SNEP chart period based on retail sales of the time.
b ^ Before Oricon launched the albums chart (started in 1987), it published only albums charts classified as follows: LPs (1970-1989), Cassettes (1974-1995) and CDs (1985-1997). For pre-1987 peak positions, the LP chart is used, as that was the main medium.
c ^ Prior September 8, 1993, the IFPI Swedish charts were bi-weekly.
d ^ Between October 20, 1984, and December 4, 1993, the Billboard jazz albums charts were bi-weekly. Note that Top Contemporary Jazz Albums was established on February 28, 1987, and before this date, Contemporary jazz albums were charted on the Top Traditional Jazz Albums (at the time known simply as Top Jazz Albums).
e ^ Between June 1, 1959, and August 24, 1985 Billboard published the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, which ranked the songs that failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 1970, a bubbling under chart was created for the albums that failed to enter into the Billboard 200 and was called Bubbling Under Top LPs. This list closed on August 24, 1985. The bubbling under charts came back on December 5, 1992, with Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and Bubbling Under R&B / Hip-Hop Singles. The latter lists the singles that failed to enter into the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs.
f ^ RIAA certifications are based on shipment sales in the United States and, on request by the label, RIAA certifies albums and singles as Gold (500,000 units), Platinum (every 1 million units) and Diamond (every 10 million units).
g ^ BVMI certifications are based on retail sales in Germany calculated by GEMA and other societies. For the low sales of the jazz records, BVMI established a jazz division in 1992 only for albums and singles of the genre released from this date; on request by the label, BVMI certifies them as Gold (every 10,000 copies) and Platinum (every 20,000 copies).
References
External links
Herbie Hancock Official website
Herbie Hancock on AllMusic
Herbie Hancock on Discogs
Discographies of American artists
Jazz discographies
Electronic music discographies
Discography
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie%20Hancock%20discography
|
Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 or the Codetermination Act 1976 is a German law that requires companies of over 2000 employees to have half the supervisory board of directors as representatives of workers, and just under half the votes.
Background
From 1922 to 1933, and again from 1951 Germany had had board level codetermination laws, inspired by collective agreements between worker unions and management. The Weimar Constitution 1919 itself said that, “Works and staff are appointed to participate with equal rights together with the company in the regulation of wages and working conditions, as well as in the complete economic development of the producing powers.” The coal and steel industry had required half worker and half shareholder seats on the company supervisory board, but outside these sectors, the Work Constitution Act 1952 merely required one third representation. By 1976, and given the success of worker participation it was decided that this should be raised. The 1976 Act was passed on May 4 after long consultations and debates in Parliament (the Bundestag). This law was a political compromise between the Social Democrats and Liberal coalition members; it reconciled views of individual employee participation in decision-making with the less conservative view of collective codetermination of labor. The 1976 law applies to all corporations with more than 2,000 employees; a similar law was passed in 1951 but only applied to coal and steel companies. (It remains in force and applies from 1,000 employees on in these branches' companies.)
Content
It applies to all German capital companies, including public companies (Aktiengesellschaft), cooperatives (eingetragene Genossenschaft), private limited companies (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) and partnerships (Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien) if they have over 2000 employees. Employees and national unions have equal representation on the supervisory board with the stockholders, but the board’s chairman must be a stockholder who has a tie-breaking vote.
The principle is to have almost equal representation between employee representatives and shareholder representatives on the supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat). Germany company law has two levels of boards of directors. The supervisory board then elects a management board which leads the company. The head of the supervisory board is always a shareholder representative who has two votes in case of a deadlock. (Coal and steel industry companies' co-determination goes even further with full parity and a neutral tie-breaking member, instead)
Under the Codetermination Act, the supervisory board must have 12, 16 or 20 members depending on the company's size. Two or three seats will usually be reserved for union representatives. the other seats will be workers, officials and appointees of other interest groups.
Companies with equal representation on their boards must have a dedicated management board position for labor affairs. Codetermination allows employees and not only unions to influence the operations of firms and their surplus.
Effects
While this law was in some ways an extension of the codetermination law of 1951, it differed in key ways. Unlike the 1951 law, however, employees choose their representatives rather than being chosen by the national union; this had the effect of weakening union power. However, employees can use codetermination to protect themselves against wage cuts, layoffs and restructuring, and for this reason, it is believed that wage structure in Germany is remarkably stable.
Developments
Former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder established a Commission on Codetermination (Mitbestimmungskommission), which in 2005, came to no conclusion about possible reforms of the law. Different members disagreed with one side wanting to reduce worker influence and the other side increase it.
See also
Codetermination
Labour law
Works council
Notes
References
E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135
External links
Text of the law (in German)
Mitbestimmungsgesetz Urteil BVerGE 50, 290
German labour law
1976 in law
1976 in Germany
1976 in labor relations
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitbestimmungsgesetz
|
Abeiku Quansah (born 2 November 1990) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Berekum Chelsea.
Club career
Quansah was born in Kumasi.
On 4 November 2008, he moved from Windy Professionals F.C. to OGC Nice and signed a contract between 30 June 2011. He came along with national teammate Enoch Kofi Adu. Quansah played his debut match in the Coupe de la Ligue against US Creteil on 11 November 2008 and his second game in the Coupe de France on 3 January 2009 against Arras Football.
In 2011, he went on to Arsenal Kyiv. He stayed throughout 2013, then joined El Gouna in Egypt.
International career
He was member of the Ghana national under-17 football team in the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup and played 6 games in the tournament in Korea Republic. On 1 January 2009, he was named for the Black Satellites for the 2009 African Youth Championship in Rwanda.
Honours
International
Ghana U-20
African Youth Championship: 2009
FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2009
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumasi
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Ghana men's under-20 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Ligue 1 players
Ukrainian Premier League players
OGC Nice players
FC Arsenal Kyiv players
El Gouna FC players
Daring Club Motema Pembe players
Berekum Chelsea F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Egypt
Expatriate men's footballers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in France
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Egypt
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Windy Professionals FC players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeiku%20Quansah
|
Denis William Bryant DFC (31 January 1918 – 9 August 2005) was a Royal Air Force Officer and then an Anglican bishop in Australia in the third quarter of the 20th century.
Early life
He was born on 31 January 1918, and educated at Cardiff University. His father Tom was a well-known harpist and kept the Carpenters' Arms public house in Efail Isaf.
Air Force
Bryant served in the RAF both during the War and afterwards. In 1942 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. He was appointed Pilot Officer in 1943, Flying Officer in 1946 and Flight Lieutenant in 1948. He had a conversion experience whilst flying a plane, and proceeded to ordination.
Church
After training for ordination at Queen’s College, Birmingham, Bryant was ordained in the Diocese of Guildford, as deacon in 1958 and priest in 1959. He served curacies at St Thomas-on-the-Bourne, Farnham, (1958-1960) and St Mary the Virgin, Cuddington, Worcester Park (1960-1961).
Having seen an advertisement in the church press for priests to serve in the remote and sparsely-populated Australian Diocese of Kalgoorlie he became Rector of St Andrew's, Esperance (1961-1967). His new parish extended 200 miles north to south, and 65 east to west. During his incumbency, he replaced the galvanised iron church with a new building, which was opened in 1964. In 1966 he was additionally appointed as Archdeacon of the Goldfields.
He was consecrated a bishop on 30 November 1967 at St George's Cathedral, Perth, to become the 4th Bishop of Kalgoorlie. With closure of the goldfields, however, he realised that his diocese was no longer viable as a separate entity, and asked the Archbishop of Perth to reabsorb it, which occurred in 1973.
After merger, he then served in parish ministry in Perth as Rector of St John the Evangelist, Northam (1973–1975) and St Lawrence's, Dalkeith (1975–1985), as well as being an Assistant Bishop of Perth.
Personal life
He was married to Linda, and had a daughter. They both predeceased him. He died in 2005, aged 87.
References
1918 births
Alumni of Cardiff University
Royal Air Force officers
Anglican archdeacons in Australia
20th-century Anglican bishops in Australia
Anglican bishops of Kalgoorlie
Assistant bishops in the Anglican Diocese of Perth
2005 deaths
People from Esperance, Western Australia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Bryant
|
The Atle class comprises five icebreakers built for the Swedish and Finnish Transport Agency. The two Finnish ships, Urho and Sisu, are sometimes considered a separate class, but all are operationally identical.
The ships were built by Wärtsilä Helsinki Shipyard in Finland and entered service in the mid to late 1970s. The maneuvering system, incorporating dual rudders and dual bow propellers, represented significant technical innovation. They are also notable for their high level of crew comfort (for their time), to a point where Urho has served the Finnish government as a VIP transport.
Ships
Atle, Sweden, commissioned 1974
Urho, Finland, commissioned 1975
Frej, Sweden, commissioned 1975
Sisu, Finland, commissioned 1976
Ymer, Sweden, commissioned 1977
External links
Icebreakers of Finland
Icebreakers of Sweden
Auxiliary icebreaker classes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atle-class%20icebreaker
|
Les Gaz mortels is a 1916 silent French film directed by Abel Gance.
Cast
Doriani
Émile Keppens
Henri Maillard
Léon Mathot
Germaine Pelisse
Maud Richard
Jean Fleury
References
External links
1916 films
1910s French-language films
French silent feature films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
1910s French films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Gaz%20mortels
|
The six string quartets Op. 20 by Joseph Haydn are among the works that earned Haydn the sobriquet "the father of the string quartet". The quartets are considered a milestone in the history of composition; in them, Haydn develops compositional techniques that were to define the medium for the next 200 years.
The quartets were composed in 1772 at a time of tensions in Haydn's life, and also when Haydn was influenced by new philosophical and political ideas sweeping Europe. Some analysts see the impact of these emotions and ideas on the quartets.
The quartets
The set of quartets, along with their incipits are shown below in order of Haydn's own catalog [].
No. 1 in E major
No. 2 in C major
No. 3 in G minor
No. 4 in D major
No. 5 in F minor
No. 6 in A major
Composition
Haydn was 40 years old when he composed the opus 20 quartets and was already well-established as one of the leading composers of Europe. He was Kapellmeister to the Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, a great lover of music. Haydn presided over the busy musical life of the court, producing operas, oratorios, and symphonic and chamber concerts, and writing a steady stream of new music for the prince's amusement.
Nikolaus had eight years prior to this date built the Eszterháza palace southeast of Vienna (in Hungary), where the court resided for most of the year. While the palace itself was one of the most splendid in Austria, and was dubbed the "Hungarian Versailles", it was built over a large swamp; it was humid throughout the year, with a "vexatious, penetrating north wind" from which Haydn and the other musicians in the court suffered. Moreover, it was far from Vienna, and the musicians (Haydn, as Kapellmeister, excepted) had to leave their wives and families behind for many months. Consequently, there was much discontent among the musicians, and Haydn, like the others, suffered from bouts of depression and illness.
This atmosphere found its expression in the opus 20 quartets. "The designation affettuoso found twice in the directions for the tempo of slow movements can be applied to the whole opus", writes Geiringer. Haydn chooses minor keys for two of the quartets, unusual in a time where the minor was rarely used for this ensemble. In particular, the fifth quartet is in the unusual key of F minor, "a key that predisposes even Haydn to sombre thoughts", writes Cobbett.
But the sodden air of Eszterháza was not the only influence on the emotional character of the quartets. It was a time of ferment: new ideas that were to spur the Romantic movement in another 30 years were taking root. Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau expounded a philosophy of human freedom and a return to nature. Poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller espoused the new Sturm und Drang movement, that "exalted nature, feeling, and human individualism and sought to overthrow the Enlightenment cult of Rationalism". For Haydn, this meant the rejection of the galante style, the courtly, simplified, somewhat slender musical style prevalent at the time.
Analysts trace specific musical choices in the Opus 20 quartets to these new ideas. For example, the minuet movement of the D major quartet (number 4) is replaced by a frenetic gypsy air titled "alla zingarese", full of offbeat rhythms. "Rousseau's 'back to nature' movement resulted in a general reawakening of interest in national folk music. Haydn showed himself in complete sympathy with this tendency", writes Geiringer. Three of the six quartets have fugues as finales. Counterpoint, the densely complex style of the Baroque, had fallen out of favor with the galante composers. "To emphasize his rejection of rococo lightness, Haydn reverted to Baroque features", writes Geiringer.
The opus 20 quartets were the third set of quartets Haydn wrote at Eszterháza. His dedication to the string quartet form is something of a mystery; there is no record of a string quartet concert performed at the palace during this period. The set became known as the "Sun" quartets, because of the picture of a rising sun that graced the cover of an early edition The first known publication of the quartets was in 1774 by Louis-Balthazar de La Chevardière in Paris and later (undated, probably in the 1780s or 1790s) by Artaria in Vienna. The most commonly used Urtext edition is by Eulenburg, published in the 1880s.
Opus 20 and the development of the string quartet
Assessment by music historians
When Haydn published his opus 33 quartets, ten years after the opus 20, he wrote that they were composed in "an entirely new and particular manner". But, if the opus 33 was the culmination of a process, opus 20 was the proving ground. In this set of quartets, Haydn defined the nature of the string quartet – the special interplay of instruments that Goethe called "four rational people conversing". Many of the compositional techniques used by composers of string quartets to the present day were tried out and perfected in these works.
"This cannot be overstated", writes Ron Drummond; "the six string quartets of Opus 20 are as important in the history of music, and had as radically a transforming effect on the very field of musical possibility itself, as Beethoven's Third Symphony would 33 years later". And Sir Donald Tovey writes of the quartets, "Every page of the six quartets of Op. 20 is of historic and aesthetic importance... there is perhaps no single or sextuple opus in the history of instrumental music which has achieved so much".
The musicologist Roger Hickman has demurred from this consensus view. He notes a change in string quartet writing towards the end of the 1760s, featuring characteristics which are to day thought of as essential to the genre - scoring for two violins, viola and cello, solo passages, and absence of actual or potential basso continuo accompaniment. Noting that at this time other composers were writing works conforming to these 'modern' criteria, and that Haydn's earlier quartets did not meet them, he suggests that "one casualty [of such a perspective] is the notion that Haydn "invented" the string quartet...Although he may still be considered the "father" of the "Classical" string quartet, he is not the creator of the string quartet genre itself...This old and otiose myth not only misrepresents the achievements of other excellent composers, but also distorts the character and qualities of Haydn's opp. 1, 2 and 9".
The musicologist Cliff Eisen contextualizes the op. 20 quartets as follows: "Haydn's quartets of the late 1760s and early 1770s [opp. 9, 17 and 20] are high points in the early history of the quartet. Characterized by a wide range of textures, frequent assymetries and theatrical gestures...these quartets established the genre's four-movement form, its larger dimensions, and ...its greater aesthetic pretensions and expressive range."
Some of the innovations of Haydn's op. 20 quartets, as stated by Tovey and others, are as follows:
Equality of voices
Prior to opus 20, the first violin, or, sometimes, the two violins, dominated the quartet. The melody was carried by the leader, with the lower voices (viola and cello) accompanying. In opus 20, Haydn gives each instrument, and particularly the cello, its own voice. An outstanding example of this is the second quartet in C major. The quartet opens with a cello solo, accompanied by the viola and second violin. This was virtually unheard of in Haydn's time. Another example is in the slow movement of the fourth quartet, in D major. This movement is a set of variations, written in D minor; the first variation is a duet between viola and second violin, and the third variation is a solo for cello.
Structural innovations
With the opus 20 quartets, Haydn moved forward the development of the sonata form. A movement written in sonata form has an exposition, where the themes and motifs of the movement are presented; a development section, where these themes are transformed; and a recapitulation, where the themes are restated. Traditionally, the restatement closely matched the original exposition. But Haydn, in opus 20, uses the restatement to further develop the material of the movement. For example, in the F minor quartet, Haydn embellishes the original theme, and rearranges the original material, adding to the musical tension as the movement moves to the coda. In the G minor quartet, the recapitulation is hardly a recapitulation at all; while all the original materials are included, they are rearranged and transformed.
There are other structural innovations in opus 20. Haydn develops the idea of "false reprise". In the fourth quartet, in D major, for example, Haydn sneaks into the recapitulation of the first movement, treating it dramatically as though it is a continuation of the development. Haydn also experiments with cyclical structure: the reuse of thematic and rhythmic materials in different movements, to give an overall unity to the piece.
Depth of expression
Haydn experiments with expressive techniques in the quartets. An example of this is the G minor quartet, where Haydn defies the standard practice of ending each movement with a cadence played forte. Instead, Haydn ends each movement piano or pianissimo. Another example is the F minor quartet; this quartet, writes Tovey, "is the most nearly tragic work Haydn ever wrote; its first movement being of astonishing depth of thought".
Length and symmetry of phrases
Haydn experiments with asymmetrical phrases and syncopations. The common practice of the time was to write melodies that divided neatly into four- and eight-measure chunks. But the opening phrase of the third quartet, in G minor, is seven measures long, and the minuet of the same quartet has a melody that is divided into two phrases of five measures each.
Indeed, in opus 20, most of the minuet movements are minuets in name only. The minuet was a court dance, through-choreographed, built of four groups of four measures in time. The minuets of opus 20, with the exception of numbers 1 and 6, would be impossible to dance to, as they do not have this formal structure. The minuet of the second quartet in C major is built of tied suspensions in the first violin, viola and cello, so that the listener loses all sense of downbeat. The fourth quartet has the off-beat alla zingarese movement. The minuet of the fifth quartet has a first section of 18 measures, divided asymmetrically. So far did Haydn stray from the formal minuet dance structure, that in his next set of quartets, opus 33, he did not call them minuets at all, but rather scherzos.
Use of counterpoint
The fugal finales of three of the six quartets are Haydn's statement of rejection of the galante. Not only has Haydn rejected the freedom of the rococo style, he has emphasized that rejection by adhering to strict formality and writing comments into the score explaining the fugal structure. "Al rovescio" he writes at one point in the last movement of quartet number two, where the fugal melody is played in inversion. "In canone" he writes in the finale of number 5. The finale of number six is a "Fuga a 3 Soggetti" (a fugue with three fugal subjects).
The fugal finales are not mere formalism, however; Haydn clothes them in a dramatic structure suitable for the Sturm und Drang. All three movements start out sotto voce; as the fugue develops formally, the tension mounts, but Haydn does not increase the volume, until a sudden, startling burst of forte. "Haydn has, in the quartets of opus 20, a hint of the emotional and dramatic impulse which became so volcanic in Beethoven's fugues", writes Donald Tovey.
Haydn's fugal finales are not the only use of counterpoint in these quartets. Haydn revives Baroque compositional techniques in other movements as well. The opening of the second quartet is essentially contrapuntal, with the viola and the second violins playing countersubjects to the cello's principal melodic line. Haydn also uses more obscure techniques; in the adagio movement of the fifth quartet, for example, he writes at one point "per figuram retardationis", meaning that the melodic line in the first violin lags behind the harmonic changes in the accompaniment. "Enormous importance lies in these fugues", writes Tovey. "Besides achieving in themselves the violent reconquest of the ancient kingdom of polyphony for the string quartet, they effectively establish fugue texture from henceforth as a normal resource of sonata style".
Structure of the quartets
No. 1 in E major
While the first movement is in straightforward sonata-allegro form, Haydn nonetheless breaks with the standard quartet model of the period. The second theme of the exposition is presented by the cello, rather than the violin, playing in a high register above the viola accompaniment. Haydn also disguises the return to the recapitulation after the development section of the movement: after only three bars of development, Haydn returns to the theme in the tonic, suggesting the beginning of the recapitulation; but instead, deviates into a series of transpositions, finally sneaking back to the main theme when least expected. Haydn uses this trick of a pretended recapitulation in other opus 20 quartets.
The second movement is a minuet, one of two from the set that follow all the rules of the traditional dance (the other is the minuet of number 6). The third movement is marked "Affettuoso e sostenuto", written in A major as an aria, with the first violin carrying the melody throughout. The finale, marked presto, is built on a six-measure phrase, with extensive use of syncopations in the first violin. In the middle of the movement there is an extended passage where the first violin plays syncopations and the other instruments are playing on the second beat of the bar; no one plays on the downbeat, and toward the end of the passage the listener loses track of the meter, until the main theme returns.
No. 2 in C major
In this quartet, Haydn develops the equal interplay between the instruments, the quartet conversation. The first movement opens with a cello solo, playing above the accompanying instruments. In the course of the movement every instrument gets to play the solo – even the viola, who, "besides having a vote in the parliament of four... for once [is heard by Haydn] as he hears the cantabile of the 'cello", writes Tovey. The movement is markedly chromatic; the development ranges from C major, to A major, dipping into D major, A minor, F major, and even A major.
The second movement opens with a bold unisono, then the cello states the theme. It is an emotionally charged movement, with dramatic shifts from pianissimo to forte, mixed with cantabile passages with a sextuplet accompaniment in the viola.
The minuet, like others in the set, defies choreography. In the opening section, all the instruments are tied across the barline, so the sense of downbeat dissipates. The effect recalls the sound of a musette de cour, or other type of bagpipe. This movement, too, is very chromatic, with the melody of the second section built on a descending chromatic scale in the first violin.
The finale is a fugue with four subjects. Haydn marks the opening sempre sotto voce. The fugue ripples along in an undertone, through various learned fugal maneuvers – a stretto, al rovescio. The texture gradually thins so that only two voices are playing at once, when suddenly the fugue bursts into forte and cascades of sixteenth notes lead to the close of the quartet. In the autograph edition, Haydn wrote over this passage, "Laus. Omnip. Deo. Sic fugit amicus amicum" (Praise the Lord. Thus one friend flees another friend).
No. 3 in G minor
"This quartet is among the more enigmatic pieces in the repertory", writes William Drabkin. "Indeed, the work is in so many respects unusual that it seems in places to defy interpretation".
The enigma begins with the opening theme of the first movement: built of two phrases of seven measures each, it defies the galante practice of carefully balanced four- and eight-measure phrases. It is almost as if Haydn was wagging his tongue at his contemporaries, violating accepted shibboleths of composition. "Haydn's compositional freedom seems often defiantly at odds with what textbooks have to say", writes Drabkin. For example, Haydn inserts brief unisono passages in the major key, as a kind of exclamation mark; but, where such passages would normally be played forte, he has marked them piano for a surprisingly different effect.
Haydn continues the odd phrase structure in the minuet, which is built of five-measure units. Aside from its undanceable meter, the minuet is a sombre work, emphatically minor in character. The trio section of the minuet offers a brief respite with a first strain in E major; but the second strain returns to the minor, modulating down through several minor keys. The trio ends with a plagal cadence to G major, for a Baroque-like Picardy third conclusion; but then the minuet recapitulates in G minor. The move from G major back to G minor is so jolting that Drabkin speculates that the trio might possibly have been borrowed from another piece.
The third movement, marked Poco Adagio, is a long cantabile aria in G major, dominated by the first violin and the cello. After the first violin states the theme, the cello takes over with a long rippling line of sixteenth notes. The movement includes a haunting viola solo, unusual in Haydn's quartets, and in quartet writing from that period in general.
The finale is marked Allegro molto. Here, too, Haydn continues to defy accepted practice. Here Haydn makes dramatic use of silence; the opening four-bar theme breaks off suddenly for a half-measure pause. Such pauses recur throughout the movement, giving the movement "a mildly disruptive effect", according to Drabkin. In this movement, Haydn also makes a number of surprising harmonic progressions. He ends the piece in G major, surprisingly, with a descent from piano to pianissimo.
No. 4 in D major
If the third quartet of the set is the most obscure and difficult to understand, the fourth is the most popular. "... The D major quartet, opus 20 number 4, has met with more public recognition than the other five", writes Tovey.
The quartet opens with a quiet, almost hymn-like statement of the theme. Suddenly there is a burst of arpeggio in the first violin, lapsing immediately back to the quiet of the first motive. The juxtaposition of calm and vigor continues through the exposition, to the statement of the second theme, and a short codetta leading to the development. In the development section, Haydn repeatedly offers false reprises: After a section of development, he presents a dominant arpeggio leading back to the first theme. But this is not the reprise, the development goes on. Haydn does this again, and yet again, then sneaks back into the real reprise in a way that the listener does not notice. The movement ends, like several others of the opus 20, in pianissimo.
The second movement, a set of variations in D minor, is one of Haydn's most profound, a rejection of the shallowness of the galante. "The poignant second movement Adagio moves the string quartet even farther from the concept of courtly entertainment", writes Miller. "In this wonderful movement, we have something of three centuries: the seventeenth century Baroque, the eighteenth century Classical, and the nineteenth century Romantic. Haydn's genius encompasses it all". The movement is distinguished by the concertante writing for each of the instruments: the second violin and viola in the first variation, the cello in the second variation, and the first violin in the third variation.
In the third movement, the Allegretto alla zingarese, the upper and lower voices play complex, interlocking cross-rhythms, confusing all sense of downbeat. Although the meter is in , the pulse is in two, with the strong beats of the upper voices alternating with the strong beats of the lower voices. The trio section of the movement is a cello solo, marching in perfectly regular time, "the perfect foil to the Menuet alla zingarese".
The fourth movement continues the gypsy style of the third movement. Chromatic melodies, octave leaps, use of the gypsy scale (a minor scale with raised fourth and raised seventh), and flashy virtuoso embellishments in the first violin make this movement "sheer fun for the listener and likewise for the players", writes Miller. The movement ends in pianissimo, "an ending that simply evaporates".
No. 5 in F minor
This is the most emotionally intense of the opus 20 quartets. In the opening phrase, the violin sets the tone with a haunting melody. "Haydn, we might imagine, set out to test the limits of what the minor mode could express in this newly serious instrumental combination", writes Roger Parker. The music rolls out almost without interruption; instead of ending each phrase with a cadence before beginning a new phrase, Haydn runs the phrases together, the end of one being the beginning of the next. Throughout the first movement – and, indeed, for almost the entire quartet – the first violin leads with the concertante part. Even so, the texture is not galante, for the other parts play important and independent roles throughout. Haydn in the recapitulation continues developing the melody with new embellishments, and the coda wanders through strange modulations – D major, G minor – before returning to the plaintive F minor conclusion.
The minuet continues the sombre mood in F minor. The character of the minuet is as far from that of a courtly dance as can be imagined. Again, the structure of the minuet is irregular and undanceable. The trio section, in F major, offers a brief respite from the relentless minor, but even this section is subdued in tone.
The slow movement is a Siciliana, in F major. The theme cycles throughout the movement, constantly transforming itself, while the first violin plays a concertante descant, floating over the theme, sometimes capturing it, then leaving it again.
The finale is a fugue with two subjects. The main subject is a standard fugal motif, used frequently in the Baroque (it appears, among other places, in Handel's Messiah). While constructing a fugue in the strict, learned style, Haydn imbues the movement with an intense dramatic structure; like other fugues in the set, the entire first two thirds of the fugue is sotto voce. Out of this quiet the first violin suddenly erupts to a forte, only to fall back into another piano section. The texture thins and the tension descends, until a second burst of fortissimo, with first violin and cello playing the fugal subject in canon, leading to the dramatic finale.
No. 6 in A major
This, the last quartet as published, but the second of the series as Haydn conceived them, is the most conservative of the set. The quartet has the bright, optimistic character often associated with Haydn's music. The key is A major, a key that highlights the highest and brightest tones of the lead violin. Haydn has marked the first movement Allegro di molto e Scherzando. Yet, here, too, Haydn is trying out new ideas. Traditionally, the exposition proceeds from a first theme in the tonic key to a second theme in the dominant. In the first movement, Haydn indeed proceeds to the dominant key of E major, but then shifts to E minor for the second theme. But he stays in that key only half a measure, modulating to C major, then to D major, and on, shifting keys relentlessly until he comes back to the dominant E major.
The second movement, marked Adagio, is a variation on sonata form, modeled after a form developed by Haydn's contemporary, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. The violins dominate, with the first violin playing the melody over rippling sixteenth notes in the second, or the second carrying the melody, with the first playing embellishments.
The minuet is in strict danceable form. The theme of the minuet is a variation of the first theme of the first movement – one of the most explicit examples of cyclic form in Haydn's work.
The last movement is a fugue with three subjects. Like the other fugal finales in the set, this proceeds sempre sotto voce until nearly the end, when it breaks into forte. Unlike the other fugues, however, this has none of the Sturm und Drang drama about it, but is predominantly major and upbeat in character.
Impact of the quartets
The Op. 20 quartets transformed the way composers would write string quartets. "When we consider the poor condition" of string quartet writing prior to Haydn, writes C. Ferdinand Pohl, "... it is impossible to overrate his creative powers".
However, it is also disputed how much impact Joseph Haydn alone had on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in string ensemble works. Euna Na points out by examining works composed by Michael Haydn in 1773 (MH 187, MH 188, MH 189), that in string ensemble works, Mozart shares far more linguistic elements such as chromatic harmony and theatrical gestures with Michael Haydn; "Wolfgang seems to have been influenced earlier and more directly by Michael than by Joseph". Striking examples of linguistic similarity are found in the slow movements of Michael's MH 367 and Mozart's K. 465, for example. Professor David Wyn Jones at the Cardiff University School of Music states that "in Salzburg, if not throughout his life, Mozart was writing in a lingua franca and many of the features of that language are to be found in Michael Haydn too".
Many great composers acknowledged their debt to Haydn and to these quartets. Beethoven also recognized the importance of Haydn's work. Before embarking on his own first set of string quartets, Op. 18, Beethoven studied the scores of the Haydn Op. 20 quartets, copying them out and scoring the first for string orchestra. Throughout his life, Beethoven had a love-hate relationship with Haydn: Haydn was one of Beethoven's teachers, and Haydn's criticisms of his early compositions rankled the young composer to the day of the elder composer's death. Yet, in spite of the antagonism, Beethoven spoke of Haydn with reverence. "Do not rob Handel, Haydn and Mozart of their laurel wreaths", he wrote in a letter in 1812, three years after Haydn's death. "They are entitled to theirs, I am not yet entitled to mine".
Brahms was also a devotee of the Op. 20 quartets. Brahms owned the autograph manuscript of the quartets, studied them carefully and annotated them. He bequeathed the manuscript to the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna, where it is preserved today.
See also
List of string quartets by Joseph Haydn
Footnotes
Bibliography
(References are to the 2nd edition, published in 1963, with a new volume 3).
Tovey, Sir Donald, "Haydn", in Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music (1929; 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1963); see vol. 1, pp. 515–545.
Pohl, C. Ferdinand, "Haydn", in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1946)
Further reading
External links
String Quartet in F minor, Op. 20, No. 5, online full score
20
1772 compositions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quartets%2C%20Op.%2020%20%28Haydn%29
|
Le droit à la vie is a 1917 silent French film directed by Abel Gance.
Cast
Paul Vermoyal as Pierre Veryal
Léon Mathot as Jacques Alberty
Andrée Brabant as Andree Mael
Georges Paulais as Marc Toln
Eugénie Bade as Grandmother
Lebrey as Magistrate
Anthony Gildès
References
External links
1917 films
1910s French-language films
French silent feature films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
1910s French films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20droit%20%C3%A0%20la%20vie
|
Steven Pressman (born February 23, 1952 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American economist. He is a former Professor of Economics and Finance at Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. He has taught at the University of New Hampshire and Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut.
He has served as co-editor of the Review of Political Economy since 1995, as Associate Editor and Book Review Editor of the Eastern Economic Journal since 1989, and a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the journal Basic Income Studies since 2005.
He has been on the board of directors of the Eastern Economic Association from 1994 to the present, and since 1996 he has served as Treasurer of the group. In addition he has been a regular book reviewer for "Dollars and Sense" since 2010.
Biography
Pressman is the elder son of Jeffrey and Phyllis Pressman. Pressman and his brother Alan, a bankruptcy attorney on Long Island, attended public school in Queens (New York) and graduated from Francis Lewis High School. Pressman's sister-in-law, Melissa Palmer, is a Hepatologist and researcher in the field of liver disease. Pressman attended Alfred University in upstate New York, where he received a B.A. in philosophy in 1973. He then attended Syracuse University and received an Master of Arts in philosophy in 1976. He went on to study economics at the New School, working with Robert Heilbroner, Edward J. Nell, David Gordon, and Vivian Walsh. He received his Ph.D. in 1983 for his work on Francois Quesnay's Tableau Économique, the first economic model.
Work
He is known for his contributions to economics, particularly his work on poverty and the middle class, which documents that a thriving middle class and low rates of poverty require substantial redistributive efforts on the part of the government; his work applying the principles of Post Keynesian economics to microeconomic policy issues; his work on tax and redistribution policy and his work on the Tableau Économique.
Poverty, the Middle Class, and Income Distribution
Pressman has published articles (with his colleague at Monmouth University, Robert Scott) arguing that poverty and inequality are greater than measured by government statistics because these measures exclude interest payments on consumer debt and these interest payments cannot be used to support current living standards. This work has estimated that there are more than 4 million debt poor in the United States. They have also estimated that the problem of inequality is worse than estimated by standard measures such as the Gini coefficient. They are currently seeking to identify the debt poor and to devise policies to aid the debt poor, who do not qualify for many government assistance programs that mainly go to households officially considered as poor.
Pressman has published several papers using the Luxembourg Income Study to examine poverty, the middle class and government redistribution throughout the world. These papers argue that one main reason poverty rates are so high in the United States is that government tax and government spending policies do little to help those with low earned incomes. In addition, the United States middle class is very small compared to other developed countries mainly because government tax and government spending policies fail to help middle class families.
Additionally, Pressman has published articles on income guarantees and edited a book on the notion of Basic Income Guarantees as a solution to poverty. This work argues that a guaranteed income would not have any major negative economic effects, such as creating great work disincentives, as long as the guarantees are kept to a minimal level. Moreover, this minimal level is greater than the current redistributive efforts in the United States, and something close to what other developed countries provide to their citizens.
Pressman has published articles on refundable tax credits for children as a solution to child poverty in the United States and as a way to support the middle class in the United States. This work argues that these tax credits could be financed by eliminating tax exemptions for children.
He has also published articles on women and poverty. This work argues that the feminization of poverty is due to more female-headed households in the United States and the lack of appropriate tax and spending programs to help female-headed households. Compared to other developed nations throughout the world who do much to help female-headed families, the poverty rate for U.S. female-headed families is much greater.
Government Tax and Spending Policy
As noted above, Pressman has published work advocating that government tax and spending policy is a main determinant of poverty and the size of the middle class in developed countries. He has then gone on to argue for more progressive fiscal policies to support poor and middle class households in the United States. He has also argued that these redistributive programs would not have many negative effects.
He has analyzed the U.S. Current Population Survey, and articulated a policy to eliminate tax deductions for children and convert them into a refundable tax credit. This would essentially give the United States a system of child or family allowances, similar to other developed nations throughout the world. Such a policy change would help low and moderate-income households at no additional cost. It would also greatly reduce child poverty in the U.S. and increase the size of the U.S. middle class.
Pressman has published articles articulating how state governments should deal with the dilemmas of taxing e-commerce, arguing that states need to move away from relying on regressive sales taxes and use more progressive forms of taxation.
Finally, Pressman has shown that there is little empirical evidence that government deficits crowd out consumption, business investment, or net exports. There is, however, good empirical evidence that, when used appropriately, fiscal policy is able to mitigate business cycles.
Physiocracy and the History of Economic Thought
Pressman's work has sought to explain the Physiocratic model of the macro-economy (see Physiocracy), and to argue that the Tableau Économique is a consistent economic model. He has shown how this model can be used to deal with the contemporary economic problems such as the productivity slowdown and appropriate tax policy. Finally, he has shown how this model is consistent with the models of contemporary schools of thought such as Post-Keynesian economics.
His book, 50 Major Economists, 2nd ed. (Routledge, 2006) brings the ideas of key economists from the past to a more general audience.
Other contributions
Pressman has written on financial frauds and their causes, including articles on specific frauds such as Charles Ponzi, Martin Frankel, and Health South. He has argued that naive optimism, a human character trait, is one reason that financial frauds are so prevalent. Another reason is herd behavior. Yet another reason is the lack of adequate government controls and insufficient checks and balances on firms and on individuals working for firms. Finally, human laziness comes into play – the failure of people to do the simple homework necessary to identify likely fraudulent activity.
Pressman has also written on economic methodology, arguing that the voting paradox cannot be resolved by claiming that voting is like clapping or applauding for a candidate. Strong empirical evidence that people engage in strategic voting, and important differences between voting and applause, make this resolution of the voting paradox inadequate.
Finally, Pressman has argued that Robert Nozick's position on the justice of government redistribution programs, which is put into concrete terms with his famous Wilt Chamberlain example, is badly flawed for four reasons – it ignores actual history, yet purports to be a historical theory of justice, it ignores empirical evidence on justice, it ignores the social nature of production and it ignores the future.
Books
Books written
Fifty Major Economists, 1st ed. 1999. 2nd ed. 2006 3rd ed. 2013 (Routledge; 2006)
(Czech edition, Barrister & Principal, 2002) (Chinese edition, 2005) (Indonesian edition, forthcoming) (Italian edition, forthcoming)
Quesnay's Tableau Economique: A Critique and Assessment (Augustus Kelley; 1994)
Poverty in America: An Annotated Bibliography (University Press of America and Scarecrow Press; 1994)
Books edited
Alternative Theories of the State (Palgrave/Macmillan; 2006)
Leading Contemporary Economists: Economics at the Cutting Edge,(edited volume, Routledge; 2009)
Post Keynesian Macroeconomics: Essays in Honor of Ingrid Rima (Routledge; 2007; edited with Mathew Forstater and Gary Mongiovi)
Empirical Post Keynesian Economics: Looking at the Real World (edited with Richard Holt)(M.E. Sharpe; 2006;
The Economics and the Ethics of the Basic Income Guarantee (Ashgate; 2005; edited with Karl Wilderquist and Michael Lewis)
A New Guide to Post Keynesian Economics (Routledge; 2001; edited with Richard Holt)
Encyclopedia of Political Economy (Routledge; 1999; edited with Phil O'Hara, et al.)
Economics and Its Discontents: Twentieth Century Dissenting Economists (Edward Elgar; 1998; edited with Richard Holt)
Interactions in Political Economy: Malvern After Ten Years (Routledge; 1996; edited volume)
Women in the Age of Economic Transformation (Routledge; 1994; edited with Nahid Aslanbeigui and Gale Summerfield)
(Spanish edition published in 1997 by Narcea, S.A.)
Post Keynesian and Ecological Economics: Confronting Environmental Issues, (edited volume, Routledge; 2011)
The Legacy of John Kenneth Galbraith,(edited volume, Routledge; 2013)
Selected peer reviewed articles
Poverty, the middle class, and income distribution
"Children and Poverty: Getting the Numbers Right and the Policy Right", Journal of Poverty, (Forthcoming) [With Robert Scott].
"The Effects of Consumer Debt on Children's Standard of Living in the USA", Changing Living Standards, ed. D. Figart (Routledge, forthcoming) [With Robert Scott].
"Household Debt and Income Distribution", Journal of Economic Issues (June 2013) [With Robert Scott].
"The Middle Class in Six Latin American Nations", Revista Problemas del Desarrollo, Vol. 64, #42 (January–March 2011), pp. 127–152. [In Spanish]
"Consumer Debt and Poverty Measurement', Focus, Vol. 27, #1 (Summer 2010), pp. 9–12 [With Robert Scott].
"Who are the Debt Poor", Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 43, #2 (June 2009), pp. 423–432 [With Robert Scott].
"Consumer Debt and the Measurement of Poverty and Inequality in the US", Review of Social Economy (June 2008) [with Robert Scott] [winner of the 2008 Warren Samuels Prize]
"The Decline of the Middle Class: An International Perspective" Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 40, #1 (March 2007), pp. 181–200.
"Feminist Explanations for the Feminization of Poverty" Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 36, #1 (June 2003), pp. 351–60.
"Explaining the Gender Poverty Gap in Developed and Transitional Economies", Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35, no.1 (March 2002), pp. 17–40.
"The Gender Poverty Gap in Developed Countries: Causes and Cures", Social Science Journal, Vol. 35, #2 (April 1998), pp. 275–86.
"Keynes and Antipoverty Policy", Review of Social Economy, Vol. LXIX, #3 (Fall 1991), pp. 365–82.
"The Feasibility of an Expenditure Tax", International Journal of Social Economy, Vol. 22, #8 (1995), pp. 3–15.
"Deficits, Full Employment and the Use of Fiscal Policy", Review of Political Economy, Vol. 7, #2 (April 1995), pp. 212–26.
"The Composition of Government Spending: Does It Make Any Difference?", Review of Political Economy, Vol. 6, #2 (April 1994), pp. 221–39.
"Tax Expenditures for Child Exemptions", Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 27, #3 (September 1993), pp. 699–719.
"Child Exemptions or Family Allowances: What Sort of Antipoverty Program for America?", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 51, #3 (July 1992), pp. 257–72.
"The $1000 Question: A Tax Credit to End Child Poverty?", Challenge, Vol. 35, #1 (January–February 1992), pp. 49–52.
"The Myths and Realities of Tax Bracket Creep", Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. XIII, #1 (January–March 1987), pp. 31–9.
"A Tale of Two Taxpayers: The Effects of the Economic Recovery and Tax Act of 1981",Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. IX, #2 (Winter 1986–1987), pp. 226–36.
"Why Not a Flat Tax!", Review of Business, Vol. 8, #1 (Summer 1986), pp. 4–8.
Post-Keynesian economics
"Institutionalism", Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics, 2nd ed., ed. John King (Edward Elgar, forthcoming).
"Microeconomics After Keynes: Post Keynesian Economics and Public Policy", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, (April 2011), pp. 511–539. Reprinted in Social, Methods, and Microeconomics: Contributions to Doing Economics Better, ed. Frederick Lee (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), pp. 210–238.
"Federal Reserve System", Historical Encyclopedia of American Business and Finance, (Salem Press, 2009), pp. 299–302.
"A Time to Return to Keynes", Critical Perspectives on International Business, Vol. 5, #1/2 (2009), pp. 157–161.
"John Kenneth Galbraith and the Post Keynesian Tradition in Economics", Review of Political Economy, Vol. 20, #4 (October 2008), pp. 475–490 [lead article], Reprinted in The Legacy of John Kenneth Galbraith, ed. Steven Pressman (Routledge, 2011), pp. 1–15.
"Nicholas Kaldor and his Principle of Cumulative Causation", Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 42, #2 (June 2008) [with Ric Holt], pp. 367–373.
"Expanding the Boundaries of the Economics of Crime", International Journal of Political Economy (Spring 2008), Vol. 37, #1, pp. 78–100.
"A Prolegomena to Any Future Post Keynesian Education Policy", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 29, #3 (Spring 2007), pp. 455–472.
"Economic Power, the State and Post Keynesian Economics", International Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 35, #4 (Winter 2006–07), pp. 67–86.
"What is Wrong with Public Choice", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 27, #1 (Fall 2004), pp. 3–18.
"What Do Capital Markets Really Do? And What Should We Do About Capital Markets?", Economiés et Sociétés, Vol. 10, #2–3 (1996), pp. 193–209.
"The Policy Relevance of The General Theory", Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 14, #4 (1987), pp. 13–23. Reprinted in The General Theory and After: Essays in Post Keynesianism, ed. John Pheby (West Yorkshire: MCB University Press, 1987). Also reprinted in John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), ed. Mark Blaug (Edward Elgar, 1991).
"The Lasting Contributions of John Kenneth Galbraith, 1908–2006", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (Winter 2006–07), pp. 379–390. [with Stephen Dunn]
"The Economic Contributions of John Kenneth Galbraith", Review of Political Economy, Vol. 17, #2 (April 2005), pp. 161–209 [lead article; with Stephen Dunn]. Revised and reprinted in Leading Contemporary Economists: Their Major Contributions, ed. S. Pressman (Routledge, 2009), pp. 281–334.
Physiocracy and the history of economic thought
"History and Justice: The BIG Problem of Wilt Chamberlain", Economic Issues (forthcoming).
"Paul Samuelson", Great Lives from History, ed. Rafael Medoff (Salem Press 2011), pp. 1028–1030.
"Milton Friedman", Great Lives from History, ed. Rafael Medoff (Salem Press 2011), pp. 409–411.
"Lasting Contemporary Economists: An Introduction to their Cutting-Edge Work", Leading Contemporary Economists: Their Major Contributions, ed. Steven Pressman (Routledge 2009), pp. 1–14.
"The Two Dogmas of Neoclassical Economics", Science and Society, Vol. 68, #4 (Winter 2004-2005), pp. 483–93. Proquest]
"Are the Different Versions of the Tableau Consistent?", International Journal of Applied Economics and Econometrics (January–March 2003), pp. 1–22.
"The Economic Contributions of Amartya Sen", Review of Political Economy, Vol 12, #1 (January 2000), pp. 89–113. [with Gale Summerfield]. Revised and reprinted in Leading Contemporary Economists: Their Major Contributions, ed. S. Pressman (Routledge, 2009), pp. 66–98.
"The Economic Contributions of David M. Gordon", Review of Political Economy, Vol. 9, #2 (April 1997), pp. 225–245 [with Heather Boushey]. Revised and reprinted in Leading Contemporary Economists: Their Major Contributions, ed. S. Pressman (Routledge, 2009), pp. 15–37.
"An American Dilemma: Fifty Years Later", Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 28, #2 (June 1994), pp. 577–85.
"Quesnay's Theory of Taxation", Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol. 16, #1 (Spring 1994), pp. 86–105.
"Econ Agonistes: Navigating and Surviving the Publishing Process", The American Economist (Fall 2008), Vol. 52, #2, pp. 26–32
"Kahneman, Tversky and Institutional Economics", Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 40, #2 (June 2006), pp. 501–506.
"Clap Happy: Applause and the Voting Paradox", Journal of Economic Methodology, Vol. 13, #2 (July 2006), pp. 241–56.
"On Financial Frauds and Their Causes", The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, #4 (October 1998), pp. 405–22.
"Multiple Journal Submissions: The Case Against", The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (July 1994), pp. 315–333.
Other works
"Three Million Americans are Debt Poor", Dollars and Sense (July/August 2007), pp. 10–13 [with Robert Scott]. Reprinted in Real World Banking and Finance, 5th ed., Ed. Daniel Fireside and Amy Gluckman (Dollars and Sense Collective, 2008), pp. 214–218.
"The Economics of Grade Inflation", Challenge (July/August 2007), pp. 93–102.
References
External links
Dr. Steven Pressman - Monmouth University
1952 births
Living people
People from Brooklyn
Economists from New York (state)
Monmouth University faculty
University of New Hampshire faculty
Trinity College (Connecticut) faculty
Alfred University alumni
Syracuse University alumni
The New School alumni
Universal basic income writers
21st-century American economists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Pressman%20%28economist%29
|
Oncogenic osteomalacia, also known as oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, is an uncommon disorder resulting in increased renal phosphate excretion, hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. It may be caused by a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor.
Signs and symptoms
Adult patients may present with worsening musculoskeletal symptoms, muscle weakness, myalgias, bone pains and fatigue which are followed by recurrent fractures. Children present with difficulty in walking, stunted growth and deformities of the skeleton (features of rickets). There can also be a significant delay between the beginning of symptoms to diagnosis, which research reflects as being between 2.5 and 28 years.
Cause
Tumor-induced osteomalacia is usually referred to as a paraneoplastic phenomenon, however, the tumors are usually benign and the symptomatology is due to osteomalacia or rickets. A benign mesenchymal or mixed connective tissue tumor (usually phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor and hemangiopericytoma) are the most common associated tumors. Association with mesenchymal malignant tumors, such as osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma, has also been reported.
Locating the tumor can prove to be difficult and may require whole body MRI. Some of the tumors express somatostatin receptors and may be located by octreotide scanning.
A phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor is an extremely rare benign neoplasm of soft tissue and bone that inappropriately produces fibroblast growth factor 23. This tumor may cause tumor-induced osteomalacia, a paraneoplastic syndrome, by the secretion of FGF23, which has phosphaturic activity (by inhibition of renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate and renal conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). The paraneoplastic effects can be debilitating and are only reversed on discovery and surgical resection of the tumor.
Pathogenesis
FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23) inhibits phosphate transport in the renal tubule and reduces calcitriol production by the kidney. Tumor production of FGF23, Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) have all been identified as possible causative agents for the hypophosphatemia.
Diagnosis
Biochemical studies reveal hypophosphatemia (low blood phosphate), elevated alkaline phosphatase and low serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D levels. Routine laboratory tests may not include serum phosphate levels and this can result in considerable delay in diagnosis. Even when low phosphate is measured, its significance is often overlooked. The next most appropriate test is measurement of urine phosphate levels. If there is inappropriately high urine phosphate (phosphaturia) in the setting of low serum phosphate (hypophosphatemia), there should be a high suspicion for tumor-induced osteomalacia. FGF23 (see below) can be measured to confirm the diagnosis but this test is not widely available.
Once hypophosphatemia and phosphaturia have been identified, begin a search for the causative tumor, which may be small and difficult to detect. Gallium-68 DOTA-Octreotate (DOTA-TATE) positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is the best way to locate these tumors. If this scan is not available, other options include Indium-111 Octreotide (Octreoscan) SPECT/CT, whole body CT or MRI imaging.
Differential diagnosis
Serum chemistries are identical in tumor-induced osteomalacia, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XHR) and autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR). A negative family history can be useful in distinguishing tumor induced osteomalacia from XHR and ADHR. If necessary, genetic testing for PHEX (phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidase on the X-chromosome) can be used to conclusively diagnose XHR and testing for the FGF23 gene will identify patients with ADHR.
Treatment
Resection of the tumor is the ideal treatment and results in correction of hypophosphatemia (and low calcitriol levels) within hours of resection. Resolution of skeletal abnormalities may take many months.
If the tumor cannot be located, begin treatment with calcitriol (1–3 µg/day) and phosphate supplementation (1–4 g/day in divided doses). Tumors that express somatostatin receptors may respond to treatment with octreotide. If hypophosphatemia persists despite calcitriol and phosphate supplementation, administration of cinacalcet has been shown to be useful.
References
Further reading
External links
Skeletal disorders
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenic%20osteomalacia
|
Anableps anableps, the largescale four-eyes, is a species of four-eyed fish found in fresh and brackish waters of northern South America and Trinidad. This species grows to a length of TL. This fish can occasionally be found in the aquarium trade. The fish does not actually have four eyes, but instead each eye is split into two lobes by a horizontal band of tissue, each lobe with its own pupil and separate vision. This allows the fish to see above and below the surface of the water at the same time.
Taxonomy
This fish was first described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. Linnaeus gave it the name Cobitis anableps, but it was later transferred to the genus Anableps, becoming Anableps anableps.
Description
Anableps anableps is a slender elongate fish that can reach . Male fish have the anal fin modified into an intromittent organ with the tip angled to one side. Female fish have a flap of skin covering either the left or right genital opening. The most distinctive feature of this fish is the eyes, which project prominently from the head. Each eye is divided lengthwise and thus has two pupils; the fish positions itself in such a way that the dividing line between the two parts of the eye lies on the surface of the water, so that one pupil has an aerial view while the other is submerged.
Distribution and habitat
Anableps anableps is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean and the southern Caribbean Sea. Its range extends from Trinidad and Venezuela to the delta of the Amazon River in Brazil. It mostly occurs in estuaries and on coastal mudflats, but it can survive in freshwater environments for extended periods.
Ecology
Anableps anableps feeds on insects and other small invertebrates (such as small crabs), small fish, and on algae. It has occasionally been observed catching insects in the air, but otherwise it ingests prey on or near the surface. It also ingests silt, consuming the diatoms found among the grains. In mangrove areas of Brazil, it has a migration pattern synchronized with the tides; as the tide rises it enters the intertidal channels, feeding in the inundated mangroves at high water, and retreating to the main channels as the tide ebbs. Feed consumption was at its greatest around high water during daylight spring tides and was at its minimum at night-time neap tides, perhaps demonstrating the importance of the split-level eyes. Red intertidal algae (Catenella sp.) was the main food item, supplemented by insects and shore crabs, family Grapsidae.
In the water, the fish uses a combination of biting and suction to capture its prey. It sometimes emerges from the water and feeds on mudbanks, but its mouth is not well adapted for picking up food from the surface on dry land. Anableps anableps solves this difficulty by depressing the lower jaw and protruding the upper jaw, and ingesting the prey by suction. If the prey is too large to swallow, it is gripped by the teeth, the upper jaw is retracted and the fish bites the prey. This cycle of protrusion and biting can be repeated until the prey is able to be swallowed.
This fish has internal fertilisation and bears live young.
References
Anablepidae
Freshwater fish of South America
Fish of French Guiana
Fish of Guyana
Fish of Suriname
Fish of Trinidad and Tobago
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anableps%20anableps
|
Invaders Must Die is the fifth studio album by English electronic dance music group The Prodigy. The album was released on 23 February 2009 on the band's new record label Take Me to the Hospital, and was distributed by Cooking Vinyl. Although Liam Howlett, Maxim and Keith Flint all contributed material for The Fat of the Land, Invaders Must Die is the first Prodigy record where, given the departure of Leeroy Thornhill, all band members took part in the creative process. It is their first and currently only album to not contain any explicit songs.
The album was a commercial success, faring better than Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned. In contrast to the commercial performance, critical reaction to the album was mixed. It has spawned four singles, including the title track, "Omen", "Warrior's Dance" and "Take Me to the Hospital".
Recording
Recording began in February 2006, shortly after the release of Their Law: The Singles 1990–2005, and ended in November 2008. Some of the songs recorded for the album, such as the synthesizer-led "Colours" were written before the release of the group's fourth album, and early versions were showcased in live performances. Liam Howlett conceived the album musical direction as a mashup of their previous albums. The new album was set to be released in summer 2007, but when the album's release date was postponed to the "first quarter of next year [2008]," the band had conceived over 25 ideas while completing production on certain tracks and writing lyrics.
Howlett revealed in an April 2008 interview that he had three more months of work left for the new album. He also said that he has a working album title and song titles, but was not ready to publicly announce them until these details were released through The Prodigy's official newsletter on 4 November. This announcement stated that the album would be a return to their "old-school but cutting edge" roots, and would feature collaborations with Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters, Them Crooked Vultures, and Nirvana, and James Rushent of Does It Offend You, Yeah?, but would not feature any guest vocals.
Composition
Invaders Must Dies title track is the album's opening track, and its lyrics include the name of the group on the line "We are The Prodigy." The song is featured in many films and game trailers such as the film Kick-Ass and the Duke Nukem Forever game trailer. "Omen" has a similar tempo, and both tracks were co-produced by James Rushent. "Thunder" recreates elements from Trevor Joe's "Ethiopian Peace Song" (also known as "Rasta Peace Song"), while "Colours" is one of the first songs written by the entire band.
"Take Me to the Hospital"'s music video was The Prodigy's first to be released on the Vidzone application. The promotional film was filmed onto VHS rather than digital recording equipment to obtain an old school 1990s look. The track samples "Salami Fever" by Pepe Deluxé and "Ragamuffin Duo Take Charge" by Asher D & Daddy Freddy, and the name of the song comes from the record label of the same name. "Warrior's Dance" is one of the most progressive tracks on the album; the song chorus is a sample of the True Faith song "Take Me Away", which was then sampled and edited by Major Players in "Come with Me", the song where the vocals for this track come from. The song also samples "Final Cut", a song featuring Bridget(te) Grace. A festival of the same name was curated by the group, and took place at Milton Keynes.
"Run With the Wolves", featuring Dave Grohl on drums, contains a sample of "So Refined" by Senser. This song was featured in the 2011 film Hall Pass. There was a contest to make a music video for the song, and the winning entry was posted on 15 February 2010. After a "reprise" of "Omen", "World's on Fire" follows. This song samples The Breeders' "I Just Wanna Get Along" and "Vamp" composed by Outlander. "Piranha" samples "Troubled Mind" by The Buff Medways and "Sara Zamana" by Kishore Kumar and Chorus, while "Stand Up", the only instrumental track on the album, samples "One Way Glass" from Manfred Mann Chapter Three. This song, along with "Omen", is featured heavily in the 2010 film Kick-Ass, and both are included on the soundtrack release of the album.
Promotion
Invaders Must Die was chosen as the lead single from the album of the same name, and was released from the band's website as a free digital download on 26 November 2008. The download was announced in a newsletter sent to fans on 24 November, and first aired on Zane Lowe's Radio 1 show as the 'Hottest Record in the World' of the same day it was released. Although it was not released as a commercial single, the song peaked at No. 49 in the UK Singles Chart,
"Omen" debuted at No. 1 on the Canadian Singles Chart during the week of 25 February 2009, peaked at No. 4 in the UK. In Australia, the song debuted at #83.
The single that followed, "Warrior's Dance", was released on 11 May 2009. The digital version of the single was released on 17 April 2009 in Australia as an iTunes exclusive, while the "Edit" version with none of the remixes is also available. When released there, however, the song was titled incorrectly and the download was actually a song from the band Placebo; this issue was fixed shortly after its release. Three downloadable remixes of "Warrior's Dance" were sold via the group's website, while an extra remix was exclusive to iTunes. The song peaked at No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart.
"Take Me to the Hospital", released on 31 August 2009, was the final commercially released single from the album. It was remixed six times, with the "Wreckage" mix being a collaboration with Josh Homme. The song debuted at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart and topped the UK Dance Chart.
Release and reception
Invaders Must Die was released as a CD, CD/DVD set, double-vinyl, digital download and a luxury-like 7-inch vinyl box set that includes five 7-inches, CD/DVD, bonus CD, poster, stickers and stencils. To coincide with the release of the album, the band embarked on a nine date UK arena tour, with support from Dizzee Rascal, Noisia, Herve and DJ Kissy Sell Out. The "Warrior's Dance" video aired on Channel 4 on 28 March at 12:00 am.
As with Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned, initial critical response to Invaders Must Die was mixed. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 60, based on 20 reviews. One example was AllMusic, who called it "a curious nu-rave record, as though the sound of 1991 (such as their Top Ten hit "Charly") has been filtered through the sound of 1996 (such as their number one, "Firestarter") to emerge as nothing more than a hodgepodge of uptempo dance music with extroverted beats and grimy basslines.
However, it was a commercial success. The album debuted at the top of the UK Albums Chart on 1 March 2009 with 97,254 copies sold, giving them their fourth consecutive number one album in the UK. The album performed well worldwide as well, entering the top five in Poland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Belgium and Germany. The album debuted at No. 117 in the US but jumped to No. 58 in its second week. The album received Gold sales status in Australia and Germany, while Switzerland classified it as "2× Gold" with 30,000 copies. As of 7 November 2009 the album has sold over 1,029,000 copies worldwide.
The European edition includes an 11-track audio CD and a DVD with the videos for "Invaders Must Die," "Omen" and live performances of "World's on Fire" and "Warrior's Dance". The DVD has a computer-readable (HD data for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X) high definition version of the former music video. On 21 October 2009, the album was re-released as "Invaders Must Die Special Edition", which included remixes of the album itself, a different album cover, and a DVD containing music videos and live performances. One of the tracks on the edition was eventually released as a MP3 for download. The song was later released as "Invaders".
On Saturday 23 February 2019, in celebration of the 10 year anniversary of Invaders Must Die's original release in 2009, the album was repressed on clear vinyl and limited to 1,000 copies to be sold on The Prodigy's official merchandise web store for release on 17 May 2019.
Track listing
Notes
Lost Beats EP is available with the deluxe box set edition and was also released on iTunes some time after.
"The Big Gundown" is a renamed, studio version of "Comanche," a track played live by the band.
Singles
Personnel
The Prodigy
Liam Howlett – synthesizers, sampling, programming, production, engineering, mixing
Keith Flint – vocals ("Omen", "Colours", "Take Me to the Hospital", "Run with the Wolves", "World's on Fire")
Maxim – vocals ("Omen", "Colours", "Take Me to the Hospital", "Omen Reprise", "World's on Fire", "Piranha")
Additional musicians and co-production
Brother Culture – vocals on "Thunder"
Amanda Ghost – backing vocals on "Colours"
Tim Hutton – additional guitars on "Colours", horns on "Piranha"
Dave Grohl – live drums on "Run with the Wolves" and "Stand Up"
James Rushent – co-producer on "Invaders Must Die" and "Omen"
Damian Taylor – additional pre-production on all tracks
Engineers
Neil McLellan – mixing (all tracks, except "Omen Reprise" and "Stand Up")
Damian Taylor – mixing ("Omen Reprise" and "Stand Up")
John Davis – mastering (at Metropolis Mastering)
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Commercial performance
In 2010, the album was awarded a double platinum certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, indicating sales of at least 1,000,000 copies throughout Europe.
References
External links
InvadersMustDie.com − Invaders Must Die Microsite
Invaders Must Die Review at Metacritic
Invaders Must Die Review
The Prodigy albums
2009 albums
Cooking Vinyl albums
Albums produced by Liam Howlett
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaders%20Must%20Die
|
The 2004–05 Montreal Canadiens season was the team's 96th season, 88th in the National Hockey League. However, its games were cancelled as the 2004–05 NHL lockout could not be resolved in time. The other 29 teams did not play either due to the labour dispute.
Schedule
The Canadiens preseason and regular season schedules were announced on July 14, 2004.
|-
| 1 || September 23 || Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 2 || September 24 || Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 3 || September 26 || Ottawa Senators
|-
| 4 || September 28 || Boston Bruins
|-
| 5 || September 29 || @ Boston Bruins
|-
| 6 || October 2 || Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 7 || October 5 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 8 || October 6 || @ Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 9 || October 9 || @ Ottawa Senators
|-
|-
| 1 || October 13 || @ Ottawa Senators
|-
| 2 || October 16 || Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 3 || October 19 || Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 4 || October 21 || @ Washington Capitals
|-
| 5 || October 23 || Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 6 || October 26 || Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 7 || October 28 || @ Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 8 || October 30 || Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 9 || November 3 || @ Florida Panthers
|-
| 10 || November 5 || @ Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 11 || November 6 || @ St. Louis Blues
|-
| 12 || November 9 || Washington Capitals
|-
| 13 || November 12 || @ Ottawa Senators
|-
| 14 || November 13 || Ottawa Senators
|-
| 15 || November 16 || Boston Bruins
|-
| 16 || November 17 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 17 || November 20 || New York Rangers
|-
| 18 || November 24 || @ New York Islanders
|-
| 19 || November 26 || @ Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 20 || November 27 || Boston Bruins
|-
| 21 || November 30 || Minnesota Wild
|-
| 22 || December 3 || @ New Jersey Devils
|-
| 23 || December 4 || @ Boston Bruins
|-
| 24 || December 8 || @ Florida Panthers
|-
| 25 || December 9 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 26 || December 11 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 27 || December 14 || Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 28 || December 17 || @ New Jersey Devils
|-
| 29 || December 18 || New Jersey Devils
|-
| 30 || December 21 || Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 31 || December 22 || @ Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 32 || December 29 || @ Vancouver Canucks
|-
| 33 || December 31 || @ Calgary Flames
|-
| 34 || January 1 || @ Edmonton Oilers
|-
| 35 || January 4 || Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 36 || January 6 || @ Boston Bruins
|-
| 37 || January 8 || Florida Panthers
|-
| 38 || January 10 || @ New York Rangers
|-
| 39 || January 11 || Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 40 || January 15 || Dallas Stars
|-
| 41 || January 17 || @ Nashville Predators
|-
| 42 || January 19 || @ Colorado Avalanche
|-
| 43 || January 22 || Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 44 || January 24 || Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 45 || January 26 || @ Columbus Blue Jackets
|-
| 46 || January 28 || @ Washington Capitals
|-
| 47 || January 29 || New York Rangers
|-
| 48 || February 1 || Boston Bruins
|-
| 49 || February 3 || San Jose Sharks
|-
| 50 || February 5 || Los Angeles Kings
|-
| 51 || February 6 || New York Islanders
|-
| 52 || February 8 || Vancouver Canucks
|-
| 53 || February 10 || @ Boston Bruins
|-
| 54 || February 15 || Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 55 || February 17 || Edmonton Oilers
|-
| 56 || February 19 || Ottawa Senators
|-
| 57 || February 20 || @ Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 58 || February 22 || New York Islanders
|-
| 59 || February 24 || Florida Panthers
|-
| 60 || February 26 || Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 61 || February 27 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 62 || March 2 || @ Chicago Blackhawks
|-
| 63 || March 3 || @ Detroit Red Wings
|-
| 64 || March 5 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 65 || March 8 || Washington Capitals
|-
| 66 || March 11 || @ New York Islanders
|-
| 67 || March 12 || Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 68 || March 15 || @ Ottawa Senators
|-
| 69 || March 17 || @ Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 70 || March 19 || Anaheim Mighty Ducks
|-
| 71 || March 21 || Phoenix Coyotes
|-
| 72 || March 23 || @ Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 73 || March 24 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 74 || March 26 || Calgary Flames
|-
| 75 || March 28 || @ New York Rangers
|-
| 76 || March 29 || Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 77 || March 31 || Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 78 || April 2 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 79 || April 4 || New Jersey Devils
|-
| 80 || April 6 || @ Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 81 || April 8 || @ Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 82 || April 9 || Ottawa Senators
|-
Transactions
The Canadiens were involved in the following transactions from June 8, 2004, the day after the deciding game of the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals, through February 16, 2005, the day the season was officially cancelled.
Trades
Players acquired
Players lost
Signings
Draft picks
The 2004 NHL Entry Draft was held on June 26 at the RBC Center in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was the last NHL event to take place before the beginning of the lockout which cancelled all the games scheduled for the 2004–05 NHL season.
Montreal selected nine players at the 2004 Draft:
Notes
References
Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal
Mon
Montreal Canadiens
Montreal Canadiens
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20Montreal%20Canadiens%20season
|
Criss Angel Believe was the sixth Cirque du Soleil show in Las Vegas, which premiered at the 1,600-capacity Believe Theatre inside the Luxor hotel in Las Vegas in 2008. It is a theatrical production created in partnership of Cirque du Soleil and magician Criss Angel, who was billed as the "co-writer, illusions creator and designer, original concept creator and star" of the show. The show had its final performance on April 17, 2016, being replaced by Criss Angel Mindfreak Live on May 11 of the same year.
History
Development
Angel claimed to have been developing aspects of the show for over 15 years. He originally tried to develop the show for a Broadway run, as well as other casinos, but nothing came to fruition. Eventually, Believe came together when he entered a partnership with Cirque du Soleil and the Luxor's parent company, MGM Mirage Resorts, which financed the show with $100 million. The partnership marked the first time Cirque built a show around an individual performer.
After the failure of the musical Hairspray at Luxor, MGM Mirage signed with Cirque to install a new show for the theater by 2008, the sixth Cirque show on The Strip. That show became the partnership with Angel, which was formally announced on March 22, 2008, in a press conference with MGM Mirage and Cirque executives, and Angel that included an awkward speech by the latter. The title was announced in a press release on April 17. During this period, Angel received bad press from incidents during the Miss USA 2008 contest. After his then-girlfriend, Miss Nevada, was eliminated, Angel was filmed on NBC giving the finger; afterward he threatened Las Vegas Review-Journal gossip columnist Norm Clarke over negative press regarding his actions earlier in the competition: Angel told Clarke, who had an eye removed and wears an eyepatch, "Don't ever write another word about me, or you'll need an eyepatch over your other eye." Angel refused to apologize and later denied the incident ever occurred, despite an assertions from several including the Review-Journals publisher.Sherman Frederick, Threats from Criss Angel, Las Vegas Review-Journal Blogs, April 18, 2008, Accessed November 4, 2008.Steve Friess, Criss Angel: I Didn't Threaten Norm, Vegas Happens Here, May 19, 2008, Accessed November 4, 2008.
Angel described the show as "[A]bout my life. It's Alice in Wonderland. It's The Wizard of Oz. Mindfreak. It's about the demons in my head, the good that's out there, the angels and love and lust—all that stuff mixed up." Cirque selected Serge Denoncourt as director and co-writer, a somewhat counterintuitive selection since he explicitly disliked magic. Denoncourt stated that he was "trying to direct a show for people who love it but also for people like me who hate magic".
Originally planned for a summer 2008 opening, more than $5 million in advance tickets were sold. After several delays, the show had was set for a gala opening on October 31, 2008 with preview shows in late September.Richard Abowitz, Previews of Criss Angel's 'Believe' delayed again , LATimes.com, September 2, 2008, Accessed November 4, 2008.
Reception
Audience reactions to the initial preview performance were thoroughly negative.Doug Elfman, Angel's 'Believe' magic: Miffed fans disappear, Las Vegas Review-Journal, September 29, 2008, Accessed November 4, 2008. The show opened to equally harsh reviews, citing a lack of the magic Angel is known for as well as a confusing and uninteresting theme; reviewers felt neither Angel nor Cirque du Soleil were able to perform their capabilities.Joe Brown, Illusion is elusive in Angel’s ‘Believe’, Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2008, Accessed November 4, 2008.Reed Johnson, Criss Angel, in a word: unbelievable, Los Angeles Times, November 3, 2008, Accessed November 4, 2008. By December 17, two months into the show's run, the Luxor was offering a 40% discount on show tickets. In lieu of quotes from theater critics, by January 2009 the Believe website used quotes from celebrities, including Angel's then-girlfriend, Holly Madison.
Perez Hilton
After Cirque du Soleil spent some months altering the show, blogger and television personality Perez Hilton attended a performance on April 17, 2009. During the show, Hilton tweeted to his half-million Twitter followers: "We are 20 minutes in and Criss Angel's Vegas show, Believe, is unbelievably BAD!", followed by other criticism. As the show was ending, Angel singled out Hilton, asked him to stand up, and told the audience, "We have the world's biggest douchebag asshole in the house!" To which Hilton replied, "Thanks for the free tickets." Hilton, who was a fan of Cirque du Soleil's other Vegas shows, later noted that "until 'Believe', Cirque has had an incredible track record of excellence. I have seen all of their Vegas shows and loved them all."
Afterwards, Cirque du Soleil, but not Angel, apologized to Hilton and the rest of the audience. Speaking also on behalf of hotel owner MGM Mirage, Cirque du Soleil called Angel's remarks "inappropriate and disrespectful", noting that "Cirque du Soleil does not condone disrespectful behavior towards any audience member at any time. Cirque management will address such behavior privately with any of its artists to ensure it will not happen again." The Vegas media reaction was strongly against Angel, who was viewed as having broken a taboo among casino employees in the largely tourist economy by insulting a guest, notably during an economic downturn.John Katsilometes, Cirque, Vegas no longer need Criss Angel’s ready-shoot-aim act, Las Vegas Sun, April 21, 2009, Accessed April 22, 2009.
Additional illusions added
After many reviews cited the disappointing lack of magic in the show, officials announced in April 2010 that they would add some 30 illusions to the performance by May 2010.Robin Leach, Criss Angel’s $25 million castle home, Grand Canyon stunt on Mindfreak, Las Vegas Weekly, March 29, 2010, Accessed April 15, 2010. — twice the number of illusions in any other show then on the Las Vegas Strip. This was the second major change to the show; the first was in April 2009.
Cast
Criss Angel: Criss acts as the protagonist of his show, as a Victorian Noble who is on a quest for love and to find his existence in this surreal world. Crimson: The antagonist of Believe, Crimson is often dressed in reds and blacks to symbolize her evil nature. She fights desperately for both Criss' love and to destroy his life. Crimson acts as the evil force in the show.Kayala: A foil to Crimson, Kayala is Criss' reciprocating love. She was born out of a large poppy, and acts as the force of good in the show. Ushers: Maestro, Luigi, Slim and Lars are the four bumbling assistants to Criss, acting as his link between the real world and the world of Believe. Maestro acts as the leader of the four, controlling them, along with performing mediocre magic tricks. Lucky: Lucky is a white rabbit, appearing during the show only for a short period of time. He is the mascot of Believe, and much of the show's merchandise features him.
Acts
Before the show opens, the Ushers come out and interact with the audience; most notable are Maestro's simple magic tricks and his obvious desire to be Criss.OpeningPremonition: Criss comes towards the audience and throws his wristband into the crowd. Once a spectator catches it, Criss has the person tell their name, where they're from, and to pick any word out of the English language. A small, locked box (always within the view of the audience) is then lowered from the top of the stage, where Maestro opens it and brings its contents - a clear plastic jar with a piece of paper in it - to Criss and the selected audience member. Much to the amazement of the audience, the paper contains the name, location, and chosen word of the participant.Tesla Coil: Criss is suited up in a chainmail outfit as a very large tesla coil is presented onstage. Criss goes to enter the cage surrounding the coil, but Crimson has other plans. She turns the power to the coil all the way on, causing sparks to fly and the theatre lights to go out. A pained shout is heard from Criss, and he writhes on the ground in pain as human-sized rabbits in doctor's coats lift him onto a gurney and roll him offstage.Lucky and Homage to the Rabbits: A small rabbit appears on a large projection screen, desperately trying to escape. It makes its way out and hops onto a box, taking a small microphone and discussing Cirque du Soleil show rules and how it is now going to take over the show. While assuring the audience that no animals were harmed during the production of the show, a large light burns out and falls from the top of the stage, crushing Lucky and killing him instantly. The Ushers come out to find Lucky, placing him on the front of the stage as multiple rabbits come out to dance for their fallen friend. While they dance, Lucky's corpse is taken away, only to be replaced with Criss' body on a gurney. Crimson, who seems to be leading the dance, rips Criss' form off of the gurney and onto the floor, where all of the rabbits fight over it to get a piece. They then dance around with his limbs, head and torso, before being shooed away by the Ushers.Humbodik: The Ushers reassemble Criss, before running offstage to get "the machine". Crimson reappears, dancing for the body of Criss while the machine is brought out. Criss' body is then lifted from the ground, before being engulfed in . After the is blown away, we see Criss, whole again.The Dolls: Three dolls - Gigi, Taz and Charissa - appear, dancing seductively while they dress Criss.Doves: Criss does some sleight of hand with doves, before he disappears into a cloud of , reemerging with his own pair of wings. He levitates above the stage for a few moments, before disappearing into the stage.Poppy: Grit, a rabbit, appears on the stage and performs some contact juggling, while a large rabbit hops onstage to watch him. Two men dressed up as poppies come out and spin around, as a very large poppy is brought onstage. Suddenly, the poppy opens to reveal a beautiful woman clad in a white unitard. She performs some aerial acrobatics as Criss appears through a trapdoor in the middle of the stage. He stands on a platform made of thorns, staring up at the woman in awe, a hand clutching at his heart. The woman descends from her flower into Criss' arms. The two embrace before she gets off of the platform.Scarecrow: Two men in white, billowy skirts wave large white fans before Criss, hiding him from view. When he is show again, he is shouting in pain, as Crimson is crawling through his body. Kayala hides behind the Ushers, who urge her to save Criss. She goes to run offstage as Crimson exits Criss' body, but Crimson catches her and begins to strangle Kayala. Criss has escaped his thorny prison, and runs over with a large white cloth to protect Kayala. He makes Kayala vanish under the white cloth, as Crimson makes herself vanish under a red cloth. Criss rips the red cloth away to reveal a burning tree. He then runs offstage to follow Kayala.De Kolta Chair: The four Ushers appear on the dark stage with flashlights, looking for Criss. They come upon many rabbits, before Zangelica appears onstage with a baby carriage. The doll-sized Criss and Kayala appear from the carriage, before Lars picks up the smaller Criss and sits him on a chair. Lars and Maestro then lift a cloth over the chair, allowing Criss to reappear as normal. Maestro then begs him to perform his "favourite trick", the De Kolta chair. Kayala, a chair, and a large box are then brought onstage. Criss places a purple cape over Kayala, having her move her hands before she disappears. The box is then opened to reveal her.Danceoff: Multiple Moles appears onstage and begin to dance. Criss and Kayala run offstage as the Ushers begin to play Rock, Paper, Scissors to decide who will dance against the moles. Each dances in turn, the most notable being Lars breakdancing on his head.Tronik: Criss and Kayala return, and the Ushers begin to haggle them about their romance. Criss only smirks and replays that they "can kiss the monster", the monster being a lurking Tronik. Kayala runs offstage as Criss and Maestro run into the audience, Lars, Luigi and Slim running offstage to get whips and shields. Criss goes back onstage and defeats Tronik with magic. The creature staggers back for a moment, before regaining itself and heading toward Maestro, who cowers. The creature then removes its arms and torso, revealing Criss inside.Metamorphosis: Crimson appears onstage and begins to seduce Criss, along with partially undressing him. He is then thrown into a wooden crate, while Crimson and her minions writhe upon the stage, tying up the crate. Crimson then climbs atop it, hidden in a cloud of before a firewall goes off. Criss then appears atop the crate, and begins to open it, revealing a straight-jacketed Crimson inside.Wedding: Kayala is revealed, wearing a white wedding gown with a huge train following her. The Ushers come out to congratulate her as Criss is seen to appear atop the wall of the train. He then begins to walk down it, marrying Kayala after his descent. The two proceed to kiss as the Ushers pose for photographs. A large pool of blood begins to form on the gown's train, growing large with each flash of the camera. Finally, the gown is ripped from Kayala. A spotlight shines on Crimson and her paparazzi, before Criss is illuminated, Kayala lying on the ground next to him.Paparazzi: Criss and his Ushers fight to keep the paparazzi away from Kayala's lifeless form, the paparazzi dancing with Crimson before the wind blows them away. Criss mourns for Kayala before the Ushers take her away. A large projection of Crimson appears before Criss, knocking him to the ground.In Two: A large, mechanical-like table is rolled out, along with figures sharpening chainsaws on it. Criss is chased offstage by a Crowman, before one of the Dolls brings him back on and throws him upon the table. Crimson takes a chainsaw from one of her henchmen as Criss is bound and shackled to the table, before sawing him in half. Blood and gore spill out everywhere, each half of Criss' now-lifeless body pulled in separate directions offstage.Funeral': The Ushers come out and mourn over Criss, placing red roses on his grave. Crimson walks out with a Crowman and a wheelchair, spitting on Criss' grave before throwing her black rose on the ground. She is then covered by a blanket on the wheelchair and spun around so that she is no longer facing the audience. More mourners bestow roses upon Criss' grave as Kayala comes out in a black mourning gown, placing her white rose gently upon her beloved's grave. A large scrim comes down upon the stage before the wheelchair begins spinning. The figure seated removed the blanket, revealing Criss. He turns around to look at the characters of his surreal adventure, but the lights have gone dark and they are no longer visible. He then turns back to the audience, his whisper of "Believe" echoing throughout the theatre.
Costumes
Mérédith Caron, costume designer, drew much inspiration from the 17th through the 19th centuries, including the Victorian era. The fabrics chosen reflected the themes of desire, seduction, and dreams. The many materials for the characters include linen, cotton netting, crushed velvet, jute, hemp, and crinyl. As an example, Kayala wears a bodice of black crinyl and organza train which is highly influenced by 18th-century decadence. The dolls, on the other hand, are inspired by 17th-century paintings and enlarged paisley patterns. Crimson is seen wearing a costume made of leather and "Mirror of Holland" linen. Her costume's skin effect was created by using two layers of linen covered by black netting which was slashed and sewn back together to give the impression of scars.
Music
The official soundtrack for the show, by French composer Éric Serra, was released in late November 2010 exclusively through Cirque du Soleil's web store; the soundtrack can also be purchased at the official Believe store. The soundtrack is composed of the songs from the original variation of the show, with track listing as follows:
Homage to the Rabbits (Rabbit Dance)
The Life Factory
Sexy Pet (The Dolls)
Flying with the Birds
Kayala and the Poppies
Sympathy for Crimson
The Magic Door
The Cockroach Dance (The Moles)
In and Out of the Dream
Shadows and Whispers
Being Houdini I (Straight Jacket)
Being Houdini II
Prewed
Blow Me a Tornado
She is Gone to the Sky
The Magic Wedding
The song "Sexy Pet" also appears on the two-disc 25 compilation soundtrack.
References
External links
Cirque du Soleil resident shows
Production shows in the Las Vegas Valley
Las Vegas shows
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criss%20Angel%20Believe%20%28Cirque%20du%20Soleil%29
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.