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While exploring the coastline, our surfEXPLORE team met a cross-section of local residents, including tribal people with little involvement with or concern for 21st-century tech or culture, betel-nut-chewing indigenous Papuan people who have lived in this area continuously for roughly 30,000 years, and quite a few transmigrasi—ethnic Malay Asian Indonesians who've received government assistance to leave crowded areas like Java and Bali and resettle in Papua.
What we did not see was a single Caucasian foreigner (other than ourselves) in three weeks on the coast.
SurfEXPLORE is a multi-national group who travel to some of the world's more remote and exotic locations seeking undiscovered surfing waves, and teaming up with Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation (ASC) to contribute to environmental research along the way. Our core team is French surfer Erwan Simon, British longboard champion Sam Bleakley, Italian surfer Emiliano Cataldi, and me, American photographer John Seaton Callahan. This was our fifth project in Pacific Indonesia, and it remains one of our favorite places to travel, explore, and surf.
When we contacted the Tourism Official in Sarmi, a large town on the coast known as "Kota Ombak," or "City of Waves" in Bahasa, the woman there said they recorded 24 foreign visitors in all of 2014.
And as we have at each stop on our journeys, we made scientific use out of our presence here, collecting water samples for the team at ASC Microplastics to analyze and add to their database of microplastic content throughout the world's waters.
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we were hanging out at the computer together, watching youtube videos of dinosaurs. i clicked on one. he hesitantly spoke these words. "don't do that one. that one makes me pee."
"do you think i can just get it from my head!?"
then he smiles. and hangs his jaw open like he's pleased with himself for making a funny.
I love your boys and their "isms".
Your boys are just too cute! Boys are so fun...I had fun catching up on all your posts!! You make me laugh so hard!! I just love ya girl!
i love the quotes that kids come up with. they are priceless. good for you and writing them down... i need to be better about that. it looks like ya'll have been having so much fun and the harkers island mosquitoes... that's one thing that i don't miss about nc. none here in phoenix!
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Published February 5, 2015 at 640 × 480 in it's a Mitzvah!
Thanks for a marvelous posting! I certainly enjoyed reading it, you will be a great author.I will make sure to bookmark your blog and definitely will come back in the future. I want to encourage you to definitely continue your great posts, have a nice holiday weekend!
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Beer volume sales got off to a strong start during the first four weeks of 2019, growing 3.7 percent compared to last year, according to market research firm IRI.
The Chicago-based retail data provider, which tracks sales at major off-premise retail chains, last week reported that year-to-date off-premise dollar sales for beer at multi-outlet and convenience (MULC) stores (grocery, drug, club, dollar, mass-merchandiser and military) eclipsed $2.3 billion (+6.4 percent) during the period ending January 27.
Flavored malt beverages, domestic super premiums and import offerings led the way, growing MULC dollar sales by 24.1 percent, 21.1 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively.
Meanwhile, volume sales of craft beer at MULC stores grew 4 percent, while dollar sales grew 4.9 percent.
Craft sales trends were even better in the convenience channel, where dollar sales grew 7.2 percent, to $89.7 million, through the first four weeks of the year.
The cider category also continued to grow, with dollar sales at MULC stores increasing 9.6 percent, and volume sales up 7.3 percent during the period.
Dollar sales of emerging product category, non-alcoholic beer, were also up 6.3 percent, to more than $7.3 million at MULC stores.
And while topline sales of craft beer were up during the period, a number of styles are in decline, including Belgian witbiers, seasonal offerings, pale ales, amber ales, amber lagers, wheat beers, and porters, among others.
Amber lagers and seasonal products are suffering the worst declines, with dollar sales down 11.8 percent and 11 percent, respectively, at MULC stores.
But there are some bright spots. Craft IPAs continue to grow – dollar sales were up 14.1 percent at MULC stores – and more sessionable offerings such as golden ales and pale lagers are trending upward, growing 16.5 percent and 30.6 percent, respectively.
Those gains are likely driven by the continued success of Firestone Walker's 805 Blonde Ale, of which dollar sales were up 32.5 percent. Meanwhile, Boston Beer's Sam 76 grew dollar sales 77.8 percent during the period.
Speaking of individual craft brands, 17 of the top 30 best-selling brands grew off-premise dollar sales through the first four weeks of the year, according to IRI.
Impressively, dollar sales of Sierra Nevada's Hazy Little Thing IPA grew 280 percent, while Cigar City's Jai Alai IPA dollar sales grew dollar 92.2 percent.
Other brands with double-digit dollar sales gains included Founders Brewing's All Day IPA (+27.6 percent), Elysian's Space Dust IPA (+36.5 percent), Bell's Brewery's Two Hearted Ale (+10.4 percent), New Belgium's Rampant Imperial IPA (+33.3 percent), Samuel Adams' variety pack (+12.5 percent), and MillerCoors' Blue Moon Mango Wheat (+44.1 percent).
Boston Beer Company, the fifth largest U.S. vendor according to IRI, grew its off-premise MULC store sales 22.3 percent, while Mark Anthony Brands, maker of White Claw Hard Seltzer and Mike's Hard Lemonade, grew its MULC volume sales 45.9 percent.
Among craft beer companies, Sierra Nevada and New Belgium both began the new year in the black (dollar sales up 5.2 percent and 9 percent, respectively) after coming off a challenging 2018.
Founders Brewing (+28.7 percent), Stone Brewing (+10.2 percent), Canarchy Craft Brewery Collective (+34.1 percent), Firestone Walker (+28.2 percent) and Artisanal Brewing Ventures (+10.1 percent) also grew dollar sales during the first four weeks of 2019.
Meanwhile, Bell's Brewery (+3.3 percent), Dogfish Head Craft Brewery (+1.5 percent), Lagunitas Brewing Company (+0.8), and Deschutes Brewery (+0.6 percent) also grew dollar sales slightly.
Among major suppliers, Anheuser-Busch InBev's volume sales at MULC stores grew 1.9 percent, while MillerCoors' volume sales declined 0.2 percent.
Meanwhile, volume sales of Constellation Brands' products (Corona, Modelo, Pacifico, Ballast Point, and others) at MULC stores were up 20.2 percent, while Heineken USA's volume sales dipped one percent.
Amongst top-25 suppliers, Craft Brew Alliance suffered the worst declines, as dollar sales dropped 11 percent during the period.
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The traditionally organized at the end of each year, Peipsi Forum on transboundary cooperation, brings this week more than sixty experts and stakeholders from Estonia, Russia, Germany, Moldova and Ukraine to Tartu.
PEIPSI FORUM IX "Sustainable regional development and cross border cooperation in the EU external border areas and EU direct neighborhood" participants from the Estonian-Russian as well as Moldovan, Ukrainian border areas will exchange their views on the experiences and deliberate on the future of the transboundary cooperation in the region.
The opening speeches are made by Tartu county governor Reno Laidre, Tartu city mayor Urmas Kruuse and their Russian colleges: Sergey Sorokin, Pskov Oblast Administration, Head of State Committee on Nature Resources and Environment Protection, Valery Lesnikov, Deputy of Pskov City Duma and Aleksander Vologzhanin, Pskov city Administration Deputy Head.
Conference themes are devoted to cross-border cooperation for sustainable Lake Peipsi region development and are focused on thematic priorities of the EU Baltic Sea Strategy and the Northern Dimension. The conference participants will discuss burning issues in environment, culture and tourism development in the Estonian-Russian border area, as well elaborate proposals for future cooperation. In addition to the partners from the both sides of the Lake Peipsi, we will have specialists working with River Dniester and Danube delta cross border cooperation issues.
Peipsi Forum in organized in cooperation with Peipsi Center for Tranboundary Cooperation, Chudskoe Project, Pskov, Forum Balticum, Emajõgi Riverway Foundation.
Great conference! Thanks, Margit and whole CTC team. It will be fine to place to your website the fresh brochure on public participation in transboundary water cooperation which CTC recently published.
|
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According to a recent media release, the Westwind Board of Trustees is happy to announce Darren Mazutinec has been officially appointed superintendent of schools for Westwind School Division #74 effective July 1.
Southern Alberta born, raised, and educated — Mazutinec has dedicated his life to working with students. During his 29-year career as an educator, Mazutinec has filled various roles, including teacher, coach, vice-principal, principal, and administrator, it was stated in the media release.
Most recently, Mazutinec held the position of principal of Stirling School from 2010-2018 before being hired as Westwind's deputy superintendent last spring. The Board of Trustees engaged in public consultation and gathered valuable input from members of the Westwind community through an online survey used to develop a superintendent job profile.
Based on feedback gathered by the public, as well as the Superintendent Leadership Quality Standards, the board noted in the media release it is confident Mazutinec is the right person to lead the division at this time.
Mazutinec stated in the media release it's an honour to have been chosen as the next superintendent of the Westwind School Division. "Our division encompasses all that's good in education with its vast diversity of schools and students. Our students are provided daily access to quality teaching, learning, and extra-curricular opportunities by the careful care, planning, and involvement of our school administration teams, teachers, and educational assistants. We have a lot of good people doing a lot of great things for everything connected to our division." According to the media release, Mazutinec loves living on the prairies of beautiful southern Alberta with his close-knit family. He and his wife of 26 years, Kristi, live in Stirling.
"Westwind will carry on our journey of quality learning and care for all students by continuing to focus on the small and simple truths of education — which centre around the expectations of life-long learning for all students and staff and creating safe, comfortable, and accountable learning environments for everyone in Westwind," he explained, in the media release.
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Aqualifephoto is an image library providing royalty free images of all aspects of life in the water.
From aquarium fish, to the largest mammal on earth, from pond plants to corals found in our oceans.
The images on this site are available in numerous sizes for immediate download, and using the search tool it should be easy to find what you want. As a new library, new pictures will be added very frequently so be sure to check back frequently.
Web Design Webxtra Copyright © 2019, All rights reserved.
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Home News Sports
American Muscle Shines At CCA Auction
By Elizabeth Puckett Jul 22, 2019
The event is mainly European models, but the C7 Corvette is steeling the show!
A popular European event, the Everyman Classics, held at Warwickshire Event Centre, will feature from American favorites, as well as others in the mix. It begins on August 3rd, and has everything from Porsche to Chevrolet to Fiat to Jaguar. One of the cars we're interested in seeing how it performs on the British market is a 2015 Corvette C7.
Event officials offered, "If you like a bit of American muscle, a fabulous 2015 Chevrolet Corvette C7 251 Stingray could be an option. This was the first model since 1968 to bear the famous Stingray name. This car is offered in a superb specification with an additional body kit including splitter and side skirts, Magnaflow Exhaust and lowered suspension which makes this car look and sound so great. Presented in Metallic Grey, with just 15,000 miles and offered with a sensible estimate of £35,000 to £40,000 will generate lots of interest."
View 4+
The Corvette may be our main interest, but other worthy cars will be up for grabs. A 1962 Jaguar E-type Series 1 that was originally sold through a New York dealer, and spent more of its life in the United States, has returned to the UK as a left-hand drive car, with matching numbers, a Heritage and full NOVA Certificate.
Since CCA is a preferred auction house for Porsches, they usually pull in big bids. "For this auction one of the star cars has to be this superb 1988 Porsche 928 S4, designed as a luxury tourer and originally destined to replace the 911. This particular car has had just two registered owners from new and features an electric sunroof, as well as a fully documented service history across two books and the original order form. With a new cambelt and water pump recently fitted this is a really lovely S4 estimated at £28,000 to £32,000."
Gary Dunne, Classic Car Auctions auction manager commented: "This is our second auction of the year at the Warwickshire Event Centre, a very popular venue for our clients, who consign their cars knowing they get a tremendous service and access to so many potential buyers due to its central location."
"Our summer sales have always been well attended and these featured cars are just some of the wonderful cars we have consigned so far, with loads more already committed."
Source: Classic Car Auctions
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Court rules that self-publishing is not publishing in A Gronking To Remember suit
by Liam O'Brien
Oh, god it's terrible.
In a development that will unfortunately force us to violate an informal rule here at MobyLives to not use the term "gronking" ever again, a US District Court has ruled in favor of the defense in the case of Roe v. Amazon.com et al.
This, as you may recall, was the case concerning self-published erotic novel A Gronking To Remember. (Dammit.) Which, yes, is an erotic novel about a woman who falls in love with New England Patriot Rob Gronkowski.
The author, Greg McKenna (writing as "Lacey Noonan") used a photo for the book's cover that featured Jane Roe and John Roe celebrating their engagement. However, as neither of the Roes had given their consent for the photo to be used, they promptly sued McKenna for violating their right to publicity once the book became somewhat of a national news curiosity. They also sued Amazon (specifically naming Kindle Direct Publishing and Createspace), Barnes & Noble, Apple, and Smashwords for selling the book.
Eric Goldman of Forbes reports on the ruling:
The court dismisses the self-publication vendors from the lawsuit because, legally, they functioned more like book "distributors" than "publishers":
You might be surprised that the distributor/publisher distinction has been discussed rarely in Internet litigation. Congress largely mooted that legal distinction in 1996 when it enacted 47 USC 230 (Section 230), the law that says websites aren't liable for third party content–irrespective of whether the service would have been classified as a "publisher" or "distributor" under traditional legal principles. The court expressly sidestepped the application of Section 230 in this case, perhaps because Section 230 excludes intellectual property claims and many courts consider publicity rights to be an IP.
The court concludes that the honor system applies in this case because Amazon and other sellers require self-published authors to state legal ownership of the work when it's submitted for distribution, and these sellers hold no liability if the author lies to them. This is because Amazon's only quality-control mechanisms are a scan of the book for plagiarized or "offensive" (like, say, this) content. However, in reaching this conclusion, the court drills down to the very definition of "publishing," and exacts a few burns against self-publishers in the process.
So, why don't we dig into the ruling. Amazon et al.'s motion against summary judgement claimed immunity from liability under the Communications Decency Act, which exempts passive conduits of third-party content from liability. However, as Goldman points out, the court doesn't address this justification, because it distinguishes Amazon and the other corporate defendants as "distributors." In the court's view:
Defendants do not conduct the editing and design steps, as their service is commonly known as self-publishing, but might also be thought of as self-editing. Self-publishing is arguably not publishing, as that word is known in the book industry, because to publish is to place a book in final form for distribution to booksellers for sale.
The court defines a "publisher" as one who is "active" (i.e., one who edits, designs both the interior and exterior of, and markets/publicizes a book) vs. a "passive" platform like Amazon, whose responsibilities are limited to formatting the text for consumers, outsourcing a cursory editorial once-over to an algorithm, and providing a retail outlet. In the court's view, KDP and CreateSpace function as a print shop, rather than a publisher.
There's precedent to support this, including a particularly bonkers case from 2007 involving a feud between two high school girls that spiraled completely out of hand. The court also accepts Amazon's argument that applying a higher level of editorial control over KDP and CreateSpace books would be prohibitively expensive for Amazon, and therefore make self-publishing less affordable. However, it applies this reasoning by imagining Amazon as a bookstore with no legal obligation to vet every single piece of merchandise it carries, and is protected by the First Amendment.
Because it costs nothing to publish, books that previously were considered not worth publishing are now published. It bears note, however, that disseminating speech was not historically free. As the cost diminished from transcription, to printing presses, to photocopiers to the internet, however, the public is deluged, creating a cost on their end. One can imagine a social benefit in requiring the modicum of review required to assure that no rights are violated in production.
[…]For now, this Court will apply the old standards to the new technology, treating the Corporate Defendants' process as if it were next logical step after the photocopier. Just as Xerox would not be considered a publisher and held responsible for an invasion of privacy tort carried out with a photocopier, Corporate Defendants will not be liable as publishers for the tort allegedly committed using their technology.
While the conclusion the court draws is valid—that a distributor should only be held liable if it can be proved that they did not act when informed of a problem—and despite my love for the sick burns of case law, this ruling feels curiously underdone. Not that every ruling involving Amazon has to be a referendum on the State of Literary Culture, but a Xerox machine? Really?
Amazon's lowered the bar to publishing entry to historical depths. This is great for writers, especially genre writers, who either can't or won't publish traditionally. But a Xerox machine has no stake in your book's success, while KDP and other self-publishing platforms have the same stake in your book's sales as a regular publisher; larger, in fact, because none of their cut goes to paying editors, marketers, or designers.
Maybe this ruling can serve as a reminder that traditional publishers usually hire middlemen, aka Amazon's bete noire, to help avoid cases like these by looking at a cover and asking, "Hey, where'd you get this photo?" But let it also remind us that Amazon's editorial standards, whether they apply to their self-publishing platform or to their reviews, will continue being somebody else's problem.
Liam O'Brien is the Senior Sales & Marketing Manager at Melville House, and a former bookseller.
Dave Eggers' new hardcover will be available in indie bookstores only
"BoxedOut" campaign to warn customers of costs of shopping on Amazon this season
California and Washington enter Amazon investigation
End of an era: Waterstones to extend high street domination after acquiring bookshop chain Blackwell's
Sue you! US justice department files suit to stop Penguin Random House/Simon & Schuster mega-merger
A Gronking to RememberAmazonAppleBarnes and NobleJohn and Jane RoeLacey Noonanrob grsmashwords
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Gordon L. Osaka, P.C.
Gordon L. Osaka, P.C. - Portland, OR
1000 SW BroadwaySuite 940Portland, OR 97205
Portland Employer Defense Law Firm
Gordon L. Osaka, Attorney at Law, is an employment law firm in Portland, Oregon. As a solo practitioner, he provides unparalleled representation and defense to employers on labor and employment issues. He works closely with management, answering employment questions and developing successful defense strategies to protect the employer and its business. He has tried hundreds of cases to judges and juries. He understands that labor and employment litigation is time-consuming, costly, and...
Gordon L. Osaka, Attorney at Law, is an employment law firm in Portland, Oregon. As a solo practitioner, he provides unparalleled representation and defense to employers on labor and employment issues. He works closely with management, answering employment questions and developing successful defense strategies to protect the employer and its business. He has tried hundreds of cases to judges and juries. He understands that labor and employment litigation is time-consuming, costly, and disruptive to business and, to that end, he understands the importance of a swift, cost-effective resolution of grievances and lawsuits.
Gordon Osaka's practice includes:
Covenant Not To Compete
Workers' Compensation Discrimination
Exempt & Non-Exempt
Collective Bargaining Grievances
Race, Gender, Religion Title VII Discrimination
Age Discrimination Employment Act (ADEA)
Americans Disability Act (ADA)
Citizenship Discrimination
OSHA Violation
Service Contract Act
Over 30 Years of Experience in Employer Litigation Defense
With over 30 years of employment law experience, Gordon Osaka has a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of employment law. With over 30 years of actual trial experience, he understands the nuances and strategies that lead to a successful, cost-effective resolution of civil lawsuits and collective bargaining grievances.
Mr. Osaka is a perfectionist and personally prepares every case for trial. He does not waste time or client money on tactics which have little chance of success. His defense strategy typically begins with an extensive investigation of the claim, followed by a multi-page position statement, with exhibits, which he considers to be the employer's blue-print for success.
Mr. Osaka's reputation amongst his peers and federal and state court judges is outstanding. He has been awarded Martindale-Hubbell's AV rating which is voted on by his peers ("A" the highest legal abilities; "V" the highest ethical character). He is frequently called upon by his peers to be a mediator or arbitrator to resolve disputes.
Mr. Osaka personally works one-on-one with management and employers. He prides himself on quickly grasping the employer's concern and completing projects quickly. He prides himself on being client accessible, usually returning phone calls and emails the same day. He is here to serve the employer.
Mr. Osaka has maintained a strong relationship with the legal community. He is a member of the Oregon State Bar and is licensed to practice in all Oregon courts, as well as the United States District Court of Oregon and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. He has represented clients in Washington, Idaho, California, Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Florida through pro hac vice associations.
He has been a member and director of the Multnomah County Bar Association, the Oregon Bar's Committee on Civil Jury Instruction, Board of Bar Examiners, and Affirmative Action Committee, and has served as director for the Asian Pacific American Law Association of Oregon.
His billing practice is simple: Provide exceptional value for the employer's dollar. He is a boutique specialty labor and employment law firm and does not charge for usual and customary long distance calls, postage, faxes, or paralegal time. He does not mark up costs that are passed on the client.
Avocation:
Away from the office and court, Gordon Osaka enjoys family, friends, tennis, and swimming.
Employer Defense
Employer Lawsuits
Employment Law Litigation
Employer harassment
Employer Discrimination
Employer Wage Claims
ADA Violations
EEOC Complaints
BOLI Complaints
Employment Contract Disputes
Trade Secret Violations
Maternity Leave Disputes
Awarded Martindale-Hubbell AV Highest Rating
Scholastic Book Fairs, Inc.
Capitol Insurance Center, Inc.
Paulson Travel Company, Inc.
F.D. Thomas, Inc.
3D Plastics, Inc.
Crown Home Mortgage Corporation
Oldcastle Precast, Inc.
Beauty Management, Inc., dba Perfect Look
PECO Manufacturing, Inc.
Retail Imaging Management Group, LLC
Installer's Floorcoverings, Inc.
Dill's Star Route, Inc.
Bridgetown Realty, Inc.
Western Directory Company, Inc.
Zone Telecom, Inc.
Tie Rack (U.S.), Inc.
Council on Naturopathic Medical Education, Inc.
Uniforce Staffing Services
John Q. Hammons Hotels, L.P.
Oregon Coast Spine Institute, L.L.C.
Endonia Nursery Oregon
Evisions Marketing, Inc
Alcohol Recovery Center
Westaff, Inc.
Phoenix Electric Company, L.L.C.
Gresham Chrysler Jeep, Inc.
Robins v. Scholastic Book Fairs, Inc., 116 F.3d 485 (9th Cir. 1997)
Skou v. Pacific International Pipe Enterprises, Inc., 176 F.3d 484 (9th Cir. 1999)
Graham v. Connie's, Inc., 173 F.3d 860 (9th Cir. 1999)
Masonry Industry Trust Admin., Inc. Woodburn Masonry, Inc., 956 P.2d 1045 (Or. App. 1998)
State ex rel Roberts v. Acropolis McLoughlin, Inc., 942 P.2d 829 (Or. App. 1997)
State ex rel Roberts v. Acropolis McLoughlin, Inc., 945 .2d 647 (Or. App. 1997)
Turnbow v. K.E. Enterprises, Inc., 962 P.2d 764 (Or. App. 1998)
Chase v. Weight, 1989 WL 97910 (D. Or. 1989)
Osaka, Gordon L. (Sole Practitioner)
https://www.gordonosaka.com
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At the beginning of the tests for this project, we had a hunch that the resulting curves of the P4 Prescott and those of the Northwood processor would cross in several benchmarks. This was based on the assumption that Prescott, thanks to the double cache size and the 31-part pipelines, could produce more performance at a higher speed than the Northwood processor.
From this perspective, the results are sobering, because even at 4 GHz little changes in the balance of power between the two cores. Northwood is and remains the faster processor in common applications, even if the difference can be virtually ignored in application.
However, our scaling analysis has a slight disadvantage: Raising the FSB speed to up to 260 MHz increases the operating speed of the whole system and even that of the RAM. The Prescott's touted advantage, its 1 MB L2 cache, is thus less noticeable than it would be at a constant 200 MHz FSB speed.
The lesson to be drawn from this is that whenever the core speed - and only the core speed - is increased, the Prescott will always be slightly ahead of the Northwood core. Therefore it will scale better, but it cannot deliver the added performance that Intel touts.
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Search the Site with
General Characteristics Crew List Memorabilia Cruise Books Accidents aboard the Ship About the Ship's Name History Image Gallery to end of page
USS Bainbridge (CGN 25)
- formerly DLGN 25 -
- decommissioned -
USS BAINBRIDGE, the world's first nuclear frigate and the fourth ship in the Navy to bear the name, was powered by two pressurized water reactors, and carried two twin Terrier missile launchers, two twin 3" .50 caliber radar controlled gun mounts, two torpedo mounts, an ASROC launcher, and was equipped with state of the art electronics and communications suites. In April 1964, during her second Mediterranean deployment, she joined USS LONG BEACH (CGN 9) for the first time and later in May, along with USS ENTERPRISE (CVN 65), formed the world's first nuclear powered task group, Task Group 60.1. She entered dry dock at Mare Island Shipyard in August 1967 for her first refueling. In 1974 she began a 27 month shipyard modernization and overhaul in Bremerton, Wash. While in the shipyard, her 3" .50 caliber guns were removed and replaced with 20mm cannons, she received the AN/SPS-48 radar, and the Naval Tactical Data System was installed. Additionally, the aft superstructure was constructed and an additional level was added on the forward superstructure to support the SLQ-32. On June 30, 1975, BAINBRIDGE was redesignated a cruiser during the Navy's reorganization of ship designations; DLGN 25 became CGN 25. After deactivation, BAINBRIDGE was towed to Norfolk Naval Shipyard for defueling and preparation for the final movement of the hull to Bremerton, Washington.
General Characteristics: Awarded: September 1, 1958
Keel laid: May 15, 1959
Launched: April 15, 1961
Commissioned: October 6, 1962
Decommissioned: September 13, 1996
Builder: Bethlehem Steel, Quincy, Mass.
Propulsion system: two D2G General Electric nuclear reactors
Length: 565 feet (172.2 meters)
Beam: 58 feet (17.7 meters)
Draft: 26 feet (7.9 meters)
Displacement: approx. 9,250 tons full load
Speed: 30+ knots
Aircraft: none, only VERTREP capable
Armament: two Mk-10 missile launchers for Standard missiles (MR), two Mk-141 Harpoon missile launchers, two armored box launchers for Tomahawk ASM/LAM, Mk-46 torpedoes from two triple mounts, two 20mm Phalanx CIWS, one Mk-16 ASROC missile launcher
Crew: 42 Officers, 516 Enlisted
back to top go to the end of the page
Crew List:
This section contains the names of sailors who served aboard USS BAINBRIDGE. It is no official listing but contains the names of sailors who submitted their information.
Click here to view the list.
Click here to see which USS BAINBRIDGE memorabilia are currently for sale on ebay.
USS BAINBRIDGE Cruise Books:
WestPac Cruise Book 1970
Arabian Gulf Cruise Book 1991-92
Accidents aboard USS BAINBRIDGE:
June 28, 1989 off Den Helder, Netherlands USS BAINBRIDGE runs aground off the Dutch coast after calling at the port of Den Helder.
Click here to read more about the Ship's Namesake - Commodore William Bainbridge
USS BAINBRIDGE History:
May 15, 1959 Keel was laid
April 15, 1961 BAINBRIDGE was launched
October 6, 1962 Commissioning
February 5, 1963 Maiden deployment to the Mediterranean
1964 Second deployment to the Mediterranean, assigned to Task Group 60.1, the first nuclear Task Group ever.
July 27, 1964 Change of Command: Capt. Hal C. Castle relieves Capt. Ray Peet as CO
August 1, 1964 BAINBRIDGE as well as USS LONG BEACH (CGN 9) and USS ENTERPRISE (CVN 65) leave the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar and start Operation Sea Orbit (Around-the-world-Cruise).
September 30, 1964 BAINBRIDGE returns to Charleston, SC
October 25, 1965 BAINBRIDGE leaves Charleston on her first Vietnam Cruise.
June 21, 1966 Returns to its new homeport of Long Beach, Ca.
December 1966 Leaves on her next WestPac Cruise
December 12, 1966 Change of Command: Capt. James H. Doyle relieves Capt. Hal C. Castle as CO
Oct. 2, 1967 - May 10, 1968 Dry-docked at Naval Shipyard Mare Island, Vallejo, Ca., for refueling.
Jan. 6, 1969 - July 2, 1969 Third Vietnam War Cruise. Escort operations for the carriers KITTY HAWK, BON HOMME RICHARD, and TICONDEROGA
April 8, 1970 - Nov. 10, 1970 Fourth WestPac deployment
August 31, 1970 Change of Command: Capt. William R. Sheridan relieves Capt. James H. Doyle as CO
May 26, 1971 - Nov. 23, 1971 Fifth WestPac Cruise. Escort operations for the carriers ORISKANY, MIDWAY, and ENTERPRISE in the Tonking Gulf
Sept. 12, 1972 - April 4, 1973 Sixth WestPac deployment
Nov. 18, 1973 - March 31, 1974 Seventh WestPac Cruise
February 8, 1974 Change of Command: Capt. B. B. Newell relieves Capt. William R. Sheridan as CO
June 30, 1974 - Sept. 24, 1976 $103 million complex overhaul and refueling at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Wash.
March 16, 1977 Change of Command: Capt. T. A. Almstedt relieves Capt. B. B. Newell as CO
April 14, 1977 Arrives at its new homeport of San Diego, Ca.
Jan. 10, 1978 - Aug. 9, 1978 Eighth WestPac Cruise
1978 / 1979 Post-overhaul shipyard period at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Wash.
Aug. 8, 1979 - March 7, 1980 Ninth WestPac deployment
May 20, 1980 Change of Command: Capt. John F. Shaw relieves Capt. T. A. Almstedt as CO
Feb. 27, 1981 - Sept. 21, 1981 Tenth WestPac Cruise, BAINBRIDGE rescues more than 50 "Boat People"
Sept. 1, 1982 - April 29, 1983 Eleventh WestPac Cruise as part of the ENTERPRISE Battle Group. BAINBRIDGE rescues 51 "Boat People" and is involved in the rescue of 318 workers of a capsized oil platform off India.
June 24, 1983 Change of Command: Capt. J. P. Reason relieves Capt. John F. Shaw as CO
Oct. 23, 1983 - April 1985 Complex overhaul and refueling at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Wash. Installation of SPS-49, two Phalanx CIWS, two SLQ-32 and TACAN URN-25.
July 1985 Shifted homeport to Norfolk, Va.
USS BAINBRIDGE Image Gallery:
Back to Cruisers list. Back to ships list. Back to selection page. Back to 1st page.
|
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Famous patents all began with a vision. Entrepreneurs start with an idea and sometimes that leads to a shift in a better direction when the original idea doesn't work. Some startups stick with their original plan and become successful from there.
Pinterest began as an app for shopping in 2009 called Tote and shifted into a massive idea-sharing site. Beginning as a website to encourage consumer communication and reviews, Groupon grew into today's most popular deal-finding site and app.
The original patent that a company files sheds light onto its first commitments as a startup and often the values or vision the company continues to strive towards, even in stardom.
Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi, both alumni of MIT, filed a patent mapping out a system of file sharing and folder synchronization over a secure network. Now known as the widely used Dropbox, this system uses version control to make the newest record of a file always available. Dropbox played a pivotal role in the beginning of this new age of open file access.
In 2005, Ashar Aziz laid out his plans for computer and network security in a patent. From there, the previous engineer for Sun Microsystems saw his business, FireEye, take flight.
The vision first detailed in his patent later became the FireEye Malware Protection System, which was the startup's featured product. Eight years later, FireEye became a publicly traded company on the stock market, leading to its growth into an empire.
An engineer named Sam Wen filed several patents at once in 2010 with a well-planned strategy for the launching of Square.
These patents led to the ability for small companies or independent sellers to make their products available for more than just cash payment and to manage their income more easily. Square allows anyone to buy or sell almost anything by swiping a credit card on a smartphone.
Facebook, the site that opened the floodgates of social media and led technology into a new age of information sharing, didn't actually get its privacy summary patent approved until six years after the site launched.
Privacy settings now allow users to have a great deal of control over what information certain people can and cannot access. An individual user's settings create a privacy summary as detailed in the patent that co-creators Mark Zuckerberg and Chris Kelly filed.
In 2005, Elizabeth Holmes filed a patent for an invention of a patch worn by patients that provides ease for drug administration, blood monitoring, and dose adjustments. The hopes in this patent were for quicker diagnosis and therefore treatment of disease.
Although this was her first patent, it led to Holmes becoming the youngest female to appear on the Forbes 400 list in 2014.
Since this first patent, Holmes would go on to apply for many more, including an invention in 2007 for a way to diagnose the fatal and dangerous flu virus quickly. Holmes' company, Theranos, has since become a leader in the medical technology market with an estimated value of around 10 billion dollars in 2014.
A recent article in the Wall Street Journal from 2015 discussed issues with development and delivery within the company's operations, leading to a downward trend in the company's value.
Nicholas Woodman, CEO of GoPro, wanted to find a way to allow individuals to share and keep memories of their adventures.
In 2004, this inventor filed his first patent for a harness that would keep a camera secured safely to the adventurer's body. This allowed the user to record even the most active of hobbies, such as surfing or mountain biking, without the worries of losing the device.
In 2009, GoPro developed their own durable cameras to go along with the harness for a full package. The release of this product led to the company's growth into a successful brand, known for capturing life's most exciting times.
This famous search engine has now become its own verb. If a person is told to "google" something, he or she knows exactly what to do.
The company's success is partially owed to Larry Page, who filed a patent in 1998. His invention used a formula to rate web pages based on the number of other pages that linked to the same page. This led to higher quality searches and more user satisfaction.
If you need help developing a patent, post your legal need to UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.
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1. You improve your personal time management, leveraging your energy and ideas.
2. You provide motivational and development opportunities for others on your team.
3. You maximize the interests, strengths, and contribution of others and increase the team productivity.
4. You make use of a valuable yet easily overlooked training tool – delegation!
1) Act and report routinely.
2) Act and report immediately.
3) Seek approval, then act.
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Need a Garbage Collection Service in Longport, NJ?
Garbage Collection Service are available* in Longport.
When you experience a major cleanout job to do, you will need help obtaining all of that trash and trash out of the building and off of the property. Attract a professional trash removal team to speed in the process.
And what about redesigning or even design projects? You could have decided to get a wall or to put in a new window or door. Unless you might be exceptionally lucky, you're going to end up getting some hefty debris left over. If you rent any dumpster, you don't have to concern yourself with this trash removal. Simply just drop in whatever you decide and have left over and get back to improving your property.
Another important thing that you can ask out of your waste management company is how often they will ought to empty or even change out your dumpster. Most of the waste materials management corporations offer a particular payment plan outlining how often they need to change your dumpster. Request your company concerning the time timeframe for which the dumpster will be hired for. Whenever they offer dumpster only for for short phrase, they will supply you with a plan in addition to explain these records.
Most of the people pound under the misconception which responsibility in the environmental security is centered on important projects including construction initiatives and professional projects as they are major source of waste creation. The time is now for the people to come out of this perception in addition to hold the responsibility of shielding the environment in the pollution that is generated. Every amount of contamination, that is produced counts for your degradation in the environment because the drop numbers to wine glass of water. Your entire responsibility involving protecting environmental surroundings lies on shoulders of every person of the nation.
The procedure with different corporations can be various. In some cases the renters may offer you closed bins. You fill then fill up the bins with everything else that you have to home and when the bins are full, employees of the business arrive in addition to take the stuff away. They carry out this whole process in your presence. This kind of workers might carry several documents or even forms such as the feedback kind. It is just a helpful way to require your feedback or a bow in sure when they want to find out about customer happiness.
To use a bunch of cans or something larger - thatrrrs the real question that people many companies. But many people do not realize that it can be a question that is asked not merely by business owners nevertheless home owners who're doing fix or design work on qualities. Whether it's a medium sized business or possibly a large property project you might like to look at a trash Garbage Collection Service in Longport, NJ.
If you have appointed someone to color your kitchen, they may throw away the dried up color cans. Consult with the hired dumpster company as many will not allow wet color cans in to the dumpster as it is any hazard. Through the the safety in the customer and also the employees exactly who work at the corporation that rental prices out the dumpsters. There are more products that usually are not permitted to a dumpster when you rent that. Please check together with the company on which their rules are ahead of time.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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alternative meaning
EN [ˌɒlˈtɜːnətɪv]
WAlternative
Alternative may refer to:
FR alternative
Definition of alternative in English Dictionary
NounPLalternativesSUF-ative
A situation which allows a mutually exclusive choice between two or more possibilities; a choice between two or more possibilities.
One of several mutually exclusive things which can be chosen.
The remaining option; something available after other possibilities have been exhausted.
Relating to a choice between two or more possibilities.
an alternative proposition
Not traditional, outside the mainstream, underground (e.g., alternative medicine, alternative lifestyle, alternative rock).
(Can we clean up(+) this sense?) Other.
alternate; reciprocal.
Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of a fractured complicated anterior crown using allogenous tooth fragment is a better alternative to other more conventional treatment options.
Talin showed two isoforms in rohu, where as talin-1 and talin-2 in model vertebrates produces two talins through alternative mRNA splicing [75 ].
Interestingly, range restrictedness, i.e. the alternative estimation of endemism examined in this study, was not found to be significantly related to plant vulnerability.
In future, with further interventions to circumvent the problems we have identified herein, telomerised cells may still be a viable alternative.
en alternatives
fr alternatives
en alternatively
fr alternativement
Meaning of alternative for the defined word.
Grammatically, this word "alternative" is an adjective, more specifically, an uncomparable adjective. It's also a noun, more specifically, a countable noun.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
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import dj_database_url
DEBUG = True
TEMPLATE_DEBUG = True
SECRET_KEY = 'this is my secret key' # NOQA
TEST_RUNNER = 'django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner'
DATABASES = {
'default': dj_database_url.config(default='postgres:///psqlextra'),
}
DATABASES['default']['ENGINE'] = 'psqlextra.backend'
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en'
LANGUAGES = (
('en', 'English'),
('ro', 'Romanian'),
('nl', 'Dutch')
)
INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.messages',
'localized_fields',
'tests',
)
TEMPLATES = [
{
"BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
"DIRS": [],
"APP_DIRS": True,
"OPTIONS": {
"context_processors": [
"django.template.context_processors.debug",
"django.template.context_processors.request",
"django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
"django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
],
},
},
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
]
# set to a lower number than the default, since
# we want the tests to be fast, default is 100
LOCALIZED_FIELDS_MAX_RETRIES = 3
LOCALIZED_FIELDS_EXPERIMENTAL = False
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
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I joined SPRING in January 2015 as a KM Coordinator. My past experience includes Atlantic Media, the Small Enterprise Education & Promotion Network, AidData, and the Youth G8 & G20 summits.
SPRING examines platforms and players in Northern Ghana to find out.
For the past three years, USAID's global multi-sectoral nutrition project, SPRING, has worked with countries around the world to fill the evidence gap on how to achieve greater coordination and collaboration across sectors to address malnutrition.
SPRING's Agriculture and Nutrition Resource Review keeps you abreast of the many developments in a fast-moving field to help you integrate current evidence into your programs.
The November edition of SPRING's Agriculture and Nutrition Resource Review includes information about adapting agriculture platforms for nutrition, global strategies to reduce hunger, and reflections on the future of food security.
Read up on five key ways climate change affects nutrition.
Every month, USAID's multi-sectoral nutrition project, SPRING, gathers and synthesizes the current research, reports, tools and news related to linking agriculture and nutrition.
Every month, USAID's multi-sectoral nutrition project, SPRING, gathers and synthesizes the latest research, reports, tools and news related to linking agriculture and nutrition programming. This edition features a close look at malnutrition.
How can bulk drying coffee beans relate to better nutrition in Guatemala's Western Highlands?
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Cons: support center is lacking in knowledgebase articles & tutorials. Need more addon packages.
Recommended For: New web hosting users. Webhostingpad is great for newbies because of their easy to use tools, free sitebuilder, friendly support teams and quick response times.
Webhostingpad.com is one of those web hosting companies that has exploded in the industry. Started in 2005, they have quickly risen to be one of the top web hosting providers around. Their claim to fame is the fast and responsive support team. We found that the average phone wait time is less than a minute. Also, responses to support tickets are generally answered (or at least responded back) within an hour where other web hosting companies require 24 hours and even 48 hours.
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Thanks for the great post. I always try to bookmark webmaster or website related posts like this one.
|
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Myla Rogers, Staff
The Bartlesville Bruins are 0-2 as they go into their sixth district game. After experiencing hardship with a loss against Collinsville, they have a chance to redeem themselves when they play against the Sand Springs Sandites.
Homecoming is one of the best parts of the football season. The Sandites have a 1-1 record and believe that they can beat Bartlesville and make it 2-1. Head coach Jason Sport has faith in his team to pull through.
Athletic director Spence Rigdon says, "I like the way our kids compete and our experience should be beneficial."
Head Football Coach at Charles Page High School, Dustin Kinard, is positive that his players are equipped to put their best foot forward and give it their all.
"My players are gearing up for district play and got one more district game this week," says Kinard"This is their chance to work out any mistakes and get prepared for the tough district schedule where every game counts."
Senior, defensive linemen Andrew Ely has trained hard for his last homecoming game.
"Individually, I think I'll do well," says Ely. "I just need to focus on my job and make plays happen. As a team, as long as we give it everything we got, we have a good game overall."
Senior, fullback Dylan Argo sees the full potential in himself and his team.
"I am prepared for every game and every team," says Argo. "I have confidence in our guys to do their job and execute."
Although the odds for the Bruins are not great, the student body has faith that our boys will fight until the end.
Achoo! Here Comes Flu Season.
Rebuilding KLIFE
A Ray of Hope in Child Abuse Awareness month
How to spot a problem: signs of child abuse you can identify today
|
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In this issue of Hospital Pediatrics, Khurana Hershey et al9 demonstrate that variation in asthma care continues to exist, reinforcing findings in earlier studies. They used the Ohio Pediatric Asthma Registry, a comprehensive statewide prospective study linking clinical, demographic, environmental, and health outcomes data from the 6 major children's hospitals in Ohio. The authors report wide variation in hospital-level rates of what they term "nonstandard" practices (eg, inpatient ipratropium, IV steroids, chest radiographs, antibiotics). Rates of these practices ranged from 20% to 93% across the 6 hospitals.
The authors also explored associations between provider practices and time until "physiologic readiness for discharge (PRD)," measured as hours from admission to first 4-hour albuterol spacing or discharge. They found that several practices were associated with shorter PRD (use of spot pulse oximetry) and longer PRD (continuous albuterol, IV steroids, antibiotics, chest radiographs). However, as the authors acknowledge, their analyses have a limitation. The authors had no ability to account for potential differences across hospitals in the severity of patients' asthma exacerbations because of the lack of standardized assessment tools. Consequently, their conclusions about relationships between practices and PRD may be due to confounding (eg, more severe patients get continuous albuterol and need longer hospital stays). This limits our ability to apply their findings to improve asthma care.
QI shows promise for tackling unwarranted variation, but our current approaches most often focus on small-scale, local interventions and favor action over evidence.19 As the field looks forward and becomes better resourced for conducting QI, we should endeavor to improve our expertise and approaches to fully realize QI's potential for reducing unwarranted variation and achieving large-scale improvements in care for our patients. We propose 3 strategies for improving QI to achieve these goals.
For QI interventions to have more widespread benefits for children, potential adopters need adequate guidance on exactly how to implement interventions successfully. Implementation science can be used to provide frameworks and guidance on how to design and evaluate QI interventions to facilitate more successful uptake.21 Authors of QI reports and studies should better describe how they designed and implemented their interventions, what barriers they faced and how they were overcome, and which components of their intervention were most important in improving care.
After initial gains are achieved with a QI intervention, improvements are often lost as attention shifts to other priorities and staff revert to the "old way" of doing things. Few pediatric QI interventions have examined outcomes >6 months after implementation.22 Although there are general frameworks for sustaining the benefits of QI interventions,23 it is still unclear which strategies are most feasible and effective. Understanding this will require sustained data collection and monitoring.
Local QI interventions to standardize care are only a first step in addressing unwarranted practice variation. The next important steps are improving our QI strategies and reach. To achieve widespread improvements in child health, we must scale up QI interventions that prove effective. We urge QI leaders to develop further expertise to apply rigorous study designs (eg, include control units and sites), expand their efforts to include more settings (eg, an academic center and affiliated community hospitals), detail the implementation strategies used, and monitor outcomes for longer durations of time. By leveraging our field's passion for QI in these ways, we can realize true gains in providing the highest quality care for children within and beyond our hospital walls.
We acknowledge Naomi Bardach, Michael Cabana, and Amy Markowitz for their thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this commentary.
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Emergency Notice from Zhangwan District on Implementing Districtwide Wartime Management and Control
This notice from the Zhangwan District of Shiyan City in Hubei Province, approximately 300 miles from Wuhan, with a population of 410,000 in the district, was posted on the website of Shiyan City at a little after 9:00 p.m. on February 12, 2020, announcing "Wartime Management and Control" beginning...
Wuhan Police's Reprimand of Coronavirus Whistleblower Dr. Li Wenliang
On the afternoon of December 30, 2019, Dr. Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist at the Wuhan Central Hospital, posted two messages in a Wechat group of his medical school classmates: "Seven cases of SARS were diagnosed connection with Huanan Fruit and Seafood Market" and "The latest news is that the...
Strongly Urging the CPC Central Committee to Set up a Special Case Team for Four Henan Farmer Petitioners Who Lost Land
The " Beijing News " reported on January 16, 2020 that a court in Henan upheld a lower court's "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" conviction of three Henan farmers in connection with their petitioning activities. Lu Dachun, a veteran petitioner and rights activist, questions why the farmers...
Entering the New Year in Handcuffs:An Account of Being Taken into Custody on New Year Eve
Li Qiaochu ( 李翘楚 ), the girlfriend of New Citizens Movement advocate Xu Zhiyong ( 许志永) , posted an article on Twitter describing the police search of Xu's home and her home in Beijing on New Year's Eve. When officers came to search Xu's home, Li was there but Xu was not. Afterwards, they took Li to...
Xu Zhiyong
I Am Not a "Subverter of State Power"
Shi Minglei (施明磊), the wife of Cheng Yuan (程渊), who has been in custody for his public interest advocacy, tweeted today that as a result of her continuous fight, the Changsha Municipal Bureau of State Security finally lifted her residential surveillance that had lasted nearly six months, and...
Subversion Of State Power
Bank Account Frozen, Complaints Going Nowhere, Difficulty in Getting By: An Account by Cheng Yuan's wife, Shi Minglei, Who is "Under Suspicion of Subversion of State Power"
Shi Minglei, wife of the arrested public interest activist Cheng Yuan, has been put under residential surveillance for 50 days already, on suspicion of "subversion of state power." Without presenting any evidence, to date, to support their criminal allegations against Shi, the authorities have...
Brother of Cheng Yuan, Detained Changsha Legal Advocate, was Summoned with a Blank Summons
In a September 2, 2019 Twitter post titled, " Being Summoned for the Second Time ,"* Cheng Hao, the brother of detained Changsha activist Cheng Yuan, provides an account of his being summoned again by the Zhonghuamen police station in Nanjing. According to his account, three police officers came to...
Private Chat on WeChat Is Criminalized——An Appeal by the wife of Li Huaiqing, a private entrepreneur in Chongqing
The case of Li Huaiqing, a private entrepreneur in Chongqing who is suspected of "inciting subversion of state power," will be tried on August 22. After a year and eight months of silence, Li's wife, Bao Yan, made her first public appeal, directed at relevant government departments: Don't sit back...
Statement by Cheng Hao, brother of Cheng Yuan, about his interrogation by police
On August 12, Cheng Hao, brother of Cheng Yuan, the detained Changsha legal advocate, posted a statement (see below) on Twitter about his interrogation by the police of Zhonghuamen police station in Nanjing on August 8, on suspicion of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" (寻衅滋事). Cheng Hao was...
Complaint Filed by Wife of Cheng Yuan, One of Three Detained Changsha Rights Activists
On July 22, 2019, Cheng Yuan, Liu Yongze and Xiao Wu, three public interest law advocates of Changsha Funeng Organization, were seized by Changsha Municipal Bureau of State Security on suspicion of "subversion of state power" and have been detained in its detention center. Shi Minglei, Cheng Yuan's...
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Today Swedish rapper Petter celebrates his 20th anniversary as an artist with a double release - '9818' is a newly written album on which the lyrics depicts flashbacks and reflections on Petter's own journey and the society for the last 20 years - and an anniversary edition of 'Mitt sjätte sinne 20'.
Petter has been releasing lots of music during 2018. He started of the year with a bang and released hit single 'Toppen av ett berg' (feat. Madi Banja). He then released singles 'En grej i taget' (with Mapei & MagnusTheMagnus) and 'Regnet' (with Molly Sandén & SAMI). All songs are taken from the album 'Lev nu' released in June. He now follows that up with '9818' and 'Mitt sjätte sinne 20'.
Today is also the last day of Petter's mini marathon of concerts at Mosebacke in Stockholm, where each concert has been a chapter of his musical life.
UMPG writer Thomas Rusiak has collaborated with Petter on '9818'.
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The city that never sleeps, city with the most hardworking people, city that celebrate every festival with full enthusiasm have different shades that true traveller can experience and enjoy Mumbai in real sense. Mumbai is a financial hub of India with almost 2 Crore population and still growing, listed as one of the top 3 densely populated city. City also known as entertainment capital of India. It's the city that has been enjoying historical importance for long time. Even today, city has very old & great architectural buildings, monument to explore during your Mumbai Tour.
Beautiful Coast of Mumbai offers one of a kind Sailing experience of Sunset Sailing in Mumbai Harbour. Enjoy the sea breeze and Mumbai colourful night lights from arabian Sea. It's a two hour activity which starts from Getway of India. You need to book a sail boat on prior basis. This is quick things to do in Mumbai, if you are on short tour of Mumbai.
Though Mumbai is the city that grown around 7 islands, it is surrounded with great hills. There are many interesting treks in and around Mumbai. Do check out schedule on Mumbai Hikers. This one is my – most favourite adventure things to do in Mumbai.
There are many beautiful camping places near Mumbai for overnight stay. Although you can't explore all the camping destinations during your Mumbai tour, at least you can select any one location for camping near Mumbai.
Surprisingly, quick safari tours in Mumbai are up at Sanjay Gandhi national Park. For families with kids, it is the famous activity of all the things to do in Mumbai. Spend some time into national park. Relax and unwind yourself.
If you are a cycle lover or cyclist then Mumbai midnight cycling is the best way to explore Mumbai. This is one of the top things to do in Mumbai to explore "Bambai ka nightlife". This 22 Km ride takes you through top places of Mumbai which is organised by Small Steps Adventures.
Water sports in Mumbai is also available at Gorai beach. There are many water based activities like Jet ski ride, Banana ride, parasailing.
This is UNESCO World Heritage site – fine specimen of rock cut architecture and art of medieval India. To state the trivial, there are no elephants in Elephanta! Elephanta is an island to which there are ferry boats available on regular basis. This 10 Km ride to island in Arabian sea takes you to medieval historical place.
Thrilling water based activity is in conducted in Kundalika River near Kolad which is 120 Kms from Mumbai. This is the only nearest place for River Rafting in Kolad. You need to book rafting seats in advance. This is one of a kind adventure things to do in Mumbai.
If you are running short of time or likes to enjoy bird view of the location then try Mumbai Helicopter ride which has been started recently due to increasing demand of foreign tourist.
Monsoon in Mumbai, not only changes the sky colour but also brings the smile on every Mumbaikar. Lush greenery everywhere is the sight to behold. With the start of Monsoon, waterfalls starts flowing in full swing. How about getting down 100 ft from top of the waterfall using safety equipment and rope? Do try waterfall rappelling and get your adrenaline high.
Here is the extended list of Things to do in Mumbai for those who want to enjoy more Mumbai Madness and create lifetime memories.
One can try hands on artificial wall set up built at Goregaon. Otherwise experts can try hands in Mumbra for natural environment. You need to carry all your equipment and safety measures.
Have you ever thought of flying? If yes, then head to Kamshet for Paragliding. You need to book a ticket in advance for tandem paragliding. One of the best things to do in Mumbai. Fly like a Eagle and get a bird view. Tandem paragliding is for 15 Mins only. You can opt for 7 or 15 days learning course as well.
Bungee Jumping in Kolad, recently started and much awaited activity for adventure lovers. Get thrill when you jump off the manmade cliff. All safety measures are taken by certified instructors. This is new to the list of things to do in Mumbai.
Uff, this list is long and might be time consuming as well if you want to tick off all the things to do in Mumbai. Here, I will suggest to go for short activities if you have one or two days time. If you are in Mumbai for long time then you can plan these activities one by one over weekend.
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Will the Well Run Dry for Las Lomitas?
Neighborhood faced with loss of water source
By Mike Kanin, Fri., Nov. 11, 2011
Las Lomitas residents, including NA Treasurer-Elect Mary Escalante (far left) and President-Elect Maria Avila (far right), met last week to discuss the community's water problems. (Photo by Jana Birchum)
It was past sunset when Ileana Riojas began to read aloud the proposed bylaws of the Las Lomitas Neighborhood Association. Riojas, who isn't a resident of the nearly 10-year-old subdivision but was helping out in starting the NA, stood with her shoulders hunched, thanks to the sudden arrival of fall, and faced a group of about 40 residents. She kept reading through quorum rules (they decided on 15) and membership fees ($5 per person, all paying members can vote), while a breeze moved through a small, open but covered pavilion at the edge of Gerardo and Maria Avila's property. To Riojas' left, a faux water mill pumped trucked-in water into a faux cistern. It served as a reminder of the reasons for the meeting.
On Oct. 11, the Travis County Commissioners Court was set to close the last of a series of standpipes that were a lingering part of Travis' former water distribution system. Most of these had been shuttered by 2009, but the spout at the county's Precinct 4 satellite office had remained open, where it still provides water to a host of area residents. At least some – and perhaps many – of its users still rely on it as a source of cooking, bathing, toilet use, and, despite recent warnings, drinking water.
This all became clear to commissioners and the county's executive in charge of Transportation & Natural Resources, Steven Manilla, on the morning of Oct. 11. Riojas, who works for the Avilas' landscaping business and represented them before the commissioners that day, read from a prepared statement. "Many of the citizens do not communicate well in English, and we need to make certain that you are aware of the dire consequences your proposal to shut down their water supply will have on this community of Travis County taxpayers," she said. "By proposing to close the water spout at Highway 183, you are proposing to cut the lifeline of this community, literally."
Moreover, other southern Travis County residents have also told the commissioners that the Precinct 4 spout represents their sole access to water; accordingly, commissioners signed off last week on a questionnaire for users in order to inform the county's next move. For now, the outlet is open under guard and beneath warnings of the water's nonpotability – from 8am until 2pm, Tuesdays through Saturdays.
Las Lomitas' problems date back roughly a decade, to a dispute between developer Hank Peavler and the Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corporation: The former is the party responsible for the platting and sale of the 15 10-plus-acre lots that make up the subdivision; the latter holds the Certificate of Convenience and Necessity – and thus, exclusive water sale rights – for the area. In a September 2002 letter provided to the Chronicle by Las Lomitas residents, Peavler argues that he is "not responsible for providing" the Avilas with any utilities. Creedmoor-Maha's attorney, Mark Zeppa, argues otherwise in a recent email to residents. "The cost burden for Las Lomitas rightly belongs on the developer Hank Peavler," Zeppa writes. "He is the one who sold lots without a proper water supply so he is the one who should bear the cost of fixing the problem."
Zeppa then hints at another issue. "Unfortunately, the Las Lomitas customers have taken so long to act they may no longer be able to sue Mr. Peavler to fix their problems," he writes. "As regrettable as this is, Creedmoor's other customers should not have to bear the cost to save Mr. Peavler's land purchasers from their own mistakes." Although Creedmoor-Maha is willing to service Las Lomitas, Zeppa says, he cites two conditions the residents would have to meet before they can be hooked into that system. The first, he writes, is that "water system facilities must be designed and constructed in compliance with the state's public drinking water rules and the utility's engineering design standards"; the second is that "all Creedmoor customers comply with the cooperative's tariff."
Water system design and hookup is fairly expensive, especially after the fact. According to another email from Zeppa, Las Lomitas would have to hire Creedmoor-Maha's engineer, Chase Baromeo, to design anything that connects with the utility's system. Though one email from Zeppa suggested that Baromeo would be willing to "waive [his] customary fee," there would still be considerable costs associated with the project. The tariff is a set of rules and fees that, according to Zeppa, "applies equally to all service applicants and actual water customers." Because Creedmoor-Maha is a nonprofit, Zeppa continues, "everyone must pay their fair share."
Texas RioGrande Legal Aid attorney D'Ann Johnson has been working with Las Lomitas residents and says it appears that not all of the lots face the same hurdles. Indeed, seven properties on the edge of the subdivision don't appear to share plat restrictions that would limit their neighbors in terms of both housing type (single family, which not all of the lots in the subdivision currently host) and septic construction. "What we're trying to do is figure out what the individual issues are with each lot that might be a roadblock to them getting hooked up to the water system," she said. "There are some that are the easy ones. ... We just need to clarify what their water rights are to the water company."
Still, even with some legal hurdles cleared, money issues will remain. In her testimony to the commissioners court, Riojas suggested that "if Las Lomitas taxpayers chose not to pay property taxes for two years, they would have enough to build the water easements and pipelines." Though grant money could be available to residents, they believe that the costs involved could reach $200,000 – not the sort of thing that you can fund with $5 membership dues.
Just before the residents of Las Lomitas elected Maria Avila as the president of their neighborhood association, it looked for a split second like Gerardo Avila might also want the job. He backed down – reminding those present that Maria is his wife. The move brought laughter but no hesitation; the neighbors promptly elected their officers and broke for the night with the easy part behind them. The first meeting of their association is set for this Thursday, Nov. 10.
More Las Lomitas
So Close to Water, Yet So Far
South Travis subdivision trying to raise funds for water line
Mike Kanin, Feb. 17, 2012
More Development
Developing Stories: The State Eyes an Eastern Campus
And about that regional plan …?
Katherine Gregor, May 15, 2009
If You Believe in Villa Muse, Clap Your Hands
Katherine Gregor, March 14, 2008
More by Mike Kanin
Council-Staff Tension Spills Over in Budget Talks
Spelman and Martinez drill staffers over cost projections and turnover
Gómez Pushes Road Plan Near Racetrack
Commissioner says she's concerned about access and safety issues in her precinct
Las Lomitas, Development, Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corporation, Commissioners Court, Texas RioGrande Legal Aid
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As for McDonald's… DON'T ASSUME THEY'RE ALL LIKE THAT. People got fired constantly for not cleaning properly, my cousin worked there and often spoke how rigorous cleaning was PRIORITY. Same goes for places like BK and Dunks. I've worked both places and the cleaner you left things the more secure your position.
I'm not surprised guy from McDonald's got fired – it was HIS fault he didn't clean up his workplace. I work as a cook and I have to clean my workplace EVERY DAY!! If hygiene inspection came and saw some flaws, I'm the one paying the fine, because I'm paid to work and clean place afterwards. And trust me, it is not easy to clean everything and sometimes there are some disgusting places everyone forgot about.
Amazon delivery here is laughable.
The reality is, they set the package on the ground, knock (sometimes) and then promptly scurry away before you are able to even answer the door.
It's hard to believe these people "fall asleep standing up" from only 55 hours a week. I work 80-85 hours each week, and yes I'm tired at the end of the day, but complete drained/exhausted or even close to falling asleep whilst standing.
70hrs a week!!! What?? I mean I work 80 hrs biweekly maybe 78 biweekly and get compensated for full time and a few hrs overtime if I do something that is not my job, holy smokes.
Company reps are no different than politicians. Stuff gets brought up to them and they say some pretty words and don't do anything different unless incontrovertibly proven they were wrong and do it just to save face.
Theranos not in the list?
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Archive by category: General InformationReturn
COVID 19 Industry Standard
SuperUser Account | 29/06/2020 10:56:00| (801) View Count
In recognition that this business has confirmed that they have followed government and industry COVID-19 guidelines, ensuring processes are in place to maintain cleanliness and aid social/physical distancing
The Bowes Museum - Shoes: Pleasure and Pain
SuperUser Account | 03/02/2016 10:35:00| (3022) View Count
11 June - 9 October Another major fashion coup for this summer, the Museum is the only UK venue outside London that will stage this exhibition before touring internationally to the USA and China.
The Bowes Museum - YSL: Style is Eternal
The Bowes Museum and the Fondation Pierre Bergé - Yves Saint Laurent have collaborated to create Yves Saint Laurent: Style is Eternal, the first exhibition in the UK to present a comprehensive display of the French fashion designer's work and life. The YSL show highlights the defining elements of his vision, and the significant influence it has had on fashion and the way we understand womenswear.
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The CIHR Foundation scheme
Posted on August 5, 2017 January 15, 2020 by raytruant
In September 2016 CIHR Foundation grant competition released their final reviews 11 months later, August 4th, 2017. This was just days before the 2018 registration deadline, although Stage 1 and Stage 2 applicants were informed months ago of their progress.
There were 600 applications, of which 234 were accepted to Stage 2, but only 229 actually submitted a full Stage 2 application. I was considering not applying further, despite Stage 2 acceptanceThese were very limited space grants. The Foundation scheme is was designed to support established investigators with seven years of support, collating multiple grants into one grant, with no opportunity to apply for more funding as a PI over those seven years. The idea was to reduce application load to the CIHR, and have the most productive mid-career scientists not bogged down with continually writing grants. But, something changed along this path…
At some point in the planning, Early Career Investigators had a significant portion of the funds reserved for them with 5 year grants, the same time frame as Project grants. This was never the intent of Foundation, and this cohort was dropped for 2018. The CIHR, at that time led by Dr. Alain Beaudet, wanted to stress aspects of research community not addressed by the old CIHR operating grants: community engagement, knowledge translation (KT), participation in peer review, and medical impact of basic science research. Part of this focus was the result of consultations from the NIH in the US. However, when the review scheme of anonymous online participation from multiple reviewers was presented, the NIH warned the CIHR this was a bad idea, and would promote superficial, trivial reviews and cronyism. This was also the feedback from Senior CIHR funded investigators during the consultation phase. This was ignored.
The CIHR allowed age to be considered for Early and Mid Career investigators, declaring anyone over 16 years as PI a Senior investigator. So, while there are age brackets for the younger investigators, there would be no age limits for the senior investigators. In the first pilot scheme competition, seven men over 70 years of age were funded in multi-million dollar grants, essentially the equivalent of 28-30 Project grants. Their 30 and 40 year CVs certainly out-shined the CVs of 16 year PIs.
With new management of CIHR, the Foundation Scheme has been reduced considerably, but still represents a significant portion of the total CIHR budget at $125M, as $75M was moved to Projects, to address the poor funding rates there. The plan in 2018 is to support 40 investigators with $125M, over $3M each, or in other words, about 140 old Operating grants now concentrated down to just 40 PIs. The ECI cohort was eliminated. So Foundation is now focused entirely on very senior citizens, most of which benefited heavily at mid and early career from mandatory retirement at 65, which was eliminated in Canada in the mid-2000s. As a reviewer in the Foundation scheme pilot phase, I saw some very impressive publication and trainee records, but certainly a tailing off of productivity above age 60, but that assessment no longer was relevant. Knowledge translation now meant self-promotion press releases or CBC interviews about the next "5 years to a cure" story, which Academics excel at. CIHR or NIH panel membership made no significant difference to scores. Thus, we now have a significant number of Senior investigators rescued from retirement and parking themselves at the highest salary brackets in academic institutions, with little or no incentive to actually produce anything, as they are unlikely to ever apply for funding again, meanwhile, the most productive 40-60 year old PIs are being hollowed out with no Foundation, and Project grants now in the hands of social media type peer review.
The net result in Foundation is that we may see the lowest ever productivity-per-dollar in CDN research history, but it will take 7-10 years to actually see the data, and that's some other government's problem.
As part of the Truant lab's Open Science initiative, I will post my Foundation reviews online. I think people can easily understand the decision to return to face-to-face panels when they see a textbook example of superficial peer review and the failure of the Projects and Foundation schemes leading to cancellation and partial cancellation. There are no SO notes on any live discussion. Despite the Os and O+s, The proposal ranked very poorly. In fact, the lowest ranking of any proposal I have every written to any agency in 18 years.
Reviewer one:
Quality of the Program/Qualité du programme
Criterion/Critère: Research Concept/Idée de recherche
Rating/Cote: O+
Strengths/Forces: The applicant aims to reveal novel insights how the polyglutamine expansion in Huntingtin protein leads to Huntington's Disease (HD) and to develop analog compounds on a preclinical pipeline of his own lead hit, N6FFA/kinetin.
The applicant made a breakthrough discovery that huntingtin phosphorylation at Ser13 and Ser16 can be modulated by small-molecule drugs, which may have therapeutic potential in Huntington's disease (Atwal et al., 2011, Nat. Chem. Biol.).
This proposal is based on this discovery. I am impressed by the originality of this proposal.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: None
Criterion/Critère: Research Approach/Approche de recherche
Rating/Cote: O
Strengths/Forces: The applicant proposes experiments that can lead to the discovery of new drugs, which seems
exciting. The access to patients' samples is plus.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: The lack of in vivo model makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of potential drugs.
(The plan clearly states the use of two mouse models with two support letters, both of which are good models of HD)
The description of genetic modification of human cells including CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockdown is too brief and the feasibility is not well addressed.
(The proposal does not suggest CRISPR knockouts or "knockdowns", we defined experiments to create isogenic HD human primary cell lines, the reviewer clearly does not understand CRISPR/Cas9, how it works, the results, or likely what isogenic even means.)
Quality of the Expertise, Experience, and Resources/Qualité de l'expertise, de l'expérience et des ressources
Criterion/Critère: Expertise/Expertise
Strengths/Forces: The applicant has strength in chemical biology.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: The applicant stated the conversion of human cell lines into neurons, which is not easy and he did not show feasibility on this.
(the methods were fully referenced)
Criterion/Critère: Mentorship and Training/Mentorat et formation
Rating/Cote: E++
Strengths/Forces: The applicant has trained one pdf, one clinician scientist and 19 graduate students. These are good
numbers.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: The applicant does not provide or mention a tracking record of his trainees.
There is literally no requirement for this at CIHR, but this was listed in the CV module. and somehow, the other reviewer picked over the details which apparently do not exist.
Reviewer two:
This was the most detailed review. This is a proper review.
Strengths/Forces: The applicant plans to use human-derived fibroblasts from Huntington disease patients and controls to screen for drugs that correct deficient phosphorylation on ser13 and ser16 in the N-terminal region (N17) of the mutant (polyglutamine expanded) huntingtin protein. He will also screen for changes in DNA repair pathways associated with earlier than expected or later than expected age of onset, based on the CAG repeat length in the HD gene. In the last 2 sentences of this section, two additional goals are mentioned – determining whether mutant huntingtin itself or ROS load
can trigger somatic expansion of the CAG repeat in the HD gene.
Use of human cells is a major strength.
The focus on DNA repair and ROS is a strength, given the recent results of a large GWA study from Gusella and McDonald (Cell 2015), indicating that genes associated with these functions are modulators of HD age of onset.
The techniques the applicant has developed for screening include automated image processing to detect localization of huntingtin to the nucleus, which is also a major strength towards an unbiased approach.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: The goals and objectives of the program are not well-defined or well-articulated. There are a couple of sentences buried in the narrative that mention goals, but nothing more and no objectives are listed. Introducing
somatic CAG expansion in the last 2 sentences does not build conceptual coherence.
It is difficult to follow the rationale or conceptual drivers of this program because it is so highly technical with no basic explanations of what is being measured. It is not clear what Fig. 2 is showing – what principle components are being
compared? Is this based on imaging data, and what about the imaging data is being used to derive the PCA? N6FFA is not defined other than as a "product of DNA base excision" – as such, it is unclear why "oral loading" would normalize huntingtin phosphorylation?
In Fig. 3 – what is "N18"? Is this blot showing phosphorylation state of huntingtin?
This is literally the focus of eight years of manuscripts. No one reads the references.
Rating/Cote: EStrengths/Forces: The impression from reading this section (although it is very possible it has been misunderstood) is that the applicant will use an imaging system that is automated to allow acquisition from thousands of cells, which is a
strength; the patterns will be determined using supervised machine learning, another strength, to avoid subjectivity in the analysis of images and facilitate high throughput. Clusters of patterns will be found based on this analysis, and then subjected to unsupervised machine learning and principle component analysis.
The reviewer clearly does not understand blind PCA, or the technology, and is looking for experimental details in a seven year plan in a few pages. The instruction were to clearly provide a programmatic approach, the reviewer is expecting Operating Grant detail. Impossible in this minimal format.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: Again, the lack of organization or clear explanation makes it very difficult to understand what
is to be done. How will the applicant define late onset or slow progressers among the HD patient cohort?
(This is outlined)
The applicant aims to create at least 50 lines (from patients or controls), but this is a small number to determine factors associated with later onset or slow progression (those patients will be a very small minority of the total), in particular since each cell line will have differences based on genetic/epigenetic background and varying CAG length.
The reviewer somehow thinks we are doing GWAS on cell lines? The reviewer does not understand outlier studies, or the point of outlier definition.
What is a "photosensitivity side effect"? This is suggested as a key feature of drugs that may normalize phosphorylation of mutant huntingtin, but it is not defined nor is it explained how this might be related to efficacy.
A reviewer of a biomedical research agency in charge of close to $1B in spending does not know what drug photosensitivity is. Let's hope this reviewer is not a clinician.
Will CHDI be an industry partner on this program? If so, that should be clearly indicated at the front of the proposal.
CHDI is a Foundation, not an industry. Fully explained. Eight years of partnership listed in CV.
How will the Enroll-HD data set be used in this program?
This answers the earlier queries.
There is no mention of the lab team who will be carrying out experiments described in the program, so difficult to judge feasibility.
This is all delineated in the budget module, where it is supposed to be , yet obviously unread.
In most significant contributions section, he claims "In 2012 I described the robust effects of GM1 ganglioside on a HD mouse.." – in fact, this work was led and primarily accomplished in the lab of the senior, corresponding author, Prof. Sipione, at U Alberta. Although the applicant is a co-author, this statement is misleading as to his role.
We actually provided significant expertise, and a critical reagent with months of work, as indicated by authorships, and a second manuscript in which I was CI and Dr. Sipione an important contributor that same year. The point, entirely missed, is that my lab is the only lab in the world, to date, to show small molecule efficacy in HD models by two different pathways, with direct target engagement readout.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: Although applicant mentions that he expects 3 quality publications from each PhD student, one of his students (redacted here -inappropriate to list this name here, or in the review) graduated without authoring a paper (based on pubs listed in CCV and also Pubmed search).
The applicant has one ongoing PDF who is finding it challenging to obtain a job.
The student mentioned was the result of me inheriting this student as the result of failure to tenure a local PI. The student would have otherwise been tossed out with nothing after three years. The thesis did encompass three publishable chapters, but the student left without any effort to actually submit a manuscript. Nice of the reviewer to ignore that the remaining seven PhDs actually averaged more than 5 publications each.
As for a PDF finding it challenging to find a job -this reviewer is obviously not active in science for the last decade, and this PDF just won a three-year full Scholarship support from an international competition, based on data disregarded by CIHR. This level of nitpicking is outstanding. When you cannot assess science, focus on this, but ignore peer review or true KT efforts.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: There is no mention of support at the University level, as to whether the applicant's field of research and/or the Biochem/Chem Biology program is a priority.
I have to agree with this, McMaster has never nominated me for any awards in 18 years, despite continual, uninterrupted funding in the millions.
As for the priority – I guess this reviewer does not know what a Full Professorship means at a University means. It means we do it all. Their PDFs come from somewhere.
Reviewers 3 and 4:
I'll summarize, as both have "none" listed under weakness, yet scored in the lowest quartile possible. In total, 15 minutes of effort is obvious. But one reviewer, obviously not a scientist, was a standout:
1) The applicant should focus on describing what he discovered in his many publications and how the discoveries impact the field rather than hyping the fact that he has been the first to do something, which otherwise seems boastful.
Oh dear, being boastful on a competition being reviewed to distinguish and rank applicants, we can't have that.
2) The applicant highlights the fact that he is fighting the prevailing dogma in the field but he never breaks down how that dogma is misleading our scientific progress.
Is everything that everyone else discovered wrong in HD research? (hard to believe)
I guess the reviewer missed the lines that there is literally nothing therapeutic in HD research in 25 years due to a dogmatic approach of protein homeostatic mechanisms being the trigger. And yes, GWAS, and failure to treat this disease in 25 years, has told us that certainly, most HD research is wrong, the majority irreproducible, but that won't stop older investigators from getting millions more in support.
Instead the applicant should describe in greater detail how his specific discoveries remedy the situation.
Literally the entire research plan section. Incredible.
3) The applicant should break down the proposal into discrete aims. The proposal currently reads like a continuous stream
of consciousness.
Even after reading the application multiple times, i have a hard time summarizing what exactly he intends to do.
The story telling aspect of this application is in the bottom half of my assigned grants.
The proposal literally has three delineated aims and sub-aims. I think the reviewer just read the summary and skipped significance.
Weaknesses/Faiblesses: Grantsmanship is a problem.
The first half page of the research approach has no leadoff.
Because the previous section is supposed to highlight significance? This small section was "research plan", in which, surprisingly, I outlined the research plan.
The reviewer is forced to piece things together by themselves.
i.e read all sections.
There are obvious disconnected factiods listed that a reader has no hint of how they fit into the larger narrative.
For example Our own work, in (Fig. 6) shows that huntingtin N17 and P53 contain a similar CK2 site, which is unique to just these two proteins.
What does this have to do with anythings(sic)?
Literally explained in significance section, which was clearly unread, and the central hypothesis of the proposal.
Previous Post Testing oxidative stress conditions for huntingtin-DNA repair protein interactions
Next Post Lessons to Young Investigators
|
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Q: angular customized validation - input parameter unchanged There are two date inputs: d1 and d2.
The requirement is d2 must be greater than or equal to d1.
By default, the minimum date of d2 is 2018-09-03, which is stored in the minDate variable.
[A good case] If user inputs d1 first,
it will trigger the function onChange and update minDate to the value of d1. In this case, if user wants to update d2, all dates before minDate are disabled.
[A bad case] If user inputs d2 first,
and input d1 later with d1 > d2, I want the program to display an error msg by using the validation function settledateValidator.
However, minDate passed to settledateValidator is not updated (still equals to its default value 2018-09-03 instead of the value of d1).
My questions:
1. why minDate does not get updated in [A bad case]? It is updated successfully in [A good case].
2. how to fix [A bad case]?
Thanks for your help in advance!
in .html:
<mat-form-field>
<input matInput [matDatepicker]="picker_d1" placeholder="d1" [formControl]="d1" (dateChange)="onChange(d1)">
<mat-datepicker-toggle matSuffix [for]="picker_d1"></mat-datepicker-toggle>
<mat-datepicker #picker_d1 ></mat-datepicker>
</mat-form-field>
<mat-form-field>
<input matInput [min]="minDate" [matDatepicker]="picker_d2" placeholder="d2" [formControl]="d2">
<mat-datepicker-toggle matSuffix [for]="picker_d2" ></mat-datepicker-toggle>
<mat-datepicker #picker_d2 > </mat-datepicker>
<mat-hint *ngIf="!myform_fg.controls['d2'].valid"> d2 is smaller than d1 </mat-hint>
</mat-form-field>
in .ts:
function settledateValidator(min: Date): ValidatorFn {
return (control: AbstractControl): { [key: string]: boolean } => {
var sd = new Date(control.value);
console.log(min); //minDate does not change. it is still equal to its default value.
if (sd < min){
return {invalid_toosmall: true};
}
};
}
export class MyformComponent implements OnInit {
minDate = new Date(2018, 8, 3);
constructor(fb: FormBuilder) {
this.myform_fg = fb.group({
'd1': ['', Validators.compose([Validators.required])],
'd2': ['', Validators.compose([Validators.required, settledateValidator(this.minDate)])],
});
this.d1 = this.myform_fg.controls['d1'];
this.d2 = this.myform_fg.controls['d2'];
}
onChange(value: string): void {
this.minDate = this.d1.value;
}
}
A: You validators in initialize in the constructor and you give the "this.minDate". When this one change you change is reference but the validator to still have the old one.
I faced the case and a way to do what you want to do would be to give the reference to an object which never change like this to your validator :
//global
const minDateValid = { date : new Date(2018, 8, 3)};
//constructor
settledateValidator(minDateValid);
//on change
this.minDateValid.date = this.d1.value;
For more exemple, I personnaly do it by passing the formControl for exemple : (see minDateFromControl)
https://github.com/xrobert35/asi-ngtools/blob/master/src/validators/asi-validators.ts
and make it work like this :
this.myForm = fb.group({
from: [null],
to: [null]
});
this.myForm.controls.from.setValidators([Validators.required,
AsiValidators.maxDateFromControl(this.myForm.controls.to)]);
this.myForm.controls.to.setValidators([Validators.required,
AsiValidators.minDateFromControl(this.myForm.controls.from)]);
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British hosting company claims to have beaten Moore's Law
British hosting company Memset has proved it is possible to reduce power consumption faster than Moore's Law.
By Sophie Curtis |Techworld | 16 Mar 12
British cloud hosting company Memset claims to have proved it is possible to reduce power consumption faster than Moore's Law.
Moore's Law is a rule of thumb whereby the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit doubles every 18 to 24 months. It is also a good approximation for the rate at which energy efficiency improves, according to Memset, because when computers are viewed overall, their performance per watt roughly doubles every 18 months.
The company carried out the research in collaboration with Surrey University by examining the load levels and power consumption of its own Miniserver VM host server estate. Each server has one 0.7GHz Xeon core, 1GB RAM and 80GB RAID1 HDD.
The average power consumption of Memset's Miniserver VM virtual servers in mid-2009 was 26 watts. According to Moore's Law, those VMs should have been using 6.9 watts at the end of 2011. However, by refining and tuning the host hardware to optimise it for the actual load profile, Memset has been able to reduce the average power consumption a further 47 percent, to 4.7 watts.
"It's optimisations in things like the ratio of CPU to RAM, the type of hard disks we use, the way we load different numbers of virtual machines onto the hardware, getting rid of bottlenecks," explained Kate Craig-Wood, managing director of Memset.
"The important thing is we haven't actually invested in any clever fancy technology. We're using very standard off-the-shelf server components, and we've just found the sweet spot."
The refinement is an interative process, according to Craig-Wood. Memset monitors the power consumption of all its machines and periodically performs analysis on them to find out which resources are the most strained, before proposing the next generation of host architecture.
She added that CPU is generally under-utilised, even after virtualisation, and that it is RAM and disk transactions that tend to be limiting.
"We still find customers tend to request not enough RAM but too much CPU," Craig-Wood said. "Everyone assumes you need computation, but most of the tasks that we want computers to do are around manipulating data and databases, or getting data in and out of systems. That doesn't require any computation, there's no complex algorithms running behind the scenes, it's basically shuffling bits around."
Memset claims this research is proof that ICT can deliver on its promise of a greener society without itself becoming a major indirect source of greenhouse emissions. It also indicates that you do not need to be operating at mega scale to be able to be efficient, said Craig-Wood.
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Join us for a modern and sophisticated bazaar celebrating the local artists on display at The Henderson Beach & Spa Resort on Thursday, January 10th 2019 from 6-9pm! All proceeds will benefit The South Walton Artificial Reef Association.
Experience live paintings, mingle with the artists, sip cold cocktails, nosh light bites, peruse the silent auction, capture the moment with Epic Photo Co. & groove to the sounds of DJ 30A!
|
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So, I'm planning a new diorama that includes at least two tanks.
This is my first 1/72 scale tank, it's the M4A3 Medium Tank from Trumpeter. I must admit that this tiny scale is a bit strange to work with and the build looks better on my desk than it does in the pictures. The camera exposes imperfections that my old eye don't pick up while working.
But again, this is a learning curve, so I need to take it step by step. I put this aside for now and begin work on my next 1/72 model that is the Jagdpanzer E-100, also from Trumpeter.
Great looking build, Geir, but you'll have to point out the "imperfections", because I sure don't see 'em. Nice work !
VERY well done, Geir! I like the bullet pock-marks on the front slope & turret you gave it.. You didn't go overboard, like some folks will do.
Imperfections! Man I thought this was at least 1/48 scale, great job !
Nice work on this model Geir .
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In the summer of 2017 over 250 former employees of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus gathered at Circus World to celebrate their time on the Greatest Show on Earth. Over the course of four days (July 20 through July 23) 53 interviews were conducted across the broad spectrum of personalities that made up the circus including train masters, seamstresses, dancers, clowns, teachers, religious leaders, performers, bus drivers, riggers, and managers.
The interviews cover a period ranging from the late 1960s through the last year of the show and include subjects such as life on the circus train, life on the Gold Unit (truck show), performing in the ring, the closing of the Ringling Bros. & Barnum and Bailey Circus in 2017, animal activists and their impact on the show and the lives of circus people, circus ministry, various personalities and other anecdotal experiences of life as a employee of the "Greatest Show on Earth."
Carmen Niemeyer, Zoe Nissen, and Crystal Willer.
NOTE: While transcripts have been reviewed and corrected for noticeable errors, inconsistencies or misspellings may still exist in the document.
WARNING! Some sound recordings may contain language that may be offensive. Listener discretion is advised.
Subjects include: Circus World (Florida Amusement Park), Circus World Museum, Blue Unit, Disney Fantasyland Circus, Elephants,Gunther Gebel-Williams,Gold Unit, Ruth Harriott, John Harriott, Hugo, Oklahoma, Japan, Paul Kay, King Tusk, Mattel Inc., Red Unit, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, Sarasota, Florida.
Subjects include: Jim Agona, Big Apple Circus, Blue Unit, Circus Fantasy, Disney Land, Irvin Feld, Kenneth Feld, Mark Oliver Gebel, Gunther Gebel-Williams, Gold Unit, Japan, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus- 1981-1985,Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus- show closing- 2017, Ring Master, Harold Ronk, Miguel Vasquez, Peggy Williams.
Subjects include: Animal rights activism, Blue Unit, Chief Mechanical Officer, Circus Train, Joe Colossa, Curriculum, Education, Grade School, Home School, Kindergarten, Railroad, Red Unit, Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus, Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus - closing of show – 2017, School Teacher, Train Master.
Subjects include: Accidents, Baptism, Bishops of the United States of America, Allen Bloom, Blue Unit, Chaplain, Bernice Collins, Greg and Karen DeSanto (wedding of), Diocese of Charlotte, North Carolina, Episcopal Church, Gunther Gebel-Williams, Eric Michael Gillett, Tim Holst, management, mass (religious service), Jim O'Connell, Red Unit, Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus, Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus - closing of show -2017, Sister Pesoa, Susana Smith, wedding.
Subjects include: animals, animal training, Elvin Bale, Baraboo, Wisconsin, Bloomington, Illinois, Harold "Heavy" Burdick, Canepa School of Dance, Carson and Barnes Circus, Circus World Museum, Baraboo, Wisconsin, Antoinette Concello, elephants, Merle Evans, Feld Entertainment Inc., Chappie Fox, Gunther Gebel-Williams, Gil Gray Circus, John Herriott, Mary Ruth Herriott,Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus, trapeze, Vicky Unus, Mayme Ward.
Subjects include: Center ring, elephants, Gunther Gebel-Williams, Madison Square Garden, ring curb crew, Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus – 1975.
Subjects include: elephants, Feld Entertainment Inc., floor crew, horse crew, Red Unit, Sasha Hook, Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus - 2006-2007, Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus - show closing.
Subjects Include: Dancer, Dance Captain, John Dedo, Elephants, Mark Gebel, Tina Gebel, Gunther Gebel-Williams, Danny Herman, David Larible, life on the circus train, Madison Square Garden, Pyro Technician, Red Unit, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus 1984 1992-2005,Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus - show closing – 2017,show girl, railroad, train.
Subjects Include: animal rights activism, Kim Basinger, Richard Chipperfield, Graham Thomas Chipperfield, Coney Island, Kenneth Feld, Nicole Feld, Gunther Gebel-Williams, Rodney Huey, Kaleidescape, David Larible, Phil McKinley, Publicist, Michu, National Public Relations Agency, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus 1990-2004, Kevin Venardos, Montel Williams.
Subjects include: Blue Unit, circus ministry, Circus Vargas, Kenneth Feld, Tom Dougherty, Father Jerry Hogan, Tim Holst, Kelly Miller Circus, Mass (religious service), Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, prop crew, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus 2004-2017, Sister Joel and Sister Priscilla, Teamster, wardrobe.
Subjects include: Blue Unit - 2006-2008, Costumes, Feld Entertainment Inc., Gold Unit - 2008-2012, Head seamstress, Load In, Railroad, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, Wardrobe.
Subjects include: archivist, Baraboo- Wisconsin, Allen Bloom, Circus World Museum, circus historian, Clown College, Clyde Beatty Cole Bros. Circus, Feld Entertainment Inc., Kenneth Feld, Rodney Huey, Johnny Pugh, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus- show closing- 2017, teaching.
NOTE: Nancy Davies interview (referenced in this interview) was conducted in a separate session. See CWM Audio 70-14.
Subjects include: Chicago, Illinois, Antoinette Concello, Dancer, Elephant, Kenneth Feld, Alex Gautier, Gunther Gebel-Williams, Otto Griebling, Pie Car, Public Relations, Susie Quinn, Railroad, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus - 1971-1973, Harold Ronk, Web act.
Subjects include: Americana Amusement Park, Middletown, Ohio, barker, Big Apple Circus, Chicago, Illinois, Tito Gaona, grinder, Catherine Hanneford, Tommy Hanneford, Strupi Hanneford, Jonathan Lee Iverson, Bello Nock, publicist, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, Red Unit, spieler, Tommy Hanneford Circus, Cindy Wells, and Roy Wells.
|
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blitarweb.com
Question: Did Martin Luther Remove 7 Books From The Bible?
Why don t Protestants accept the Apocrypha?
Did Martin Luther King change the Bible?
WHO removed the 7 books from the Bible?
Why was Book of Enoch removed from the Bible?
Why is Judith not in the Bible?
What books of the Bible are missing?
Did Luther remove books from the Bible?
Why did Protestants remove 7 books from the Bible?
What is Jesus real name?
What are the 14 books removed from the Bible?
Why were some books removed from the Bible?
Did Jesus have a wife?
Is Book of Enoch true?
How many heavens are there in the Book of Enoch?
What is the most accurate Bible?
Where is the original Bible?
Who was killed for translating the Bible?
Did Martin Luther believe in the Trinity?
Concerning these ancient books, the word apocrypha originally meant a text too sacred and secret to be in everyone's hands.
Thus, Protestant bibles do not include the books within the Old Testament but have sometimes included them in a separate section, usually called the Apocrypha..
Luther, the seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation, was also a brilliant wordsmith. In 1522, at the age of 39, he released the first printing of his translation of the New Testament, followed in 1534 by the first full version of the Bible.
The Hebrew canon does not include the seven deuterocanonical books and this formed the basis for their exclusion from the Protestant Old Testament. The Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, which the early church used as its Old Testament, included all of the deuterocanonical books.
The Book of Enoch was considered as scripture in the Epistle of Barnabas (16:4) and by many of the early Church Fathers, such as Athenagoras, Clement of Alexandria, Irenaeus and Tertullian, who wrote c. 200 that the Book of Enoch had been rejected by the Jews because it contained prophecies pertaining to Christ.
Reasons for its exclusion include the lateness of its composition, possible Greek origin, open support of the Hasmonean dynasty (to which the early rabbinate was opposed), and perhaps the brash and seductive character of Judith herself.
Contents of The Lost Books of the BibleThe Protevangelion.The Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ.The Infancy Gospel of Thomas.The Epistles of Jesus Christ and Abgarus King of Edessa.The Gospel of Nicodemus (Acts of Pilate)The Apostles' Creed (throughout history)The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Laodiceans.More items…
Luther included the deuterocanonical books in his translation of the German Bible, but he did relocate them to after the Old Testament, calling them "Apocrypha, that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read." He also considered the relocation of the Book of Esther …
During the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Martin Luther called for a greater focus on traditions in Christianity, among them using the books in the original Hebrew translation of the Bible. … The decision to not uphold the value of those seven books shifted the theology of the Protestant church, he said.
YeshuaJesus' name in Hebrew was "Yeshua" which translates to English as Joshua.
The anagignoskomena are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira (Sirach), Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah (in the Vulgate this is chapter 6 of Baruch), additions to Daniel (The Prayer of Azarias, Susanna and Bel and the Dragon), additions to Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, i.e. …
Generally, the term is applied to writings that were not part of the canon. There are several reasons why these texts were not included in the canon. The texts might only have been known to few people, or they might have been left out because their content does not fit well into that of the other books of the Bible.
"Christian tradition has long held that Jesus was not married, even though no reliable historical evidence exists to support that claim," King said in a press release.
came into existence is the Book of Enoch, or I Enoch. It was completely preserved in an… Enoch, the seventh patriarch in the book of Genesis, was the subject of abundant apocryphal literature, especially during the Hellenistic period of Judaism (3rd century bc to 3rd century ad).
Ten HeavensThe Second Book of Enoch, also written in the first century CE, describes the mystical ascent of the patriarch Enoch through a hierarchy of Ten Heavens. Enoch passes through the Garden of Eden in the Third Heaven on his way to meet the Lord face-to-face in the Tenth (chapter 22).
The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a translation of the Bible published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society….New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.New World TranslationAbbreviationNWTLanguage193 languagesNT published1950Complete Bible published19617 more rows
Vatican LibraryThe oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, and it is known as the Codex Vaticanus. The oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE.
William TyndaleWilliam Tyndale, (born c. 1490–94, near Gloucestershire, England—died October 6, 1536, Vilvoorde, near Brussels, Brabant), English biblical translator, humanist, and Protestant martyr.
281 Page 3 282 Mickey L. Mattox Trinitarian tradition, had little in common with the "speculations of the Greeks/7 "Father, Son, and Holy Spirit," he claimed, did not mean to Luther "three Persons existing side by side." Instead, he believed only that the "one God and Father has opened His Fatherly heart to us in …
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© 2021 blitarweb.com
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279. The executive director of the health or social services institution providing care or services to the person of full age shall, if the incapacity that justified protective supervision ceases, attest to that fact in a report which he files in the office of the court. Such a report includes the medical and psychosocial assessment.
1991, c. 64, a. 279; I.N. 2014-05-01.
279. The executive director of the health or social services institution providing care or services to the person of full age shall, if the incapacity that justified protective supervision ceases, attest that fact in a report which he files in the office of the court. Such a report includes the medical and psychosocial assessment.
1991, c. 64, a. 279.
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News / Saudi Arabia / Yemen
Nearly dozen Sudanese mercenaries killed in fierce fighting with Yemeni forces
Saturday, 18 December 2021 11:27 AM [ Last Update: Saturday, 18 December 2021 2:21 PM ]
This file picture shows Sudanese soldiers fighting alongside Saudi-backed militants loyal to former Yemeni president Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi southwest of Hudaydah on Yemen's southwestern coast. (Photo by AFP)
Nearly a dozen Sudanese soldiers have been killed as intense fighting between Saudi-led coalition forces and Takfiri militants on one side and Yemeni army troops and their allies on the other in Saudi Arabia's southwestern region of Jizan.
Lebanon's Arabic-language al-Mayadeen television news network, citing military sources, reported that Yemeni soldiers and allied fighters from Popular Committees are advancing in the area and have taken control of multiple locations in the al-Huthirah district.
The sources said 10 Sudanese mercenaries were killed and at least 17 others injured in fresh fighting.
Back in June 2019, then deputy chairman of Sudan's Transitional Military Council (TMC) General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo said in a public address that as many as 30,000 Sudanese soldiers were fighting alongside Saudi Arabia and its allies in Yemen.
Sudanese forces, he said, were the biggest among the Saudi-led coalition.
Yemeni forces close in on Ma'rib oil fields
Yemeni forces on Friday continued their advances east of Yemen's strategic city of Marib, and reached the fringes of oil fields, military sources said.
They said intense clashes were underway between Saudi-backed militants loyal to former Yemeni president Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi and Yemeni armed forces on several fronts in Eastern Balaq and Eastern Sahara districts.
The sources said Yemeni troops and Popular Committees fighters had established control over al-Botr, al-Naqa'a and al-'Akkad areas, which sit east of al-Balaq mountain range.
Over 50 Saudi-backed pro-Hadi commanders killed while fighting Yemeni forces over Ma'rib control
At least 53 Saudi-backed and pro-Hadi militant commanders are killed during intense clashes with Yemeni army forces and their allies in the strategic province of Ma'rib in recent months.
Locals also said fierce clashes were going on around Safar oil fields, which are under the control of Saudi mercenaries and that the exchange of gunfire has stopped operations at the fields and a nearby refinery.
Sana'a: Quartet statement on Yemen 'insignificant'
Separately, Yemeni Foreign Minister in the National Salvation Government Hisham Sharaf Abdullah dismissed a joint statement by Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the United States and Britain on the Yemen conflict.
"What was put out in the last Wednesday statement simply encourages the Saudi-led aggression, and portrays the aggressors as doves of peace. The statement proves to those familiar with the status quo in Yemen that members of the Saudi-led coalition are detached from realities, live in a state of delusion, have no intention to broker a ceasefire and fix their mistakes in Yemen, and do not care about the aggravating sufferings of the Yemeni nation," Abdullah said.
Another Lebanese official criticizes Saudi war in Yemen after information minister quits over similar comments
Another Lebanese minister has criticized the Saudi-led war in Yemen after similar comments by a former minister prompted a diplomatic rift between Lebanon and powerful Persian Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia.
The top Yemeni diplomat called on the US, Britain, Saudi Arabia and the UAE to sit down at the negotiating table with representatives from the Sana'a government at United Nations-sponsored political talks, where delegates from Russia, China, Germany and any Persian Gulf state that does not back the Yemen war would be also in attendance.
He also reiterated Sana'a's interest "unconditional" comprehensive and just peace in Yemen, which would safeguard the country's national sovereignty and independence.
Saudi Arabia, backed by the United States and regional allies, launched the war on Yemen in March 2015, with the goal of bringing Hadi's government back to power and crushing the popular Ansarullah resistance movement.
Despite heavily-armed Saudi Arabia's incessant bombardment of the impoverished country, the Yemeni armed forces and the Popular Committees have grown steadily in strength against the Saudi invaders and left Riyadh and its allies bogged down in the country.
Yemen Middle East Yemeni forces Yemen war Popular Committees Jizan Saudi-led coalition Yemen conflict Yemeni troosp Sudanese mercenaries
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Yemen's army makes fresh gains against Saudi forces
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Yemen targets key Saudi airbase with several ballistic missiles
Over 16 million Yemenis need humanitarian assistance
Yemen suffers the world's worst epidemic disaster
Saudi bombing of homes in Yemen's Hajjah kills children
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These samples will show you how to get up and running using the SDKs for various Cognitive Services. They'll cover a few rudimentary use cases and hopefully express best practices for interacting with the data from these APIs.
Please note that this samples package references an all-in-one SDK which includes all Bing services. Individual packages exist for each service if you would prefer working with smaller assembly sizes. Both individual service packages as well as the all-in-one will have feature parity for a particular service.
If you don't already have it, get node.js. Install a version greater than 8.0.
Get a cognitive services API key with which to authenticate the SDK's calls. Sign up here by navigating to the right service and acquiring an API key. You can get a trial key for free which will expire after 30 days.
Set the following environment variables using the information from the service principle that you created. You only need to set the environment variables for which you want to run the samples.
[AZURE.NOTE] On Windows, use set instead of export. [AZURE.NOTE] For Custom Vision Service samples you need to set both keys.
Navigate through the console app to play with the examples. If a sample ends prematurely and does not return results, please make sure the service-key being used is valid for that service.
|
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Home » Browse » Academic journals » Health and Medicine Journals » The Hastings Center Report » Article details, "The European Convention on Bioethics"
Academic journal article The Hastings Center Report
The European Convention on Bioethics
By Wachter, Maurice A. M. de
Nearly fifteen years after the Council of Europe first called for a pan-European convention on issues in bioethics to harmonize disparate national regulations, in November 1996 the council's Committee of Ministers approved the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine for formal adoption. The draft convention, released in July 1994, provoked strong public, professional, and governmental debate among European nations, particularly regarding provisions for biomedical research with subjects unable tO give informed consent. If ratified, the "bioethics convention" will become the first such document to have binding force internationally.
The Council of Europe wishes to secure respect of human rights in biomedical research and to harmonize various regulations on bioethics in Europe. This initiative, if successful, would create the very first international convention on bioethics. In June 1996 the Steering Committee on Bioethics (CDBI) approved the final form of the draft Convention on Human Rights and Bioethics,[1] bringing that success a step closer. Somewhat unexpectedly, a large majority of delegations approved the 1996 document. In the fall of 1996 the Parliamentary Assembly of the council approved the draft and the convention was formally adopted by the Committee of Ministers.
This gives cause for pride and satisfaction to those who have struggled to develop international consensus in a rather controversial field. The time has come, therefore, to examine the convention, to highlight some of its major articles and offer a provisional appreciation of what it has achieved. Since the drafters of the convention consider the chapters on consent, especially in research and organ donation by living donors a major achievement, we shall focus our discussion on consent--in particular, on consent involving participation in research and transplantation by persons who are not able to give consent themselves.
Why a Convention?
Before we begin that discussion, however, it would be helpful to sketch briefly the Council of Europe and the history behind the July 1996 draft. The Council of Europe, established in 1949, is one of the major organizations of post-war supranational Europe. It consists of representative ministers from the member states, mainly ministers of foreign affairs and, depending on the agenda, other ministers of relevant departments. In actual fact, the Committee of Ministers is the decisionmaking body of the Council. The Council has a Secretariat supporting the Secretary General, and a Committee of Permanent Representatives.
In 1982 Recommendation 934 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe called for "a European agreement on what constitutes legitimate application to human beings (including future generations) of the techniques of genetic engineering, [to] align domestic regulations accordingly, and work towards similar agreements at [the] world level."[2] (In light of this call for worldwide agreement, it should be noted that as of March 1996 the Council of Europe counted thirty-nine member states--in addition to the Parliamentary Assembly and the European Commission--and thirteen permanent observers. Some of those are countries: Australia, Canada, Croatia, the Holy See, Japan, and the United States. Others are committees: the International Commission on Civil Status, European Science Foundation, OECD, United Nations Education and Organization [UNESCO], and World Health Association [WHO], and two committees of the Council of Europe, the Steering Committee on Health [CDPS] and the Steering Committee on Human Rights [CDDH].[3]) Further, a comprehensive recommendation of 1987 and 1988 urged efforts to "provide for joint action by all Council of Europe member states, together with non-member states, so that in addition to purely national action they should contribute to the framing of a common legal instrument, such as a European convention on biomedicine and human biotechnology, which would be open to nonmember states also. …
Publication: The Hastings Center Report
Publication date: January-February 1997
Wachter, Maurice A. M. de
Bioethics--Conferences, Meetings and Seminars
Council of Europe--Conferences, meetings and seminars
The National Bioethics Advisory Commission: Contributing to Public Policy By Elisha Eiseman Rand, 2003
The Integration of the European Community and Third States in Europe: A Legal Analysis By Andrew H. Evans Clarendon Press, 1996
Protecting the Human Rights of Religious Minorities in Eastern Europe By Peter G. Danchin; Elizabeth A. Cole Columbia University Press, 2002
The National Council By New Zealand International Review, Vol. 35, No. 5, September-October 2010
Seventy Years On By Keith, Kenneth New Zealand International Review, Vol. 29, No. 5, September-October 2004
John Howard Yoder's Role in "The Lordship of Christ over Church and State" Conferences By Durnbaugh, Donald F. Mennonite Quarterly Review, Vol. 77, No. 3, July 2003
The Enlargement Watch Profile - Juraj Migas By Europe-East, September 23, 2002
Sources of Information (and Misinformation) By Weiner, Benjamin Management Review, Vol. 81, No. 1, January 1992
Catholic University Philosopher Builds Bridges By Filteau, Jerry National Catholic Reporter, Vol. 46, No. 6, January 8, 2010
Minding Your Language; Just the Job By Ling, Ruth The Evening Standard (London, England), May 12, 2003
Will Brussels Sprout More EU Cash? Reporter Alistair Houghton Visits the EU Capital to Find out If Merseyside Will Win More Grant Aid By Houghton, Alistair Daily Post (Liverpool, England), October 13, 2010
TRAINING EXPERTS WIDEN HORIZON; Firm Wants Far East Expansion By Coventry Evening Telegraph (England), November 30, 2011
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Wahbung Abinoonjiiag is working with Meet Me at the Bell Tower for a domestic violence awareness event on Nov. 9.
Wahbung is an Indigenous-led community organization that provides a wide variety of supports for those who have been victims of domestic violence. There are supports for healing and community- building programs for women, youth and children; housing support; and many workshops that anyone can participate in.
MM@BT is an Indigenous-led, community-building event that happens every Friday at the North End Bell Tower. These events feature a wide variety of speakers and subjects, encourage relationship building and provide a space for community dialogue.
Arabe says public community events are important places for people who may need Wahbung's supports to find their voice and feel comfortable seeking help.
She says all of Wahbung's events are participant-led, which means "our community, our women, our youth are putting on the events and are speaking at them," and are run through an Indigenous lens. Arabe and Wirch both say these voices need to be central to dialogue around domestic violence.
"It's important for Indigenous women to lead this conversation, because domestic violence and violence is perpetrated against us at a higher rate than anyone else," Wirch says.
For Stop Domestic Violence Month, Wahbung will also run a domestic violence training session for service providers on Nov. 16 and a self-care day on Nov. 21.
The Break the Silence Bell Tower takes place on Nov. 9 at 6 p.m. by the North End Bell Tower. All are welcome to attend.
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So my Dad (finally) came back from the Philippines where he has been for two weeks for work. And he brought me back something special...a real pearl necklace!
All three of us girls actually received one each. We were all very pleased.
Ok, so I haven't been doing a lot of photography or blogging lately, but that's because it's been the first week back at school this second semester along with all the extra curricular lessons and everything else! My choir is performing quite a bit in the next few months so I've also been doing a lot of practising of songs and dances! I've also been thinking about doing a bit of decorating in my room and have decided to assemble a photo collage and a couple other bits and bobs. So I've been pretty busy...I really haven't had much time to look at all of your awesome blogs, but I'm hoping to be able to have a bit more time for that soonish.
Miss you all have a lovely week and I do apologise for taking this post up with photos of pearl necklaces, leafy scarfs and random updates!
p.s. has any one noticed when they look at my blog that the blog background (down the sides) is sort of turned black with big exclamation marks on it?! because that's all i can see of my blog down the sides...just wondering if any one else can see it.
Gorgeous photos Holly! That necklace is STUNNING! And so is the scarf. Its a lovely colour too.
Yep, all I can see of some of your things on your sidebar is black boxes with exclamation marks too. Strange how it should do that.
Yes, I can see what you can see! Hm.
Yes, I've been noticing on your 'daily reads, sponsors, about me, pages that their all black with exclamation marks on them. It usually means that that thing is deleted.
Pearl Necklaces are very famous in ladies. These necklaces looks awesome when they wear it. It gives royal touch to your personality.
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Home»Files»Death penalty»A brief on the death penalty during the first half of 2020
22 July, 2020 Death penalty, Monitoring Death penalty
Egyptian Front monitored the death penalty in Egypt during the first half of 2020. It appears that Egyptian authorities insist on using the death penalty in criminal offenses and are widely using it in political cases. This in addition to violations committed against the defendants in these cases during their trial period and thus infringing their right to a fair trial.
During the first half of 2020, Civil and Military Criminal courts issued 171 death sentences, most of which are criminal cases. Also, the Cassation Court upheld sentences on 10 defendants in 3 cases, most of which are political. Meanwhile, Egyptian authorities executed 34 persons in 11 cases, 3 of which include events of political violence.
Egyptian courts continue to widely use the death penalty in several crimes. A number of 105 crimes are punishable by the death penalty as stipulated by Penal Code no. 58 for the year 1937 and its amendments, Military Code of Justice no. 25 for the year 1966, Firearms and ammunition law no. 394 for the year 1954, and Narcotic Drugs Control law no. 182 for the year 1960.
The death penalty in Egypt is problematic as it is widely used in various crimes not only in heavy ones. Also, the defendants are mostly deprived of their right to a fair trial due to the grave violations of standards of a fair trial.
Within the framework of the monthly monitoring of the death penalty, the Egyptian front has communicated with lawyers and monitored the media for documentation purposes. Egyptian front has documented the execution of 34 defendants, 10 of whom are part of 3 cases of terrorism and political violence known in the media as "Churches bombing", "Al-Wahat case", and "Al-Farafra Checkpoint". It also monitored the confirmation of the Cassation Courts to execute 10 defendants, 7 of whom are part of political violence case known as "Helwan police station". This in addition to handing down death sentences to 171 defendants, 40 of whom are part of two political violence cases known in the media as "Ansar Beit alMaqdis" (37 to be executed) and "Assassination attempt of Alexandria's Security Chief" (3 to be executed). 37 out of the 40 are part of "Ansar Beit al Maqdis" and the other 3 are part of the Assassination Attempt case. Meanwhile, the documents of 158 defendants in 59 cases, 40 of whom are part of political cases, were referred to the Grand Mufti for his advisory opinion regarding their death sentence.
The Death penalty situation during the first half of 2020
First: Execution of the death penalty.
Egyptian Front monitored the execution of at least 34 defendants in 11 cases, 8 of whom were convicted in case no. 165 for the year 2017, Military, known in the media as "bombing churches" on February 25, 2020. Hisham Ashmawy was executed on March 4th against the backdrop of case no. 1 for the year 2014, Military, known in the media as "alFarafra Checkpoint". Abdel Rahim al-Mesmar- was also executed against the backdrop of case no. 160 for the year 2018, West Cairo Military, known in the media as "Al-Wahat Case".
While Egyptian Front assures it stands against terrorism and does not by any means claim the innocence of any of the aforementioned defendants, it however emphasizes the importance of maintaining fair trial standards for everyone without discrimination. It has appeared that a number of defendants were subjected to enforced disappearances, physical and mental coercion, and the investigation sources were kept unknown. This reveals clear violations to fair trial standards in cases of capital punishment.
An infographic showing the executions during the first half of 2020
Second: Confirming death sentences
The Court of Cassation upheld the death sentence of one person in a criminal case in January 2020. In March, it upheld another death sentence on two defendants' criminal case. It also confirmed the death sentences of 7 political defendants in case no. 8280/2014 Helwan felonies, known in the media as "Helwan Police Station". Therefore, the total number of cases upheld by Court of Cassation in the first half of 2020 is 10 in 3 cases.
ِAn Infographic showing the situation of death sentences upheld during the first half of 2020
Third: Death sentences
Egyptian Front monitored death sentences handed down to more than 171 defendants in 73 cases, 40 of whom are part of two political cases; Ansar Beit al Maqdis and Assassination Attempt of Alexandria's Security Chief cases. Worthy to note that the latter is an emergency state security case where once a verdict is issued from an Emergency state security court it cannot be appealed. Also, 131 defendants were sentenced to death in 71 criminal cases.
An Infographic showing death sentence status during the first half of 2020
Fourth: Referrals to the Grand Mufti
Egyptian courts referred more than 158 defendants in 59 cases to the Grand Mufti to get his advisory religious opinion on their death sentences. 40 of these defendants are part of political cases known as Ansar Beit al Maqdis and Attempted assassination of Alexandria's security chief.
An Infographic showing the status of Al Mufti referrals during the first half of 2020
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I have done quite a bit of TV watching with the new setup. Most shows I watch within a week or two of when they are are shown on cable. I have been able to watch the whole series of old shows such as the original Battlestar Galactica. With DVDs I've watched unreleased episodes of 'Dollhouse' and started watching 'How I Met Your Mother' from the begining. There was one show that I saw plugged on Hulu. It was in it's second season but they have the whole first one streaming on Netflix.
This experience has provided much of what cable didn't. It fits my watching habits quite well. You can even watch things with other people that aren't around. Just log into the site and start it going at the same time. The only trick is that for Hulu you have commercials that vary in length so there is a lot of '3,2,1,0,go' via cell phone to keep us on track.
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Thief targets Ballyclare charity shop
Housing Executive waive rules for local woman who lives in damp, infested flat
THE Housing Executive have agreed to waive one of their regulations to allow a local woman, with serious health problems, to move from her Lisburn flat, which has been riddled with damp and infested with silver fish.
Saturday, 6th April 2013, 8:55 am
Elaine Madden, who lives in Gregg House in Gregg Street, has been appealing to the Housing Executive to move her from the flat but was told she could not be added to the transfer list as she had lived in her current flat for less than two years.
"I have a lot of health problems, including osteoarthritis spondylosis, degenerative discs in my spine and I had an operation last year to remove two discs," she explained. "I have also suffered from severe depression since I was 18. The state of the flat is really getting me down and I don't want to go down that road again.
"I am sleeping on a mattress on the floor of my living room. The flat looks like a squat and I am ashamed to let anyone in."
Ms Madden's doctor, as well as her Community Psychiatric Nurse and her son, wrote letters to the Housing Executive, asking them to give special consideration to her as a result of her health.
Eventually Lagan Valley MP, Jeffrey Donaldson stepped in to try to help Ms Madden with her housing problems.
"I have spoken with Elaine and must say that I am concerned for her wellbeing," said Mr Donaldson. "This lady has multiple and complex health problems and the damp in her home is exacerbating her medical condition. Elaine has been sleeping on a mattress or the sofa in her living room and this cannot be good for her. She also needs the support of a carer and this being a one bedroom house, there is nowhere for them to sleep.
"For all of these reasons, Elaine needs an urgent transfer to more suitable accommodation," continued Mr Donaldson. "I recognise that the Housing Executive have a rule about not being able to transfer within two years of taking up a tenancy and this is for good reason. However, the rule does allow for some discretion in exceptional circumstances and I believe such circumstances exist in Elaine's case.
"We are therefore raising this on humanitarian grounds with the management of the Housing Executive and supporting Elaine in her request for an urgent transfer."
A spokesperson for the Housing Executive said they had agreed to waive the transfer regulation and allow Ms Madden access to the transfer list,
"Following a leak into the bedroom of this property part of the plaster was saturated and had to removed," they explained. "A dehumidifier was left with the tenant to assist with the drying out of the wall prior to it being re-plastered. A member of staff called at the property on March 27 and it appeared that the wall was drying out well and the bedroom was habitable. At that time the tenant advised that there were silver fish under the dividing wall between the bathroom and hall. The maintenance officer called on April 3 and is arranging for the wall to be re-plastered during the week commencing April 8. Although dealing with silver fish is the tenant's responsibility it has been agreed that treatment will be carried out.
"When Miss Madden applied for a transfer there didn't appear to be exceptional circumstances to waive the two year tenancy period, however, following receipt of further medical information this is being waived and Miss Madden allowed access to the transfer list," the spokesperson concluded.
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Modern, stylish and chic. All qualities that our Contemporary Pillow Collection embodies. Choose among many colors, styles and patterns.
Large, Medium, Small; you choose. Floral patterned pillows in all shapes and sizes.
Decortive pillows with kid themes. Choose your kids pillow from among sports, airplanes, flowers and much more.
Traditionally themed pillows to add the perfect accent to any bed, sofa or chair.
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Recycling crisis: federal government to push states for solution
Josh Frydenberg will seek agreement at meeting of environment ministers for a national stocktake of recycling
• Sign up to receive the top stories from Guardian Australia every morning
Katharine Murphy and Calla Wahlquist
Thu 26 Apr 2018 18.00 EDT Last modified on Thu 26 Apr 2018 18.01 EDT
A Chinese labourer sorting out plastic bottles for recycling near Beijing. A ban on imports of recycling material to China has prompted a crisis in the industry in Australia. Photograph: Fred Dufour/AFP/Getty Images
The Turnbull government will ask the states to work towards a national fix on recycling in the wake of an import ban imposed by China on recycled waste, which has triggered a crisis in Australia.
Environment ministers will meet on Friday to discuss practical responses to the Chinese ban, with the commonwealth seeking agreement from state counterparts for a national stocktake as the precursor to boosting domestic capacity to recycle.
The energy minister, Josh Frydenberg, will ask the states to review and update their procurement rules as part of a national strategy of working with industry to ensure that all packaging is able to be recycled or reused by 2025.
Australia's kerbside recycling system in crisis following China ban
Frydenberg is also expected to float an increase in the number of projects transforming waste into energy. Federal agencies have spent around $200m pursuing waste-to-energy projects, and the minister is expected to flag further action on this front if projects of sufficient merit can be brought forward.
Australia produces 64m tonnes of waste each year. Before the ban, 30% of plastic and paper products were exported to China. Recycling centres have accumulated growing piles of unrecycled plastics since China imposed the ban on importing foreign waste on 1 January.
Frydenberg told Guardian Australia recycling had not previously been considered a federal issue, but he said a solution to the current problem was "urgent and important".
He said the commonwealth intended to be cooperative with the states in attempting to find answers.
Ahead of Friday's meeting, the Victorian environment minister, Lily D'Ambrosio, said national leadership was required to create new supply chains to process recycled waste and ensure usable waste is not sent to landfill.
"There is a nationwide problem in terms of managing and responding to the restrictions of China and Victoria will be seeking some specific responses from the commonwealth tomorrow about what actions they will be taking to help strengthen the recycling markets and to drive new markets for recycling," she told Guardian Australia.
"Ultimately it's about trying to add greater value to the recycling waste stream so that we can actually have less waste going to landfill, and potentially be able to achieve a greater value or greater quality so that it can still be exported into China or other markets."
'Plastic is literally everywhere': the epidemic attacking Australia's oceans
D'Ambrosio said Australia needed to find an immediate market for its recyclable waste while building its long-term capacity to process waste domestically.
That could include writing requirements for recycled products to be used in commonwealth procurement policies, she said.
D'Ambrosio said she was calling on Frydenberg to present a clear plan of actions the commonwealth could take to deal with the immediate problem of Australia's waste exports, saying local governments did not have the capacity to respond without assistance.
"The commonwealth has been totally absent in this space and they need to come to the table with a very clear plan of what contributions they will make to deal with these problems immediately, and also what role they will play to ensure that we can develop a recycling industry in the medium to longer term that is sustainable," she said.
It comes as Victoria announced a $16.5m scheme to develop 130 electronic waste collection sites, ahead of a ban on putting e-waste in landfill that will come into effect on 1 July, 2018.
The funding includes $1.5m for a consumer education program.
The waste management industry in Victoria has criticised the state government for failing to provide a long-term solution, saying a $13m package in February to support ongoing kerbside collection contracts was just a temporary fix to prevent rate rises.
Recycling row: China's ban stokes trade fears amid concerns councils will follow Ipswich's lead
As well as attempting a fix on recycling, Friday's meeting will also be given the results of an assessment showing that a voluntary phaseout of microbeads in cosmetics and personal care products has been largely successful.
An assessment commissioned by the commonwealth has found that out of approximately 4,400 relevant supermarket and pharmacy products inspected, 6% were found to contain microbeads.
Plastic microbeads are of concern because they pollute the ocean and waterways. Frydenberg said the commonwealth had set a target to eliminate microbeads in 90% of products, with the study indicating a 94% success rate.
"We will continue the good work done to date until 100% of cosmetics and personal care products are microbead-free," the federal minister said.
Ethical and green living
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So proud of the CSN BTEI graduates who celebrated at the Radisson Blu this week. They all completed the BTEI General Learning QQI Level 4 and have all moved on to Level 5 courses.
Jessica Yelverton is now studying CSN Soccer Coaching & Education. Joe Molloy progressed to CSN Horticulture course and Kevin Walsh is studying at The National Learning Network.
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2 days left to October and that means 2 pictures left for Inktober! Can you dig it?
Flipping through Hank Reinhardt's book, this caught my eye. Hope it helps in your MA and/or your defense.
There's an old fencing trick that can be adapted here, as well. Since the lunge is made from the left foot, draw the left foot close to the right. Your opponent will judge your effective distance from your normal position, but when you lunge forward, your reach will be greater than he expects.
I once taught a judo and self-defense class at a YMCA that had a fencing team. One of the fencers was interested in knives, so we made some dummy knives to work out with after class. He was good at fencing and had won several matches in the Southeast. He moved beautifully and with frightening speed. When he lunged, he had about a 30 percent chance of landing a good hit. When he failed, however, he would have been crippled or killed.
Or else the right hand, holding the knife, can drive the point into your arm, causing you to slice your own forearm as you move forward.
Fencing lunges are always preceded by some fake or series of attacks designed to bring the opposing sword out of line so that the thrust can reach home. This isn't possible with a knife, so the thrust and lunge have to be made as a single movement, with speed as the keynote for success. It just doesn't work all the time. To sum all this up, I would advise you against lunging. You're safer staying with cuts to the arm and leg until you can move in and finish your opponent off safely.
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\section{Introduction}
In widely-used machine learning (ML) systems such as TensorFlow~\cite{tensorflow} and PyTorch~\cite{pytorch}, computations are usually specified operationally: a sequence of mathematical operations such as matrix multiplications, activation functions (ReLU, tanh), convolutions, etc., are applied to a set of input tensors to define a computation. HPC systems such as ScaLAPACK~\cite{choi1992scalapack} and distributed analytic packages such as Dask~\cite{dask} offer a similar, operational interface. Operations are ``black boxes'' in the sense that the internals of the operation are mostly opaque to the system. An operation such as a matrix multiply is not a logical operation that the ML system figures out how to best optimize at runtime. Instead, it is a physical operation that has to run somewhere, on some hardware, via the invocation of a computational kernel.
This operational approach has certain drawbacks, namely that the system has limited latitude for automatic optimization. The programmer is responsible for making sure that the operations can run successfully using available resources (such as the amount of RAM on each GPU), and if the operations cannot run successfully, the programmer must figure out how to break the operations up into smaller pieces that can run. Tasks such as getting a computation to run on multiple GPUs or on multiple machines in a distributed cluster so as to minimize communication are left to the programmer.
\vspace{5 pt}
\noindent
\textbf{Toward declarative tensor programming.}
There has been work on programming models that are more declarative. PyTorch and TensorFlow now both support variants of Einstein notation---a classical notation for specifying operations over tensors, and work on optimizing such computations has made its way into commercial systems~\cite{abo2016faq}. Researchers have proposed variants of the Ricci calculus as a specification language for ML~\cite{laue2020simple}. There have been other proposals for declarative tensor programming languages that allow for automatic generation of compute kernels that can be optimized to handle the data at hand such as Tensor Comprehensions~\cite{vasilache2018tensor}.
Nevertheless, while there has been attention paid at the question of how to specify ML computations declaratively, there has been little attention paid to the question of what the correct implementation abstraction for ML system design should be. That is, what target should a ML system \emph{back-end} present to the \emph{front-end}?\footnote{Throughout the paper, we use the term \emph{front-end} to refer to the programmer-facing API and compiler; in PyTorch, for example, this would be the part of the system that accepts Einstein notation and transforms it into a set of executable operations. We use the term \emph{back-end} to refer to the sub-system that actually executes the computation.} There are several requirements for such a back-end interface. It should be able to express most/all important ML or numerical computations. It should be hardware agnostic, but computations specified using the interface should be easily scaled to multiple ASICs and multiple machines. It should allow for computations over very large input data. It should facilitate easy, automatic optimization. And it should provide for execution times that are as fast as a carefully-designed, ``hand-built'' computation on top of the very best tools such as ScaLAPACK, Dask, TensorFlow, or PyTorch.
\vspace{5 pt}
\noindent
\textbf{The tensor relational algebra.}
In this paper, we argue that the implementation abstraction that should be offered by a ML system back-end is the \emph{tensor relational algebra}, or TRA for short. The TRA is a simple variant of the classical relational algebra (RA), which serves as the standard implementation abstraction for modern relational database system design. The key difference is that in the TRA, the relations over which computations are performed are always binary relations between $k$-dimensional vectors (keys) and $r$-dimensional tensors.
Of course, it is widely understood that a $k$-dimensional tensor can be stored as a binary relation between $k$-dimensional keys and real number values, e.g.~\cite{hutchison2017laradb}. Thus, why not use classical RA as the implementation abstraction? There is good evidence that a compute engine based upon such an abstraction will perform very poorly over the dense-tensor computations common in deep learning~\cite{luo2018scalable}: the overhead associated with storing each entry in a high-dimensional tensor as a separate tuple and moving billions of tuples through a system can result in poor performance, especially when the competition is a high-performance CPU or GPU kernel. This is why the TRA specifically allows for tensors or ``chunks'' of a larger tensor to be stored in each tuple---the fixed, per-tuple cost is incurred by a much smaller number of tuples.
We argue that the TRA has three key advantages as an implementation abstraction: expressivity, easy optimization, and high performance. The joins and aggregations offered by the TRA can implement the indexed operations required by the Einstein notation and related specification languages. It is easy to implement and optimize relational operations in a distributed environment, as the decades of success enjoyed by relational database systems has demonstrated. And by design, an ML system back-end implementing the TRA is able to run classical HPC algorithms which rely on decomposing matrices into chunks, and it can run them almost as well as special-purpose HPC softwares such as ScaLAPACK.
\vspace{5 pt}
\noindent
\textbf{Our Contributions.}
We propose the TRA as well as an implementation algebra (IA) which is easy to implement in a distributed system. We consider how computations in the TRA can be transformed into computations in the IA, and propose a set of transformations or equivalences that allow re-writes of computations in the IA. Finally, we implement a prototype of the IA, and show that it can enable efficient, distributed implementations of ML computations, which can reach or even significantly outperform the existing HPC and ML systems including ScaLAPACK, Dask, TensorFlow, and PyTorch.
\section{TRA Overview}
\subsection{Motivation}
There has been significant interest in tensor manipulation languages, which allow for declarative specification of ML and numerical computations. This simplest of these is the Einstein notation, which provides a way to write a tensor computation like the form:
$$\forall i,j: \textrm{ }\textbf{C}_{i,j} \leftarrow \sum_k \textbf{A}_{i,k} \times \textbf{B}_{k,j}.$$
\noindent This example describes matrix multiplication.
The value $i$-th row and $j$-th column of the output is the dot product of the $i$-th row of input matrix $\textbf{A}$ and the $j$-th column of input matrix $\textbf{B}$.
Different proposals have different variations on this idea~\cite{abo2016faq,laue2020simple,vasilache2018tensor}, but the common features are that (1) values from different tensors are fed into a scalar function (such as the multiplication above) by matching indices, and (2)
those dimensions are summed over.
Languages such as the Einstein notation provide an excellent, declarative interface for programming an ML system---much as SQL provides the interface for relational systems. But the question remains: what is the correct implementation abstraction for ML systems? That is, what is the interface that the back-end should export, which can be targeted by an ML programming system compiler and auto-differentiation engine that make up the ML system's front-end?
\subsection{TRA: The Basics}
We propose the TRA as this ML implementation abstraction.
The TRA operates over \emph{tensor relations} containing pairs of the form:
$$\texttt{(key, array)}.$$
Conceptually, these tensor relations store sets of arrays.
Each key value serves, not surprisingly, as the key for the pair.
Tensors are decomposed into sets of sub-tensors to represent them as tensor relations. For example, consider the matrix \textbf{A},
$$\textbf{A} = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 2 & 5 & 6 \\
3 & 4 & 7 & 8 \\
9 & 10 & 13 & 14 \\
11 & 12 & 15 & 16
\end{bmatrix},$$
we may store this as a tensor relation
\begin{align} \texttt{R}_A = \Bigg\{& \left( \langle 0, 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 0, 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right), \nonumber \\
&\left( \langle 1, 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 1, 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 13 & 14 \\ 15 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right) \nonumber
\Bigg\}.\end{align}
The TRA offers a similar set of operations to the RA: joins, aggregations, selections. It makes an excellent compilation target for tensor manipulation languages like the Einstein notation for several reasons. First, these languages typically match elements in tensors based on shared index values (which can be implemented as relational joins) and then sum out various dimensions (implemented as aggregations).
The problem with using the RA as an implementation abstraction for tensors, where tensors are stored relationally as keys identifying a single non-zero value in a tensor, is performance. Tensors can have millions or billions of entries, and it seems impossible to build a back-end with acceptable performance if it has to process one tuple per non-zero value.
Thus, the TRA operates over sub-tensors or ``chunks'', and expects the ML system front-end to supply a kernel function (typically a high-performance CPU or GPU operation) to operate over the sub-tensors themselves. This does complicate the TRA compared to the RA, but as we show experimentally, this modification makes it possible for a TRA-based back-end to significantly outperform the back-ends offered by TensorFlow and PyTorch.
\subsection{TRA: the Implementation Algebra}
One of the key advantages of the TRA is that like the RA, there are a number of re-writes, inherited from the RA (such as push-down of selections) that can be used to optimize TRA computations.
However, when designing an ML system back-end, one of our key goals is to distribute ML computations across multiple ASICs or multiple machines. Such distributed computations have many different implementations. Consider the matrix multiply required to push a batch of feature vectors (represented as one matrix) through the links into a fully connected layer in a neural network (the weights are represented as a second matrix). This could be implemented by decomposing the feature matrix into sub-matrices at each site (each containing a subset of the feature vectors) and broadcasting the weight matrix to all sites. This is the common ``data parallel'' implementation, in ML system parlance. Or, one could fully decompose both matrices and apply a complex distributed algorithm, such as the 3D algorithm~\cite{agarwal1995three}. This would be a combined data and ``model parallel'' implementation in ML system parlance. Crucially, the TRA cannot express the distinctions among such implementations.
As such, we also propose an \emph{implementation algebra} (IA) that can express these different distributed computations, as well as a simple compilation strategy from the TRA to the IA. Further, we propose an extensive set of re-writes for the IA that allow such disparate implementations to be reached from an initial TRA computation, and a simple cost model. Given this, an ML system back-end would export a simple, TRA-based interface which says nothing about distribution to multiple machines or ASICs. A TRA computation can then be compiled into a computation in the IA, and optimized into a high-performance, distributed computation.
\section{Tensor Relational Algebra}
The RA operates over \texttt{(key, array)} pairs. Define an \emph{array type} that consists of:
\begin{enumerate}
\item
A \emph{rank} $r \in \mathbb{Z}^{*}$
\item
A \emph{bound} $\textbf{b} \in (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^r$.
\end{enumerate}
\noindent For two vectors $\textbf{u} = \langle u_i \rangle$ and $\textbf{v} = \langle v_i \rangle$, define $\textbf{u} \leq \textbf{v} \equiv \wedge_i \left( u_i \leq v_i \right)$.
Define $\textbf{u} < \textbf{v}$ similarly.
Informally, we say that an array of rank $r$ is \emph{bounded} by vector \textbf{b} if the array is $r$ dimensional, and for any $r$-dimensional vector \textbf{i} that is less than the bound, $\texttt{array}_{\textbf{i}}$ returns a real number. Formally:
\begin{enumerate}
\item For any index $\textbf{i} \in (\mathbb{Z}^*)^r$, $\vec{0} \leq \textbf{i} < \textbf{b} \implies \texttt{array}_{\textbf{i}} \in \mathbb{R}$.
\item $\neg (\vec{0} \leq \textbf{i} < \textbf{b}) \implies \texttt{array}_{\textbf{i}} = \bot$. That is, for any index $\textbf{i}$ outside of the bound $[\vec{0}, \textbf{b}]$, $\texttt{array}_{\textbf{i}}$ is undefined.
\end{enumerate}
Subsequently, we denote the set of all arrays of rank $r$ and bound $\textbf{b}$ as $T^{(r, \textbf{b})}$. Thus, $T^{(r, \textbf{b})}$ defines an array type.
We denote the power set of $(\mathbb{Z}^{*})^k \times T^{(r, \textbf{b})}$ as $R^{(k, r, \textbf{b})}$; this is the set of all possible tensor relations with $k$-dimensional keys, storing arrays of type $T^{(r, \textbf{b})}$.
\subsection{Operations in Tensor Relational Algebra}
Given this, the TRA is essentially a set of higher-order functions over tensor relations. That is, each operation takes as input a kernel function defined over multi-dimensional arrays (in practice, this function is likely be an array-based MKL, CUDA, or Verilog kernel) and returns a function over tensor relations.
We begin by giving an overview of the higher-order functions taking binary functions as input: aggregation (denoted using $\Sigma$) and join (denoted using $\Join$).
\noindent
(1) \textit{Aggregation} is a function:
\begin{align}
\Sigma : \left( (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^g \times \left(T^{(r, \textbf{b})} \times T^{(r, \textbf{b})}
\rightarrow T^{(r, \textbf{b})}\right)\right) \nonumber \\
\rightarrow \left(R^{(k, r, \textbf{b})} \rightarrow R^{(g, r, \textbf{b})} \right) \nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent$\Sigma _{\texttt{(groupByKeys, aggOp)}}$ takes as input a list of key dimensions to aggregate according to \texttt{groupByKeys} as well as an array kernel operation \texttt{aggOp}, and then returns a function that takes as input a tensor relation, groups the arrays in the relation based upon the indicated key values, and applies \texttt{aggOp} to the arrays in the group.
Consider the matrix $\textbf{A}$ from the last section. We can sum up the individual arrays vertically using $$\Sigma_{(\langle 1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd})}(\texttt{R}_A)$$ \noindent which gives:
$$\left\{ \left( \langle 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 10 & 12 \\ 14 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right),\left( \langle 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 18 & 20 \\ 22 & 24 \end{bmatrix}\right)\right\}.$$
Because of the argument $\langle 1 \rangle$, the call $\Sigma _{(\langle 1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd})}$ constructs an aggregation
function that groups all pairs having the same value for the key in position $1$, and sums them.
Or we could sum up the individual arrays into a single array using:
$$\Sigma _{(\langle \rangle, \texttt{matAdd})}(\texttt{R}_A)$$ which gives:
$$\left\{ \left( \langle \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 28 & 32 \\ 36 & 40 \end{bmatrix} \right) \right\}.$$
\noindent
(2) \textit{Join} is a function:
\begin{align}
\Join : \bigg(& (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{g} \times (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{g} \times \left(T^{(r_l, \textbf{b}_l)} \times T^{(r_r, \textbf{b}_r)} \rightarrow T^{(r_o, \textbf{b}_o)}\right)\bigg) \nonumber \\
&\rightarrow \left(R^{(k_l, r_l, \textbf{b}_l)} \times R^{(k_r, r_r, \textbf{b}_r)} \rightarrow R^{(k_l + k_r - g, r_o, \textbf{b}_o)} \right) \nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent $\Join _{\texttt{(joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp)}}$ takes as input a set of key dimensions to join on from the left and from the right, as well as an operation to run over all \texttt{(leftArray, rightArray)} pairs that are created during the join, and returns a function that performs the join and applies \texttt{projOp} to all pairs. Similar to a natural join in classical databases systems, the output key is all of the key values from the left input, with all of the key values from the right input appended to them, subject to the constraint that no value in \texttt{joinKeysR} is repeated a second time.
With join and aggregation we may implement matrix multiply over two matrices stored as tensor relations.
Imagine that we want to implement $\textbf{A} \times \textbf{A}$ for the matrix \textbf{A} defined
previously, where \textbf{A} is stored as a tensor relation $\texttt{R}_A$. This can be written as:
$$\Sigma _{\left(\langle 0, 2 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)} \left(\Join _{\left(\langle 1 \rangle, \langle 0 \rangle, \texttt{matMul}\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_A, \texttt{R}_A \right) \right)$$
\noindent This computes a matrix multiply of the matrix \textbf{A} because all of the pairs in $\texttt{R}_A$ are first joined on key index $1$ from the first instance of $\texttt{R}_A$ equaling key index $0$ from the second instance of $\texttt{R}_A$.
Each pair of arrays are then multiplied using the kernel $\texttt{matMul}$.
For example,
$$\left( \langle 0, 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right) \textrm{ and }
\left( \langle 1, 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \right)$$
\noindent are joined to produce
$$\left( \langle 0, 1, 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 111 & 122 \\ 151 & 166 \end{bmatrix} \right).$$
\noindent The index $\langle 0, 1, 0 \rangle$ in this output pair
is a combination of
$\langle 0, 1 \rangle$ and $ \langle 1, 0 \rangle$ from the two input pairs, with the redundant index entry dropped (redundant because we know that two of the entries in positions 1 and 0, respectively, are repeated due to the join).
Next, the arrays are aggregated using $\texttt{matAdd}$, summing out index $1$ (keeping indices $\langle 0, 2 \rangle$ as \texttt{groupByKeys}), to complete the matrix multiply.
In contrast to join and aggregation, rekey, filter and transform are higher-order functions taking a unary function as input.
\noindent
(3) \textit{ReKey} allows manipulation of keys:
\begin{align}
{\textsc{ReKey}}: \left((\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{k_i} \rightarrow (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{k_o} \right) \rightarrow \left(R^{(k_i, r, \textbf{b})} \rightarrow R^{(k_o, r, \textbf{b})} \right) \nonumber \end{align}
\noindent ${\textsc{ReKey}}_{\texttt{(keyFunc)}}$ applies the $\texttt{keyFunc}$ on every key in the relation and generates a new key.
\noindent
(4) \textit{Filter} is a function:
\begin{align} \sigma : \Big((\mathbb{Z}^{*})^k \rightarrow \{\texttt{true}, \texttt{false}\} \Big) \nonumber \rightarrow \left(R^{(k, r, \textbf{b})} \rightarrow R^{(k, r, \textbf{b})} \right) \nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent $\sigma_{\texttt{(boolFunc)}}$ returns a function that accepts a tensor relation and filters each of the tuples in the tensor relation by applying \texttt{boolFunc} to the keys in the tuples.
\noindent
(5) \textit{Transform} is a function:
\begin{align}\lambda : \Big( T^{(r_i, \textbf{b}_i)} \rightarrow T^{(r_o, \textbf{b}_o)} \Big) \rightarrow \left(R^{(k, r_i, \textbf{b}_i)} \rightarrow R^{(k, r_o, \textbf{b}_o)} \right) \nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent $\lambda _{\texttt{(transformFunc)}}$ returns a function that accepts a tensor relation and applies the kernel function \texttt{transformFunc} to the array in each tuple from the tensor relation.
For an example of the rekey, filter and transform operations, assume we have a kernel operation \texttt{diag} that diagonalizes a matrix block, a function \texttt{isEq}$(\langle \texttt{k}_0, \texttt{k}_1) \rangle \mapsto \texttt{k}_0 = \texttt{k}_1$ that accepts a key and returns true if entries in position $0$ and $1$ in the key are identical to one another, and a function \texttt{getKey0}$(\langle \texttt{k}_0, \texttt{k}_1 \rangle) \mapsto \langle \texttt{k}_0 \rangle$ that returns the first dimension of a key.
We can use these functions along with filter, rekey, and transform to diagonalize a matrix \textbf{A} represented as a tensor relation $\texttt{R}_A$, by first examining the keys to remove all pairs that do not contain entries along the diagonal, and then diagonalizing the resulting arrays:
$$\lambda_{\left(\texttt{diag}\right)} \left( {\textsc{ReKey}}_{\left(\texttt{getKey0}\right)} \left( \sigma _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_A\right)\right)\right).$$
In addition, there are a number of operations that can be used to alter the organization of arrays within a tensor relation. This allows the manipulation of how a tensor is represented as a tensor relation. For this purpose, we have tile and concat:
\noindent
(6) \textit{Tile}:
\begin{align}
{\textsc{Tile}} : \left(\mathbb{Z}^{*} \times \mathbb{Z}^{*} \right) \rightarrow \left( R^{(k, r, \textbf{b})} \rightarrow R^{(k+1, r, \textbf{b}')}\right) \nonumber
\end{align}
${\textsc{Tile}} _{\texttt{(tileDim, tileSize)}}$ returns a function that decomposes (or tiles) each array along a dimension \texttt{tileDim} to arrays of the target \texttt{tileSize} (by applying the \texttt{arrayTileOp} function on the array). As a result, a new key dimension is created, that effectively counts which tile the tuples holds along the tiling dimension.
For example, consider the matrix \textbf{B},
$$\textbf{B} = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 2 & 5 & 6 & 9 & 10 & 13 & 14 \\
3 & 4 & 7 & 8 & 11 & 12 & 15 & 16\\
\end{bmatrix},$$
partitioned by columns and stored in tensor relation:
\begin{align}
\texttt{R}_B = \left\{ \left( \langle 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 4 & 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 & 13 & 14 \\ 11 & 12 & 15 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right)
\right\}
\nonumber
\end{align}
If we make the call ${\textsc{Tile}}_{\left(1, 2\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_B\right)$, we will decompose each array along dimension $1$, creating one new array for each two columns.
In addition, a new key dimension is created, that effectively counts which tile the pair holds along the tiling dimension:
\begin{align}
{\textsc{Tile}}_{\left(1, 2\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_B\right) =
\Bigg\{ &\left( \langle 0, 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 0, 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right), \nonumber \\
&\left( \langle 1, 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 1, 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 13 & 14 \\ 15 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right)
\Bigg\}. \nonumber \end{align}
\noindent
We may sometimes find ourselves in a situation where it is necessary to manipulate the key in each pair in a tensor relation so that the
key is consistent with the desired interpretation. For example, the tensor relation $\texttt{R}_B$ defined above can represent a matrix with eight columns and
two rows, so ${\textsc{Tile}}_{\left(1, 2\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_B\right)$ is inconsistent with this, logically representing a matrix having four columns and four rows. For this purpose, we can leverage the ${\textsc{ReKey}}$ operator as we defined before.
For example, we can rekey the output of ${\textsc{Tile}}_{\left(1, 2\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_B\right)$ so that logically, it corresponds to a two-by-eight matrix:
$${\textsc{ReKey}}_{\left( \langle \texttt{k}_0, \texttt{k}_1\rangle \rightarrow \langle 2\texttt{k}_0+\texttt{k}_1 \rangle\right)} \left({\textsc{Tile}}_{\left(1, 2\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_B\right) \right)$$
This will result in:
\begin{align}\Bigg\{ &\left( \langle 0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 2 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 3 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 13 & 14 \\ 15 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right)
\Bigg\} \nonumber \end{align}
Finally, we have the ability to undo a tiling.
\noindent
(7) \textit{Concat}:
\begin{align} {\textsc{Concat}} : \left(\mathbb{Z}^{*} \times \mathbb{Z}^{*} \right) \rightarrow \left( R^{(k, r, \textbf{b})} \rightarrow R^{(k-1, r, \textbf{b'})}\right)\nonumber \end{align}
\noindent ${\textsc{Concat}}_{\texttt{(keyDim, arrayDim)}}$ is an inverse to tile, which first groups all pairs in the relation using all of the key dimensions \emph{other than} \texttt{keyDim}, then concatenates all of the arrays in each group along \texttt{arrayDim}, with the concatenation ordering provided by \texttt{keyDim}.
A call to ${\textsc{Concat}}_{\left (1, 1\right)} \left({\textsc{Tile}}_{\left(1, 2\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_B\right)\right)$ first groups all pairs in ${\textsc{Tile}} _{\left(1, 2\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_B\right)$ using all of the key dimensions other than key dimension $1$, and then concatenates the arrays in each group along array dimension $1$, with the ordering provided by key dimension $1$. Hence, this computation simply results in the recovery of $\texttt{R}_B.$
\subsection{Integrity Constraints and Closedness}
\label{sec:tra_discussion}
There are two important integrity constraints that each tensor relation must follow: uniqueness of keys, and a lack of ``holes'' in the tensor relation. The primary reason for defining these constraints is facilitating easy, cost-based optimization. With such constraints, cardinality estimation, one of the most vexing problems in relational optimization, goes away---see Section \ref{sec:cost}. Further, neither is particularly burdensome when expressing computations using the TRA. In fact, if the interpretation of a tensor relation of type $R^{(k, r, \textbf{b})}$ is that it represents a $r$-dimensional tensor decomposed into chunks, these constraints are quite natural:
\begin{itemize}
\item \emph{Uniqueness}: every key should be unique in a tensor relation.
\item \emph{Continuity}: there are no ``holes''. Given a tensor relation $\texttt{R}$, of key-arity $k$, define the \emph{frontier} of $\texttt{R}$ as ${\textsc{Front}}(\texttt{R})$. $\textbf{f} = {\textsc{Front}}(\texttt{R})$ is a $k$-dimensional vector that bounds all keys in $\texttt{R}$. That is, for each key vector $\textbf{k}$ in $\texttt{R}$, $\textbf{k} < \textbf{f}$.
Further, the frontier is the ``smallest'' vector bounding $\texttt{R}$, in that for any other vector $\textbf{f}'$ bounding $\texttt{R}$, $\textbf{f} \leq \textbf{f}'$. \emph{Continuity} requires that for any vector $\textbf{k} < \textbf{f}$, some tuple in $\texttt{R}$ have the key $\textbf{k}$.
\end{itemize}
It is easy to show that for the majority of TRA operations---the exceptions being the rekey and filter operations---tensor relations are closed. That is, if the input(s) are tensor relation(s) that obey uniqueness and continuity, then the output must be a tensor relation that obeys these constraints. Filtering a tensor relation or altering the keys can obviously violate the constraints, where the the former probably leads to holes in the resulting relation, and the latter can result in repeated key values. Analyzing a TRA expression to automatically detect whether it can violate these constraints is left as future work; we conjecture that if the filtering predicate (or re-keying computation) are limited to simple arithmetic expressions, it may be possible to check for closedness using an SMT solver \cite{de2008z3}.
\section{Implementation Algebra}
We now describe TRA's \textit{implementation algebra} (IA) that is suitable for execution in a parallel/distributed environment.
In IA, we extend each \texttt{(key, array)} tuple in a tensor relation with an additional \texttt{site} attribute, so that a \emph{physical tensor relation} $\phys{R}$ will consist of triples:
$$\texttt{(key, array, site)}.$$
The \texttt{site} attribute takes a value in $\{1,2,...,s\}$ where $s$ is the number of computation sites. Conceptually, the \texttt{site} value indicates the location where the tuple is stored; this could be a machine in a distributed cluster, or a compute unit like a GPU.
Each physical tensor relation can map a particular $\texttt{(key, array)}$ pair to one or more sites. There are a few especially important mappings, recognized by the predicates $\textsc{All}()$ and $\textsc{Part}_D()$:
\begin{enumerate}
\item If $\textsc{All}(\phys{R}) = \textrm{ true}$, it indicates that if we project away the \texttt{array} attribute, the resulting set will take the value: $$\{\textbf{k} \textrm{ s.t. } \textbf{k} \le \textsc{Front}(\phys{R}) \times \{1...s\}\}$$
where $ \textsc{Front}(\phys{R})$ is the frontier of $\phys{R}$ (the frontier of a physical tensor relation is defined as in a ``regular'' tensor relation). In other words, this means that each possible \texttt{(key, array)} tuple in $\phys{R}$ appears at all sites.
\item If $\textsc{Part}_D(\phys{R}) = \textrm{ true}$ for some set $D \subseteq \{1...k\}$, it indicates that: (i) for a given \texttt{key} value, there is only one tuple in $\phys{R}$ and (ii) two tuples with the same key values for all dimensions in $D$ must be found on the same site. In other words, $\phys{R}$ is partitioned according to the key dimensions in the set $D$.
\end{enumerate}
We are ready to describe the IA. Let $\mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}$ specify the set of all valid physical tensor relations with key-arity of dimension $k$, storing arrays of type $T^{(r, \textbf{b})}$, and partitioned across $s$ sites.
The first two operations are concerned with manipulating the assigning of tuples in a physical relation to sites, while the later four operations operate over the \texttt{key} and \texttt{array} attributes.
\noindent
(1) \textit{Broadcast} is defined as
\begin{align}
{\textsc{Bcast}} : \mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)} \rightarrow \mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}
\nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent Given a physical tensor relation, ${\textsc{Bcast}}$ simply ensures that each tuple takes each site value, so that (i) the set of \texttt{(key, array}) pairs is unchanged after ${\textsc{Bcast}}$, but (ii) in any physical relation $\phys{R}$ output from a broadcast, $\textsc{All}(\phys{R}) = \textrm{ true}$.
\noindent
(2) \textit{Shuffle} is defined as:
\begin{align}
{\textsc{Shuf}} : 2^{\{1...k\}} \rightarrow
\left(\mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)} \rightarrow \mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}\right)\nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent ${\textsc{Shuf}}_{(\texttt{partDims})}$ is a function that accepts a set of key dimensions, and returns a function that accepts physical tensor relation, and then repartitions the physical tensor relation, so that (i) the set of \texttt{(key, array}) pairs is unchanged after ${\textsc{Shuf}}$, but (ii) in any physical relation $\phys{R}$ output from a shuffle, $\textsc{Part}_{\texttt{partDims}}(\phys{R}) = \textrm{ true}$.
\noindent
(3) \textit{Local join} is an extension of the TRA's join operation:
\begin{align}
&{\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}} : \bigg( (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{g} \times (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{g} \times \left(T^{(r_l, \textbf{b}_l)} \times T^{(r_r, \textbf{b}_r)} \rightarrow T^{(r_o, \textbf{b}_o)}\right)\bigg) \nonumber \\
&\rightarrow \left(\mathcal{R}^{(k_l, r_l, \textbf{b}_l, s)} \times \mathcal{R}^{(k_r, r_r, \textbf{b}_r, s)} \rightarrow \mathcal{R}^{(k_l + k_r - g, r_o, \textbf{b}_o, s)} \right) \nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent Similar to TRA join ($\Join$), ${\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp)}}$ takes as input a set of key dimensions to join on from the left and from the right, as well as a kernel operation to run over all \texttt{(leftArray, rightArray)} pairs that are created during the join.
The key difference that the local join combines \emph{only} on pairs from the left and right inputs that have the \textbf{same} \texttt{site} values. If two tuples successfully join, the corresponding output tuple will have the \texttt{site} value as those input tuples.
\noindent
(4) \textit{Local aggregation} is an extension of TRA aggregation:
\begin{align}
{\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}} : \left( (\mathbb{Z}^{*})^k \times \left(T^{(r, \textbf{b})} \times T^{(r, \textbf{b})}
\rightarrow T^{(r, \textbf{b})}\right)\right) \nonumber \\ \rightarrow \left(\mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)} \rightarrow \mathcal{R}^{(g, r, \textbf{b}, s)} \right) \nonumber \end{align}
\noindent Like TRA aggregation ($\Sigma$), ${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(groupByKeys, aggOp)}}$ takes as input a list of key dimensions to aggregate over \texttt{groupByKeys} as well as a kernel function \texttt{aggOp}. However, it returns a function that takes as input a physical tensor relation, groups the arrays in the relation based upon the indicated key values \emph{and} the site value, and applies \texttt{aggOp} to the arrays in the group. Each output tuple in the resulting, physical tensor relation will take its \texttt{site} value from the \texttt{site} value of the set of input tuples that were aggregated to produce it.
\noindent
(5) IA has a filter:
\begin{align}
{\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} : \Big((\mathbb{Z}^{*})^g \rightarrow \{\texttt{true}, \texttt{false}\} \Big) \rightarrow \left(\mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)} \rightarrow \mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)} \right) \nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent The only difference is that each accepted input tuple's \texttt{site} value is carried through the filter.
\noindent
(6) Map provides two functionalities:
\begin{align}
{\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}} : {\Big( \left((\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{k_i} \rightarrow \big((\mathbb{Z}^{*})^{k_o} \big)^m \right) \times \left(T^{(r_i, \textbf{b}_i)} \rightarrow \big( T^{(r_o, \textbf{b}_o)}\big)^m\right) \Big) } \nonumber\\
\rightarrow \left(\mathcal{R}^{(k_i, r_i, \textbf{b}_i, s)} \rightarrow \mathcal{R}^{(k_o, r_o, \textbf{b}_o, s)} \right) \nonumber
\end{align}
\noindent ${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(keyMapFunc,arrayMapFunc)}}$ is a multi-map. It returns a function that applies \texttt{keyMapFunc} to each \texttt{key} value in the input and applies \texttt{arrayMapFunc} to each \texttt{array} value in the input. Both \texttt{keyMapFunc} and \texttt{arrayMapFunc} return $m$ output tuples per input tuple; the \texttt{site} value is simply copied from input to output. We subsequently call $m$ the \emph{arity} of \texttt{keyMapFunc}/\texttt{arrayMapFunc}. In most cases the arity of these functions will be one, but on some cases (such as replication-based matrix multiply, see Section 4.2.2), the arity will be greater.
\section{Compilation and Optimization}
To distribute tensor-based computations so that they can run efficiently requires an optimization framework. We consider three core questions related to actually distributing a computation specified in the TRA: (1) How is that TRA computation compiled into an equivalent statement in IA? (2) What are a set of equivalence rules that allow computations in IA to be re-written, so as to produce different implementations that are known to produce the same results, but may run more efficiently? And (3) How to cost those different, equivalent implementations, so that a search strategy can be used to choose the most efficient one?
{
\begin{table*}[]
\small
\centering
\caption{Translation from TRA to IA.}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
\textbf{TRA expression} & \textbf{Corresponding IA}\\\hline
$\Sigma _{\texttt{(groupByKeys, aggOp)}}\left(\texttt{R}\right)$ &
${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(groupByKeys, aggOp)}}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\texttt{(groupByKeys)}}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)$ \\\hline
$\Join_{\texttt{(joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp)}}\left(\texttt{R}_l, \texttt{R}_r\right)$ &
${\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp)}}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_l\right),\phys{R}_r\right)$ \\\hline
${\textsc{ReKey}}_{\texttt{(keyFunc)}}\left(\texttt{R}\right)$ &
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(keyFunc,idOp)}}\left(\phys{R}\right)$\\\hline
$\sigma_{\texttt{(boolFunc)}}\left(\texttt{R}\right)$ & ${\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{(\texttt{boolFunc})}\left(\phys{R}\right)$\\\hline
$\lambda _{\texttt{(transformFunc)}}\left(\texttt{R}\right)$ &
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(idOp,transformFunc)}}\left(\phys{R}\right)$\\\hline
${\textsc{Tile}} _{\texttt{(tileDim, tileSize)}}\left(\texttt{R}\right)$ &
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(keyTileOp(tileDim, tileSize), arrayTileOp(tileDim, tileSize))}}\left(\phys{R}\right)$ \\\hline
${\textsc{Concat}}_{\texttt{(keyDim, arrayDim)}}\left(\texttt{R}\right)$ &
${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{(\langle \texttt{keyDim}\rangle^c, \texttt{arrayConcatOp})}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\langle \texttt{keyDim}\rangle^c}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)$ \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:compile}
\end{table*}
}
\subsection{Compiling the TRA}
A complete set of rules mapping from TRA operations to IA operations are listed in Table \ref{tab:compile}\footnote{In Table \ref{tab:compile}, tensor relations \texttt{R}, $\texttt{R}_l$ and $\texttt{R}_r$ are stored as the corresponding physical tensor relations $\phys{R}$, $\phys{R}_l$ and $\phys{R}_r$; \texttt{idOp} represents an identity map for key or array; \texttt{arrayTileOp} is a kernel function splitting the array to chunks of the indicated size on the indicated dimension; $\texttt{arrayConcatOp}$ reverses this. \texttt{keyTileOp} is similar to \texttt{arrayTileOp}, but operates on keys; $\langle \texttt{keyDim}\rangle^c$ represents the complement set of $\langle \texttt{keyDim}\rangle$.}.
Note that though there can be multiple IA computations for a given TRA computation, the compiler will generate one of such IA computation as the initial plan, and an optimizer will typically be responsible for applying a search algorithm to produce the optimal physical plan represented by IA.
\subsection{Equivalence Rules}
Once a (possibly inefficient) computation in IA is produced, it can be optimized via the application of a set of equivalence rules. An \emph{equivalence rule} for IA expressions holds if, for any input physical tensor relations, the two expressions produce equivalent outputs---two physical tensor relations are said to be equivalent if they contain the same set of \texttt{(key, array)} pairs after projecting away the \texttt{site} attribute.
There are two classes of equivalence rules we consider: \emph{simple equivalence rules} which are often extensions of classic relational equivalence rules (e.g., commutative property of selections), and \emph{domain-specific equivalence rules} that are more complex transformations that always hold, and tend to be useful for mathematical computations, such as matrix multiplications.
\subsubsection{Simple Equivalence Rules}
In Table \ref{tab:rules}, we give an extensive list of two types of simple equivalence rules: (i) those based on kernel function composition, and (ii) equivalence rules based on optimization of re-partitions.
Kernel function composition targets the order or location of the application of kernel functions in order to reduce the computation load and memory consumption. This is closely related to the idea of ML operator fusion, which has been explored in systems such as TVM \cite{chen2018tvm} (though TVM does not consider the sort of distributed computations considered here). Re-partition rules formalize notions of distributed query optimization over tensor relations, and are primarily designed to reduce communication.
{
\begin{table*}[]
\small
\centering
\caption{Simple equivalence rules for kernel function composition and re-partition enumeration.}
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\hline
\textbf{Kernel function composition based rules}:\\\hline
\textbf{R1-1.} Filter operations can be merged. \\
For a physical relation $\phys{R}$: \\
${\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc1}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc2}\right)} \left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc1}\wedge\texttt{boolFunc2}\right)} \left(\phys{R}\right).$ \\\hline
\textbf{R1-2.} Map operations can be merged, if the output arity of the key and array mapping functions is one. \\
For a physical relation $\phys{R}$: \\
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc1, arrayMapFunc1}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc2, arrayMapFunc2}\right)} \left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc1}\circ\texttt{keyMapFunc2}, \texttt{arrayMapFunc1}\circ\texttt{arrayMapFunc2}\right)} \left(\phys{R}\right)$. \\\hline
\textbf{R1-3.} Map and filter are commutative if \texttt{keyMapFunc} is an identify function (\texttt{idOp}). \\
For a physical relation $\phys{R} \in \mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}$, if $\forall \ \texttt{key} \in \left(\mathbb{Z}^{*}\right)^k$, $\texttt{keyMapFunc}(\texttt{key})=\texttt{key}$: \\
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc, arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)} \left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc, arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)$. \\\hline
\textbf{R1-4.} The \texttt{arrayMapFunc} in map can be composed with local aggregation if \texttt{keyMapFunc} is an identify function (\texttt{idOp}): \\
For a physical relation $\phys{R} \in \mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}$, if $\forall \ \texttt{key} \in \left(\mathbb{Z}^{*}\right)^k$, $\texttt{keyMapFunc}(\texttt{key})=\texttt{key}$:\\
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc, arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, arrayMapFunc} \circ \texttt{aggOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)$ \\
And if the kernel function \texttt{arrayMapFunc} and \texttt{aggOp} is distributive; that is, $\forall \ \texttt{array}_1,\texttt{array}_2 \in T^{(r, \textbf{b})}$, \\ $\texttt{arrayMapFunc} \left( \texttt{aggOp}\left(\texttt{array}_1,\texttt{array}_2\right)\right)=\texttt{aggOp} \left( \texttt{arrayMapFunc}\left(\texttt{array}_1\right),\texttt{arrayMapFunc}\left(\texttt{array}_2\right)\right)$: \\
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc, arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp} \circ \texttt{arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)$ \\\hline
\textbf{R1-5.} The \texttt{boolFunc} in filter can be composed with local aggregation if the kernel function only depends on \texttt{groupByKeys}.\\
For a physical relation $\phys{R} \in \mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}$, $\forall \ \texttt{key}_1,\texttt{key}_2 \in \left(\mathbb{Z}^{*}\right)^k$, if \\
$\texttt{boolFunc}\left(\Pi_{\texttt{groupByKeys}}\left(\texttt{key}_1\right)\right)=\texttt{boolFunc}\left(\Pi_{\texttt{groupByKeys}}\left(\texttt{key}_2\right)\right)\Rightarrow \texttt{boolFunc}\left(\texttt{key}_1\right)=\texttt{boolFunc}\left(\texttt{key}_2\right)$:\\
${\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc(groupByKeys), aggOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)$ \\\hline
\textbf{R1-6.} The kernel function in local filter can be pushed down with local join if the \texttt{boolFunc} only checks the joined keys . \\
For physical relations $\phys{R}_l$ and $\phys{R}_r$:\\
${\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l,\phys{R}_r\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeys, projOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l\right),{\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_r\right)\right)$.\\
\hline
\textbf{R1-7.} The kernel function in local map can be composed with local join, if the output arity of the key and array mapping functions is one.\\
For physical relations $\phys{R}_l$ and $\phys{R}_r$:\\
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc, arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l,\phys{R}_r\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc(joinKeysL), keyMapFunc(joinKeysR), arrayMapFunc} \circ \texttt{projOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l,\phys{R}_r\right)$.\\
And if the kernel function \texttt{arrayMapFunc} and \texttt{projOp} is distributive, that is, $\forall \ \texttt{array}_1,\texttt{array}_2 \in T^{(r, \textbf{b})}$, \\ $\texttt{arrayMapFunc}: \left( \texttt{projOp}\left(\texttt{array}_1,\texttt{array}_2\right)\right)=\texttt{projOp} \left( \texttt{arrayMapFunc}\left(\texttt{array}_1\right),\texttt{arrayMapFunc}\left(\texttt{array}_2\right)\right)$: \\
${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc, arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l,\phys{R}_r\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc(joinKeysL), keyMapFunc(joinKeysR), projOp} \circ \texttt{arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l,\phys{R}_r\right)$.\\
\hline
\textbf{Re-partition based rules}: \\\hline
\textbf{R2-1.} Only the final broadcast/shuffle in a sequence of broadcast/shuffle operations is needed.\\
For a physical relation $\phys{R}$: \\
${\textsc{Bcast}}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(...{\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}\right)$\\
${\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}_n\right)}\left(...{\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}_2\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}_1\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}_n\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)$.\\\hline
\textbf{R2-2.} The re-partition operations are commutative with the local filter operation.\\
For a physical relation $\phys{R}$: \\
${\textsc{Bcast}}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right) \right) \equiv {\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)$; \\
${\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDim}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right) \right) \equiv {\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{boolFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)$. \\\hline
\textbf{R2-3.} The re-partition operations are commutative with the local map operation. \\
For a physical relation $\phys{R}$: \\
${\textsc{Bcast}}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc,arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right) \right) \equiv {\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc,arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)$;\\
And, if \texttt{keyMapFunc} is the identity function:\\
${\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc,arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right) \right) \equiv {\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{keyMapFunc,arrayMapFunc}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right)$.\\\hline
\textbf{R2-4.} A shuffle can be avoided if the physical relation is already partitioned by a local aggregation's \texttt{groupByKeys}. \\
For a physical relation $\phys{R}$, if $\texttt{partDims} \subseteq \texttt{groupByKeys}$: \\
${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)}\left( {\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)$ \\ \hline
\textbf{R2-5.} An aggregation can be split to two phases, if the physical relation is only partially partitioned. \\
For a physical relation $\phys{R}$, if $\texttt{groupByKeys} \subset \texttt{partDims}$:\\
${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)} \left( {\textsc{Shuf}} _{\left(\texttt{partDims}\right)}\left(\phys{R}\right)\right) \equiv {\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{groupByKeys, aggOp}\right)} \left(\phys{R}\right)\right)\right)$. \\ \hline
\textbf{R2-6.} A Join $\Join$ defined by the TRA can be implemented in the following equivalent ways.\\
For physical relations $\phys{R}_l$ and $\phys{R}_r$:\\
${\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_l \right),\phys{R}_r\right)$
$\equiv {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l,{\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_r\right)\right)$ \\
$\equiv {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l \right),{\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysR}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_r\right)\right)$.\\
\hline
\textbf{R2-7.} The local join can be pushed through shuffle.\\
For physical relations $\phys{R}_l \in \mathcal{R}^{(k_l, r_l, \textbf{b}_l, s)}$ and $\phys{R}_r \in \mathcal{R}^{(k_r, r_r, \textbf{b}_r, s)}$, if $\texttt{partDims} \subseteq \texttt{joinKeysL}$:\\
${\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{partDims}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l\right), {\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysR}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_r\right) \right) \right) \equiv$ \\ ${\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysL}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_l\right), {\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\texttt{joinKeysR}\right)}\left(\phys{R}_r\right)\right)$\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:rules}
\end{table*}
}
Such rules are surprisingly effective for optimizing distributed tensor manipulations.
Consider the example of extracting the diagonal elements of matrix $\textbf{X}$ plus matrix $\textbf{Y}$: $\texttt{diag}(\textbf{X}+\textbf{Y})$, where matrix $\textbf{X}$ and $\textbf{Y}$ are stored in physical tensor relations $\phys{R}_X$ and $\phys{R}_Y$.
This computation can be represented by the following TRA expression, where $\texttt{isEq}(\langle \texttt{k}_0, \texttt{k}_1 \rangle) \mapsto \texttt{k}_0 = \texttt{k}_1$, $\texttt{merge}(\langle \texttt{k}_0, \texttt{k}_1 \rangle) \mapsto \langle \texttt{k}_0 \rangle$, \texttt{matAdd} is an element-wise sum of two arrays, and \texttt{diag} diagonalizes the array. Then diag$(\textbf{X}+\textbf{Y})$ can be written as:
\begin{footnotesize}
$$\lambda_{\left(\texttt{diag}\right)} \left({\textsc{ReKey}}_{(\texttt{merge})}\left( \sigma_{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left(\Join _{\left(\langle 0,1 \rangle, \langle 0,1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)} \left(\texttt{R}_{X}, \texttt{R}_{Y} \right) \right)\right)\right).$$
\end{footnotesize}
This TRA expression can be translated to the IA expression:
\begin{footnotesize}
$${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{idOp,diag}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{merge,idOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0,1 \rangle, \langle 0,1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_{X}\right), \phys{R}_{Y}\right)\right)\right)\right).$$
\end{footnotesize}
We can apply the following equivalence rules for the above IA expression:
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{align*}
&{\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{idOp,diag}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{merge,idOp}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0,1 \rangle, \langle 0,1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_{X}\right), \phys{R}_{Y}\right)\right)\right)\right)\\
&\overset{R1-2}{\equiv}\: {\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{merge,diag}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0,1 \rangle, \langle 0,1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_{X}\right), \phys{R}_{Y}\right)\right)\right) \\
&\overset{R1-6}{\equiv}\: {\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{merge,diag}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0,1 \rangle, \langle 0,1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_{X}\right)\right), {\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left(\phys{R}_{Y}\right)\right)\right) \\
&\overset{R2-2}{\equiv}\: {\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{merge,diag}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0,1 \rangle, \langle 0,1 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left(\phys{R}_{X}\right)\right), {\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left(\phys{R}_{Y}\right)\right)\right) \\
&\overset{R1-7}{\equiv}\: {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{merge}\left(\langle0,1\rangle\right),\texttt{merge}\left(\langle0,1\rangle\right), \texttt{matAdd}\circ\texttt{diag} \right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left({\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left(\phys{R}_{X}\right)\right), {\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}} _{\left(\texttt{isEq}\right)} \left(\phys{R}_{Y}\right)\right).
\end{align*}
\end{footnotesize}
The transformation will significantly reduce both the communication overhead and the computation load: by applying R1-6, the \texttt{isEq} functions will be pushed down, this transformation not only reduces the input tuple pairs for the join to execute the \texttt{matAdd} function but also the enables reduction of communication overhead where the the filter operation is commuted with the broadcast operation by R2-2; lastly, R1-7 leverages the property that kernel functions \texttt{diag} and \texttt{matAdd} are distributive, as a result, addition will only be applied for the diagonal elements for the paired blocks after kernel function composition.
\subsubsection{Domain-Specific Equivalence Rules} \label{sec:dom_rule}
Such rules encode specific knowledge from parallel and distributed computing algorithms. Adding such rules to a system allows IA to have at its disposal common implementation strategies, that it can choose from in a cost-based manner.
We do not attempt to produce an exhaustive list of such rules, but rather we consider in detailing one example: distributed matrix multiplication over tensor relations $\texttt{R}_X$ and $\texttt{R}_Y$:
\begin{footnotesize}
$$\Sigma _{\left(\langle 0, 2 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)} \left(\Join _{\left(\langle 1 \rangle, \langle 0 \rangle, \texttt{matMul}\right)} \left(\texttt{R}_X, \texttt{R}_Y \right) \right).$$
\end{footnotesize}%
For physical tensor relations $\phys{R}_X$ and $\phys{R}_Y$, using the rules of Table 1, this would be compiled into:
\begin{footnotesize}
$${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0, 2 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\langle0,2\rangle\right)}\left( {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle1\rangle,\langle0\rangle,\texttt{matMul}\right)}\left({\textsc{Bcast}}\left(\phys{R}_X\right), \phys{R}_Y\right)\right)\right).$$
\end{footnotesize}%
This is a simple, broadcast-based matrix multiply. Applying simple equivalence rules brings us to cross product-based matrix multiplication, which partitions $\phys{R}_X$ on columns, and $\phys{R}_Y$ on rows. The IA program is:
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{align*}
{\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0, 2 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\langle0,2\rangle\right)}\left( {\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle1\rangle,\langle0\rangle,\texttt{matMul}\right)}\left({\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\langle1\rangle\right)}\left(\phys{R}_X\right),
{\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\langle0\rangle\right)}\left(\phys{R}_Y\right)\right)\right)\right).
\end{align*}
\end{footnotesize}%
However, more complicated schemes are possible, which are expressible in IA, but not derivable using the simple equivalence rules. For example, replication-based matrix multiplication can be viewed as a relational version of the 3D parallel matrix multiplication \cite{agarwal1995three}. The algorithm first replicates matrix \textbf{X} and \textbf{Y}'s blocks multiple times, viewing the result as a 3-D array, and shuffles them using the index of the corresponding voxel as a key; then each site joins the tuples with the same keys and performs local multiplications, aggregating to obtain the final results.
If \texttt{xDups} is defined as ${\textsc{Front}}(\phys{R}_Y)[1]$ and \texttt{yDups} is ${\textsc{Front}}(\phys{R}_X)[0]$, the shuffle stage can be implemented in IA as:
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{align*}
\phys{R}_X^{*} = {\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\langle0,2\rangle\right)}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{insertDim}(2,\texttt{xDups}),\texttt{duplicate}(\texttt{xDups})\right)}\left(\phys{R}_X\right)\right)\\
\phys{R}_Y^{*} = {\textsc{Shuf}}_{\left(\langle0,2\rangle\right)}\left({\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{insertDim}(0,\texttt{yDups}),\texttt{duplicate}(\texttt{yDups})\right)}\left(\phys{R}_Y\right)\right)
\end{align*}
\end{footnotesize}%
\noindent where kernel functions \texttt{insertDim} and \texttt{duplicate} add a new dimension, and duplicate each existing array the specified number of times.
For example, applying ${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\left(\texttt{insertDim}(2,\texttt{xDups}),\texttt{duplicate}(\texttt{xDups})\right)}$ to the tensor relation
\begin{align}\Bigg\{ &\left( \langle 0,0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 0,1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right), \nonumber \\
&\left( \langle 1,0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 1,1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 13 & 14 \\ 15 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right)
\Bigg\} \nonumber \end{align}
will produce:
\begin{align}\Bigg\{ &\left( \langle 0,0,0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 0,0,1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \right), \nonumber \\
&\left( \langle 0,1,0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 0,1,1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \end{bmatrix} \right), \nonumber \\
&\left( \langle 1,0,0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 1,0,1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 \end{bmatrix} \right), \nonumber \\
&\left( \langle 1,1,0 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 13 & 14 \\ 15 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right),
\left( \langle 1,1,1 \rangle, \begin{bmatrix} 13 & 14 \\ 15 & 16 \end{bmatrix} \right)
\Bigg\} \nonumber \end{align}
\noindent Next we execute:
\begin{footnotesize}
$${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle 0, 2 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)}\left({\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\left(\langle0,1,2\rangle,\langle0,1,2\rangle,\texttt{matMul}\right)}\left( \phys{R}_X^{*}, \phys{R}_Y^{*} \right)\right).$$
\end{footnotesize}%
The equivalence of these three implementations is an example of a set of domain-specific equivalence rules.
\subsection{Cost Model}
\label{sec:cost}
One of the beneficial aspects of the TRA is that cost-based optimization is much easier than that for classical relational algebra: If the uniqueness and continuity constraints hold, tuple counts need not be estimated and can be computed exactly.
In the simple cost model presented here, we use the number of floating point values that must be transferred between sites as the cost metric.
There are two reasons for this decision.
Fist, the number of floating point operations in distributed ML computation is fixed. For example, all of the classical distributed matrix multiply algorithms---2.5D \cite{solomonik2011communication}, SUMMA \cite{van1997summa}, etc., have the same floating point cost. While this is not a hard and fast rule---it is possible to push the filtering of tuples in a tensor relation past the application of a kernel function, which would change the number of floating-point operations---in many applications, network transfer is the dominant cost, and is a reasonable cost metric.
Second, skew, which could slow down a computation with low network cost, is generally not an issue in a TRA computation, unlike in classical relational database system. The TRA continuity and uniqueness constraints imply that joins and aggregations cannot encounter skew. Consider a join. For two tuples $t_1$ and $t_2$ in tensor relation \texttt{R}, when that relation is joined with another relation \texttt{S}, the number of tuples from \texttt{S} that join with $t_1$ and $t_2$ must be the same. This, along with the fact that the TRA requires all arrays in a tensor relation to be of the same type, implies that skew will be very rare. In a TRA implementation, the only source of delay where the entire computation is blocked on a machine is likely to be a machine that is, simply stated, slower to perform computations than the others in the cluster. Such slowness may be due to hardware heterogeneity---a challenging issue for future work---or for unpredictable reasons, such as other workloads running on the machine, which are eventualities that cannot be planned for and must be handled by the runtime.
To compute the network transfer cost for a plan in IA, we need to be able to compute the frontier of each physical relation $\phys{R}$: $\textbf{f} = \textsc{Front}(\phys{R})$. The reason is that, assuming that uniqueness and continuity constraints hold, we can compute the number of floating point numbers in $\phys{R}$ using $\textbf{f}$. If $\phys{R}$ is of type $\mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}$, and $\textbf{f} = \textsc{Front}(\phys{R})$, then the number of tuples in the corresponding tensor relation is $n = \prod_i \textbf{f}_i$, and the number of floating point numbers in the tensor relation is $n \times \prod_i \textbf{b}_i$.
Once the frontier is known, it is used to compute the transfer cost for each ${\textsc{Bcast}}$ and ${\textsc{Shuf}}$ operation. The cost to broadcast a tensor relation of type $\mathcal{R}^{(k, r, \textbf{b}, s)}$ and having $f$ floating point numbers, is simply $f \times s$. The cost to shuffle a tensor relation of $f$ floating point numbers is simply $f$.
Thus, the task of costing a physical TRA plan reduces to computing the type of each intermediate relation, as well as its frontier.
Computing the type is relatively easy: we work up from the leaves to the end result(s) of a physical plan, using the type signature of each of the physical operations (Section 4) to infer the type of each intermediate physical relation.
Computing the frontier in this way, working up from leaves to outputs, is also possible, but it requires a bit more thought. We now consider how the frontier of an output is computed for each of the various operations in the physical algebra:
\begin{enumerate}
\item ${\textsc{$\Join^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(joinKeysL, joinKeysR, projOp)}} \left(\phys{R}_l, \phys{R}_r\right)$. For local join, assuming that $\phys{R}_l$ and $\phys{R}_r$ have an appropriate partitioning to sites, let $\textbf{f}_l$ and $\textbf{f}_r$ be the left and right input frontiers of dimensionality $k_l$ and $k_r$, respectively. Then the output frontier $\textbf{f}$ is computed as follows. For $k < k_l$ and $k$ not in \texttt{joinKeysL}, $\textbf{f}[k]$ $=$ $\textbf{f}_l[k]$, as the frontier value for that dimension is inherited from the left. For $k < k_l$ and where $k =$ \texttt{joinKeysL}$[i]$, $\textbf{f}[k]$ $=$ min$(\textbf{f}_l[k], \textbf{f}_r[i])$, as the frontier value for that dimension results from the join of the two relations. And finally, for all other $k$, $\textbf{f}[k]$ is inherited from the corresponding dimension in the right frontier.
\item ${\textsc{$\Sigma^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(groupByKeys, aggOp)}} (\phys{R})$. For local aggregation, assuming an appropriate partitioning, let $\textbf{f}_i$ denote the input frontier, and let $n$ be the number of key dimensions in \texttt{groupByKeys}. In this case, for $k \le n$, $\textbf{f}[k]$ $=$ $\textbf{f}_l[\texttt{groupByKeys}[k]]$.
\item ${\textsc{$\sigma^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(boolFunc)}}(\phys{R})$. This performs a filter in the physical tensor relation $\phys{R}$. For an $n$-dimensional input frontier $\textbf{f}_i$, for any $k \le n$, by definition:
$$\qquad \quad \textbf{f}[k] = 1 + \textrm{max}\left\{\textbf{k}[k] \textrm{ s. t. } \textbf{k} < \textbf{f}_i \textrm{ and } \texttt{boolFunc}(\textbf{k}) = \textrm{ true}\right\}.$$
That is, the $k$-th dimension in the frontier is inherited from the largest key value in that dimension accepted by \texttt{boolFunc}. In many cases, especially if \texttt{boolFunc} consists of simple arithmetic expressions any comparisons, symbolic methods can be used to compute this. But in practice, it may simply be easier to use a brute-force approach, where each key value is fed into \texttt{boolFunc} to compute the required maximum. Since the size of a tensor relation is typically small---tens of thousands of tuples would be very large---this is a very practical approach.
\item ${\textsc{$\lambda^{L}$}}_{\texttt{(keyMapFunc,arrayMapFunc)}}(\phys{R})$. Similarly, for an $n$-dimensional input frontier $\textbf{f}_i$, for any $k \le n$, by definition:
$$\qquad \quad \textbf{f}[k]=1 + \textrm{max}\left\{\texttt{keyMapFunc}(\textbf{k})[k] \textrm{ s. t. } \textbf{k} < \textbf{f}_i\right\}.$$
Again, a brute force-approach is appropriate for computing the frontier in this case.
\end{enumerate}
\section{Evaluation}
{
\begin{table*}[t]
\small
\begin{center}
\caption{Distributed matrix multiply runtimes.}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c||c|c|c||c|c|c|}
\hline
& \multicolumn{3}{|c||}{\texttt{Two General Matrices}} & \multicolumn{3}{|c||}{\texttt{A Common Large Dim}} & \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\texttt{ Two Large Dims}} \\
\hline
Cluster Size & 5 & 10 & 15 & 5 & 10 & 15 & 5 & 10 & 15 \\
\hline
BMM & 61.18s & 46.48s & 38.54s & 106.24s & 104.67s & 101.63s & 57.23s & 37.60s & 31.64s \\
CMM & 63.14s & 40.08s & 29.38s & 51.52s & 30.58s & 23.09s & 106.82s & 82.72s & 75.63s \\
RMM & 60.71s & 43.56s & 44.55s & 91.19s & 74.40s & 68.43s & 59.91s & 41.12s & 33.26s \\
ScaLAPCK & 66.11s & 37.05s & 28.30s & 83.96s & 58.17s & 35.45s & 53.06s & 28.13s & 22.34s \\
2.5D & 62.93s & 29.60s & 23.11s & 83.59s & 46.43s & 34.82s & 61.13s & 28.36s & 21.21s \\
Dask & 200.64s & 161.23s & 104.12s& Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
PETSc & 1034.40s & 535.85s & 430.80s & 1071.62s & 801.26s & 550.74s & 1051.71s & 810.61s & 598.24s\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:mm}
\end{center}
\end{table*}
}
{
\begin{table}[t]
\small
\begin{center}
\caption{Predicted costs for a 10-node cluster.}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c|}
\hline
& BMM & CMM & RMM \\
\hline
\texttt{Two General} & $1.6\times10^{10}$ & $1.6\times10^{10}$ & $1.6\times10^{10}$ \\
\texttt{A Common Large Dim} & $6.4\times10^{10}$ & $1.0\times10^{9}$ & $6.4\times10^{10}$ \\
\texttt{Two Large Dims} & $8.0\times10^{9}$ & $6.4\times10^{10}$ & $8.0\times10^{9}$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:mm_cost}
\end{center}
\end{table}
}
{
\begin{table*}[]
\small
\begin{center}
\caption{Nearest neighbor search runtimes.}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
& \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{ \texttt{Wide ($N=1.5\times10^5$)}}
& \multicolumn{3}{|c||}{\texttt{Wide ($N=1.5\times10^6$)}}& \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{ \texttt{Large ($D=3\times10^4$)}} & \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\texttt{Large ($D=10^5$)}}\\
\hline
Cluster Size & 4 & 8 & 12 & 4 & 8 & 12 & 4 & 8 & 12 & 4 & 8 & 12\\
\hline
\texttt{Opt4Horizontal} & 5.64s & 4.71s & 3.36s & 55.62s & 39.24s & 24.63s & 13.26s & 17.71s & 28.25s & 159.69s & 229.40s & 315.17s\\
\texttt{Opt4Vertical} & 10.44s & 9.26s & 9.88s & 120.09s & 112.69s & 108.59s & 5.93s & 4.52s & 3.82s & 57.81s & 35.61s & 26.43s\\
Single big machine & 5.31s & 4.65s & 3.33s & 51.54s & 35.82s & 23.01s & 5.21s & 4.41s & 3.79s & 48.22s & 31.12s & 24.88s \\
Dask & 485.87s & 289.50s & 223.55s & Fail & Fail & Fail & 437.31s & 420.25s & 381.10s & Fail & Fail & Fail\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nns}
\end{center}
\end{table*}
}
{
\begin{table}[]
\small
\begin{center}
\caption{Predicted nearest neighbor search costs, 8 machines.}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|}
\hline
& \texttt{Opt4Horizontal} & \texttt{Opt4Vertical}\\ \hline
\texttt{Wide data set} & $2.9 \times 10^8$ & $8.0 \times 10^{10}$ \\
\texttt{Large data set} & $7.2 \times 10^{10}$ & $4.8\times10^9$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:prednn}
\end{center}
\end{table}
}
The goal of our paper is to design a computational abstraction that could be exported by the back-end of a machine learning system. To be specific, we have detailed that: (1) such an abstraction should be expressive enough to express a variety of computations; (2) the computations expressed using the abstraction should be competitive with hand-coded or special-purpose solutions; and (3) the abstraction should be amenable to automatic optimization.
To determine whether the TRA meets these goals, we have implemented a simple Python back-end that exports the TRA/IA interface. Across three different large-scale ML computations, we experimentally evaluate this TRA-based back-end. To see whether a TRA-based back-end can provide suitable performance, we compare with a number of other options, including hand-coded MPI solutions, high-performance libraries such as ScaLAPACK, distributed data science tools such as Dask, and ML systems such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. To see whether it is amenable to automatic optimization, for each ML computation, we apply a series of transformations to obtain multiple implementations in the IA, and evaluate whether the cost model is able to predict which is preferable.
\noindent
\textbf{Benchmark Tasks.} (i) distributed matrix multiplication, (ii) distributed nearest neighbor search in a Riemannian metric space, and (iii) distributed stochastic gradient decent (SGD) in a two-layer, feed-forward neural network (FFNN).
\noindent
\noindent \textbf{TRA Implementation.} We implement an execution engine for the IA in Python. While it may seem surprising that Python is appropriate for implementing a relational engine, for even very large ML problems, the number of tuples in a TRA computation is small; most data are stored in the large arrays. Our Python execution engine makes heavy use of PyTorch to handle those arrays. PyTorch is used to actually execute the compute kernels on the various sites in a compute cluster, and our IA implementation uses PyTorch's optimized communication library to move the arrays stored in tensor relations between machines.
\subsection{Matrix Multiplication}
Multiplication of $\textbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{I \times K }$ and $\textbf{B} \in \mathbb{R}^{K \times J}$ can be formalized:
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{align*}
\Sigma _{\left(\langle 0, 2 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)} \left(\Join _{\left(\langle 1 \rangle, \langle 0 \rangle, \texttt{matMul}\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_\textbf{A}, \texttt{R}_\textbf{B} \right) \right)
\end{align*}
\end{footnotesize}
\noindent where matrix $\textbf{A}$ and $\textbf{B}$ are stored in tensor relations $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{A}}$ and $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{B}}$.
To test the effectiveness of IA optimization, as others have done \cite{gu2017improving, han2019distme}, we consider three different multiplications: (i) general matrices ($I=K=J=4\times10^4$), (ii) matrices with a common large dimension ($K=6.4\times10^5$, $I=J=10^4$), and (iii) matrices with two large dimensions ($I=J=8\times10^4$, $K=10^4$). Matrices are filled with random data following uniform distribution $\mathcal{U}(-1, 1)$.
As discussed, the above TRA as three equivalent IA plans: broadcast based matrix multiplication (BMM), cross-product based matrix multiplication (CMM), and replication-based matrix multiplication (RMM). We compare these three IA implementations with Intel's version of ScaLAPACK \cite{choi1992scalapack} which realizes the classic SUMMA \cite{van1997summa}. We also compare with our own, hand-coded version of the classical 2.5D matrix multiply algorithm \cite{solomonik2011communication}, implemented on top of MPI \cite{barker2015message}; with Dask \cite{dask}, a popular distributed analytic tool with a Python interface \cite{rocklin2015dask}; and with PETSc \cite{petsc}, a popular high-performance distributed computing library \cite{balay2019petsc}.
All methods are benchmarked over Amazon EC2 clusters with 5, 10 or 15 \texttt{r5d.2xlarge} instances (each with 8 vCPU, 64 GB RAM, and connected by up to 10 Gb/s interconnect).
Note that we have made reasonable amount of effort to tune the hyper-parameters in the alternative solutions (e.g., grid size, thread number, initial layout, etc.) and report the best results.
Results are in Table \ref{table:mm}. In Table \ref{table:mm_cost}, we report the IA cost (as computed in Section \ref{sec:cost}) predicted for a 10-node cluster.
\subsection{Nearest Neighbor Search}
We use TRA to implement a nearest neighbor search problem in a Riemannian metric space encoded by matrix $\textbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{D \times D}$, where given a query vector $\textbf{x}_q \in \mathbb{R}^{1 \times D}$ and a candidate set $\textbf{X} \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times D}$, the goal is to find the $i$-th row in the matrix that minimizes:
$d_{\textbf{A}}\left(\textbf{x}_i, \textbf{x}_q\right) = \left(\textbf{x}_i - \textbf{x}_q\right)\textbf{A}\left(\textbf{x}_i - \textbf{x}_q\right)^T$. Suppose $\textbf{x}_q$, $\textbf{X}$, $\textbf{A}$ are stored in tensor relation $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{x}_q}$, $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{X}}$ and $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{A}}$, the corresponding TRA program can be encoded as:
{\small
\begin{align*}
\texttt{R}_{\textbf{diff}} = &\Join_{\left(\langle 1 \rangle, \langle 1 \rangle, \texttt{matVecSub}\right)} \left( \texttt{R}_{\textbf{x}_q}, \texttt{R}_{\textbf{X}} \right) \\
\texttt{R}_{\textbf{proj}} = &\Sigma_{\left(\langle 0, 2 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)} \left( \Join_{\left(\langle 1 \rangle, \langle 0 \rangle, \texttt{matMul}\right)} \left(\texttt{R}_{\textbf{diff}_{}} , \texttt{R}_{\textbf{A}}\right)\right) \\
\texttt{R}_{\textbf{dist}} =&\lambda_{\left(\texttt{rowSum}\right)}\left(\Sigma_{\left(\langle 0 \rangle, \texttt{matAdd}\right)} \left( \Join_{\left(\langle 0,1 \rangle, \langle 0,1 \rangle, \texttt{elemMul}\right)} \left(\texttt{R}_{\textbf{proj}} , \texttt{R}_{\textbf{diff}}\right)\right)\right)\\
\texttt{R}_{\textbf{min}} = &\Sigma_{\left(\langle \rangle, \texttt{minIndex}\right)}\left( \texttt{R}_{\textbf{dist}} \right).
\end{align*}
}%
\noindent where $\texttt{matVecSub}$ is matrix-vector subtraction,
$\texttt{elemMul}$ is element-wise matrix multiplication (Hadamard product),
$\texttt{minIndex}$ finds the minimal element's index.
We hand-compile this into an expression in the IA, and then use the various equivalence rules to produce two different implementations: \texttt{Opt4Horizontal} and \texttt{Opt4Vertical}.
\texttt{Opt4Horizontal}
will broadcast $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{x}_q}$ and $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{A}}$ to each compute site and partition $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{X}}$ by dimension $0$; then the computation of $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{diff}} $, $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{proj}}$, and $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{dist}}$ will be conducted by local operations.
\texttt{Opt4Vertical} will first broadcast $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{x}_q}$ to each site and compute $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{diff}}$, then partition $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{diff}}$ by dimension $1$ and partition $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{A}}$ by dimension $0$ so that $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{proj}}$ is computed in a cross-product based matrix multiplication.
For the the \texttt{Opt4Horizontal} IA implementation, $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{x}_q}$, $\phys{R}_{\textbf{X}}$ and $\phys{R}_{\textbf{A}}$ are initially partitioned by dimension $0$.
For the the \texttt{Opt4Vertical} IA implementation, $\phys{R}_{\textbf{x}_q}$, and $\phys{R}_{\textbf{A}}$ are initially partitioned by dimension $0$, while $\phys{R}_{\textbf{X}}$ is initially partitioned by $1$.
We generate two data sets: (i) \texttt{Large}, with a large number of data points ({ $N=1.5\times10^5,1.5\times10^6$)} but small feature space ($D=6\times10^3$); and (ii) \texttt{Wide}, with a small number of data points ($N=6\times10^3$), with a large feature space ({ $D=3\times10^4,10^5$}). We execute this computation on compute clusters with 4, 8 or 12 \texttt{r5d.2xlarge} instances.
We also implemented the same computation using Dask\cite{dask}. And as a baseline, we compare the execution time with a PyTorch implementation that runs on a single site equipped with the same computing power as the TRA implementation: an \texttt{r5d.8xlarge} instance (with 32 vCPU, 256 GB RAM), an \texttt{r5d.16xlarge} instance (with 64 vCPU, 512 GB RAM) and an \texttt{r5d.24xlarge} instance (with 96 vCPU, 768 GB RAM). Since the single-site implementation has zero communication overhead, this should be something of a lower-bound on the time required to run the computation.
The results and predicted costs are enumerated in Table \ref{table:nns} and Table \ref{table:prednn}.
\subsection{Feed-Forward Neural Network}
Lastly, we benchmark a training iteration of a two-layer FFNN for multiple label classification, computed over an input matrix.
\begin{comment}
Performing forward and backward propagation of SGD requires the following computations:
{\small
\begin{align*}
&\textbf{a}_1 = f_{\textit{relu}}\left(\textbf{X} \textbf{W}^{(i)}_1\right); \textrm{ }
\textbf{a}_2 = f_{\textit{sigmoid}}\left(\textbf{a}_1 \textbf{W}^{(i)}_2\right); \nonumber\\
& \nabla_{\textbf{a}_2}=\textbf{a}_2-\textbf{Y}; \textrm{ }
\nabla_{\textbf{W}_2}^{(i)}= \textbf{a}_1^{T} \nabla_{\textbf{a}_2}; \textrm{ } \nonumber\\
&\nabla_{\textbf{a}_1} = f'_{\textit{relu}}\left(\textbf{a}_1\right) \circ \left(\nabla_{\textbf{a}_2} {\textbf{W}^{(i)}_2}^T \right) ; \textrm{ }
\nabla_{\textbf{W}_1}^{(i)} = \textbf{X}^T \nabla_{\textbf{a}_1}; \nonumber\\
&\textbf{W}^{(i + 1)}_1 = \textbf{W}^{(i)}_1 - \eta \nabla_{\textbf{W}_1}^{(i)}; \textrm{ }
\textbf{W}^{(i + 1)}_2 = \textbf{W}^{(i)}_2 - \eta \nabla_{\textbf{W}_2}^{(i)}. \nonumber\\
\end{align*}
}%
\noindent Here, $\circ$ is the Hadamard product.
Suppose batch $(\textbf{X},\textbf{Y})$ are stored in tensor relation $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{X}}$ and $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{Y}}$, weight matrices $\textbf{W}_1^{(i)}$ and $\textbf{W}_2^{(i)}$ are stored in tensor relation $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{W}_{1}^{(i)}}$ and $\texttt{R}_{\textbf{W}_{2}^{(i)}}$.
\end{comment}
Again, we compile the TRA program for FFNN learning by hand into the IA, and use the equivalence rules to produce two implementations. The first, called \texttt{TRA-DP}, resembles the classic data parallel implementation.
The second, called \texttt{TRA-MP}, corresponds to an intra-operation model parallel plan.
We compare these two IA plans with the state-of-the-art data parallel implementation provided by PyTorch 1.7.1 \cite{li2020pytorch} and TensorFlow 2.4.1 \cite{abadi2016tensorflow}. We also compare with the same computation written on top of Dask \cite{dask}, and hand-coded using ScaLAPACK \cite{choi1992scalapack}. Note that these two options do not fully support GPU.
Two data sets are considered. First, the data from the Google speech recognition task \cite{warden2018speech}, where a $1600$ feature vector is extracted from audio wave-forms; the goal is to identify 10 keywords ($D=1600$ and $L=10$); for this task, we train a very wide hidden layer with large number of neurons where $H = 1\times10^5$, $1.5\times10^5$, or $2\times10^5$; a batch size of $10^4$ ($N=10^4$) are used for min-batch SGD. Second, we consider the AmazonCat-14K \cite{mcauley2015image, mcauley2015inferring} benchmark, which is an extreme multi-label (XML) classification dataset including a large number of features ($D = 597540$) and labels ($L = 14588$); we train a relatively narrow network with $H = 0.5\times10^3, 1\times10^3$, $3\times10^3$, $5\times10^3$, or $7\times10^3$; a batch size of $10^3$ ($N=10^3$) are used for mini-batch SGD.
Each is executed on CPU clusters with 2, 5 or 10 \texttt{r5dn.2xlarge} instances connected by up to 25 Gb/s interconnect) and GPU clusters with 2, 5 or 10 \texttt{p3.2xlarge} instances (each with a NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU, and connected by 10 Gb/s interconnect).
The results for Google speech are listed in Table \ref{table:nn_speech}; for Amazon-XML in Table \ref{table:nn_xml}. Predicted costs are given in Table \ref{table:ffnn_cost_pred}.
{
\begin{table}[]
\small
\begin{center}
\caption{SGD iteration time: FFNN for Google Speech.}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c||c|c|c|}
\hline
Cluster & \multicolumn{3}{c||}{CPU} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{GPU} \\ \hline
Nodes & 2 & 5 & 10 & 2 & 5 & 10 \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\texttt{100k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & 11.16s & 6.15s & 4.75s & 0.99s & 1.19s & 1.27s \\
TF-DP & 11.93s & 7.32s & 5.51s & 0.87s & 1.13s & 1.17s \\
ScaLAPCK & 8.52s & 4.97s & 2.79s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & 62.57s & 56.57s & 49.63s & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 11.62s & 6.51s & 5.20s & 1.49s & 1.59s & 1.63s \\
TRA-MP & 26.56s & 28.71s & 29.09s & 7.01s & 11.56s & Fail \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\texttt{150k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & 14.28s & 9.46s & 6.54s & 1.18s & 1.65s & 1.78s \\
TF-DP & 16.68s & 10.69s & 8.43s & 1.16s & 1.62s & 1.75s \\
ScaLAPCK & 13.45s & 7.48s & 3.87s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & 96.56s & 85.32s & 77.07s & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 14.52s & 9.68s & 7.56s & 2.15s & 2.22s & 2.23s \\
TRA-MP & 33.20s & 42.80s & 43.10s & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\texttt{200k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & 17.25s & 11.94s & 9.30s & Fail & 2.09s & 2.42s \\
TF-DP & 21.36s & 13.21s & 11.21s & 1.52s & 2.12s & 2.46s \\
ScaLAPCK & 17.18s & 10.05s & 5.06s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & 136.66s & 112.72s & 104.01s & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 17.89s & 12.51s & 9.67s & 2.94s & 2.80s & 2.85s \\
TRA-MP & 37.82s & 54.23s & 59.84s & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nn_speech}
\end{center}
\end{table}
}
{
\begin{table}[]
\begin{center}
\small
\caption{SGD iteration time: FFNN for Amazon-XML.}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c||c|c|c|}
\hline
Cluster & \multicolumn{3}{c||}{CPU} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{GPU} \\ \hline
Nodes & 2 & 5 & 10 & 2 & 5 & 10 \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{ \texttt{0.5k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & 3.58s & 4.51s & 6.41s & 1.46s & 2.11s & 2.19s \\
TF-DP & 5.94s & 7.81s & 8.96s & 1.21s & 1.85s & 2.11s \\
ScaLAPCK & 4.92s & 2.91s & 1.73s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & 27.96s & 27.01s & 22.69s & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 4.77s & 5.13s & 7.84s & 2.42s & 2.48s & 2.61s \\
TRA-MP & 2.18s & 1.41s & 0.83s & 0.15s & 0.12s & 0.09s \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\texttt{1k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & 9.74s & 10.29s & 10.34s & 2.67s & 3.76s & 4.20s \\
TF-DP & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
ScaLAPCK & 8.16s & 6.65s & 2.47s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & 45.40s & 42.15s & 29.34s & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 12.50s & 14.29s & 15.68s & 4.67s & 4.69s & 4.73s \\
TRA-MP & 3.86s & 2.79s & 1.70s & 0.40s & 0.37s & 0.35s \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\texttt{3k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & 25.46s & 29.04s & 30.51s & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
TF-DP & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
ScaLAPCK & 17.56s & 9.59s & 7.91s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & 103.83s & 89.09s & 81.56s & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 26.59s & 38.15s & 46.06s & Fail & 12.74s & 13.13s \\
TRA-MP & 10.57s & 6.36s & 3.88s & Fail & 0.54s & 0.44s \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\texttt{5k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & 34.05s & 46.53s & 50.17s & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
TF-DP & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
ScaLAPCK & 23.21s & 11.65s & 8.33s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & 246.56s & 143.86s & 127.26s & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 44.12s & 68.54s & 75.15s & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
TRA-MP & 18.59s & 8.07s & 5.75s & Fail & 0.59s & 0.48s \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\texttt{7k Neurons}} \\
\hline
PyTorch-DP & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
TF-DP & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
ScaLAPCK & 29.19s & 14.04s & 9.57s & NA & NA & NA \\
Dask & Fail & Fail & Fail & NA & NA & NA \\
TRA-DP & 60.28s & 89.36s & 107.86s & Fail & Fail & Fail \\
TRA-MP & 21.35s & 12.12s & 7.854s & Fail & Fail & 0.73s \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nn_xml}
\end{center}
\end{table}
}
{
\begin{table}[t]
\small
\begin{center}
\caption{Predicted FFNN costs for a 5-node cluster.}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|}
\hline
& TRA-DP & TRA-MP \\
\hline
\texttt{Google speech 100k} & $9.7 \times 10^{8}$ & $1.0 \times 10^{10}$ \\
\texttt{Google speech 150k} & $1.5 \times 10^{9}$ & $1.5 \times 10^{10}$ \\
\texttt{Google speech 200k} & $1.9 \times 10^{9}$ & $2.0 \times 10^{10}$ \\
\hline
\texttt{Amazon XML 1k} & $3.7 \times 10^{9}$ & $1.0 \times 10^{7}$ \\
\texttt{Amazon XML 3k} & $1.1 \times 10^{10}$ & $3.0 \times 10^{7}$ \\
\texttt{Amazon XML 5k} & $1.8 \times 10^{10}$ & $5.0 \times 10^{7}$ \\
\texttt{Amazon XML 7k} & $2.6 \times 10^{10}$ & $7.0 \times 10^{7}$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:ffnn_cost_pred}
\end{center}
\end{table}
}
\subsection{Discussion}
\label{sec:exp_disc}
First, the experiments do seem to show that the TRA provides an abstraction upon which a variety of ML computations can be mapped. Further, the TRA seems to provide for good performance. On the matrix multiplication experiments, the best TRA-based implementations were at least competitive with ScaLAPACK as well as our hand-coded MPI-based implementation (we observed 29s for the TRA-based CMM vs. 23s for hand-coded MPI in the ``two general marices'' case, 31s for the TRA-based BMM vs. 21s for hand-coded MPI in the ``two large dims case'') even beating them both (23s for the TAR-based CMM vs. 35s for hand-coded MPI) in the ``common large dim case''. On the FFNN experiments, the best TRA-based implementation for each task was about 1.5$\times$ times as slow as the hand-constructed ScaLAPACK implementation for the Google data set, but considerably faster than ScaLAPACK for the more challenging Amazon data set. In general it is fair to say that the best TRA-based implementation for each task was at least competitive with the ScaLAPACK and MPI-based codes. The fact that there is not a significant performance hit moving from a special-purpose tool requiring significant programmer expertise to a general-purpose implementation abstraction seems to argue that in fact, a TRA-based back-end can provide state-of-the-art performance.
It is also instructive to compare our TRA-based implementations with the other, more user-friendly tools tested, which in practice would be more reasonable alternatives to an ML system with a TRA-based back-end. Dask was not competitive, and was often one or two orders of magnitude slower. On the FFNN experiments, PyTorch was generally better performing than TensorFlow in CPU clusters, while both systems perform almost identically in GPU clusters. For Google speech, the optimal partition schema is identical to data parallelism, where the best TRA-based option is able to closely match PyTorch's speed. Further, while PyTorch failed on the larger Google computations in a 2-GPU cluster, the TRA implementation was able to run to completion. On the even larger, extreme classification problem, the TRA-MP (model parallel) IA was much, much faster than PyTorch, (where TensorFlow fails in most cases since it does not allow a parameter matrix to exceed 2 GB), and much more scalable. PyTorch also cannot handle the huge matrices required to power this computation in some settings.
The final question we wanted to address was whether the TRA is amenable to automatic optimization.
Note that in each case, there was one IA implementation that was suitable for the input data, and one that was not; the difference between the two was often significant. In a system based upon the TRA, it would be crucial to automatically choose the suitable implementation. We found that in each case, the simple cost model from Section \ref{sec:cost} would have chosen the correct implementation. For example, consider Table \ref{table:ffnn_cost_pred}. In each case, the cost metric correctly assigns the lower cost to the appropriate IA computation: TRA-DP for the smaller, Google problem, and TRA-MP for the larger, extreme classification problem. These results suggest that it should easily be possible to perform cost-based optimization over the IA.
\section{Related Work}
\label{sec_rel}
\noindent Our focus has been on the proper implementation abstraction for ML systems. The TRA is ``front-end agnostic.'' Still, there has been considerable interest in programming and compilation for such systems. FAQ, by Khamis et al. \cite{abo2016faq}, considers how to compute Einstein-notation-like expressions over semi-rings. Effectively, FAQ re-writes such expressions so that they can easily be computed using the ``OutsideIn'' method for first determining the non-zero entries using a series of joins, followed by the computation of the values. Laue et al. \cite{laue2020simple} propose a variant on the Ricci calculus for computing tensor-based derivatives using the Einstein notation. Tensor Comprehensions are an Einstein-like programming language and associated compiler that is able to produce efficient CUDA kernels \cite{vasilache2018tensor}; the tensor algebra compiler is a similar effort \cite{kjolstad2017tensor}. Our efforts are complementary. One could imagine, for example, using FAQ-like algorithms along with a compiler for high-performance kernels to generate expressions for a TRA-based back-end.
Classic data-flow systems have been modified to support distributed machine learning.
Both Spark \cite{zaharia2010spark} and SystemML \cite{ghoting2011systemml} provide native libraries for deep learning.
A set of deep learning frameworks can run on top of Spark, such as TensorFrames \cite{hunter2016tensorframes}, Deeplearning4j \cite{team2016deeplearning4j}, SparkNet\cite{moritz2015sparknet} and BigDL \cite{dai2019bigdl}. Conceptually, these deep learning frameworks are related to the TRA as they allow the distribution of ML computations. Consider TensorFrames. TensorFrames allows the items in a Spark DataFrame to be operated on by a TensorFlow computation. One could view those TensorFlow computations as being similar to the kernels applied by TRA, and the Spark operations used to manipulate the data as being similar to the the joins, aggregations, and so on offered by the TRA. The key difference is that while these systems are each significant engineering efforts aimed at marrying different technologies (TensorFlow and Spark in the case of TensorFrames), the TRA is designed as a generic back-end. In fact, a TensorFrames-like programming model could easily be mapped onto TRA, with \texttt{mapRows}, \texttt{aggregate}, etc., being mapped to the appropriate TRA operations, and the TensorFlow computations run as kernels.
Relational systems have long been proposed for ML.
MLog \cite{li2017mlog} is a declarative relational system managing data movement, data persistency, and training batch generation. Similar ideas have been applied in
\cite{abo2018database} for feature extraction queries over multi-relation databases,
and \cite{khamis2018ac} for optimizing sparse tensor computations constructed from relational tables.
Recently, relational systems have also been considered as runtime engine (instead of an efficient data loader) for distributed ML.
DB4ML \cite{jasny2020db4ml} proposes user-defined iterative transactions.
Multi-dimensional-recursion has been built on top of SimSQL \cite{cai2013simulation}, a distributed analytic database system, that can support neural network training \cite{jankov2019declarative}.
The idea of moving past relations onto arrays as a database data model, is long-standing (e.g., consider Baumann's work on Rasdaman \cite{baumann1998multidimensional}).
SciDB \cite{brown2010overview} is a well-known system following this idea.
LevelHeaded \cite{aberger2018levelheaded} uses a special key-value structure to support linear operations.
MATLANG \cite{barcelo2019expressiveness} introduces a language for matrix manipulation.
TensorDB \cite{kim2014tensordb,kim2014efficient} is a database system that can perform tensor manipulation.
LARA\cite{hutchison2017laradb} proposes an algebra with tuple-wise operators, attribute-wise operators, and tuple extensions, then defines linear and relational algebra operations using these primitives.
RMA \cite{dolmatova2020relational} attempts to bridge the gap between relations and matrices.
While related, these systems attempt to implement tensor computations as algebraic expressions (e.g., a join followed by an aggregation) over relations of \texttt{(key, value)} pairs. This requires pushing a huge number of pairs through the system, which introduces significant overhead.
\section{Conclusion}
We have introduced the tensor relational algebra (TRA), and suggested this as the interface that could be exported by the back-end of a machine learning system.
We have showed through extensive experimentation that a computation expressed in the TRA then transformed into the implementation algebra and optimized, is competitive with (and often faster than) other options, including HPC softwares such as ScaLAPACK, and ML softwares such as TensorFlow and PyTorch.
There are many avenues for future work. TRA is not meant to be a user-facing programming language. Thus, a key question is: can a language such as Tensor Comprehensions or Einstein notation be compiled into TRA? At a high level, this should not be too difficult, as these languages match indices in different tensors (which is easily implemented as a join) and then sum out dimensions (aggregation). But there are many details to consider. The TRA uses arrays or ``chunks'' for speed. How to automatically block or chunk a tensor computation? How to automatically generate the compute kernels? Sparsity is also an important issue. A compiler could also decide to store a sparse tensor using arrays that do not have zero dimensions, but where those arrays are stored sparsely, with a high-performance kernel generated to handle the specific sparsity pattern.
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Air travel was once an enjoyable activity, I once basked in how the rabble of the world only had to board a plane to enjoy a small taste of luxury and the fruits of modern technology. I once enjoyed how the stewardesses would always smile at me and speak politely, how I would get filling complementary meals, free beer, orange juice, snacks, blankets, a comfortable seat, and could even use the bathroom free of charge as I quickly traversed the globe.
I feel as if I am dreaming now.
I am. Air travel has changed, flying has gone to the slums.
I now groan when I want to make a jump across the planet that requires a plane, and I try to make these jumps the least amount of times possible per year. All the rigors of overland travel no longer compare to the annoyances of modern air travel. I would now rather walk slow than fly fast. This is a sad day for travel.
You will never know how much an air ticket will cost you until you are sitting on the plane. Airlines have now become masters of deception, trickery, and scams as they try to make up the difference for offering you the "lowest airfares." An industry where consumers can quickly find the lowest price is an industry that is in a race to the bottom. Any dummy can now easily find the cheapest airfare on the internet — the super airfare search engines that check a million sites in a few seconds often come up the cheapest results — and who is not always going to select the cheapest option?
So the airline who can price their tickets to be the "cheapest" is the one that is going to get the most sales. This is simple consumer/ business interaction, and air fliers have proved that they will choose cheaper fares over frills, as the airlines race to the bottom.
But how is an airline to make a profit when they need to always offer a fare cheaper than their competitors but also need to make money?
When you push the purchase button for an airline ticket never think that you are finished paying for it. Nope, hidden fees and taxes, huge checked luggage costs, and even carry on baggage expenses often raise their heads to the surface. I once fully paid for an flight just to realize that I would need to pay five extra dollars for a seat.
I suppose my ticket was just good to get through the door of the plane, but not to sit down inside of it.
Baggage fees have now gone through the roof. There was once a time when air travelers were allowed to transport a carry on and two checked bags for free. Then it was down to one checked bag free, then it was no checked bags free, and now some airlines even charge passengers to bring their carry on bag on board.
What is worse is that the fees for transporting baggage now often challenge the price of the flight itself. I have paid over $30 to check a bag on a $150 flight, and have heard of people pay over $100 to check a single piece of luggage.
Spirit Air now charges $30 to $45 for carry on baggage.
"In addition to reducing fares even further, this will reduce the number of carry-on bags, which will improve in-flight safety and efficiency by speeding up the boarding and deplaning process, all of which ultimately improve the overall customer experience," Chief Operating Officer Ken McKenzie said in a statement.
Complementary meals, snacks, and drinks is now a luxury lost in traveler's lore, I have even been charged for a drink of water on a flight before.
Ryan Air now even charges 1 Euro or 1 Pound ($1.25 to $2) to use the bathroom on their flights.
'By charging for the toilets we are hoping to change passenger behavior so that they use the bathroom before or after the flight.
I suppose a passenger without proper change just needs to piss on the floor like a dog.
What is perhaps most heinous of all is that some airlines are now charging a fee to buy their tickets.
The last flight that I purchased I had to pay a fee to use a credit/ debit card. I was buying the ticket online, how else could I pay for it? Smush money through the screen? So I called them, and was politely informed by someone in an Indian call center that I would need to pay $15 additional dollars to buy the ticket over the phone.
This airline was charging me to give them money!
I am now waiting for airlines to start charging a fat person tax, an old lady in a wheel chair fee, an infant in your lap ticket, a you look like a fool charge.
We who use airlines are all made out to be fools.
My wife just informed me this morning that Air Tran has great deals from Mexico to Maine and Rochester, and wanted to know if I would like to visit our families. $100 from Cancun to Portland, ME, she told me. I could only laugh: a $100 air ticket no longer costs $100. Double it, triple it, bugger me and hand me the bill: modern air travel is the pursuit of fools.
The above graphic was taken from the Mad as hell about hidden fees movement to coerce airlines to openly revel all fees before selling tickets.
BTW – Air Tran has just been purchaed by Southwest which will give them a terminal in Portland.
Also – The charge of #35 per checked bag by Spirit quickly turns into $70 or $105 if you aren't taking a direct flight. They charge $35 for each transfer.
BUT – Come to Maine Anyway!
That is good news — any way to get quickly in, and especially out, of Maine is good for us haha.
Yes, Spirit Air is a scam all the way around. They also make you book each leg of your flight separately so that you have to pay all of the tricky fees and baggage costs over again for as many flights as it takes to get to your destination. When traveling from the Dominican Republic to Guatemala, we had to transfer flights in Florida, but we needed to buy two completely separate tickets to do so — and we paid the baggage fees, credit card fee, and every other stupid fee twice.
Thanks for that note about Spirit air baggage fees — they are now so high that the cost of taking luggage and hand baggage on one of their flights costs far more than the price of the ticket itself.
No frills airlines = theft with impunity.
Good to hear from you again, Deb, looking at visiting Maine in the spring.
Now if we could just everyone enraged on these scams and start protesting and calling their congressman, maybe they would stop these scams. I've always used SouthWest so no issues, but have to use USAir in this trip, I hate it, next time maybe a train, or better yet, if SouthWest doesn't go there, then I don't either.
Or start taking boats and trains again haha.
American Airlines is a company treats numerous employees just as rotten as it does its customers — deceitful and dishonest! Its a company that needs to get rid of its management and treat employees fairly instead of deceiving them. They instruct their employees not to offer information about baggage fees, etc unless specifically asked that question. Why do you think they made so much money in profit? When asked specifically the management denies this, but it was recently all over the news how the airlines hid fees and made a huge profit. They're liars! Do you think the employees just all gained up and decided not to inform passengers about fees unless asked? Their employees are unhappy because many of them are treated like garbage and the newer employees are ripped off big time to pay for the older employees pensions and high pay and benefits plus the managements huge vacations and pay. They're liars and cheats trying hard to hang onto their big bucks while screwing the underlings! Where else can you make $30/hr answering a phone without so much as a high school education? That's why you're getting screwed! And that's not counting the huge vacations and benefits packages. Plus the executives want their big bucks too. The newer employees don't get all extravagance. They're lied to and screwed over everytime they turned around, just like the customers! And the government employees have their airfare paid for with big discounts while soldiers pay regular mostly higher fares. That's American Airlines for you! Rotten to the core! Let's make sure they're forgiven their fines for violations though!
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England scored five in consecutive games for the first time since 1984 as they came from behind to win in Podgorica. Marko Vešović gave the hosts the lead, but Michael Keane soon headed the visitors level. Ross Barkley struck either side of the break, with in-form pair Harry Kane and Raheem Sterling adding further gloss.
Kosovo secured a point on their EURO qualifying debut to extend their unbeaten run to 12 games. Bulgaria took a first-half lead when Vasil Bozhikov headed in from a corner, but Arber Zeneli rescued the debutants with a powerful long-range strike.
Danilo scored a spectacular equaliser shortly before half-time as Portugal, who lost Cristiano Ronaldo to injury after half an hour, were held to a second successive home draw. Serbia open their campaign with a point thanks to Dušan Tadić's early penalty.
Ukraine completed an unlikely comeback courtesy of Gerson Rodrigues' added-time own goal. The hosts had led through Dave Turpel's close-range finish, but Andriy Shevchenko's men were soon level via Viktor Tsygankov's neat strike.
Olivier Giroud moved into third place on his own in France's all-time scoring charts with his 35th international strike. Samuel Umtiti's header had given the world champions an early advantage, with Kylian Mbappé adding the third before setting up Antoine Griezmann with an audacious back-heel for the fourth.
Cenk Tosun scored a goal in each half as Turkey cruised to their second straight win without conceding. Hasan Ali Kaldırım and Kaan Ayhan also found the net, both opening their senior international accounts.
Albania secured their first win of the campaign in Ervin Bulku's maiden game in charge. Armando Sadiku opened the scoring after a defensive mix-up, with substitutes Bekim Balaj and Amir Abrashi both getting in on the act late on.
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It doesn't matter if the damage is an inch or a mile, damage is damage. As they race through the streets at top speeds, it's probably easy to assume the cars of the hit movie Furious 7 are invincible. But actually, in the making of the movie, 230 cars were destroyed! Imagine if you were responsible for replacing the auto glass on all those cars. We did the math and figured out how much time it would it take either a single Safelite mobile technician or a fleet of Safelite MobileGlassShops™ to replace all the auto glass for that many Dodge Chargers (the car of choice for Dom, the movie's main character).
|
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The Nest at The Screening Room
THU 4 FEB
Directed by Sean Durkin
Starring Jude Law, Carrie Coon, Adeel Akhtar, Michel Alexandre Gonzalez
Jude Law plays a well-off British entrepreneur who moves his American family to an archaic English manor house they can barely afford in this boiler-pot drama from the writer-director of Martha Marcy May Marlene.
Two-time Oscar nominee Jude Law plays a well-off British entrepreneur who moves his American family to an archaic English manor house they can barely afford, causing tensions to rise between him and his wife (Emmy nominee Carrie Coon, Gone Girl). From the writer-director of Martha Marcy May Marlene.
Rory (Law), an ambitious entrepreneur and former commodities broker, persuades his American wife Allison (Coon) and their children to leave the comforts of suburban America and return to his native England during the 1980s. Sensing opportunity, Rory rejoins his former firm and leases a centuries-old country manor, with grounds for Allison's horses and plans to build a stable. Soon the promise of a lucrative new beginning starts to unravel, and the couple have to face the unwelcome truths lying beneath the surface of their marriage.
107 mins | Rated TBC | Drama
Directed by Sean Durkin | Starring Jude Law, Carrie Coon, Adeel Akhtar, Michel Alexandre Gonzalez
|
{
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Selling to SmartphonesPLUS is the fast, easy, and trusted way to sell your electronics.
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|
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Chris Walker is a first year med student at PNWU, and experiences unique challenges. He lives with ADHD, and discusses how the benefits and harms of his ADHD medication. Additionally, Chris also prioritizes being a great father and role model to his two young children. Chris gives an open, honest perspective of the challenges and triumphs of medical school, and lessons he's learned along the way.
|
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package controlador;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import modelo.Materia;
import persistencia.MateriaDAO;
import spark.ModelAndView;
import spark.Request;
import spark.Response;
import spark.TemplateViewRoute;
public class EditarSalvar implements TemplateViewRoute{
MateriaDAO dao = new MateriaDAO();
public ModelAndView handle(Request req, Response resp) {
Materia materia = new Materia();
materia.setNumero(Integer.parseInt(req.queryParams("codigo"))); //valendo 0
materia.setTitulo(req.queryMap("titulo").value());
materia.setLocal(req.queryMap("local").value());
materia.setData(req.queryMap("data").value());
materia.setSinopse(req.queryMap("sinopse").value());
ArrayList<Materia> array = dao.findAll();
for (int i = 0; i < array.size(); i++) {
if(array.get(i).getTitulo().equals(materia.getTitulo()) && array.get(i).getNumero() != materia.getNumero()){
String erro = "";
try {
erro = URLEncoder.encode("Fato já existe", "UTF-8");
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
resp.redirect("/editar/"+ Integer.parseInt(req.queryParams("codigo")) +"?erro=" + erro);
}
}
dao.update(materia);
resp.redirect("/lista");
return null;
}
}
|
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An EP is a musical recording which contains more music than a single
Single (music)
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a recording of fewer tracks than an LP or a CD. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats. In most cases, the single is a song that is released separately from an album, but it can still appear...
, but is too short to qualify as a full album
An album is a collection of recordings, released as a single package on gramophone record, cassette, compact disc, or via digital distribution. The word derives from the Latin word for list .Vinyl LP records have two sides, each comprising one half of the album...
or LP
The LP, or long-playing microgroove record, is a format for phonograph records, an analog sound storage medium. Introduced by Columbia Records in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry...
. The term EP originally referred only to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm
Revolutions per minute is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis...
standard play (SP) records and LP record
s, but it is now applied to mid-length Compact Discs and music downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post
-Ownership:The Post is the flagship newspaper of MediaNews Group Inc., founded in 1983 by William Dean Singleton and Richard Scudder. MediaNews is today one of the nation's largest newspaper chains, publisher of 61 daily newspapers and more than 120 non-daily publications in 13 states. MediaNews...
said, "EPs—originally extended-play 'single' releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk and indie bands." In the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks (not counting alternative versions of featured songs, if present).
EPs were released in various sizes in different eras. The earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records
Grey Gull Records
Grey Gull Records was a record label based in Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America from 1919 through 1930. According to the Massachusetts Department of Corporation and Taxation, Grey Gull was officially incorporated on 31 December 1919. It was dissolved on 31 March 1934 Grey Gull...
, were vertically cut 78 rpm
discs known as "2-in-1" records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records. By 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33⅓ rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side.
Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP, introduced in 1948
1948 in music
-Events:*May 20 - The Second International Congress of Composers and Music Critics 1948 opens in Prague.*June 5 - Opening of the first Aldeburgh Festival, founded by Benjamin Britten, Eric Crozier and Peter Pears....
by rival Columbia Records
Columbia Records is an American record label, owned by Japan's Sony Music Entertainment, operating under the Columbia Music Group with Aware Records. It was founded in 1888, evolving from an earlier enterprise, the American Graphophone Company — successor to the Volta Graphophone Company...
, RCA Victor introduced "Extended Play" 45s during 1952
-Events:*February 26 - Jo Stafford marries bandleader/arranger Paul Weston.*March 21 - First reported Rock and roll riot breaks out at Alan Freed's Moondog Coronation Ball in Cleveland, Ohio...
. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the cutting levels and, if required, sound compression, enabled them to hold up to 7.5 minutes per side—but still be played by a standard 45 rpm phonograph
The phonograph record player, or gramophone is a device introduced in 1877 that has had continued common use for reproducing sound recordings, although when first developed, the phonograph was used to both record and reproduce sounds...
. These were usually LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either sold one at a time or in boxed sets. This practice became much less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs.
Some classical music
Classical music is the art music produced in, or rooted in, the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 11th century to present times...
albums released at the beginning of the LP era were also distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini
Arturo Toscanini
Arturo Toscanini was an Italian conductor. One of the most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and 20th century, he was renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orchestral detail and sonority, and his photographic memory...
conducted on radio
Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, which owned the NBC network then, were made available both in 45 rpm and 33⅓ rpm. In the 1990s, they began appearing on Compact Discs. RCA also had success in the format with their top money earner, Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King"....
, issuing 28 Elvis EPs between 1956
-Events:*January 26 – Buddy Holly's first recording sessions for Decca Records take place in Nashville, Tennessee*Roy Orbison signs with Sun Records*January 27 – Elvis Presley's single "Heartbreak Hotel" / "I Was the One" is released...
and 1967
The summer of 1967 is "The Summer of Love" in San Francisco. It also became an important year for psychedelic rock, with releases from The Beatles The summer of 1967 is "The Summer of Love" in San Francisco. It also became an important year for psychedelic rock, with releases from The Beatles The...
, many of which topped the separate Billboard
Billboard (magazine)
Billboard is a weekly American magazine devoted to the music industry, and is one of the oldest trade magazines in the world. It maintains several internationally recognized music charts that track the most popular songs and albums in various categories on a weekly basis...
EP chart during its brief existence.
During the 1950s
1950s in film
The decade of the 1950s in film involved many significant films.----Contents1 Events2 List of films: # A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.-Events:...
, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney
The Walt Disney Company is the largest media conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue. Founded on October 16, 1923, by Walt and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into...
movies, containing both the story and the songs. These usually featured the original casts of actor
An actor is a person who acts in a dramatic production and who works in film, television, theatre, or radio in that capacity...
s and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus a fully illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated film based on Snow White, a German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. It was the first full-length cel-animated feature in motion picture history, as well as the first animated feature film produced in America, the first produced in full...
(1937), Pinocchio
Pinocchio (1940 film)
Pinocchio is a 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and based on the story The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi. It is the second film in the Walt Disney Animated Classics, and it was made after the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and was released to theaters by...
(1940), and what was then a recent release, the movie version of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1954 adventure film starring Kirk Douglas as Ned Land, James Mason as Captain Nemo, Paul Lukas as Professor Pierre Aronnax, and Peter Lorre as Conseil. It was the first science fiction film produced by Walt Disney Productions, as well as the only science-fiction...
that was presented in 1954
1954 in film
The year 1954 in film involved some significant events and memorable ones.-Events:*May 12 - The Marx Brothers' Zeppo Marx divorces wife Marion Benda...
. The recording and publishing of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was an unusual one: it did not employ the movie's cast, and years later, a 12-inch 33⅓ rpm album of the film, with a nearly identical script, but another different cast, was sold by Disneyland Records
Disneyland Records
Disneyland Records is the original name of the Walt Disney Company's record company.After long associations with primarily RCA Victor Records, with a few select titles on Capitol, Disneyland Records was established by the Disney studio in 1956 with its first release entitled A Child's Garden of...
in conjunction with the re-release of the movie in 1963
The year 1963 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* June 12 - Cleopatra starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison and Richard Burton premieres at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City....
Because of the popularity of other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
was suspended in 1963.
In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were typically played at 45 rpm on seven-inch (18 cm) discs, with two songs on each side.
Other than those published by RCA, EPs were relatively uncommon in the United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, but they were widely sold in the United Kingdom
, and in some other European countries, during the 1950s and 1960s. Record Retailer
Record Retailer
Record Retailer was a trade newspaper for the UK record industry. It was founded in August 1959 as a monthly newspaper covering both labels and dealers. Its founding editor was Roy Parker...
printed the first EP chart in 1960. The New Musical Express (NME)
The New Musical Express is a popular music publication in the United Kingdom, published weekly since March 1952. It started as a music newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s, changing from newsprint in 1998. It was the first British paper to include a singles...
, Melody Maker
Melody Maker, published in the United Kingdom, was, according to its publisher IPC Media, the world's oldest weekly music newspaper. It was founded in 1926 as a magazine targeted at musicians; in 2000 it was merged into "long-standing rival" New Musical Express.-1950s–1960s:Originally the Melody...
, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles
The Beatles were an English rock band, active throughout the 1960s and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Formed in Liverpool, by 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr...
' Twist and Shout (EP)
Twist and Shout (EP)
The Twist and Shout EP by The Beatles is the band's first British EP, released by Parlophone on 12 July 1963...
reached #1 in the UK charts in 1964. When the BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...
and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB)
BMRB Ltd
BMRB Ltd is the longest established market research agency in Britain, dating from 1933. The company conducts the following types of research: media, social and public policy, customer, employee and omnibus....
to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings.
In the Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, seven-inch EPs marketed as "Mini-LP
Mini-LP
A Mini-LP or Mini-album is a short album, usually retailing at a lower price than an album that would be considered "full-length".-History:...
s" (but distinctly different from the Mini-LPs of the 1980s) were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and packaging resembling the album they were taken from. This Mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukebox
A jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device, usually a coin-operated machine, that will play a patron's selection from self-contained media...
Stevland Hardaway Morris , better known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and activist...
included a bonus four-song EP with his double LP Songs in the Key of Life
Songs in the Key of Life
Songs in the Key of Life is the 13th album by American recording artist Stevie Wonder, released September 28, 1976, on Motown Records. It was the culmination of his "classic period" albums. An ambitious double LP with a 4-song bonus EP, Songs in the Key of Life became among the best-selling and...
in 1976. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was less standardization
Standardization is the process of developing and implementing technical standards.The goals of standardization can be to help with independence of single suppliers , compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality....
and EPs were made on seven-inch (18 cm), 10-inch (25 cm) or 12-inch (30 cm) discs running either 33⅓ or 45 rpm. Some novelty EPs used odd shapes and colors, and a few of them were picture disc
Picture discs are gramophone records that show images on their playing surface, rather than being of plain black or coloured vinyl.-Development:...
Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley. The initial lineup was rounded out by drummer Sean Kinney, and bassist Mike Starr...
was the first band to ever have an EP reach number one on the Billboard album chart. Its EP, Jar of Flies
Jar of Flies
Jar of Flies is the third studio EP by the American rock band Alice in Chains, released on January 25, 1994 through Columbia Records. It is the first EP in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 Chart and was well-received by critics.-Background and recording:Following Alice in...
, was published on January 25, 1994. In 2004, Linkin Park
Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Formed in 1996, the band rose to international fame with their debut album, Hybrid Theory, which was certified Diamond by the RIAA in 2005 and multi-platinum in several other countries...
and Jay-Z
Shawn Corey Carter , better known by his stage name Jay-Z, is an American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, and occasional actor. He is one of the most financially successful hip hop artists and entrepreneurs in America, having a net worth of over $450 million as of 2010...
's collaboration EP, Collision Course
Collision Course (album)
Critics were divided over Collision Course, with some praising the album, while others negatively received it.David Jeffries of allmusic praised the album, calling it "awesomely fun". K.B...
, was the next to reach the number one spot after Alice in Chains. In 2010, the cast of the television series Glee
Glee (TV series)
Glee is an American musical comedy-drama television series that airs on Fox in the United States, and on GlobalTV in Canada. It focuses on the high school glee club New Directions competing on the show choir competition circuit, while its members deal with relationships, sexuality and social issues...
became the first artist to have two EPs reach #1, with Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna
Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna
Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna is the first extended play by the cast of the musical television series Glee. It contains eight songs from the season one Glee episode, "The Power of Madonna", which was a tribute episode dedicated to American recording artist Madonna...
on the week of May 8, 2010, and Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals
Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals
Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals is the second extended play by the cast of musical television series Glee. Containing six songs from the season one finale "Journey to Regionals", it was released on June 8, 2010, the same day the episode aired. Half of the tracks are cover versions of...
on the week of June 26, 2010.
In 2010, Warner Bros. Records
Warner Bros. Records
Warner Bros. Records Inc. is an American record label. It was the foundation label of the present-day Warner Music Group, and now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of that corporation. It maintains a close relationship with its former parent, Warner Bros. Pictures, although the two companies...
revived the format with their "Six-Pak" offering of six songs on a Compact Disc.
Defining EP
The first EPs were seven-inch vinyl records with more tracks than a normal single (typically four to six of them). Although they shared size and speed with singles, they were a recognizably different format than the seven-inch single. Although they could be named after a lead track, they were generally given a different title. Examples include The Beatles
' The Beatles' Hits
The Beatles' Hits
The Beatles' Hits EP was released 6 September 1963. It is The Beatles second British EP and was only released in mono, with the catalogue number Parlophone GEP 8880. It is named The Beatles' Hits because the songs on the album are hit singles . Because of this, the EP can be seen as an early...
EP from 1963, and The Troggs
The Troggs are an English rock band from the 1960s that had a number of hits in UK and the US. Their most famous songs include, "Wild Thing", "With a Girl Like You", and "Love Is All Around"...
' Troggs Tops EP from 1966, both of which collected previously released tracks. The playing time was generally between ten and 15 minutes. They also came in cardboard picture sleeves at a time when singles were usually issued in paper company sleeves. EPs tended to be album samplers or collections of singles. EPs of all original material began to appear in the 1960s. An example is The Kinks
The Kinks were an English rock band formed in Muswell Hill, North London, by brothers Ray and Dave Davies in 1964. Categorised in the United States as a British Invasion band, The Kinks are recognised as one of the most important and influential rock acts of the era. Their music was influenced by a...
' Kinksize Session
Kinksize Session
Kinksize Session is the first EP released by The Kinks in the UK in 1964, a month after their debut LP. The tracks were all exclusive to this release and it includes some original compositions....
EP from 1964.
During the 1970s, "Maxi-Singles", usually containing three reissued tracks, became fairly popular. Two examples are Jimi Hendrix
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix was an American guitarist and singer-songwriter...
's "Voodoo Child
Voodoo Child (Slight Return)
"Voodoo Child " is the closing track on Electric Ladyland, the third and final album by the Jimi Hendrix Experience. The song is known for its wah-wah-heavy guitar work. It is #101 on Rolling Stone's list of 500 greatest songs of all time....
" from 1971 and David Bowie
David Bowie is an English musician, actor, record producer and arranger. A major figure for over four decades in the world of popular music, Bowie is widely regarded as an innovator, particularly for his work in the 1970s...
's "Space Oddity", a single from 1969 which was reissued in 1975 in RCA's Maxi-Million series. Both of these reached number one in Britain
. The 12-inch singles on vinyl, which played at 45 rpm, were first sold during 1976, and they commonly had extended-time or additional tracks not contained in the seven-inch 45 rpm singles. An example of one of these extended songs was a ten-or-more minute version of the song Love to Love You Baby
Love to Love You Baby
Love to Love You Baby is the second album by Donna Summer, and her first to be released internationally and in the US. Her previous album Lady of the Night was released only in the Netherlands. Love to Love You Baby was released in the US on August 27, 1975.-History:In the summer of 1975, Summer...
by Donna Summer
LaDonna Adrian Gaines , known by her stage name, Donna Summer, is an American singer/songwriter who gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range. Summer is a five-time Grammy winner and was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach...
, which took up one entire side of its record.
Twelve-inch EPs were similar, but generally had between three and five tracks and a length of over 12 minutes. Like seven-inch EPs, these were given titles. EP releases were also issued in cassette
The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a magnetic tape sound recording format. It was designed originally for dictation, but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant the Stereo 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel...
and 10-inch vinyl formats. With the advent of the Compact Disc
The Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage , write-once audio and data storage , rewritable media , Video Compact Discs , Super Video Compact Discs ,...
(CD), more music was often included on "single" releases, with four or five tracks being common, and playing times of up to 25 minutes.
EPs of original material regained popularity in the punk rock
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock...
era, when they were commonly used for the release of new material, e.g. Buzzcocks
Buzzcocks are an English punk rock band formed in Bolton in 1976, led by singer–songwriter–guitarist Pete Shelley.They are regarded as an important influence on the Manchester music scene, the independent record label movement, punk rock, power pop, pop punk and indie rock. They achieved commercial...
' Spiral Scratch EP, which featured four tracks.
Beginning in the 1980s, many so-called "singles" have been sold in formats with more than two tracks. Because of this, the definition of an EP is not determined only by the number of tracks or the playing time; an EP is typically seen as four (or more) tracks of equal importance, as opposed to a four-track single with an obvious A-side and three B-sides.
In the United Kingdom, any record with more than four distinct tracks or with a playing time of more than 25 minutes is classified as an album for sales-chart purposes.
An intermediate format between EPs and full-length LPs is the Mini-LP
, which was a common album format in the 1980s. These generally contained 20–30 minutes of music.
Jukebox EP
In the 1960s and 1970s, record companies released EP versions of long play (LP) albums for use in jukebox
es. These were commonly known as "compact 33s" or "little LPs". They played at 33⅓ rpm, were pressed on 7-inch vinyl and frequently had as many as six songs. What made them EP-like was the fact that some songs were omitted for time purposes, and the tracks deemed the most popular were left on. Unlike most EPs before them, and most 7-inch vinyl in general (pre-1970s), these were issued in stereo.
Concept EP
Concept album
In music, a concept album is an album that is "unified by a theme, which can be instrumental, compositional, narrative, or lyrical." Commonly, concept albums tend to incorporate preconceived musical or lyrical ideas rather than being improvised or composed in the studio, with all songs contributing...
Double EP
A double extended play is the name typically given to vinyl records or CDs released as a set of two discs, each of which would normally qualify as an EP. The name is thus analogous to double album...
Extra Long Play (VCR format)
Gramophone record
A gramophone record, commonly known as a phonograph record , vinyl record , or colloquially, a record, is an analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove...
Long Play
List of number-one EPs (UK)
|
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Can There Be a Revolution in Britain?
Jo Benefield
Report from a Marxist Forum in Bristol
On a sunny Sunday afternoon in April, 30 of us got together in Bristol for one of our regular Marxist forums. Sitting round cafe tables in a friendly and relaxed atmosphere, we discussed the possibility of revolution in Britain. We were of different ages and varying political backgrounds, but what we had in common was a concern about the society we live in and a desire to change it.
Huw, a social worker, introduced the forum. Revolution is necessary, he said, firstly because we can't rely on parliament to bring about fundamental change. Even if MPs voted to deliver power and wealth into the hands of the working class, the state, which is not neutral, would deploy all its resources to maintain the status quo and protect the rich. Secondly, he argued, it is only through revolutionary struggle that the working class can rid itself of all the rubbish that the capitalist system instils in our heads.
Huw then dealt with the argument that there will never be a revolution in this country because British workers have comfortable living standards and a strong belief in parliament. He argued that there have been times when the British working class has challenged its rulers such as in 1919 when Britain was at the brink of revolution, 1926 when there was a General Strike, or during the 1984-85 miners strike.
Huw also looked at the role of the Labour Party. In the past Labour has been able to reflect people's aspirations and direct the unrest into safe channels. As the party is no longer identified with such popular demands as renationalisation its influence is waning. Trade union leaders can still exert control, but workers in Britain are aware of the huge anti-privatisation demonstrations on the continent. They know that 'something is going on', and they want to be part of it.
As soon as Huw had finished speaking there was a rush of questions. Elizabeth, a community activist and a candidate for the Socialist Alliance, wanted to know, 'What is your definition of a revolution?' Nick, who works in further education, asked, 'How do we get from here to there? What are the conditions for revolutionary change? Do we have to be desperate?'
Linnet, a civil servant, acknowledged that there was a fragmentation of support for New Labour but said, 'People believe in "reformism" still. That's the hardest bit--convincing people.' Dave was concerned about violence, and asked if it was inevitable in a revolution. 'What will happen afterwards?' asked Vicki, a third year student. In another contribution the idea that a revolution meant the total and fundamental transformation of society was discussed--ordinary people would control every aspect of life, economic and political, and there would be a huge expansion of democracy.
Caroline, who works in a law centre, referred to Rosa Luxemburg's description of how mass strikes build the revolutionary movement, developing from economic demands to political ones. The question of violence was taken up by Martin, a hospital technician. He acknowledged that there might be some violence in a revolution. 'But', he said, 'that pales into insignificance compared to the levels of violence this system inflicts on millions of people every day.'
Denis, a housing officer, described how throughout history workers involved in revolutionary struggle have organised themselves into democratic structures based in the workplaces and communities. It is through these elected bodies that the working class debates, decides, exerts control and builds the future society.
There was a final question from Dave. 'It's the idea of revolution that frightens people,' he said. 'Is it total, or are we talking about a process of change?'
In the last ten minutes Huw brought together the points raised in the discussion. He emphasised that there is a qualitative jump from massive demonstrations to revolution, from workers thinking, 'We hate the bosses,' to deciding, 'We don't need them.'
Revolutions arise from crisis, when the ruling class can't continue as before and the masses refuse to. To begin with, people will act more revolutionary than they think. But it takes mass struggle to transform workers' consciousness.
Revolutionary movements will always meet political challenges. Leaders of the trade unions or old political parties will put forward ideas that seem to make sense, for example that the workers' councils should simply confine themselves to economic matters.
The more successful the revolution, the less violence there will be. A successful outcome depends on the presence of workers committed to revolution growing from a minority of the class to a majority. They help to carry the revolution forward. In Russia in 1917 the slogan 'Bread, peace and land' required revolutionary methods for them to be achieved.
It had been an enlightening, challenging and inspiring afternoon.
Sudan: "Revolution has changed people's mindset"
Algeria on fire
Sudan at the crossroads
Iran 1979: an opportunity squandered
Malcolm X: The road to revolution
|
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Q: How to access elements with specific class as soon as document has loaded I have several occurrences of the following html:
<label class="control-label translate">Color </label>
I want to grab the text of each label with the class translate as soon as the document has loaded and put together the following jQuery to test how to do that.
$(document).ready(function () {
$(".translate").each(function(index,item) {
alert("text: " + $(item).text());
})
});
Doesn't look like the function is being executed because I don;t see any alert messages. There are no errors in the js console.
What did I miss?
A: Your code works fine, but I think you forgot to include jQuery. Just add this to the beginning of the HTML page. I suspect this is the case if you're getting no feed back. You can also see if $ is defined in console.
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
$(document).ready(function () {
$(".translate").each(function(index,item) {
alert("text: " + $(item).text());
})
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<label class="control-label translate">Color </label>
A: Sorry guys, stupid mistake on my part which I just noticed. All working fine now.
Pete
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Christer Segersteén is resigning from his position as Chairman of Södra after a total of 24 years on the Board. The Nomination Committee has proposed Lena Ek as new Chairman, and Hans Berggren as new Board member.
Christer Segersteén was Vice Chairman for 18 years and Chairman for four. In 2015, he will turn 65.
"The proposals that the Nomination Committee will now present to the AGM will ensure that the Board is composed of appropriate and highly competent members, who also represent renewal. Lena Ek has an extensive background in politics and has served on the Board of Södra for 10 years. Hans Berggren has extensive experience in the industry, as well as in cooperative enterprises. Both are forest owners and members of Södra," says Nomination Committee Chairman, Tomas Andersson.
Lena Ek has worked politically at municipal, county, national and EU levels, and serves on the Board of the Swedish Centre Party as well as the Party's Executive Committee. She was Minister for the Environment from 2011-2014 under the Swedish Alliance government and since the election in 2014, has been a Member of the Riksdag and Deputy Chair of the Committee on Environment and Agriculture. Lena Ek has been a member of Södra for many years, and owns forest properties outside Mönsterås where she grew up. She served on Södra's Board from 2000-2010. She was born in 1958, has a degree in international law, and lives in Valdemarsvik.
"Södra is an important organisation and means a lot to us as members. Whatever forest owners do, they can always turn to Södra, and the value that Södra generates for us as its owners is fantastic. The forest and forest fibre have enormous potential in terms of new products and new markets. It is an honour to be recommended by the Nomination Committee," said Lena Ek.
The proposed new Board member is Hans Berggren, President of the co-operative association Sveriges Stärkelseproducenter and its three subsidiaries Lyckeby Culinar AB, Lyckeby Starch AB and Kockens AB. The Group generates sales of SEK 1.2 billion and sells products to the paper and food industries. Hans Berggren was born in 1956, is an agronomist and lives outside Karlshamn.
Anders Grennborg, 62, is resigning from the Board after 13 years, and Caroline Sundewall after five years.
The proposed re-elections to the Board are Marie Hallén and Ola Hildingsson.
Södra's Annual General Meeting will be held on 19 May in Växjö.
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Poetry is not just for grown-ups or those trying to woo a lover. The Leave This Song Behind collection of teen poetry by Teen Ink is proof that poetry can be found everywhere in life.
The collection features some of the best teen poetry of today. Reflecting teen culture, many of the poems adhere to a more free-verse style as is evident in modern slams.
This collection contains some real gems of poetry, like Bluebells, Dear Michaelangelo, Don't Fall In Love, and A Letter To The Past, Present, and Future Selves.
What really becomes evident is that this generation deals with some real and uly problems, deeply human flaws and raw emotions – and sometimes the best way to express all of these feelings is through poetry. With a collection of poems by several different authors, it is only natural that not all poems are to a reader's individual tastes.
Because while there are some really beautiful and touching works in this collection, there are also a few which come across as overly pretentious. One run-on sentence in a weird format – like every wors in a new line – does not necessarily make a poem. And even though many of the poems deal with depression, selfworth issues, and unrequited love, the teen angst seems to be a red thread throughout the whole book.
It is a nicely edited book. The poems are split into different sections, which makes it easy to find a poem you are in the mood for. There are even notes by the poets, but unfortunately, these are at the very end of the book. Personally, I would have prefered to have the notes close to the poems they relate to, as the flipping back and forth does get tiresome. Another issue is that the best poems are towards the middle of the book, and the beginning of the collection is not as powerful as it should by rights be in order to draw the reader in.
Leave This Song Behind is a nice poetry collection which gives a unique insight into the problems teenagers of today have to deal with, but it could have made even more of an impact than it does.
Advance Review Copy in eBook format by NetGalley.
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With Smart-X SignatureOne you can auatomaticaly create Designed mail signature. Design the template, install SignatureOne and let it create all users mail signatures in a click. SignatureOne is a utility which enables you to create an Outlook Signature template which embeds Active Directory properties and distribute the signature to users in your organization.
Office 2003 and 2007, Preconfigured Exchange account, and .Net Framework 2.0.
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Female Singer Hire for Event- Available across UK.
We have a selection of the UK's finest female jazz singers on our books available to hire for corporate events, networking events, product launches and weddings.
Singing your favourite jazz songs these singers have all been trained at London's leading music colleges, performing as a duo with piano or guitar, jazz trio or quartet. Available to hire across London, UK and Europe.
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This February class is now FULL and not accepting further registrations. Please consider our March Seminar. If you are very serious about the program, and cannot attend in March, please contact our office to discuss options.
This first course introduces students to Medical Qigong theory and teaches them exercises that are designed to heal the body, calm the mind, and connect with spirit. Students learn a highly transformative qigong set that they can use for their own personal cultivation.
Medical Qigong exercises will be taught that help the body correct both physical and energetic imbalances. These exercises strengthen and regulate the internal organs, the nervous and immune systems, relieve pain, regulate hormones, and assist in the release of deep-seated emotions.
The course will introduce the student to the basic theories of energy tonification, purgation, and regulation. Student will begin to use these theories and specific qigong exercises to work with their own body's organs and energy channels, as well as to strengthen the body's protective energy field (Wei Qi).
Students will have a basic understanding of the three regulations of medical qigong and be able to properly develop a medical qigong routine.
This class is taught twice a year, usually in February or March. Students in the MQP program are only required to take it once.
|
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Source: United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation | Nov 26, 2022
His Highness Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed receives Somalia's foreign minister
During the meeting, which took place in Abu Dhabi, the sides discussed means of enhancing ties between their countries
Get source logo
Somalian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation expressed his appreciation for the UAE's ongoing support of Somalia and its people
ABU DHABI, United Arab Emirates, November 26, 2022/APO Group/ --
H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, has met with Abshir Omar Jama, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Federal Republic of Somalia.
During the meeting, which took place in Abu Dhabi, the sides discussed means of enhancing ties between their countries.
They also exchanged views a number of regional and international issues of common concern.
Sheikh Abdullah welcomed Jama's visit, and highlighted the brotherly ties that bind the UAE and Somalia, and their eagerness to boost their cooperation, to further their common interests and support efforts to achieve peace, stability and drive development in Somalia.
For his part, the Somalian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation expressed his appreciation for the UAE's ongoing support of Somalia and its people, wishing for the UAE continued progress and prosperity.
He also affirmed that his country is keen on boosting its cooperation with the UAE in all fields, lauding the UAE's leading status regionally and globally.
The meeting was attended by Sheikh Shakhboot bin Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, Minister of State.
Distributed by APO Group on behalf of United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation.
His Highness Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed receives Somalia's foreign minister During the meeting, which took place in Abu Dhabi, the sides discussed means of enhancing ties between their countries ABU DHABI, United Arab Emirates, November 26, 2022/APO Group/ -- H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, has met with Abshir Omar Jama, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Federal Republic of Somalia. During the meeting, which took place in Abu Dhabi, the sides discussed means of enhancing ties between their countries. They also exchanged views a number of regional and international issues of common concern. Sheikh Abdullah welcomed Jama's visit, and highlighted the brotherly ties that bind the UAE and Somalia, and their eagerness to boost their cooperation, to further their common interests and support efforts to achieve peace, stability and drive development in Somalia. For his part, the Somalian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation expressed his appreciation for the UAE's ongoing support of Somalia and its people, wishing for the UAE continued progress and prosperity. He also affirmed that his country is keen on boosting its cooperation with the UAE in all fields, lauding the UAE's leading status regionally and globally. The meeting was attended by Sheikh Shakhboot bin Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, Minister of State. Distributed by APO Group on behalf of United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation.
Text copied to clipboard.
Source: State House – Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles | Jan 27, 2023 Seychelles: Appointment of the Chief Executive Officer of the Seychelles National Youth Council
Mr. Duncan has a Bachelor's Degree in Social Policy from the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom
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Wonder if Luana is more popular for boys or girls?
This chart illustrates how many Girls were named Luana in the U.S. since 1880.
Records indicate that 567 girls in the United States have been named Luana since 1880.
The greatest number of people were given this name in 1947, when 164 people in the U.S. were given the name Luana. Those people are now 71 years old.
What do you think about the name Luana?
|
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Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA
0.638% growth
In 2017, Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA had a population of 131k people with a median age of N/A and a median household income of $94,322. Between 2016 and 2017 the population of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA grew from 130,137 to 130,749, a 0.47% increase and its median household income grew from $91,372 to $94,322, a 3.23% increase.
The population of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is 52.7% White Alone, 32.9% Hispanic or Latino, and 9.15% Asian Alone. 30.9% of the people in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA speak a non-English language, and 90.8% are U.S. citizens.
The largest universities in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are California State University-Channel Islands (1,807 degrees awarded in 2017) and St John's Seminary (25 degrees).
The median property value in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is $572,800, and the homeownership rate is 68.3%. Most people in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA commute by Drove Alone, and the average commute time is 23.9 minutes. The average car ownership in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is 2 cars per household.
Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA borders South Coast Region PUMA, CA, Oxnard & Port Hueneme Cities PUMA, CA, Thousand Oaks City PUMA, CA, San Buenaventura (Ventura) City PUMA, CA, Santa Paula, Fillmore & Ojai Cities PUMA, CA, Simi Valley City PUMA, CA, and Calabasas, Agoura Hills, Malibu & Westlake Village Cities PUMA, CA.
United StatesCalifornia
The economy of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA employs 59.2k people. The largest industries in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are Elementary & secondary schools (3,975 people), Restaurants & Food Services (3,794 people), and Construction (2,541 people), and the highest paying industries are Professional & commercial equipment & supplies merchant wholesalers ($295,425), Apparel, piece goods, & notions merchant wholesalers ($183,626), and Computer & peripheral equipment manufacturing ($170,405).
Median household income in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is $94,322. Males in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA have an average income that is 1.41 times higher than the average income of females, which is $61,638. The income inequality in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA (measured using the Gini index) is 0.503, which is higher than than the national average.
Households in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA have a median annual income of $94,322, which is more than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $91,372 in 2016, which represents a 3.23% annual growth.
Look at the chart to see how the median household income in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
± $13,657
In 2017, full-time male employees in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA made 1.41 times more than female employees.
This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA by number of full-time employees.
In 2017 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA workers was Black. These workers were paid 1.11 times more than Asian workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity.
This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA by number of full-time employees.
In 2017, the income inequality in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was 0.503 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.36% growth from 2016 to 2017, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even.
The 2017 the GINI for Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was higher than than the national average of 0.479. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA in comparison to the national average.
This chart shows the number of workers in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA across various wage buckets compared to the national average.
TotalWhiteBlackNative AmericanAsianOtherTwo Or MoreWhite Non-HispanicHispanic
Cupertino, Saratoga Cities & Los Gatos Town PUMA, CA
San Ramon City & Danville Town PUMA, CA
Inner Mission & Castro PUMA, CA
In 2018, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was Cupertino, Saratoga Cities & Los Gatos Town PUMA, CA with a value of $181,965, followed by San Ramon City & Danville Town PUMA, CA and Inner Mission & Castro PUMA, CA, with respective values of $179,435 and $164,252.
The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).
N/A% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA (N/A out of N/A people) live below the poverty line, a number that is approximately the same as the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 35 - 44, followed by Males 6 - 11 and then Females 25 - 34.
The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is White, followed by Hispanic and Asian.
± 0.638%
From 2016 to 2017, employment in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA grew at a rate of 0.638%, from 58.8k employees to 59.2k employees.
The most common job groups, by number of people living in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, are Miscellaneous managers (1,676 people), Retail salespersons (1,555 people), and Registered nurses (1,318 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA.
The most common jobs held by residents of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, by number of employees, are Miscellaneous managers (1,676 people), Retail salespersons (1,555 people), and Registered nurses (1,318 people).
Compared to other pumas, Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA has an unusually high number of residents working as Avionics technicians (11.1 times higher than expected), Graders & sorters, agricultural products (6.58 times), and Firstline supervisors of fire fighting & prevention workers (6.22 times).
The highest paid jobs held by residents of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, by average salary, are Chief executives & legislators ($296,127), Physicians & surgeons ($253,618), and Architectural & engineering managers ($229,127).
The most common employment sectors for those who live in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, are Elementary & secondary schools (3,975 people), Restaurants & Food Services (3,794 people), and Construction (2,541 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, though some of these residents may live in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.
The most common industries in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, by number of employees, are Elementary & secondary schools (3,975 people), Restaurants & Food Services (3,794 people), and Construction (2,541 people).
Compared to other pumas, Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA has an unusually high number of U. S. Navy (12.2 times higher than expected), Musical instrument & supplies stores (7.16 times), and Support activities for agriculture & forestry (5.8 times) industries.
The highest paying industries in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, by average salary, are Professional & commercial equipment & supplies merchant wholesalers ($295,425), Apparel, piece goods, & notions merchant wholesalers ($183,626), and Computer & peripheral equipment manufacturing ($170,405).
Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from California to other states, or from other states to California.
In 2015, the top outbound California product (by dollars) was Electronics with $232B, followed by Mixed freight ($172B) and Gasoline ($136B).
The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound California products.
Showing data for California state.
$1.7T
$2.48T
In 2020, total outbound California trade was $1.7T. This is expected to increase 46.3% to $2.48T by 2045.
The following chart shows how the domestic outbound California trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.
Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from California to other states, or from other states to California.
$34B
In 2015, the top outbound California domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Texas with $71.8B, followed by Arizona with $46.9B and Washington and $34B.
The following map shows the amount of trade that California shares with each state (excluding itself).
91% of the population of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA has health coverage, with 51.3% on employee plans, 11.2% on Medicaid, 10.8% on Medicare, 14.3% on non-group plans, and 3.48% on military or VA plans.
Per capita personal health care spending in the puma of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was $7,549 in 2014. This is a 4.04% increase from the previous year ($7,256).
Primary care physicians in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA see 1281 patients per year on average, which represents a 0% change from the previous year (1281 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1214 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 324 patients per year.
Comparing across all counties in the state, Tehama County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (10.6%). Additionally, Tulare County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (33.4%)
Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for California.
Primary care physicians in California see an average of 1,281 patients per year. This represents a 0% change from the previous year (1,281 patients).
The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in California in comparison to neighboring states.
Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in California (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4.04%, from $7,256 to $7,549.
Between N/A and 2016, the percent of uninsured citizens in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA stayed by NaNk% from N/A% to 8.97%.
The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.
Tehama County has the highest prevalence of diabetes in California, at 10.6%.
The following map shows the prevalence of diabetes in California by county over multiple years.
Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is home to a population of 131k people, from which 90.8% are citizens. As of 2016, 18.9% of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA residents were born outside of the country (24.6k people).
The ethnic composition of the population of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is composed of 69k White Alone residents (52.7%), 43k Hispanic or Latino residents (32.9%), 12k Asian Alone residents (9.15%), 4.21k Two or More Races residents (3.22%), 2.08k Black or African American Alone residents (1.59%), 277 American Indian & Alaska Native Alone residents (0.212%), 190 Some Other Race Alone residents (0.145%), and 115 Native Hawaiian & Other Pacific Islander Alone residents (0.088%).
The most common foreign languages spoken in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are Spanish (26,727 speakers), Tagalog (Incl. Filipino) (2,604 speakers), and Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (1,400 speakers).
In N/A, the median age of all people in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was N/A. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 34, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 47. But people in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are getting N/A. In N/A, the average age of all Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA residents was N/A.
As of 2016, 18.9% of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA residents (24.6k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.7%. In 2015, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was 18.6%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.
The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
13,302 ± 2,684 people
In 2017, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was Mexico, the natal country of 13,302 Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA residents, followed by Philippines with 3,175 and India with 863.
As of 2017, 90.8% of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.2%. In 2016, the percentage of US citizens in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was 90.6%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.
The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
69k ± 1.49k
43k ± 2k
Asian Alone
12k ± 954
In 2017, there were 1.6 times more White Alone residents (69k people) in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 43k Hispanic or Latino and 12k Asian Alone residents, the second and third most common racial or ethnic groups.
The following bar chart shows the 8 races and ethnicities represented in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA as a share of the total population.
30.9% of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA citizens are speakers of a non-English language, which is higher than the national average of 21.9%. In 2017, the most common non-English language spoken in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was Spanish. 21.8% of the overall population of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are native Spanish speakers. 2.12% speak Tagalog (Incl. Filipino) and 1.14% speak Spanish, the next two most common languages.
Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.86 times greater than any other conflict.
In 2017, universities in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA awarded 1,832 degrees. The student population of Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is skewed towards women, with 2,819 male students and 4,754 female students.
Most students graduating from Universities in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are Hispanic or Latino (738 and 41.2%), followed by White (644 and 36%), Unknown (133 and 7.43%), and Asian (127 and 7.09%).
The largest universities in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA by number of degrees awarded are California State University-Channel Islands (1,807 and 98.6%) and St John's Seminary (25 and 1.36%).
The most popular majors in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are General Psychology (313 and 17.1%), General Business Administration & Management (271 and 14.8%), and Speech Communication & Rhetoric (150 and 8.19%).
The median tuition costs in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA are $N/A for private four year colleges, and $5,742 and $17,622 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.
Bachelors DegreePostbaccalaureate CertificateMasters Degree
General Business Administration & Management
Speech Communication & Rhetoric
In 2015, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was General Psychology with 313 degrees awarded.
This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA according to their major.
California State University-Channel Islands
St John's Seminary
In 2017, the Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA institution with the largest number of graduating students was California State University-Channel Islands with 1,807 degrees awarded.
In 2017, 671 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA, which is 0.578 times less than the 1,161 female students who received degrees in the same year.
This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA by degrees awarded.
In 2017 the majority of degrees awarded at institutions in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA were to Hispanic or Latino students. These 738 degrees mean that there were 1.15 times more Hispanic or Latino students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, White, with 644 degrees awarded.
The median property value in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was $572,800 in 2017, which is 2.49 times larger than the national average of $229,700. Between 2016 and 2017 the median property value increased from $534,900 to $572,800, a 7.09% increase. The homeownership rate in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is 68.3%, which is higher than the national average of 63.9%. People in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA have an average commute time of 23.9 minutes, and they commute by Drove Alone. Car ownership in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.
In 2017, the median property value in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA grew to to $572,800 from the previous year's value of $534,900.
The following charts display, first, the property values in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA the largest share of households have a property value in the $500k - $750k range.
In 2017, the median household income of the 42.7k households in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA grew to $94,322 from the previous year's value of $91,372.
The following chart displays the households in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $200k+ range.
$3k+
This chart shows the households in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.
In 2017, 68.3% of the housing units in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 68.5%.
This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.
Using averages, employees in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA have a shorter commute time (23.9 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.1 minutes). Additionally, 3.14% of the workforce in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.
The chart below shows how the median household income in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
In 2017, the most common method of travel for workers in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA was Drove Alone (79.9%), followed by those who Carpooled (9.23%) and those who Worked At Home (5.88%).
The following chart displays the households in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Camarillo & Moorpark Cities PUMA, CA have 2 cars, followed by 3 cars.
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA
South Coast Region PUMA, CA
Oxnard & Port Hueneme Cities PUMA, CA
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Johann Jakob Sigle (* 1. November 1861 in Kornwestheim; † 5. Juli 1935 in Wiesbaden; Schreibweise des Vornamens teilweise auch "Jacob") war ein deutscher Schuhmacher, auf dessen Werkstatt von 1895 in Kornwestheim die Entwicklung der Schuhproduktion von Salamanderschuhen nach 1905 zurückzuführen ist.
Leben
Jakob Sigle kam als Sohn der Elisabeth Sigle, geb. Hammer (1837–1890), und des Johann Christoph Sigle (1832–1899) zur Welt. Sein jüngerer Bruder war Ernst Sigle.
Sigle machte zunächst eine Schuhmacherlehre in seiner Heimatstadt, um dann 1878 bis 1881 in Marbach am Neckar zu arbeiten. Während seiner Militärzeit in Ulm 1881 bis 1884 war er Kompanieschuster. Anschließend arbeitete er in Stuttgart, um sich dann ab 1885 in Kornwestheim mit seinem Meisterbetrieb selbständig zu machen; 1889 erfolgte mit seinem Bruder Christoph die Firmengründung "Gebrüder Sigle". Ab 1891 übernahm der Stuttgarter Handelsvertreter Max Levi (1868–1925) den Vertrieb.
Bei seinen Reisen nach Amerika ab 1900 informierte sich Jakob Sigle und ergänzte das Wissen durch die in Deutschland begonnene Verbandsarbeit innerhalb der Schuhbranche über die Entwicklung der Schuh-Fabrikation. Als sich der Wechsel von der handwerklichen zur industriellen Produktion in den Fertigungsbereichen Kornwestheim etwas stabilisiert hatte wurden die ersten Schuhmuster deutschlandweit an Ladenbesitzer geschickt. Davon erhielt im Sommer 1902 der Schuhladen von Rudolf Moos einige Exemplare. Die Geschäftsleute wurden sich daraufhin mit Moos einig und so konnten in dem am 20. Dezember 1903 in Berlin eröffneten "Salamander-Laden" die ersten Herrenschuhe aus der Produktion von Jacob Sigle verkauft werden. Im Unternehmen der Gebrüder Sigle waren schon notwendige Schritte der gebotenen Arbeitsteilung getroffen. So trugen die beiden Brüder Sigle die Verantwortung für die Produktion, die kaufmännische Leitung des Unternehmens hatte Isidor Rothschild inne und Max Levy war für den Verkauf zuständig. Aus Anlass eines Besuches im Februar 1904 durch Moos in den Produktionsstätten von Kornwestheim wurden dann wichtige strategische Entscheidungen getroffen. Diese sahen vor, dass sich Jakob Sigle zukünftig um die Organisation und Vergrößerung der Schuhfabrik kümmert und für seinen bisherigen Arbeitsbereich wurde ein erfahrener Zuschnittmeister eingestellt. Dabei war das Ziel, vor allem den Absatz gezielt und deutschlandweit aufzubauen. Und mit diesem Schritt rückte die Notwendigkeit in das Bewusstsein der Schuhfabrikanten, auch den regionalen Mode- und Kaufgewohnheiten stärker Rechnung zu tragen. Im März 1905 hatten Rudolf Moos nach gemeinsamer Absprache in Berlin die "Salamander-Schuh GmbH" gemeinsam mit Max Levi gegründet. Alleiniger Geschäftsführer war Moos. Um die damit größeren Produktionsmengen erreichen zu können wurde im Juni ein weiteres Grundstück in Kornwestheim für den Bau einer neuen Fabrik gekauft. Die Berliner Gesellschaft fungierte als Mutterfirma als dann im Juli 1906 in Stuttgart die "Salamander Schuhgesellschaft mbH" als Tochtergesellschaft durch Jakob Sigle und Rudolf Moos angemeldet wurde. Alleiniger Geschäftsführer für Stuttgart war Sem Levy, der Bruder von Max. Ziel war es, eine feste Kooperation zwischen der Fertigung und dem Verkauf von Schuhen herzustellen. Das war ein Novum für die Zeit. Dabei verfolgten sie die Strategie, Schuhe in guter Qualität zu Einheitspreisen, die damals bei 12,50 Mark je Paar lagen, anzubieten. Fünf weitere Geschäfte folgten 1906 in anderen Großstädten Deutschlands wie beispielsweise, Dresden, Köln, Magdeburg, Hannover und Breslau. Bereits 1908 wurde das erste Salamander-Schuhgeschäft außerhalb der Grenzen Deutschlands eröffnet. Doch der schnelle Aufstieg und die geschäftlichen Erfolge führten zu Streitigkeiten zwischen den Geschäftspartnern und so übernahm "J. Sigle & Cie" zum 1. Januar 1910 das gesamte Unternehmen. Max Levi baute daraufhin ein eigenes Filialnetz auf, das noch im bald 26 Geschäfte umfasste. 1916 wurde das Unternehmen in eine AG umgewandelt und es erfolgte der Zusammenschluss der vier Geschäftsbereiche, Fabrikation in Kornwestheim, Fabrikation in Türkheim (1917), Vertriebsgesellschaft in Stuttgart (1906) und Berlin (1905).
Jakob Sigle und sein jüngerer Bruder Ernst waren als Inhaber sowie Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender und dessen Stellvertreter zusammen mit dem Generaldirektor Alexander Haffner, beginnend mit dem Jahr 1932, hauptverantwortlich für die Übernahme der Anteile der jüdischen Gesellschafter der Salamander AG.
Sigle engagierte sich auch sozialpolitisch, indem er 1905 die Arbeitszeit auf 53 Wochenstunden herabsetzte und ab 1912 als erster Schuhfabrikant Deutschlands für seine Beschäftigten eine Woche bezahlten Urlaub einführte.
Literatur
Martin Otto: Jacob Sigle. In: Maria Magdalena Rückert (Hrsg.): Württembergische Biographien unter Einbeziehung hohenzollerischer Persönlichkeiten. Band II. Im Auftrag der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-17-021530-6, S. 270–273.
Weblinks
Salamanders dunkle Vergangenheit. Bericht aus Anlass der Einweihung der Gedenktafel Zwangsarbeit bei Salamander. In: Kornwestheimer Zeitung vom 11. August 2020.
Einzelnachweise
Schuhmacher
Person (Kornwestheim)
Ehrenbürger im Landkreis Ludwigsburg
Unternehmer (Schuhwirtschaft)
Unternehmer (Württemberg)
Württemberger
Deutscher
Geboren 1861
Gestorben 1935
Mann
|
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Q: detecting scroll event on a page-scoped div When a css file contains an instruction like this:
body {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
A JS code like the following does not detect the scrolling event.
$(window).on('scroll', function(){
alert('this alert does not fire');
});
I guess with that css, there is no possibility of a scroll event and hence the reason why the scrolling event does not fire.
So I wrapped the entire page body content into a div, like this:
<body>
<div canvas="container">
the entire page content here
</div>
</body>
In this case, what would be the correct version of the JS code below so we can catch these alerts in a timely fashion?
$(window).on('scroll', function(){
if( $(window).scrollTop()>50 ){
alert('1');
}
else {
alert('2');
}
});
A: When a page is styled like:
body {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
you cannot listen for the window scroll event because there is nothing to scroll.
Instead, you may use mouse wheel event:
$(window).on('wheel', function(){
console.log('this alert fires');
});
body {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
UPDATE
You may handle the following events:
*
*wheel (when you use the mouse wheel)
*mousedown (when you click on the scroll bar of the doc to scroll)
*keydown (ctrl+home, ctrl+hend, down-up arrow, pgdown and pgup: keyboard scrolling)
The new snippet:
$(document).on('wheel mousedown keydown', function(e){
if (e.type == 'wheel' || (e.target.id == 'full-content-div' && e.type == 'mousedown' && e.clientX >= $('div[canvas="container"]').width()) ||
(e.type == 'keydown' && ((e.ctrlKey && (e.keyCode == 36 || e.which == 35)) ||
(!e.ctrlKey && (e.keyCode == 33 || e.which == 34 || e.which == 38|| e.which == 40))))
) {
console.log(e.type + ' event');
}
});
div[canvas="container"]{
width: 100%;
height: 100vh;
overflow: scroll;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div canvas="container" id="full-content-div">
the entire page content here
</div>
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Nested in Paradigm Mall JB, Miki Bakery specialises in various tarts and pastries that are freshly baked daily. The store offers treats like heong peah, salty tau sah, tambun biscuit, kaya puff, and pineapple cake, all made without pork and lard. Try their signature BBQ siew bao, a crispy outer layer of pastry enclosing an interior of barbecued minced chicken, available as honey chicken and mushroom chicken. Various tarts are also sold at the bakery, such as the German egg tarts, Portuguese egg tarts, and Japan cheese tarts.
|
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April 5 2011, 7:00 PM
Kevin Kling
Faith & Healing: Storytelling and Spiritual Health
Kevin Kling is a well-known playwright and storyteller, and his commentaries can be heard on NPR's All Things Considered. His plays and adaptations have been performed around the world. He lives in Minneapolis.
Kevin Kling, best known for his popular commentaries on National Public Radio's All Things Considered and his storytelling stage shows like Tales from the Charred Underbelly of the Yule Log, delivers hilarious, often tender stories. Kling's autobiographical tales are as enchanting as they are true to life: hopping freight trains, getting hit by lightning, performing his banned play in Czechoslovakia, growing up in Minnesota, and eating things before knowing what they are.
Kevin Kling describes his zodiac sign as "Minnesota with Iowa rising…" He grew up in Osseo, a Minneapolis suburb, and graduated from Gustavus Adolphus College in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in theater. His storytelling started when a friend from the now defunct Brass Tacks Theatre asked him to perform his stories. Since then, he has been awarded numerous arts grants and fellowships. The National Endowment for the Arts, The McKnight Foundation, The Minnesota State Arts Board, The Bush Foundation, The Jerome Foundation and others have recognized Kling's artistry.
Kling was born with a congenital birth defect — his left arm is about three-quarters the size of his right arm, and his left hand has no wrist or thumb. More than five years ago, Kling was in a motorcycle accident. The brachial plexus nerves in his right arm were pulled completely out of their sockets. Currently, he has partial use of his left arm and cannot use his right arm at all.
Kevin Kling continues to write plays and stories in a rigorous fashion, and travels around the globe to numerous storytelling festivals, residencies, and has been invited to perform the acclaimed National Storytelling Festival in Jonesborough, TN for his fourth consecutive year. Kevin has released a number of compact disc collections of his stories and most recently his first book titled The Dog Says How hit the shelves in October 2009.
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Schooling in a Pandemic
Neumann Goretti
Coronavirus Cases Cause South Philly Catholic School to Take Learning Online Only
Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti High School students will be learning online only for the next two weeks after three students tested positive for the novel coronavirus
By Dan Stamm • Published October 13, 2020 • Updated on October 14, 2020 at 6:45 am
Students at a South Philadelphia Catholic high school are transitioning to virtual-only learning for a couple weeks after at least three students tested positive for the novel coronavirus.
Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti High School President Joseph McColgan and Principal Hugh Quigley announced the changes in a letter Monday.
The three students that tested positive for COVID-19 are in two different grades and each are believed to have been exposed to a contagious family member, the letter said.
schooling in a pandemic Jan 11
Back to the Classroom in Delaware After Governor Pushes for Hybrid Learning
Delaware Jan 5
Gov. Carney Urges Delaware Schools to Return to Hybrid Learning
School leadership said it reached out to the Philadelphia Health Department, which didn't mandate that they cease hybrid learning. But, "out of an abundance of caution," Neumann Goretti decided to go to all-virtual instruction to give the health department time to contact trace.
"What's very important is that so far we have none of the sites where we have evidence there's infection spread within the school," Philadelphia Health Director Dr. Thomas Farley said Tuesday while addressing COVID-19 cases reported among students and/or staff in at least a couple dozen schools throughout the city.
Neumann Goretti asked that any students in a household where someone is exhibiting coronavirus-related symptoms to notify the school so they can track any potential outbreaks.
Students had been attending in-person classes two to three days a week, so they already are familiar with virtual learning schedules. Students will now be learning virtually from Tuesday until Oct. 23. The school plans to bring students back to the classroom on Monday, Oct. 26.
In the meantime as student learn online, the school reiterated calls for good hygiene and the use of face coverings when around people who aren't in your immediate family.
Neumann GoretticoronavirusSouth Philadelphiaschooling in a pandemicCatholic school
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Electronic cigarettes get mixed reviews, toxins still found
By Rhiannon Hecht on October 28, 2009
Electronic cigarettes have become a debatable topic among health specialists; companies claim they are more environmentally friendly than traditional cigarettes, yet traces of toxins have still been found.
Companies that sell electronic cigarettes market the product as a way to stamp out the bad habit of smoking. The battery-powered device, which is often shaped like a traditional cigarette, can vary in shape and size. It functions like a vaporizer, turning the device's inside nicotine chemical solution into a vapor the user inhales. The solutions are replaceable.
The devices come in various flavors and nicotine concentrates, and have been developed so that a "high" dose of solution is roughly equivalent in nicotine to that administered in a traditional cigarette, while "mid-range" and "low" correspond to "light" and "ultra-
light," respectively.
The flavor of electronic cigarettes is intended to be much like that of a tobacco cigarette but they contain no tobacco, produce no smoke, and no combustion occurs. Air flow is detected by a sensor activated by the heating element which vaporizes the nicotine solution stored in the mouthpiece. At this point, the vapor is inhaled.
Perry Wilson, a previous actor for the Mills Players, recently quit smoking. He said, "It's an interesting idea. It's a cool concept in that it allows people to get nicotine while on a plane or in travel. When I did smoke, traveling would suck because of sometimes being stuck for hours and hours
without a cigarette!"
The product is, at least for now, legal to use in closed spaces where smoking traditional cigarettes is not allowed. The electronic cigarette is smokeless and would thus not violate any "no
smoking" ordinances.
The FDA's Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis assessed sample cartridges from two of the leading brands of electronic cigarettes in July. The FDA says on it's website that, "In one sample, the FDA's analysis detected diethylene glycol, a chemical used in antifreeze that is toxic to humans, and in several other samples, the FDA analysis detected carcinogens
including nitrosamines."
The FDA, however, has done very little testing so it doesn't know much about the health effects, nor amounts and/or kinds of other chemicals that the various brands
of products deliver.
Users of the device have had mixed reviews. Junior Veronica Beaty said she tried an electronic cigarette at a hookah bar. "I don't like it. The cigarette itself is too heavy. Also, I like smoking because I am drawing in long, even breaths. There is just air in the E-Cigarettes," she said.
Emily Buschow, a first year, said she would like to try an electronic cigarette. She has not tried one because they are too expensive. She said, "I haven't been near anyone using one, and I don't want to buy it."
Buschow said the electronic cigarette's selling point is its ability to be smoked anywhere. "It's weird that it's socially acceptable," she said.
Rhiannon Hecht
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Being a independently owned and operated auto repair and maintenance shop for over 32 years, we take great pride in providing our customers with top-quality products and excellent service. We offer a 180-day labor warranty for 100% satisfaction. And, because we care about our environment, our shop processes are in accordance with state and national regulations regarding environmental safety.
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When Miki Jones is pulled from her life, pulled through time and space into some kind of game — her carefully controlled life spirals into chaos.
In the game, she and a team of other teens are sent on missions to eliminate the Drau, terrifying and beautiful alien creatures. There are no practice runs, no training, and no way out. Miki has only the guidance of secretive but maddeningly attractive team leader Jackson Tate, who says the game isn't really a game, that what Miki and her new teammates do now determines their survival, and the survival of every other person on this planet. She laughs. He doesn't. And then the game takes a deadly and terrifying turn.
Rush was a mind-blowing, original science fiction story to read, possibly replacing my favorite sci-fi read. Half of Miki's life has been about hiding behind a façade. Miki hides her emotions about her mother's passing, hides how she feels about her father's personal issues, and hides how recent events are turning her life upside down; making her keep secrets from those she cares about most. But however much she tries to keep a front about what she's really feeling behind the scenes, Miki's closest friend—Carly—manages to be able to sense how much Miki is keeping closed lip. Miki tries to balance out both parts of her life, the real world life and the game life, but ends up jeopardizing her friendship with Carly. In the process of trying to stay out of too much danger, Miki manages to fall hard for someone who puts up a front as well and makes new friends in the most unlikely of places.
Miki never expected her life to go topsy-turvy one afternoon while hanging out with her group of friends. It's apparent something will occur because of how she starts hearing a male voice—Jackson—in her head calling her name. Miki instantly goes on alert mode and watches her surroundings, only seeing her friends on the ground near her talking amongst themselves and a guy who used to be her childhood friend named Luka running laps around the track field. When Miki looks around again, she notices a little girl in the middle of the street bent over something. In that moment the voice convinces her she needs to save the girl before she's hit by a car and that's when Miki's normal life changes to a dangerous and crazy one. I'm positive when I say that I instantly took a liking to Miki and Luka from the start. However, when Jackson was introduced not too long after, I didn't warm up to him that quickly. It took a really long time for me to really care about his character and by the time I did I felt like I knew why he was so closed-off. In reality, Jackson wasn't that different from Miki and I think that's what drew them together.
When I started reading Rush, the details of how Miki materializes in a game reality really boggled my mind, but as the story kept going I managed to accept the 'rules' of this journey Miki was embarking on. I thought it was amazing how Eve Silver managed to balance out the world building of this story. As a reader, it was super helpful to learn about the game and the rules that went along with that world. It was also insightful to see what happened when Miki wasn't in the game, but was in her real teenage life that included obstacles she had to endure as well. Then there were the interactions between the characters that made them seem a lot more real and a lot more relatable. After reading about a quarter of the book, the pacing started speeding along and all I could do was enjoy the ride and be fully absorbed in the events that surrounded Miki. One thing that put a damper in the story was Carly's attitude. I just couldn't handle the way she instantly got upset over Miki being secretive over stuff she wouldn't tell her about. Carly pretty much stayed the same way throughout the last half of the story, but I'm hoping she'll be more forgiving in book two. Then there is Miki's dad. That man, he definitely needs to listen to his daughter a lot more. If only he realized how much reason Miki has for her age.
Overall, Rush by Eve Silver was an extraordinary story to read set in a one-of-a-kind science fiction world. It did start out semi-confusing, but as I kept on reading it became easier to comprehend what exactly was going on and what everything meant. As the game continued, the danger built to the point where I was afraid something terrible would happen to Miki or her comrades. Miki had to learn the hard way to deal with so much, but in the end she turned out to be much braver and stronger as a character. The turn of events at the end of the story practically left me speechless and holding my breath and I wanted to yell out in frustration. The secrets and questions created in the story end up being revealed to Miki, becoming quite shocking revelations that I didn't expect as reasons for why Miki was part of the game in the first place. It made me reconsider what I thought about one character in particular. Then there's the fact that even more questions and secrets were brought up by the end of Rush. I need to know what happens in Push, you guys!
I haven't had the chance to read Rush but by your review its a must read. It will definitely be going to my TBR list. Great review!
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The doctrine of preservation of the Scriptures has been hotly debated in recent years. Much has been written and said, but most of the rhetoric on the subject has been closely connected to defending or rejecting one view or another on the translation issue. The result has often been that important foundational questions have been overlooked in a rush to get to conclusion A or B in the translation debate.
Among the neglected questions are these: (1) what process did God say He would use to preserve His word and (2) what form did He say that preserved word would take? Both of these are subsets of another neglected question: What does Scripture actually claim (and not claim) about it's own preservation?
The questions of process ("how") and form ("what") are at the heart of the controversy because nobody (among fundamentalists or conservative evangelicals) denies that the word has, and will, endure. The question of what Scripture actually claims is critical as well, for multiple reasons. For one, only a clear answer to that question can put us on the right track to answering the others.
Two general schools of thought exist regarding the how and what of preservation.
I believe since we do not have a copy of the originals, and Scripture mentions God would preserve His word, we have to have His word in a translation. I believe the only translation that was preserved in the English language is the translation coming from the Textus Receptus; the King James Bible.
We believe … that the King James Bible is God's preserved word in English. We reject any attempt to correct it with the Greek critical text as is done in the Revised Standard Version, New International Version, and the New King James Version.
We believe … that God's Word was spread around the world by the Reformation Era Bibles and Bible translations made from them during the beginning of the modern missions movement (1700's and early 1800's). Tragically, for nearly two hundred years, the United Bible Society … has tried to replace these Received Text Bibles with corrupt translations.
To these writers, and many others, preservation is not something God does by maintaining a singular certainly-identifiable form, but rather, something He has done (and is doing) in a dispersed way in the manuscripts He has kept from extinction.
To most of us the burning question is, "What does the Bible itself say about its preservation?" In particular, what does the Bible reveal about God's preservation process and what does it reveal about the form in which His preserved word will reach His people?
Seven passages speak most directly and clearly about the enduring nature of God's word. Those who believe God has preserved His word in each language in one translation based on the proper Greek text often cite one or more of these in support of their view. For summary purposes I list them here with brief excerpts (in the KJV).
In Psalm 119:89 we have probably the least helpful passage of the seven for discerning the how and what of preservation on earth. The Psalmist's goal is to magnify the Lord by pointing out that His word is natsav, firmly fixed and unchanging, just as God Himself is. But the location is "in heaven." Similarly, Psalm 119:152 reveals that God's word is "founded" (yacad) forever. The idea again is a firm (and by implication, unmoving) placing. But we do not gain any information as to what we should expect to be able to hold in our hands and read.
Psalm 12:6-7 are a special case because what is meant by "them" in "preserve them" has often been debated. However, if we grant for the sake of argument that "them" refers to God's "words" (in v.6), what we have again, is a promise that the words of God will not be destroyed by any evil generation ("from this generation" refers to the idle speakers, flatterers and oppressors described in 12:1-5). We do not have a promise here that the words will be accessible or identifiable with certainty.
In 1 Peter 1:24-25 and Psalm 119:160, however, we gain—by inference—a little information about God's preservation of His word for readers. Peter describes the contrast between the short and frail lives of mortals and the eternally enduring word of God, quoting from Isaiah 40:8. The psalmist indicates that what will endure is comprehensive: not one of God's judgments will be lost. But it's the context of these two passages that is most helpful. In both texts, part of the point seems to be that God's word endures for us. It endures in some form believers will be able to access from generation to generation.
With Matthew 24:35, we gain still more information. Here Jesus affirms that His own words will never pass away. And, though we have no details concerning the form or process of their preservation, we do have a hint regarding the location of their preservation. "Pass away" translates the Greek parerchomai, meaning a passing by or passing from. Jesus' implication is that His words will continue to exist in the world where His followers live.
Matthew 5:18 might be the most important passage on the subject. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus assures His listeners that "one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass until … " The statement actually includes two conditions, two "untils": until heaven and earth pass away and until all (the law) is fulfilled. Here again, we learn more about what God will preserve: every iota and keraia, every smallest letter and smallest stroke. The verb parerchomai (pass from) occurs again indicating that the words will be preserved here below.
The passages do not actually say there will be a recognized form with every jot and tittle perfectly preserved.
None of those who heard these promises when they were given could point to a written form they knew to contain every preserved jot and tittle. That is, already multiple copies existed, and variations among them existed—not only in jots and tittles but (by Jesus' day) in whole words. (When Jesus spoke, the Scriptures available were hand made copies of the Hebrew OT and Greek versions of the OT known collectively as the Septuagint).
Some will object that if we cannot identify the perfectly preserved text or translation, we do not have preservation in any meaningful sense. But this argument is a distraction from facts we cannot escape. Whether or not we like the implications of what Scripture says (and doesn't say), the Bible still says only what it says—no more and no less.
One additional distinction is important here. The fact that we have not been promised a certainly-identifiable, perfect text or translation does not prove that we are without one. What that fact does do, however, is point the way to what kind of case must be made for a perfectly preserved text or translation. Such a case must consist of inferences from Scripture, historical data, other external evidence, and reasoning from these. In short, just as the case for preservation "somewhere in the manuscripts" derives from the silence of Scripture plus external data, the case for perfect preservation must also be made by appealing to external data. Divine authority cannot be properly claimed for either position.
Schnaiter, Sam, and Ron Tagliapietra. Bible Preservation and the Providence of God. Self published. Xlibris Corp., 2003.
White, James. The King James Only Controversy: Can You Trust the Modern Translations? Minneapolis. Bethany House Publishers, 1995.
1 I regret that I can no longer identify the source of this quotation. Either I am misremembering which college posted the statement or they have since replaced it with something more conciliatory. In any case, the view they described is not unique to them.
2 Examples include "The Modern Texts and Versions Have Produced the Fruit of Theological Liberalism," "Reasoned Preservation of Scripture, "A Sniff Test for the History of Preservation of Scripture," "Biblical Preservation: B. B. Warfield and the Reformation Doctrine of the Providential Preservation of the Biblical Text," and many, many more.
3 In the book, the emphasis in this paragraph is in all caps rather than italics, probably because the section is a response to correspondence in which all caps occur frequently in reference to Schnaiter's views.
One thing that comes to mind is that since Greek and Hebrew have endings on verbs, nouns, adjectives, and the like, the Biblical text is far more resistant to errors than, say, a text in Chinese, which has none of these. The reason is that you can mess up those endings or even skip entire words without the meaning of the sentence being changed--the verb has a portion of the noun in it, noun, verb, and adjective all tell you plurality, gender, etc.. So it's a basic error correcting code inherent in the very language.
Neat means of preservation, no?
when the "rules of customary usage" (which are always changing) conflict with the formal rules, creating an ambiguity in what would be "correct." I suspect every language has these collisions, with the customary usage dominating over time (and in many cases, there never was any other usage). It's why we're all increasingly comfortable with sentences like this: "If someone doesn't like the heat they should stay out of the kitchen." ("they" is plural and clashes--violently to many of us--with "someone"... but the rules of customary usage are making it "correct").
So, while the way a language is built might make copyist errors a bit less likely, there is still plenty of room even in the best of them.
What about "verbal, plenary inspiration"?
How does one account for grammar mistakes that lead to confusion if all Scripture was given by inspiration of God and every word is divinely inspired? Yes, God used the ordinary vocabulary of His writers, but does that permit the use of grammatical errors that prevent readers from actually knowing what was in the mind of the writers. It's quite enough that we have to struggle through manuscripts that are fragmented, but now do we have to try to interpret the "hillbilly Greek," i.e., "Aramaicized Greek" of some of the writers? I speak and write Spanish fairly well, but could a Spaniard ever really know what I were saying with exactitude if my faulty Spanish conflicted with the absolutely accurate use of his language?
How does one account for grammar mistakes that lead to confusion if all Scripture was given by inspiration of God and every word is divinely inspired? Yes, God used the ordinary vocabulary of His writers, but does that permit the use of grammatical errors that prevent readers from actually knowing what was in the mind of the writers.
From these points, I'd conclude that God is not obligated to make the answer to every question clear, or even to reveal it at all. Even believers may "hit a wall" when probing the limits of what God has revealed.
So when you bring up grammatical ambiguities, I run them through the above points.
A deliberate stylistic decision. The great poets and novelists don't get hung up about fragments.
Part of "who we are" as our local dialect. If I'm writing a novel about the inner city or the boondocks or rural America, it just wouldn't do to have them speak college-professor English.
I don't think the apostles were bound to use grammar in the same way that they are bound to get 4 from 2 and 2. The word "correct" isn't the same in both contexts. When adding, the whole point is to get the right answer. When speaking or writing, the point is to make yourself understood.
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It's a city so crazy for coffee that two identical Starbucks can be found kitty-corner from one another and both are busy.
Sep. 29, 2009 3:46 p.m.
VANCOUVER — It's a city so crazy for coffee that two identical Starbucks can be found kitty-corner from one another and both are busy.
So when Vancouverites found out that just one brand of brew will be available at Olympic venues when the 2010 Games come to town, the roast quickly began.
Far Coast, brewed by sponsor Coca-Cola, will be the official coffee of the Games, and that's hard to swallow for some locals.
"They better have paid a lot of money to pay off the Olympics, because otherwise it's not worth the effort," said Norbert Pinter, 26, after taking a sip of Far Coast and comparing it to the Starbucks in his hand.
Ahead of the Games, a coffee competition is already percolating.
"It's a shame that they (tourists) are only going to get one variety of coffee offered. I think they should be allowed to get more than one type of coffee at Olympic venues," said Dylan Ashwood, 25, outside a local gourmet chain.
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Coaches are an essential element of team formation, growth, and longevity, in each PA community. Coaches are the people in NICA who interact the most with our student-athletes. Coaches create the environment that builds Strong Bodies, Minds, and Characters and put #morekidsonbikes in their communities. Our League provides class leading and innovative instruction for our PA League Coaches throughout the year. All levels of coaches will benefit from this training and everyone on your team who takes part in the training helps to keep your team running smoothly. These on-going offerings are available to you as a NICA coach.
Coach Essentials – this one-day session is entirely focused on coaching philosophy, practice structure and NICA on-the-bike skills. It's intended to provide all coaches with the standard skill-set required to develop and run practices that align with NICA core values. The session is split between an interactive discussion on coaching philosophy, risk management, and a detailed overview of how to structure and execute an effective practice. The on-the-bike session dives deeper into practice structure and the mechanics of teaching the key skills/competencies. Participation in this course is critical to ensure that standards are being applied universally by all teams during their practices. Teams should encourage all of their assistant coaches – even ride leaders, to attend. Everyone having the same baseline on coaching philosophy and skills makes running practices/rides much more manageable and safe. Attendees will get their NICA On-the-Bike Skills certification and become comfortable with Risk Management 1 and NICA Student-Athlete Coaching Philosophy (Online webinars and tests are still required. Find them HERE). 3 CEU's will also be awarded if you have not previously attended this course. Look for an online version of Coaching Essentials coming your way!
MTB101 and 201 – Abbreviated courses that provides only the on-the-bike instruction. MTB301 instructional courses are in development. MTB101 and 201 options in 2018 can be found in the right hand sidebar!
NICA Medical Training – NICA's 1-day medical instruction offers coaches who operate all their practices within 1 hour of emergency medical services the option of replacing the Wilderness First Aid requirement for Level III coaches with this NICA approved clinic. NICA Med options can be found in that right hand sidebar too!
If you have any further questions about coach training please contact the PICL Coaching Council at [email protected].
And be sure to check out the Mid-Atlantic Regional NICA Calendar for opportunities for Coaching Ed in our neighboring leagues!
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Tag: scenarios
Oxford Answers: Using scenarios to understand the changing face of Europe's cities and regions
January 3, 2023 Mechanical Dolphin
The landscape of our cities and regions today is characterised by turbulence, uncertainty, novelty, and ambiguity – the so-called 'TUNA' conditions. Forces that lie far beyond the places where we live and work influence choices close to home.
In our search for security and prosperity, where should we be looking when the future of our cities and regions is so uncertain?
For the Saïd Business School's 'Oxford Answers' blog, Michael Woods, Marie Mahon, and I wrote about using the IMAJINE scenarios to explore the changing face of Europe's cities and regions.
Liège at Night
foresight, strategy Europe, foresight, IMAJINE, Oxford University, policy, regional development, regional inequality, scenario planning, scenarios, strategy Leave a comment
More than a Game: Scenario Planning, Imagination, and the Public Library's Future
December 13, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
For Public Libraries Quarterly, Bronwen Gamble and Melissa Adams of the Reading Public Library co-wrote an article with me on our scenario planning journey through a leadership transition in the depths of the COVID-19 pandemic.
"More than a Game: Scenario Planning, Imagination, and the Public Library's Future" explores the use of frugal, online scenario planning methods during the pandemic and the benefits of a scenarios process in times of leadership transition.
It builds on Dale Leorke and Danielle Wyatt's notion, expressed in their book The Library as Playground, of the library as "a space and institutional order innately imbued with playful qualities" to consider how libraries may be the perfect hosts for scenario processes which "play with expectations, hopes, fears, and desires, in a strategically consequential game of 'What if?'"
Find out more about "frugal" scenario planning on the Oxford model from Rafael Ramirez and Trudi Lang at Saïd Business School, University of Oxford here.
community, foresight, Libraries, strategy community, COVID-19, foresight, librarianship, libraries, library, pandemic, Pennsylvania, public libraries, Reading Public Library, scenario planning, scenarios, strategy, United States Leave a comment
Scenarios: Their Ends, Art, and Agency
December 10, 2022 December 12, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
Occasionally, I write a post in the spirit of "showing your working": playing with one or more concepts, seeing how they fit together, what use can be made of them.
In today's long read, I'm looking at the work of Alfred Gell, an anthropologist whose book Art and Agency explored the social efficacy of art: the way that artworks and the process of making them influences the thoughts and deeds of others.
If we take scenarios and other strategic artefacts as art-objects, what can Gell tell us about their making, their use, and impact?
art, foresight, strategy aesthetics, Alfred Gell, Art, foresight, Richard Normann, scenario planning, scenarios, strategy, value-creating systems Leave a comment
Everyday resilience: Rural communities as agents of change
December 6, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
I'm very pleased to have played a small part in this work on the future of Irish peatlands: geographers Kate Flood, Marie Mahon, and John McDonagh of the University of Galway have published a new article on "Everyday resilience: Rural communities as agents of change in peatland social-ecological systems".
Their project included "Bog Scenarios" developed frugally with local communities. These used the past, present, and future of the peatlands to explore change through time including past events at the site; how the bog is currently changing; and hopes for the future.
Read more in the Journal of Rural Studies.
Community map of Abbeyleix Bog reflecting local knowledge and experiences
community, foresight community, conservation, environment, foresight, Ireland, peatlands, rural, scenario planning, scenarios, strategy, sustainability Leave a comment
Hopper/Vermeer: Things that never quite were
December 1, 2022 December 1, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
Whitney Museum by Ajay Sureh, CC BY 2.0
New York's Whitney Museum is currently hosting an exhibition on Edward Hopper's New York, which I visited on a recent trip.
As the exhibition blurb puts it, for Hopper "New York was a city that existed in the mind as well as on the map, a place that took shape through lived experience, memory, and the collective imagination."
The show is especially satisfying for its use of newly acquired archives, showing how Hopper and his wife Josephine Nivison Hopper collaborated in a lifetime of artistic production.
New York Movie, by Edward Hopper
Works like New York Movie are exhibited alongside preparatory studies and sketches as well as photographs from some of the real-life locations the artists visited as part of their creative process.
We see just how fictive Hopper's New York was: scenes created from amalgamation of multiple locations, with imaginary additions or even omissions, creating a city-that-never-was which is nonetheless powerfully evocative of New York specifically and a certain quality of mid-twentieth-century American life more generally.
I'm always seduced by sketches; I love it when people show their working. You can see the traces of their choices, the possibilities they pursued and then abandoned, especially when the artist is "thinking through drawing".
art, foresight, strategy aesthetics, Art, Edward Hopper, feral futures, painting, portraits, scenarios, strategy, uncertainty, Vermeer 1 Comment
Life after trends
November 28, 2022 December 13, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
In the memorable phrase of Ged Davis, a trend is a trend until it bends…or breaks.
For many of us, the pandemic era has been a reminder of this, as the course of events has not always followed the trajectory we were expecting.
Today, we sometimes hear talk of "megatrends", too; Stefan Hajkowicz of Australia's Data61 told me you could compare these to the powerful rip currents which pull swimmers out to sea.
Sometimes such currents are hard to spot, and researchers put dye in the seawater to make them visible. Savvy surfers can use rips to swiftly travel out from the shore to the point where they can catch a wave.
Rip current warning signs by Wikimedia user Invertzoo – CC BY-SA 4.0
Perhaps thinking in terms of trends can work this way, too: using foresight to make a previously unseen tendency visible, using strategy to take advantage of it.
But what happens when the perceived tendency, mega or otherwise, bends or breaks? Our expectations are thwarted and we are reminded that a trend is a projection from the past into times yet to come. The ghost of yesterday's future haunts our thinking in the here and now.
It's not that tendencies don't ever endure – sometimes they do. But it doesn't always tell us much about what is coming next. After all, we can't gather one shred of evidence or data from events which haven't happened yet.
foresight, strategy foresight, horizon scanning, scenario planning, scenarios, strategy, trends, uncertainties Leave a comment
IMAJINE: Visions of the Rural in a Globalised World
November 28, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
In the latest response to the IMAJINE scenarios for the future of European inequality, Professor Esther Peeren of the University of Amsterdam explores the representation of the rural in each scenario, relating these visions back to concerns and challenges in the present day.
Drawing on Donna Haraway's work, she reminds us that, "Rather than seeking to predict the future or escape from the present, these are ways of 'staying with the trouble' in the present, for the future."
Esther highlights "the dangers inherent to the fantasy of the rural idyll as an isolated paradise shaped by a homogenous community, as well as underlining that such isolated worlds are not exclusive to the rural but may also exist in urban areas and online"; and she reminds us that even when the urban-rural divide seems to be overcome, its inequalities can be displaced "to the global and even interplanetary scale".
Find Esther Peeren's response to the IMAJINE scenarios here.
The full IMAJINE scenario set can be found here.
The RURALIMAGINATIONS project "Imagining the Rural in a Globalised World", which Esther heads, can be found here.
community, foresight, storytelling, strategy Europe, European Commission, European Union, foresight, IMAJINE, regional inequality, rural, scenario planning, scenarios, strategy, urban Leave a comment
Green, Digital, Inclusive, and Fair: IMAJINE at the 3rd Joint EU Cohesion Policy Conference
November 13, 2022 November 13, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
This coming week sees the Third Joint EU Cohesion Policy Conference, "Green, Digital, Inclusive, and Fair: How Can Cohesion Policy Rise To The New Territorial Challenges?"
Professor Michael Woods, principal investigator of the IMAJINE project, will present a paper on "Spatial Justice and Territorial Cohesion in Europe: Scenarios for 2050", exploring the implications of IMAJINE's scenarios for European regional inequality.
You can find the full scenario document online as a PDF document, or watch a short summary on YouTube.
See more about the conference and sign up for virtual attendance here.
foresight, strategy Europe, European Commission, foresight, IMAJINE, policy, policymaking, regional inequality, scenario planning, scenarios, spatial justice, strategy Leave a comment
Preservation for All: Whose Future?
November 8, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
"We need to meet this inflection point with a more expansive imagination of what conservation work could be…The tools of the conservator can remind us of the fundamental human need for creativity, most especially under difficult or dehumanising conditions."
In this short video for America's National Gallery of Art, Sanchita Balachandran of The Johns Hopkins University speaks about "preservation for all" and strategising under TUNA conditions of turbulence, uncertainty, novelty, and ambiguity.
art, community, foresight, museums, strategy archaeology, community, conservation, foresight, heritage, history, museums, preservation, scenario planning, scenarios, strategy Leave a comment
Chessboard Interrobang / Burden of Dreams
November 5, 2022 December 7, 2022 Mechanical Dolphin
At a recent event, I was allowed just one slide to present an approach to strategic foresight.
Chessboard by Marco Verch CC-BY 2.0 – Interrobang logo from the State Library of New South Wales, Australia
On the left is a chessboard, the setting for a game where all the moves are knowable in advance, and the winning and losing conditions clearly defined. It's just a matter of which piece goes where and when within the constraints of the rules. (Not that it makes chess easy!).
On the right is an interrobang, an unusual punctuation mark which is intended for use at the end of an exclamatory rhetorical question: Are you out of your mind!? Is this for real!?
To me, the point of manufacturing plausible futures when doing strategy work is more about the right hand side of the image than the left.
It's not about identifying all the contingencies, or modelling all the ways you think the action could play out according to today's rules.
It's about showing you something which usefully pushes the bounds of what you believe is plausible; which uncovers issues previously unseen from your standpoint in the present, and makes you question yourself.
foresight, storytelling, strategy Claire Denis, film, foresight, Jim Jarmusch, scenario planning, scenarios, storytelling, strategy 2 Comments
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Questions? Contact Montana Agte-Studier, CLMP Membership Director, at [email protected] / (212) 741-9110 x12.
Your CLMP membership will automatically renew on an annual basis. We'll send you a friendly renewal reminder prior to charging your credit card, and you are free to cancel your membership at any time.
Please send a check for the amount indicated above with your supporting materials to Membership Committee, CLMP, 154 Christopher Street, Suite 3C, New York, NY 10014-2839. Please allow four to six weeks for confirmation.
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For the 2019-2020 Religious Ed Registration Form, please click here.
If you are not a registered parishioner, please also fill out this form.
St. Rose of Lima Church offers Sunday morning Religious Education classes for students in kindergarten through eighth grade as well as sacramental preparation for Reconciliation and Holy Communion. With the support of parent volunteers and the collaboration of each family, we share the responsibility of educating and evangelizing young people in our Catholic faith.
For more information about our programs for students in grades K-8, please contact either Bernadette Caponegro, Director of Religious Education (DRE) or Gina Liebhauser, Administrative Assistant - Religious Education, at (973) 887-0357.
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Today is Ash Wednesday (February 18th), the beginning of the Lenten Season. What does that mean? Lent is a 40-day span of time leading up to the commemoration of Jesus' death and resurrection. It is a time during which we take some special time to consider Jesus' loving sacrifice for us. Often this season is observed with special mid-week services.
This year at Atonement we are gathering – either in Home Groups or at the church – around the theme Consider the Price Christ Paid, as we walk through the Passion History as recorded in the Gospel of Matthew. If you aren't in a Home Group, gatherings at the church will be Wednesday, 6:30-8:00pm, and Thursday, 10:00-11:30am (Senior Bible Study time) starting the 18th.
We encourage all to participate in these special times. We will be singing some of the Lenten hymns, listening to a presentation on a portion of the Passion History, engaging in some thought-filled discussion, then wrapping up with some closing singing and prayer.
I am trusting that the time will be a blessing for all.
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This adorable crochet hat is perfect for newborn or toddler photography shoots. It is absolutely precious! One of our cutest hats ever and the softest to boot with premium specialty yarn! Our fuzzy lil' bear hat is one you will treasure not only for its uber cuteness but you won't be able to quit touching the softness.
Completely hand crafted with the highest quality of yarns.
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There's a good chance that God has been receiving a few irreverent prayers of thanks from journalists this week as the Occupy London Stock Exchange protest camp and St Paul's Cathedral have continued their uneasy coexistence. Media spotlights tend to illuminate briefly things that are falling apart*, so when the Church is in the news it's unlikely to be for reasons that will bring cheer to any of us who are part of it. With so many different voices coming from within the Church, the caricature being created is that of an old man trying to 'boogie' with a bright young thing, to the general embarrassment of all but himself, before his sour-faced wife storms across the dance floor and tries to break it up, replacing one awkward scene with another.
At its bare bones, it seems to me hardly fair that a protest against one institution prevents another going about its work. As has been noted, it doesn't bear thinking what the press response would be if it was their work being hampered by campers.
From the Church's perspective, it does have a call to honour authority, which includes questioning and subverting it – no wonder it struggles to give a coherent opinion. The episode has provoked a lot of 'What would Jesus do?' chat, which is no bad thing if you can hear the truth among the noise. The most prevalent attitude seems to be an ahistorical romanticism of Jesus as everyone's hero: He's great but Christians, from St Paul himself onwards, have hijacked His message for their own nefarious ends - such as, presumably, Paul's famous definition of love.
To make your mind up, you need to read the accounts of Jesus for yourself: the magnificence of His character and the cataclysmic nature of His message will not be reduced to a sound bite or two. You can do this online and on electronic reading devices for free; if you come along to my church we'll give you a paper copy of the New Testament with our compliments. It just so happens that I've preached about Jesus a couple of times recently: on His certainty of Himself, and the call He makes to all of us to follow Him. There's enough there to unsettle bankers, priests and protesters.
*The Church can often be found putting things back together, unheralded.
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New 2019 BMW X5 Models at The Automaster BMW!
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The 2019 BMW X5 comes with comfortable seating for either five passengers throughout two-rows or optional third-row seating for seven passengers. All models get a panoramic moonroof, 16-way power front seats with three-level heating, a power tailgate, dual-zone automatic climate control, and more, allowing you stay warm during the winter and cool during the summer, something that's a must when living in the Shelburne and Burlington, VT area. All models come with the latest iDrive 7 infotainment system with a 10.2-inch touchscreen with Apple CarPlay, as well as available features like Wi-Fi hotspot and a wireless phone charging pad, providing you with convenient control of your mobile device and other functions while on the go.
All 2019 BMW X5 models now come with the standard Active Driving Assistant package, offering a suite of features like lane-departure warning, blind-spot monitoring with rear cross-traffic alert, pedestrian detection, and frontal collision warning with automatic emergency braking. You can also enjoy available safety features in the Driving Assistance Plus package, including adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go, active lane-keep assist, traffic jam assist, and more! With so many safety features and driving assist technologies to utilize, you can drive with complete confidence and awareness whether you're driving around Williston and Burlington or travelling around Hanover, NH and Plattsburgh, NY.
Test Drive a New 2019 BMW X5 Model Today at The Automaster BMW!
The only way to understand the performance, style and accommodations that the new 2019 BMW X5 can provide you with is to join us at The Automaster BMW and test drive a model of your choice today! We're conveniently located in Shelburne, VT and proudly serve Burlington, Williston, Stowe, Hanover, NH, and Plattsburgh, NY!
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|
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Aug. 28, 2014 6:00 p.m.
In a few months Hans Markus will be out of a job.
But more than a regular paycheque, the Trail man says he'll miss the people he's been driving to and fro throughout the city for the last 11 years.
Summer months are quiet, but during the rest of the year, he can pick up 20 to 25 calls during his 8 a.m. until 5 p.m. shift, with most of the requests coming from Trail's senior citizens.
Markus is one of two Champion Cab drivers still taxiing for the Trail company that has gradually cut back hours of operation in the last few years.
The cab service along with its sister company, Castlegar Taxi, is up for sale.
If there are no takers, then October 12 marks the last day that taxis will be available in Greater Trail and Castlegar.
John Foglia, owner of JF Auto Centre, took over the Trail company 15 years ago, but now he wants to move on and maybe even retire.
There's no doubt that losing the taxi service will impact a lot of lives in Greater Trail, because health care facilities, Teck Trail Operations and BC Transit all rely upon the company to transport patients, residents, and employees to distal destinations.
Columbia View Lodge has a person who regularly uses the cab service, says the facility's Bridges Coordinator, Sandy Garrett.
Last year, BC Transit provided 279 taxi supplements to its passengers who couldn't be accommodated by the company's handyDART service.
She said the operational impacts are going to be quite significant and BC Transit and its partners will look at possibly re-allocating handyDART hours, or finding another service provider.
Over time, the taxi service has cut back its 24/7 service by 50 per cent due to a decline in ridership and a lack of sufficient rate increases, explained Foglia.
Foglia said a complaint he quite often hears is that people can't get a cab when they need it.
The cab company receives its highest call volume in a short span of time each day, but doesn't have enough cars or drivers to meet the demand due to cutbacks.
On the darker side of the cab business is the problem with some of the night time fares, which is a time of day that Foglia's drivers aren't keen to work.
"That's the worst time for our drivers because they have to pick up someone they don't want to," said Foglia.
Even with a new provincial regulation that green-lights cab companies to charge a $75 clean up fee to passengers who upchuck in the taxi, Foglia remains cynical.
|
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Ге́рман Степа́нович Асе́ев (; 26 марта 1938 года, с. Кромские Быки Курской области РСФСР — 25 июля 2018 года) — народный депутат Украины 1-го созыва.
Биография
Родился 26 марта 1938 года в селе Кромские Быки (Курская область) в семье крестьян, русский. Образование высшее, по специальности инженер-механик, окончил Харьковский политехнический институт им. И. Ленина.
1955 — токарь Павловского машиностроительного завода, Тульская область.
1961 — инженер-конструктор; начальник КБ; начальник производственно-диспетчерского отдела; секретарь парткома завода «Нежинсельмаш».
1975 — второй секретарь Нежинского РК КПУ.
1982 — директор Нежинского завода сельскохозяйственного машиностроения «Нежинсельмаш».
Член КПСС 1967–1991. Депутат городского Совета.
18 марта 1990 года избран народным депутатом Украины, 2-й тур 48,99 % голосов, 6 претендентов.
Черниговская область
Нежинский избирательный округ № 440
Дата принятия депутатских полномочий: 15 мая 1990 года.
Дата прекращения депутатских полномочий: 10 мая 1994 года.
Член Комиссии ВР Украины по вопросам развития базовых отраслей народного хозяйства.
Умер 25 июля 2018 года.
Награжден орденами Трудового Красного Знамени, «Знак Почета».
Был женат, имел двое детей.
Источники
Биография на официальном веб-сайте Верховной Рады Украины
Довідка: Асеєв Герман Степанович
Директора машиностроительных предприятий
Народные депутаты Верховной рады Украины I созыва
Депутаты Нежинского городского совета
Члены КПСС
|
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Archive for News
"GLOW" Renewed For Season 2
Exciting news! GLOW has been renewed by Netflix for season two!
'GLOW': Netflix Renews Women's Wrestling Comedy For Season 2
Netflix has another keeper from Jenji Kohan on its hands. The Internet network has renewed new 1980s wrestling comedy GLOW for a 10-episode second season.
Kohan, who is behind one of Netflix's signature series, Orange Is the New Black, executive produces GLOW, created/executive produced by Liz Flahive and Carly Mensch.
Like Orange Is the New Black, GLOW, inspired by the short-lived but beloved show from the '80s, has been a critical and pop culture hit. Set in 1985 Los Angeles, it follows Ruth Wilder (Alison Brie), a struggling out-of-work actress as she auditions for, trains and eventually makes TV's first women's wrestling show.
Flahive and Mensch, who serve as showrunners, executive produce with Kohan and Tara Herrmann.
GLOW is the fourth Netflix comedy to debut in 2017 and get a second-season renewal. It joins One Day at a Time, Santa Clarita Diet and Dear White People. One 2017 Netflix comedy has been canceled, Girlboss.
"BoJack Horseman" Season 4 Premiere Date
Exciting news for BoJack Horseman fans! Netflix has announced that BoJack Horseman season four will premiere September 8th. The announcement was first made on BoJack Horseman's official Twitter account, see below.
Alison voices Diane Nguyen, a human ghostwriter of BoJack's autobiography.
pic.twitter.com/UOoW7pzwqw
— BoJack Horseman (@BoJackHorseman) July 10, 2017
The New Potato Interview
Actress Alison Brie
On Dolly Parton, Binge-Watching, And Where To Eat In Paris
Alison Brie stole our hearts on Community, and we're pretty sure she's about to do it again on GLOW (premiering June 23 on Netflix). To say we're excited to watch her new show would be an understatement. Female wrestlers in 80's clothes and makeup? Yes, please. We sat down with Brie to talk about everything from the best restaurants in Paris, which five guests she'd have at her dream dinner, and of course the funniest thing that happened on the set. Read below for the full interview; it's the perfect read to kick of your week…
From start to finish, what would be your ideal food day?
I'd start my day with my usual apple with almond butter and white tea, then have a post-workout protein shake made with protein powder, spinach, and a scoop of coconut oil. Then I'd head to Go Get Em Tiger in LA for midday soft scrambled eggs with avocado and toast. For dinner, I'd have a hearty quinoa bowl with pan-seared salmon and a mix of roasted veggies topped with plenty of Sriracha, home-cooked by me.
Alison Joins "The Papers"
Steven Spielberg's Pentagon Papers Movie, Now 'The Papers', Adds Cast
Alison Brie, Carrie Coon, David Cross, Bruce Greenwood, Pat Healy, Tracy Letts, Bob Odenkirk, Sarah Paulson, Jesse Plemons, Matthew Rhys, Michael Stuhlbarg, Bradley Whitford and Zach Woods have joined the cast for The Papers, the Steven Spielberg-directed movie about the Washington Post's role in exposing the Pentagon Papers in 1971, and how the Post's editor Ben Bradlee and publisher Kay Graham joined the New York Times in challenging the federal government over their right to publish them.
Production kicked off last week in New York on the fast track after Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep came aboard to play Bradlee and Kay Graham, and then Spielberg joined to direct Liz Hannah and Josh Singer's script. Spielberg is producing with Amy Pascal and Kristie Macosko; Pascal's Pascal Pictures originally acquired Hannah's Black List script.
The movie will bow December 22 in select theaters in the heat of Oscar season and is set to go wide January 12.
Alison Is Married!
Congratulations to Alison and Dave! Reps confirmed to People that they are now married.
Dave Franco and Alison Brie Are Married!
Dave Franco and Alison Brie have officially tied the knot.
Reps for the actors confirm exclusively to PEOPLE that the couple is now married.
Franco, 31, and Brie, 34, — who met at the 2011 Mardi Gras parade in New Orleans — announced their engagement in August 2015 after more than three years of dating.
PEOPLE exclusively confirmed that the actress' one-of-a-kind engagement ring was the work of Southern California jewelry designer Irene Neuwirth. It's a rose gold sparkler set with a rose-cut diamond and a diamond pave.
"I'm not very bridal, instinctually," Brie, who next stars in Netflix's GLOW out June 23rd, explained to Yahoo! Style last February. "Marriage never really interested me, I guess because I was very focused on my work. I wasn't sure if I really saw the point to it. I bought a dress on Net-a-Porter, and I'm like, 'Maybe I'll wear that.'"
As for what changed her mind about marriage, she explained: "I just met that person that I was like, 'Well, I'm really in love with you and would like to grow old with you.' I actually think it's much more romantic when two people are like, 'Oh, I could go either way on marriage, but I want to marry you.'"
Alison Joins "Dr. Ken" Season Finale
Exciting news for Community fans! Alison will guest star as herself on Ken Jeong's show, Dr. Ken. Not exactly a Community reunion, however, it is always great having the cast reunite.
Alison Brie Joins 'Community' Reunion On 'Dr. Ken' Season Finale
The Community reunion on the season finale of ABC's Dr. Ken is growing.
Alison Brie is the latest Community alum set to guest star on the season finale, joining Dr. Ken star and former Community regular Ken Jeong and Community creator Dan Harmon.
In Dr. Ken's Season 2 finale titled "Ken's Big Audition," Brie will guest star as herself, an actress just cast as a series regular on Harmon's new sitcom. Alison reads with Ken (Jeong) during his audition, and is soon uncomfortable with Ken's bold acting choices. As previously announced, Harmon plays himself, the creator of a new TV comedy set at a community college.
Brie joins a long list of Jeong's Community co-stars that have appeared on Dr. Ken including Joel McHale, Danny Pudi, Jim Rash, Gillian Jacobs & Yvette Nicole Brown. Jonathan Banks' is also appearing in this week's episode airing on Friday.
The Dr. Ken season finale is slated to air Friday, March 31.
Brie is repped by WME & Rise Management.
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Why use a Stainless Steel Pool, Steel Hot Tub or Steel Spa?
Why a Stainless Steel Pool?
"Why use a stainless steel pool or steel hot tub?" is a very common question we get. Stainless steel pools (and steel hot tubs) offer a variety of advantages over concrete pools, mainly based on the characteristics of steel and how it can be used in a pool. Lower weight, excellent structural strength and resulting low long-term maintenance needs make stainless steel the ideal material for your pool, spa or hot tub construction!
When it is properly maintained, a stainless steel aquatic vessel (pool, spa or hot tub) has extremely good corrosion resistance and also has an enduring aesthetic quality to it. The strong and light-weight qualities of steel make it ideal for pools & spas for both in-ground and in above grade installations. This means you can have a stainless steel pool installed on an upper level of your building or home, often times without having to make modifications to your primary structural support. The same goes for a steel hot tub or steel spa!
Weight is one of the primary factors which sets stainless steel pools apart from concrete pools. In comparing the strength to weight and full-load weight of stainless steel pools (or a stainless steel hot tub) in on-grade or above-grade floors, a stainless steel pool can weight up to 300% less than a concrete pool of similar size. Because of the lower total pool weight often times this means you will not have to make major structural support changes to accommodate a steel pool inside of, or on top of a structure. This gives you a much greater range of where you can put a steel pool, steel spa or a steel hot tub. Hospitality clients can install steel pools on upper floors of buildings. Home owners can install steel pools on raised decks. Boat owners can install steel hot tubs on their yachts.
Stainless Aquatics works with stainless steel aquatic vessels for all our steel pools, spas and steel hot tubs. We install steel pools fabricated from 316L and 304L stainless steel. The properties of stainless steel give it many advantages over traditional concrete pools including ease of custom designs and excellent long-term structural rigidity. Stainless steel is extremely well suited to provide long-lasting, low maintenance, corrosion-resistant pools and hot tubs.
According to the Specialty Steel Industry of North America, "the longevity of stainless is the result of the alloying composition and, therefore, it has a natural corrosion resistance." The material will not delaminate, crack, peel, discolor, leak or require renewing finishes over the lifespan of the product.
Often times the biggest problem with above grade pools is leaking. The common slight structural movements that can happen can put stress on the concrete structure itself as well as around the various pool plumbing and lighting fixtures – – which can often lead to leaks. The construction and any repair timeline also puts pressure on teams to limit the time the pools are being built or repaired, thus causing shortages of time for proper curing of leak inhibitors.
One major advantage is that stainless steel pools are fabricated ahead of time, waterproofed in place and tested while filling to avoid all the problems that concrete pools can bring. The same great benefits apply for stainless steel hot tubs as well!
Concrete Structure & Pool lbs.
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The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) series provides data on the prevalence of both treated and untreated psychiatric disorder in the English adult population (aged 16 and over).
The 2007 survey is the third in a series and was conducted by the National Centre for Social Research in collaboration with the University of Leicester for the NHS Information Centre for health and social care. The previous surveys were conducted in 1993 (16-64 year olds) and 2000 (16-74 year olds) by the Office for National Statistics, and covered England, Scotland and Wales.
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Receive from Me and do not resist as I manifest Myself, My essence in you. Many times I must take My people to a state where their mind is incapacitated and their body immovable as they lie prostrate before Me. For in this state I can impart my essence directly into your spirit without having to pass through the gates of your mind and your body. As I breathe into your spirit, many times the body reacts with physical motion and your mind reacts with visions. Those who force everything to filter through their finite mind have much difficulty receiving impartation from Me.
O, that you would acknowledge your fallen condition before Me... O, that you would cry out for My mercy! For I desire to pour out My mercy upon you, but to a people that are unrepentant and satisfied in their religion I will not bring mercy, but judgment. Repent, My people, and turn.
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Get the bangalore city tour in under 10 mins. This is the most comprehensive bangalore city tour ever.
See fantastic bangalore activities and parks, shopping areas, food joints , food and nightlife, spiritual places all in this video. You also learn how to travel in bangalore given the traffic problems.
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Tom & Shane Podcast
AM 1450 on Alexa
America in the Morning
Aaron Flint
Voices of Montana
The Bright Side
CarProUSA Show
Dr. Daliah
Armed America
Science Fantastic
MT Outdoor Show
Prize Delegation
State Senator Olszewski Announces Run for Governor
Scott Olson/Getty Images
By AMY BETH HANSON Associated Press
HELENA, Mont. (AP) — Republican state Sen. Al Olszewski announced his candidacy for governor of Montana in 2020, joining a field that includes two statewide elected officials.
The 56-year-old orthopedic surgeon from Kalispell said Wednesday he was running to improve the relationship between the governor's office and the Legislature, to make health care more affordable and to improve access to public lands.
Attorney General Tim Fox and Secretary of State Corey Stapleton have also announced they are seeking the Republican nomination for governor.
Democratic Gov. Steve Bullock is prevented by term limits from seeking re-election.
Olszewski was elected to the state House in 2014 and is serving his second term in the Senate. He ran in for the Republican primary for U.S. Senate in 2018, finishing fourth in a four-way race.
Filed Under: Al Olszewski, Campaign, Governor, montana
Categories: 2020 Campaign, Bozeman News, Election, Government, Montana News, Montana Politics, Newsletter, Politics
2021 AM 1450 KMMS, Townsquare Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Aaron Levy is Executive Director and Senior Curator at Slought Foundation, and on the English faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. His projects topically intervene in contemporary debates about art and architecture, and include Cities Without Citizens, Helene Cixous' Ex-Cities, and Evasions of Power.
William Menking is Editor-in-Chief of The Architect's Newspaper and a professor of architecture at Pratt Institute. He has organized international exhibitions on the british visionary architects Archigram, post-war experimental architecture, the Italian radical architects Superstudio, and contemporary English design.
Andrew Sturm is formerly Director of Architecture for the PARC Foundation in collaboration with designer Teddy Cruz, and currently Lead Designer at SHW Group in Dallas, Texas. He has designed a variety of projects from affordable housing prototypes to urban installations, and has taught at the Harvard GSD.
The exhibition was conceived in collaboration with architects Teddy Cruz and Deborah Gans.
Slought Foundation, based at the University of Pennsylvania, engages the public in dialogue about cultural and socio-political change through collaborations with partners including communities, universities, and governments.
PARC Foundation initiates the development of contemporary architecture through collaboration and community engagement. We support innovative, community-based programs that instigate change within neighborhoods in need.
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← Stolen Songbird, by Danielle L Jensen
Spam Saturdays →
Lockstep, by Karl Schroeder
Buy from Amazon.com or Amazon.ca
Author's website | Publisher's website
Publication date – March 25, 2014
Summary: (Taken from GoodReads) When seventeen-year-old Toby McGonigal finds himself lost in space, separated from his family, he expects his next drift into cold sleep to be his last. After all, the planet he's orbiting is frozen and sunless, and the cities are dead. But when Toby wakes again, he's surprised to discover a thriving planet, a strange and prosperous galaxy, and something stranger still—that he's been asleep for 14,000 years.
Welcome to the Lockstep Empire, where civilization is kept alive by careful hibernation. Here cold sleeps can last decades and waking moments mere weeks. Its citizens survive for millennia, traveling asleep on long voyages between worlds. Not only is Lockstep the new center of the galaxy, but Toby is shocked to learn that the Empire is still ruled by its founding family: his own.
Toby's brother Peter has become a terrible tyrant. Suspicious of the return of his long-lost brother, whose rightful inheritance also controls the lockstep hibernation cycles, Peter sees Toby as a threat to his regime. Now, with the help of a lockstep girl named Corva, Toby must survive the forces of this new Empire, outwit his siblings, and save human civilization.
Karl Schroeder's Lockstep is a grand innovation in hard SF space opera.
Thoughts: Lockstep is a novel that's hard to describe and thus hard to review. It ranges between exploring some incredible ideas and then drops back to characters revealing deep truths that readers had little to no way to see coming, to being rather blatant with moral messages (though not much time was spent moralizing, and most of that was to explain millenia-past events that set up the far-future universe that the book takes place in). But for its uneven pacing and revelations, I can't deny that it's a good novel that's worth taking a look at.
The story centres around Toby, who, due to a mishap on a fairly routine voyage, ended up in stasis for far longer than intended, and wakes up to find out that not only have 14,000 years passed since he originally went missing, but that an entire civilization has sprung up around him, with him as a central figure in their mythology and religion. Toby is now living in the time of his own myths, and those he makes contact with who learn who he is have to learn to separate the myths from the man as they help him navigate through a drastically different world and time than he's used to, while dodging Toby's own family who control the lockstep empire and have no wish to see their lost younger brother bring it all down around their ears.
The very concept of lockstep worlds is fascinating. People on lockstep worlds spend most of their time in stasis, as Toby did when he slept for millenia, waking for short periods of time. As they sleep, robots gather resources and keep things running on a minimal level, and when they wake, people have abundant resources with which to improve their lives. Different worlds run on different schedules, some synching their waking periods with others. This makes interstellar travel much more attainable, since people can spend decades in stasis going from one world to the next, and wake up to find that little to no waking time has passed on either of their respective planets. While 14,000 years have passed in real-time, only about 40 years have passed for the people on worlds where they sleep for 30 years and wake for a month, thus making Toby's siblings still alive when he is revived from his own sleep. It's an amazing concept to explore the logistics of, and Schroeder seems to have done so without any logical holes to muck up the works.
What Lockstep works out to be is an exploration of man-made-myth, in both senses of that phrase: a man made into a myth, and the myths than humans make. While it's hard sci-fi in many ways, for me the true potential shines in the anthropological and sociological elements of the story. Looking at the way myths manipulate people, the traps we fall into as a consequence, and what it all means for the societies that live by them. Lockstep is a novel that can work for people on multiple levels, depending on area of interest.
But as I said earlier, it does have its flaws. Especially toward the end, as Toby comes into greater contact with his family. In conversations, he reveals the motives behind the actions of his brother and sister flawlessly, and honestly, unless you're sitting and overanalyzing every page, these revelations seem to come out of nowhere, and there was almost no sign of the deeper motivations. Things seem to be one way on the surface, and to all evidence, and then Toby comes along and say, "Ah, but actually that's just misdirection and it's all set up this way specifically to make me do the opposite of what you all think I was going to do when I woke up!" Toby seems to straddle the line of normal-but-confused teen and outright ridiculous savant at these times, showing depth and understanding he rarely demonstrates in other scenes, and it comes across as a subtle sort of info-dump, where the author wants the reader to know the finer details but couldn't find another way to insert them into the story without making the book at least twice as long.
Still, it was an enjoyable read, and I loved the way it made me sit and think about the broader possibilities of the lockstep empire and what it meant for people. Definitely a book to keep on the shelves, and if this is a good sampling of Schroeder's creativity, I think I need to check out more of what he's written. Lockstep is full of the kind of meticulous detail and world-building that makes for an enduring story, and a fascinating look at our own far-future.
(Received for review from the publisher via NetGalley.)
By Adrian • Posted in 2014, 4 cups, fiction, karl schroeder, lockstep, science fiction, speculative
3 comments on "Lockstep, by Karl Schroeder"
Even if it was hard to describe or review for you, you did a great job of making both the book and your thoughts clear. Thanks!
steve davidson
I found the basic concept of the Lockstep to be so implausible that it was nearly impossible for me to finish the book. No doubt Schroeder has talent and imagination, but sleeping away the decades in what he describes as a pretty mercenary and relatively violent society simply would not work; the societies are far too vulnerable, there is far too little evidenced need for the "trade" that is given as raison d'etre; Schroeder makes uncompleted runs at finding a way to justify it all (aforementioned trade, accumulation of resources, religious imperatives), but the unworkability of the entire concept is evidenced by his failure to find any single reason – or combination of reasons – that justify it.
Pingback: April in Retrospect | Bibliotropic
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