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[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the name of the hollow nerve cord along the back of chordates?\nA. phloem, B. notochord, C. mesoderm, D. zetacord\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the name of the hollow nerve cord along the back of chordates? A. phloem, B. notochord, C. mesoderm, D. zetacord Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What term is used to describe the amount of space occupied by a sample of matter?\nA. liquid, B. mass, C. volume, D. growth\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Volume is the amount of space occupied by a sample of matter.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What term is used to describe the amount of space occupied by a sample of matter? A. liquid, B. mass, C. volume, D. growth Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Volume is the amount of space occupied by a sample of matter. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are responsible for the bending movements of the organelle?\nA. pores, B. sporozoans, C. dyneins, D. muscles\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What are responsible for the bending movements of the organelle? A. pores, B. sporozoans, C. dyneins, D. muscles Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are formed when primary pollutants interact with sunlight, air, or each other?\nA. typical pollutants, B. secondary pollutants, C. secondary contaminants, D. cross pollutants\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants interact with sunlight, air, or each other. They do not directly cause pollution. However, when they interact with other parts of the air, they do cause pollution. For example, ozone is created when some pollutants interact with sunlight. High levels of ozone in the atmosphere can cause problems for humans.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What are formed when primary pollutants interact with sunlight, air, or each other? A. typical pollutants, B. secondary pollutants, C. secondary contaminants, D. cross pollutants Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants interact with sunlight, air, or each other. They do not directly cause pollution. However, when they interact with other parts of the air, they do cause pollution. For example, ozone is created when some pollutants interact with sunlight. High levels of ozone in the atmosphere can cause problems for humans. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection is called the what response?\nA. retaliatory, B. harmful, C. inflammatory, D. defensive\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The cut on your hand may become red, warm, and swollen. These are signs of an inflammatory response. This is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection. As explained in Figure below , the response is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines , which are released when tissue is injured or infected. The chemicals communicate with other cells and coordinate the inflammatory response. You can see an animation of the inflammatory response at this link: http://www. sumanasinc. com/webcontent/animations/content/inflammatory. html .\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection is called the what response? A. retaliatory, B. harmful, C. inflammatory, D. defensive Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The cut on your hand may become red, warm, and swollen. These are signs of an inflammatory response. This is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection. As explained in Figure below , the response is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines , which are released when tissue is injured or infected. The chemicals communicate with other cells and coordinate the inflammatory response. You can see an animation of the inflammatory response at this link: http://www. sumanasinc. com/webcontent/animations/content/inflammatory. html . Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Because these components of the endocrine system are transported via blood, they get diluted and are present in low concentrations when they act on their target cells.\nA. antibodies, B. minerals, C. hormones, D. enzymes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Endocrine Signaling Signals from distant cells are called endocrine signals, and they originate from endocrine cells. (In the body, many endocrine cells are located in endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland. ) These types of signals usually produce a slower response but have a longer-lasting effect. The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called hormones, signaling molecules that are produced in one part of the body but affect other body regions some distance away. Hormones travel the large distances between endocrine cells and their target cells via the bloodstream, which is a relatively slow way to move throughout the body. Because of their form of transport, hormones get diluted and are present in low concentrations when they act on their target cells. This is different from paracrine signaling, in which local concentrations of ligands can be very high. Autocrine Signaling Autocrine signals are produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released. This means the signaling cell and the target cell can be the same or a similar cell (the prefix auto- means self, a reminder that the signaling cell sends a signal to itself). This type of signaling often occurs during the early development of an organism to ensure that cells develop into the correct tissues and take on the proper function. Autocrine signaling also regulates pain sensation and inflammatory responses. Further, if a cell is infected with a virus, the cell can signal itself to undergo programmed cell death, killing the virus in the process. In some cases, neighboring cells of the same type are also influenced by the released ligand. In embryological development, this process of stimulating a group of neighboring cells may help to direct the differentiation of identical cells into the same cell type, thus ensuring the proper developmental outcome. Direct Signaling Across Gap Junctions Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are connections between the plasma membranes of neighboring cells. These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells. Small molecules, such as calcium ions (Ca2+), are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels. The specificity of the channels ensures that the cells remain independent but can quickly and easily transmit signals. The transfer of signaling molecules communicates the current state of the cell that is directly next to the target cell; this allows a group of cells to coordinate their response to a signal that only one of them may have received. In plants, plasmodesmata are ubiquitous, making the entire plant into a giant, communication network.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Because these components of the endocrine system are transported via blood, they get diluted and are present in low concentrations when they act on their target cells. A. antibodies, B. minerals, C. hormones, D. enzymes Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Endocrine Signaling Signals from distant cells are called endocrine signals, and they originate from endocrine cells. (In the body, many endocrine cells are located in endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland. ) These types of signals usually produce a slower response but have a longer-lasting effect. The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called hormones, signaling molecules that are produced in one part of the body but affect other body regions some distance away. Hormones travel the large distances between endocrine cells and their target cells via the bloodstream, which is a relatively slow way to move throughout the body. Because of their form of transport, hormones get diluted and are present in low concentrations when they act on their target cells. This is different from paracrine signaling, in which local concentrations of ligands can be very high. Autocrine Signaling Autocrine signals are produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released. This means the signaling cell and the target cell can be the same or a similar cell (the prefix auto- means self, a reminder that the signaling cell sends a signal to itself). This type of signaling often occurs during the early development of an organism to ensure that cells develop into the correct tissues and take on the proper function. Autocrine signaling also regulates pain sensation and inflammatory responses. Further, if a cell is infected with a virus, the cell can signal itself to undergo programmed cell death, killing the virus in the process. In some cases, neighboring cells of the same type are also influenced by the released ligand. In embryological development, this process of stimulating a group of neighboring cells may help to direct the differentiation of identical cells into the same cell type, thus ensuring the proper developmental outcome. Direct Signaling Across Gap Junctions Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are connections between the plasma membranes of neighboring cells. These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells. Small molecules, such as calcium ions (Ca2+), are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels. The specificity of the channels ensures that the cells remain independent but can quickly and easily transmit signals. The transfer of signaling molecules communicates the current state of the cell that is directly next to the target cell; this allows a group of cells to coordinate their response to a signal that only one of them may have received. In plants, plasmodesmata are ubiquitous, making the entire plant into a giant, communication network. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Which theory explains how populations of organisms can change over time?\nA. evolution by natural selection, B. changes by natural selection, C. intelligent selection, D. free by natural selection\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The theory of evolution by natural selection explains how populations of organisms can change over time. As environments change, so must the traits of organisms if they are to survive in the new conditions. Evolution by natural selection explains how this happens. It also explains why there are so many different species of organisms on Earth today. You can see examples of the incredible diversity of living animals in Figure below . You can read more about the theory of evolution in the chapter Evolution.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Which theory explains how populations of organisms can change over time? A. evolution by natural selection, B. changes by natural selection, C. intelligent selection, D. free by natural selection Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The theory of evolution by natural selection explains how populations of organisms can change over time. As environments change, so must the traits of organisms if they are to survive in the new conditions. Evolution by natural selection explains how this happens. It also explains why there are so many different species of organisms on Earth today. You can see examples of the incredible diversity of living animals in Figure below . You can read more about the theory of evolution in the chapter Evolution. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What forms when the dna in the nucleus wraps around proteins?\nA. genes, B. chromosomes, C. ribosomes, D. rna\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: To begin mitosis, the DNA in the nucleus wraps around proteins to form chromosomes . Each organism has a unique number of chromosomes. In human cells, our DNA is divided up into 23 pairs of chromosomes. Replicated DNA forms a chromosome made from two identical sister chromatids , forming an \"X\" shaped molecule ( Figure below ). The two chromatids are held together on the chromosome by the centromere . The centromere is also where spindle fiber microtubules attach during mitosis. The spindles separate sister chromatids from each other.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What forms when the dna in the nucleus wraps around proteins? A. genes, B. chromosomes, C. ribosomes, D. rna Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: To begin mitosis, the DNA in the nucleus wraps around proteins to form chromosomes . Each organism has a unique number of chromosomes. In human cells, our DNA is divided up into 23 pairs of chromosomes. Replicated DNA forms a chromosome made from two identical sister chromatids , forming an "X" shaped molecule ( Figure below ). The two chromatids are held together on the chromosome by the centromere . The centromere is also where spindle fiber microtubules attach during mitosis. The spindles separate sister chromatids from each other. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the condition called where pimples form on the skin?\nA. blushing, B. dermatitis, C. acne, D. cramping\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: About 85 percent of teens develop acne, like the boy in Figure below . Acne is a condition in which pimples form on the skin. It is caused by a bacterial infection. It happens when the sebaceous glands secrete too much sebum. The excess oil provides a good place for bacteria to grow. Keeping the skin clean helps prevent acne. Over-the-counter products or prescription drugs may be needed if the problem is serious or doesn’t clear up on its own.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the condition called where pimples form on the skin? A. blushing, B. dermatitis, C. acne, D. cramping Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: About 85 percent of teens develop acne, like the boy in Figure below . Acne is a condition in which pimples form on the skin. It is caused by a bacterial infection. It happens when the sebaceous glands secrete too much sebum. The excess oil provides a good place for bacteria to grow. Keeping the skin clean helps prevent acne. Over-the-counter products or prescription drugs may be needed if the problem is serious or doesn’t clear up on its own. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Whose laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics?\nA. newton, B. aristotle, C. bell, D. einstein\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion Motion draws our attention. Motion itself can be beautiful, causing us to marvel at the forces needed to achieve spectacular motion, such as that of a dolphin jumping out of the water, or a pole vaulter, or the flight of a bird, or the orbit of a satellite. The study of motion is kinematics, but kinematics only describes the way objects move—their velocity and their acceleration. Dynamics considers the forces that affect the motion of moving objects and systems. Newton’s laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. These laws provide an example of the breadth and simplicity of principles under which nature functions. They are also universal laws in that they apply to similar situations on Earth as well as in space. Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727) laws of motion were just one part of the monumental work that has made him legendary. The development of Newton’s laws marks the transition from the Renaissance into the modern era. This transition was characterized by a revolutionary change in the way people thought about the physical universe. For many centuries natural philosophers had debated the nature of the universe based largely on certain rules of logic with great weight given to the thoughts of earlier classical philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BC). Among the many great thinkers who contributed to this change were Newton and Galileo.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Whose laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics? A. newton, B. aristotle, C. bell, D. einstein Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion Motion draws our attention. Motion itself can be beautiful, causing us to marvel at the forces needed to achieve spectacular motion, such as that of a dolphin jumping out of the water, or a pole vaulter, or the flight of a bird, or the orbit of a satellite. The study of motion is kinematics, but kinematics only describes the way objects move—their velocity and their acceleration. Dynamics considers the forces that affect the motion of moving objects and systems. Newton’s laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. These laws provide an example of the breadth and simplicity of principles under which nature functions. They are also universal laws in that they apply to similar situations on Earth as well as in space. Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727) laws of motion were just one part of the monumental work that has made him legendary. The development of Newton’s laws marks the transition from the Renaissance into the modern era. This transition was characterized by a revolutionary change in the way people thought about the physical universe. For many centuries natural philosophers had debated the nature of the universe based largely on certain rules of logic with great weight given to the thoughts of earlier classical philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BC). Among the many great thinkers who contributed to this change were Newton and Galileo. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species do what?\nA. reproduce, B. benefit, C. suffer, D. die\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. An example of mutualism is pictured in Figure below . The clownfish in the photo is hiding among the tentacles of a sea anemone. The tentacles have stingers that can inject poison in the anemone’s prey. The clownfish is protected from the stingers by mucus that covers its body.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species do what? A. reproduce, B. benefit, C. suffer, D. die Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. An example of mutualism is pictured in Figure below . The clownfish in the photo is hiding among the tentacles of a sea anemone. The tentacles have stingers that can inject poison in the anemone’s prey. The clownfish is protected from the stingers by mucus that covers its body. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What do you call a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.?\nA. a participate, B. a molecule, C. an element, D. a compound\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What do you call a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.? A. a participate, B. a molecule, C. an element, D. a compound Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What weather term describes what the temperature feels like when the wind is taken into account?\nA. freezing point, B. windshield, C. windchill, D. humidity\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Blizzards are dangerous storms. The wind may blow the snow into deep drifts. Along with the poor visibility, the snow drifts make driving risky. The wind also makes cold temperatures more dangerous. The greater the wind speed, the higher the windchill. Windchill is what the temperature feels like when the wind is taken into account. It depends on air temperature and wind speed ( Figure below ). Higher windchill will cause a person to suffer frostbite and other harmful effects of cold sooner than if the wind isn't blowing.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What weather term describes what the temperature feels like when the wind is taken into account? A. freezing point, B. windshield, C. windchill, D. humidity Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Blizzards are dangerous storms. The wind may blow the snow into deep drifts. Along with the poor visibility, the snow drifts make driving risky. The wind also makes cold temperatures more dangerous. The greater the wind speed, the higher the windchill. Windchill is what the temperature feels like when the wind is taken into account. It depends on air temperature and wind speed ( Figure below ). Higher windchill will cause a person to suffer frostbite and other harmful effects of cold sooner than if the wind isn't blowing. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What device uses electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric current?\nA. convection device, B. electric conductor, C. electric transformer, D. electric combustion\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: An electric generator is a device that changes kinetic energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. An electric transformer is a device that uses electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric current.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What device uses electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric current? A. convection device, B. electric conductor, C. electric transformer, D. electric combustion Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: An electric generator is a device that changes kinetic energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. An electric transformer is a device that uses electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric current. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What layer of soil usually does not have very small particles like clay?\nA. sediment, B. silt, C. topsoil, D. undersoil\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Topsoil usually does not have very small particles like clay. Clay-sized particles are carried to lower layers as water seeps down into the ground. Many minerals dissolve in the fresh water that moves through the topsoil. These minerals are carried down to the lower layers of soil.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What layer of soil usually does not have very small particles like clay? A. sediment, B. silt, C. topsoil, D. undersoil Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Topsoil usually does not have very small particles like clay. Clay-sized particles are carried to lower layers as water seeps down into the ground. Many minerals dissolve in the fresh water that moves through the topsoil. These minerals are carried down to the lower layers of soil. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Which type of glaciers form in high mountains and travel through valleys?\nA. alpine glaciers, B. altitude glaciers, C. seaside glaciers, D. rocky glaciers\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Continental glaciers form in a central location with ice moving outward in all directions. Alpine glaciers form in high mountains and travel through valleys. Ice caps cover large areas.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Which type of glaciers form in high mountains and travel through valleys? A. alpine glaciers, B. altitude glaciers, C. seaside glaciers, D. rocky glaciers Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Continental glaciers form in a central location with ice moving outward in all directions. Alpine glaciers form in high mountains and travel through valleys. Ice caps cover large areas. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What two types of junctions do animal cells have?\nA. gap and solid, B. tight and gap, C. standard and specialized, D. loose and tight\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What two types of junctions do animal cells have? A. gap and solid, B. tight and gap, C. standard and specialized, D. loose and tight Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Where does digestion take place within an incomplete digestive system?\nA. lumbar region, B. central nervous system, C. gastrovascular cavity, D. abdomen\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Flatworms have an incomplete digestive system. This means that the digestive tract has only one opening. Digestion takes place in the gastrovascular cavity.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Where does digestion take place within an incomplete digestive system? A. lumbar region, B. central nervous system, C. gastrovascular cavity, D. abdomen Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Flatworms have an incomplete digestive system. This means that the digestive tract has only one opening. Digestion takes place in the gastrovascular cavity. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Natural selection cannot create new variations in organisms - these new variations must be created by what, which are usually associated with some sort of abnormality?\nA. radiation, B. mutation, C. pollution, D. infection\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Introduction All life on Earth is related. Evolutionary theory states that humans, beetles, plants, and bacteria all share a common ancestor, but that millions of years of evolution have shaped each of these organisms into the forms seen today. Scientists consider evolution a key concept to understanding life. Natural selection is one of the most dominant evolutionary forces. Natural selection acts to promote traits and behaviors that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction, while eliminating those traits and behaviors that are to the organism’s detriment. But natural selection can only, as its name implies, select—it cannot create. The introduction of novel traits and behaviors falls on the shoulders of another evolutionary force—mutation. Mutation and other sources of variation among individuals, as well as the evolutionary forces that act upon them, alter populations and species. This combination of processes has led to the world of life we see today.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Natural selection cannot create new variations in organisms - these new variations must be created by what, which are usually associated with some sort of abnormality? A. radiation, B. mutation, C. pollution, D. infection Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Introduction All life on Earth is related. Evolutionary theory states that humans, beetles, plants, and bacteria all share a common ancestor, but that millions of years of evolution have shaped each of these organisms into the forms seen today. Scientists consider evolution a key concept to understanding life. Natural selection is one of the most dominant evolutionary forces. Natural selection acts to promote traits and behaviors that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction, while eliminating those traits and behaviors that are to the organism’s detriment. But natural selection can only, as its name implies, select—it cannot create. The introduction of novel traits and behaviors falls on the shoulders of another evolutionary force—mutation. Mutation and other sources of variation among individuals, as well as the evolutionary forces that act upon them, alter populations and species. This combination of processes has led to the world of life we see today. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Gene expression is regulated primarily at the what level?\nA. translational, B. binding, C. transcriptional, D. manufacturing\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Gene expression is regulated primarily at the what level? A. translational, B. binding, C. transcriptional, D. manufacturing Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What nullified the idea that all biological catalysts are proteins?\nA. discovery of metabolites, B. amino acid theory, C. discovery of ribozymes, D. discovery of enzymes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What nullified the idea that all biological catalysts are proteins? A. discovery of metabolites, B. amino acid theory, C. discovery of ribozymes, D. discovery of enzymes Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: A tadpole turns into what land mammal?\nA. a morph, B. a frog, C. a pod, D. A tortoise.\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: A tadpole turns into what land mammal? A. a morph, B. a frog, C. a pod, D. A tortoise. Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: In physics, what do you call devices that make work easier?\nA. levers, B. circuits, C. machines, D. tools\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: In this chapter, you saw how pressure and buoyancy of fluids can be used to make work easier — from raising a car on a lift to floating a ship on the ocean. Devices that make work easier are called machines in physics.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: In physics, what do you call devices that make work easier? A. levers, B. circuits, C. machines, D. tools Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In this chapter, you saw how pressure and buoyancy of fluids can be used to make work easier — from raising a car on a lift to floating a ship on the ocean. Devices that make work easier are called machines in physics. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Mars appears red because of large amounts of which element in the soil?\nA. mercury, B. coal, C. carbon, D. iron\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Viewed from Earth, Mars is red. This is due to large amounts of iron in the soil. The ancient Greeks and Romans named the planet Mars after the god of war because the planet's red color reminded them of blood. Mars has only a very thin atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Mars appears red because of large amounts of which element in the soil? A. mercury, B. coal, C. carbon, D. iron Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Viewed from Earth, Mars is red. This is due to large amounts of iron in the soil. The ancient Greeks and Romans named the planet Mars after the god of war because the planet's red color reminded them of blood. Mars has only a very thin atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of rocks are laid down horizontally with the oldest at the bottom?\nA. sedimentary, B. igneous, C. metamorphic, D. crystalline\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Sedimentary rocks are laid down horizontally with the oldest at the bottom.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What type of rocks are laid down horizontally with the oldest at the bottom? A. sedimentary, B. igneous, C. metamorphic, D. crystalline Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Sedimentary rocks are laid down horizontally with the oldest at the bottom. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are two types of frozen percipitation?\nA. ice and frost, B. rain and hail, C. snow and hail, D. icycles and icebergs\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Snow falls when water vapor condenses as ice crystals. The air temperature is below freezing all the way to the ground, so the ice crystals remain frozen. They fall as flakes. Sleet forms when snow melts as it falls through a layer of warm air and then refreezes. It turns into small, clear ice pellets as it passes through a cold layer near the ground. Freezing rain falls as liquid water. It freezes on contact with cold surfaces near the ground. It may cover everything with a glaze of ice. If the ice is thick, its weight may break tree branches and pull down power lines. Hail is another type of frozen precipitation. Hail forms in thunderstorms when strong updrafts carry rain high into the troposphere. The rain freezes into balls of ice called hailstones. This may happen over and over again until the hailstones are as big as baseballs. Hail forms only in cumulonimbus clouds.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What are two types of frozen percipitation? A. ice and frost, B. rain and hail, C. snow and hail, D. icycles and icebergs Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Snow falls when water vapor condenses as ice crystals. The air temperature is below freezing all the way to the ground, so the ice crystals remain frozen. They fall as flakes. Sleet forms when snow melts as it falls through a layer of warm air and then refreezes. It turns into small, clear ice pellets as it passes through a cold layer near the ground. Freezing rain falls as liquid water. It freezes on contact with cold surfaces near the ground. It may cover everything with a glaze of ice. If the ice is thick, its weight may break tree branches and pull down power lines. Hail is another type of frozen precipitation. Hail forms in thunderstorms when strong updrafts carry rain high into the troposphere. The rain freezes into balls of ice called hailstones. This may happen over and over again until the hailstones are as big as baseballs. Hail forms only in cumulonimbus clouds. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The bond between the two nitrogen atoms is a what?\nA. double bond, B. single bond, C. triple bond, D. quadruple bond\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Solution 1. The bond between the two nitrogen atoms is a triple bond. The Lewis diagram for N2 is as follows:.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The bond between the two nitrogen atoms is a what? A. double bond, B. single bond, C. triple bond, D. quadruple bond Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Solution 1. The bond between the two nitrogen atoms is a triple bond. The Lewis diagram for N2 is as follows:. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are the two most common silicates?\nA. Petalite and Analcime, B. feldspar and quartz, C. Analcime and Feldspar, D. Petalite and Quartz\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Feldspar and quartz are the two most common silicates. In beryl, the silicate pyramids join together as rings. Biotite is mica. The silicate pyramids come together to create thin, flexible sheets. Compare the beryl and the biotite pictured below ( Figure below ).\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What are the two most common silicates? A. Petalite and Analcime, B. feldspar and quartz, C. Analcime and Feldspar, D. Petalite and Quartz Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Feldspar and quartz are the two most common silicates. In beryl, the silicate pyramids join together as rings. Biotite is mica. The silicate pyramids come together to create thin, flexible sheets. Compare the beryl and the biotite pictured below ( Figure below ). Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Starch is a large, complex carbohydrate made of thousands of _____ joined together?\nA. glucose units (monomers), B. glucose partitions ( monomers ), C. glucose divisions ( monomers ), D. glucose orders ( monomers )\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Starch is a large, complex carbohydrate made of thousands of glucose units (monomers) joined together. Starches are found in foods such as vegetables and grains. Starches are broken down by the body into sugars that provide energy. Breads and pasta are good sources of complex carbohydrates.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Starch is a large, complex carbohydrate made of thousands of _____ joined together? A. glucose units (monomers), B. glucose partitions ( monomers ), C. glucose divisions ( monomers ), D. glucose orders ( monomers ) Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Starch is a large, complex carbohydrate made of thousands of glucose units (monomers) joined together. Starches are found in foods such as vegetables and grains. Starches are broken down by the body into sugars that provide energy. Breads and pasta are good sources of complex carbohydrates. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Newly duplicated chromosomes are divided into two daughter nuclei during what stage?\nA. meiosis, B. symphysis, C. mitosis, D. prophase\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: During mitosis, the newly duplicated chromosomes are divided into two daughter nuclei.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Newly duplicated chromosomes are divided into two daughter nuclei during what stage? A. meiosis, B. symphysis, C. mitosis, D. prophase Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: During mitosis, the newly duplicated chromosomes are divided into two daughter nuclei. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: As an erythrocyte matures in the red bone marrow, it extrudes its nucleus and most of its other what?\nA. organelles, B. moisture, C. energy, D. electrons\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Shape and Structure of Erythrocytes As an erythrocyte matures in the red bone marrow, it extrudes its nucleus and most of its other organelles. During the first day or two that it is in the circulation, an immature erythrocyte, known as a reticulocyte, will still typically contain remnants of organelles. Reticulocytes should comprise approximately 1–2 percent of the erythrocyte count and provide a rough estimate of the rate of RBC production, with abnormally low or high rates indicating deviations in the production of these cells. These remnants, primarily of networks (reticulum) of ribosomes, are quickly shed, however, and mature, circulating erythrocytes have few internal cellular structural components. Lacking mitochondria, for example, they rely on anaerobic respiration. This means that they do not utilize any of the oxygen they are transporting, so they can deliver it all to the tissues. They also lack endoplasmic reticula and do not synthesize proteins. Erythrocytes do, however, contain some structural proteins that help the blood cells maintain their unique structure and enable them to change their shape to squeeze through capillaries. This includes the protein spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein element. Erythrocytes are biconcave disks; that is, they are plump at their periphery and very thin in the center (Figure 18.6). Since they lack most organelles, there is more interior space for the presence of the hemoglobin molecules that, as you will see shortly, transport gases. The biconcave shape also provides a greater surface area across which gas exchange can occur, relative to its volume; a sphere of a similar diameter would have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio. In the capillaries, the oxygen carried by the erythrocytes can diffuse into the plasma and then through the capillary walls to reach the cells, whereas some of the carbon dioxide produced by the cells as a waste product diffuses into the capillaries to be picked up by the erythrocytes. Capillary beds are extremely narrow, slowing the passage of the erythrocytes and providing an extended opportunity for gas exchange to occur. However, the space within capillaries can be so minute that, despite their own small size, erythrocytes may have to fold in on themselves if they are to make their way through. Fortunately, their structural proteins like spectrin are flexible, allowing them to bend over themselves to a surprising degree, then spring back again when they enter a wider vessel. In wider vessels, erythrocytes may stack up much like a roll of coins, forming a rouleaux, from the French word for “roll.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: As an erythrocyte matures in the red bone marrow, it extrudes its nucleus and most of its other what? A. organelles, B. moisture, C. energy, D. electrons Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Shape and Structure of Erythrocytes As an erythrocyte matures in the red bone marrow, it extrudes its nucleus and most of its other organelles. During the first day or two that it is in the circulation, an immature erythrocyte, known as a reticulocyte, will still typically contain remnants of organelles. Reticulocytes should comprise approximately 1–2 percent of the erythrocyte count and provide a rough estimate of the rate of RBC production, with abnormally low or high rates indicating deviations in the production of these cells. These remnants, primarily of networks (reticulum) of ribosomes, are quickly shed, however, and mature, circulating erythrocytes have few internal cellular structural components. Lacking mitochondria, for example, they rely on anaerobic respiration. This means that they do not utilize any of the oxygen they are transporting, so they can deliver it all to the tissues. They also lack endoplasmic reticula and do not synthesize proteins. Erythrocytes do, however, contain some structural proteins that help the blood cells maintain their unique structure and enable them to change their shape to squeeze through capillaries. This includes the protein spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein element. Erythrocytes are biconcave disks; that is, they are plump at their periphery and very thin in the center (Figure 18.6). Since they lack most organelles, there is more interior space for the presence of the hemoglobin molecules that, as you will see shortly, transport gases. The biconcave shape also provides a greater surface area across which gas exchange can occur, relative to its volume; a sphere of a similar diameter would have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio. In the capillaries, the oxygen carried by the erythrocytes can diffuse into the plasma and then through the capillary walls to reach the cells, whereas some of the carbon dioxide produced by the cells as a waste product diffuses into the capillaries to be picked up by the erythrocytes. Capillary beds are extremely narrow, slowing the passage of the erythrocytes and providing an extended opportunity for gas exchange to occur. However, the space within capillaries can be so minute that, despite their own small size, erythrocytes may have to fold in on themselves if they are to make their way through. Fortunately, their structural proteins like spectrin are flexible, allowing them to bend over themselves to a surprising degree, then spring back again when they enter a wider vessel. In wider vessels, erythrocytes may stack up much like a roll of coins, forming a rouleaux, from the French word for “roll. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the tube-like device used to reliably measure lower levels of radiation?\nA. weber counter, B. geiger counter, C. MRI machine, D. Richter scale\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: These devices are not very sensitive to low levels of radiation, but more sensitive devices are also available that reliably measure the frequency of radioactive events. One such device is the Geiger counter. A Geiger counter is a tube filled with an inert gas that will conduct electricity when exposed to charged radiation, such as alpha or beta particles. When a charged particle enters the tube, it changes the electrical potential between the anode and the cathode, and this change in potential is registered by an electrical circuit as a single radioactive event. Geiger counters are fairly inexpensive and reliable, so they are useful in a wide range of applications. More complicated types of counters are also available, but are generally used only in sophisticated experiments.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the tube-like device used to reliably measure lower levels of radiation? A. weber counter, B. geiger counter, C. MRI machine, D. Richter scale Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: These devices are not very sensitive to low levels of radiation, but more sensitive devices are also available that reliably measure the frequency of radioactive events. One such device is the Geiger counter. A Geiger counter is a tube filled with an inert gas that will conduct electricity when exposed to charged radiation, such as alpha or beta particles. When a charged particle enters the tube, it changes the electrical potential between the anode and the cathode, and this change in potential is registered by an electrical circuit as a single radioactive event. Geiger counters are fairly inexpensive and reliable, so they are useful in a wide range of applications. More complicated types of counters are also available, but are generally used only in sophisticated experiments. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the organs and structures not directly involved in what?\nA. gas exchange, B. helium exchange, C. gold exchange, D. copper exchange\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange. The gas exchange occurs in the respiratory zone.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the organs and structures not directly involved in what? A. gas exchange, B. helium exchange, C. gold exchange, D. copper exchange Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange. The gas exchange occurs in the respiratory zone. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Aflatoxins are toxic, carcinogenic compounds released by fungi of this?\nA. genus sporozoa, B. genus aspergillus, C. arthropod class, D. protist group\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Aflatoxins are toxic, carcinogenic compounds released by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. Periodically, harvests of nuts and grains are tainted by aflatoxins, leading to massive recall of produce. This sometimes ruins producers and causes food shortages in developing countries.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Aflatoxins are toxic, carcinogenic compounds released by fungi of this? A. genus sporozoa, B. genus aspergillus, C. arthropod class, D. protist group Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Aflatoxins are toxic, carcinogenic compounds released by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. Periodically, harvests of nuts and grains are tainted by aflatoxins, leading to massive recall of produce. This sometimes ruins producers and causes food shortages in developing countries. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Four haploid spermatids form during meiosis from what?\nA. the ova, B. the zygote, C. the primary spermatocyte, D. the sister chromatic\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Maturation of the ovum. Notice only 1 mature ovum, or egg, forms during meiosis from the primary oocyte. Three polar bodies may form during oogenesis. These polar bodies will not form mature gametes. Conversely, four haploid spermatids form during meiosis from the primary spermatocyte.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Four haploid spermatids form during meiosis from what? A. the ova, B. the zygote, C. the primary spermatocyte, D. the sister chromatic Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Maturation of the ovum. Notice only 1 mature ovum, or egg, forms during meiosis from the primary oocyte. Three polar bodies may form during oogenesis. These polar bodies will not form mature gametes. Conversely, four haploid spermatids form during meiosis from the primary spermatocyte. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Like people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes must frequently check what level?\nA. heartbeat, B. glucose, C. pulse, D. blood sugar\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Some cases of type 2 diabetes can be cured with weight loss. However, most people with the disease need to take medicine to control their blood sugar. Regular exercise and balanced eating also help, and should be a regular part of the treatment for these people. Like people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes must frequently check their blood sugar.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Like people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes must frequently check what level? A. heartbeat, B. glucose, C. pulse, D. blood sugar Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Some cases of type 2 diabetes can be cured with weight loss. However, most people with the disease need to take medicine to control their blood sugar. Regular exercise and balanced eating also help, and should be a regular part of the treatment for these people. Like people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes must frequently check their blood sugar. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Many species in rhizaria are among the organisms referred to as what?\nA. protozoa, B. amoebas, C. prokaryotes, D. fungi\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Many species in rhizaria are among the organisms referred to as what? A. protozoa, B. amoebas, C. prokaryotes, D. fungi Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the amount actually produced in a reaction called?\nA. maximum yield, B. minimum yield, C. individual yield, D. actual yield\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: In all the previous calculations we have performed involving balanced chemical equations, we made two assumptions: (1) the reaction goes exactly as written, and (2) the reaction proceeds completely. In reality, such things as side reactions occur that make some chemical reactions rather messy. For example, in the actual combustion of some carbon-containing compounds, such as methane, some CO is produced as well as CO2. However, we will continue to ignore side reactions, unless otherwise noted. The second assumption, that the reaction proceeds completely, is more troublesome. Many chemical reactions do not proceed to completion as written, for a variety of reasons (some of which we will consider in Chapter 13 \"Chemical Equilibrium\"). When we calculate an amount of product assuming that all the reactant reacts, we calculate the theoretical yield, an amount that is theoretically produced as calculated using the balanced chemical reaction. In many cases, however, this is not what really happens. In many cases, less—sometimes much less—of a product is made during the course of a chemical reaction. The amount that is actually produced in a reaction is called the actual yield. By definition, the actual yield is less than or equal to the theoretical yield. If it is not, then an error has been made. Both theoretical yields and actual yields are expressed in units of moles or grams. It is also common to see something called a percent yield. The percent yield is a comparison between the actual yield and the theoretical yield and is defined as Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the amount actually produced in a reaction called? A. maximum yield, B. minimum yield, C. individual yield, D. actual yield Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In all the previous calculations we have performed involving balanced chemical equations, we made two assumptions: (1) the reaction goes exactly as written, and (2) the reaction proceeds completely. In reality, such things as side reactions occur that make some chemical reactions rather messy. For example, in the actual combustion of some carbon-containing compounds, such as methane, some CO is produced as well as CO2. However, we will continue to ignore side reactions, unless otherwise noted. The second assumption, that the reaction proceeds completely, is more troublesome. Many chemical reactions do not proceed to completion as written, for a variety of reasons (some of which we will consider in Chapter 13 "Chemical Equilibrium"). When we calculate an amount of product assuming that all the reactant reacts, we calculate the theoretical yield, an amount that is theoretically produced as calculated using the balanced chemical reaction. In many cases, however, this is not what really happens. In many cases, less—sometimes much less—of a product is made during the course of a chemical reaction. The amount that is actually produced in a reaction is called the actual yield. By definition, the actual yield is less than or equal to the theoretical yield. If it is not, then an error has been made. Both theoretical yields and actual yields are expressed in units of moles or grams. It is also common to see something called a percent yield. The percent yield is a comparison between the actual yield and the theoretical yield and is defined as Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Each group of organisms went through its own evolutionary journey, called what?\nA. superfamily, B. anomalous, C. zoology, D. phylogeny\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: CHAPTER SUMMARY 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth Scientists continually gain new information that helps understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Each group of organisms went through its own evolutionary journey, called its phylogeny. Each organism shares relatedness with others, and based on morphologic and genetic evidence, scientists attempt to map the evolutionary pathways of all life on Earth. Historically, organisms were organized into a taxonomic classification system. However, today many scientists build phylogenetic trees to illustrate evolutionary relationships.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Each group of organisms went through its own evolutionary journey, called what? A. superfamily, B. anomalous, C. zoology, D. phylogeny Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: CHAPTER SUMMARY 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth Scientists continually gain new information that helps understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Each group of organisms went through its own evolutionary journey, called its phylogeny. Each organism shares relatedness with others, and based on morphologic and genetic evidence, scientists attempt to map the evolutionary pathways of all life on Earth. Historically, organisms were organized into a taxonomic classification system. However, today many scientists build phylogenetic trees to illustrate evolutionary relationships. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What term refers to the emission of material or energy from an atom's nucleus?\nA. smog, B. radioactivity, C. stasis, D. microscopic\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Radioactivity involves the spontaneous emission of material and/or energy from the nucleus of an atom. The most common radioactive atoms have high atomic numbers and contain a large excess of neutrons. Some typical radioactive elements are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all elements atomic number 84 (polonium) and higher. There are four primary types of emission, either involving the release of a particle from the nucleus or the release of energy. In many instances, both energy and a particle are produced by the radioactive event.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What term refers to the emission of material or energy from an atom's nucleus? A. smog, B. radioactivity, C. stasis, D. microscopic Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Radioactivity involves the spontaneous emission of material and/or energy from the nucleus of an atom. The most common radioactive atoms have high atomic numbers and contain a large excess of neutrons. Some typical radioactive elements are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all elements atomic number 84 (polonium) and higher. There are four primary types of emission, either involving the release of a particle from the nucleus or the release of energy. In many instances, both energy and a particle are produced by the radioactive event. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>