task
stringlengths 37
71
| input
stringlengths 0
2.6k
| output
stringlengths 1
4.09k
| options
sequence | pageTitle
stringlengths 25
141
| outputColName
stringlengths 1
1.03k
| url
stringlengths 41
153
| wdcFile
stringlengths 71
73
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | ____ flow of a continuous nature feeding dilated vascular bed [coronary arteries] | low resistance flow | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | what are some examples of low resistance arteries [coronary arteries] | ica vertebral renal celiac splenic hepatic | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | _____ flow of a pulsatile nature. Between incident pulses, hydraulic reflections travel back up the vessel from the periphery producing flow reversals in the vascular compartment [coronary arteries] | high resistance flow | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | what are some examples of a high resistance vessel [coronary arteries] | eca subclavian aorta iliac extremity arteries fasting sma | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | the ___ of a high resistant signal may disappear distal to a stenosis because of decreased peripheral resistance, secondary to ischemia [coronary arteries] | reversal component | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | doppler flow ___ to a significant stenosis is lower resistant. In addition its more rounded in appearance and is weaker in strength [coronary arteries] | distal | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | a normally high resistant (biphasic or triphasic) signal may become _____ as it approaches the signififcant stenosis and/or arterial obstruction [coronary arteries] | monophasic | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | doppler flow ___ to a significant stenosis is higher resistant in quality (could have no diastole or minimal diastole ) [coronary arteries] | proximal | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | ___ is probably best single vasodilator of resistancevessels within skeletal muscle [coronary arteries] | exercise | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | ___ - pain in muscle usually occuring during exercise; subsides with rest. results from inadequate blood supply to muscle. discomfort is predictable and subsides within minutes after exercise. level of disease usually proximal to location of symptoms. [coronary arteries] | claudication | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | What are the signs and symptoms of chronic occlusive disease [coronary arteries] | claudication, ischemic rest pain, and tissue loss | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | ____- a more severe symptom of diminished blood flow. occurs when limb not dependant; BP decreased (such as when sleeping) [coronary arteries] | ischemic rest pain | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | ___- due to deficient or absent blood supply to tissue [coronary arteries] | tissue loss necrosis or death of tissue | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | symptoms include the 6P's pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, polar. May result from thrombus, ebolism or trauma. [coronary arteries] | acute arterial ocllusion | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
43e217e7_trasound_Flashcards___Cram_com__coronary_arteries | ____- a condition that exists when symptoms intermittent digital ischemia occur in response to cold exposure or emotional stress. Changes in skin color may include pallor, cyanosis or rubor [coronary arteries] | raynauds phenomenon | [] | vascular ultrasound Flashcards - Cram.com | coronary arteries | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/vascular-ultrasound-1897031 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00034-ip-10-236-191-2_387066460_0.json |
e1596314_Language_Flashcards___Cram_com__of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara_ | [Sub-Saharan] Sahel | a strip of grassland along the southern edge of the Sahara | [] | ch 11 west africa Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com | the region of Africa south of the Sahara. | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-11-west-africa-920535 | 13/1438042989891.18_20150728002309-00118-ip-10-236-191-2_380855535_0.json |
e1596314_Language_Flashcards___Cram_com__of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara_ | [Sub-Saharan] Savanna | a grassland region near the tropics | [] | ch 11 west africa Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com | the region of Africa south of the Sahara. | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-11-west-africa-920535 | 13/1438042989891.18_20150728002309-00118-ip-10-236-191-2_380855535_0.json |
e1596314_Language_Flashcards___Cram_com__of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara_ | [Sub-Saharan] Animism | a belief that many spirits live within the natural world | [] | ch 11 west africa Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com | the region of Africa south of the Sahara. | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-11-west-africa-920535 | 13/1438042989891.18_20150728002309-00118-ip-10-236-191-2_380855535_0.json |
e1596314_Language_Flashcards___Cram_com__of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara_ | [Sub-Saharan] Ritual | an activity that sacred meaning and is part of the practice of a religion | [] | ch 11 west africa Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com | the region of Africa south of the Sahara. | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-11-west-africa-920535 | 13/1438042989891.18_20150728002309-00118-ip-10-236-191-2_380855535_0.json |
e1596314_Language_Flashcards___Cram_com__of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara_ | [Sub-Saharan] Invader | an outsider who comes into an area to conquer or destroy it | [] | ch 11 west africa Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com | the region of Africa south of the Sahara. | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-11-west-africa-920535 | 13/1438042989891.18_20150728002309-00118-ip-10-236-191-2_380855535_0.json |
e1596314_Language_Flashcards___Cram_com__of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara_ | [Sub-Saharan] Mosque | an Islamic place of worship | [] | ch 11 west africa Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com | the region of Africa south of the Sahara. | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-11-west-africa-920535 | 13/1438042989891.18_20150728002309-00118-ip-10-236-191-2_380855535_0.json |
e1596314_Language_Flashcards___Cram_com__of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara_ | [Sub-Saharan] Proverb | a short saying that expresses the values or morals of a culture | [] | ch 11 west africa Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com | the region of Africa south of the Sahara. | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-11-west-africa-920535 | 13/1438042989891.18_20150728002309-00118-ip-10-236-191-2_380855535_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | conductivity as a measure of dissolved ions and as an estimator of productivity | conductivity is proportional to the relative amount of electricity that can be conducted by water, and can be correlated approximately to system productivity because high nutrient waters have high conductivity, but other factors including concentration of nonnutrient salts also influence conductivity | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | chemical vs. mechanical weathering, and the role of microbes | chemical weathering releases dissolved matter, whereas mechanical weathering releases particulate matter that may react to form dissolved matter at some point. microbes can enhance the rates of weathering | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why high runoff volume has low dissolved matter | the total concentration of dissolved matter is related inversely to the amount of runoff because the higher the runoff, the less time water had to dissolve ions (but relationship is variable due to geomorphology, geology of parent material, and area of runoff) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | assimilation and how it decreases concentrations of ions in the water: | ex. as nitrogen is taken up by an organism(assimilated) the concentration of nitrogen in the water decreases. Has to do with interactions with biota abundance of ions in water flowing from terrestrial habitats | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | indicators of water quality; what turbidity is and what influences it | - color, taste, odor, suspended solids, and turbidity - turbidity: measured as light absorption or light scattering of water (influenced by suspended particles, and tannins and lignins from decomposition of organic material | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | what drives whether an environment is going to have oxidation or reduction, and generally why redox matters in ecosystems: | -the relative availability (concentration) of electrons for chemical reactions in a solution (low redox=lots of available electrons (reducing environment) & high redox=few available electrons (oxidizing environment). when O2 is present, redox values are high because oxygen has an affinity for electrons). redox potential is a large determinant of what chemical reactions will occur without an input of energy, what reactions will require energy, and what products will be favored in the environment. -oxidizing environments only allows chemical reactions that release electrons to occur. -whether or not the environment is oxic or anoxic, in an oxic environment, oxidation takes place and in an anoxic environment, reduction takes place - “a compound will have high potential energy if it is a low redox compound in a high redox environment or a high redox compound in a low redox environment” (pg 297) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | dissolved oxygen | amount of O2 dissolved in the water. concentration is a primary determinant of redox (when present, redox values must be high) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | what processes determine how much oxygen is present in an ecosystem | metabolic activity rates, diffusion, temperature, and proximity to atmosphere (sources in water: photosynthesis, diffusion, mixing, dams) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why oxygen supersaturation can occur | if oxygen becomes supersaturated, it will form bubbles and come out of solution (in fish - leads to gas bubble trauma which causes strokes, ruptured swim bladder, decreased breathing abilities, and subdermal air bubbles) and can be caused by photosynthesis (e.g., when there is a high biomass of phytoplankton at the metalimnion)(during calm days O2 can build up in the epilimnion especially in littoral zones) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | main reactants and products of photosynthesis and respiration | - photosynthesis: H2O + CO2 + light energy = CH2O + O2 - respiration: CH2O + O2 = CO2 + H2O + chemical energy (ATP) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | compensation point, and the relative net photosynthesis curves of high light adapted and low light adapted plants, and where you might find those different types of plants | - compensation point: where gross production equals respiration - low light adapted: have a low compensation point, have rapid increase in P.S. rate as light increases, but tend to be photoinhibited at low irradiance. found in the benthos/profundal zone, heavy surrounding vegetation, or under dense canopy | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | how mixing affects phytoplankton photosynthesis in lakes | if turbulent mixing is deep enough, the average light experienced can be too low to support growth. Phytoplankton are most likely to be below this depth during winter when lake is not stratified and ambient light is low | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | photoinhibition | direct or indirect damaging effects of high-intensity light on the molecules in plant cells, reducing photosynthetic capacity | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | factors that influence photosynthetic rates and respiration rates | - photosynthetic rates: light, temperature, nutrient availability, water velocity / dissolved oxygen content (high levels inhibit photosyn.), organic compounds (which lower photosynthetic rates) - respiration rates: quality of organic carbon available for consumption, temperature, exchange rates with the environment, compounds that influence physiology (e.g., toxins, extreme pH, salinity), activity levels (for animals) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | when and why there are low oxygen concentrations or anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion, and how it relates to lake mixing | The hypolimnion is usually deep enough that little light reaches it, restricting photosynthesis. Respiration predominates as organic carbon rains down from above. Oxygen is depleted gradually in the hypolimnion over time. Mixing blends dissolved oxygen throughout | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why sewage releases can lead to anoxia | the load of organic carbon in untreated sewage stimulates respiration and consumes oxygen at a rate in excess of that which can be replenished by exchange with the atmosphere. water then becomes anoxic and can lead to fish death | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why groundwater is generally anoxic | because when it is deep enough, there are: a low supply of O2, high temperatures associated with geothermal heating, O2 consumption by organisms, reactions with organic chemicals, and long turnover times | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | ability of CO2 to be supersaturated | increased atmospheric pressure, slight acidity see the Lake Nyos example in Sidebar 13.1 | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | forms of organic C | DOC (dissolved), POC (particulate), FPOM (fine particulate), CPOM (coarse particulate) -the difference between DOC and FPOM is 45um, the difference between FPOM and CPOM is 1mm | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why organic C availability is particularly important in groundwater, benthic sediments, and forested streams | because these habitats are dominated by heterotrophic organisms | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | biochemical oxygen demand, including basically how it's measured: | the total demand for oxygen by chemical and biological (respiration) oxidative reactions; common method to estimate total available organic carbon for heterotrophs; look at Method 13.1 for how it’s measured-- incubate water in a sealed bottle and measure how much O2 is depleted over time, by how much O2 is used, you can figure out the biochemical oxygen demand | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | humic compounds and tannins | Humic compounds are large molecular weight compounds and lend a brownish color to the water, by-product of breakdown of larger molecular weight compounds such as tannins, cellulose, and lignins. non-humic includes sugars & other carbs, amino acids, urea, proteins , pigment, lipids, Low molecular weight): - general interaction with organic pollutants and metals(Tannins and humic substances) 1. attach to many other organic substances, which is important for the transport of pollutants. 2. they form complexes with metal ions, which can be important for keeping iron in solution. 3. how they color the water, resistance to degradation(Both are resistant to biological degradation) 4. form colloids | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | factors that affect rates of decay of organic compounds | (see Fig. 3.15 and p. 333) -simple vs complex carbon -macrophytes and organic material - temperature and inorganic nutrients - human land use can alter rates (agriculture input and disturbance) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why peat bogs form in anoxic conditions | b/c anoxic conditions lead to slower breakdown of organic materials due to reduced efficiency of carbon oxidation and inhibition of microbial activity by metabolic by-products (lowering pH); thus, accumulation of organic compounds under anoxic (or acidic) conditions leads to formation of peat bogs | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | methanotrophs, including under what conditions they live: | bacteria that specifically oxidize methane; generally found living in close proximity to anoxic habitats from which there is a constant diffusive influx of methane | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why wetlands and rice paddies are a source of methane | methane escapes from wetlands b/c anoxic processes lead to methanogenesis | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | assimilation | organismal acquisition of nutrients; generally occurs regardless of the redox state of the environment | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | remineralization | the excretion of inorganic nutrients by organisms | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | forms of N | N2 gas, inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium), organic N (dissolved organic N (<.45um) and particulate organic N (>.45um)) - most common form is N2 gas (atmosphere composed of 78% N2); water contains N2 as a dissolved gas - NH3: ammonia (high pH conditions) - NO2: nitrite - toxic - NO3: nitrate - NH4: ammonium (ionic form found in neutral conditions) - organic: amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, and urea | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | biological use of N – what biological molecules it's in, what form of N is necessary for use by cells | - amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, and urea - many animals can assimilate nitrogen only in the form of organic molecules (amino and nucleic acids in the tissues of other organisms) - primary producers and bacteria use nitrate, nitrite, or ammonium - understanding N fluxes are crucial because N can limit primary production | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | N fixation – what organisms use it, how it's a pathway for entry of N into aquatic habitats | - many bacteria (cyanobacteria and some archaea) can assimilate N2 - enzyme nitrogenase used, and is extremely energy intensive. enters aquatic habitats through leaching, leaves falling into water, large populations of cyanobacteria and rainwater | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | nitrification as an oxidation process; importance to ecosystems | -It is the oxidation of ammonia to nitrites, then those nitrites to nitrates. NH3 or NH4 to NO2- (+energy) to NO3- (+energy) -vital link in the nitrogen cycle, nitrite can impact health negatively, nitrifying bacteria compete for ammonium with primary producers | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | denitrification as a reductive process (in anoxic conditions); why it's a key link in the N cycle | leads to the conversion of inorganic combined nitrogen (nitrate) to the relatively unavailable N2 gas - NO3- to N2O to N2 | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | excretion of N by organisms; why it's an important flux in ecosystems; ammonification: | - organisms can ingest more nitrogen than needed, and must excrete the surplus; - ammonification: when ammonium in remineralized. excessive ammonium produced by high densities of fish can be toxic | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | relative amounts of ammonium and nitrate in anoxic vs. oxidized waters, and what that would mean for where each would be concentrated in a f.w. environment, e.g., a stratified lake | (Figs. 14.4, 14.5) - nitrate is predominant of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in oxidized waters - ammonium is in predominate form in anoxic waters - in a lake with an anoxic hypolimnion, ammonium dominates the hypolimnion, and nitrate is mainly confined to epilimnion during stratification (in the epilimnion, nitrification transforms ammonium to nitrate in the presence of O2, but in the hypolimnion nitrate is removed by denitrification under anoxic conditions, and nitrogen continues to be excreted in the form of ammonium) - high ammonium in streams is often associated with input of anoxic groundwaters or pollution | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | nitrate contamination problems for human health | - methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome): nitrite binds more strongly to hemoglobin than O2 - conversion to carcinogenic nitrosamines in stomach (gastric cancer and fertilizer use correlation) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | S cycle as a complex nutrient cycle, supplying energy for organisms under a variety of conditions (oxic and anoxic), and interacting with metals and thus, indirectly, other nutrients → do not memorize all the various transformations, but do know that by removing iron species from solution, it frees phosphate (p. 360) | - complexity of the cycle driven by different redox states in which it can occur, and illustrates that organisms have evolved to use most of the possible common compounds in the biosphere that have potential energy - in aquatic systems, is rarely a limiting nutrient - removes iron from solutions, freeing phosphate that would normally precipitate - sulfides can combine with metals to form pyrites that have low solubility under anoxic conditions (can represent iron loss (iron pyrite) in aquatic ecosystems) - water quality factor (color and odor) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | P as a key limiting nutrient for primary production in aquatic habitats: | phosphorus is mainly found in only one inorganic form (phosphate), and limits primary production in aquatic habitats | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | forms of P | main inorganic form: phosphate(relative concentration in oligotrophic habitats), organic forms (DOP, PP) - phosphate (PO4) is a dominant form of inorganic phosphorus in natural waters - organic: nucleic acids and lipids | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | biological use of P – what molecules it's in | - used in cells for nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, and other compounds | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | interaction of P with Fe, when and how it happens (temporally and spatially), and why that's important | - determines the availability of phosphorus in many aquatic systems - phosphate will precipitate with some metals (ferric iron) in the presence of oxygen (forms fericphosphate) and leads to the deposition of phosphorus in sediments when surface water is oxygenated. When it settles into an anoxic zone, the iron breaks off; eddy diffusion of dissolved materials moves the phosphorus back to the surface in the fall when fall mixing breaks stratification | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | Si as a limiting nutrient for diatom production; frustules | diatoms rely on silicon as a component of their specialized cell walls (frustules) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | silicic acid, and sources of Si | - silicon cycles drive the dominance of diatoms in surface waters and can be a primary determinant of algal community structure in lakes and streams - silicic acid: usually the form dissolved in waters - sources: clays containing silicon compounds | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | temporal and spatial variability in Si concentrations, esp. in lakes (Fig. 14.10) | - can be depleted in the epilimnion of lakes during summer because of the slow cycling of silicon, its incorporation into diatom frustules, and the sinking of these frustules before they can be re-dissolved | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | forms of Fe: Fe+3 and Fe+2 and under what conditions they're favored (anoxic vs. oxic) | - under oxic (high redox) conditions iron becomes ferric (Fe3+) - under anoxic (low redox) conditions iron becomes ferrous (Fe2+) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | biological use of Fe – what molecules and pathways it's in | - key element in electron transport proteins, hemoglobins, enzymes used in synthetic pathways for chlorophyll and proteins, and enzymes used for nitrate assimilation, photosynthesis, and other essential metabolic processes | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | temporal and spatial variability in Fe concentrations, esp. in stratified lakes | - variability is especially pronounced in concentrations related to anoxic events such as summer stratification in eutrophic lakes | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | Fe interaction with humic compounds and subsequent problems for organisms: | large concentrations can complex with iron so successfully that they make iron unavailable to organisms | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | Fe relationship with phosphate | iron can precipitate phosphate, settles to sediments in oligotrophic lake or wetland. If hypolimnion is anoxic (as expected in a eutrophic lake) the FePO4 precipitate will dissociate into phosphate and ferrous iron. Allows higher concentrations of phosphorus to be maintained in the surface waters and leads to algal growth (since it is often limiting) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | generally, why redox gradients are important and how human impacts have changed redox heterogeneity (see p. 370) | - redox gradients are sites of high rates and diverse types of metabolic activities, occur because of dependence of many aquatic microbial geochemical processes on either reduced chemicals in oxidized environments or oxidized chemicals in reduced environments; locations where reduced compounds are diffuse rapidly into oxidized conditions and vice versa. - humans changed: urbanization lowers heterogeneity and decreases anoxic carbon-rich habitats leading to lower rates of denitrification | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why microorganisms tend to dominate extreme environments | higher plants and animals have complex multicellular systems that cannot evolve to compensate for extremes | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | how organisms survive freezing, lack of water, and high light intensity | - freezing: the ability to avoid ice crystal formation is necessary; supercooling (lowering of the freezing temp of the water in their bodies); some slow the rate of freezing to allow the body time to adapt; diapause; fishes amphibians, This is for salinity:invert. produce glycerol (anti-freeze) - lack of water: produce resting eggs, accumulate sucrose to maintain biological molecules during drying - high light intensity: compounds absorb damaging UV rays by preventing the formation of harmful free radicals, protective pigments and behavioral responses | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | how saline lakes and ponds form; how organismal diversity changes with increasing salinity, and which organisms (generally, not specific genera or species) have the highest salinity tolerance | - occur in closed basins where water primarily leaves through evaporation, leaving salts that have weathered from the surrounded watershed behind - there is a general decrease in diversity of animals and plants and salinity increases (bacteria and archaea dominate in the harshest) most likely because of an inability to osmoregulate | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | sulfur-oxidizing bacteria – where they live and why; how organismal diversity changes with increasing temperature in hot springs, and which organisms (generally) have the highest temperature tolerances | - live in hot springs, and at the highest temps, are the dominant primary producers - oxidize sulfides to sulfuric acid | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | psychrophilic | organisms that require cold temperatures (less than 5 degrees C) to grow and/or reproduce | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | what organisms dominate Antarctic lakes, and what adaptations allow them to do so | - primary producers (planktonic algae): adapted to compete for light(under thick layers of ice); some can consume small particles and photosynthesize, which allows them to survive in long winters with no light - cyanobacteria (glacial channels to antarctic lakes): can be freeze-dried for much of the year but can actively photosynthesize minutes after being wetted | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | what organisms dominate snowfields | - microbial primary producers such as chlorophytes (most common), euglenoids, chrysophytes, cyanobacteria, and diatoms - these primary producers can support a community of fungi, bacteria, rotifers, protozoa, and some inverts. - most common: single-celled green algae (chlorophytes) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | what the greatest challenge for organisms in temporary pools is, and what adaptations allow them to overcome it; why amphibians tend to live in these pools while fish do not | - drying: resting stages that are resistant to desication and/or life stages with the ability to fly/crawl or be blown into pools. - use for different parts of life cycles - fish need water at all times, amphibians only need for certain parts of the life cycle (lack of fish predation lets amphibians and invertebrates thrive) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | small pools in pitcher plants and tires (the authors don't mention bamboo!); why these are ideal study systems and what organisms tend to dominate these habitats | - dominant organisms: insect larvae and tadpoles of some amphibians - attractive study systems b/c they form a well-defined ecosystem in which all members of the community can be identified and pools can be easily replicated and sampled | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | organismal adaptation to ultraoligotrophic habitats | - slow growth - resting or static stages | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | neustonic organisms | microorganisms that live at the surface | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why the water surface layer is an extreme environment – challenges that organisms face in the surface layer and how they overcome those challenges | - extreme b/c: biogenic surfactants (humic and fulvic acids) accumulate here; lipids, metals of concern, nutrients, and some microorganisms can also accumulate; bubbles can interact with chemicals on the surface, creating foam; water surface tension exerts considerable force on small organisms - organisms must be able to tolerate very high levels of light (high energy exertion in repair of light damaged cells) - organisms can manipulate surface tension by exuding organic compounds that spread across the surface; e.g., veliid (Velia caprai) and beetles in the genus Stenus are able to excrete material that lowers the water tension behind them, so surface tension in front pulls them forward | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | basic difference between acute and chronic toxin exposure, and lethal and sublethal responses | - acute: exposure that comes in large pulses over a short period of time - chronic: exposure that is in low doses over a long period of time - responses: lethal (death) and sublethal (not causing death) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | bioconcentration and biomagnification; what influences uptake and retention of a contaminant | - bioconcentration: the ability of a compound to move into an organism from the water - biomagnification: the entire increase in concentration from the bottom to the top of the food web - factors that influence uptake/retention: metabolic rate, rate of assimilation of contaminated food, heterogeneous distribution of the pollutant, and rate of excretion of the contaminant. the less water-soluble the organic compiound, the more they are concentrated by organisms. | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | EPT index: | basic community-level indicator of stream health and water quality that uses the total number of insect taxa in the groups Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Tricoptera, which are usually intolerant to pollution | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | pollution tolerance index | taxa are assigned tolerance values (0-10) based on their distributions across pollution gradients (species found in polluted environments receive values closer to 10) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | basic definition and examples of organic pollutants; (pesticides, herbicides, insecticides) what we don't know about them | (almost nothing is known about how complex mixtures of these compounds at low concentrations will influence human health, not well regulated due to the large number of them) examples of pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in freshwater environments, and some of the potential negative effects of their presence - birth control pills and painkillers - sunscreen, caffeine - organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethrins, organochlorides, roundup (contains a surfectant plus glycophosphate) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | acid precipitation: sources, transportation mechanisms, and ecological effects | -source: combustion of coal and oil -->sulfuric and nitric acid formation in precipitation. transported via wind from factories/exhaust, precipitation. Also, mine drainage -lowered rate of microbial decomposition, greater rates of organic material deposition (increased carbon accumulation), algal population bloom and collapse, shifts in algal, plant, and animal communities, decrease in diversity, the efficiency of energy transfer up the food web is lowered, increases concentration of aluminum (damaging fish gills); effects of emission controls on acid precipitation | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | which organisms commonly have lead toxicity and why | water fowl commonly have lead toxicity due to history of lead shot pellets for hunting in freshwater systems-birds consume the pellets that are in sediments. Lead fishing weights also have an effect on the lead concentrations of freshwater systems. | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | how mercury enters aquatic systems and which organisms are most susceptible to lead toxicity | Hg enters system from atmospheric fallout from coal burning, trash incineration, industrial emissions- methylated in anaerobic conditions in sediments-gets into food web-often through periphyton- bio accumulates into fish and then people | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why climate change may exacerbate salinity problems and why that might be a problem | increased temperature and droughts will increase evaporation which will concentrate solutes. This is problem for organisms: osmotic stress-slower growth, reduced reproduction, death. reduced biodiversity and ecosystem functions-primary production and decomposition rates | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | why suspended solids and sediments can negatively affect freshwater ecosystems | - shading, limiting light transmission, interfering with filter feeding, and harboring pathogens, interfering with reproduction, respiratory O2 transport, habitat availability. increase scour, | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | sources of thermal pollution, and why thermal pollution matters to organisms | - thermal pollution: any deviation from natural temp in a habitat. - small changes can have large effects -industrial cooling activities, discharges of cold water below large impoundments, power plants & industrial factories, deforestation, urban runoff, dams -cool water withdrawn from streams used to cool machinery and hot water returned - urban runoff esp. during intense storm events in areas with lots of asphalt - reduction in flow/volume - withdraws for irrigation, hydroelectric, etc. can effect metabolic rates of ectothermic organisms, cues for spawning fish, facilitate est. of exotic species, alter growth and development of species - thermal shock in fish | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | uptake & assimilation (again) | - nutrients need to be taken into cells from the water surrounding them (uptake) and then incorporated into organic molecules used for growth (assimilation) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | Michaelis-Menten relationship | how the equation works, KS and Vmax adaptations to low vs high nutrient environments, using the growth curves to predict which organism would dominate in a given scenario -As concentration increases, uptake occurs most rapidly at low levels of nutrients, and asymptotes as the maximum uptake is approached. V=uptake, Vmax=max uptake, [s]=substance concentration, Ks=concentration of S where V=1/2 | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | luxury consumption | uptake of nutrients in excess of needs, nutrients are scarce, except in pulses, and it is necessary for organism to store it for future use. | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | what affects nutrient uptake, aside from nutrient concentration | temperature, light, pH, metabolic characteristics | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
b6c7160a_gy_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__rough_a_filter_of_a_given_size | main limiting nutrients for organismal growth in freshwater systems | usually N or P, sometimes both. they are spatially and temporally variable (this is from class notes, she drew that diagram showing inputs of N and P) | [] | Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com | the distinction is often arbitrary, commonly based on the ability to pass through a filter of a given size | http://www.cram.com/flashcards/freshwater-ecology-final-2135808 | 13/1438042992543.60_20150728002312-00314-ip-10-236-191-2_387606938_0.json |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.